853 Sentences With "distributive" | Random Sentence Generator

There are about 800,000 distributive shock cases in the United States every year, of which about 90 percent are septic shock, the most common form of distributive shock, the company said.

Maybe biohackers are just punting the crisis of distributive justice downstream.

"That top pattern ... is a distributive pattern, and it has bearish implications," O'Hara said.

Never mind that every credible evaluation of the bill's distributive impact has found otherwise.

John Rawls, the great 20th-century political theorist, called this the "legitimate expectations" theory of distributive justice.

The CBI distributive trades survey's retail sales balance fell to +8 in February from +12 in January.

With the startup stack, maybe this latest revolution will be a lot more distributive than previous ones.

"Then it starts to look more distributive and more toppy and that's more of a concern," he said.

In 2018, that same investment gave them an income of $1.3 million of distributive shares and capital gains.

"It's a fundamentally distributive system that exists peer to peer," the venture capitalist and ex-Facebook executive said.

Despite all his new duties as a scorer, Jackson has not forsaken the distributive part of his responsibilities.

Harari argues that dictatorships and democracies can be seen as two different forms of data processing: centralized and distributive.

A Confederation of British Industry's latest Distributive Trades Survey, published on Thursday rose to a three-month high in July.

These days the idea that tax cuts per se are a mistake regardless of distributive issues will gain more purchase.

Pauline Foulkes, the national officer at the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, said workers were devastated by the news.

But a 2003 study by economist Emily Oster suggests that massive lottery jackpots may be more egalitarian in their distributive impact.

If the money were going to finance almost any government program under the sun, the net distributive impact would be highly progressive.

In the world wars of the 20th century, democracy emerged victorious because distributive data processing was the most efficient tool for mobilization.

Such framing shift prompts a negotiation paradigm shift from a competitive (distributive, win-lose) mindset to a cooperative (integrative, win-win) mindset.

Right now we have a crisis of distributive justice in America when it comes to accessing health technologies and medication and basic coverage.

The former need to restructure their economies and promote new industries, and the latter must address domestic concerns over inequality and distributive justice.

She argued that the well-being of women around the world could be improved through universal norms—an international system of distributive justice.

The more striking claim is that a broad, across the board cut in benefits has a progressive distributive impact because richer people live longer.

That growing inequality in life expectancy between people born around 1930 and people born around 1960 has changed the distributive implications of America's retirement programs.

Portal A began working with young creators because they were "the de facto TV channels," and brands needed their distributive power to make waves online.

And they are trying to do this in Africa, they are trying to do distributive power and get it out into communities that have no electricity.

" In Nell Zink's novel "Doxology," a piece of chicken tasted, in words you are unlike to see on a handwritten menu card, like "distributive injustice personified.

" More granularly, Ross said, with each passing day "it looks more and more like a nine-to-10-month distributive top that ultimately resolves itself lower.

There seems to be a problem of distributive justice here in which the burdens of accepting refugees are not dispersed equally across the nations of the world.

Others believe that the power outage situation could potentially speed up the state's efforts to remake its electrical infrastructure, and invest in microgrids and distributive solar generation.

Acknowledging the blockade thrown up by the current court, they hopefully side with the arguments of the distributive constitutional tradition and pray for a change of judicial heart.

Distributive shock is a state in which the heart is pumping well enough, but the blood is not distributed properly to the vital organs leading to severe hypotention.

These innovations are far from silver bullets, especially if they lack involvement from underrepresented communities, avoid policy and ignore distributive questions about who gets to benefit from more housing.

Earlier this week the CBI's Distributive Trades Survey reported that retailers suffered their largest monthly fall in sales in four years in the wake of the Brexit referendum vote.

While soaking in public praise for supporting the tax, Broad smuggled $353 million into the Koch brothers' "dark money" PAC in Arizona in an attempt to defeat the distributive measure.

The CBI distributive trades survey's retail sales balance slumped to -27 in May from +13 in April, below all forecasts in a Reuters poll and the lowest since October 2017.

DATA AHEAD 0645 France Consumer Confidence Sept 1000 UK CBI Distributive Trades 1400 US New Home Sales-Units Aug (Reporting by Eileen Soreng in Bengaluru, Editing by Sherry Jacob-Phillips)

The CBI's Growth Indicator is made up of data on output, sales and business volumes taken from the CBI's Industrial Trends Survey, its Distributive Trades Survey, and its Service Sector Survey.

On the other hand, as popular discontent with inequality grows, a nascent, resistant left populism has an opportunity to breathe new life into the distributive tradition and take on this threat.

"This is being treated as a classic distributive negotiation, like 'I either get this or I don't,'" said Parker Ellen, an assistant professor of management and organizational development at Northeastern University.

The CBI distributive trades survey's retail sales balance jumped to +35 for December from an already robust +26 for the first half of November, beating industry forecasts that growth would slow slightly.

This tracks with research on the House that shows when it comes to distributive politics the two parties and associated ideological factions seek out and obtain different kinds of directed federal spending.

Thanks in no small part to this complacent benediction of the postwar status quo as the best of all possible mixed-economy worlds, the distributive tradition lost its grip on American liberalism.

The result, she argues, is the creation of a rural identity "infused with a sense of distributive injustice," much of it focused on liberal policies directing tax dollars to urban racial minorities.

A campaign official told The Hill it has a robust "distributive program to empower volunteers" that has propelled interest in the candidate in states where the campaign does not have a presence.

Z. was at the other, I saw with relief, I wasn't too late, and I stepped up beside him, breaking that distributive propriety of men's bathrooms, a guard against unchecked glances, against desire.

The European Central Bank is planning to launch a new settlement system in November which it says will allow transactions to be conducted in real-time, but does not use distributive ledger technology.

In Anderson's view, the way forward was to shift from distributive equality to what she called relational, or democratic, equality: meeting as equals, regardless of where you were coming from or going to.

The World Inequality Report, by contrast, uses an approach called "distributive national accounts," in which every dollar of a country's national income is accounted for and attributed to an adult in the country.

"When you zoom out and look at the weekly chart, you are staring at a six-year bull market with a two-year distributive top," said the head of technical analysis at Evercore ISI.

She will need to strike a delicate balance between the re-distributive policies advocated by Mr Modi toward the poor & downtrodden and yet ensure the government's firm commitment to adhere to medium-term fiscal consolidation.

"One of the reasons that Future Meat Technologies stands out in the cultured meat field is that our proprietary high yield production process lends itself naturally to distributive manufacturing," said the company's founder Koby Nahmias.

This distributive, collective ethos is exactly why the G20153 was called to life in the first place in 1999 -- to reflect the needs and interests of a multi-polar world, not just the rich and Western.

"This looks to be a poor CBI distributive sales survey for June, it heightens belief that consumer spending has been markedly softer in the second quarter," economist Howard Archer from the EY ITEM Club consultancy said.

At the same time, it's a place where pharma companies have jacked up the prices of medicines for conditions ranging from diabetes to HIV, leaving many individuals powerless over their own bodies — a crisis of distributive justice.

At the time, voting rights were generally restricted to the more prosperous citizens (specific rules varied by state), and Washington was overwhelmingly popular (see Miranda's "Washington On Your Side"), so his viewpoint prevailed despite the ugly distributive implications.

The second chapter explores Duchamp's curatorial strategies, his art dealing, and his fascination with reproducing (his) art and the publicity that goes with art promotion — in other words, the distributive apparatus of art within society in his time.

One project that Saez, Zucman, and Thomas Piketty have been involved with is an effort to develop distributive national accounts that would let us know whose income grew 3 percent when overall national income grew by 3 percent.

"Successful stealthy maneuvering requires high structural flexibility and distributive control to sneak into confined or restricted spaces, operate for extended periods and emulate biological morphologies and adaptability," ARL researcher Ed Habtour said in a release tied to the study.

"I am one of the captains of the varsity cheer team at Douglass County, I'm in Chick-fil-A Leader Academy, and I also participate in DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America)," the soon-to-be college student said.

For better or worse, the heart of politics is distributive conflict, and the most fundamental fight is over the distribution of power — over which groups will become more or less protected, and more and less bound, by the law.

One of the ideas I found most compelling is that, in France, where there's less explicitly feminist rhetoric, women report a lot less anger at and frustration with their husbands — in large part due to "distributive care" of the French state.

"They care about getting their mission done," said Captain Joseph Siler, who spent years in a ground-based distributive operations group, figuratively "tethered" to U-2 pilots over Afghanistan when he was responsible for identifying "high-value targets" for Air Force sorties.

The ad is about a substantive issue (tax policy) and even lightly touches on wonky controversy about how you should measure the distributive impact of tax policy (when they quip that even a tiny tax cut means a lot to poor "Side Table").

"While we understand that some customers may be frustrated by this change, there is absolutely no excuse for abusive or violent behavior towards retail staff," said Gerard Dwyer, national secretary of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association, in a statement on the union website.

"While we understand that some customers may be frustrated by this change, there is absolutely no excuse for abusive or violent behaviour towards retail staff," said Gerard Dwyer, national secretary of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association, in a statement on the union website.

The collapse of Communism made us think we'd won for good, and we became fixated on tweaks to liberal institutions to enhance economic efficiency or make them better conform to academic ideals of distributive justice rather than tackling their deep-seated structural and procedural flaws.

"As soon as he put that notice on the notice board SDA members started ringing us and we immediately got in contact with the manager and told him this was unacceptable and it would not be allowed," Peter O'Keeffe, the state secretary for the Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers Association told the outlet.

As the political theorist Yascha Mounk argues in his smart and engaging book, THE AGE OF RESPONSIBILITY: Luck, Choice, and the Welfare State (Harvard University, $29.95), the move from "responsibility-as-duty" to "responsibility-as-accountability" was also evident in scholarly debates about distributive justice, in everyday moral language and, most consequentially, in public policy.

"Because the Secretary ignored evidence regarding the impact of the question and provided no legitimate rationale to support it, the addition of the citizenship question would unreasonably compromise the distributive accuracy of the Census and the addition violates the Enumeration Clause," Judge George J. Hazel of the US District Court for the District of Maryland held in April.

DATA/EVENT AHEAD (GMT) 0700 Germany GDP Detailed Q4*0900 Germany Ifo Business Climate New Feb23 Germany Ifo Curr Conditions New Feb*21223.02 Germany Ifo Expectations New Feb23 Euro Zone HICP Final Jan2171.93 U.K. CBI Distributive Trades Feb U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Richard Clarida speaks before the 23 Monetary Policy Forum in New York * approx.

Many of the current Supreme Court justices as well as jurists in the federal courts generally look longingly at the pre-New Deal court of the Lochner era, which set itself squarely in opposition to the distributive tradition and was more than willing to promote large-scale economic inequality, whatever its political effects might prove to be.

Because the U.S. is still stacking the roster with high-usage, high-wattage stars—the defensive and distributive struggles of this team, in Rio, once again highlight how useful it might be to have a role-knowing specialist or three on the roster—everyone is tasked with doing significantly less than what they usually do in the NBA.

The right's libertarian-inflected, just-deserts moralism would give way to a more empathetic one—after all, you can't brighten the horizons of the working class if your primary objective is drowning the government in a bathtub—but one that would still leave wide latitude for advocating welfare-state and tax reforms that depart from liberal notions of distributive fairness.

That said, there's a core issue that people talk a lot about but rarely act on: the distribution of arts money, or more particularly, the redistribution of arts money to populations and groups that have systematically been denied access to it — which was particularly relevant to this event, given that it was part of a series titled Reparations365, focused on distributive justice.

SCHEDULED EVENTS AND DATA Flash manufacturing PMI business surveys for August from around the world Indonesia central bank policy decision Europe corp events: Antofagasta, CRH, GN Store Nord, Ambu Switzerland Q2 industrial production Turkey August consumer confidence EZ Aug consumer confidence UK Aug distributive trades survey Sweden July jobless Poland July retail sales US weekly jobless claims Fed's annual Jackson Hole conference kicks off, through Aug 25.

DATA AHEAD (GMT) 0700 Germany GDP Detailed Q4 0900* Germany Ifo Business Climate New Feb 0900* Germany Ifo Curr Conditions New Feb0900* Germany Ifo Expectations new Feb1000 Euro Zone HICP Final Jan1100 U.K. CBI Distributive Trades Feb U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Richard Clarida speaks before the 2019 Monetary Policy Forum in New York (Reporting by Karthika Suresh Namboothiri in Bengaluru; Editing by Joseph Radford)

DATA AHEAD (GMT) 0700 Germany GDP Detailed Q4 0900* Germany Ifo Business Climate New Feb 0900* Germany Ifo Curr Conditions New Feb 0900* Germany Ifo Expectations new Feb 1000 Euro Zone HICP Final Jan 1100 U.K. CBI Distributive Trades Feb U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Richard Clarida speaks before the 2019 Monetary Policy Forum in New York (Reporting by Karthika Suresh Namboothiri in Bengaluru; Editing by Joseph Radford)

And I think they're impediments in the way that these are reimbursed in supply chain where you have these sort of stacked royalties sitting on top of the brand of drugs, and if a biosimilar wants to penetrate the market, even at a lower price, they can't move enough market share in order to offset the benefits that the branded company is paying to the supply chain, whether it's distributive PBM or the health plan with these kickbacks, these rebates.

DATA AHEAD (GMT) 23 EU Money-M21221.03 Annual Growth Sept 23 UK CBI Distributive Trades Oct PRICES BASE METALS PRICES 21490.79 GMTThree month LME copper 5921.863Most active ShFE copper 25921.86Three month LME aluminum 21Most active ShFE aluminum 27.0647Three month LME zinc 2518Most active ShFE zinc 19085Three month LME lead 2215.5Most active ShFE lead 16765Three month LME nickel 16770Most active ShFE nickel 132920Three month LME tin 13Most active ShFE tin 139000 BASE METALS ARBITRAGE LME/SHFE COPPER LMESHFCUc3 340.1LME/SHFE ALUMINIUM LMESHFALc3 -11.56LME/SHFE ZINC LMESHFZNc3 -1221.03LME/SHFE LEAD LMESHFPBc3 -1490.79LME/SHFE NICKEL LMESHFNIc3 -5921.86 ($1 = 7.0647 Chinese yuan renminbi) (Reporting by Tom Daly)

DATA AHEAD (GMT) 0700 Germany GDP Detailed Q4 *0900 Germany Ifo Business Climate New Feb *0900 Germany Ifo Curr Conditions New Feb *0900 Germany Ifo Expectations new Feb 0.70883 Euro Zone HICP Final Jan 1100 U.K. CBI Distributive Trades Feb U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Richard Clarida speaks before the 2019 Monetary Policy Forum in New York * Approximate time Grains prices at 0156 GMT Contract Last Change Pct chg Two-day chg MA 30 RSICBOT wheat 487.75 1.25 +0.26% +1.46% 513.69 0.0003CBOT corn 375.75 0.25 +0.07% +273% 21.134 20.000CBOT soy 20.02 -20.01 -20.7088% +0.063% 20.06 21.05CBOT rice 214 $0.01 +0.05% +2.26% $10.61 47WTI crude 56.84 -$1.053 -0.21% -0.14% $53.65 73 Currencies Euro/dlr $1.134 $0.000 +0.02% +0.01%USD/AUD 0.7088 0.000 -0.06% -1.05% Most active contracts Wheat, corn and soy US cents/bushel.

Arnold, R. Douglas. Congress and the bureaucracy: A theory of influence. Vol. 28. Yale University Press, 1980. 14. The distributive tendency is related to distributive politics, distributive benefits, distributive policy, and distributive legislation and is closely linked with logrolling and pork barrel legislation.

These definitions are justified by the fact that any distributive join-semilattice in which binary meets exist is a distributive lattice. See the entry distributivity (order theory). A join-semilattice is distributive if and only if the lattice of its ideals (under inclusion) is distributive.

In the geometry of convex polytopes, a distributive polytope is a convex polytope for which coordinatewise minima and maxima of pairs of points remain within the polytope. For example, this property is true of the unit cube, so the unit cube is a distributive polytope. It is called a distributive polytope because the coordinatewise minimum and coordinatewise maximum operations form the meet and join operations of a continuous distributive lattice on the points of the polytope. Every face of a distributive polytope is itself a distributive polytope.

The two operations \wedge and \vee give the order polytope the structure of a continuous distributive lattice, within which the finite distributive lattice of Birkhoff's theorem is embedded. That is, every order polytope is a distributive polytope. The distributive polytopes with all vertex coordinates equal to 0 or 1 are exactly the order polytopes.

32, No. 4 To be considered distributive, a piece of legislation should be disaggregable, universal, and omnibus. Distributive politics is in contrast to regulatory and redistributive programs.Weingast, Barry R. "Reflections on distributive politics and universalism."Political Research Quarterly (1994): 319-327.

Thus, Birkhoff's representation theorem extends to the case of infinite (bounded) distributive lattices in at least three different ways, summed up in duality theory for distributive lattices.

Failure of one of the two distributive laws brings about near-rings and near-fields instead of rings and division rings respectively. The operations are usually configured to have the near-ring or near-field distributive on the right but not on the left. Rings and distributive lattices are both special kinds of rigs, which are generalizations of rings that have the distributive property. For example, natural numbers form a rig.

Birkhoff's theorem states that in fact all finite distributive lattices can be obtained this way, and later generalizations of Birkhoff's theorem state a similar thing for infinite distributive lattices.

As further observes, the Young–Fibonacci lattice is modular. incorrectly claims that it is distributive; however, the sublattice formed by the strings {21,22,121,211,221} forms a diamond sublattice, forbidden in distributive lattices.

Distributive justice theory argues that societies have a duty to individuals in need and that all individuals have a duty to help others in need. Proponents of distributive justice link it to human rights. Many governments are known for dealing with issues of distributive justice, especially countries with ethnic tensions and geographically distinctive minorities. Post-apartheid South Africa is an example of a country that deals with issues of re-allocating resources with respect to the distributive justice framework.

The Priestley space is called the Priestley dual of . Each Priestley space is isomorphic to the Priestley dual of some bounded distributive lattice.Priestley (1970) Let Dist denote the category of bounded distributive lattices and bounded lattice homomorphisms. Then the above three representations of bounded distributive lattices can be extended to dual equivalenceBezhanishvili et al.

The ending is -sin. For example, the root päivä (day) has the plural päivi-, and thus the temporal distributive päivisin ("during the days"). The temporal distributive case specifies when something is done, in contrast to the distributive case, which specifies how often something is done, as in regular maintenance. These sentences are a good example: Siivoan päivisin vs.

Perceptions of distributive justice can be fostered when outcomes are perceived to be equally applied (Adams, 1965). Also, distributive justice can be viewed as capitalist justice: ratio of one's inputs to one's outcomes. According to the article: , distributive justice is composed of three main component: Equity, Equality and need. Equity focus more on rewarding employees based on their contribution.

Distributive writing is not just bound to computing like CSCT.

Many of these methods work because of the distributive property.

Distributive justice concerns the socially just allocation of resources. Often contrasted with just process, which is concerned with the administration of law, distributive justice concentrates on outcomes. This subject has been given considerable attention in philosophy and the social sciences. In social psychology, distributive justice is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by (distributed across) group members.

These distributive policies are distinguished from non-distributive programs in that non-distributive policies are often designed to serve nongeographic constituencies. The most representative example is entitlement programs targeting specific socioeconomic groups in mind, such as “the malnourished (food stamps), the unhealthy (Medicare), the poor (welfare), the retired (social security), the injured worker (workmen’s compensation), or the automobile driver (automotive product safety).

In a distributive negotiation, each side often adopts an extreme or fixed position, knowing it will not be accepted—and then seeks to cede as little as possible before reaching a deal. Distributive bargainers conceive of negotiation as a process of distributing a fixed amount of value. A distributive negotiation often involves people who have never had a previous interactive relationship, nor are they likely to do so again in the near future, although all negotiations usually have a distributive element. In the distributive approach each negotiator fights for the largest possible piece of the pie, so parties tend to regard each other more as an adversary than a partner and to take a harder line.

Currently, he is working on a book related to international distributive justice.

The distributive-temporal case specifies when and how often something is done.

Kenyon is linked with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA).

Distributive negotiation is also sometimes called positional or hard-bargaining negotiation and attempts to distribute a "fixed pie" of benefits. Distributive negotiation operates under zero-sum conditions and implies that any gain one party makes is at the expense of the other and vice versa. For this reason, distributive negotiation is also sometimes called win-lose because of the assumption that one person's gain is another person's loss. Distributive negotiation examples include haggling prices on an open market, including the negotiation of the price of a car or a home.

In welfare economics, distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are received by those who have the greatest need for them. Abba Lerner first proposed the idea of distributive efficiency in his 1944 book The Economics of Control.

Visualization of distributive law for positive numbers In mathematics, the distributive property of binary operations generalizes the distributive law from Boolean algebra and elementary algebra. In propositional logic, distribution refers to two valid rules of replacement. The rules allow one to reformulate conjunctions and disjunctions within logical proofs. For example, in arithmetic: : 2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).

If either of these operations (say ∧) distributes over the other (∨), then ∨ must also distribute over ∧, and the lattice is called distributive. See also Distributivity (order theory). A Boolean algebra can be interpreted either as a special kind of ring (a Boolean ring) or a special kind of distributive lattice (a Boolean lattice). Each interpretation is responsible for different distributive laws in the Boolean algebra.

Distributive justice perceptions are most strongly related to withdrawal (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001).

In mathematics, duality theory for distributive lattices provides three different (but closely related) representations of bounded distributive lattices via Priestley spaces, spectral spaces, and pairwise Stone spaces. This duality, which is originally also due to Marshall H. Stone Stone (1938), generalizes the well-known Stone duality between Stone spaces and Boolean algebras. Let be a bounded distributive lattice, and let denote the set of prime filters of . For each , let }.

In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent via optical fibres or light guides to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributively light dashboard displays, and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and cup holders. Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources.

Theories of distributive justice. Description and scrollable chapter-preview links. Harvard Univ. Press —1998.

Distributive plural number, for many instances viewed as independent individuals (for example, in Navajo).

Birkhoff's representation theorem has also been called the fundamental theorem for finite distributive lattices..

Kyngdon also tested simulated ability test response data using polynomial conjoint measurement. The data were generated using Humphry's extended frame of reference Rasch model . He found support of distributive, single and double cancellation consistent with a distributive polynomial conjoint structure in three variables .

This is exactly the data needed to define a monad structure on : the multiplication map is and the unit map is η′S.η. See: distributive law between monads. A generalized distributive law has also been proposed in the area of information theory.

No other distributive principle, he argues, has that feature. In all, Temkin mounts a case against the conventional view that equality is simple, holistic, and essentially distributive, and a powerful case for the view that it is complex, individualistic, and essentially comparative.

He was an industrial officer with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association 1994–96.

The Hadamard product is associative and distributive. Unlike the matrix product, it is also commutative.

Beyond being a finite distributive lattice, there are no other constraints on the lattice structure of stable matchings. This is because, for every finite distributive lattice L, there exists a stable matching instance whose lattice of stable matchings is isomorphic to L. More strongly, if a finite distributive lattice has k elements, then it can be realized using a stable matching instance with at most k^2-k+4 doctors and hospitals.

She teaches courses on political development, political parties and democracy, comparative political behavior, and distributive politics.

Distributive ecological conflict is a term introduced by Joan Martínez-Alier and Martin O'Connor to characterise the conflictive dynamics generated in the exercise of power, when using natural resources, where different social actors enter into dispute over territory. The study of distributive ecological conflicts is a field of study for Ecological Economics and Political Ecology. In the modern world, due to the great stress in which the planet is submitted, many distributive ecological conflicts have been generated. The oil industry, coal, mining in general and agro-industry are focal points of distributive ecological conflicts, where actors such as investors, the State and affected communities intervene.

In mathematics, the congruence lattice problem asks whether every algebraic distributive lattice is isomorphic to the congruence lattice of some other lattice. The problem was posed by Robert P. Dilworth, and for many years it was one of the most famous and long-standing open problems in lattice theory; it had a deep impact on the development of lattice theory itself. The conjecture that every distributive lattice is a congruence lattice is true for all distributive lattices with at most ℵ1 compact elements, but F. Wehrung provided a counterexample for distributive lattices with ℵ2 compact elements using a construction based on Kuratowski's free set theorem.

The family of all monotone Boolean functions on n inputs, together with these two operations, forms a distributive lattice, the lattice given by Birkhoff's representation theorem from the partially ordered set of subsets of the n variables with set inclusion as the partial order. This construction produces the free distributive lattice with n generators.The definition of free distributive lattices used here allows as lattice operations any finite meet and join, including the empty meet and empty join. For the free distributive lattice in which only pairwise meets and joins are allowed, one should eliminate the top and bottom lattice elements and subtract two from the Dedekind numbers.

Jacques Duboin invented the concept of distributive economy (:fr: Économie distributive), an idea he defended in approximately thirty books and conferences, and also in his revue '. His daughter, Marie-Louise Duboin, who took over the revue, keeps on defending and developing his ideas. In 1984, she published Les Affranchis de l'an 2000, which present the society and how it would be if the distributive economy was applied all of that under the form of a novel. In 2007, she published Mais où va l'argen, the main object of which is the criticism of the monetary creation, and how it is done today, and which also introduces some distributive economy proposals.

Burke then trained as a teacher and worked as such for several years, before going into commerce in Manchester in 1918. At the same time he joined the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, which later became the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers.

Skolem was among the first to write on lattices. In 1912, he was the first to describe a free distributive lattice generated by n elements. In 1919, he showed that every implicative lattice (now also called a Skolem lattice) is distributive and, as a partial converse, that every finite distributive lattice is implicative. After these results were rediscovered by others, Skolem published a 1936 paper in German, "Über gewisse 'Verbände' oder 'Lattices'", surveying his earlier work in lattice theory.

A residuated lattice is a lattice. (def) 15\. A distributive lattice is modular.Rutherford (1965), p.22. 16\.

This section describes some widely held theories of distributive justice, and their attempts to answer these questions.

Distributive justice affects performance when efficiency and productivity are involved. Improving justice perceptions improves productivity and performance.

The distributive polytopes all of whose vertex coordinates are 0 or 1 are exactly the order polytopes.

The National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom.

It built up a branch in Dublin, but this left in 1921 to merge with the Irish Drapers' Assistants Association, forming the Irish Union of Distributive Workers and Clerks.Arthur Ivor Marsh, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, Volume 5, pp.119-120 In 1946, the union merged with the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers to form the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. Notable figures associated with the union include assistant general secretary Margaret Bondfield, and president James Seddon.

With Aristotle, we may distinguish singular terms, such as Socrates, and general terms, such as Greeks. Aristotle further distinguished types (a) and (b): Such a predication is known as a distributive, as opposed to non-distributive as in Greeks are numerous. It is clear that Aristotle's syllogism works only for distributive predication, since we cannot reason All Greeks are animals, animals are numerous, therefore All Greeks are numerous. In Aristotle's view singular terms were of type (a), and general terms of type (b).

Here multiplication is distributive over addition, but addition is not distributive over multiplication. Examples of structures with two operations that are each distributive over the other are Boolean algebras such as the algebra of sets or the switching algebra. Multiplying sums can be put into words as follows: When a sum is multiplied by a sum, multiply each summand of a sum with each summand of the other sum (keeping track of signs) then add up all of the resulting products.

Like whole numbers, fractions obey the commutative, associative, and distributive laws, and the rule against division by zero.

In 1965 the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers organised a strike of the largely immigrant workforce.

A predicate F is distributive if, whenever some things are F, each one of them is F. But in standard logic, every monadic predicate is distributive. Yet such sentences also seem innocent of any existential assumptions, and do not involve quantification. So one can propose a unified account of plural terms that allows for both distributive and non-distributive satisfaction of predicates, while defending this position against the "singularist" assumption that such predicates are predicates of sets of individuals (or of mereological sums). Several writers have suggested that plural logic opens the prospect of simplifying the foundations of mathematics, avoiding the paradoxes of set theory, and simplifying the complex and unintuitive axiom sets needed in order to avoid them.

A boolean algebra is orthocomplemented.Rutherford (1965), p.32-33. 4\. A distributive orthocomplemented lattice is orthomodular.PlanetMath: orthomodular lattice 5\.

Three main proposed components of organizational justice are distributive, procedural, and interactional justice (which includes informational and interpersonal justice).

Distributive example lattice, with join-irreducible elements a,...,g (shadowed nodes). The lower set a node corresponds to by Birkhoff's isomorphism is shown in blue. In any partial order, the lower sets form a lattice in which the lattice's partial ordering is given by set inclusion, the join operation corresponds to set union, and the meet operation corresponds to set intersection, because unions and intersections preserve the property of being a lower set. Because set unions and intersections obey the distributive law, this is a distributive lattice.

87, No. 2 These groups are given more benefits because they hold less opposition and controversy and are "met instead with general approval." Other contributions to the definition of distributive politics emphasize the evolution of policy and how this impacts the creation of a distributive bill. Chanchal Kumar Sharma argues that if a party controls majority seats in the national legislature as well as a vast majority of the state legislatures, then the distributive funds (or pork barrel funds) are allocated to 'own party' ruled states (i.e.

Every distributive lattice with zero satisfies Schmidt's Condition; thus it is representable. This result has been improved further as follows, via a very long and technical proof, using forcing and Boolean-valued models. Theorem (Wehrung 2003). Every direct limit of a countable sequence of distributive lattices with zero and (∨,0)-homomorphisms is representable.

A partner's distributive share of the partnership's income or loss, and its deductions and credits, is determined by the partnership agreement. However, the partner's distributive share is measured by their partnership interest if the partnership agreement does not provide for such a distributive share, or the allocation under the partnership agreement does not have substantial economic effect.26 USCA 704(b) The partnership interest can be discerned through an analysis of the capital accounts of the partners to determine in what proportion to the rest of the partnership each partner contributed capital to the partnership.

Yale University Press, 1989. 108. The role of targeted populations and recipients of distributive benefits is debated among scholars. Stockman claims that distributive policy is actually less efficient than alternatives, as it creates a widespread blanket of benefits rather than concentrating those benefits on the needy populations. Lowi and Schneider argue that distributive policies are rather more concentrated on those "powerful and positively constructed" groups, such as the elderly, business, veterans, and scientists.Schneider and Ingram, “Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy” The American Political Science Review, Vol.

Georgian, Latin, and Romanian are notable languages with distributive numerals; see Romanian distributive numbers. In Japanese numerals, distributive forms are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix , as in . In Turkish, one of the -ar/-er suffixes (chosen according to vowel harmony) are added to the end of a cardinal numeral, as in "birer" (one of each) and "dokuzar" (nine of each). If the numeral ends with a vowel, a letter ş comes to the middle; as in "ikişer" (two of each) and "altışar" (six of each).

North-Holland: Elsevier Science. Scha, Remko. 1981. "Distributive, collective, and cumulative quantification". In Formal methods in the study of language, ed.

After graduation, she worked in Salford for five years for the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) trade union.

An orthocomplementation on a complemented lattice is an involution which is order-reversing and maps each element to a complement. An orthocomplemented lattice satisfying a weak form of the modular law is called an orthomodular lattice. In distributive lattices, complements are unique. Every complemented distributive lattice has a unique orthocomplementation and is in fact a Boolean algebra.

For example, when some workers work more hours but receive the same pay, group members may feel that distributive justice has not occurred. To determine whether distributive justice has taken place, individuals often turn to the behavioral expectations of their group.Forsyth, Donelson R. 2006. "Conflict." Pp. 388–89 in Group Dynamics (5th ed.), by D. R. Forsyth.

In Gibson v. Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (1968),Gibson v. Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers [1968] 1 W.L.R. 1187, H.C. (Chancery) (England & Wales). the High Court of England and Wales allowed the action to proceed as there remained "a good ground of complaint, not of an academic character but involving substantial legal issues".

For a distributive lattice, the complement of x, when it exists, is unique. In the case the complement is unique, we write and equivalently, . The corresponding unary operation over L, called complementation, introduces an analogue of logical negation into lattice theory. Heyting algebras are an example of distributive lattices where some members might be lacking complements.

Norman Daniels, "Healthcare Needs and Distributive Justice," Bioethics Ed. John Harris (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 319. With that said, healthcare ought to "be treated differently from other social goods" in a society.Daniels, "Healthcare Needs and Distributive Justice," 319. It is an institution of which we are all a part whether we like it or not.

1\. A boolean algebra is a complemented distributive lattice. (def) 2\. A boolean algebra is a heyting algebra.Rutherford (1965), p.77. 3\.

Audi, Robert. 2007. "Can Utilitarianism Be Distributive? Maximization and Distribution as Criteria in Managerial Decisions." Business Ethics Quarterly 17(4):593–611.

Roemer has contributed mainly to five areas: Marxian economics, distributive justice, political competition, equity and climate change, and the theory of cooperation.

By Birkhoff's representation theorem for finite distributive lattices, the upper sets of any partially ordered set form a finite distributive lattice, and every finite distributive lattice can be represented in this way. The upper sets correspond to the vertices of the order polytope, so the mapping from upper sets to vertices provides a geometric representation of any finite distributive lattice. Under this representation, the edges of the polytope connect comparable elements of the lattice. If two functions p and q both belong to the order polytope of a partially ordered set (S,\le), then the function p\wedge q that maps x to \min(p(x),q(x)), and the function p\vee q that maps x to \max(p(x),q(x)) both also belong to the order polytope.

The Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS) is a research center specialising in distribution, labor and social issues in Latin America.

Further properties follow by employing also the distributive law for the scalar multiplication, for example equals if and only if equals or equals .

The concept of universalism also defines distributive politics.Mayhew, David R. Congress: The electoral connection. Vol. 26. Yale University Press, 2004.Soherr-Hadwiger, David.

This research program comprises several of the key chapters in a 2006 volume of contributions to control systems theory (in the sense of Powers 1975 ) in sociology. (8) "Distributive Justice Theory" and Guillermina Jasso: Since 1980, Jasso has treated problems of distributive justice with an original theory that uses mathematical methods. She has elaborated upon and applied this theory to a wide range of social phenomena. Her most general mathematical apparatus – with the theory of distributive justice as a special case -- deals with any subjective comparison between some actual state and some reference level for it, e.g.

Gary Cox and Mathew McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan (Berkeley: University of California, 1993). Weingast notes that universalism should not be taken as the sole definition of distributive politics and that “universalism is one principle among many that govern congressional behavior over distributive politics.” Chanchal Kumar SharmaSharma,Chanchal Kumar, 2017, A Situational Theory of Pork-Barrel Politics:The shifting logic of discretionary allocations in India, India Review, Vol 16, No.1, pp 14-41 (Published in India Review Special Issue on Indian Federalism) notes that both particularistic and universalistic tendencies are a part of the game of distributive politics.

Surprisingly, there is a notion of "distributivity" applicable to semilattices, even though distributivity conventionally requires the interaction of two binary operations. This notion requires but a single operation, and generalizes the distributivity condition for lattices. A join- semilattice is distributive if for all a, b, and x with there exist and such that x = a' ∨ b' . Distributive meet-semilattices are defined dually.

In general, Jónsson terms, more formally, a sequence of Jónsson terms, is a sequence of ternary terms satisfying certain related idenitities. One of the earliest Maltsev condition, a variety is congruence distributive if and only if it has a sequence of Jónsson terms. Originally proved in B. Jónsson, Algebras whose congruence lattices are distributive. Math. Scand., 21:110-121, 1967.

Similarly, it is possible to define a left near-ring by replacing the right distributive law A3 by the corresponding left distributive law. Both right and left near-rings occur in the literature; for instance, the book of PilzG. Pilz, "Near-rings, the Theory and its Applications", North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2nd edition, (1983). uses right near-rings, while the book of ClayJ.

Distributive justice relates to the principle of fairness in the allocation of wealth, income, power and opportunities.Sandel, M. J. (2009) Justice: What’s The Right Thing To Do? New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Many theoretical paradigms have been developed to approach distributive justice such as Adam Smith's invisible hand, Karl Marx's Socialist view of Communism and John Rawls Original position on Inequality.

Additional properties of allegories can be axiomatized. Distributive allegories have a union-like operation that is suitably well- behaved, and division allegories have a generalization of the division operation of relation algebra. Power allegories are distributive division allegories with additional powerset-like structure. The connection between allegories and regular categories can be developed into a connection between power allegories and toposes.

Distributive justice affects performance when efficiency and productivity are involved (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001). Improving justice perceptions improves productivity and performance (Karriker & Williams, 2009).

His Crude Law as well as his research into distributive justice expanded the breadth of his body of work in the field of conflict resolution.

It can hence be shown, by proving the distributive laws, that the power set considered together with both of these operations forms a Boolean ring.

The Fibonacci cube may be defined in terms of Fibonacci codes and Hamming distance, independent sets of vertices in path graphs, or via distributive lattices.

Door to home of "Mandate - The Union of Retail, Bar and Administrative Workers" in Dublin Mandate is a trade union representing retail, administrative and distributive workers in Ireland. The union was founded in 1994, when the Irish Distributive and Administrative Trade Union merged with the Irish National Union of Vintners', Grocers' and Allied Trades Assistants.Arthur Marsh, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, vol.5, pp.

The above statement is known to be equivalent to its order dual : x \vee (y \wedge z) = (x \vee y) \wedge (x \vee z) such that one of these properties suffices to define distributivity for lattices. Typical examples of distributive lattice are totally ordered sets, Boolean algebras, and Heyting algebras. Every finite distributive lattice is isomorphic to a lattice of sets, ordered by inclusion (Birkhoff's representation theorem).

"Jack's and Jill's children"). Some grammars make no distinction in meaning between the two forms. Some publishers' style guides, however, make a distinction, assigning the "segregatory" (or "distributive") meaning to the form "John's and Mary's" and the "combinatorial" (or "joint") meaning to the form "John and Mary's". A third alternative is a construction of the form "Jack's children and Jill's", which is always distributive, i.e.

The cost of distributive programs contributies to their uncontroversial passage and is carried by the general public not a specific group of people. This contributes to the difficulty of removing distributive programs and annual fund allocations, as legislators find it more challenging to end a program after it has been initiated and the benefits have reached their districts.Stockman, David A. "The Social Pork Barrel." Public Interest (1975).

For musical groups solo, duo, trio, quartet, etc. are commonly used, and pair is used for a group of two. A conspicuous use of distributive numbers is in arity or adicity, to indicate how many parameters a function takes. Most commonly this uses Latin distributive numbers and -ary, as in unary, binary, ternary, but sometimes Greek numbers are used instead, with -adic, as in monadic, dyadic, triadic.

The generalized distributive law (GDL) is a generalization of the distributive property which gives rise to a general message passing algorithm. It is a synthesis of the work of many authors in the information theory, digital communications, signal processing, statistics, and artificial intelligence communities. The law and algorithm were introduced in a semi-tutorial by Srinivas M. Aji and Robert J. McEliece with the same title.

The American economist John Roemer has put forth a new perspective of equality and its relationship to socialism. Roemer attempts to reformulate Marxist analysis to accommodate normative principles of distributive justice, shifting the argument for socialism away from purely technical and materialist reasons to one of distributive justice. Roemer argues that according to the principle of distributive justice, the traditional definition of socialism based on the principle that individual compensation is proportional to the value of the labor one expends in production ("To each according to his contribution") is inadequate. Roemer concludes that egalitarians must reject socialism as it is classically defined in order for equality to be realized.

The combination of multiple projects benefiting multiple districts helps ensure the uncontroversial passage of legislation. In contrast to regulatory or redistributive programs, the benefits from distributive programs benefit every district. This encourages members who might have opposed a particular project, to support the distributive bill because of the benefits of a different included project in her district. A measure proposed in Congress requires so much support by many different people to pass through the legislature that it must be supported in some way by a large numbers of legislators with broad interest bases, contributing to the range of benefits included in distributive legislation and majority approval in Congress.

Social and distributive indicators from these dataset are used for the World Bank World Development Indicators and published in the WIDER-UN World Income Inequality Database.

The Linguistic Review 25(1-2):139-201. Rullmann, Hotze, Lisa Matthewson and Henry Davis 2008. Modals as Distributive Indefinites. Natural Language Semantics 16:317-357.

From 2009 to 2011, seven series of Colibri Solidaire et Distributif have been published, which illustrated the distributive economy through experienced that are close to it.

Bettison had previously held positions with Great Southern Rail, and within the Australian Labor Party. Bettison is linked with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA).

Typically, legal theorists and philosophers consider four distinct kinds of justice: corrective justice, distributive justice, procedural justice, and retributive justice.Richard A. Posner, The Problems of Jurisprudence. pp. 313-352 Corrective justice is the idea that liability rectifies the injustice one person inflicts upon another (found in modern day contract law). Distributive justice seeks to appropriately distribute pleasure and pain between the offender and the victim by punishing the offender.

However, his distributive scheme, and other distributive accounts of justice do not directly consider power relations between and among individuals. Nor do they address such political considerations as various structures of decision- making, such as divisions of labor culture, or the construction of social meanings. Even Rawls’ own basic value of self-respect cannot be said to be amenable to distribution.Young Kim, Justice as Right Actions (Lexington Books, 2015), ch.

The Dedekind–MacNeille completion of a Boolean algebra is a complete Boolean algebra; this result is known as the Glivenko–Stone theorem, after Valery Ivanovich Glivenko and Marshall Stone., Theorem 27, p. 130. Similarly, the Dedekind–MacNeille completion of a residuated lattice is a complete residuated lattice.. However, the completion of a distributive lattice need not itself be distributive, and the completion of a modular lattice may not remain modular.; .

As is the case for any other corporation, the FICA tax is imposed only with respect to employee wages and not on distributive shares of shareholders. Although FICA tax is not owed on distributive shares, the IRS and equivalent state revenue agencies may recategorize distributions paid to shareholder-employees as wages if shareholder-employees are not paid a reasonable wage for the services they perform in their positions within the company.

Vernon, pp. 49–50. In 1921 AUCE amalgamated with the National Union of Warehouse and General Workers to form the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW).

Fuzzy Logic and Non-Distributive Truth Valuations. In Wang, P.P., Chang, S.K. (Eds.). "Fuzzy Sets: Theory and Applications to Policy Analysis and Information Systems". New York: Plenum Press. .

Every distributive (∨,0)-semilattice of cardinality at most ℵ1 satisfies Schmidt's Condition. Thus it is representable. By using different methods, Dobbertin got the following result. Theorem (Dobbertin 1986).

Aquinas defines distributive justice as follows: > [I]n distributive justice something is given to a private individual, in so > far as what belongs to the whole is due to the part, and in a quantity that > is proportionate to the importance of the position of that part in respect > of the whole. Consequently in distributive justice a person receives all the > more of the common goods, according as he holds a more prominent position in > the community. This prominence in an aristocratic community is gauged > according to virtue, in an oligarchy according to wealth, in a democracy > according to liberty, and in various ways according to various forms of > community. Hence in distributive justice the mean is observed, not according > to equality between thing and thing, but according to proportion between > things and persons: in such a way that even as one person surpasses another, > so that which is given to one person surpasses that which is allotted to > another.

A minor difference between the 2-SAT and initial stable set formulations is that the latter presupposes the choice of a fixed base point from the median graph that corresponds to the empty initial stable set. For a distributive lattice, the corresponding mixed graph has no undirected edges, and the initial stable sets are just the lower sets of the transitive closure of the graph. Equivalently, for a distributive lattice, the implication graph of the 2-satisfiability instance can be partitioned into two connected components, one on the positive variables of the instance and the other on the negative variables; the transitive closure of the positive component is the underlying partial order of the distributive lattice.

A congruence θ of a join-semilattice S is monomial, if the θ-equivalence class of any element of S has a largest element. We say that θ is distributive, if it is a join, in the congruence lattice Con S of S, of monomial join- congruences of S. The following definition originates in Schmidt's 1968 work and was subsequently adjusted by Wehrung. Definition (weakly distributive homomorphisms). A homomorphism μ : S → T between join-semilattices S and T is weakly distributive, if for all a, b in S and all c in T such that μ(c)≤ a ∨ b, there are elements x and y of S such that c≤ x ∨ y, μ(x)≤ a, and μ(y)≤ b.

Distributive shock is a medical condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body's tissues and organs. It is one of four categories of shock, a condition where there is not enough oxygen-carrying blood to meet the metabolic needs of the cells which make up the body's tissues and organs. Distributive shock is different from the other three categories of shock in that it occurs even though the output of the heart is at or above a normal level. The most common cause is sepsis leading to type of distributive shock called septic shock, a condition that can be fatal.

Beyond the basic cardinals and ordinals, Japanese has other types of numerals. Distributive numbers are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix , as in .

A relatively complemented lattice is a lattice. (def) 19\. A heyting algebra is distributive.Rutherford (1965), Th.25.1 p.74. 20\. A totally ordered set is a distributive lattice. 21\.

Finally, MP relationships resemble a ratio scale (whose origin corresponds, for example, to a price of zero) given that they involve proportions, multiplication and division and the distributive law.

Butler was also noted for his constructive relationship with the Labor Right faction in South Australia, particularly then-Secretary of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, Don Farrell.

Distributive justice is conceptualized as the fairness associated with decision outcomes and distribution of resources. The outcomes or resources distributed may be tangible (e.g., pay) or intangible (e.g., praise).

Completing the entire operation 3 × (4 + 1) constitutes a task requiring the distributive act. That act non-arbitrarily orders adding and multiplying to coordinate them. The distributive act is therefore one order more hierarchically complex than the acts of adding and multiplying alone; it indicates the singular proper sequence of the simpler actions. Although simply adding results in the same answer, people who can do both display a greater freedom of mental functioning.

Egalitarians have said that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality. John Rawls used a social contract theory to say that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness. Robert Nozick and others said that property rights, also within the realm of distributive justice and natural law, maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system. Theories of retributive justice say that wrongdoing should be punished to insure justice.

Existing models of social preferences can be divided into two types: distributive preferences and reciprocal preferences. Distributive preferences are the preferences over the distribution and total magnitude of the payoff among the reference groups, including altruism and spitefulness, fairness and inequity aversion, and efficiency concern; while reciprocal preferences reflect agent's concern over the intention of other's behavior and agent's motivation to reciprocate positively or negatively depending on the kindness and fairness of other's behavior.

Modern political scholars argue that distributive policies encompass programs and grants that emphasize the general taxation distributing benefits to narrow constituencies. These include the traditional pork barrel of public works,Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnsen ,“The political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89, No.4 rivers and harbors projects,Ferejohn, John A. 1974. Pork Barrel Politics: Rivers and Harbors Legislation, 1947-1968.

The cause of inadequate tissue perfusion (blood delivery to tissues) in distributive shock is a lack of normal responsiveness of blood vessels to vasoconstrictive agents and direct vasodilation. There are four types of distributive shock. The most common, septic shock, is caused by an infection, most frequently by bacteria, but viruses, fungi and parasites have been implicated. Infection sites most likely to lead to septic shock are chest, abdomen and genitourinary tract.

The operators used for examples in this section are those of the usual addition (+) and multiplication (\cdot). If the operation denoted \cdot is not commutative, there is a distinction between left-distributivity and right-distributivity: :a \cdot \left( b \pm c \right) = a \cdot b \pm a \cdot c (left-distributive) :(a \pm b) \cdot c = a \cdot c \pm b \cdot c (right- distributive) In either case, the distributive property can be described in words as: To multiply a sum (or difference) by a factor, each summand (or minuend and subtrahend) is multiplied by this factor and the resulting products are added (or subtracted). If the operation outside the parentheses (in this case, the multiplication) is commutative, then left-distributivity implies right-distributivity and vice versa, and one talks simply of distributivity. One example of an operation that is "only" right-distributive is division, which is not commutative: :(a \pm b) \div c = a \div c \pm b \div c In this case, left-distributivity does not apply: :a \div(b \pm c) eq a \div b \pm a \div c The distributive laws are among the axioms for rings (like the ring of integers) and fields (like the field of rational numbers).

In 1990 it merged with the London College of Printing to form the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades, which in 1996 was renamed the London College of Communication.

These dynamic programming algorithms rely on the distributive property of their associated semirings to compute quantities over a large (possibly exponential) number of terms more efficiently than enumerating each of them.

According to Schunck et al., physical health is related to an employee's perception of distributive justice. As the employee's perception of earnings justice decreases, the physical health of the employee decreases.

In an infinite distributive lattice, it may not be the case that the lower sets of the join-irreducible elements are in one-to-one correspondence with lattice elements. Indeed, there may be no join-irreducibles at all. This happens, for instance, in the lattice of all natural numbers, ordered with the reverse of the usual divisibility ordering (so x ≤ y when y divides x): any number x can be expressed as the join of numbers xp and xq where p and q are distinct prime numbers. However, elements in infinite distributive lattices may still be represented as sets via Stone's representation theorem for distributive lattices, a form of Stone duality in which each lattice element corresponds to a compact open set in a certain topological space.

Let X be a topological space. Each of the following properties are equivalent to the property of X being spectral: #X is homeomorphic to a projective limit of finite T0-spaces. #X is homeomorphic to the spectrum of a bounded distributive lattice L. In this case, L is isomorphic (as a bounded lattice) to the lattice K\circ(X) (this is called Stone representation of distributive lattices). #X is homeomorphic to the spectrum of a commutative ring.

The family of all antichains in a finite partially ordered set can be given join and meet operations, making them into a distributive lattice. For the partially ordered system of all subsets of a finite set, ordered by set inclusion, the antichains are called Sperner families and their lattice is a free distributive lattice, with a Dedekind number of elements. More generally, counting the number of antichains of a finite partially ordered set is #P-complete.

When the aggregative tendency predominates, as before the Civil War, decadence results; but when the distributive tendency is in the ascendancy, as it was later in the 19th century, there is progress.

There are ten parts of speech, viz. Article, Substantive or Noun, Adjective, Numeral, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.", "NUMERALS. The numbers are divided into cardinal, ordinal, proportional, distributive, and collective.

Dhanda is married with two children. He has been a member of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) since 1999. He speaks Punjabi and French, in addition to English.

There are several different kinds of numeral words in Latin: the two most common are cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. There are also several more rare numerals, e.g., distributive numerals and adverbial numerals.

This is a list of notable former students of London College of Communication, UAL, formerly known as the London College of Printing and, briefly, as the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades.

Verbal derivational morphology is composed of prefixes, suffixes, one infix (chi, 'again; possessive reflexive') and reduplication, which expresses an "iterative, distributive, or intensive sense to the meaning of the stem."Graczyk, 2007: 104.

EC-14, no. 3, pp. 399–403, 1965. In terms of the theory of lattices, the C-element is a semimodular distributive circuit, whose operation in time is described by a Hasse diagram.

According to many, distributive politics must be in some way disaggregable.Saltman, Roy G. Copyright in Computer-Readable Works: Policy Impacts of Technological Change. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

Cristian's algorithm (introduced by Flaviu Cristian in 1989) is a method for clock synchronization which can be used in many fields of distributive computer science but is primarily used in low-latency intranets. Cristian observed that this simple algorithm is probabilistic, in that it only achieves synchronization if the round-trip time (RTT) of the request is short compared to required accuracy. It also suffers in implementations using a single server, making it unsuitable for many distributive applications where redundancy may be crucial.

To create a list of the theories of distributive justice will inevitably come with its implications. It is important to take into consideration the various nuances within each theory, as well as the development and variations in interpretations that exist for the theories presented in this article. The listed theories below are three of the most prominent Anglo-American theories within the field. With this in mind, the list is in no way to be considered exhaustive for distributive justice theory.

There are several competing theories on the precise definition of distributive politics, as political scientists approach the concept from different angles. The distribution and overall concentration of benefits and projects is how Lowi defines distributive politics, saying they are those that “can be disaggregated and dispensed unit by small unit, each unit more or less in isolation from other units and from any general rule.”Arnold, R. Douglas. Congress and the bureaucracy: A theory of influence. Vol. 28. Yale University Press, 1980. 13.

He began working closely with Joseph Hallsworth of the rival National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, and in 1947 the two unions merged, forming the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. Hann was expected to become joint Assistant General Secretary of the new union, but resigned to work full-time for the Industrial Court. Hann retired in 1956, and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He and Florence moved to Stanmore, and he lived until 1980.

The congruence lattice Con A of an algebra A is an algebraic lattice. The (∨,0)-semilattice of compact elements of Con A is denoted by Conc A, and it is sometimes called the congruence semilattice of A. Then Con A is isomorphic to the ideal lattice of Conc A. By using the classical equivalence between the category of all (∨,0)-semilattices and the category of all algebraic lattices (with suitable definitions of morphisms), as it is outlined here, we obtain the following semilattice-theoretical formulation of CLP. \---- Semilattice- theoretical formulation of CLP: Is every distributive (∨,0)-semilattice isomorphic to the congruence semilattice of some lattice? \---- Say that a distributive (∨,0)-semilattice is representable, if it is isomorphic to Conc L, for some lattice L. So CLP asks whether every distributive (∨,0)-semilattice is representable.

Universalism refers both to the broad allocation of benefits to recipients and the wide support these legislative measures receive in Congress. In terms of the people’s reception of benefits, universal distributive policies benefit wide ranges of people and the “unanimous inclusion of representatives’ projects in omnibus-type legislation produced by one committee.” Universalism also points to the legislative support needed to pass these distributive measures and the “coalitions of near-unanimous size rather than coalitions of narrower or minimal winning size” that pass distributive legislation. Universalism has two variants, one broad-based universalism which is more inclusive and the narrow based universalism or universalism among "own" party members or districts ruled by them. The latter kind of universalism is called particularism (see Cox and McCubbins’ universalism‐within‐party hypothesis).

Group profiles can also be divided in terms of their distributive character . A group profile is distributive when its properties apply equally to all the members of its group: all bachelors are unmarried, or all persons with a specific gene have 80% chance to contract a specific disease. A profile is non-distributive when the profile does not necessarily apply to all the members of the group: the group of persons with a specific postal code have an average earning capacity of XX, or the category of persons with blue eyes has an average chance of 37% to contract a specific disease. Note that in this case the chance of an individual to have a particular earning capacity or to contract the specific disease will depend on other factors, e.g.

The extra structure provided by these spaces provide for distinct kinds of Riesz subspaces. The collection of each kind structure in a Riesz space (e.g. the collection of all ideals) forms a distributive lattice.

It received its present name in 1990; it was previously the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, then the London College of Printing, and briefly the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades.

These projects provided loans for investment projects in Ireland, such as providing more funding for the ICC. A large majority of these projects were based in industrial and distributive sectors, but specifics were not provided.

Distributive justice affects performance when efficiency and productivity are involved.Cohen-Charash, Y., and P. E. Spector. 2001. "The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 86:278–321.

This case (-nta/-nte) in Hungarian can express how often something happens (e.g. havonta "monthly", naponta "daily", telente "every winter", reggelente "every morning"); it can alternate with the Distributive case in words of temporal meaning.

66 In 1920, the Co-operative Agents' Union joined, but at the start of 1921, the AUCE merged with the National Warehouse and General Workers' Union, creating the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers.

"The Distributive Workers: union's new officials", Manchester Guardian, 28 December 1935 In 1947, NUDAW merged with the Shop Assistants' Union to form the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW), and Burrows was appointed joint assistant general secretary, with Joe Hiscock."Unions amalgamated: NUDAW and the Shop Assistants", Manchester Guardian, 27 June 1946 Later that year, general secretary Joseph Hallsworth stood down, and Burrows became acting general secretary, also taking Hallsworth's place on the General Council of the Trades Union Congress. He retired in 1949.

Septic shock is a subclass of distributive shock, a condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate blood supply to the body tissues, resulting in ischemia and organ dysfunction. Septic shock refers specifically to distributive shock due to sepsis as a result of infection. Septic shock may be defined as sepsis-induced low blood pressure that persists despite treatment with intravenous fluids. Low blood pressure reduces tissue perfusion pressure, causing the tissue hypoxia that is characteristic of shock.

Distributive justice in an environmental context is the equitable distribution of a society's technological and environmental risks, impacts, and benefits. These burdens include air pollution, landfills, industrial factories, and other environmental burdens. Distributive justice is an essential principle of environmental justice because there is evidence that shows that these burdens cause health problems, negatively affect quality of life, and drive down property value. The potential negative social impacts of environmental degradation and regulatory policies have been at the center environmental discussions since the rise of environmental justice.

In several mathematical areas, generalized distributivity laws are considered. This may involve the weakening of the above conditions or the extension to infinitary operations. Especially in order theory one finds numerous important variants of distributivity, some of which include infinitary operations, such as the infinite distributive law; others being defined in the presence of only one binary operation, such as the according definitions and their relations are given in the article distributivity (order theory). This also includes the notion of a completely distributive lattice.

Examples: (1) For an algebra B and a reduct A of B (that is, an algebra with same underlying set as B but whose set of operations is a subset of the one of B), the canonical (∨, 0)-homomorphism from Conc A to Conc B is weakly distributive. Here, Conc A denotes the (∨, 0)-semilattice of all compact congruences of A. (2) For a convex sublattice K of a lattice L, the canonical (∨, 0)-homomorphism from Conc K to Conc L is weakly distributive.

Born in Warrington, Birch worked in retail and joined the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW) in 1927. He trained in secretarial skills in his spare time, and used this experience to become secretary of his union branch, then area organiser and national organiser."Obituary: Sir Alan Birch", Annual Report of the 1962 Trades Union Congress, p.288 NUDAW merged to form the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers in 1947 and, two years later, Birch was elected as general secretary.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2009 Thus, in neurogenic shock, there is decreased systemic vascular resistance, CVP is typically decreased, CO decreased or normal, and PAOP decreased. Distributive shock associated with adrenal crisis results from inadequate steroid hormones.

This generalized representation theorem can be expressed as a category-theoretic duality between distributive lattices and spectral spaces (sometimes called coherent spaces, but not the same as the coherent spaces in linear logic), topological spaces in which the compact open sets are closed under intersection and form a base for the topology.. Hilary Priestley showed that Stone's representation theorem could be interpreted as an extension of the idea of representing lattice elements by lower sets of a partial order, using Nachbin's idea of ordered topological spaces. Stone spaces with an additional partial order linked with the topology via Priestley separation axiom can also be used to represent bounded distributive lattices. Such spaces are known as Priestley spaces. Further, certain bitopological spaces, namely pairwise Stone spaces, generalize Stone's original approach by utilizing two topologies on a set to represent an abstract distributive lattice.

The property of the stable matching polytope, of defining a continuous distributive lattice is analogous to the defining property of a distributive polytope, a polytope in which coordinatewise maximization and minimization form the meet and join operations of a lattice. However, the meet and join operations for the stable matching polytope are defined in a different way than coordinatewise maximization and minimization. Instead, the order polytope of the underlying partial order of the lattice of stable matchings provides a distributive polytope associated with the set of stable matchings, but one for which it is more difficult to read off the fractional value associated with each matched pair. In fact, the stable matching polytope and the order polytope of the underlying partial order are very closely related to each other: each is an affine transformation of the other.

Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, vol.3, pp.426-427 In 1955, it merged into the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, by which time it had only 861 members remaining.

The inverse operation of the group is the reflection of an end across the line (1,−1). This multiplication operation can also be shown to obey the distributive property together with the addition operation of the field.

The wing's squadrons were redesignated as a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) and on May 3, 2008, the 181st Fighter Wing was re-designated as the 181st Intelligence Wing (181 IW).

But then x ≤ y ∨ z, and x is not less than or equal to either y or z, showing that it is not join-prime. There exist lattices in which the join-prime elements form a proper subset of the join- irreducible elements, but in a distributive lattice the two types of elements coincide. For, suppose that x is join-irreducible, and that x ≤ y ∨ z. This inequality is equivalent to the statement that x = x ∧ (y ∨ z), and by the distributive law x = (x ∧ y) ∨ (x ∧ z).

In all, Temkin argues that at least eleven distinct aspects underlie egalitarian judgments. Temkin also challenges the conventional view that equality is holistic (that it is concerned mainly with groups) and that it is essentially distributive. While inequalities between groups can be important, Temkin argues that, often, the proper object of moral concern is inequalities between individuals. And while equality is indeed a distributive principle, Temkin argues that what makes it distinctive is that it is essentially comparative – it expresses a fundamental concern for how individuals fare relative to each other.

Distributive legislation is considered omnibus and combines the small, divisible pieces that cater to many districts. This allocates funds for a collection of independent, local projects, which vary in size, scope, and dollar amount. Oftentimes, pieces of the omnibus legislation are unconnected, so “owing to the unrelatedness of issues in distributive politics, the activities of single participants need not be related but rather can be specialized as the situation warrants it.” With omnibus packages, benefits that only serve small populations are more likely to gain majority support for Congressional passage.

Algebra 1 - topics range from order of operations, expressions, with variables, distributive properties, combining like terms, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of integers, evaluate algebraic expressions, solving equations, word problem solving, inequalities, polynomials, factoring, quadratics equations and graphing.

Otherwise, according to medical historian Sanjoy Bhattacharya, "vast areas of rural eastern India were denied any lasting state-sponsored distributive schemes". For this reason, the policy of prioritised distribution is sometimes discussed as one cause of the famine.

New Delhi, 1998 Today a remarkable discontinuity in distributive processes and social relations, the simultaneous occurrence of the processes of upward and downward social mobility and a self-perpetuating process of social transformation could be witnessed in Shekhawati.

Margery Carey, MBE (14 October 1938 – 23 January 2012)England and Wales, Death Index, 2007-2015 was a British trade unionist and served as President of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) from 1997 to 2006.

In mathematics, a Priestley space is an ordered topological space with special properties. Priestley spaces are named after Hilary Priestley who introduced and investigated them. Priestley, (1970). Priestley spaces play a fundamental role in the study of distributive lattices.

He resigned his directorship of the company the following year to join the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA) as a union organiser. He left the SDA in 2003 to run for the New South Wales Legislative Council.

Hahn was team captain during his senior season and was part of the 1974-1975 squad that went 24-5\. Hahn graduated from Maryland with a bachelor’s degree in distributive education and a minor in business administration in 1975.

This result holds more generally for modular lattices, see Exercise 4, p. 50.Birkhoff (1961), Corollary IX.1, p. 134 The lattice of subspaces of a vector space provide an example of a complemented lattice that is not, in general, distributive.

Donnelly was educated at Mandurah Primary, Christian Brothers College in Fremantle, and University of Western Australia studying industrial relations and economics. He became an official of Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association in 1986, and was promoted to branch secretary.

Analysts seek to explain what led to the given level of inflation and the proceeding changes, accounting for both acceleration and maintenance. Distributive conflict points to the maintenance of inflation as due to a lack of coordination between different economic agents.

The Knights of Labor railed against "wealth" in their Preamble, and planned to organize "every department of productive industry." The ultimate goal was establishing "co-operative institutions productive and distributive." The first principles of the order were organization, education, and cooperation.

The lexicographic product is in general noncommutative: . However it satisfies a distributive law with respect to disjoint union: . In addition it satisfies an identity with respect to complementation: . In particular, the lexicographic product of two self-complementary graphs is self-complementary.

There are many extracurricular activities available to students at Harper Creek High School. These include: Student Government; Distributive Educational Clubs of America (DECA); the Harper Creek chapter of the National Honor Society (NHS); Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD); Asset; etc.

Johnson's theorizing on integrative negotiations began in 1966 with his dissertation on perspective taking in integrative and distributive conflict situations.Johnson, D. W.(1966) The use of role-reversal in intergroup competition. Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol.27(9-A), pp. 3121.

In bioethics, ethics of organ transplantation refers to the ethical concerns on organ transplantation procedures . Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice.

"Universalism and the Electoral Connection: A Test and Some Doubts." Political Research Quarterly 47.2 (1994): 312. JSTOR. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. Overall, these theories all accept the idea that distributive politics must in some way be disaggregable, universal, and omnibus.

Many lattices can be defined in such a way that the elements of the lattice are represented by sets, the join operation of the lattice is represented by set union, and the meet operation of the lattice is represented by set intersection. For instance, the Boolean lattice defined from the family of all subsets of a finite set has this property. More generally any finite topological space has a lattice of sets as its family of open sets. Because set unions and intersections obey the distributive law, any lattice defined in this way is a distributive lattice.

Birkhoff's representation theorem may also be generalized to finite structures other than distributive lattices. In a distributive lattice, the self-dual median operation. :m(x,y,z)=(x\vee y)\wedge(x\vee z)\wedge(y\vee z)=(x\wedge y)\vee(x\wedge z)\vee(y\wedge z) gives rise to a median algebra, and the covering relation of the lattice forms a median graph. Finite median algebras and median graphs have a dual structure as the set of solutions of a 2-satisfiability instance; formulate this structure equivalently as the family of initial stable sets in a mixed graph.

Clay, "Nearrings: Geneses and applications", Oxford, (1992). uses left near-rings. An immediate consequence of this one-sided distributive law is that it is true that 0⋅x = 0 but it is not necessarily true that x⋅0 = 0 for any x in N. Another immediate consequence is that (−x)⋅y = −(x⋅y) for any x, y in N, but it is not necessary that x⋅(−y) = −(x⋅y). A near-ring is a ring (not necessarily with unity) if and only if addition is commutative and multiplication is also distributive over addition on the left.

In the following examples, the use of the distributive law on the set of real numbers \R is illustrated. When multiplication is mentioned in elementary mathematics, it usually refers to this kind of multiplication. From the point of view of algebra, the real numbers form a field, which ensures the validity of the distributive law. ;First example (mental and written multiplication) During mental arithmetic, distributivity is often used unconsciously: ::6 \cdot 16 = 6 \cdot (10+6) = 6\cdot 10 + 6 \cdot 6 = 60+36 = 96 Thus, to calculate in one's head, one first multiplies and and add the intermediate results.

The findings of Barsky and Kaplan show that both state and trait level negative affect can act as antecedents to justice perceptions. State and trait level negative affect are negatively associated with interactional, procedural, and distributive justice perceptions. Conversely, positive state and trait affectivity was linked to higher ratings of interactional, procedural and distributive justice. Based on the research regarding the central role of affect in justice perceptions, Lang, Bliese, Lang, and Adler (2011) extended this research and studied the idea that sustained clinical levels of negative affect (depression) could be a precursor to perceptions of injustice in organizations.

The two principles of justice are the equal liberty principle and the principle which governs the distribution of social and economic inequalities. From this, Rawls argues for a system of distributive justice in accordance with the Difference Principle, which says that all social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged."Distributive Justice" at SEP Retrieved December 18, 2009 Viewing Rawls as promoting excessive government control and rights violations, libertarian Robert Nozick published Anarchy, State, and Utopia in 1974. The book advocates for a minimal state and defends the liberty of the individual.

In addition to sepsis, distributive shock can be caused by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) due to conditions other than infection such as pancreatitis, burns or trauma. Other causes include, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), anaphylaxis (a sudden, severe allergic reaction), adrenal insufficiency, reactions to drugs or toxins, heavy metal poisoning, hepatic (liver) insufficiency and damage to the central nervous system. Causes of adrenal insufficiency leading to distributive shock include acute worsening of chronic adrenal insufficiency, destruction or removal of the adrenal glands, suppression of adrenal gland function due to exogenous steroids, hypopituitarism and metabolic failure of hormone production.

40, pp. 127–132. Alumni of the school have prominently engaged in controversial issues of their times on three central issues—the scope of justice; distributive justice based on race, gender, and income; and institutions related to preserving social structures.Tull, p. 132.

Coleman grew up in Mesa, Arizona and graduated from Westwood High School. He earned a Bachelor's degree in Business, Office, and Distributive Education from Arizona State University in 1981 and a Master's degree in Vocational Education from Northern Arizona University in 1989.

AZ Cnc has a corona and this may indicate that a distributive dynamo is just as efficient in producing magnetic flux as a shell dynamo. Between the generation of a magnetic field and the emission of X-rays lies the coronal heating mechanism.

In many problems, there can be several different stable matchings. The set of stable matchings has a special structure. David F. Manlove proved that, both the set of strong stable matchings and the set of super stable matchings form a distributive lattice.

A semifield is a quasifield which also satisfies the left distributive law: x \otimes (y + z) = x \otimes y + x \otimes z. A planar nearfield is a quasifield whose multiplicative loop is associative (and hence a group). Not all nearfields are planar nearfields.

NCUHS has the following clubs: Computer Gaming Club, Drama, Distributive Education Clubs of America, Flag Corps, Future Business Leaders of America, Future Farmers of America, Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC), National Honor Society, Leadership Council, Rotary Interact, SkillsUSA, and Student Council.

Robert Lee Hale (1884-1969) was an American lawyer and economist. He earned an economics degree at Harvard University, and then worked at Columbia Law School. He is known as a legal realist, and his work focused particularly on the distributive impact of legal rules.

She has completed a law degree at Flinders University, and works as a legal officer for the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees' Association, SA Branch. She is also completing a Master of Law. For several years she was a regular columnist for the Sunday Mail.

Groups just have one binary operation. To fully explain the behaviour of the different types of numbers, structures with two operators need to be studied. The most important of these are rings and fields. A ring has two binary operations (+) and (×), with × distributive over +.

On the other hand, distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness in the distribution of outcomes (salaries). The classic objectives of equity based compensation plans are retention, attraction of new hires and aligning employees’ and shareholders’ interests with the long-term success of the company.

An extremely light sandwich material which consists of expanded rubber between either plywood or a light alloy were also manufactured. Samples of this product 24 ins. sq., weighing 52 ozs., were able to withstand a distributive load of 1 ½ tons when supported at two edges.

TRAMP complex (Trf4/Air2/Mtr4p Polyadenylation complex) is a multiprotein, heterotrimeric complex having distributive polyadenylation activity and identifies wide varieties of RNAs produced by polymerases.It was originally discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by LaCava et al., Vanacova et al. and Wyers et al. in 2005.

In the bounded lattice N5, the element a has two complements, viz. b and c (see Pic. 11). A bounded lattice for which every element has a complement is called a complemented lattice. A complemented lattice that is also distributive is a Boolean algebra.

In 1972, he received a B.A. in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He completed his master's degree in linguistics in 1978 at the University of Tel Aviv. In 1982, he defended his PhD thesis Distributive Numerals at the University of California, Los Angeles.CV.

On May 31, 2000 Steelbridge Inc. announced development of OpenCOLA a collaborative distributive open source search engine. It runs on the user's computer and crawls the web pages and links the user puts in their opencola folder and shares resulting index over its P2P network.

The College for the Distributive Trades was a technical training college in London. It was founded as the Westminster Day Continuation School in 1921. In 1986 it was one of the seven London art colleges which became part of the new London Institute, the others being Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts, the Central School of Art and Design, Chelsea School of Art, the London College of Fashion, the London College of Printing and Saint Martin's School of Art. In 1990 the college was merged with the London College of Printing to form the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades, which in 1996 was renamed the London College of Communication.

Society always has a financial stake in how communal services are used and has a legitimate claim in insisting that these resources be used wisely and for the benefit of all. "No one can demand non- beneficial treatments simply by claiming that they are paying out-of-pocket." It has been argued that the case had a negative impact on distributive justice, as Great Ormond Street Hospital incurred legal costs of £205,000, including VAT (money diverted from medical care to lawyers), and that distributive justice could be harmed further if proposed reforms known as 'Charlie's Law' (which would replace the best interests test with a significant harm test) are enacted.

For any objects , , and of a category with finite products and coproducts, there is a canonical morphism , where the plus sign here denotes the coproduct. To see this, note that the universal property of the coproduct guarantees the existence of unique arrows filling out the following diagram (the induced arrows are dashed): center The universal property of the product then guarantees a unique morphism induced by the dashed arrows in the above diagram. A distributive category is one in which this morphism is actually an isomorphism. Thus in a distributive category, one has the canonical isomorphism :X\times (Y + Z)\simeq (X\times Y)+ (X \times Z).

Therefore, it fits the requirements for the join operation of a lattice. Symmetrically, the operation P\wedge Q fits the requirements for the meet operation. Because they are defined using an element-wise minimum or element- wise maximum in the preference ordering, these two operations obey the same distributive laws obeyed by the minimum and maximum operations on linear orderings: for every three different matchings P, Q, and R, :P\wedge(Q\vee R)=(P\wedge Q)\vee (P\wedge R) and :P\vee(Q\wedge R)=(P\vee Q)\wedge (P\vee R) Therefore, the lattice of stable matchings is a distributive lattice.

Rest is run by a trustee company called Retail Employees Superannuation Pty Limited, with a Board of eight Directors. Four directors are nominated on behalf of employees by the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) and four nominated on behalf of employers and employer associations.

Other models also prioritize ethics such as the distributive justice model developed by Beauchamp and Childress of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, where ethics a component of the case manager's responsibilities and is concerned with the distribution of finite resources for the benefit of an entire community.

The School of Business and Social Science provides academic and vocational programs in the fields of Business Administration, Computer and Business Information Systems, Computer and Office Technologies, Distributive Education, History and Political Science and Public Service and Social Sciences. It is the largest school at the college.

Unlike trade unions, this organisation does not engage in collective bargaining with employers and merely gives members advise and discounts to further their businesses. Many butchery businesses are now incorporated into supermarkets, being represented as a part of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers.

The result is a distributive lattice and is used in Birkhoff's representation theorem. However, it may have many more elements than are needed to form a completion of .. Among all possible lattice completions, the Dedekind–MacNeille completion is the smallest complete lattice with embedded in it.

Other research areas include theories of distributive justice and critical realist social science. He also studied under Hyman Minsky as a young research stipendiate in the U.S. at the beginning of the 1980s. Lars Pålsson Syll has written several books and many articles in scientific journals.

Collins was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and educated at Monash University and La Trobe University. Before entering parliament, she was a social worker and union official and held several positions with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA), including as National Industrial Officer for five years.

The National Union of Co-operative Insurance Society Employees (NUCISE) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. The union split from the recently formed National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers in 1922.Arthur Ivor Marsh and Victoria Ryan, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, Vol. 5, p.

From 1368 to 1911, partnerships with distributive shares were the principal form of a business entity that investors ran coal mines.Fang Liufang; Xia Yuantao; Sang Binxue; Danian Zhang, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 52, No. 3, The Emerging Framework of Chinese Civil Law: [Part 2]. (Summer, 1989), pp.

This provides a strong argument for a processive phosphorylation mechanism instead of the previous theory of a random distributive phosphorylation model. In addition to requiring threonine, Cks1 binding to Sic1 can be enhanced with the introduction of a proline residue at the -2 position relative to the threonine residue.

In the initial treatment of low blood pressure in septic shock, the goal of vasopressor treatment is a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mm Hg. In 2017, the FDA approved angiotensin II injection for intravenous infusion to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock.

Distributive policies extend goods and services to members of an organization, as well as distributing the costs of the goods/services amongst the members of the organization. Examples include government policies that impact spending for welfare, public education, highways, and public safety, or a professional organization's benefits plan.

The basic concept is that of a frame, a complete lattice satisfying the distributive law above; frame homomorphisms respect all joins (in particular, the least element of the lattice) and finite meets (in particular, the greatest element of the lattice). Frames, together with frame homomorphisms, form a category.

In mathematics, a near-field is an algebraic structure similar to a division ring, except that it has only one of the two distributive laws. Alternatively, a near-field is a near-ring in which there is a multiplicative identity, and every non-zero element has a multiplicative inverse.

Internet resource.Rich, Michael J. "Distributive politics and the allocation of federal grants." The American Political Science Review (1989): 193-213. That is, the legislation must be able to be broken down into multiple benefits dispersed among recipients and “what is being distributed can be dispensed in small units”.

In 1913, a new status was established for public sector workers, guaranteeing a better recruitment, and a salary review led to an improvement in civil servants' material quality of life. Eyschen used the term "distributive justice" in defending this reform which reduced inequalities between senior and junior civil servants.

Jealousy can involve a wide range of communicative responses. These responses are based upon the individuals' goals and emotions. The most common of these responses are negative affect expression, integrative communication, and distributive communication. When people want to maintain their relationship, they use integrative communication and compensatory restoration.

Ethical limitarianism is an ethical theory relating to priorities of intervention where need or risk might be evident. As the principle of distributive justice advanced by Ingrid Robeyns, limitarianism states that it is morally impermissible to be (excessively) rich (i.e. have more economic resources than a certain level).

The distributive lattice of divisors of 120, and its representation as sets of prime powers. Consider the divisors of some composite number, such as (in the figure) 120, partially ordered by divisibility. Any two divisors of 120, such as 12 and 20, have a unique greatest common factor 12 ∧ 20 = 4, the largest number that divides both of them, and a unique least common multiple 12 ∨ 20 = 60; both of these numbers are also divisors of 120. These two operations ∨ and ∧ satisfy the distributive law, in either of two equivalent forms: (x ∧ y) ∨ z = (x ∨ z) ∧ (y ∨ z) and (x ∨ y) ∧ z = (x ∧ z) ∨ (y ∧ z), for all x, y, and z.

The families came together to form a community that depended on making taxes more equitable and the concept of mutual help. Jovan E. Howe writes: "The economic relations so established are essentially distributive: through various categories of exchanges of both products and labor, temporary imbalances such as those occasioned by insufficient labor power of a newly-established family unit or a catastrophic loss, which places one unit at an unfair reproductive disadvantage in relation to its allies, are evened out". In addition, the alliance system had residual communal rights, sharing exchanges during shortages as well as certain distributive exchanges. Furthermore, the structure defined by these alliances and risk-sharing measures were regulated by scheduling and the ritualization of time.

Other aspects of procedural justice can also be found in social psychology and sociology issues and organizational psychology. Procedural justice concerns the fairness and the transparency of the processes by which decisions are made, and may be contrasted with distributive justice (fairness in the distribution of rights or resources), and retributive justice (fairness in the punishment of wrongs). Hearing all parties before a decision is made is one step which would be considered appropriate to be taken in order that a process may then be characterised as procedurally fair. Some theories of procedural justice hold that fair procedure leads to equitable outcomes, even if the requirements of distributive or restorative justice are not met.

Although there are areas in the brain that are more specialized for cognitive processes than others, the nervous system also integrates and connects the information produced in these regions. In fact, the proposed distributive scheme of the functional cortical gradientes by J. Gonzalo already tries to join both concepts modular and distributive: regional heterogeneity should be a definitive acquisition (maximum specificity in the projection paths and primary areas), but the rigid separation between projection and association areas would be erased through the continuous functions of gradient. The collaboration between the two theories not only would provide a more unified perception and understanding of the world but also make available the ability to learn from it.

Stone (1938), Johnstone (1982) Similarly, if and denotes the topology generated by }, then is also a spectral space. Moreover, is a pairwise Stone space. The pairwise Stone space is called the bitopological dual of . Each pairwise Stone space is bi-homeomorphic to the bitopological dual of some bounded distributive lattice.

The RDPS was working operationally until 1984 when it was scrapped. But the Ahead plan and the Linesman system were one of the earliest visions of using computers for distributive processing in both local and wide area networks. There were even early concepts of packet switching and routing of data.

For the integers and and × is said to be distributive over +. The integers are an example of a ring. The integers have additional properties which make it an integral domain. A field is a ring with the additional property that all the elements excluding 0 form an abelian group under ×.

Ute verbs can take many suffixes and several prefixes. Negation is marked with both the suffix -wa and prefix ka-. Alternatively, instead of the prefix, the full form kách- can appear as a separate word somewhere before the verb being negated. First syllable reduplication in verbs denotes the distributive case.

The three numbers that can be marked in verbs are singular, paucal plural, and multiple plural. There are six types of aspect, and any verb can have as many as three and as few as zero aspect markers. The six types are distributive-iterative, continued, interrupted, perfective, imperfective, and habitual.

Distributivity is most commonly found in rings and distributive lattices. A ring has two binary operations, commonly denoted + and ∗, and one of the requirements of a ring is that ∗ must distribute over +. Most kinds of numbers form rings. A lattice is another kind of algebraic structure with two binary operations, ∧ and ∨.

At the 1950 UK general election, he stood for his new part in Ayr, but was not elected. Pollock was active in the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers until his death, in 1955. His son, also John Pollock, became the general secretary of the Educational Institute of Scotland.

The ODU Alumni Association named Gattison as the 1986 Male Athlete of the Year. Gattison graduated from Old Dominion with a degree in distributive education, specializing in personnel management. In April 1991, Gattison was inducted into the ODU Sports Hall of Fame. In 1992 his #44 jersey at ODU was retired.

Climate justice and distributive justice questions are central to climate change policy options. Many of the policy tools often employed to solve environmental problems, such as cost-benefit analysis, usually do not adequately deal with these issues because they often ignore questions of just distribution and the effects on human rights.

The union then went into decline, bottoming out at only 3,000 members in 1928, the year that Couldwell died. It then began to grow once more, and by 1946 it had reached a new peak of 7,943 members. That year, it merged into the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers.

The naive approach is to write the circuit as a Boolean expression, and use De Morgan's law and the distributive property to convert it to CNF. However, this can result in an exponential increase in equation size. The Tseytin transformation outputs a formula whose size grows linearly relative to the input circuit's.

Joined by 10 other breakaway RWDSU unions, a new national organization—the National Council of the Distributive Workers of America (NAWCDA)—was formed. In 1969, NAWDCA joined the short-lived American Labor Alliance formed by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and the United Auto Workers. In 1979, NAWDCA affiliated with the UAW.

The printing department of the North Western Polytechnic was merged into it in 1969. The London College of Printing became part of the London Institute in 1986. The Westminster Day Continuation School opened in 1921, and was later renamed the College for Distributive Trades. It became part of the London Institute in 1986.

From 1996 until 1997 he was Director-General of DG Enterprise Policy, Distributive Trades, Tourism and Cooperatives. From 1997 until 2002, he was Director-General of DG Taxation and Customs Union. From 2002 until 2003, he was Director-General of DG Translation. From 2003 until 2004, he was Director- General of DG Eurostat.

Social credit is an interdisciplinary distributive philosophy developed by C. H. Douglas (1879–1952), a British engineer, who wrote a book by that name in 1924. It encompasses the fields of economics, political science, history, accounting, and physics. Its policies are designed, according to Douglas, to disperse economic and political power to individuals.

Tactics are always an important part of the negotiating process. More often than not they are subtle, difficult to identify and used for multiple purposes. Tactics are more frequently used in distributive negotiations and when the focus in on taking as much value off the table as possible. Many negotiation tactics exist.

In mathematics, a Suslin algebra is a Boolean algebra that is complete, atomless, countably distributive, and satisfies the countable chain condition. They are named after Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin. The existence of Suslin algebras is independent of the axioms of ZFC, and is equivalent to the existence of Suslin trees or Suslin lines.

In 2016 Community became the first trade union to affiliate to the Co-operative Party, followed in 2018 by the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (Usdaw). Co-operatives UK, Co-operative Press and a number of worker co-operatives and housing co-operatives are also organisational members of the Party.

Finnigan began working for the South Australian branch of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) in 1995 as a union official, before becoming the same union's assistant secretary in 2000. This latter position was one he held for five years. There, he was a protégé of future Senator Don Farrell.

Quantum logic has some properties that clearly distinguish it from classical logic, most notably, the failure of the distributive law of propositional logic:"Quantum logic" entry by Peter Forrest in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 7 (1998), p. 882ff: "[Quantum logic] differs from the standard sentential calculus ... The most notable difference is that the distributive laws fail, being replaced by a weaker law known as orthomodularity." : p and (q or r) = (p and q) or (p and r), where the symbols p, q and r are propositional variables. To illustrate why the distributive law fails, consider a particle moving on a line and (using some system of units where the reduced Planck's constant is 1) let : p = "the particle has momentum in the interval [0, +1/6]" : q = "the particle is in the interval [−1, 1]" : r = "the particle is in the interval [1, 3]" Note: The choice of p, q, and r in this example is intuitive but not formally valid (that is, p and (q or r) is also false here); see section "Quantum logic as the logic of observables" below for details and a valid example.

Bies and Moag (1986) argue that interactional justice is distinct from procedural justice because it represents the social exchange component of the interaction and the quality of treatment whereas procedural justice represents the processes that were used to arrive at the decision outcomes. Generally researchers are in agreement regarding the distinction between procedural and distributive justice but there is more controversy over the distinction between interactional and procedural justice (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001). Colquitt (2001) demonstrated that a four- factor model (including procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice) fit the data significantly better than a two or three factor model. Colquitt's construct validation study also showed that each of the four components have predictive validity for different key organizational outcomes (e.g.

Theories of luck egalitarianism were foreshadowed by 20th century philosopher John Rawls’ theory of distributive justice in which he observed that a person’s skills and abilities led to differential distributive justice outcomes. Rawls argued that this is unfair because one’s natural talents or circumstances are morally arbitrary as they have been determined by a “natural lottery” rather than one’s own choices. This concern influenced later egalitarians theories of justice, of which, Ronald Dworkin’s theory of equality of resources is considered to be the first with clearly luck egalitarian features, although he rejected the label himself. Following Dworkin, Richard Arneson’s equality of opportunity for welfare theory and Gerald Cohen’s equal access to advantage theory were two of the most prominent early luck egalitarian theories.

Girard (1987) to model linear logic), while Chu spaces over K realize any category of vector spaces over a field whose cardinality is at most that of K. This was extended by Vaughan Pratt (1995) to the realization of k-ary relational structures by Chu spaces over 2k. For example, the category Grp of groups and their homomorphisms is realized by Chu(Set, 8) since the group multiplication can be organized as a ternary relation. Chu(Set, 2) realizes a wide range of ``logical`` structures such as semilattices, distributive lattices, complete and completely distributive lattices, Boolean algebras, complete atomic Boolean algebras, etc. Further information on this and other aspects of Chu spaces, including their application to the modeling of concurrent behavior, may be found at Chu Spaces.

As distributive currency is destroyed as it is being used, it is not possible to accumulate to buy one important goods such as houses, private property is not possible. The idea is to work in one distributive economy with a propriety of usage (). This way, everyone is master in his own home, not evictable (when he can live elsewhere, he chooses a new home amongst those that are available and abandon all rights regarding the old home which is then available to others). This allows a great tranquility (in comparison with the capitalist system, in which lots of people are not assured of success in being able to pay their rent or house loan payments,, each and everyone being assured to earn their universal allowance.

The constituency Labour party selected as their candidate to defend the seat William Albert Robinson from Liverpool. He had contested Liverpool Exchange at the 1929 general election. He was the political secretary of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers. The local Conservative Association chose as their candidate, 42-year-old James Horace Lockwood.

Michael J. Dinneen is an American-New Zealand mathematician and computer scientist working as a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He is co-director of the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. He does research in combinatorial algorithms, distributive programming, experimental graph theory, and experimental algorithmic information theory.

Social Software enables people to connect, communicate, and collaborate. It is explicitly the social which is of importance and is what is operated on. It is the commodity in the system. This is different from Distributive Writing because social software is based upon software, whereas DW is not, and is not just about collaborative writing.

In 1960 this was renamed the London College of Printing. The printing department of the North Western Polytechnic was merged into it in 1969. The London College of Printing became part of the London Institute in 1986. The Westminster Day Continuation School opened in 1921, and was later renamed the College for Distributive Trades.

A member of the Australian Labor Party, she worked as a research officer for state and federal parliamentarians. Ellis is linked with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA). She was a ministerial adviser to South Australian state minister Rory McEwen and then for the former Deputy Premier of South Australia, Kevin Foley.

Means of determining the optimal number of stages are discussed below. Bandwidth is typically limited by impedance mismatches brought about by frequency dependent device parasitics. The DA architecture introduces delay in order to achieve its broadband gain characteristics. This delay is a desired feature in the design of another distributive system called the distributed oscillator.

However, UCAPAWA was not a "communist union." In 1944, UCAPAWA became the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers (FTA). In 1946, the Los Angeles local "collapsed under the weight of Red Scare witchhunts." By 1950, the FTA had only 1,000 workers as members, and it was folded into the Distributive and Processing Workers of America.

Ten of the largest local unions (representing 40,000 members) belonging to the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union disaffiliated from that international union, formed a new union (the National Council of Distributive Workers of America), and joined the ALA.Stetson, Damon. "Local Union of Retail Workers Is Near Split With Parent Body." New York Times.

Guillermina Jasso is a sociologist who has significantly contributed to the demography of immigration to America. Jasso is currently the Silver professor of Sociology at New York University where she was formerly Chair of the Department of Sociology. Jasso's research addresses distributive justice, inequality and stratification, mathematical methods for theoretical analysis, and survey methods for empirical analysis.

Low volume shock, also known as hypovolemic shock, may be from bleeding, diarrhea, or vomiting. Cardiogenic shock may be due to a heart attack or cardiac contusion. Obstructive shock may be due to cardiac tamponade or a tension pneumothorax. Distributive shock may be due to sepsis, anaphylaxis, injury to the upper spinal cord, or certain overdoses.

Then is a spectral space,Stone (1938), Johnstone (1982) where the topology on is generated by }. The spectral space is called the prime spectrum of . The map is a lattice isomorphism from onto the lattice of all compact open subsets of . In fact, each spectral space is homeomorphic to the prime spectrum of some bounded distributive lattice.

On top of these changes, the simple locative suffix is affixed to produce niskātihk "on my leg(s)". The distributive locative suffix /ena:hk/ is used with nouns that reference humans or animals. In this way, ayīsiyiniw- "human being" becomes ayīsiyinināk "among humans" or "in this world". Similarly, the noun sāsīw "Sarci Indian" changes to "at Sarci Reserve" sāsīnāhk.

Distributive preservation, on the other hand, allows Protos Heis to implant its particles into one or more separate vessels. [...]" Pascal: "Would her particles have any kind of effect on the vessels that they went into?" /Emeraude:"Yes. In fact, while the particles prepare for reconstruction, they would repair any damaged areas of the vessels as well.

The Nasa indigenous community has been seriously affected by the monoculture of sugar cane, which has generated a considerable number of environmental liabilities and an ecological-distributive conflict, which have modified ancestral agro-ecological customs. Many indigenous people in this region ceased to be farmers in order to lease their lands to the different sugar mills in the region.

Under the first operator (+) it forms an abelian group. Under the second operator (×) it is associative, but it does not need to have an identity, or inverse, so division is not required. The additive (+) identity element is written as 0 and the additive inverse of a is written as −a. Distributivity generalises the distributive law for numbers.

Feminist economists call for a shift in how economic success is measured. These changes include an increased focus on a policy's ability to bring society toward social justice and improve people's lives, through specific goals including distributive fairness, equity, the universal provisioning of needs, elimination of poverty, freedom from discrimination and the protection of human capabilities.

Another result analogous to Birkhoff's representation theorem, but applying to a broader class of lattices, is the theorem of that any finite join-distributive lattice may be represented as an antimatroid, a family of sets closed under unions but in which closure under intersections has been replaced by the property that each nonempty set has a removable element.

The school's award-winning DECA chapter (formerly known as Distributive Education Clubs of America), is advised by Williams faculty member and alumnus Rhonda Farmer. At the 2011 North Carolina state conference, three students qualified to compete at the International DECA career development conference, held in Orlando, Florida. The school hosts chapters of FCCLA, FBLA, and HOSA.

These considerations are calculated alongside the rhetorical goals of the advisory writer(s). It takes into account the delivery and composition of the given work in relation to the writers' future goals for reproduction. In this sense, rhetorical velocity considers the future times (and in particular moments) and places of texts as part of a distributive strategy.

It also discusses the Distributive and Ideal Modes of AHP. A new form of rank reversal of AHP was found in 2014 in which AHP produces rank order reversal when eliminating irrelevant data, this is data that do not differentiate alternatives. There are different types of rank reversals. Also, other methods besides the AHP may exhibit such rank reversals.

To see this, apply the distributive law to the right-hand side of the original equation and get :a^2 + ba - ab - b^2 and for this to be equal to a^2 - b^2, we must have :ba - ab = 0 for all pairs a, b of elements of R, so the ring R is commutative.

Distributive justice considers whether the distribution of goods among the members of society at a given time is subjectively acceptable. Not all advocates of consequentialist theories are concerned with an equitable society. What unites them is the mutual interest in achieving the best possible results or, in terms of the example above, the best possible distribution of wealth.

Lattice of varieties of regular bands. When partially ordered by inclusion, varieties of bands naturally form a lattice, in which the meet of two varieties is their intersection and the join of two varieties is the smallest variety that contains both of them. The complete structure of this lattice is known; in particular, it is countable, complete, and distributive.; ; ; .

Although his position is often confused or conflated with distributive egalitarianism in which only the goods and services resulting from production are distributed according to a notional equality, Marx eschewed the entire concept of equality as abstract and bourgeois in nature, preferring to focus on more concrete principles such as opposition to exploitation on materialist grounds and economic logic.

A Greek-Australian, Koutsantonis was born in Adelaide and attended Netley Primary School and Adelaide High School. As a student at the University of Adelaide he became involved in Australian Young Labor, drove taxis and went on to run a small business before becoming an industrial officer for the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA).

P. A. Beerel, J. R. Burch, T. H. Meng, "Checking combinational equivalence of speed-independent circuits", Formal Methods in System Design, vol. 13, no. 1, 1998, pp. 37–85. is a non- distributive circuit loosely based on.V. I. Varshavsky, O. V. Maevsky, Yu. V. Mamrukov, B. S. Tsirlin, "H flip-flop", USSR author's certificate SU1081801, Mar. 23, 1984.

Organizational justice is composed of the concepts of distributive justice, which refers to equitable allocation of resources, and procedural justice, which refers to how these decisions are made and their perceived fairness. Feelings of injustice and frustration have been linked to various counterproductive behaviors such as sabotage, time-wasting, interpersonal aggression, job apathy, and other anti-social behaviors.

Through the use of structural equation modeling, Sweeney and McFarlin found that distributive justice was related to outcomes that are person-level (e.g., pay satisfaction) while procedural justice was related to organization-level outcomes (e.g., organizational commitment). The accuracy of the two-factor model was challenged by studies that suggested a third factor (interactional justice) may be involved.

J. S. Mill's Political Thought: A Bicentennial Reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "Mill, in contrast, advances a form of liberal democratic socialism for the enlargement of freedom as well as to realize social and distributive justice. He offers a powerful account of economic injustice and justice that is centered on his understanding of freedom and its conditions".

Serge-Christophe Kolm (born December 1932) is a French economist. His work in economics and related social science includes his analyses, concepts and results in Public Economics and Normative Economics (hence also social ethics and political philosophy) focusing on equality, distributive justice, and efficiency of economic measures, and in other fields and problems often applying them.

In 1914, he chaired the IDAA's annual conference in Dublin. Sacked from Moon's for union activity in 1916, he was appointed Munster organiser of the IDAA. A few years later, he was elected as general secretary of the renamed Irish Distributive and Administrative Trade Union. In 1933, he became general secretary of the Irish Labour Party.

Also with Alfred, he revived Chelmsford Trades Council in 1932, it having been dormant for several years. In 1937, Seabrook began working full-time for NUDAW as an area organiser. Ten years later, NUDAW became part of the new Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW). Seabrook remained an area organiser, but was relocated to Norwich.

Since a mean of 13 tracts are transferred, the average total of transferred DNA per genome is 575kb. This process is referred to as "Distributive conjugal transfer." Gray et al. found substantial blending of the parental genomes as a result of conjugation and regarded this blending as reminiscent of that seen in the meiotic products of sexual reproduction.

Some of the problems that used distributive law to solve can be grouped as follows 1\. Decoding algorithms A GDL like algorithm was used by Gallager's for decoding low density parity- check codes. Based on Gallager's work Tanner introduced the Tanner graph and expressed Gallagers work in message passing form. The tanners graph also helped explain the Viterbi algorithm.

A very similar gradients scheme was proposed by Elkhonon Goldberg in 1989 Goldberg, E. (1989). "Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization". J. Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology 11 489-517. Other researchers who provide evidence to support the theory of distributive processing include Anthony McIntosh and William Uttal, who question and debate localization and modality specialization within the brain.

Currently, there are two major theories of the brain's cognitive function. The first is the theory of modularity. Stemming from phrenology, this theory supports functional specialization, suggesting the brain has different modules that are domain specific in function. The second theory, distributive processing, proposes that the brain is more interactive and its regions are functionally interconnected rather than specialized.

Mathematically, the ability to break up a multiplication in this way is known as the distributive law, which can be expressed in algebra as the property that a(b+c) = ab + ac. The grid method uses the distributive property twice to expand the product, once for the horizontal factor, and once for the vertical factor. Historically the grid calculation (tweaked slightly) was the basis of a method called lattice multiplication, which was the standard method of multiple-digit multiplication developed in medieval Arabic and Hindu mathematics. Lattice multiplication was introduced into Europe by Fibonacci at the start of the thirteenth century along with the so-called Arabic numerals themselves; although, like the numerals also, the ways he suggested to calculate with them were initially slow to catch on.

The East End, that is the area immediately to the east of the city walls, also became heavily populated in the decades after the Great Fire. London's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in Whitechapel, Wapping, Stepney and Limehouse, generally in slum conditions.

Septic shock (a form of distributive shock), is the most common form of shock. Shock from blood loss occurs in about 1–2% of trauma cases. Up to one-third of people admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are in circulatory shock. Of these, cardiogenic shock accounts for approximately 20%, hypovolemic about 20%, and septic shock about 60% of cases.

Jaieson, D."The heart of environmentalism." Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2007. Young argues that participatory justice rather than distributive justice was the primary demand of communities like Afton, North Carolina. People objected that they were being subjected to risks and exposure without their consent and without mechanisms to articulate their opposition.

According to Rosales, "Economic growth is at present the main cause of increased climate change, and climate change is a main mechanism of biodiversity loss; because of this, economic growth is a major catalyst of biodiversity loss."Rosales, J. (2008). Economic Growth, Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss: Distributive Justice for the Global North and South. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1409-1417.

Entitlement theory is a theory of distributive justice and private property created by Robert Nozick in chapters 7 and 8 of his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia. The theory is Nozick's attempt to describe "justice in holdings" (Nozick 1974:150)—or what can be said about and done with the property people own when viewed from a principle of justice.

Distributive writing is the collective authorship (or distributed authorship) of texts. This further requires both a definition of collective and texts, where collective means a connected group of individuals and texts are inscribed symbols chained together to achieve a larger meaning than isolated symbols. This places emphasis on texts being represented as writings. This could be written words, iconic symbology (e.g.

Karnaugh map of the disjunctive normal form ∨ ∨ ∨ Karnaugh map of the disjunctive normal form ∨ ∨ ∨ . Despite the different grouping, the same fields contain a "1" as in the previous map. Converting a formula to DNF involves using logical equivalences, such as double negation elimination, De Morgan's laws, and the distributive law. All logical formulas can be converted into an equivalent disjunctive normal form.

He returned to Australia and practised as a barrister in Sydney from 1961 to 1980. He was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1974. In 1978, he represented the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) in a lawsuit against the Australian Workers' Union (AWU). Spender was commissioned by the Government of New South Wales to report on the collapse of Gollin Holdings Limited.

Gerald Allan Cohen (; 1941–2009), known as G. A. Cohen or Jerry Cohen, was a Canadian political philosopher who held the positions of Quain Professor of Jurisprudence, University College London and Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, All Souls College, Oxford. He was known for his work on Marxism, and later, egalitarianism and distributive justice in normative political philosophy.

He later completed a Diploma in Primary Teaching at Kedron Park Teachers College, now part of the Queensland University of Technology, and he taught at both primary and secondary schools. He was an official with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) from 1976 to 1996. In 1978 he married Susan Mary Lynch, and subsequently raised two daughters and a son.

Something that was for the most part not expected is the fact that the inequality levels created by the growing markets would lessen the power of that state and prevent the majority of the political community from actually being able to deliver on its plans of distributive justice, however it has just lately come to attention of the mass majority.

Climate change raises a number of particularly challenging ethical issues about distributive justice, in particular concerning how to fairly share the benefits and burdens of climate change policy options. Many of the policy tools often employed to solve environmental problems such as cost-benefit analysis usually do not adequately deal with these issues because they often ignore questions of just distribution.

It too became part of the London Institute in 1986. In 1990 it merged with the London College of Printing to form the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades, which in 1996 was renamed the London College of Communication. In 2003 the London Institute received Privy Council approval for university status, and in 2004 was renamed University of the Arts London.

The planning structure of a decentralized planned economy is generally based on a consumers council and producer council (or jointly, a distributive cooperative) which is sometimes called a consumers' cooperative. Producers and consumers, or their representatives, negotiate the quality and quantity of what is to be produced. This structure is central to guild socialism, participatory economics and the economic theories related to anarchism.

Dunning proposes that there are situations where natural resource rents, such as those acquired through oil, reduce the risk of distributive or social policies to the elite because the state has other sources of revenue to finance this kind of policies that is not the elite wealth or income.Thad Dunning. 2008. Crude Democracy: Natural Resource Wealth and Political Regimes.Cambridge University Press.

This article demonstrates the paradox of mutual contamination between instrumental and value rationality by reporting the reasoning of five scholars. Max Horkheimer linked instrumental reason with oppression. Harvard professors John Rawls and Robert Nozick, globally recognised as expert practitioners of value rationality, produced mutually incompatible theories of distributive justice. Neither is universally recognized as legitimate, but both continue to be defended as rational.

Harold Boardman (12 June 1907 – 1 August 1994) was a British Labour Party politician. Born in Bolton, Boardman moved to Derby in his youth. He worked as an official of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers and was a member of Derby Town Council for 25 years. He was chairman of the Derby Co- operative Movement and of Derby Labour College.

Fairness dilemmas arise when groups are faced with making decisions about how to share their resources, rewards, or payoffs. Since resources are limited, groups need to decide on fair ways of apportioning them out to their members. These fairness judgments are determined by procedural and distributive forms of social justice. When payouts do not occur according to these norms, conflicts arise.

Atkinson represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Croydon from the seat's creation in 2002 until 2018, and previously Spence from 1989 until the seat was abolished and replaced by Croydon in 2002. He was a member of the Australian Journalists Association whilst working for the Adelaide Advertiser. He is currently a member of the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association.

Benefits may include antibiotic resistance, xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites. Others elements can be detrimental and may be viewed as bacterial parasites. Conjugation in Escherichia coli by spontaneous zygogenesis and in Mycobacterium smegmatis by distributive conjugal transfer differ from the more well studied classical E. coli conjugation in that these cases involve substantial blending of the parental genomes.

The Center was formally created in 2002 within the UNLP’s Economics Department. It specialises in policy and applied empirical research on distributive and labor issues based on microdata from household surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean. The work carried out by its researchers covers also a wider range of issues and geographic areas, as witnessed by the Center’s collection of working papers and the research projects carried out since 2002 for a host of international organizations, national governments and research institutions. Since its inception, the Center has been responsible for the development and maintenance of the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean (SEDLAC), a joint project with the World Bank. Social and distributive indicators from SEDLAC are used by the World Bank’s World Development Indicators and feature in the United Nations’ WIDER World Income Inequality Database.

The parties involved will be different concerning what they deserve, and the importance of this is a key difference between distributive justice and rectificatory justice because distribution can only take place among equals. Aristotle does not state how to decide who deserves more, implying that this depends on the principles accepted in each type of community, but rather he states it is some sort of proportion in which the just is an intermediate between all four elements (2 for the goods and 2 for the people). A final point that Aristotle makes in his discussion of distributive justice is that when two evils must be distributed, the lesser of the evils is the more choice worthy and as such is the greater good (1131b21-25). The second part of particular justice is rectificatory and it consists of the voluntary and involuntary.

After the band split in 1971, Parry returned to England and spent two years obtaining a diploma in marketing and advertising from the College for Distributive Trades in London. He then found a job in the International department at Phonogram Records, under fellow New Zealander John McCready. In 1974, Parry was offered a job at Polydor in A&R.; His first signing was the Chanter Sisters.

Lee Kenny Odenwalder is an Australian politician. He has been a Labor member of the South Australian House of Assembly since the 2010 election, representing Little Para until 2018 and Elizabeth thereafter.Electoral Commission of South Australia: 2010 election Odenwalder has been linked with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA). Odenwalder was born in London, England, and moved to Australia with his parents in 1981.

Throughout his life, Pincherle's work greatly reflected the influence that Weierstrass had on him. He later collaborated with Vito Volterra and explored Laplace transforms and other parts of functional analysis. From 1880 until 1928, Pincherle was a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bologna. In 1901, collaborating with Ugo Amaldi, he published his main scientific book, Le Operazioni Distributive e loro Applicazioni all'Analisi.

Others may be cycled through such as the Distributive property :a (b+c) = a b+a c using and . Commands such as replace require fragments of an equation to be represented in plain text. Often a text fragment has already been typed and may be referred to. If the fragment exists in the current equation then use "\address" (a backslash followed by an address without quotes).

A complemented lattice is a bounded lattice (with least element 0 and greatest element 1), in which every element a has a complement, i.e. an element b such that ::a ∨ b = 1 and a ∧ b = 0. In general an element may have more than one complement. However, in a (bounded) distributive lattice every element will have at most one complement.Grätzer (1971), Lemma I.6.1, p. 47.

Equivalently, a field is an algebraic structure of type , such that is not defined, and are abelian groups, and · is distributive over +. Some elementary statements about fields can therefore be obtained by applying general facts of groups. For example, the additive and multiplicative inverses and are uniquely determined by . The requirement follows, because 1 is the identity element of a group that does not contain 0.

However, the only perfect solution to rid the political system of distributive logrolling would be to develop a specific formula to weigh the costs and benefits of legislation perfectly and only allow efficient programs to be enacted (This is inconceivable. Therefore, logrolling must occur, but only by observing the constitutional rules that have been laid down as safeguards of democracy (Buchanan and Tullock 1962).

"Is Dickinsonia our oldest ancestor?" Ilya Bobrovsky from the Australian National University The structure of some Dickinsonia specimens has been interpreted as a putative "digestive–distributive" system. Image after Ivantsov 2004 The affinities of Dickinsonia are uncertain. It has been variously interpreted as a jellyfish, coral, polychaete worm, turbellarian, mushroom, xenophyophoran protist, sea anemone, lichen,Retallack, Gregory J. (2004) "Death, Decay and Destruction of Dickinsonia".

Classical liberal economists such as Friedrich Hayek maintained that because individuals are diverse and different, state intervention to redistribute income is inevitably arbitrary and incompatible with the rule of law, and that "what is called 'social' or distributive' justice is indeed meaningless within a spontaneous order". Those who would use the state to redistribute, "take freedom for granted and ignore the preconditions necessary for its survival".

The dyadic product takes in two vectors and returns a second order tensor called a dyadic in this context. A dyadic can be used to contain physical or geometric information, although in general there is no direct way of geometrically interpreting it. The dyadic product is distributive over vector addition, and associative with scalar multiplication. Therefore, the dyadic product is linear in both of its operands.

Thomas Scollan (1884 – 28 October 1974) was a Scottish trade unionist and Labour Party politician. Scollan was an engineer, and an organiser for the National Union of Distributive Workers. He was President of the Scottish Trades Union Congress in 1934. He was elected at the 1945 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Western Renfrewshire, defeating the sitting Unionist MP Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn.

Berdyansk conducted large amounts of inland trade. It became a substantial distributive market for goods received over a wide area. By the beginnings of the 20th century, Berdyansk had become a merchant trading port with well developed industry, strongly influenced by its infrastructure. In 1915 a French Consul, and the Vice-Consuls of Great Britain, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Sweden, and Norway, were in Berdyansk.

Rawls published three main books. The first, A Theory of Justice, focused on distributive justice and attempted to reconcile the competing claims of the values of freedom and equality. The second, Political Liberalism, addressed the question of how citizens divided by intractable religious and philosophical disagreements could come to endorse a constitutional democratic regime. The third, The Law of Peoples, focused on the issue of global justice.

This research culminated in his 1985 book Distributive Justice. Another major theme of his work was the concept of "Crude Law", which studied the relationships between attitudes, behavior, and relationships. Through his research Deutsch determined that the typical effects of a given relationship tend to induce that relationship. Thus, the typical effects of cooperation induce friendly, helpful behavior and friendly, helpful behavior will induce a cooperative relationship.

Personal supposition was further divided in types such as discrete, determinate, merely confused, and confused and distributive. In 1966 T.K. Scott proposed giving a separate name for Medieval discussions of the subvarieties of personal supposition, because he thought it was a fairly distinct issue from the other varieties of supposition. He proposed calling the subvarieties of personal supposition a theory of "modes of supposition."Scott, T.K (1966).

This monopolisation is directed against competitors who share some positive or negative characteristic; its purpose is always the closure of social and economic opportunities to outsiders. The nature of these exclusionary practices, and the completeness of social closure, determine the general character of the distributive system.Parkin (1979a), p. 44. Parkin goes on to elaborate this concept, by identifying two main types, exclusionary and usurpationary closure.

Doust was born in Kalgoorlie and attended the University of Western Australia, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree. From 1984, she worked as an official with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, including as a board member and treasurer for periods. She also served as a vice-president of UnionsWA.Catherine (Kate) Esther Doust, Biographical Register of Members of the Parliament of Western Australia.

Naïve cynicism has been studied extensively in several contexts of negotiating such as bargaining tactics, specifically in the sense that too much naïve cynicism can be costly. Negotiators displaying naïve cynicism rely on distributive and competitive strategies and focus on gaining concessions rather than on problem-solving. This can be detrimental and lead to reduced information exchange, information concealment, coordination, cooperation and quality of information revealed.

Retrieved 6 August 2006.Raël, Yes to Human Cloning, p. 51-55. Elsewhere in the book, he stated that nanotechnology will make it possible to have micro-distributive power generation (essentially a power plant in each house), fur-like furnishings that are self-cleaning with hair-like fibers that move on their own,Raël, Yes to Human Cloning, p. 133-6. and biological robots.

Richard Reichel states that it is unlikely that a Global resources dividend will work. He argues that increased financial flows could hurt an under developed economy and that an internal distribution with GRD is not resolved. Tim Hayward argues multiple reasons against the Global resources dividend. For one he uses Joseph Heath's argument that the distributive effects could harm the poor nations that are not resource rich.

Thus a field is a particular type of skew field, and not all skew fields are fields. While division rings and algebras as discussed here are assumed to have associative multiplication, nonassociative division algebras such as the octonions are also of interest. A near-field is an algebraic structure similar to a division ring, except that it has only one of the two distributive laws.

He also stresses the importance of cultural representations and distributive justice. Amnong Rubinstein argues that Shenhav's analysis of Israel within the postcolonial framework has been argued to be irrelevant, since Zionism is not a colonial movement conquering overseas territories, but rather a people returning to its homeland. and the concept of a two state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been described as unrealistic.

Four components of organizational justice are distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice. Research also suggests the importance of affect and emotion in the appraisal of the fairness of a situation as well as one's behavioral and attitudinal reactions to the situation (e.g., Barsky, Kaplan, & Beal, 2011). Much literature in the industrial/organizational psychology field has examined organizational justice as well as the associated outcomes.

Kenneth Lomas (16 November 1922 – 15 July 2000) was a British Labour Party politician. Lomas was educated in Ashton-under-Lyne and served in the Royal Marines 1942–46 including in the Commando Group. He worked for the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers then as assistant regional organiser of the National Blood Transfusion Service. He was branch secretary for the National Union of Public Employees.

We say that a (∨,0)-semilattice satisfies Schmidt's Condition, if it is isomorphic to the quotient of a generalized Boolean semilattice B under some distributive join- congruence of B. One of the deepest results about representability of (∨,0)-semilattices is the following. Theorem (Schmidt 1968). Any (∨,0)-semilattice satisfying Schmidt's Condition is representable. This raised the following problem, stated in the same paper. \---- Problem 1 (Schmidt 1968).

Theorem (Wehrung 1999). Let R be a von Neumann regular ring. Then the (∨,0)-semilattices Idc R and Conc L(R) are both isomorphic to the maximal semilattice quotient of V(R). Bergman proves in a well-known unpublished note from 1986 that any at most countable distributive (∨,0)-semilattice is isomorphic to Idc R, for some locally matricial ring R (over any given field).

Rupture of a hollow organ, with subsequent evacuation of contents in the peritoneal cavity could also determine neurogenic shock, a subtype of distributive shock. This happens due to the widespread peritoneal irritation by the ruptured viscus contents, as in peptic ulcer perforation, with consequent strong vagal activation, and generalized, extensive peripheral vasodilation and bradycardia.Civetta, Taylor, & Kirby's Critical Care, 4th Edition. Chapter 59 Neurogenic Shock.

This is an example of distributive editing (DE). 3\. Primary source code is provided by Drupal, a free, open-source code content management system. The site also depends upon other open-source applications, such as Linux, Apache, PHP and MySQL. 4\. All custom source code was written by Ebizon Netinfo of Noida, India which was more economical than developing the code in the US.

Successful, statewide award winning distributive teaching programs in Metal-fabrication and Woodworking have been built in recent years, as well. In 2010, Lee had improved its state mandated TAKS test scores significantly, yet was named academically "unacceptable" by the TEA, due to its 30% dropout rate. As a result of 3+ years of this designation, it became one of the HISD "Apollo 20" laboratory schools.

Similarly, if a group profile is applied to the group that it was mined from, then that is direct group profiling . However, in as far as the application of a group profile to a group implies the application of the group profile to individual members of the group, it makes sense to speak of indirect group profiling, especially if the group profile is non-distributive.

Neural interactions can be measured using analysis of covariance in neuroimaging. McIntosh used this analysis to convey a clear example of the interaction theory of distributive processing. In this study, subjects learned that an auditory stimulus signalled a visual event. McIntosh found activation (an increase blood flow), in an area of the occipital cortex, a region of the brain involved in visual processing,Zeki, S. (1993).

Ciccone is the son of Italian immigrant parents who arrived in Australia in the 1960s. He holds degrees in arts and commerce from Deakin University and the University of Melbourne. Ciccone became a senior official in the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA). He was elected to the board of Link Health and Community in 2009, and from December 2017 served as the organisation's chair.

The proof of the negative solution for CLP shows that the problem of representing distributive semilattices by compact congruences of lattices already appears for congruence lattices of semilattices. The question whether the structure of partially ordered set would cause similar problems is answered by the following result. Theorem (Wehrung 2008). For any distributive (∨,0)-semilattice S, there are a (∧,0)-semilattice P and a map μ : P × P → S such that the following conditions hold: (1) x ≤ y implies that μ(x,y)=0, for all x, y in P. (2) μ(x,z) ≤ μ(x,y) ∨ μ(y,z), for all x, y, z in P. (3) For all x ≥ y in P and all α, β in S such that μ(x,y) ≤ α ∨ β, there are a positive integer n and elements x=z0 ≥ z1 ≥ ... ≥ z2n=y such that μ(zi,zi+1) ≤ α (resp.

Dailey-Stout was an active participant in labor movements in New York in the 1970s. Dailey-Stout, the first Black woman vice president of District 65 of the Distributive Workers Union, was ousted from her position in 1976. A newspaper reported that it was due to her age. They blamed the union's white president at the time, David Livingston, and the union's "30 years and out" retirement policy.

In other words, a relatively complemented lattice is characterized by the property that for every element a in an interval [c, d] there is an element b such that ::a ∨ b = d and a ∧ b = c. Such an element b is called a complement of a relative to the interval. A distributive lattice is complemented if and only if it is bounded and relatively complemented.Grätzer (1971), Lemma I.6.2, p. 48.

A lattice is called modular if for all elements a, b and c the implication ::if a ≤ c, then a ∨ (b ∧ c) = (a ∨ b) ∧ c holds. This is weaker than distributivity; e.g. the above-shown lattice M3 is modular, but not distributive. A natural further weakening of this condition for orthocomplemented lattices, necessary for applications in quantum logic, is to require it only in the special case b = a⊥.

In 1949, the union again changed its name, to the lengthy Scottish Union of Bakers, Confectioners, Biscuit Bakers and Bakery Workers, shortening this in 1955 to the "Scottish Union of Bakers and Allied Workers". Membership of the union peaked in 1971 at 11,713, but fell below 9,000 as the decade progressed. As a result, it decided to merge into the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers in 1978.

Retrieved March 17, 2011. Socialists also assert that free-market capitalism leads to an excessively skewed distributions of income and economic instabilities which in turn leads to social instability. Corrective measures in the form of social welfare, re-distributive taxation and regulatory measures and their associated administrative costs which are required create agency costs for society. These costs would not be required in a self-managed socialist economy.

Continuing to seek out high-growth consumer markets, Wurld Media launched a third product in March 2003, LX Systems. LX Systems was envisioned as a distributive computing technology to help multimedia providers efficiently market and distribute content to millions of consumers on the Internet. LX Systems uses the same peer-to-peer architecture utilized by BitTorrent. LX Systems first customer was the US Army's recruiting video game, America's Army.

The school has dual high school and college enrollment programs. GPA at the high school is calculated on an unweighted 4.0 scale. The school's academic teams consist of: Debate team, DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America), History Club, Literary Magazine, Math Team, Mock Trial, National Honor Society, Newspaper, Quiz Bowl team, Science Team, Speech Team, Student Senate, and Yearbook Photoshop contests.Orono High School, Academic Teams , retrieved February 10, 2009.

Throughout high school, she was involved in DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America) and her track team at Tahoma High School in Maple Valley. She then studied at University of Southern California before dropping out in 2019 to pursue music. In high school, she discovered YouTube beats and started writing to tracks. She would record the songs with a USB mic and upload them to SoundCloud and YouTube.

In kōlas and nēmas family and village disputes are referred to the spirit for mediation and adjudication. In feudal times, the justice aspect of the ritual included matters of political justice, such as the legitimation of political authority, as well as aspects of distributive justice. The produce of land directly owned by the būta (commons) as well as certain contributions from the leading manors was redistributed among the villagers.

George grew up in Somerset, and attended the independent Millfield boarding school before moving to study Politics and Modern History at the University of Manchester. George trained as a tax accountant and, while in her twenties, helped to found an accountancy business in Chapel-en-le-Frith. Before becoming an MP, George worked at the Central Office of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) in Manchester.

There is a limitation on the deduction of a partner's distributive share of partnership losses. A partner may deduct his or her loss only to the extent of his or her adjusted basis in the partnership.26 USCA 704(d) Any excess of such loss over basis is allowed as a deduction at the end of the partnership year in which such excess is repaid to the partnership.

The Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) is a trade union in the United Kingdom, consisting of around 450,000 members nationwide. USDAW members work in a variety of occupations and industries including: shopworkers, factory and warehouse workers, drivers, call centres, clerical workers, milkround and dairy process, butchers and meat packers, catering, laundries, chemical processing, home shopping and pharmaceutical. The retail sector employs around 2.77 million people.

Examples of Integrative tactics may include listening to the other, respecting their feelings, and providing their own personal viewpoints in a manner that assists in the negotiation. Distributive conflict tactics use the dominating style of handling conflict, and emphasizes the individuals own power over the other. This style reflects self-face. Passive-indirect conflict tactics are consistent with obliging and avoiding styles of handling conflict and reflects other-face.

DECA: The Distributive Education Clubs of America (DECA) chapter at CCHS provides opportunities for students to sharpen skills in marketing, communication, advertising, and other career fields. The organization maintains a strong presence within the school and community. CCHS members have gone on to win many awards, and several have held state and national officer positions over the years. FFA: The CCHS FFA chapter also remains a strong and vital club.

Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor used to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock. Angiotensin II is a naturally occurring hormone secreted as part of the renin-angiotensin system that results in powerful systemic vasoconstriction. The vasopressor effects of angiotensin have been studied since it was first isolated in the late 1930s. Vasopressors are defined as agents that combat vasodilatory shock by inducing peripheral vasoconstriction.

247 Arthur Cayley published a treatise on geometric transformations using matrices that were not rotated versions of the coefficients being investigated as had previously been done. Instead, he defined operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division as transformations of those matrices and showed the associative and distributive properties held true. Cayley investigated and demonstrated the non-commutative property of matrix multiplication as well as the commutative property of matrix addition.

Alfred M. Wilson was born on January 13, 1948, in Olney, Illinois. He moved with his family to Odessa, Texas, in 1950 and attended Burleson Elementary School and Crockett Junior High School and in 1967 graduated from Odessa Senior High School. He was active in football and track as well as the Distributive Education Club while in high school. His hobbies included shooting, hunting, fishing, football, and tennis.

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) are employee actions in support of the organization that are outside the scope of their job description. Such behaviors depend on the degree to which an organization is perceived to be distributively just. As organizational actions and decisions are perceived as more just, employees are more likely to engage in OCBs. Perceptions of distributive justice are also strongly related to the withdrawal of employees from the organization.

While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin America,"The Distributive Impact of Privatization in Latin America: Evidence from Four Countries" by David McKenzie, Dilip Mookherjee, Gonzalo Castañeda and Jaime Saavedra. Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 162. opinion polls and public protests across the countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region.

He was a "pioneer in factory reform, the father of distributive cooperation, and the founder of nursery schools." His schemes for educating his workers included opening an Institute for the Formation of Character at New Lanark in 1818. This and other programmes at New Lanark provided free education from infancy to adulthood. In addition, he zealously supported factory legislation that culminated in the Cotton Mills and Factories Act of 1819.

If for some reason, Bob (as the majority owner) were to decide not to distribute the money, both Bob and John would still owe taxes on their pro-rata allocation of business income, even though neither received any cash distribution. To avoid this "phantom income" scenario, S corporations commonly use shareholder agreements that stipulate at least enough distribution must be made for shareholders to pay the taxes on their distributive shares.

William Albert Robinson (1877 – 31 December 1949) was a British Labour Party politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for St Helens from his election at the 1935 general election until the 1945 election. He was an active member of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, for which he had served as Political Secretary. Robinson had previously fought Liverpool Exchange at the 1929 general election.

The Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA) is the largest private sector trade union in Australia, with 203,867 members as at 30 June 2019. It has branches in every state and territory representing retail, fast- food and warehousing workers. Its membership is predominantly in casual and insecure employment within the retail and fast food sectors. The union also represents a significant membership of workers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.

Over time, unions in Tasmania, Newcastle, Broken Hill and Western Australia became part of the national union. In 1972, the union changed its name to the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association. In the 1940s and 50s, the union was involved with "grouper" unions, named after the industrial groups organised to counter communists in the unions. These unions de-affiliated themselves with the Victorian ALP during Labor split of the 1950s.

The distributive case (abbreviated ) is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each. In Hungarian it is -nként and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one by one (e.g., fejenként "per head", esetenként "in some case"), or the frequency in time (hetenként "once a week", tízpercenként "every ten minutes"). In the Finnish language, this adverb type is rare, even rarer in the singular.

Some calculators and programming languages require parentheses around function inputs, some do not. Symbols of grouping can be used to override the usual order of operations. Grouped symbols can be treated as a single expression. Symbols of grouping can be removed using the associative and distributive laws, also they can be removed if the expression inside the symbol of grouping is sufficiently simplified so no ambiguity results from their removal.

For every positive integer n, the set of all positive divisors of n becomes a partially ordered set if we use divisibility as the order relation. This partially ordered set is always a distributive lattice. It is a Boolean algebra if and only if n is square-free. A positive integer n is square-free if and only if μ(n) ≠ 0, where μ denotes the Möbius function.

Perceptions of injustice and unfairness are significant antecedents and determinants of turnover intention (DeConinck & Stilwell, 2004; Nadiri & Tanova, 2010). In other words, turnover intention is a considerable outcome of an employee's fairness perceptions. Although all three dimensions of organizational justice may play a role in an employee's intention to exit an organization, interactional and distributive justice are more predictive of turnover intention than procedural justice (Thomas & Nagalingappa, 2012).

Homans based his theory on concepts of equilibration, expectancy and distributive justice in dyadic exchange. With this, he tries to explain the social interaction in small groups and the rewards received proportional to their costs and investments. Homans summarizes the system in three propositions: success, stimulus, and deprivation–satiation proposition, described below. #Success proposition: When one finds they are rewarded for their actions, they tend to repeat the action.

The low blood pressure seen in those with sepsis is the result of various processes, including excessive production of chemicals that dilate blood vessels such as nitric oxide, a deficiency of chemicals that constrict blood vessels such as vasopressin, and activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. In those with severe sepsis and septic shock, this sequence of events leads to a type of circulatory shock known as distributive shock.

Logue joined the Michigan Law faculty in 1993History and Traditions - Kyle D. Logue, University of Michigan Law School. and received tenure in 1998.134 receive tenure (approved by the Regents May 20, 1998). Logue served as Michigan Law's associate dean for academic affairs from 2006 to 2008. He has taught courses in corporate and individual income tax, torts, tax policy, insurance, distributive justice, costs and benefits, asbestos liability, and other subjects.

This necessary distributivity of • over ∨ does not in general entail distributivity of ∧ over ∨, that is, a residuated lattice need not be a distributive lattice. However distributivity of ∧ over ∨ is entailed when • and ∧ are the same operation, a special case of residuated lattices called a Heyting algebra. Alternative notations for x•y include x◦y, x;y (relation algebra), and x⊗y (linear logic). Alternatives for I include e and 1'.

Theorem (Funayama and Nakayama 1942). The congruence lattice of any lattice is distributive. This says that α ∧ (β ∨ γ) = (α ∧ β) ∨ (α ∧ γ), for any congruences α, β, and γ of a given lattice. The analogue of this result fails, for instance, for modules, as A\cap(B+C) eq(A\cap B)+(A\cap C), as a rule, for submodules A, B, C of a given module.

The zero-sum property (if one gains, another loses) means that any result of a zero-sum situation is Pareto optimal. Generally, any game where all strategies are Pareto optimal is called a conflict game. Zero-sum games are a specific example of constant sum games where the sum of each outcome is always zero. Such games are distributive, not integrative; the pie cannot be enlarged by good negotiation.

Behavioral ethics researchers have found the relationship between employees' justice perceptions and also, ethical and unethical behavior. In the 1990s, organizational justice became one of the most studied organizational themes. The term organizational justice is created by Greenberg(1987) to involve employee's perception of organizational events, policies, and practices as being fair or not fair. Classic work on distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice has been built.

When done with integers, the operation is typically exact (computed modulo some power of two). However, floating-point numbers have only a certain amount of mathematical precision. That is, digital floating-point arithmetic is generally not associative or distributive. (See .) Therefore, it makes a difference to the result whether the multiply–add is performed with two roundings, or in one operation with a single rounding (a fused multiply–add).

In the mathematical discipline of category theory, a strict initial object is an initial object 0 of a category C with the property that every morphism in C with codomain 0 is an isomorphism. If C is a Cartesian closed category, then any initial object 0 of C is strict. Also, if C is a distributive or extensive category, then the initial object 0 of C is strict.

Charles William Loughlin (16 February 1914 – 23 September 1993) was a British Labour Party politician. Born in Grimsby, Loughlin was educated at St Mary's School. In 1945, he began working for the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers as an area organiser, holding the post until 1974. He was Member of Parliament for West Gloucestershire from 1959 until he stood down at the October 1974 general election.

The essays include: Profit > Sharing in the Maison Leclaire, Profit Sharing in Industry, Profit Sharing > in the Paris and Orleans Railway Company, Profit Sharing in Agriculture, and > Profit Sharing in Distributive Enterprise; these all relating to > applications in French industry. The Briggs memorandum describes the > practical operation of the experiment in profit-sharing at the Whitwood > Colliery between 1865 and 1874.Hugo Diemer. "Bibliography of Works > Management," in: Engineering Magazine.

The study of justice has often been defined by the theories of John Rawls. Justice theory has focused on the principles by the which to distribute goods in a society. The defining arguments of the environmental justice movement were about patterns that violated some of these distributive principles of justice theory. Several contemporary scholars have developed theories of justice that are broader then the distributional theory of justice.

"The series is not an order of succession, but indeed a hierarchy—which may be independent of this order of succession" (, 18, translated in ). Rules of analysis derived from twelve-tone theory do not apply to serialism of the second type: "in particular the ideas, one, that the series is an intervallic sequence, and two, that the rules are consistent" . For example, Stockhausen's early serial works, such as Kreuzspiel and Formel, "advance in unit sections within which a preordained set of pitches is repeatedly reconfigured ... The composer's model for the distributive serial process corresponds to a development of the Zwölftonspiel of Josef Matthias Hauer" . Goeyvaerts's Nummer 4 > provides a classic illustration of the distributive function of seriality: 4 > times an equal number of elements of equal duration within an equal global > time is distributed in the most equable way, unequally with regard to one > another, over the temporal space: from the greatest possible coïncidence to > the greatest possible dispersion.

The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. xvi. Collectivist anarchism stresses collective ownership of productive, subsistence and distributary property while anarcho-communism negates the concept of ownership in favor of usage or possession with productive means being a possession not owned by any individual or particular group. Anarcho- communists believe that subsistence, productive and distributive property should be common or social possessions while personal property should be private possessions.

Trades Union Congress, Annual Report of the 1920 Trades Union Congress, pp.20-21 It was particularly successful in recruiting toymakers, and by the end of the war, around 2,000 of its members worked in the sector.Kenneth D. Brown, The British Toy Business: A History Since 1700, p.94 At the start of 1921, the union merged with the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees, forming the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers.

In 1945, it affiliated to the Congress of Irish Unions, and then transferred to its successor, the Irish Congress of Trade Unions. Over time, the union became strongly associated with bar staff. Although the majority of its members were based in Ireland, it also had branches in London, which attracted membership from workers at Irish pubs in the city. The union merged with the Irish Distributive and Administrative Trade Union in 1994, forming MANDATE.

Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system. Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest, as complications worsen. Shock is divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: low volume, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock.

In the 1980s, a new inflation theory became popularised in Brazil. This was the idea of inertial inflation which aimed to explain the differing reasons behind the acceleration and maintenance of inflation. Inertial inflation is founded on the idea of distributive conflict which states that an economic agent will use the price mechanism to retain or improve their market share. The new theory suggests that inflation should begin at a chosen base time period.

In the 1600s, philosophers like John Locke said that justice derives from natural law. Social contract theory said that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone. In the 1800s, utilitarian philosophers like John Stuart Mill said that justice is based on the best outcomes for the greatest number of people. Theories of distributive justice study what is to be distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the proper distribution.

These charges have been made by various participants in the debate from Bovens to Goodwin. Wilkinson for example charges nudges for being manipulative, while others such as Yeung question their scientific credibility. Some, such as Hausman & Welch have inquired whether nudging should be permissible on grounds of (distributive) justice; Lepenies & Malecka have questioned whether nudges are compatible with the rule of law. Similarly, legal scholars have discussed the role of nudges and the law.

Hilary Ann Priestley is a British mathematician. She is a professor at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she has been Tutor in Mathematics since 1972. Hilary Priestley introduced ordered separable topological spaces; such topological spaces are now usually called Priestley spaces in her honour. The term "Priestley duality" is also used for her application of these spaces in the representation theory of distributive lattices.

The union was formed in 1947 by the merger of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers and the National Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks. Some other unions have since merged in, including the Amalgamated Society of Boot and Shoe Makers and Repairers in 1955,Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, vol.3, p.427 and the Scottish Union of Bakers and Allied Workers in 1978.

Other researchers used a different way to group the conflict tactics. Ting-Toomey (1983) grouped strategies into three categories of tactics for handling conflict; integrative, distributive and passive- indirect. Integrative conflict tactics incorporated integrating and compromising styles and is reflective of mutual-face and the need for a solution. Those who chose this tactic work with the other person involved in the conflict to get the best possible solution for both parties.

This is a non-split scope reading since "no" simply takes scope above the modal "need". On the split scope reading of this sentence, it means that it is not the case that the company needs to fire any employees. On this reading, "no" decomposes into a negation scoping above "need" and an existential quantifier scoping below it. Indefinites have been argued to have split scope, having separate existential scope and distributive scope.

A spectral map f: X → Y between spectral spaces X and Y is a continuous map such that the preimage of every open and compact subset of Y under f is again compact. The category of spectral spaces, which has spectral maps as morphisms, is dually equivalent to the category of bounded distributive lattices (together with morphisms of such lattices). In this anti-equivalence, a spectral space X corresponds to the lattice K\circ(X).

In abstract algebra, a Boolean algebra or Boolean lattice is a complemented distributive lattice. This type of algebraic structure captures essential properties of both set operations and logic operations. A Boolean algebra can be seen as a generalization of a power set algebra or a field of sets, or its elements can be viewed as generalized truth values. It is also a special case of a De Morgan algebra and a Kleene algebra (with involution).

Boolean algebra emerged in the 1860s, in papers written by William Jevons and Charles Sanders Peirce. The first systematic presentation of Boolean algebra and distributive lattices is owed to the 1890 Vorlesungen of Ernst Schröder. The first extensive treatment of Boolean algebra in English is A. N. Whitehead's 1898 Universal Algebra. Boolean algebra as an axiomatic algebraic structure in the modern axiomatic sense begins with a 1904 paper by Edward V. Huntington.

Born in Melbourne, Campbell graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education from La Trobe University. She later was Head of the National Women's Bureau in the Shop Distributive Association from 1974-80\. She became an emergency teacher and adult migrant teacher in 1981, and joined the Labor Party in 1983. In 1989 she became an electorate officer, and from 1992 to 1995 manager of the Caroline Chisholm Society.

In a cartesian group, the mappings x \longrightarrow -x \otimes a + x \otimes b , and x \longrightarrow a \otimes x - b \otimes x must be permutations whenever a eq b. Since cartesian groups are groups under addition, we revert to using a simple "+" for the additive operation. A quasifield is a cartesian group satisfying the right distributive law: (x+y) \otimes z = x \otimes z + y \otimes z . Addition in any quasifield is commutative.

In the same paper, Dedekind also investigated the following stronger form of the modular identity, which is also self-dual: : (x ∧ b) ∨ (a ∧ b) = [x ∨ a] ∧ b. He called lattices that satisfy this identity dual groups of ideal type (). In modern literature, they are more commonly referred to as distributive lattices. He gave examples of a lattice that is not modular and of a modular lattice that is not of ideal type.

Some economics professors began to run courses examining various aspects of the marketing system, including "distributive and regulative systems." Other courses, such as the "marketing of products" and the "marketing of farm-products" followed. As the first decades of the 20th century progressed, books and articles concerning marketing topics began to emerge.Wilkie, W. L. and Moore, E.S., "Scholarly Research in Marketing: Exploring the “4 Eras” of Thought Development," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol.

Emotional exhaustion, which related to employee health and burnout, is related to overall organizational justice perceptions. As perceptions of justice increase employee health increases and burnout decreases (Liljegren & Ekberg, 2009). Distributive, procedural, and interactional justice perceptions are able to capture state specific levels of emotional exhaustion which fade over time; however, overall organizational justice perceptions give the most stable picture of the relationship between justice perceptions and emotional exhaustion over time (Liljegren & Ekberg, 2009).

Luck egalitarianism is a view about distributive justice espoused by a variety of egalitarian and other political philosophers. According to this view, justice demands that variations in how well-off people are should be wholly determined by the responsible choices people make and not by differences in their unchosen circumstances. This expresses the intuition that it is a bad thing for some people to be worse off than others through no fault of their own.

Scott was born in the East End of London to a British Jewish family, He was educated at Clarks College in Ilford and the London College of Distributive Trades. From 1972–82, Scott was a Director of Scott & Fishell. He was a sales executive for Toshiba from 1982–4, for ITT from 1984–6, and for NKR from 1986–8. From 1988–98, he was Campaign Director for the United Jewish Israel Appeal.

The phrase "restorative justice" has appeared in written sources since the first half of the nineteenth century. The modern usage of the term was introduced by Albert Eglash, who in 1977 described three different approaches to justice: # "retributive justice", based on punishment; # "distributive justice", involving therapeutic treatment of offenders; # "restorative justice", based on restitution with input from victims and offenders.Van Ness, Daniel W., Karen Heetderks Strong. Restoring Justice – An Introduction to Restorative Justice.

Let be a vector space over the field . Informally, multiplication in is performed by manipulating symbols and imposing a distributive law, an associative law, and using the identity for . Formally, is the "most general" algebra in which these rules hold for the multiplication, in the sense that any unital associative -algebra containing with alternating multiplication on must contain a homomorphic image of . In other words, the exterior algebra has the following universal property:See , and .

Principles can only be derived from other principles. It is therefore of critical importance that liberal perfectionists commit themselves not only to a theory of the good life but also to a theory of distributive justice. Utilitarianism, Egalitarianism, Sufficientarianism and Prioritarianism are the standard candidates when it comes to principles of distribution. For Raz, at the centre of his perfectionist liberalism are autonomy and moral pluralism and the approach can be contrasted with political liberalism.

Factional allegiances in the Caucus tend to be closely related to state political loyalties, and also to trade union affiliations. Large unions such as the Australian Workers' Union, the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union and the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, regard as "theirs" Members and Senators who formerly held office in those unions, or who have received union support in gaining their preselections, and expect them to act in the union's interests.

Seabrook grew up in Chelmsford, and worked repairing shoes for the Chelmsford Star Co-operative Society. He joined the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW) in 1926, and in 1931 he also joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). He was highly active in the party and the associated National Unemployed Workers' Movement. With his brother, Alfred, in 1932, he led five hundred unemployed workers invading the Shire Hall chamber.

Thus, the Dedekind numbers count the number of elements in free distributive lattices.; ; . The Dedekind numbers also count (one more than) the number of abstract simplicial complexes on n elements, families of sets with the property that any subset of a set in the family also belongs to the family. Any antichain determines a simplicial complex, the family of subsets of antichain members, and conversely the maximal simplices in a complex form an antichain..

George Craddock (26 February 1897 – 28 April 1974) was a British Labour politician. Born in Kettering, Craddock was educated at Fircroft College in Bournville, and then at the University of Birmingham. He became active in the Labour Party, serving as a full-time political agent from 1929 until 1936, after which he became an area organiser with the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, based in Sheffield. He won election to Sheffield City Council, serving until 1950.

To begin with, some of the above laws are implied by some of the others. A sufficient subset of the above laws consists of the pairs of associativity, commutativity, and absorption laws, distributivity of ∧ over ∨ (or the other distributivity law—one suffices), and the two complement laws. In fact this is the traditional axiomatization of Boolean algebra as a complemented distributive lattice. By introducing additional laws not listed above it becomes possible to shorten the list yet further.

Partnership taxation is codified as Subchapter K of Chapter 1 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (Title 26 of the United States Code). Partnerships are "flow-through" entities for United States federal income taxation purposes. Flow-through taxation means that the entity does not pay taxes on its income. Instead, the owners of the entity pay tax on their "distributive share" of the entity's taxable income, even if no funds are distributed by the partnership to the owners.

Labour courts were created at the beginning of the 19th century. An employment tribunal is divided into five specialised divisions, for management, manufacturing, distributive trades and commercial services, agriculture, and miscellaneous activities. If the four members hearing a case are tied, the tribunal will be chaired by a judge of the district court. There are one or more employment tribunals in each département, and at least one in the area of jurisdiction of each regional court.

Though this low-level construction does accurately describe the structure of the complex numbers, the following equivalent definition reveals the algebraic nature of more immediately. This characterization relies on the notion of fields and polynomials. A field is a set endowed with addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations that behave as is familiar from, say, rational numbers. For example, the distributive law :(x+y) z = xz + yz must hold for any three elements , and of a field.

The objects and forms are arranged in separation from each other on the inclined surface of a table. By juxtaposing food, dishes and precious objects within various planes in space David Rijckaert II is able to increase their legibility. The frontal and distributive presentation is still archaic while his attention for detail and strong realism show his adherence to the Flemish tradition. Characteristic for his style are the dark abstract backgrounds and the bright, enamel-like colours.

Even in free, developed nations, access to many places are limited. Geographer Don Mitchell points to the mass privatization of once-public land as a common example of spatial injustice. In this distributive justice perspective, the access to material and immaterial goods, or to social positions indicates whether the situation is fair or not. At the scale of urban space, questions of accessibility, walkability and transport equity can also be seen as matters of distribution of spatial resources.

During World War II, he served as an intelligence officer in the Far East. After the war he taught in London at the London School of Economics and the College for Distributive Trades. Influenced by guitarist Django Reinhardt, he led his own band in the 1950s, appearing with other bandleaders such as Ted Heath. During this time he appeared on the Melody Maker reader's poll for best British jazz guitarist for five consecutive years and won it twice.

On 21 June 2007, Kwik Save announced to the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers that it would not be paying staff, who were expecting to be paid the following day. On 6 July 2007, the company was placed into administration. Kwik Save was left with 56 shops, which were transferred to a new company called FreshXpress, run by Irish retail entrepreneur Brendan Murtagh. Under the deal, all 56 shops stayed open, saving around six hundred jobs.

While hemorrhage is the most common cause of shock in the trauma patient, other causes of shock are to remain on the differential. Obstructive shock can occur in the setting of tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade. These etiologies should be uncovered in the primary survey. In the setting of head or neck trauma, an inadequate sympathetic response, or neurogenic shock, is a type of distributive shock that is caused by a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.

Resource justice (also referred to as "resource equity" or "resource governance") is a term in environmentalism and in environmental ethics. It combines elements of distributive justice and environmental justice and is based on the observation that many countries rich in natural resources such as minerals and other raw materials nevertheless experience high levels of poverty. This resource curse is one of the main ethical reasons to demand resource justice, that is, a globally fair distribution of all natural resources.

Kenneth Binmore has used the Nash bargaining game to explain the emergence of human attitudes toward distributive justice. He primarily uses evolutionary game theory to explain how individuals come to believe that proposing a 50–50 split is the only just solution to the Nash bargaining game. Herbert Gintis supports a similar theory, holding that humans have evolved to a predisposition for strong reciprocity but do not necessarily make decisions based on direct consideration of utility.

Hazen has a DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America) chapter. Each year, Hazen DECA members compete at the Area, State, and National Level. A few Hazen DECA members even serve on Area and State Officer Teams. Hazen had Area and State Officers back to back from the 2006-2007 to the 2009-2010 school year with the highest office (Area 4 President) being held two years in a row by Kelly Lank (2007-2008) and Isabella Garcia (2008-2009).

These two operations (referred to as meet and join) make the set of all flats in the Euclidean -space a lattice and can build systematic coordinates for flats in any dimension, leading to Grassmann coordinates or dual Grassmann coordinates. For example, a line in three-dimensional space is determined by two distinct points or by two distinct planes. However, the lattice of all flats is not a distributive lattice. If two lines and intersect, then is a point.

Through these campaigns, the government has encouraged private- sector investment by allocating generous amounts of cash support for private industry to be disbursed mainly through official development banks. For example, the Oman Bank for Agriculture and Fisheries, created in 1981, extends loans at concessionary rates to individuals for whom farming or fishing is the principal activity. The bank acts as a distributive institution, receiving an interest subsidy from the government. In 1990 there were 1,308 loans, totaling RO4.7 million.

On 11 December 2019, Harris Scarfe under General Manager Rebecca Peterson, entered voluntary administration, with Deloitte Restructuring Services partners taking over management of the business. The retailer reported $380 million in annual sales earlier in the year. At the time, Harris Scarfe had 66 stores employing 1800 staff. In response, the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association labour union said that they would be filing a complaint with the Fair Work Commission because they were not informed in advance.

The American political scientist Theodore J. Lowi proposed four types of policy, namely distributive, redistributive, regulatory and constituent in his article "Four Systems of Policy, Politics and Choice" and in "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory". Policy addresses the intent of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the "real" world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies.

Hintikka was born in Helsingin maalaiskunta (now Vantaa). In 1953, he received his doctorate from the University of Helsinki for a thesis entitled Distributive Normal Forms in the Calculus of Predicates. He was a student of Georg Henrik von Wright. Hintikka was a Junior Fellow at Harvard University (1956-1969), and held several professorial appointments at the University of Helsinki, the Academy of Finland, Stanford University, Florida State University and finally Boston University from 1990 until his death.

This is a disjoint union over all possible binary partitions of A. It is straightforward to show that multiplication is associative and commutative (up to isomorphism), and distributive over addition. As for the generating series, (F · G)(x) = F(x)G(x). The diagram below shows one possible (F · G)-structure on a set with five elements. The F-structure (red) picks up three elements of the base set, and the G-structure (light blue) takes the rest.

Rishworth was born in Adelaide at Flinders Medical Centre to Judith and Leslie, and has two siblings, Julian and Shannon. She attended Unley High School and was a retail worker and swimming instructor while also doing volunteer surf lifesaving duties at Seacliff. She later worked as an organiser and trainer for the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) and was president of Australian Young Labor in 2000.Australian Labor Party : Amanda Rishworth – Member for Kingston .

AnandTech has over 350,000 registered users and over 35 million posts. The AnandTech forums are home to distributive computing teams known collectively as TeAm AnandTech (or simply The TeAm). AnandTech contains a wide variety of sub-forums, including the casual environment of AnandTech Off-Topic (or ATOT as the members call it) to the far more technical Highly Technical forum. AnandTech also maintains several highly regulated e-commerce forums, such as Hot Deals and For Sale/For Trade.

Marbo Product was founded on 16 April 1995, by Serbian businessmen Andrej Jovanović and Bojan Milovanović. In the beginning, Marbo Product had a factory in Maglić near Novi Sad, and in 2000 it opened another factory in Laktaši,Republica srpska. Throughout the years, Marbo Product emerged as the leader on Serbian potato chips market. As of 2008, Marbo Product had facilities and distributive centers in several countries in the region – Croatia, Albania, Greece, Macedonia and Montenegro.

Still considering isolated exchanges rather than markets, Aristotle sought to discuss just exchange prices between individuals with different subjective values for their goods. Aristotle suggested three different proportions to analyze distributive, corrective, and reciprocal or exchange transactions: the arithmetic, the geometric, and the harmonic. The harmonic proportion implies a strong commitment to the subjective values of the traders. Sixth century AD philosopher Boethius used the example of 16 as the harmonic mean of 10 and 40.

In 1993 he published The Nature of Rationality, refining Weber's understanding of instrumental and value rationality. The first sentence of Anarchy, State, and Utopia asserted a value rational principle of justice: Individual want satisfaction is legitimate. Nozick's basic right was the principle of entitlement to just deserts. He replaced Rawls's complex value reasoning about fair redistribution with a simple principle of distributive justice: any distribution of holdings justly acquired must be forever respected because valued for its own sake.

Shortly after expulsion from the CIO, UOPWA merged with two other unions to create the Distributive, Processing, and Office Workers of America (DPOWA). Internal disputes and political pressures brought about DPOWA's demise by 1954. In April 1950, insurance workers followed Allan Haywood under a new Insurance and Allied Workers Organizing Committee; Richard T. Leonard succeeded Haywood. In 1953, these insurance workers held a convention in Cleveland to form a new union, the Insurance Workers of America.

The following result, proved by Ploščica, Tůma, and Wehrung in 1998, is more striking, because it shows examples of representable semilattices that do not satisfy Schmidt's Condition. We denote by FV(Ω) the free lattice on Ω in V, for any variety V of lattices. Theorem (Ploščica, Tůma, and Wehrung 1998). The semilattice Conc FV(Ω) does not satisfy WURP, for any set Ω of cardinality at least ℵ2 and any non- distributive variety V of lattices.

She became a member of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. During Frank McElhone's time in Parliament, Helen McElhone was an active worker within his Constituency Labour Party and was regarded by some as the driving force behind her husband's career."Mrs McElhone could fight Queen's Park", Glasgow Herald, 14 October 1982, p. 1. She took constituency surgeries on his behalf when he was attending Parliament, and also sat in on committees in Westminster.

Joseph David Hiscock (1904 - 15 September 1986) was a British trade union official. Hiscock began working for the National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks in 1921. In 1946, it became part of the new Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW). The Shop Assistants' general secretary, G. Maurice Hann, was expected to become joint assistant general secretary of the new union, but he left to find other work, and Hiscock was instead appointed.

Atkinson attended Glenelg Primary School and Unley High School. He then studied at the Australian National University and received a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) degree in history and also a Bachelor of Laws degree. He worked as a sub-editor and journalist for the Adelaide Advertiser from 1982 to 1985, an adviser and press secretary to federal minister Chris Hurford from 1985 to 1987, before becoming an advocate for the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) in 1989.

In English native multipliers exist, formed by the suffix -fold, as in onefold, twofold, threefold. However, these have largely been replaced by single, double, and triple, which are of Latin origin, via French. They have a corresponding distributive number formed by suffixing -y (reduction of Middle English -lely > -ly), as in singly. However, the series is primarily used for the first few numbers; quadruple and quintuple are less common, and hextuple and above are quite rare.

The distributive effects of the post-war land reform were eliminated by the collectivization drive of the late 1950s-early 1960s, and by 1962 less than 18% of agricultural land had remained in family farms and household plots, while the rest had shifted to Soviet-style collective and state farms). By 1971, independent family farms had virtually disappeared and individual farming survived only in household plots cultivated part-time by cooperative members (approximately 6% of agricultural land).

The Humanist "happy human" logo Secular humanism is a comprehensive life stance or world view that embraces human reason, metaphysical naturalism, altruistic morality and distributive justice, and consciously rejects supernatural claims, theistic faith and religiosity, pseudoscience, and superstition. A decidedly anti-theistic version of secular humanism, however, is developed by Adolf Grünbaum, 'In Defense of Secular Humanism' (1995), in his Collected Works (edited by Thomas Kupka), vol. I, New York: Oxford University Press 2013, ch. 6 (pp.

1966–1967 Morgan High School is the first comprehensive high school in the state of Ohio and first county consolidated comprehensive high school in the United States. 1966–1967 Vocational classes offered: Electronics, Carpentry and Cabinet, Auto Mechanics, Business Education, Cosmetology, Homemakers Assistant, Vocational Machine Agriculture, Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Steno Clerk, General Office, and Distributive Education. 1967–1968 Carpentry built its first house. 1967–1968 Morgan Raider Band wins the Grand Championship at Bananza of Bands at Zanesville, Ohio.

Patrícia Carlos de Andrade adopted that view: "According to her, the term 'liberal' is mistranslated in Brazil as 'rightist' or 'supportive of military dictatorships'. In the war for public opinion, the so-called left always got the better, Singer says". Lulism sought reconciliation between Lula's charisma and the large Brazilian conservative sector. Ironically, it is a conservative social pact combining the economic policy of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2002) with the distributive policies of Lula's government (2002–2010).

The two theories, modularity and distributive processing, can also be combined. By operating simultaneously, these principles may interact with each other in a collaborative effort to characterize the functioning of the brain. Fodor himself, one of the major contributors to the modularity theory, appears to have this sentiment. He noted that modularity is a matter of degrees, and that the brain is modular to the extent that it warrants studying it in regards to its functional specialization.

With classifiers, reduplication also entails the insertion of a Vl syllable between the repeated roots. For example, wojkʼ ("group") can become wojkʼ-ol-wojkʼ ("group by group/one group after the other"). When a redoubled root takes the suffix -tik, it creates the effect of a distributive plural; thus be ("road") becomes be-be-tik ("a network of roads"). With redoubled adjective roots, -tik attenuates the quality of the verb, such that tsaj ("red") becomes tsaj-tsaj-tik ("reddish").

The 16 sets that are associated with divisors of 120 are the lower sets of this smaller partial order, subsets of elements such that if x ≤ y and y belongs to the subset, then x must also belong to the subset. From any lower set L, one can recover the associated divisor by computing the least common multiple of the prime powers in L. Thus, the partial order on the five prime powers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 carries enough information to recover the entire original 16-element divisibility lattice. Birkhoff's theorem states that this relation between the operations ∧ and ∨ of the lattice of divisors and the operations ∩ and ∪ of the associated sets of prime powers is not coincidental, and not dependent on the specific properties of prime numbers and divisibility: the elements of any finite distributive lattice may be associated with lower sets of a partial order in the same way. As another example, the application of Birkhoff's theorem to the family of subsets of an n-element set, partially ordered by inclusion, produces the free distributive lattice with n generators.

See for example Leahy v Attorney General for New South Wales [1959] AC 457 However, the courts have usually tried to avoid such a result by construing the gift as a gift to the members of the unincorporated association.See for example, Re Lipinski's Will Trusts [1976] Ch 235, where such a gift was upheld, even though the testator expressed that it was for a specific non-charitable purpose. The difficulty is that such a gift would then have to be construed as a distributive gift to the individual members, rather than a purposive gift for the objects of the unincorporated association. In Re Recher's Will Trust [1972] Ch 526 a more purposive approach was taken, and Brightman J held that a gift to The London and Provincial Anti-Vivisection Society was to be construed as a beneficial gift in favour of the members, not so as to entitle them to an immediate distributive share, but as an accretion to the funds of the society subject to the contract of the members as set out in the rules.

There are stronger versions of Frucht's theorem that show that certain restricted families of graphs still contain enough graphs to realize any symmetry group. Frucht proved that in fact countably many 3-regular graphs with the desired property exist; for instance, the Frucht graph, a 3-regular graph with 12 vertices and 18 edges, has no nontrivial symmetries, providing a realization of this type for the trivial group. Gert Sabidussi showed that any group can be realized as the symmetry groups of countably many distinct k-regular graphs, k-vertex-connected graphs, or k-chromatic graphs, for all positive integer values k (with k\ge 3 for regular graphs and k\ge 2 for k-chromatic graphs). From the facts that every graph can be reconstructed from the containment partial order of its edges and vertices, that every finite partial order is equivalent by Birkhoff's representation theorem to a finite distributive lattice, it follows that every finite group can be realized as the symmetries of a distributive lattice, and of the graph of the lattice, a median graph.

Only the case n=2 is used here. The semilattice part of the result above is achieved via an infinitary semilattice-theoretical statement URP (Uniform Refinement Property). If we want to disprove Schmidt's problem, the idea is (1) to prove that any generalized Boolean semilattice satisfies URP (which is easy), (2) that URP is preserved under homomorphic image under a weakly distributive homomorphism (which is also easy), and (3) that there exists a distributive (∨,0)-semilattice of cardinality ℵ2 that does not satisfy URP (which is difficult, and uses Kuratowski's Free Set Theorem). Schematically, the construction in the theorem above can be described as follows. For a set Ω, we consider the partially ordered vector space E(Ω) defined by generators 1 and ai,x, for i<2 and x in Ω, and relations a0,x+a1,x=1, a0,x ≥ 0, and a1,x ≥ 0, for any x in Ω. By using a Skolemization of the theory of dimension groups, we can embed E(Ω) functorially into a dimension vector space F(Ω).

Whether LMX is successful can be measured by a multitude of consequences. Some of the consequences that can be measured include: turnover intentions, actual turnover, overall organizational citizenship behavior, affective commitment, normative commitment, general job satisfaction, satisfaction with supervisor, satisfaction with pay, procedural justice, distributive justice, empowerment, perceptions of politics, role ambiguity, and role conflict. LMX typically decreases turnover intentions and actual turnover, as well as role ambiguity and role conflict. LMX increases the other measures, particularly increasing perceptual and attitudinal outcomes.

He became chief legal officer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers in 1921, and was the secretary of both the Eccles Division Parliamentary Labour Party and the Swinton and Pendlebury Trades and Labour Council.'The Westhoughton By-Election, No Hint Of Third Candidate', The Times, 5 June 1951, p. 3. He married Muriel Anna Wilcock in 1933, and they had two children. In 1951, Rhys Davies, the Labour member of parliament for Westhoughton, announced his resignation due to ill health.

He worked as a travel manager for STA Travel from 1990 to 1996, before becoming involved in the union movement. He worked as an organiser for the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association from 1996 to 2002, before shifting to the Transport Workers Union of Australia, where he became federal assistant secretary and federal organising and training officer. He remained in this role until his election to parliament. Noonan's father, Bill Noonan, is a long-time TWU official and Victorian state secretary.

Selection is distributive over the set difference, intersection, and union operators. The following three rules are used to push selection below set operations in the expression tree. For the set difference and the intersection operators, it is possible to apply the selection operator to just one of the operands following the transformation. This can be beneficial where one of the operands is small, and the overhead of evaluating the selection operator outweighs the benefits of using a smaller relation as an operand.

Susan Stokes et al. distinguish clientelism as a form of non-programmatic policy within distributive politics. It meets the criteria through failing to meet the two requirements of programmatic distribution, that are (1) 'formalized and public' and (2) 'shape actual distribution of benefits or resources'. Within non-programmatic policy, clientelism is then distinguished from 'pork-barrel politics' in that voters are given a benefit or are able to avoid a cost conditional on their returning the favor with a vote.

Isis remained with this lineup until their dissolution in 2010. For the SGNL›05 EP, they contacted Godflesh member Justin Broadrick through their friends in Neurosis to remix the title track from Celestial, which they used as the EP's closer. Following SGNL›05, the band felt a need to expand its ambit, both artistically and in terms of distributive reach. The entire band were avid fans of Melvins, so their label – Mike Patton's Ipecac Recordings – was instantly put forward as an ideal candidate.

The rules governing partnership taxation, for purposes of the U.S. Federal income tax, are codified according to Subchapter K of Chapter 1 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (Title 26 of the United States Code). Partnerships are "flow-through" entities. Flow-through taxation means that the entity does not pay taxes on its income. Instead, the owners of the entity pay tax on their "distributive share" of the entity's taxable income, even if no funds are distributed by the partnership to the owners.

"Generally the sum of the partner's outside basis will equal to the partnership's inside basis in its assets".MERTERNS §35F: 1. & James W Pratt, William N. Kulsrud: Corporate Partnership, Estate and Gift Taxation; Partners' Distributive Shares A simple example of capital accounts: A, B, C are equal partners in ABC partnership. A contributes $50,000 cash, B contributes equipment with a basis of $15,000 and a FMV of $30,000 and C contributes land with a basis of $25,000 and a FMV of $35,000.

Matthew Gloag's daughter Phillippa first designed the label's grouse icon. Only at this point did the company move to new purpose-built premises on Kinnoull Street.Perth Post Office Directory 1905 In 1970, Matthew Gloag & Son, owned by the Gloag family, was sold to Highland Distillers, after the death of the chairman, Matthew Frederick Gloag. The marketing and distributive power of the company saw Famous Grouse become the highest selling Scotch in Scotland by 1980 and the second highest selling in the United Kingdom.

Bullock was born in Sydney and was educated at Trinity Grammar, an Anglican school, and the University of Sydney. He was a friend of former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott and suggested Abbott join the Liberal Party.Marr, David (2012), Political Animal: The making of Tony Abbott, Quarterly Essay, issue 47 Bullock moved to Western Australia and became Assistant Secretary of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) in 1986. He became Western Australian state secretary of the union in 1996.

While a fast heart rate caused by low blood pressure is more common, a Bezold–Jarisch reflex has been described in 10% of people, where a slow heart rate is associated with low blood pressure. A drop in blood pressure or shock (either distributive or cardiogenic) may cause the feeling of lightheadedness or loss of consciousness. Rarely very low blood pressure may be the only sign of anaphylaxis. Coronary artery spasm may occur with subsequent myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia, or cardiac arrest.

After leaving the Senate, he resumed the direction of his manufacturing establishments. He operated the first rotary machine for making horseshoes, perfected a mowing machine, and also various processes in calico printing, especially that of direct printing on a large scale with the extract of madder without a chemical bath. Sprague claimed to have discovered what he called the "principle of the orbit as inherent in social forces." He asserted that money is endowed with two tendencies, the distributive and the aggregative.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a medication that is used to treat hypotension resulting from septic shock or other distributive shock. It is a synthetic vasoconstrictor peptide that is identical to human hormone angiotensin II and is marketed under the brand name Giapreza. The Food and Drug Administration approved the use of angiotensin II in December 2017 to treat low blood pressure resulting from septic shock. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

Timothy D. Terrell Binary Economics: Paradigm Shift Or Cluster of Errors? Ludwig von Mises Institute.Timothy P. Roth, (1996) A Supply-Sider’s (Sympathetic) View of Binary Economics, Journal of Socio-Economics 25 (1) pp. 58–59. Kelso used the concept of productiveness to support his theory of distributive justice, arguing that as capital increasingly substitutes for labor..."workers can legitimately claim from their aggregate labor only a decreasing percentage of total output",Kelso, Louis (1958) The Capitalist Manifesto, Random House, p.

The righteousness of God may refer to his holiness, to his justice, or to his saving activity. A notable occurrence of the word is in - "for in the gospel the righteousness of God is revealed" (NIV). Martin Luther grew up believing that this referred to an attribute of God - namely, his distributive justice. Luther's change of mind and subsequent interpretation of the phrase as referring to the righteousness which God imputes to the believer was a major factor in the Protestant Reformation.

Before he graduated, he participated in cake shows and competitions throughout South Carolina. He participated in Marketing & Distributive Education Clubs of Americas competitions in the area of entrepreneurship, and his business plan won the top state award in 1984 and 1985. He went to the national convention in Kansas City in 1984, received honors in the San Francisco during the 1985 finals and earned a scholarship. He received the nickname "Cake Man Raven" from an article in The Lee County Messenger.

A locally cyclic group is a group in which each finitely generated subgroup is cyclic. An example is the additive group of the rational numbers: every finite set of rational numbers is a set of integer multiples of a single unit fraction, the inverse of their lowest common denominator, and generates as a subgroup a cyclic group of integer multiples of this unit fraction. A group is locally cyclic if and only if its lattice of subgroups is a distributive lattice..

In the presence of an ordering relation, one can also weaken the above equalities by replacing = by either ≤ or ≥. Naturally, this will lead to meaningful concepts only in some situations. An application of this principle is the notion of sub- distributivity as explained in the article on interval arithmetic. In category theory, if and are monads on a category C, a distributive law is a natural transformation such that is a lax map of monads and is a colax map of monads .

"The main distributive effect has been to improve the incomes of employees and engineering-technical personnel relative to workers. In enterprises which transferred to the new system in 1966, the average pay of employees was 10.3 per cent higher, of engineering-technical personnel 8.2 per cent higher, and of workers only 4.1 per cent higher than in 1965. It is officially considered that this is a desirable reaction to excessive equalising tendencies in 1959–65."Katz, Economic Reform (1972), pp. 140–141.

Some of the earliest accounts of legitimacy come from early Greek thought. Aristotle is mainly concerned with the stability of the government. While he argues that the legitimacy of the government relies upon constitutionalism and consent, he posits that political stability relies upon the legitimacy of rewards. In his book Politics, Aristotle argues the ways in which rewards are distributed are found within politics, and distributive justice (the proper allocation of rewards according to merit) is what makes a government stable.

It is distinct from the order → on equivalence classes of undirected graphs, but contains it as a suborder. This is because every undirected graph can be thought of as a directed graph where every arc (u,v) appears together with its inverse arc (v,u), and this does not change the definition of homomorphism. The order → for directed graphs is again a distributive lattice and a Heyting algebra, with join and meet operations defined as before. However, it is not dense.

At the end of 1940, he volunteered for the Airborne forces. Assigned to the British 1st Airborne Division, he landed near Nijmegen during Operation Market Garden and was one of the relatively few British airborne troops to escape death or capture during the operation. An excellent linguist, he remained in the Army for an extra year, acting as a German translator during the occupation. He was appointed as an area organiser of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers in 1946.

Susan S. Fainstein (born 1938) is a political theorist and scholar of urban planning. Her research and writing has focused on the distributive effects of urban development strategies and megaprojects, the role of democracy and community control in local public institutions, and establishing a moral theory of "the just city." A member of the urban planning faculties of Columbia University and Rutgers University for most of her career, Fainstein is now a research scholar at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

This viewpoint argues that where no standards of care exist, as for instance in developing countries, then placebo-controlled trials are appropriate. The utilitarian argument held that the disadvantage to a few (such as denial of potentially beneficial interventions) was justifiable for the advantage of many future patients. These arguments are intimately tied to the concept of distributive justice, the equitable distribution of the burdens of research. As with much of the Declaration, there is room for interpretation of words.

There is also an alternative graph-theoretic description of the same lattice: the independent sets of any bipartite graph may be given a partial order in which one independent set is less than another if they differ by removing elements from one side of the bipartition and adding elements to the other side of the bipartition; with this order, the independent sets form a distributive lattice,. and applying this construction to a path graph results in the lattice associated with the Fibonacci cube.

It does not in any way opine on the fairness of the allocation (in the sense of distributive justice or equity). An efficient equilibrium could be one where one player has all the goods and other players have none (in an extreme example), which is efficient in the sense that one may not be able to find a Pareto improvement - which makes all players (including the one with everything in this case) better off (for a strict Pareto improvement), or not worse off.

In the aftermath of the destruction of the 'Tordesillas system', Portugal had managed to retain Diu but not Hormuz. Goa and Macau had also survived but not Malacca. Nevertheless, the downfall of the Portuguese Indian empire was not territorial but economic: the competition of other European powers whose demographics were more numerous, access to capital easier and access to markets, more direct, than Portugal's. Lisbon's distributive monopoly had been stolen from the Islamic world and accrued of more direct competition, it crumbled quickly.

In addition to educational activities, the College provides highly regarded clinical and distributive services to patients at the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago. The college's service function, coupled with its educational programs, provides UIC pharmacy students with maximum exposure to contemporary pharmacy practice. Inpatient, outpatient and satellite pharmacies in community health centers engage UIC pharmacy students in many unique experiences throughout their academic career. Academic institutions, research facilities and even governments seek out the expertise and opportunities for collaboration with the College.

In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure commission mandated the end of the flying era for the 181st. On 8 September 2007, the 181st Fighter Wing flew their last training mission out of Hulman Field International Airport. The Block 30 F-16 aircraft were reassigned to the 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base in September 2007. A realignment was directed with two new Air Force missions: a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS).

Alfred W. Burrows (1884 - 28 March 1966) was a British trade unionist. Born in Leicester, Burrows began working for a local co-operative retailer, and joined the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees. In 1921, this became part of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW), and Burrows became its full-time Midlands Divisional Officer;Trades Union Congress, "Obituary: A. W. Burrows", Annual Report of the 1966 Trades Union Congress, p.380 he served until 1936, when he replaced John Jagger as Organising Secretary.

The reality is that transaction costs are high, and most voters, who are ignorant of political issues and the political process, see little incentive to attempt to influence their local legislator's political decisions (Holcombe 2006). It is also difficult for voters to be informed of their legislator's voting habits. Because of this, distributive logrolling will occur in democratic systems. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the legislator to measure the costs and benefits of legislation and determine what is most efficient for his constituents.

More recent theories of Human Development have begun to see beyond purely financial measures of development, for example with measures such as medical care available, education, equality, and political freedom. One measure used is the Genuine Progress Indicator, which relates strongly to theories of distributive justice. Actual knowledge about what creates growth is largely unproven; however recent advances in econometrics and more accurate measurements in many countries is creating new knowledge by compensating for the effects of variables to determine probable causes out of merely correlational statistics.

This axiomatic definition of a Boolean algebra as a set and certain operations satisfying certain laws or axioms by fiat is entirely analogous to the abstract definitions of group, ring, field etc. characteristic of modern or abstract algebra. Given any complete axiomatization of Boolean algebra, such as the axioms for a complemented distributive lattice, a sufficient condition for an algebraic structure of this kind to satisfy all the Boolean laws is that it satisfy just those axioms. The following is therefore an equivalent definition.

In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure commission mandated the end of the flying era for the 181st. On 8 September 2007, the 181st Fighter Wing flew their last training mission out of Hulman Field International Airport. The Block 30 F-16 aircraft were reassigned to the 177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base in September 2007. A realignment was directed with two new Air Force missions: a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS).

The following laws can be verified using the properties of divisibility. They are a special case of rules in modular arithmetic, and are commonly used to check if an equality is likely to be correct by testing the parity of each side. As with ordinary arithmetic, multiplication and addition are commutative and associative in modulo 2 arithmetic, and multiplication is distributive over addition. However, subtraction in modulo 2 is identical to addition, so subtraction also possesses these properties, which is not true for normal integer arithmetic.

Lester is a nationally recognized authority in employment law and policy. Her research has explored issues in the workplace and in public finance, distributive justice, and the design of social insurance programs.Faculty Profile, Practising Law Institute She is the author of numerous books and articles, including one of the leading casebooks on employment law, Employment Law Cases and Materials.Employment Law: Cases and Materials (Lexis Nexis, 2012) She is also a member of the American Law Institute and was an adviser to the ALI Restatement of Employment Law.

The philosophy of economics also deals with questions such as what, if any, are the social responsibilities of a business; business management theory; theories of individualism vs. collectivism; free will among participants in the marketplace; the role of self interest; invisible hand theories; the requirements of social justice; and natural rights, especially property rights, in relation to the business enterprise. Business ethics is also related to political economy, which is economic analysis from political and historical perspectives. Political economy deals with the distributive consequences of economic actions.

Prior to entering Parliament, she was an education adviser and an Estyn Schools Inspector (the Welsh equivalent of Ofsted) from 1992. Immediately before becoming an MP she was Head of Languages at Morriston Comprehensive School, Swansea. She speaks five languages: English, Welsh, Italian, French and Spanish and has written a book on language teaching. Griffith was a founder member of a local Women's Aid organisation and is a member of the National Union of Teachers and the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers.

210 The principle of legality was foremost in the underlying philosophy of the 1791 Code. In the spirit of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria summarized the principles that were to be the foundation of the procedural system. In his words, "every citizen should know what punishment he should endure." As a consequence, the function of the judge was conceived as being strictly distributive: qualification of an act, infliction of the pre-set sanction.

Initially meant to be one film, Shannon and distributive consultant Doris Mae Oulton proposed a format change of several short films and held small test screenings across different communities to try convince the NFB and the projects federal government sponsor of the new format's potential for success. With the new format approved, the Working Mother's series became arguably one of the most important achievements of Challenge for Change, and its success paved the way for Shannon's proposal for a women's studio within the NFB.

The partnership's assets become worthless and are sold for no consideration. This results in a $120,000 loss to the partnership, which is split equally between A and B. As a result of each A and B taking a $60,000 distributive share of the loss, their respective capital accounts are decreased by $60,000 from $10,000 to ($50,000). To restore these negative capital account balances to $0.00 in a deemed liquidation of their partnership interests, A and B would have to contribute $50,000 each to the partnership.

The use of the inverted AB-BA structures found in Hebrew poetry, known as chiastic structure, is also often classed as a semitism, but is also found in Homer. Likewise the repetition of nouns with distributive force, e.g. sumposia sumposia ("by groups", Mark 6:39) could be Semitism, but it is also current in vulgar (common) Greek.Albert Wifstrand, Lars Rydbeck, Stanley E. Porter, Denis Searby Epochs and styles: selected writings on the New Testament, Greek language and Greek Culture In the Post-classical Era 2005 p.

Individuals who approached the negotiation as a distributive problem (i.e. viewing a higher salary as a win for him/her and a loss to the employer) ended up with an increased salary, but lower rate of satisfaction upon completion. Those who approached the negotiation as an integrative problem (i.e. viewing the negotiation process an opportunity to expand the realm of possibilities and help both parties achieve a “win” outcome) were able to both secure an increased salary and an outcome they were truly satisfied with.

Belknap Press. pp. 26, 514 According to Jedediah Purdy, a researcher at the Duke School of Law, the inequality of wealth in the United States has constantly opened the eyes of the many problems and shortcomings of its financial system over at least the last fifty years of the debate. For years, people believed that distributive justice would produce a sustainable level of wealth inequality. It was also thought that a certain state would be able to effectively diminish the amount of inequality that would occur.

Its only remaining link with Londis UK is the name. A 1975 name change to Allied Distributive Merchants preceded the 2005 formation of ADM Londis plc. ADM Londis describes itself as a retailers' co-operative and its members own 360 stores. Changing from a legal co-operative to an unlisted public limited company in 2004, ADM Londis also claims to be the only Irish symbol group where retailers can own the company through share holdings and realise the value in their shares at market price.

The Young–Fibonacci graph, the Hasse diagram of the Young–Fibonacci lattice. The canonical examples of differential posets are Young's lattice, the poset of integer partitions ordered by inclusion, and the Young–Fibonacci lattice. Stanley's initial paper established that Young's lattice is the only 1-differential distributive lattice, while showed that these are the only 1-differential lattices. There is a canonical construction (called "reflection") of a differential poset given a finite poset that obeys all of the defining axioms below its top rank.

In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the cup product is a method of adjoining two cocycles of degree p and q to form a composite cocycle of degree p + q. This defines an associative (and distributive) graded commutative product operation in cohomology, turning the cohomology of a space X into a graded ring, H∗(X), called the cohomology ring. The cup product was introduced in work of J. W. Alexander, Eduard Čech and Hassler Whitney from 1935–1938, and, in full generality, by Samuel Eilenberg in 1944.

Let us look at a simple multiplication: 5×7 = 35, (3 + 5 = 8). Now consider (7 + 9)×5 = 16×5 = 80, (8 + 0 = 8) or 7×(9 + 5) = 7×14 = 98, (9 + 8 = 17, (1 + 7 = 8). Any non-negative integer can be written as 9×n + a, where 'a' is a single digit from 0 to 8, and 'n' is some non-negative integer. Thus, using the distributive rule, (9×n + a)×(9×m + b)= 9×9×n×m + 9(am + bn) + ab.

Rule, generally through institutionalized means, has distributive effects in political society (domestic or international), granting privileged access to material and symbolic resources to some agents over others. One novelty of this approach is to go beyond the 'anarchy problematique' in IR (Richard Ashley's term). Instead of different types of anarchy (as in Alexander Wendt's Hobbesian, Lockean, and Kantian anarchichal settings), Onuf presents hegemony, hierarchy, and heteronomy as different structures of domination in world affairs (i.e. the absence of world government does not necessarily imply anarchy).

George Walker Middleton (4 April 1898 – 8 August 1971) was a Scottish trade union leader. Middleton grew up in Glasgow and attended Keppochhill School before becoming active in the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers."MIDDLETON, George Walker", Who Was Who He joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), becoming the party's Glasgow District Organiser,Nigel West, Mask: MI5's Penetration of the Communist Party of Great Britain, p.10 and stood unsuccessfully in Glasgow St Rollox at the 1929 general election.

Jagger spent the early part of his career in business, and travelled for four years as a business manager in India, China and Burma. He then became a departmental manager in co-operative stores. He was chairman of the York Trades and Labour Council, and became president of the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees, of which he was the chief founder. In 1921 he became general president of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, and held that post until he entered Parliament in 1935.

Luck egalitarians therefore distinguish between outcomes that are the result of brute luck (e.g. misfortunes in genetic makeup, or being struck by a bolt of lightning) and those that are the consequence of conscious options (such as career choice or fair gambles). Luck egalitarianism is intended as a fundamental normative idea that might guide our thinking about justice rather than as an immediate policy prescription. The idea has its origin in John Rawls' thought that distributive shares should not be influenced by arbitrary factors.

Whatley attended Gosforth Secondary School before briefly becoming a clerk with the Co-operative Wholesale Society. The following year, World War II broke out, and Whatley served with the Royal Air Force."Whatley, William Henry Potts", Who Was Who After the war, Whatley joined the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW), becoming a full-time area organiser in Bristol in 1948. He was promoted to National Officer in 1966 and Chief Organising Officer in 1976, becoming third most senior official in the union.

Fernyhough worked for the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1936 to 1947. In 1947, Fernyhough was elected Member of Parliament for the Labour stronghold of Jarrow in a by-election caused by the death of Ellen Wilkinson - and held the seat until he retired in 1979. Fernyhough was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister Harold Wilson from 1964 and a junior minister for Employment and Productivity from 1967 to 1969. He was also a member of the Council of Europe from 1970 to 1973.

The concept of distributive efficiency is based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. According to this economic law, as a person gets more to spend, he will buy things that give him less and less utility. For example, if a person is given a gift certificate for a music download (and has no way to resell the certificate), he will use the gift certificate to purchase the song he will enjoy the most. If he is given another, he will buy his second favorite song.

Others defend neoconservative interventionist foreign policy from a view of cosmopolitanism for the added benefits to human rights that such intervention could bring. Some defended the 2003 invasion of Iraq from this motive due to the human rights abuses Saddam had inflicted on countless members of the Kurdish and Shiite communities. Individual cosmopolitans also differ considerably in how they understand the requirements of distributive justice and the legitimacy of global institutions. Some, for instance Kai Nielsen, endorse world government; others, such as Simon Caney, do not.

The equivalence between preorders and finite topologies can be interpreted as a version of Birkhoff's representation theorem, an equivalence between finite distributive lattices (the lattice of open sets of the topology) and partial orders (the partial order of equivalence classes of the preorder). This correspondence also works for a larger class of spaces called finitely generated spaces. Finitely generated spaces can be characterized as the spaces in which an arbitrary intersection of open sets is open. Finite topological spaces are a special class of finitely generated spaces.

In practice, activist art may often take the form of temporal interventions, such as performance, media events, exhibitions, and installations. It is also common to employ mainstream media techniques (through the use of billboards, posters, advertising, newspaper inserts…etc.). By making use of these commercial distributive channels of commerce, this technique is particularly effective in conveying messages that reveal and subvert its usual intentions. The use public participation as a strategy of activating individuals and communities to become a “catalyst for change” is important to activist art.

Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as orang-orangan "scarecrow/scarecrows", biri-biri "a/some sheep" and kupu-kupu "butterfly/butterflies". Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in sayur-mayur "(all sorts of) vegetables". Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: pohon "tree", pepohonan "flora, trees"; rumah "house", perumahan "housing, houses"; gunung "mountain", pegunungan "mountain range, mountains". Quantity words come before the noun: seribu orang "a thousand people", beberapa pegunungan "a series of mountain ranges", beberapa kupu-kupu "some butterflies".

Birkhoff's theorem states that any finite distributive lattice can be constructed in this way. :Theorem. Any finite distributive lattice L is isomorphic to the lattice of lower sets of the partial order of the join- irreducible elements of L. That is, there is a one-to-one order-preserving correspondence between elements of L and lower sets of the partial order. The lower set corresponding to an element x of L is simply the set of join- irreducible elements of L that are less than or equal to x, and the element of L corresponding to a lower set S of join-irreducible elements is the join of S. For any lower set S of join-irreducible elements, let x be the join of S, and let T be the lower set of the join-irreducible elements less than or equal to x. Then S = T. For, every element of S clearly belongs to T, and any join- irreducible element less than or equal to x must (by join-primality) be less than or equal to one of the members of S, and therefore must (by the assumption that S is a lower set) belong to S itself.

The elements of any distributive lattice form a median graph, a structure in which any three elements P, Q, and R (here, stable matchings) have a unique median element m(P,Q,R) that lies on a shortest path between any two of them. It can be defined as: :m(P,Q,R)=(P\wedge Q)\vee(P\wedge R)\vee(Q\wedge R)=(P\vee Q)\wedge(P\vee R)\wedge(Q\vee R). For the lattice of stable matchings, this median can instead be taken element- wise, by assigning each doctor the median in the doctor's preferences of the three hospitals matched to that doctor in P, Q, and R and similarly by assigning each hospital the median of the three doctors matched to it. More generally, any set of an odd number of elements of any distributive lattice (or median graph) has a median, a unique element minimizing its sum of distances to the given set. For the median of an odd number of stable matchings, each participant is matched to the median element of the multiset of their matches from the given matchings.

Steiner's writings are focused on contemporary philosophical work on the conceptual analysis of freedom, rights and justice, and on the relation between moral and economic rationality. His most noted work is An Essay on Rights which won the Political Studies Association's best book prize for 1994. In it, he develops what has since come to be known as a left-libertarian theory of distributive justice. This book brings together Steiner's work on the pure negative conception of liberty, the Will Theory of rights, and a liberal model of exploitation.

Distribution of the Spotted ground squirrel The spotted ground squirrel can range from south central South Dakota, through Nebraska where it inhabits sand hills present there. It's also found in eastern Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma, western Texas, eastern Arizona, western Kansas, the large majority of New Mexico and the southeastern part of Utah. Mexico species distribution is limited to south and central Mexico. It is generally found within areas of deep sand soils where vegetation is sparse and scattered, aligning with the environments of the distributive areas it is found in.

Growing economic pressure due to the cost development in the health care sector poses the question of the guiding normative criterion of hospital care. Addressing this issue, the Opinion, published 5 April 2016, identifies patient welfare as the guiding ethical principle for hospitals. It examines three dimensions determining patient welfare: patients’ self-determination, treatment quality, and distributive justice. The Council formulates recommendations that aim to enshrine and guarantee the orientation on patient welfare in hospital care, including for instance improvements in the areas of communication, documentation, digitalization, and accessibility.

His calling as an organizer and champion for workers' rights was honed when he joined the Distributive and Commercial Workers Union and . Shortly afterwards, he became the union's representative but due to his astute organizing activities and rising popularity within the union, he was dismissed with his superiors who felt threatened. He went on to work as the district organizer for staff of the Local Government Worker's Union in Nairobi. Unhappy with how workers in Kenya were treated, he became active in the trade unions and eventually politics.

Two expressions can be multiplied by using the commutative law, associative law and distributive law. (To multiply more than 2 expressions, just multiply 2 at a time) To multiply two factors, each term of the first factor must be multiplied by each term of the other factor. If both factors are binomials, the FOIL rule can be used, which stands for "First Outer Inner Last," referring to the terms that are multiplied together. For example, expanding : (x+2)(2x-5)\, yields : 2x^2-5x+4x-10 = 2x^2-x-10.

It was a subscriber to the Co- operative Party and a customer member (shareholder) of the Co-operative Wholesale Society. In 1983, it merged with the Ringstead Distributive Co- operative Society. In early 2007, directors of the society presented to members a plan to merge with the much large Midlands Co-operative Society, but it did not reach the required vote of two thirds of members when put to a special general meeting on 5 July 2007. However, a confirmatory meeting was held on 16 August and this time the vote to merge was carried.

This formulation uses the algebra that spacetime generates through the introduction of a distributive, associative (but not commutative) product called the geometric product. Elements and operations of the algebra can generally be associated with geometric meaning. The members of the algebra may be decomposed by grade (as in the formalism of differential forms) and the (geometric) product of a vector with a k-vector decomposes into a -vector and a -vector. The -vector component can be identified with the inner product and the -vector component with the outer product.

The requirement that the initial terms of a primefree sequence be coprime is necessary for the question to be non-trivial. If we allow the initial terms to share a prime factor p (e.g., set a1 = xp and a2 = yp for some x and y both greater than 1), due to the distributive property of multiplication a3 = (x + y)p and more generally all subsequent value in the sequence will be multiples of p. In this case, all the numbers in the sequence will be composite, but for a trivial reason.

From an early age he was involved in the local co-operative society and became a union official organising shop-assistants throughout South Wales. This led to his moving to Manchester, to take up a post with the Amalgamated Union of Co- operative Employees and later the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers.'Obituary: Mr R J Davies', The Times, 2 November 1954. He was a member of Manchester City Council for thirty years, and also president of the Manchester and Salford Trades Council and of the Withington Divisional Parliamentary Labour Party.

Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich, Sony CEO Fred Ehrlich, and others also gave testimony at the hearing. In his account, as the United States Senate decides the fate of companies like Napster, he stressed that "technology moves forward and leaves the stragglers behind," and that "the adopters always win, and the stalwarts always lose". Kan was advocate of peer-to-peer (P2P) computing and some credit him, along with other Gnutella pioneers, as its originator. He argued that it is part of an emergent technological area called distributive computing.

In this, she departs from and contrasts her approach to other political philosophers such as John Rawls and David Miller and the focus on distributive and statist approaches to justice, and draws much inspiration from Hannah Arendt's work. Young applied her model of responsibility to a wide range of real-world scenarios, but perhaps most to global labour justice. For example, in connection to the unjust conditions of sweatshop labour, and the political responsibility of consumers in high income countries to remedy it. The social connection model has five main features.

Four unions were also disaffiliated from the ALP after the split. The unions were the 'right-wing' Federated Clerks Union, the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia and the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners. On the night of 19 April 1955, Henry Bolte raised a motion of no-confidence against Cain's government in the Legislative Assembly. After twelve hours of debate on the motion, in the early hours of 20 April, 11 of the expelled Labor members crossed the floor to support Bolte's motion.

The ALP federal executive supported the re-affiliation before the 1985 Victorian State Conference while two of the unions were refused re-affiliation in the Northern Territory later that year. Ultimately, all four returned as ALP affiliated unions in some form; the Federated Clerks' Union amalgamated into the affiliated Australian Services Union in 1993, the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association is a current ALP affiliated union, while the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia and the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners amalgamated with the affiliated Australian Workers' Union.

Eric de Sturler (born 15 January 1966, Groningen) is a Professor of Mathematics at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. He is on the editorial board of Applied Numerical Mathematics and the Open Applied Mathematics Journal. Prof. de Sturler completed his Ph.D. under the direction of Henk van der Vorst at Technische Universiteit Delft in 1994. His thesis is entitled Iterative Methods on Distributive Memory Computers.. His research focuses on preconditioned iterative methods for solving linear and nonlinear systems, with applications in computational physics, material science, and mathematical biology.

Meanwhile, distributive land was distributed to mandarins for the benefiting and contributing to the country or to princes as an accommodation. It was not private property and was returned to the royal court when the landowner died. Religious land was set aside for the practices of Buddhist monks; private land was owned and sold freely between individuals without government interference. Besides that, the government encouraged subjects to exploit wild and untouched land by settling it, providing property at a lower cost while simultaneously expanding its influence in unsettled regions.

Gary Chartier, "Natural Law and Non- Aggression," Acta Juridica Hungarica 51.2 (June 2010): pp. 79–96. Chartier uses this account to ground a clear statement of the natural law basis for the view that solidaristic wealth redistribution by individual persons is often morally required, but as a response by individuals and grass-roots networks to particular circumstances rather than as a state-driven attempt to achieve a particular distributive pattern.Justice, pp. 47–68. Chartier advances detailed arguments for workplace democracy rooted in such natural law principles as subsidiarity which anarcho-capitalists reject,Justice 89–120.

Lattice theoretic information about the lattice of subgroups can sometimes be used to infer information about the original group, an idea that goes back to the work of . For instance, as Ore proved, a group is locally cyclic if and only if its lattice of subgroups is distributive. If additionally the lattice satisfies the ascending chain condition, then the group is cyclic. The groups whose lattice of subgroups is a complemented lattice are called complemented groups , and the groups whose lattice of subgroups are modular lattices are called Iwasawa groups or modular groups .

In Bentham and the Common Law Tradition, Gerald J. Postema states: "No moral concept suffers more at Bentham's hand than the concept of justice. There is no sustained, mature analysis of the notion." Thus, some critics object, it would be acceptable to torture one person if this would produce an amount of happiness in other people outweighing the unhappiness of the tortured individual. However, as P. J. Kelly argued in Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law, Bentham had a theory of justice that prevented such consequences.

Probably the most common type of distributivity is the one defined for lattices, where the formation of binary suprema and infima provide the total operations of join (\vee) and meet (\wedge). Distributivity of these two operations is then expressed by requiring that the identity : x \wedge (y \vee z) = (x \wedge y) \vee (x \wedge z) hold for all elements x, y, and z. This distributivity law defines the class of distributive lattices. Note that this requirement can be rephrased by saying that binary meets preserve binary joins.

The second follows from the definition of −1 as additive inverse of 1: it is precisely that number that when added to 1 gives 0. Now, using the distributive law, we see that :0 =-1\cdot [1+(-1)]=-1\cdot1+(-1)\cdot(-1)=-1+(-1)\cdot(-1) The second equality follows from the fact that 1 is a multiplicative identity. But now adding 1 to both sides of this last equation implies :(-1) \cdot (-1) = 1 The above arguments hold in any ring, a concept of abstract algebra generalizing integers and real numbers.

Words can be formed by prefixation, suffixation, or compounding. Word classes include nouns, defined by the ability to appear with a numeral classifier; verbs, defined by the ability to appear with negation and the person and tense marking; postpositions, which are enclitic to NPs, numerals, and classifiers. Adjectives are a subset of stative verbs for which reduplication means intensification or adverbialization rather than the perfective aspect (reduplication with nouns has a distributive meaning, ‘every’). Adjectives can be used as predicates or can appear nominalized in a copula clause.

In mathematics, a ring is one of the fundamental algebraic structures used in abstract algebra. It consists of a set equipped with two binary operations that generalize the arithmetic operations of addition and multiplication. Through this generalization, theorems from arithmetic are extended to non- numerical objects such as polynomials, series, matrices and functions. A ring is an abelian group with a second binary operation that is associative, is distributive over the abelian group operation, and has an identity element (this last property is not required by some authors, see ).

Grajales was born in Brooklyn, New York, in December 9 of 1962, and at the age of six his family and him moved to Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. Albert was a Sergeant Major at the US Jr. Army of the American Crusaders Cadets. In high school he was for three years the president of Distributive Education Clubs of America – DECA (organization) where he won the national DECA male leader of Puerto Rico. He was an advocate for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) and the youth republican party of Puerto Rico.

The capitalist system was challenged but the emergence of the Madanggŭk's because it was the expression and voice of the people that was presented in a comedic and entertaining way. Madanggŭk challenged the fine line that divided labor and leisure, producer and consumer, and landowner and the workers. The counter public sphere, Undongkwon was portrayed in multiple plays and songs to represent the important role that the young had played in questioning the legitimacy of the military regime, distributive justice, and the other region of the divided Korea.

Under the scheme of a GRD, states do not have full property rights in the resources within their sovereign territory. Although the GRD allows states to use resources as they see fit, the scheme implies that the global poor have an 'inalienable stake in all scarce resources' (see implementation, below).Haubrich. Dirk (2004) Global Distributive Justice and the Taxation of Natural Resources – Who Should Pick Up the Tab?,Contemporary Political Theory, 3: 52 Pogge argues that national borders are morally arbitrary in the first place, and are born from a history of coercion and violence.

A bacterial infection in the bloodstream, a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or damage to the nervous system (brain and nerves) may cause vasodilatory shock. Besides, nearly all kinds of distributive shock such as septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, drug and toxin-induced shock, endocrine shock can turn out into rafractory vasodilatory shock when the original shock becomes more severe. The most common cause of vasodilatory shock is sepsis. Except sepsis, other causes comprise severe acute pancreatitis, post cardiopulmonary bypass vasoplegia and other triggers for a systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

McCord also showed that these spaces are weak homotopy equivalent to the order complex of the corresponding partially ordered set. Steiner demonstrated that the duality is a contravariant lattice isomorphism preserving arbitrary meets and joins as well as complementation. It was also a well-known result in the field of modal logic that a duality exists between finite topological spaces and preorders on finite sets (the finite modal frames for the modal logic S4). A. Grzegorczyk observed that this extended to a duality between what he referred to as totally distributive spaces and preorders.

A group in which every subgroup permutes is called an Iwasawa group. The subgroup lattice of an Iwasawa group is thus a modular lattice, so these groups are sometimes called modular groupsBallester- Bolinches, Esteban-Romero, Asaad, p. 24 (although this latter term may have other meanings.) The assumption in the modular law for groups (as formulated above) that Q is a subgroup of S is essential. If Q is not a subgroup of S, then the tentative, more general distributive property that one may consider S ∩ (QT) = (S ∩ Q)(S ∩ T) is false.

In other words, he saw a general trend towards the centralization of power as leading to stagnation and ultimately, pressures to decentralize. More specifically, Spencer recognized three functional needs or prerequisites that produce selection pressures: they are regulatory, operative (production) and distributive. He argued that all societies need to solve problems of control and coordination, production of goods, services and ideas, and, finally, to find ways of distributing these resources. Initially, in tribal societies, these three needs are inseparable, and the kinship system is the dominant structure that satisfies them.

His latest work Arrows of Time is a radical new form of cinema consisting of 40 interchangeable elements that deal with literature, philosophy, and contemporary physics, premiered at the Museum of Modern Art in San Francisco in April 2007. During the late 1990s and early 2000s McMullen also lectured and took tutor groups and what was then 'The London College of Printing and Distributive Trades' - now the London College of Communication. Attached to the department of Film and Television studies at the college's Back Hill facility, McMullen was popular with students.

The following is not in general an equivalence, only an implication: ; Linear- distributions : A map that is not an isomorphism yet plays a crucial role in linear logic is: Linear distributions are fundamental in the proof theory of linear logic. The consequences of this map were first investigated in J. Robin Cockett and Robert Seely "Weakly distributive categories" Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 114(2) 133-173, 1997 and called a "weak distribution". In subsequent work it was renamed to "linear distribution" to reflect the fundamental connection to linear logic.

Thomas William Torney (2 July 1915 – 21 October 1998) was a British Labour Party politician. Tourney joined the Labour Party, and in 1945 became its election agent for Wembley North. The following year, he began working full- time for the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) as its Derby and District Area Organiser, although he took time out at the 1964 United Kingdom general election to act as election agent in West Derbyshire. Torney was Member of Parliament for Bradford South from 1970 until his retirement at the 1987 general election.

Beginning in the 20th century transplants began to occur as scientists knew more about the anatomy of organs. These came later in time as procedures were often dangerous and difficult. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, and because organs as resources for transplant are always more limited than demand for them, various notions of justice, including distributive justice, are developed in the ethical analysis. This situation continues as long as transplantation relies upon organ donors rather than technological innovation, testing, and industrial manufacturing.

Anger does not help achieve negotiation goals either: it reduces joint gains and does not boost personal gains, as angry negotiators do not succeed. Moreover, negative emotions lead to acceptance of settlements that are not in the positive utility function but rather have a negative utility. However, expression of negative emotions during negotiation can sometimes be beneficial: legitimately expressed anger can be an effective way to show one's commitment, sincerity, and needs. Moreover, although NA reduces gains in integrative tasks, it is a better strategy than PA in distributive tasks (such as zero-sum).

The distributive law is valid for matrix multiplication. More precisely, :(A + B) \cdot C = A \cdot C + B \cdot C for all l \times m-matrices A,B and m \times n-matrices C, as well as :A \cdot (B + C) = A \cdot B + A \cdot C for all l \times m-matrices A and m \times n-matrices B, C. Because the commutative property does not hold for matrix multiplication, the second law does not follow from the first law. In this case, they are two different laws.

However, even integrative negotiation is likely to have some distributive elements, especially when the different parties both value different items to the same degree or when details are left to be allocated at the end of the negotiation. While concession is mandatory for negotiations, research shows that people who concede more quickly, are less likely to explore all integrative and mutually beneficial solutions. Therefore, early conceding reduces the chance of an integrative negotiation. Integrative negotiation often involves a higher degree of trust and the formation of a relationship.

Padley was educated at Chipping Norton Grammar School and Ruskin College, Oxford with a TUC scholarship. He was president of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers 1948–1964. During the Second World War he registered as a conscientious objector, but after appearances at both his Local and the Appellate Tribunals, he was permitted only exemption from combatant service, and was required to serve in the Non- Combatant Corps (NCC). Padley's first parliamentary contest was at the 1943 by-election in Acton, in which he was an Independent Labour Party (ILP) candidate.

Boohoo, one of the largest UK fast fashion brands, withdrew their interest in becoming a member in 2019. Boohoo refused to meet and answer USDAW’s (Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers trade union) questions. This came after the UK Environmental Audit Committee’s inquiry into the fashion industry, recommended that the retailer engaged with USDAW in a bid to repair their damaged reputation. The committee also suggested becoming a member of the ETI which would bind the retailer into ethical practices, including paying a living wage and protecting workers' freedom of association.

Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as orang-orangan "scarecrow/scarecrows", biri-biri "a/some sheep" and kupu- kupu "butterfly/butterflies". Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in sayur-mayur "(all sorts of) vegetables". Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: pohon "tree", pepohonan "flora, trees"; rumah "house", perumahan "housing, houses"; gunung "mountain", pe(r)gunungan "mountain range, mountains". Quantity words come before the noun: səribu orang "a thousand people", beberapa pe(r)gunungan "a series of mountain ranges", beberapa kupu-kupu "some butterflies".

Like other schools in the region, Bluevale consistently has a high extracurricular participation rate, due to Students Council (also known as KRT - Knights of the Round Table) and the large number of clubs at the school. From business competitions (DECA - Distributive Education Clubs of America) to Fishing Club to the Environment Club, the school offers opportunities for personal growth through various staff and student-run activities. The school often partners with other high schools in the region for special events such as Relay for Life, an event that raises money for cancer research.

The fruit of that inspiration is non-Frege logic, one of the key achievements of the post-war Polish logic. One student of Suszko and a colleague of Wolniewicz was a logician Mieczysław Omyła, who continued both logical and ontological work of Suszko and referenced Wolniewicz's situational ontology more than once. Situational ontology also inspires mathematical papers on conditionally distributive lattices by Jan Zygmunt and Jacek Hawranek. Wolniewicz's papers were also met with interest from philosophers and logicians abroad, as evidenced by multiple reviews of his English papers in "Mathematical Review".

Peter Potts (29 June 1935 - 30 January 1996) was a British trade unionist, who served as General Secretary of the General Federation of Trade Unions. Potts grew up in Manchester, where he attended Chorlton High School. He began working and joined the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers in 1951. After undertaking National Service with the Royal Air Force from 1953 to 1955, he became increasingly involved in trade unionism, and in 1965 became the full-time research officer of the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers (NUTGW).

Fox worked as a journalist at the Adelaide Advertiser for three and a half years, traveled to France, where she worked for Elle Online and UNESCO, before returning to Adelaide, where she undertook a Grad. dip in Education, and then worked as a high school teacher of English, French and History at Loreto College, Marryatville.Chloë Fox official website Fox was involved in politics from a young age, handing out Labor how-to-vote cards at the age of 14. Fox was linked with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA).

Therefore, state of the art micro-compounders have a batch mode (recirculation) and a conical shape. The L/D of a continuous twin screw extruder is mimicked in a batch micro-compounder by the recirculation mixing time, which is controlled by a manual valve. With this valve the recirculation can be interrupted to unload the formulation in either a strand, or an injection moulder, a film device or a fiber line. Typical recirculation times are 1-3 min, dependent on the ease of dispersive and distributive mixing of the formulation.

The type of communicative response used is critical. For example, avoidance/denial may be used to protect one's self-esteem, but it may also result in increased uncertainty and relational dissatisfaction, if the jealous partner is left with lingering suspicions. Similarly, compensatory restoration may improve the relationship in some instances, but it may also communicate low self-esteem and desperation by the jealous individual.Guerrero, Andersen, Jorgensen, Spitzberg, and Eloy, 1995 Distributive communication, which includes behaviors such as yelling and confrontation, may serve to vent negative emotion and retaliate by making the partner feel bad.

London's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in Whitechapel, Wapping, Stepney and Limehouse, generally in slum conditions.Michael Alan Ralph Cooper, A More Beautiful City: Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire (Sutton Pub Limited, 2003) In the winter of 1683–1684, a frost fair was held on the Thames. The frost, which began about seven weeks before Christmas and continued for six weeks after, was the greatest on record.

This prevented their local unions from participating in elections sponsored by the National Labor Relations Board. To resolve the organizing impediment, the national RWDSU leadership suspended the local officers. Eight of the largest New York locals, representing 30,000 to 40,000 workers, disaffiliated from the union and formed the Distributive Workers Union. The DWU absorbed the remnants of two other unions expelled from the CIO for communist domination-the United Office and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA) and the Food, Tobacco and Agricultural Workers Union-to form the Distributive, Processing and Office Workers of America (DPOWA). In January 1952, RWDSU unanimously adopted a resolution inviting any disaffiliated locals to rejoin the parent union. DPOWA elections held in June 1952 led to the ouster of most DPOWA officers, removing those elected leaders who had opposed the anti-communist affidavit requirement. In 1954, DPOWA rejoined the RWDSU and became known as District 65. In 1954, the Playthings, Jewelry and Novelty Workers Union and the Distributing, Processing and Office Workers Union merged with RWDSU. In 1969, differences over support for the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement as well as a disagreement over organizational procedures led once more to the disaffiliation of District 65.

The opinion's reasoning on internet publication received a mixed academic reception. Melville Nimmer and David Nimmer defended the decision as a proper interpretation of the distributive definition of publication within the copyright act, and that publishing a website is the functional equivalent of a lending which would have triggered publication in the physical realm.1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer on Copyright, note 32 § 4.07[B]. Others have argued that making a website available is akin to a public performance or a transmission, which have traditionally not been considered publication because tangible copies were not distributed to the public.

Gleason's theorem finds application in quantum logic, which makes heavy use of lattice theory. Quantum logic treats the outcome of a quantum measurement as a logical proposition and studies the relationships and structures formed by these logical propositions. They are organized into a lattice, in which the distributive law, valid in classical logic, is weakened, to reflect the fact that in quantum physics, not all pairs of quantities can be measured simultaneously. The representation theorem in quantum logic shows that such a lattice is isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of a vector space with a scalar product.

Within the South Australian ALP, Hurford is arguably an important modernising figure. He led the creation of the Labor Unity faction, a group variously described as "right-wing", moderate or (after the ascension of the UK Blair Government) "Third Way". A Catholic, Hurford won support from the socially conservative leadership of the Shop Distributive and Allied Trades Union in forming the faction. In the 1980s Hurford led the SA Labor Unity group in vigorously defending within the ALP the policy direction of the Hawke Government, a direction with which the larger Centre-Left and Left factions were uncomfortable.

Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities. Also, Indiana ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed. In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure commission mandated the end of the flying era for the 181st Fighter Wing at Terre Haute. A realignment was directed with two new Air Force missions: a Distributive Ground Station (DGS) and an Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS).

Chartier uses this account to ground a clear statement of the natural law basis for the view that solidaristic wealth redistribution by individual persons is often morally required, but as a response by individuals and grass-roots networks to particular circumstances rather than as a state-driven attempt to achieve a particular distributive pattern.Chartier, Gary (14 September 2009). Economic Justice and Natural Law (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–68. He advances detailed arguments for workplace democracy rooted in such natural law principles as subsidiarity,Chartier, Gary (14 September 2009). Economic Justice and Natural Law (1st ed.).

Ryan based his own vision of economic progress in America on equitable wealth distribution, decreased working hours, and a guaranteed minimum wage. Clear in Ryan's economic thought was a disciplined commitment to both ethical and practical analysis of his country's economic problems. While A Living Wage has achieved a higher degree of recognition, Ryan stated in his autobiography, "Distributive Justice is unquestionably the most important book I have written." In these early publications Ryan staked out an economic position that maintained the primacy of private property but spurned overly acquisitive and unregulated free-market capitalism as economically unhealthy and morally bankrupt.

Grange agents bought everything from farm machinery to women's dresses; hundreds of grain elevators and cotton and tobacco warehouses were bought, and even steamboat lines; mutual insurance companies were formed and joint-stock stores. Nor was co-operation limited to distributive processes; crop reports were circulated, co-operative dairies multiplied, flour mills were operated, and patents were purchased, that the Grange might manufacture farm machinery. The outcome in some states was ruin, and the name, Grange, became a reproach. Nevertheless, these efforts in co- operation were exceedingly important both for the results obtained and for their wider significance.

Moreover, correctly assessing distributive impact of any tax shift requires an analysis of the specific instrument design features. For example, tax revenue could be redistributed on a per capita basis as part of a basic income scheme; in this case, the poorest would gain what the average citizen pays as ecotaxes, minus their own small contribution (no car, small apartment, ...). This design would be highly progressive. Alternatively, an ecotax can have a "lifeline" design, in which modest consumption levels are priced relatively low (even zero, in the case of water), and higher consumption levels are priced at a higher rate.

In 1963 he made what would be his final move between institutions, when he started at Teachers College, Columbia University after being invited to found a new social psychology doctoral program. The two major works that resulted of his studies during this period are considered to be The Resolution of Conflict (published in 1973) and Distributive Justice (published in 1985). However he also published the book Theories in Social Psychology (1965) and Applying Social Psychology (1975) during this same period. Deutsch was the first psychologist to use the Prisoner's Dilemma to study trust between small groups or pairings of individuals.

In 1986 Deutsch founded the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (ICCCR) at Columbia. The goal of the Center was to integrate the theory of conflict resolution with its actual practice. For example, in 1987 the Center was involved in training teachers in Long Island and New Jersey to deal with inter-student and gang violence in lower-income communities. His work in this period also revolved around the concept of "distributive justice", relating to the distribution of goods and conditions affecting the well-being of individuals in a group, as a separate concept from procedural justice.

Decoration in paint and modeled clay covers all available space on this lidded bowl, created by a Maya artist in about A.D. 250–400. This "Lidded Vessel with Peccaries, Bird, and Fish" reflects an intersection of different animals unlikely to have co-existed, perhaps reflecting livestock (e.g. peccaries) as well as perishable trade in the Early Classic Period. Research suggests that ancient Maya economic systems were much more complex; a hierarchy was likely a framework that supported a diversity of distributive networks or spheres signifying varying degrees of economic involvement on the part of a number of sites or communities.

The villagers offer sēva during the nēma in the form of service and prostrations and in doing so also offer their support to the nēma and their recognition of the leader's status. In return, the villagers expect justice and resolution of disputes by the daiva during the nēma. In the nēma, the leading manors offer a part of their farm products to the daiva, which are then redistributed to the villagers. The nēma thereby underlines the mutuality on which feudal relations used to be based and, in a limited way, takes care of the problem of social (distributive) justice.

This fact was the key to understanding why the private property, free market economy was notoriously unstable, pursuing a roller coaster course of exhilarating highs and terrifying descents into economic and financial collapse. This missing fact, which Kelso had uncovered over years of intensive reading, research and thought, drastically modifies the classical paradigm which has dominated formal economics since Adam Smith. It concerns the effect of technological change on the distributive dynamics of a private property, free market economy. Technological change, Kelso concluded, makes tools, machines, structures and processes ever more productive while leaving human productivity largely unchanged.

Christopher Ronald Ketter (born 12 February 1961) is a former Australian politician who represented Queensland for the Australian Labor Party in the Australian Senate from 1 July 2014, elected at the 2013 election, until 30 June 2019.Chris Ketter: APH Ketter is linked with the conservative Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA).Why is the union that represents supermarket workers stopping gay marriage?: SMH 2 May 2015 Ketter was one of only two Labor Senators (along with Helen Polley) to vote against the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017, which legalised same-sex marriage in Australia.

The researchers also found that nudges are not inherently partisan: when evaluating behavioral policies absent of political cues, people across the political spectrum were alike in their assessments. Some, such as Hausman and Welch (2010) have inquired whether nudging should be permissible on grounds of (distributive) justice; Lepenies and Malecka (2015) have questioned whether nudges are compatible with the rule of law. Similarly, legal scholars have discussed the role of nudges and the law. Behavioral economists such as Bob Sugden have pointed out that the underlying normative benchmark of nudging is still homo economicus, despite the proponents' claim to the contrary.

He served on a large number of bodies, including the International Labour Organization and the Central Price Regulation Committee during World War II, and as President of the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, and Technical Employees. In 1947, NUDAW merged to form the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, and Hallsworth was its first Secretary-General, serving for two years. He was knighted in 1946, and stood down from various government committees in 1947, although he joined the National Coal Board. On retirement, he served as Chairman of the North Western Electricity Board, standing down in 1955.

Mr. Iles ended his tenure at Peabody as principal in 1972 when he accepted a position at the Rapides Parish School Board. The first school building at the current Broadway Street site was completed in 1952, with D. F. Iles as principal. Mr. Iles transformed Peabody from an Industrial Training School offering training in home economics and industrial shop to a comprehensive high school offering courses in algebra, geometry, social studies, science, physics, chemistry, art, music, band, Spanish, French, business, auto mechanics, mechanical drawing, woodwork, sheet metal, distributive education, cooperative office education, and speech with an array of extracurricular activities.

In vivo and in vitro, phosphorylation of tyrosine oftentimes precedes phosphorylation of threonine, although phosphorylation of either residue can occur in the absence of the other. This tandem activation loop phosphorylation (that was proposed to be either distributive or processive, dependent on cellular environment) is performed by members of the Ste7 protein kinase family, also known as MAP2 kinases. MAP2 kinases in turn, are also activated by phosphorylation, by a number of different upstream serine-threonine kinases (MAP3 kinases). Because MAP2 kinases display very little activity on substrates other than their cognate MAPK, classical MAPK pathways form multi- tiered, but relatively linear pathways.

Bonner, 'Review of Rational Choice', The Economic Journal, 2001 (F540) Distributive justice again transcends the boundaries of economics. It considers what is meant by a just distribution of goods among members of society. Allingham develops the view that all theories of justice, or at least all liberal theories, may be seen as expressions of laissez-faire with compensations for factors that they consider to be morally arbitrary. His latest book has been described by a reviewer as 'a probing analytical comparison, by an economic theorist, of the major accounts dominating that literature … meticulously isolating their respective strengths and weaknesses: a tour de force'.

The national factions are themselves divided into sub-factions, primarily state-based such as Centre Unity in New South Wales and Labor Forum in Queensland. Some trade unions are affiliated with the Labor Party and are also factionally aligned. The largest unions supporting the right faction are the Australian Workers' Union (AWU), the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA) and the Transport Workers Union (TWU). Important unions supporting the left include the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union (AMWU), United Workers Union, the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMMEU) and the Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU).

Chartier uses this account to ground a clear statement of the natural law basis for the view that solidaristic wealth redistribution by individual persons is often morally required, but as a response by individuals and grass- roots networks to particular circumstances rather than as a state-driven attempt to achieve a particular distributive pattern.See Justice 47–68. He advances detailed arguments for workplace democracy rooted in such natural law principles as subsidiarity,Justice 89–120. defending it as morally desirable and as a likely outcome of the elimination of injustice rather than as something to be mandated by the state.

Many clubs such as: SEA Club (Science & Environmental Awareness), Drama Club, Plan B Improv Club, International Thespian Society, CCC (Christian Club on Campus), DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America), FBLA (Future Business Leaders of America), FEA (Future Educators of America), NHS (National Honor Society), FCCLA (Future Career and Community Leaders of America), Student Council, Mat Maids, Schools for Schools, Media Club, Photo Society, Yearbook, Key Club, French Club, Norwegian Club, German Club, Culture Club, Breakfast Club, Interact, HOSA (Health Occupations Students of America), Skills USA, Speech & Debate, FCA (Fellowship of Christian Athletes), and JCA (Japanese Culture Club) are offered on Centennial's campus.

Traditionally, a topological space consists of a set of points together with a topology, a system of subsets called open sets that with the operations of intersection and union forms a lattice with certain properties. Point-free topology is based on the concept of a "realistic spot" instead of a point without extent. Spots can be joined (forming a complete lattice) and if a spot meets a join of others it has to meet some of the constituents, which, roughly speaking, leads to the distributive law b \wedge \left( \bigvee a_i\right) = \bigvee \left(b\wedge a_i\right).

A join-semilattice with zero is a refinement monoid if and only if it is distributive. Any abelian group is a refinement monoid. The positive cone G+ of a partially ordered abelian group G is a refinement monoid if and only if G is an interpolation group, the latter meaning that for any elements a0, a1, b0, b1 of G such that ai ≤ bj for all i, j<2, there exists an element x of G such that ai ≤ x ≤ bj for all i, j<2\. This holds, for example, in case G is lattice-ordered.

Chartier uses this account to ground a clear statement of the natural law basis for the view that solidaristic wealth redistribution by individual persons is often morally required, but as a response by individuals and grass- roots networks to particular circumstances rather than as a state-driven attempt to achieve a particular distributive pattern.See Justice 47–68. He advances detailed arguments for workplace democracy rooted in such natural law principles as subsidiarity,Justice 89–120. defending it as morally desirable and as a likely outcome of the elimination of injustice rather than as something to be mandated by the state.

We might observe that: : p and (q or r) = true in other words, that the particle's momentum is between 0 and +1/6, and its position is between −1 and +3. On the other hand, the propositions "p and q" and "p and r" are both false, since they assert tighter restrictions on simultaneous values of position and momentum than is allowed by the uncertainty principle (they each have uncertainty 1/3, which is less than the allowed minimum of 1/2). So, : (p and q) or (p and r) = false Thus the distributive law fails.

A near- field is a set Q, together with two binary operations, + (addition) and \cdot (multiplication), satisfying the following axioms: :A1: (Q, +) is an abelian group. :A2: (a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c) for all elements a, b, c of Q (The associative law for multiplication). :A3: (a + b) \cdot c = a \cdot c + b \cdot c for all elements a, b, c of Q (The right distributive law). :A4: Q contains an element 1 such that 1 \cdot a = a \cdot 1 = a for every element a of Q (Multiplicative identity).

Daines' early career was spent as a fireman on the railways. In 1921Speaking in the House of Commons on 21 March 1946, Daines had declared he had 18 years of experience as an insurance agent; given that he left in 1939 to fight in the war, this statement also fixes the start of his occupation. he became an insurance official working for the Co-operative Insurance Society; as such he was a member of both the National Union of Railwaymen and the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers.M. Stenton and S. Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs" Vol.

Norton High School has 10 clubs and organizations, which include: Recreational Bocce Club, Student Council, Debate Club, DECA (Distributive Education Club of America), Drama Club, Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA), Anime Club, Sci-Fi and Fantasy Club, Yearbook Club, and Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD)and Newspaper club. At Norton High, students may join the National, Art, Spanish, French, History, Music, Math, English, and/or Science Honor Societies. Norton High School allows students to apply themselves in several sports which include: Fall: Cross Country, Cheerleading, Golf, Soccer, Volleyball, and Football. Winter: Basketball, Indoor Track, Swimming & Diving, Wrestling, and Hockey.

In mathematics, economics, and computer science, the lattice of stable matchings is a distributive lattice whose elements are stable matchings. For a given instance of the stable matching problem, this lattice provides an algebraic description of the family of all solutions to the problem. It was originally described in the 1970s by John Horton Conway and Donald Knuth. By Birkhoff's representation theorem, this lattice can be represented as the lower sets of an underlying partially ordered set, and the elements of this set can be given a concrete structure as rotations, cycle graphs describing the changes between adjacent stable matchings in the lattice.

For example, the subdirect irreducibles in the variety generated by a finite linearly ordered Heyting algebra H must be just the nondegenerate quotients of H, namely all smaller linearly ordered nondegenerate Heyting algebras. The conditions cannot be dropped in general: for example, the variety of all Heyting algebras is generated by the set of its finite subdirectly irreducible algebras, but there exist subdirectly irreducible Heyting algebras of arbitrary (infinite) cardinality. There also exists a single finite algebra generating a (non- congruence-distributive) variety with arbitrarily large subdirect irreducibles.R. McKenzie, The residual bounds of finite algebras, Int.

The Australian "Victoria ETU moves to reaffiliate with Labor" Retrieved on 21 August 2018.The Canberra Times "ETU to stick with right faction as fallout from Pettersson defection continues " Retrieved on 21 August 2018. Traditionally the ETU has sided with the Labor Left or equivalent faction in the state branches of the ALP with the notable exception of the ACT and NSW, where it aligns with the respective Centre Coalition and Centre Unity (Labor Right) factions. It enjoys a close relationship there with the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) and the Australian Workers Union (AWU).

Organizational citizenship behaviors are actions that employees take to support the organization that go above and beyond the scope of their job description. OCBs are related to both procedural justice (DeConick, 2010; Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001; Karriker & Williams, 2009) and distributive justice perceptions (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001; Karriker & Williams, 2009). As organizational actions and decisions are perceived as more just, employees are more likely to engage in OCBs. Karriker and Williams (2009) established that OCBs are directed toward either the supervisor or the organization depending on whether the perception of just stems from the supervisor or the organization.

The party was a strong supporter of low taxation. As the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in 2002: "On balance, budgets over the past 10 to 20 years have been more favourable to high income groups than low income groups, but particularly so during periods of high growth".'The distributive impact of budgetary policy: A medium term view' Tim Callan, Mary Keeney, John Walsh, ESRI Dublin, 2002. While the party was in government since 1997, the lower rate of income tax fell from 26% to 20% and the upper rate from 48% to 41%.

Nominations for the by-election closed on 12 June, and there were only two candidates: Tom Price, the forty-eight-year-old chief legal officer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers for the Labour Party; and Frank J. Land, a thirty-eight-year-old master baker from Bolton for the Conservatives."The Westhoughton By-Election, No Hint Of Third Candidate", The Times, 5 June 1951, p. 3. Price belonged to the same trades union as Davies, and had strong connections with south Lancashire. Land was a member of the Bolton Chamber of Trade, and vice-chairman of Bolton Young Conservatives.

Starmer became the first candidate to qualify for the ballot on 20 January with his third affiliate nomination, from the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers; by that point, he was also leading in nominations from Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs). Phillips withdrew from the election on 21 January, saying that she was unable to unite the party. Nandy became the second candidate to quality for the ballot on 22 January, having received backing from the GMB and National Union of Mineworkers unions and the Chinese for Labour socialist society. Long-Bailey was the third candidate to qualify, following further trade union support.

Individuals tend to be motivated to maximize their personal rewards, so when they feel they are getting less than they deserve, they react negatively. On the flip side, when members feel like they are being rewarded for their input to the group, and they feel that the group is fairly allocating these rewards, they feel esteemed and proud. Members see a motive for group mates to give less rewards, while being less likely to believe they could be over-rewarded. The reaction in the former instance is shaped more by distributive justice, whereas the latter reaction is shaped more by procedural justice.

Cesc Fàbregas duels with Anderson in a football match in 2008) Some theorists have posed a level playing field conception of equality of opportunity, similar in many respects to the substantive principle (although it has been used in different contexts to describe formal equality of opportunity) and it is a core idea regarding the subject of distributive justice espoused by John RoemerRoemer, John, 1995, "Equality and Responsibility", Boston Review, April–May issue, pp. 3–7.Roemer, John, 1998, Equality of Opportunity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. and Ronald DworkinDworkin, Ronald, 2000, Sovereign Virtue, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, chapters 1–3. and others.

The number of antichains in a fence is a Fibonacci number; the distributive lattice with this many elements, generated from a fence via Birkhoff's representation theorem, has as its graph the Fibonacci cube. calls the fact that this lattice has a Fibonacci number of elements a “well known fact,” while asks for a description of it in an exercise. See also , , and . A partially ordered set is series-parallel if and only if it does not have four elements forming a fence.. Several authors have also investigated the number of order-preserving maps from fences to themselves, or to fences of other sizes.

Ronen Avraham is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Texas School of Law and a professor at the Buchmann Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University.Buchmann Faculty of Law His primary focus is on the economics of law, specifically healthcare law, tort law, and contract law.UT Law Magazine Prior to joining the University of Texas School of Law, Avraham was an Assistant then Associate Professor at Northwestern University from 2003 to 2007. Additionally, he served as a Visiting Assistant Professor at Tel Aviv and Bar-Ilan Universities where he instructed on Distributive Justice and Economic Analysis of Law.

Described as a "strong sprinter with good distributive ability but faulty shooting", Price was an extremely versatile player who could play at wing half, left wing or as a central forward. In 1907, Price moved to Burton United where he played just one League game, in Burton's final match before they lost their League status at the end of the 1906–07 season. Price remained with Burton United for a year after they were relegated to the Birmingham & District League, before joining fellow Birmingham and District League club Wrexham at the start of the 1908–09 season.

Marshall has made important contributions to interdisciplinary and cross-national comparative work in the social sciences. His main fields of research include social exclusion, equality of opportunity, distributive justice and the culture of economic enterprise, and he has written widely on these topics. He played an instrumental role in the Government Review of social classifications, both as a consultant and as a member of the steering group to the study, which was run jointly by the ESRC and the Office for National Statistics and which resulted in major changes to official classifications. Marshall's early research was focused on Max Weber and the origins of modern economies.

The axioms of a field imply that it is an abelian group under addition. This group is called the additive group of the field, and is sometimes denoted by when denoting it simply as could be confusing. Similarly, the nonzero elements of form an abelian group under multiplication, called the multiplicative group, and denoted by or just } or . A field may thus be defined as set equipped with two operations denoted as an addition and a multiplication such that is an abelian group under addition, } is an abelian group under multiplication (where 0 is the identity element of the addition), and multiplication is distributive over addition.

Neurogenic shock is a distributive type of shock resulting in low blood pressure, occasionally with a slowed heart rate, that is attributed to the disruption of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord. It can occur after damage to the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Low blood pressure occurs due to decreased systemic vascular resistance as a result of lacking sympathetic tone which in turn causes pools of blood staying within the extremities and not being redirected to the core body. The slowed heart rate results from unopposed vagal tone activity and has been found to be exacerbated by hypoxia and .

It may occur that all terms of a sum are products and that some factors are common to all terms. In this case, the distributive law allows factoring out this common factor. If there are several such common factors, it is worth to divide out the greatest such common factor. Also, if there are integer coefficients, one may factor out the greatest common divisor of these coefficients. For example, :6x^3y^2 + 8x^4y^3 - 10x^5y^3 = 2x^3y^2(3 + 4xy -5x^2y), since 2 is the greatest common divisor of 6, 8, and 10, and x^3y^2 divides all terms.

This approach may highlight otherwise unforeseen distributive consequences for women, moving from an informal property regime to a formalized and individualized one. Mason and Carlsson note that, unless gender inequality in land holding is taken into account when implementing land tenure reforms, improved land tenure security may diminish women's land holdings. A variety of factors can lead to this result, including discriminatory inheritance laws, the application of an androcentric definition of 'the head of household', and inequalities in women's capacity to participate in the market for land. Costa Rica and Colombia land reforms were undertaken in a way that improved women's ownership of land.

Liebregts, 316. The canto then proceeds to look at examples of benevolent action by public figures that, for Pound, illustrate this maxim. These include Apollonius making his peace with animals, Saint Augustine on the need to feed people before attempting to convert them, and Dante and William Shakespeare writing on distributive justice, an aspect of their work that the poet points out is generally overlooked. Central to this aspect is a fragment from Dante, non fosse cive, taken from a passage in Paradiso, Canto VIII, in which Dante is asked "would it be worse for man on earth if he were not a citizen?" and unhesitatingly answers in the affirmative.

Nouns are not required to form a complete Navajo sentence. Besides the extensive information that can be communicated with a verb, Navajo speakers may alternate between the third and fourth person to distinguish between two already specified actors, similarly to how speakers of languages with grammatical gender may repeatedly use pronouns. Most nouns are not inflected for number, and plurality is usually encoded directly in the verb through the use of various prefixes or aspects, though this is by no means mandatory. In the following example, the verb on the right is used with the plural prefix da- and switches to the distributive aspect.

As for the believers in voluntary Communism (of whom there are precious few), they are of necessity believers in the liberty to hold private property, for to pool one's possessions with those of others is nothing more or less than an exercise of proprietorship".The New Freewoman, p. 218. According to Sheldon Richman, Tucker "denounced Marx as the representative of "the principle of authority which we live to combat" and thought Proudhon "the superior theorist and the real champion of freedom" as "Marx would nationalize the productive and distributive forces; Proudhon would individualize and associate them".Richman, Sheldon, "Libertarian Left", The American Conservative, March 2011.

Sparta High School has the following clubs and activities: Academic Bowl, Art Club, Beginnings (Literary Magazine), Chemistry Olympics, Nightingales (Women's Choir), Blue Nights (Men's Choir), Freshman Select Choir, Shacappella (A cappella group), Sparta Sirens (Female a cappella group), Debate Team, DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America), Drama Club, FBLA (Future Business Leaders of America), GSA/Spectrum (Gay Straight Alliance), Habitat for Humanity, History Club, Jazz Bands: Blues Inc! Blues Sanction, Key Club, Marching Band/Color Guard, Mock Trial, National Honor Society, Olympian (Yearbook), PDP (Peer Development Program), Science League, Science Olympiad, Strings Club, Student Council, The Oracle (Newspaper), Theater Productions, and a World Language National Honor Society.

Lee has spoken regularly in favour of the re-nationalisation of public services, such as railways, and against the public sector pay cap. Lee has also advocated for a more re-distributive taxation system and accused the government of forcing people in Lincoln into poverty through ‘unjust’ welfare policies and the ‘chaotic’ roll-out of Universal Credit. Lee is considered to be on the left wing of the Labour Party's political spectrum and is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group of MPs. At The World Transformed festival in September 2018, Lee spoke at a Socialist Campaign Group Rally entitled Towards a Socialist Government.

In addition to the singular and plural reference (in many languages grammatically obvious), linguists typically distinguish individual or specific reference, exemplified by each case presented so far, from generic reference, where a singular expression picks out a type of object rather than an individual one, as in The bear is a dangerous animal. Plural expressions can, of course, be interpreted in the same way, as in Bears are dangerous animals. Definite reference to single individuals is usually taken to be the prototypical type of reference. Other types of reference recognized by linguists include indefinite as opposed to definite reference, and collective and distributive reference.

Designed in a plan similar to a split- level building, the school consists of three levels and contains departments in science, home economics, English, French, math, social studies, music, physical education, drama, child care center, and vocational studies which include technical drafting, business, introduction to vocations, agriculture, carpentry, graphics, electronics, bricklaying, and the work study programs of industrial cooperative training and distributive education. The building also includes administrative offices for the principal, assistant principal, secretary, guidance suite, visual air room, two first-aid rooms, and a conference room. The cafeteria seats 250 people. Located at the foot of the Hibriten Mountain, the school was given the name of Hibriten High School.

The result is that primary distribution through the free market economy (whose distributive principle is "to each according to his production") delivers progressively more market-sourced income to capital owners and progressively less to workers who make their contributions through labor. Differential productiveness over time concentrates market-sourced income in the hands of those who will not recycle it back through the market as payment for consumer goods and services. They already have most of what they want and need, so they invest their excess in new productive power. This is the source of the distributional bottleneck which makes the private property, free market economy ever more dysfunctional.

The definition of matrix product requires that the entries belong to a semiring, and does not require multiplication of elements of the semiring to be commutative. In many applications, the matrix elements belong to a field, although the tropical semiring is also a common choice for graph shortest path problems. Even in the case of matrices over fields, the product is not commutative in general, although it is associative and is distributive over matrix addition. The identity matrices (which are the square matrices whose entries are zero outside of the main diagonal and 1 on the main diagonal) are identity elements of the matrix product.

Later the Guide changed its position to support conscription and limits to women's suffrage. Chipman became convinced that it would be in the interest of the grain growers to support the government on the conscription question, and that this would help advance the Farmer's Platform of full women's suffrage and re-distributive personal and corporate income taxes. A Guide editorial said, "The union government is framed on the basis of a political truce and the organized farmers, we believe, are willing to hold firmly for that truce until the end of the war." Under Chipman the paper's editorials reflected lack of faith in the traditional political parties.

In a counterfactual manner, shows that in France, the FBP helped to maintain a dense network of independent bookshops, reined in the deployment of chain bookstores and spurred supermarkets to boost their offer of books. Fishwick also shows that while the number of published titles increases as fast as in France, there is no sign of an overall increase of book prices. He shows however that this stability hides a strong distributive effect. Comparison with France show that the FBP leads to an increase of the price of bestsellers relative to non-FBP markets and a decrease of low-selling or long-selling books.

The current version of the AHP can accommodate both these schools—its ideal mode preserves rank, while its distributive mode allows the ranks to change. Either mode is selected according to the problem at hand. Rank reversal and AHP are extensively discussed in a 2001 paper in Operations Research, as well as a chapter entitled Rank Preservation and Reversal, in the current basic book on AHP. The latter presents published examples of rank reversal due to adding copies and near copies of an alternative, due to intransitivity of decision rules, due to adding phantom and decoy alternatives, and due to the switching phenomenon in utility functions.

This fact can be seen in the following example: # If three relatives of mine die, I will inherit a house. Among this sentence's reading is one which means "There exists a set of three relatives such that, if those three relatives die, I will inherit a house." On this reading, the indefinite "three relatives of mine" takes existential scope outside the conditional–– it asserts unconditionally that those three relatives do in fact exist. However, it the indefinite takes distributive scope inside the conditional–– the speaker will inherit a house if three relatives die, not if x dies where x can be any of those three relatives.

Focusing on a single object A in a preadditive category, these facts say that the endomorphism hom-set Hom(A,A) is a ring, if we define multiplication in the ring to be composition. This ring is the endomorphism ring of A. Conversely, every ring (with identity) is the endomorphism ring of some object in some preadditive category. Indeed, given a ring R, we can define a preadditive category R to have a single object A, let Hom(A,A) be R, and let composition be ring multiplication. Since R is an abelian group and multiplication in a ring is bilinear (distributive), this makes R a preadditive category.

Among industrial activities, the manufacturing sector contributes to the gross value added of the secondary sector with 64% of the total, while the building sector contributes 24%. Within the services sector, the main activities in terms of gross value added are business activities, distributive trade, education and public administration. In the last few years, new productive sectors have developed: manufacturing, automotive, and especially oil extraction. In 2009, Eni employed 230 people in this area (of whom over 50% were from Basilicata), and about 1,800 were employed in activities directly generated by Eni's operations, distributed in 80 companies of which over 50% were from Basilicata.

Before moving to Oxford Allingham's main work was on general equilibrium theory; while he was teaching at Magdalen it was on rational choice theory; and subsequently it has been on distributive justice. General equilibrium theory is widely accepted as 'the most prestigious economics of all'.March and Blaug, Appraising Economic Theories, Elgar, 1991 (508-509) In substance, it concerns the workings of the entire economy; in style, it is axiomatic and rigorous. Léon Walras, the founder of general equilibrium theory, claimed in 1854 that 'pure economics is, in essence, the theory of the determination of prices under a hypothetical regime of perfectly free competition'.

The existence and distribution of organ transplantation procedures in developing countries, while almost always beneficial to those receiving them, raise many ethical concerns. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice. The World Health Organization argues that transplantations promote health, but the notion of "transplantation tourism" has the potential to violate human rights or exploit the poor, to have unintended health consequences, and to provide unequal access to services, all of which ultimately may cause harm. Regardless of the "gift of life", in the context of developing countries, this might be coercive.

Removing the requirement of existence of a unit from the axioms of Boolean algebra yields "generalized Boolean algebras". Formally, a distributive lattice B is a generalized Boolean lattice, if it has a smallest element 0 and for any elements a and b in B such that a ≤ b, there exists an element x such that a ∧ x = 0 and a ∨ x = b. Defining a ∖ b as the unique x such that (a ∧ b) ∨ x = a and (a ∧ b) ∧ x = 0, we say that the structure (B,∧,∨,∖,0) is a generalized Boolean algebra, while (B,∨,0) is a generalized Boolean semilattice. Generalized Boolean lattices are exactly the ideals of Boolean lattices.

Wraith had become interested in these structures (which he initially dubbed sequentials) while at school. Conway renamed them wracks, partly as a pun on his colleague's name, and partly because they arise as the remnants (or 'wrack and ruin') of a group when one discards the multiplicative structure and considers only the conjugation structure. The spelling 'rack' has now become prevalent. These constructs surfaced again in the 1980s: in a 1982 paper by David Joyce (where the term quandle was coined), in a 1982 paper by Sergei Matveev (under the name distributive groupoids) and in a 1986 conference paper by Egbert Brieskorn (where they were called automorphic sets).

Paul Russell Whalan (born 10 July 1941) is an Australian political lobbyist, former politician and member of the first Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, representing Canberra for the Labor Party. Whalan was elected in 1989 and resigned from the Assembly on 30 April 1990. During his short term in the Assembly, Whalan served as the first Deputy Chief Minister and the first Minister with responsibilities for industry, employment and education in the first ACT Government led by Rosemary Follett. Prior to entering politics, Whalan served as the ACT secretary of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association and as Senior Adviser to five Ministers in the Hawke Labor federal government.

In practice, the distributive property of multiplication (and division) over addition may appear to be compromised or lost because of the limitations of arithmetic precision. For example, the identity appears to fail if the addition is conducted in decimal arithmetic; however, if many significant digits are used, the calculation will result in a closer approximation to the correct results. For example, if the arithmetical calculation takes the form: , this result is a closer approximation than if fewer significant digits had been used. Even when fractional numbers can be represented exactly in arithmetical form, errors will be introduced if those arithmetical values are rounded or truncated.

Three different models have been proposed to explain the structure of organizational justice perceptions including a two factor model, a three factor model, and a four factor model. Many researchers have studied organizational justice in terms of the three factor model (e.g., DeConinck, 2010; Liljegren & Ekberg, 2010) while others have used a two factor model in which interpersonal justice is subsumed under procedural justice while yet some other studies suggest a four factor model best fits the data (Colquitt, 2001). Greenberg (1990) proposed a two-factor model and Sweeney and McFarlin (1993) found support for a two-factor model composed of distributive and procedural justice.

Though born in Kingston, Jamaica, East attended Westminster Kingsway College in London, graduating with A-levels in English Language, Literature and German and O-levels in British Economic and Social History, German, Italian, English Literature and Language, Sociology East attended the College of Distributive Trades in London and earned a degree in CAM Dip (Marketing, PR and Advertising). She began studying graphology at the International Graphoanalysis Society and was certified in 1989. She earned her Master's in Graphoanalysis from the International Graphoanalysis Society. In 1993 she became a Certified Questioned Document Examiner (QDE) for the National Bureau of Questioned Document Examiners in New York, NY.

Michael Drumgoole (1882 - 24 May 1960) was an Irish trade unionist. Born in Croom, County Limerick, Drumgoole moved to New York in 1899, where he worked at Lord & Taylor and lived with his uncle. In 1902,UK Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960 he returned to Ireland, where he joined the Irish Drapers' Assistants' Association (IDAA) in 1905. The IDAA was renamed the Irish Union of Distributive Workers and Clerks (IUDWC), and Drumgoole was elected as its General Treasurer in 1920."Obituary: Mr. Michael Drumgoole", Irish Times, 25 May 1960 Alongside this, he was secretary of the union's Dublin and Drapery Buyers branches, until he was elected as General Secretary in 1934.

The communal groups may experience deep-seated cleavages based upon racial, religious, cultural or ethnic lines. These cleavages are characterized by continuing hostility with sporadic outbreaks of violence; and caused by the frustration of human needs for security, recognition, and distributive justice. Such identity-driven rifts are the result of an underlying fear of extinction that often grows within vulnerable ethnic groups who live with the memories or fear of persecution and massacre.Haddad 2002: 317 Ethnic divisions and perceived threats often result in the domination of the state machinery by a single group or coalition of elites who deny access to basic human needs for the majority of the population.

This case is used for the direct and indirect objects, and is also used by some speakers in naming. Possessive: The possessive case is marked by /Ik'/ or /Ik'i/, as in /wepak'i/ 'coyote's', as /i/ as in /niki/ 'my', or as /k'i/ as in /mink'i/ 'thy'. Possessive is used to refer to both actual possessors (Coyote's flour) and figurative or characteristic possessors (the white man's flour), as well as in some cases to indicate 'for the sake of'. These next seven cases all belong to the locative class: •Comitative •Instrumental •Locative •Allative •Ablative •Indefinite locative •Linear distributive Comitative:The comitative is marked by /Ik'an/ or /k'an/ and means 'along with'.

Alternatively, every join-prime closed set is the closure of a unique point, where "join-prime" can be replaced by (join-) irreducible since we are in a distributive lattice. Spaces with this property are called sober. Conversely, for a locale L, φ: L → Ω(pt(L)) is always surjective. It is additionally injective if and only if any two elements a and b of L for which a is not less-or-equal to b can be separated by points of the locale, formally: : if not a ≤ b, then there is a point p in pt(L) such that p(a) = 1 and p(b) = 0.

More concretely, it is a function between the vertex sets of two graphs that maps adjacent vertices to adjacent vertices. Homomorphisms generalize various notions of graph colorings and allow the expression of an important class of constraint satisfaction problems, such as certain scheduling or frequency assignment problems. The fact that homomorphisms can be composed leads to rich algebraic structures: a preorder on graphs, a distributive lattice, and a category (one for undirected graphs and one for directed graphs). The computational complexity of finding a homomorphism between given graphs is prohibitive in general, but a lot is known about special cases that are solvable in polynomial time.

"In his great work Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Nozick hypothesizes about a future where a "minimal state" exists and individuals are free to experiment with as many different forms of life as they choose. This may even include communist or socialist communities, where individuals would willingly choose to share property in common and live according to more egalitarian principles of distributive justice. But no one form of life would be enforced by political authorities, which had no business telling free and equal individuals what the best way to live was." However, right-libertarians believe that their advocated economic system would prove superior and that people would prefer it to socialism.

Malinauskas worked for Woolworths for seven years from age 15, first as a trolley boy and later a checkout operator and nightfiller.Peter Malinauskas biography: Working Life He formed an early and enduring political relationship with Don Farrell through Woolworths workers' unionism. During his time at Woolworths, Malinauskas obtained a Bachelor of Commerce at the University of Adelaide. He became an influential union official who served from 2008 to 2015 as Secretary of the South Australian/Northern Territory branch of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA), the major player in the dominant Labor Right faction of the South Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party.

Nationalism has traditionally included this assumption of differing moral obligations to those within and those outside the nation, reflected for example in the fact that the benefits of the welfare state are not available to citizens of other countries. So, moral universalism is too simple, because the ethical standards that apply between compatriots differ from those that apply between strangers (although some nationalists argue for the universal ethical standard that nations should have their own states). Distributive justice is an issue within nations but not necessarily between them. And a world-system of nation-states is the appropriate organiser of justice for all, in their distinct associational groups.

In addition to her articles in peer-reviewed academic journals, Goren has been the author or editor of several books. In 2003, she published The Politics of Military Base Closings: Not in My District. The book uses the Base Realignment and Closing Commission to study the politics of re-distributive decisions by the United States Congress and the president, arguing that the Commission was a tool to shield representatives from the electoral consequences of redistribution. Goren was the editor of the 2009 book You've Come a Long Way, Baby: Women, Politics, and Popular Culture, which studied the intersection of politics and popular culture from multiple different feminist positions.

A Theory of Justice is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by the philosopher John Rawls, in which the author attempts to provide a moral theory alternative to utilitarianism and that addresses the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society). The theory uses an updated form of Kantian philosophy and a variant form of conventional social contract theory. Rawls's theory of justice is fully a political theory of justice as opposed to other forms of justice discussed in other disciplines and contexts. The resultant theory was challenged and refined several times in the decades following its original publication in 1971.

There are many different reasons for the start of employee silence in an organization. According to the Handbook of Organizational Justice, "a culture of injustice in organizations, be it distributive, procedural, or interactional (what we would call interpersonal), can lead to employee silence." In other words, "if the organizational norm is an unjust environment such as one that is characterized by intense supervisory control, suppression of conflict, ambiguous reporting structures, and poorly conducted performance reviews, employees will choose not to exercise voice and will therefore not receive the benefits available to those that do express opinions and ideas." One obvious cause of employee silence is constant negative feedback from supervisors.

The union was founded in 1921, when the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees merged with the National Union of Warehouse and General Workers. The Co-operative Insurance Staff union split in 1922, but several small unions joined during the 1920s, and membership reached 96,000 by 1926, rising to 274,000 in 1946, the year that the Journeymen Butchers' Federation of Great Britain joined. By this point, four- tenths of its members were women.. In 1947, NUDAW merged with the National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, to form the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. Joseph Hallsworth was General Secretary of the union for its entire existence.

The binomial coefficient \tbinom nk can be interpreted as the number of ways to choose elements from an -element set. This is related to binomials for the following reason: if we write as a product :(x+y)(x+y)(x+y)\cdots(x+y), then, according to the distributive law, there will be one term in the expansion for each choice of either or from each of the binomials of the product. For example, there will only be one term , corresponding to choosing from each binomial. However, there will be several terms of the form , one for each way of choosing exactly two binomials to contribute a .

The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French utopian Étienne-Gabriel Morelly,Norman E. Bowie, Towards a new theory of distributive justice (1971), p. 82. who proposed in his 1755 Code of Nature "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society", including:Gregory Titelman, Random House dictionary of popular proverbs & sayings (1996), p. 108. A similar phrase can be found in the Guilford Covenant in 1639: Some scholars trace the phrase to the New Testament.Joseph Arthur Baird, The Greed Syndrome: An Ethical Sickness in American Capitalism (1989), p. 32.

To the immediate south-west of the city centre is large freshwater lake, exceeding the size of the city centre fed by a distributive canal of the Medjerda. Its banks includes cultivated land to the west and the small Foret de Sijoumi to the east, with suburbs largely to the other sides. The urban area reaches over half of the length of the province. A very large market and hospitals area in the west of the capital is supplemented by wide roads and flyovers as well as three of the country's largest railway stations to make for a highly developed city centre in terms of trade and connectivity.

During the same time, he collaborated with Hafeez Qureshi to assist in designing the tamper and further helped conclude the calculation of the neutron energy's distributive ranges and the power produced by the neutrons, after the detonation process. In 1973, Mubarakmand commenced the work on calculations involving the 'relativity of simultaneity'– a key concept involving investigating detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time. However, the work was passed to the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as as it involved complex ideas of theoretical physics and Albert Einstein's Special and General relativity. In 1978, Mubarakmand built a linear particle accelerator at PINSTECH to conclude solutions in the neutron generator.

The number of different Sperner families on a set of n elements is counted by the Dedekind numbers, the first few of which are :2, 3, 6, 20, 168, 7581, 7828354, 2414682040998, 56130437228687557907788 . Although accurate asymptotic estimates are known for larger values of n, it is unknown whether there exists an exact formula that can be used to compute these numbers efficiently. The collection of all Sperner families on a set of n elements can be organized as a free distributive lattice, in which the join of two Sperner families is obtained from the union of the two families by removing sets that are a superset of another set in the union.

Competitiveness resulting from social comparisons may be greater in relation to higher social status because individuals with more status have more to lose. In one study, students in a classroom were presented with a bonus point program where, based on chance, the grades for some students would increase and the grades for others would remain the same. Despite the fact that students could not lose by this program, higher-status individuals were more likely to object to the program, and more likely to report a perceived distributive injustice. It was suggested that this was a cognitive manifestation of an aversion to downward mobility, which has more psychological significance when an individual has more status.

Thompson, The National Negro Labor Council, pg. 14. Cincinnati was chosen as the location for the group's founding convention, a provocative choice given the city's status as a Jim Crow town, in which blacks were systematically denied accommodation in white hotels, while black hotels possessed insufficient rooms to house all visiting delegates.Thompson, The National Negro Labor Council, pg. 16. Victoria Garvin, a vice president of the Distributive, Processing and Office Workers of America, another CIO union, spent several months arranging hotel rooms, finding housing in private homes, and negotiating with a hostile city government over the forthcoming convention, the convocation of which was publicized with 15,000 printed copies of a call sent out to union locals around the country.

Therefore, every modular graph is a bipartite graph. The modular graphs contain as a special case the median graphs, in which every triple of vertices has a unique median; median graphs are related to distributive lattices in the same way that modular graphs are related to modular lattices. However, the modular graphs also include other graphs such as the complete bipartite graphs where the medians are not unique: when the three vertices , , and all belong to one side of the bipartition of a complete bipartite graph, every vertex on the other side is a median. Every chordal bipartite graph (a class of graphs that includes the complete bipartite graphs and the bipartite distance-hereditary graphs) is modular.

This definition entails an understanding of economic development which is imperative when trying to understand the north–south divide. Economic Development is a measure of progress in a specific economy. It refers to advancements in technology, a transition from an economy based largely on agriculture to one based on industry and an improvement in living standards. Economic development “implies progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of a country […] [a] change in technological and institutional organization of production as well as in distributive pattern of income” Other factors that are included in the conceptualization of what a developed country is include life expectancy and the levels of education, poverty and employment in that country.

Camberwell College of Arts The university has its origins in seven previously independent art, design, fashion and media colleges, which were brought together for administrative purposes to form the London Institute in 1986. They were: Saint Martin's School of Art; Chelsea School of Art; the London College of Printing; the Central School of Art and Design; Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts; the College for Distributive Trades; and the London College of Fashion. The colleges were originally established between about 1850 and the early twentieth century. Under the Education Reform Act of 1988, the London Institute became a single legal entity, and the first court of governors was instated in the following year, 1989.

Linguistically, ǃKung is generally termed isolating, meaning that words' meanings are changed by the addition of other, separate words, rather than by the addition of affixes or the changing of word structure. A few suffixes exist - for example, distributive plurals are formed with the noun suffix -si or -mhi, but in the main meaning is given only by series of words rather than by grouping of affixes. ǃKung distinguishes no formal plural, and the suffixes -si and -mhi are optional in usage. The language's word order is adverb–subject–verb–object, and in this it is similar to English: "the snake bites the man" is represented by ǂʼaama nǃei zhu (ǂʼaama - snake, nǃei - to bite, zhu - man).

Worland's research and writing focus on defining and clarifying economic justice as a social and moral concept. Worland was an adherent to neoclassical welfare economics and analyzed the writing of Aristotle through the eyes of modern economics. In his Scholasticism and Welfare Economics book, Worland demonstrated that welfare economics shares the philosophical premises of scholastic economic reasoning and helps clarify the significance of economic efficiency in the scholastic doctrine of the just price. In the Justice: Views from the Social Sciences book, to which he contributed the Economics and Justice chapter, Worland examined classical economics, Marxism, and neoclassical economics, and concluded that distributive justice cannot be achieved in a market society without considering more than simply contributions to production.

Nor could politics be excluded, though officially taboo, for economics must be considered by social idealists, and economics everywhere ran into politics. Thus it was with the railway question. Railways had been extended into frontier states; there were heavy crops in sparsely settled regions where freight-rates were high, so that given the existing distributive system there were over production and waste; there was notorious stock manipulation and discrimination in rates; and the farmers regarded absentee ownership of railways by New York capitalists much as absentee ownership of land has been regarded in Ireland. The Grange officially disclaimed enmity to railways: Though the organization did not attack them, the Grangers, through political farmers clubs and the like, did.

According to historian of the First International G. M. Stekloff, in April 1856 "arrived from Paris a deputation of Proudhonist workers whose aim it was to bring about the foundation of a Universal League of Workers. The object of the League was the social emancipation of the working class, which, it was held, could only be achieved by a union of the workers of all lands against international capital. Since the deputation was one of Proudhonists, of course this emancipation was to be secured, not by political methods, but purely by economic means, through the foundation of productive and distributive co-operatives".History of The First International by G. M. Stekloff. London.

Therefore, the divisors form a finite distributive lattice. One may associate each divisor with the set of prime powers that divide it: thus, 12 is associated with the set {2,3,4}, while 20 is associated with the set {2,4,5}. Then 12 ∧ 20 = 4 is associated with the set {2,3,4} ∩ {2,4,5} = {2,4}, while 12 ∨ 20 = 60 is associated with the set {2,3,4} ∪ {2,4,5} = {2,3,4,5}, so the join and meet operations of the lattice correspond to union and intersection of sets. The prime powers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 appearing as elements in these sets may themselves be partially ordered by divisibility; in this smaller partial order, 2 ≤ 4 ≤ 8 and there are no order relations between other pairs.

Multiplying a number by −1 is equivalent to changing the sign on the number. This can be proved using the distributive law and the axiom that 1 is the multiplicative identity: for x real, we have :x+(-1)\cdot x=1\cdot x+(-1)\cdot x=(1+(-1))\cdot x=0 \cdot x=0 where we used the fact that any real x times 0 equals 0, implied by cancellation from the equation :0\cdot x=(0+0)\cdot x=0\cdot x+0\cdot x \, i, and −i in the complex or cartesian plane In other words, :x+(-1)\cdot x=0 \, so (−1) · x, or −x, is the arithmetic inverse of x.

Helong uses the same Latin script used in the majority of languages around the world. While Helong does not use the full 26-character ISO basic Latin alphabet, but contains 27 characters total, which can be seen in the Phonology section below. While most of Helong words are written in the same format as English words, one key difference is that when using modifiers such as plurals, distributive numerals, and frequencies, Helong uses Hyphens or Tildes to connect the base word to the modifier. For example, in the sentence "Tode-s dua~dua le halin nahi-s deken", tode means lay, so tode-s would refer to laying multiple things, as the -s indicates plurality.

All aspects (Lighting, Sound, Sets) of Theatre Two One Nine can be set up, programmed, run by the student technicians of TLSS. Another prominent group at Thornlea is Thornlea's Athletic Council (TAC), which annually organizes an auction, athletics-related charity fundraisers, and a year-end Athletic Banquet, one of the school's best-attended events, and also participates in the administration of Thornlea's many successful sports teams. Other clubs include a yearbook committee, an anime club, an environment club, art and film clubs, a prom committee, and a local chapter of the Distributive Education Clubs of America (DECA). The school has a tradition of student and teacher activism on certain humanitarian-related issues.

Fraser has written on a wide variety of issues, but she is primarily known for her work on the philosophical conceptions of justice and injustice. Fraser argues that justice can be understood in two separate but interrelated ways: distributive justice (in terms of a more equitable distribution of resources), and the justice of recognition (the equal recognition of different identities/groups within a society). There are two corresponding forms of injustice: maldistribution and misrecognition. Fraser argues that many social justice movements in the 1960s and 1970s argued for recognition on the basis of race, gender, sexuality, or ethnicity, and that the focus on correcting misrecognition eclipsed the importance of challenging the persistent problems of maldistribution.

The Economics Department, whose prominent professors include David Blanchflower and Andrew Samwick, also holds the distinction as the top-ranked bachelor's-only economics program in the world. A view of East Campus from Baker Tower In order to graduate, a student must complete 35 total courses, eight to ten of which are typically part of a chosen major program. Other requirements for graduation include the completion of ten "distributive requirements" in a variety of academic fields, proficiency in a foreign language, and completion of a writing class and first-year seminar in writing. Many departments offer honors programs requiring students seeking that distinction to engage in "independent, sustained work", culminating in the production of a thesis.

But this is nothing more than the geometric version of the (left) distributive law, a(b + c + d) = ab + ac + ad; and in Books V and VII of the Elements the commutative and associative laws for multiplication are demonstrated. Many basic equations were also proved geometrically. For instance, proposition 5 in Book II proves that a^2 - b^2 = (a + b)(a - b), "The same holds true for Elements II.5, which contains what we should regard as an impractical circumlocution for a^2 - b^2 = (a + b)(a - b)" and proposition 4 in Book II proves that (a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2. Furthermore, there are also geometric solutions given to many equations.

Unarguably, Professor Singh's most important contribution has been by way of analysing and understanding persistent inequalities in Indian society. Within the framework of Indian Constitution, he has argued for a distinction between distributive justice and compensatory justice, emphasising upon the importance of the latter in battling the age old hierarchies within Indian society. His work on reservation for backward classes and minorities has led to him to conclude that the fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution should be interpreted in an Indian context, which means that a betterment of the society has to be brought about in terms of understanding and improving the Indian ways of life, rather than attempting their surgical replacement.

In general, there may be many different stable matchings. For example, suppose there are three doctors (A,B,C) and three hospitals (X,Y,Z) which have preferences of: :A: YXZ B: ZYX C: XZY :X: BAC Y: CBA Z: ACB There are three stable solutions to this matching arrangement: # The doctors get their first choice and the hospitals get their third: AY, BZ, CX. # All participants get their second choice: AX, BY, CZ. # The hospitals get their first choice and the doctors their third: AZ, BX, CY. The lattice of stable matchings organizes this collection of solutions, for any instance of stable matching, giving it the structure of a distributive lattice.

A necessary and sufficient condition for a Heyting algebra to be subdirectly irreducible is for there to be a greatest element strictly below 1. The witnessing pair is that element and 1, and identifying any other pair a, b of elements identifies both a→b and b→a with 1 thereby collapsing everything above those two implications to 1. Hence every finite chain of two or more elements as a Heyting algebra is subdirectly irreducible. By Jónsson's Lemma, subdirectly irreducible algebras of a congruence-distributive variety generated by a finite set of finite algebras are no larger than the generating algebras, since the quotients and subalgebras of an algebra A are never larger than A itself.

North Bergen High School features various interest groups and clubs that include the Art Club, Academic Decathlon Team, Bible Club, Chess Club, Color Guard, Debate Team, Distributive Education Clubs of America, Environmental Club, FBLA-PBL and the Gay-Straight Alliance Club.North Bergen High School Handbook 2018 - 2019, North Bergen High School. Accessed November 26, 2018. The high school also offers various culture groups and honor societies, including the French Club, Indian Cultural Club, Muslim Cultural Awareness Club (MCAC), German Club, Italian Club, Spanish Club, Russian Club, German Club, National Honor Society, French National Honor Society, German National Honor Society, Italian National Honor Society, Russian National Honor Society and Spanish National Honor Society.

Socialist Alternative reject the practice of forming separate 'red unions' arguing that such projects isolate socialists from the organised working class and are premised on a top-down method of artificially substituting a radical union leadership for the rank and file, instead arguing for activists to rebuild rank and file organisation within existing unions irrespective of their conservative leadership. In 2010, Socialist Alternative member and Queensland Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association delegate Duncan Hart organised supporters of same-sex marriage within the union in a rank and file challenge against the socially conservative SDA leader Joe de Bruyn.Union revolt on same-sex marriage ban The Australian, 9 February 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

The nation’s poverty threshold is issued by the Census Bureau. According to the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation the threshold is statistically relevant and can be a solid predictor of people in poverty. The reasoning for using Federal Poverty Level, FPL, is due to its action for distributive purposes under the direction of Health and Human Services. So FPL is a tool derived from the threshold but can be used to show eligibility for certain federal programs. Federal poverty levels have direct effects on individual’s healthcare. In the past years and into the present government, the use of the poverty threshold has consequences for such programs like Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program.

Global luck egalitarianism is a view about distributive justice at the global level associated with cosmopolitan moral theory. It starts from the premise that it is a bad thing for some people to be worse off than others through no fault of their own and applies this intuition across borders. Global luck egalitarians characteristically believe that moral agents may have duties to mitigate the brute luck of distant others. Proponents of this school of thought are amongst others Simon Caney and arguably Charles Beitz; opponents, most of whom reject the above premise either in its entirety or with respect to inequalities in which one party's welfare is at least above some minimum level, include Robert Nozick.

Given an operad O (say, a symmetric sequence in a symmetric monoidal ∞-category C), an algebra over an operad, or O-algebra for short, is, roughly, a left module over O with multiplications parametrized by O. If O is a topological operad, then one can say an algebra over an operad is an O-monoid object in C. If C is symmetric monoidal, this recovers the usual definition. Let C be symmetric monoidal ∞-category with monoidal structure distributive over colimits. If f: O \to O' is a map of operads and, moreover, if f is a homotopy equivalence, then the ∞-category of algebras over O in C is equivalent to the ∞-category of algebras over O in C.

Trade union supporters rally at Federation Square in Melbourne. The blue and white flags are the banners of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA) A national day of protest was held in Australia on 15 November 2005, to protest against the industrial relations legislation being introduced by the government of Prime Minister John Howard. The day was organised by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and its state, territory and local affiliates, with the support of the Australian Labor Party, the Australian Greens, the Australian Democrats, and various other political and community organisations. Estimates of the number of people taking part varied widely, with organisers claiming more than 500,000.

However, the rights that Nozick takes to be fundamental and the basis for regarding them to be such are different from the equal basic liberties included in justice as fairness and Rawls conjectures that they are thus not inalienable. In Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), Rawls notes that Nozick assumes that just transactions are "justice preserving" in much the same way that logical operations are "truth preserving". Thus, as explained in Distributive justice above, Nozick holds that repetitive applications of "justice in holdings" and "justice in transfer" preserve an initial state of justice obtained through "justice in acquisition or rectification". Rawls points out that this is simply an assumption or presupposition and requires substantiation.

Since the tiles are laid out right in front of the student, it is easy to combine the like terms, or the terms that represent the same type of tile. The distributive property is modeled through the algebra tiles by demonstrating that a(b+c)=(a×b)+(a×c). One would want to model what is being represented on both sides of the equation separately and determine that they are both equal to each other. If one wants to show that 3(x+1)=3x+3 then they would make three sets of one unit tile and one x tile and then combine them together to see if it results in 3x+3, which it does.

Every finite distributive lattice is isomorphic to the congruence lattice of some finite lattice. It is important to observe that the solution lattice found in Grätzer and Schmidt's proof is sectionally complemented, that is, it has a least element (true for any finite lattice) and for all elements a ≤ b there exists an element x with a ∨ x = b and a ∧ x = 0. It is also in that paper that CLP is first stated in published form, although it seems that the earliest attempts at CLP were made by Dilworth himself. Congruence lattices of finite lattices have been given an enormous amount of attention, for which a reference is Grätzer's 2005 monograph.

These support Arrow's characterization of a constitution across possible votes (that is, collective rationality) as "an important attribute of a genuinely democratic system capable of full adaptation to varying environments" (p. 120). The theorem might seem to have unravelled a skein of behavior-based social-ethical theory from Adam Smith and Bentham on. But Arrow himself expresses hope at the end of his Nobel prize lecture that, though the philosophical and distributive implications of the paradox of social choice were "still not clear," others would "take this paradox as a challenge rather than as a discouraging barrier." The large subsequent literature has included reformulation to extend, weaken, or replace the conditions and derive implications.

Mooers received the American Society for Information Science's Award of Merit in 1978. The citation reads in part: :He was a participant in early developmental work on digital computers, a researcher, author, and implementer of applications in information retrieval; and a prophet in the 1950s describing the future importance of what is now called computer networks and distributive processing, and daring to predict that machines could simulate thought processes in retrieving computerized information. In 1947, he proposed the Zator, an electronic, film-scanning retrieval machine, and made the first proposal to use the Boolean operations or, and, and not to prescribe selections in retrieval machines. He developed his own Zatocoding System in 1948 using superimposed subject codes on edge- notched cards.

Here too, the value of reciprocal relationships can be invoked, this time to limit the legitimacy of the sacrifices a society might require. For one thing, it seems perverse to require sacrifices in pursuit of some social goal if it turns out those sacrifices are unnecessary, or in vain because the goal cannot be achieved. To some philosophers, a theory of justice based on reciprocity (or fairness, or fair play) is an attractive middle ground between a thoroughgoing concern with individual well-being and a thoroughgoing concern with social well-being. This has been part of the attraction of the most influential line of thought on distributive justice in recent Anglo-American philosophy – the one carried on in the context of John Rawls’ work.

The Retail and Fast Food Workers Union was established in December 2016 as a response to increased dissatisfaction with the existing Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA). Earlier that year, industrial researcher Josh Cullinan had found that "dozens of SDA-negotiated deals that industrial relations lawyers now suspect would have failed the “better off” test if they’d been properly assessed by Fair Work", with the Sydney Morning Herald reporting "the amounts lost to workers are incalculable, they are certainly in the billions." Josh Cullinan became RAFFWU's inaugural Secretary, having over 15 years' experience with unionism and worker representation, especially in the National Tertiary Education Union. In May 2020, the Victorian branch of the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union endorsed the union over the SDA.

After receiving his MPA from the University of Minnesota, Segal moved to Washington, D.C. in 1974 to work as an aide to Congressman Donald M. Fraser and administrator of the House Budget Committee's task force on distributive impacts of economic policy. In 1979, he became Coordinator for the Near East in the policy bureau of the US Agency for International Development and, later, Senior Advisor for Agency Planning. After leaving government, he joined the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy at the University of Maryland as Senior Research Scholar. Segal has been a leader of the American Jewish peace movement, starting in 1982 with Washington Area Jews for Israeli-Palestinian Peace (WAJIPP), a group that opposed the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

A determiner', also called determinative (abbreviated '), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. Common kinds of determiners include definite and indefinite articles (like the English the and a or an), demonstratives (this and that), possessive determiners (my and their), cardinal numerals, quantifiers (many, all and no), distributive determiners (each, any), and interrogative determiners (which).

This early-scholastic distinction and terminology, which is already recognized in concept and substance by the Fathers of the Church in their controversies with the Pelagians and Semipelagians, was again emphasized by Johann Eck, the adversary of Martin Luther.(cf. Greying, "Joh. Eck als junger Gelehrter," Münster, 1906, pp. 153 sqq.) The essential difference between condign merit and congruent merit is based on the fact that, besides those works which claim a remuneration under pain of violating strict justice (as in contracts between employer and employee, in buying and selling, etc.), there are also other meritorious works which at most are entitled to reward or honour for reasons of equity or mere distributive justice, as in the case of gratuities and military decorations.

Rawls derives two principles of justice from the original position. The first of these is the Liberty Principle, which establishes equal basic liberties for all citizens. 'Basic' liberty entails the (familiar in the liberal tradition) freedoms of conscience, association and expression as well as democratic rights; Rawls also includes a personal property right, but this is defended in terms of moral capacities and self-respect, rather than an appeal to a natural right of self-ownership (this distinguishes Rawls's account from the classical liberalism of John Locke and the libertarianism of Robert Nozick). Rawls argues that a second principle of equality would be agreed upon to guarantee liberties that represent meaningful options for all in society and ensure distributive justice.

The median of three vertices in a median graph In graph theory, a division of mathematics, a median graph is an undirected graph in which every three vertices a, b, and c have a unique median: a vertex m(a,b,c) that belongs to shortest paths between each pair of a, b, and c. The concept of median graphs has long been studied, for instance by or (more explicitly) by , but the first paper to call them "median graphs" appears to be . As Chung, Graham, and Saks write, "median graphs arise naturally in the study of ordered sets and discrete distributive lattices, and have an extensive literature".. In phylogenetics, the Buneman graph representing all maximum parsimony evolutionary trees is a median graph.; ; .

Born in Audenshaw, near Manchester, Hallsworth began working in 1902 as a clerk for the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees. He soon became the union's assistant secretary, and also became active in the Labour Party, standing unsuccessfully for Stretford at the 1918 general election."HALLSWORTH, Sir Joseph", Who Was Who He became the union's secretary in 1916, then when this merged to form the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW), he was appointed Secretary-General of the new organisation."Papers of Sir Joseph Hallsworth (1884-1974), trade union leader", University of Warwick In 1926, Hallsworth was first elected to the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC), and he served as President of the TUC in 1939.

The Introducer Appointed Representatives permitted to assist in insurance contract arrangements with UIA Mutual include UNISON -- the Public Service Union (successor to NALGO), Unite the Union, the Communication Workers' Union (CWU), National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers (NASUWT), Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW), Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union (BFAWU), National Association of Probation Officers (NAPO), Fire Brigades Union (FBU), National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) and the Ramblers' Association charity. UIA (Insurance Services) is an insurance broker providing travel, pet and motor insurance mainly to clients of its holding company, UIA (Insurance). UIA motor insurance is arranged and administered by Autonet Insurance Services. UIA travel insurance is arranged and administered by AllClear Insurance Services.

Kantian Review is a journal of philosophy, focusing on Immanuel Kant which publishes articles and reviews selected for their quality and relevance to current philosophical debate in relation to Kant's work. In recent times Kant's philosophy has influenced contemporary philosophers over a wide range of issues from epistemology, metaphysics and philosophy of science to moral and political philosophy, philosophy of religion, aesthetics and teleology. On these, and other, sectors Kant's views still generate debates about such issues as the character of a responsible metaphysics, epistemological scepticism, moral motivation, the foundation of politics, law and distributive justice both national and international. Kantian Review invites contributions to these debates along with original accounts of Kant's texts, and of the development of his thought in its historical background.

During 1989 to 1993 Davey completed an Honours Bachelor of Arts in Psychology at the University of Western Ontario, and from 1993 to 1999 completed both a Master of Applied Science and a Ph.D. in Industrial/Organizational Psychology at the University of Waterloo. She published several papers including Preference for the Merit Principle Scale: An Individual Difference Measure of Distributive Justice Preferences and Justice-based opposition to social policies: Is it genuine? She was employed as a Senior Consultant at Watson Wyatt from 1998-2005 and then joined Knightsbridge Human Capital Solutions where she presently serves as Vice President of Team Solutions. Davey has served on the executive of the Canadian Society for Industrial/Organizational Psychology and as an evaluator for the APA Psychologically Healthy Workplace Awards.

Organizational justice or fairness perceptions have been shown to influence the display of counterproductive work behaviors. Distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice have all been shown to include both counterproductive work behaviors aimed at individuals, such as political deviance and personal aggression; and counterproductive work behaviors aimed at the organization, such as production slowdown and property deviance. Overall perceptions of unfairness may particularly elicit interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors such as political deviance and personal aggressions. Interpersonal justice and informational justice may also predict counterproductive work behaviors aimed at the supervisor, such as neglecting to follow supervisory instructions, acting rudely toward one's supervisor, spreading unconfirmed rumors about a supervisor, intentionally doing something to get one's supervisor in trouble, and encouraging coworkers to get back at one's supervisor.

In mathematics, especially in order theory, a partially ordered set with a unique minimal element 0 has the disjunction property of Wallman when for every pair (a, b) of elements of the poset, either b ≤ a or there exists an element c ≤ b such that c ≠ 0 and c has no nontrivial common predecessor with a. That is, in the latter case, the only x with x ≤ a and x ≤ c is x = 0. A version of this property for lattices was introduced by , in a paper showing that the homology theory of a topological space could be defined in terms of its distributive lattice of closed sets. He observed that the inclusion order on the closed sets of a T1 space has the disjunction property.

The proof of the factorization identity is straightforward. Starting from the left-hand side, apply the distributive law to get :(a+b)(a-b) = a^2+ba-ab-b^2 By the commutative law, the middle two terms cancel: :ba - ab = 0 leaving :(a+b)(a-b) = a^2-b^2 The resulting identity is one of the most commonly used in mathematics. Among many uses, it gives a simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables. The proof just given indicates the scope of the identity in abstract algebra: it will hold in any commutative ring R. Conversely, if this identity holds in a ring R for all pairs of elements a and b of the ring, then R is commutative.

While an S corporation is not taxed on its profits, the owners of an S corporation are taxed on their proportional shares of the S corporation's profits. Actual distributions of funds, as opposed to distributive shares, typically have no effect on shareholder tax liability. The term "pass through" refers not to assets distributed by the corporation to the shareholder, but instead to the portion of the corporation's income, losses, deductions or credits that are reported to the shareholder on Schedule K-1 and are shown by the shareholder on his or her own income tax return. However, a distribution to a shareholder that is in excess of the shareholder's basis in his or her stock is taxed to the shareholder as capital gain.

In mathematics, a Poisson ring is a commutative ring on which an anticommutative and distributive binary operation [\cdot,\cdot] satisfying the Jacobi identity and the product rule is defined. Such an operation is then known as the Poisson bracket of the Poisson ring. Many important operations and results of symplectic geometry and Hamiltonian mechanics may be formulated in terms of the Poisson bracket and, hence, apply to Poisson algebras as well. This observation is important in studying the classical limit of quantum mechanics—the non-commutative algebra of operators on a Hilbert space has the Poisson algebra of functions on a symplectic manifold as a singular limit, and properties of the non-commutative algebra pass over to corresponding properties of the Poisson algebra.

His book "Human Flourishing, Liberal Theory, and the Arts: A Liberalism of Flourishing" was published in March 2018 (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought) He edited four legal books, including "Multiculturalism in a Democratic and Jewish State" and "Distributive Justice in Israel". Mautner published over 70 articles and chapters in books in Israel, the United States and Britain (including at the law reviews of Yale and Michigan universities) in the areas of contract law, law and culture and multiculturalism. His article "'The Eternal Triangles of the Law': Toward a Theory of Priorities in Conflicts Involving Remote Parties", 90 Michigan Law Review 95-154 (1991), substantially influenced the case-law and the scholarship in the area of conflicts over rights in both Israel and the United States.

CcrM in complex with a dsDNA structure was resolved, showing that the enzyme presents a novel DNA interaction mechanism, opening a bubble in the DNA recognition site (The concerted mechanism of Methyltransferases relies in the flip of the target base), the enzyme interacts with DNA forming an homodimer with differential monomer interactions. CcrM is a highly efficient enzyme capable of methylating a high number of 5'-GANTC-3' sites in low time, however if the enzyme is processive (the enzyme binds to the DNA and methylate several methylation sites before dissociation) or distributive (the enzyme dissociates from DNA after each methylation) it is still in discussion. First reports indicated the second case, however more recent characterisation of CcrM indicate that it is a processive enzyme.

Birkhoff's representation theorem states that any finite distributive lattice can be represented by a family of finite sets, with intersection and union as the meet and join operations, and with the relation of being a subset as the comparison operation for the associated partial order. More specifically, these sets can be taken to be the lower sets of an associated partial order. In the general form of Birkhoff's theorem, this partial order can be taken as the induced order on a subset of the elements of the lattice, the join-irreducible elements (elements that cannot be formed as joins of two other elements). For the lattice of stable matchings, the elements of the partial order can instead be described in terms of structures called rotations, described by .

The family of all stable matchings forms a distributive lattice, the lattice of stable matchings, in which the join of two matchings gives all doctors their preference among their assigned hospitals in the two matchings, and the meet gives all hospitals their preference. The same is true of the family of all fractional stable matchings, the points of the stable matching polytope. In the stable matching polytope, one can define one matching to dominate another if, for every doctor and hospital, the total fractional value assigned to matches for that doctor that are at least as good (for the doctor) as that hospital are at least as large in the first matching as in the second. This defines a partial order on the fractional matchings.

Nozick's entitlement theory is a non-patterned historical principle. Almost all other principles of distributive justice (egalitarianism, utilitarianism) are patterned principles of justice. Such principles follow the form, "to each according to..." Nozick's famous Wilt Chamberlain argument is an attempt to show that patterned principles of just distribution are incompatible with liberty. He asks us to assume that the original distribution in society, D1, is ordered by our choice of patterned principle, for instance Rawls's Difference Principle. Wilt Chamberlain is an extremely popular basketball player in this society, and Nozick further assumes 1 million people are willing to freely give Chamberlain 25 cents each to watch him play basketball over the course of a season (we assume no other transactions occur).

These targeted outlets vary widely and may be either "distributive", providing basic harm reduction services and simple healthcare with facilitated referrals to specialist services, or "one-stop-shops" where a range of services including specialist services are provided onsite. The services being offered by these outlets range from simple needle and syringe provision, to expanded services including basic and preventive primary healthcare, hepatitis B and A vaccinations, hepatitis C testing, counselling, tuberculosis screening and sometimes opioid maintenance therapy. Some centers offer hepatitis, HIV treatment and dental care. The goal of these outlets is to provide: (1) opportunistic health care, (2) increased temporal and spatial availability of health care, (3) trustworthy services of health care, (4) cost-effective mode of health care, (5) targeted and tailored services.

In mathematics, the order polytope of a finite partially ordered set is a convex polytope defined from the set. The points of the order polytope are the monotonic functions from the given set to the unit interval, its vertices correspond to the upper sets of the partial order, and its dimension is the number of elements in the partial order. The order polytope is a distributive polytope, meaning that coordinatewise minima and maxima of pairs of its points remain within the polytope. The order polytope of a partial order should be distinguished from the linear ordering polytope, a polytope defined from a number n as the convex hull of indicator vectors of the sets of edges of n-vertex transitive tournaments.

Moral emotions (such as empathy, shame, and guilt) and the principles of distributive justice (which can be seen in sharing) flourish, or may be smothered, within these relationships. The Moral Child marked a shift in Damon’s scholarship. The book surveyed and synthesized the large, complex body of research on moral development and translated it for the general public. In addition to bringing him a new audience, the book articulated the implications of the best research for educational practice and childrearing and family relations. In 1995, Damon gained an even larger popular audience with his book, Greater Expectations: Overcoming the Culture of Indulgence in Our Homes and Schools (1995), which won the Parent’s Choice Book Award and was the subject of wide media coverage.

Penal law in particular had been a source of great controversy during the French Revolution, which had promulgated the Penal Code of 1791 and numerous constitutions. The new Penal Code was to replace various laws adopted during the first ten years of the Revolution, the backbone of which was the Penal Code of 1791 and the Code of Offences and Penalties of 1795. An important feature of these two texts, which came after centuries of relentless severity, was to have fixed penalties to keep the role of judge strictly distributive, therefore eliminating the dangers of arbitrary sentencing. With the 1810 Penal Code, however, the sentences were given a set range, letting the judges decide more freely on the severity of the punishment.

U-High has many clubs and activities. Amateur radio club, ASB/Leadership, Anime/Asian Culture club, Crimson Crew (Crimson Crew is a group of 200 juniors and seniors who help freshman make the transition into high school), Debate Club, DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America), Destination Imagination, Drama, Electronic Communications (radio, broadcasting, etc.), FACSE, FBLA (Future Business Leaders of America), First Priority (Christian club), French club, GSA (Gay-Straight Alliance), German club, National Honor Society, Human and Animal Rights Club, Junior Statesmen, Key Club, Knowledge Bowl, Math Club, Spanish club, TSA (Technology Student Association), theater, orchestra, marching band, concert band, jazz band, choir (Chanteuse Treble Choir, Concert Choir, University Choir, Lirico Chamber Singers, Titan Jazz Choir (Kronos)), lacrosse club (which competes in the NILL) and WDFY (Washington Drug-Free Youth).

Addition and multiplication of real numbers are defined in such a way that expressions of this type satisfy all field axioms and thus hold for . For example, the distributive law enforces : It is immediate that this is again an expression of the above type, and so the complex numbers form a field. Complex numbers can be geometrically represented as points in the plane, with Cartesian coordinates given by the real numbers of their describing expression, or as the arrows from the origin to these points, specified by their length and an angle enclosed with some distinct direction. Addition then corresponds to combining the arrows to the intuitive parallelogram (adding the Cartesian coordinates), and the multiplication is -less intuitively- combining rotating and scaling of the arrows (adding the angles and multiplying the lengths).

He claims that Belgrade had 1.4 million people at the time, that grid was made for the city of 2 million and that "distributive journey" envisioned by the plan actually allows for 80% of the inhabitants to arrive from any point A to point B in maximum 30 minutes. He also asserted that methodology used for the 2017 project (numbering of passengers, projected loading) was abandoned in Europe right after World War II and remarked that people who made the plan, in general, are not experts on the matter. Mayor Mali issued a statement in February 2018 saying that "nowhere in the world the subway is built in densely populated sections of the city". This caused a massive public mockery of his statement in social media, while experts published maps and explanations refuting his claim.

See ZKM: Nancy Adajania biographical note The focus of Adajania's writing, research and curatorial interests is the relationship between the artistic imagination and the technological resources and potentialities available to it in any particular society and period. She has proposed several conceptual tools with which to examine the consequences of newness across various sectors of cultural production, including the concepts of the 'new folkloric imagination', 'new context media',See The Delhi Declaration, which centrally cites Adajania's concept of 'new context media' and 'mediatic realism'.See Adajania's essay on 'new mediatic realism' Adajania has reflected, in several essays and lectures, on the aesthetic and political effects of what, following the theorist Paul Virilio, she terms dromomania, an obsession with speed produced by the globalisation of communicative and distributive processes.

Keep Sunday Special believed that such moves would have a damaging effect on families, communities and local economies, as did organisations like the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW), which launched a Save our Sundays campaign, the Relationships Foundation, Working Families.Usdaw members launch campaign in Bridgwater against extending Sunday shopping hours , USDAW, 1 June 2006 An Early Day Motion was also signed by nearly 300 MPs. On 6 July 2006, the then Trade and Industry Secretary, Alistair Darling, confirmed that, having considered all the evidence from the review, the Government concluded there should be no change to the Sunday trading laws. The news was welcomed by trade unions and small shops who were afraid large stores would undercut their prices and were opposed to any change in the law.

A forcing strategy generally involves taking a "distributive" or win-lose approach to the negotiations, combined with a "divide and conquer" approach to internal relations in the other side, and an attitudinal approach that emphasizes uncertainty and distrust. By contrast, a fostering strategy generally involves taking an "integrative" or win-win approach to the negotiations, combined with a "consensus" approach to internal relations in both sides, and an attitudinal approach that emphasizes openness and understanding. "Escape" is a non-negotiations strategy in which one or more parties seek to end or undercut the relationship, which leads to a loss- loss situation. These strategy and process elements of negotiations can be combined with an understanding of structure in order to predict outcomes that are both substantive and relationship outcomes.

While mobilizing sufficient public resources and organizing pooling to maximize re-distributive capacity are essential for achieving equitable and affordable health care access for all, it is of equal importance that collected resources be efficiently used in order to maximize and sustain the provision of benefits for the population. Strategic use of the purchasing function is the key health financing instrument for this purpose. The main purchasers of health service in Ethiopia are: the Ministry of Health; Regional Health Bureaus; District/Woreda Health Offices in the form of line- item budgets; Ethiopia Health Insurance Agency; and, other government entities that transfer budget to service providers to reimburse service delivery cost; and households in the form of user fee. There is fee waiver system to covers Indigents but with various challenges in implementation.

Contracting out or privatization also redirects the funds that would otherwise go to the state and local government to private organizations. It can be said that there is a negative relationship between the neighborhoods where the central offices of those organizations are located, and neighborhood disadvantage, largely because so many distributive organization headquarters are located in downtown, higher-income areas. Government funding of nonprofit agencies in the United States of America increased during the grant-in-aid explosion of the 1960s and 1970s and continued during the Reagan and Bush administrations under the banners of privatization, limited budgets, and getting government off the backs of those it regulates.[5] Not all states who adopt the Hollow State find it successful and more often than not those states fail and lose their political goods.

The company was founded in Ancona in 1933 by Ferdinando Peretti. It operates as a strategic coordinator of all api group's activities, through the direct supplying of semi-finished crude oil and assigned in the production, the acquisition of finished products and their transport, the exchanges with other oil companies to optimize the distributive logistics, the complementary activity of trading of crude oil and by-products to clients, and the sale of all the by-products in Italy and to foreign countries. It also is dedicated to operate and develop oil and gas field properties. It owns a refinery in Ancona with a capacity of 3.9 million tonnes/year and an electric power plant of 250 MW. In 2005, it acquired the IP gas station chain from ENI.

While the basic notion that utilitarianism builds on seems simple, one major dispute within the school of utilitarianism revolved around the conceptualisation and measurement of welfare. With disputes over this fundamental aspect, utilitarianism is evidently a broad term embracing many different sub-theories under its umbrella, and while much of the theoretical framework transects across these conceptualisations, using the different conceptualisation have clear implications for how we understand the more practical side of utilitarianism in distributive justice. Bentham originally conceptualised this according to the hedonistic calculus, which also became the foundation for John Stuart Mill's focus on intellectual pleasures as the most beneficial contribution to societal welfare. Another path has been painted by Aristotle, based on an attempt to create a more universal list of conditions required for human prosperity.

Integrative negotiation is also called interest-based, merit-based, or principled negotiation. It is a set of techniques that attempts to improve the quality and likelihood of negotiated agreement by taking advantage of the fact that different parties often value various outcomes differently.John Nash, "The Bargaining problem," Econometrica XVIII 1:155-162, 1950; G C Homans, Social Behavior. Harcourt, Brace and world, 1961 While distributive negotiation assumes there is a fixed amount of value (a "fixed pie") to be divided between the parties, integrative negotiation attempts to create value in the course of the negotiation ("expand the pie") by either "compensating" loss of one item with gains from another ("trade- offs" or logrolling), or by constructing or reframing the issues of the conflict in such a way that both parties benefit ("win-win" negotiation).

CESJ describes its policies and programs are applications of the three principles of economic justice Kelso and Adler explained in Chapter 5 of The Capitalist Manifesto: :• Participation. “Participation” or “participative justice” is the input principle that promotes the fundamental human right of every person to equal opportunity to live in a system that promotes their dignity and access to social means for empowering them to contribute their labor as well as their capital, to the production of marketable goods and services. : :• Distribution. “Distribution” or “distributive justice” is the out-take principle — based on the exchange value of one’s economic contributions — that all people have a right to receive a proportionate, market-determined share of the value of the marketable goods and services they produce with their labor, their capital, or both.

Tissue Economies: Blood, Organs and Cell Lines in Late Capitalism, Waldby's third book, co-authored with Robert Mitchell, was published in 2006. In it, she mapped the transformations of human tissue management (blood, organs, cell lines, embryos) from the post-war welfare state, with its emphasis on distributive justice, gift relations and citizenship, to a competition state and commercialized life science industry, with an emphasis on globalisation and the centrality of markets in the creation of value. In this transformation, human tissues themselves are recalibrated as both intellectual property and forms of commercial productivity, opening up complex questions about property relations and the location of donor populations in the circuits of value creation. This transformation is conventionally presented as a shift from a gift economy for human tissues to a commodity economy.

Theoretical discussion of negative taxation began with Vilfredo Pareto, who first made a formal distinction between allocative efficency (ie. the market's ability to give people what they want subject to their incomes) and distributive justice (ie. the question of whether these incomes are fair in the first place). He sought to show that market economies allocated resources optimally within the income distributions they give rise to, but accepted that there was nothing optimal about these distributions themselves. He concluded that if society wished to maximise wellbeing, it should let market forces govern production and exchange and then correct the result by ‘a second distribution... performed in conformity with the workings of free competition’.Manuale di Economia Politica con una Introduzione alla Scienza Sociale (1906) / Manuel d’Économie Politique (1909), §53 and §55 of Chap.

On 5 November they selected Christian Wolmar, a transport expert who had stood to be Labour's candidate for London Mayor, finishing fifth out of six candidates. He has opposed Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of Labour. Wolmar defeated four candidates for the nomination: Ellie Cumbo, a researcher at the General Council of the Bar of England and Wales; Barnaby Marder, a local activist backed by Momentum; Sachin Patel, a supermarket manager and Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers representative who contested the seat for Labour at the 2015 election; and Jessica Toale, who had been an advisor to Ivan Lewis MP. The Green Party leaders hinted that the party might not stand a candidate for fear of splitting the vote. However, they stressed that it was for the local party to decide.

Tucker's Harvard University doctoral dissertation was in philosophy and challenged the dominant interpretations of Soviet and Western theorists. He linked the ideas of the young and mature Karl Marx and emphasized their "moralist," "ethical," and "religious" rather than political, economic, and social "essence". His revised dissertation was published as Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx (1961) and was followed by a collection of innovative essays on Marxian theories of revolution, modernization, and distributive justice as well as comprehensive anthologies of the writings of Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.Robert C. Tucker, Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1961); Robert C. Tucker, The Marxian Revolutionary Idea (New York: Norton, 1969); Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton, 1972); and Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Lenin Anthology (New York: Norton, 1975).

Rockstuhl et al.'s 2012 meta-analysis of LMX theory and national culture correlates found that in Western cultures LMX is more strongly correlated with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), justice perceptions, job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and leader trust than in Asian cultures. This meta-analysis used 253 studies conducted in 23 countries to compare the differences in how LMX influenced work-related attitudes and behaviors such as task performance, OCB, distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, job satisfaction, affective commitment, normative commitment, and turnover intentions between two different cultural configurations: horizontal-individualistic (Western countries) and vertical- collectivist (Asian countries). The analysis found that the relationships between LMX and citizenship behaviors, between LMX and justice outcomes, between LMX and job satisfaction, between LMX and turnover intentions, and between LMX and leader trust are stronger in horizontal-individualistic cultures than in vertical-collectivist cultures.

In 1974 the DLP lost all its seats in the Senate, and was wound up a few years later. Santamaria ran the NCC in a highly personal and (according to his critics) autocratic way, and in 1982 there was a serious split in the organisation, with most of the trade unionists leaving it. The first of four unions disaffiliated after the split of 1955, attempted to return at the ALP Victorian State Conference in 1983. The Federated Clerks' Union and three others similarly aligned 'right-wing' unions – the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia and the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners – had their re-affiliation cases considered by a special Victorian ALP committee of ten which split on the decision 5 against 5 and had submitted separate reports to the State Conference.

According to a study conducted by Abrego in 2006, Latino immigrants without a legal status were more reluctant in pursuing higher education levels, including college as compared to their legal brethren. Most immigrants suffer silently in this manner due to a lack of a healthy immigrant niche construction through which they are able to assimilate accordingly and take advantage of the educational and social opportunities. In Norway for example, the government was able to facilitate increasing levels of re-distributive policies that allowed for a functional welfare state in which the immigrant population were able to lower the gaps of social class differences and becoming increasingly affluent in their ambitions of maintaining better lifestyles. Hence, social mobility is the deferred offspring of many welfare states including the United States due to their low public spending incentives.

Definite referring expressions refer to an identifiable individual or class (The Dalai Lama; The Coldstream Guards; the student with the highest marks), whilst indefinite referring expressions allow latitude in identifying the referent (a corrupt Member of Parliament; a cat with black ears—where a is to be interpreted as 'any' or 'some actual but unspecified'). Collective reference is the picking out of the members of a set as a set, whilst distributive reference is the picking out of the members of a set individually. The difference may not be marked linguistically, but arrived at by interpretation in context. Compare Manchester United won again today (where the reference of Manchester United is to members of the team as a unit), with Manchester United wear red shirts and black shorts (where the reference of Manchester United is to the team members as individuals).

Anyone can observe in the pampered children of the rich a kind of irresponsibility of the mental process.” Chapter 7: The Last Metaphysical Right This chapter, and those following, is about means of restoration, i.e., remedies. “A primary object of those who wish to restore society is the demassing of the masses, and in this the role of property is paramount.” The author explains the title, “We say the right of private property is metaphysical because it does not depend on any test of social usefulness.” And then he warns against the gravity of the situation, “It is not a little disquieting to realize that in private property there survives the last domain of privacy of any kind.” And if we choose to know and will, then “The moral solution is the distributive ownership of small properties.

In 1931, she exhibited at the Ward and Albany Galleries and later at both the Wertheim and Bloomsbury Galleries. During the 1930s, Ryland undertook a number of sculpture commissions and also worked for the London County Council, producing sculptured stonework panels for a number of public buildings. These included the School of Butchers building and, possibly her best known work, the panels surrounding the four entrance ways to the former St Martin's School of Art and College of Distributive Trades building on the Charing Cross Road in central London, which has been the Foyles bookshop since 2014. For the School of Art, Ryland produced two sets of sculptured low-relief stone panels, eight showing students and shop workers at work, for example at a sawing machine or unrolling a bolt of fabric, and four portraits of dramatic figures.

Child well-being is better in more equal rich countries Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility. An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person. Thus, the marginal utility of wealth per person ("the additional dollar") decreases as a person becomes richer.

The school was formed in 1990 by the merger of the College for Distributive Trades with the London College of Printing. The London College of Printing descended from the St Bride's Foundation Institute Printing School, which was established in November 1894 under the City of London Parochial Charities Act of 1883. The Guild and Technical School opened in Clerkenwell in the same year, but moved a year later to Bolt Court, and became the Bolt Court Technical School; it was later renamed the London County Council School of Photoengraving and Lithography. St Bride's came under the control of the London County Council in 1922 and was renamed the London School of Printing and Kindred Trades; in 1949 it was merged with the LCC School of Photoengraving and Lithography, forming the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts.

Current analytic political philosophy owes much to John Rawls, who in a series of papers from the 1950s onward (most notably "Two Concepts of Rules" and "Justice as Fairness") and his 1971 book A Theory of Justice, produced a sophisticated defense of a generally liberal egalitarian account of distributive justice. This was followed soon by Rawls's colleague Robert Nozick's book Anarchy, State, and Utopia, a defence of free-market libertarianism. Isaiah Berlin also had a lasting influence on both analytic political philosophy and liberalism with his lecture "Two Concepts of Liberty". During recent decades there have also been several critiques of liberalism, including the feminist critiques of Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin, the communitarian critiques of Michael Sandel and Alasdair MacIntyre (although neither of them endorses the term), and the multiculturalist critiques of Amy Gutmann and Charles Taylor.

Established as the home furnishings division of the Peterborough Society in 1979, AHF became an independent member of the co- operative family in 2011. In 2011, the business of 19 Westgate Department Stores, including Contact Electrical and Comfortmaker Textile Superstores was divested to J E Beale for £7.5m. Ownership of the freehold properties remained with the Society, which continued to operate AHF furniture and carpets, Co- operative Travel, Westgate Optical and Stylistics hair and beauty concessions; Beales committed to maintain and honour the dividend at these branches, until replaced by their Love Rewards scheme the following year.Anglia Co-operative Society to sell Westgate Department Stores to Beale Plc Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 6 April 2011 The Co-operative Home store in Hartlepool and Westgate stores at Blyth, Scunthorpe and March were not included in the sale.

The caption for section 303 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, enacted on August 16, 1954, refers to estate taxes, inheritance taxes, legacy taxes and succession taxes imposed because of the death of an individual as "death taxes". That wording remains in the caption of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.See . On July 1, 1862, the U.S. Congress enacted a "duty or tax" with respect to certain "legacies or distributive shares arising from personal property" passing, either by will or intestacy, from deceased persons.Section 111 of the Revenue Act of 1862, Ch. 119, 12 Stat. 432, 485 (July 1, 1862). The modern U.S. estate tax was enacted on September 8, 1916 under section 201 of the Revenue Act of 1916. Section 201 used the term "estate tax".Revenue Act of 1916, Ch. 463, sec. 201, 39 Stat.

The first subclass contains nouns whose root and stem are identical, such as /wepa/ "coyote." The stem /kyle/ 'woman' is notable in that is usually occurs as /kyle/, but may alternate to /kylok/ when attached with suffixes to form 'old woman' and 'women.' The second subclass contains nouns that are formed from several different roots. This compound may be formed from two noun roots (/mom/ 'water' and /pano/ 'grizzly' become mompano 'otter'), a noun root and an auxiliary verb (/jask'ak/ 'skinny' and /no/ 'along' become jask'akno 'skinny man'), a noun root and a distributive suffix (/jaman/ 'mountain' and /R-to/ 'all around' become jamanmanto 'mountains all around'), noun roots and an unidentifiable morpheme (/k'am/ 'belly' and /pum/ 'membrane' with a meaningless morpheme /pu/ become k'ampumpu 'tripe'), and a noun root with a diminutive morpheme (and /sol/ 'song' and /I-be/ become solibe 'ditty.').

Because of these limitations, planning procedures permit outcomes incompatible with justice such as greater economic inequality, marginalization of social groups, and political domination. Fainstein proposes an urban theory of justice in which “equity, “democracy,” and ‘’diversity’’ are the first-order concerns of urban development, with equity prevailing when such outcomes conflict. These principles aim to harmonize the contractarian “theory of justice” proposed by John Rawls with its post-liberal criticisms, particularly those of Iris Marion Young, who argues that the recognition of social group differences cannot be subordinated to individual distributive fairness. To reconcile tradeoffs among these priorities, Fainstein endorses the “capabilities approach” of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum: all three norms must be upheld sufficiently such that they can be achieved by all moral subjects, while allowing subjects to choose priority among these basic principles.

Carey is an active participant of the Network of Evangelical Theological Schools of Western Canada, a network providing shared distributive-learning options both to those in ministry and those preparing for ministry. For example, the college has a working relationship with Taylor Seminary, a graduate school of the North American Baptist Conference located in Edmonton. Also, as of the fall of 2012, reciprocal academic arrangements were agreed upon with the Prairie Bible Institute of Three Hills, Alberta. Currently, fourth year students in Prairie's ministry and theological programs are eligible to receive advanced standing in Carey's master's degree programs or alternatively, a student may enroll in courses from Carey after completing three years at Prairie and have Carey's graduate credits fulfill fourth year bachelor's degree requirements at the Bible College as well as apply toward a master's degree.

The objectives of income redistribution are to increase economic stability and opportunity for the less wealthy members of society and thus usually include the funding of public services. One basis for redistribution is the concept of distributive justice, whose premise is that money and resources ought to be distributed in such a way as to lead to a socially just, and possibly more financially egalitarian, society. Another argument is that a larger middle class benefits an economy by enabling more people to be consumers, while providing equal opportunities for individuals to reach a better standard of living. Seen for example in the work of John Rawls, another argument is that a truly fair society would be organized in a manner benefiting the least advantaged, and any inequality would be permissible only to the extent that it benefits the least advantaged.

The post-communist land reform begun in 1991 as part of the transition to the market was in effect a replay of the 1946 land reform, and the arable land held in cooperatives and state farms was equally distributed among all rural households without regard to pre-communist ownership rights. Contrary to other transition countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Albania adopted a distributive land reform (like the CIS) and did not restitute land to former owners. The post-communist land reform of the 1990s was accompanied by special land privatization legislation, as Albania was the only country outside the former Soviet Union that had nationalized all agricultural land (in stages between 1946 and 1976).Z. Lerman, C. Csaki, and G. Feder, Agriculture in Transition: Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Post-Soviet Countries, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, 2004.

Before taking her seat in the Senate, Kirk worked as a solicitor at an Adelaide commercial law firm, as a lecturer in Constitutional and Administrative Law at the University of Adelaide, and as an Industrial Officer at the Shop Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA) in South Australia. She was an Australian Republican Movement delegate to the Australian Constitutional Convention in 1998, and served a term as a Councillor of the Adelaide City Council. Kirk was Deputy Opposition Whip in the Senate, the Deputy Chair of the Foreign Affairs sub-committee of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (JSCFADT), a member of the Human Rights sub-committee of JSCFADT and a long-standing member of the Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee. She has been the Deputy Chair of the Joint Migration Committee and a member of the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties.

Although there was no exact uniform list of expectations as to how each individual ship would be managed, the characteristics of distributive justice enabled "the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community. Fair allocation typically takes into account the total amount of goods to be distributed, the distributing procedure, and the pattern of distribution that results." This unique society, or "insurgent hydrarchy from below" consisted of castaways and slaves—a motley crew of sailors. Richard Braithwaite defined the seventeenth-century mariners of 1631 as, “necessary instruments are they, and agents of main importance in that Hydrarchy wherein they live; for the walls of the state could not subsist without them.” The rapid development and rise of hydrarchy took place between 1670-1730 as a direct challenge to the development of capitalism and international trade led by Western powers in Europe—notably England.

Published in 1916, Ryan's second major scholarly work was the book Distributive Justice: The Right and Wrong of Our Present Distribution of Wealth, in which he provided an examination of rent from land, interest on capital, profits from enterprise, and wages for labor in relation to moral principles. As with A Living Wage, Ryan drew on both ethical and economic reasoning; he claimed that all four agents of production – the worker, entrepreneur, capitalist, and landowner – had a claim to the finished product because each contributed an indispensable element to its production. Ryan further objected at a practical and moral level to both the Puritan industrial ethic and the "gospel of consumption" that encouraged increased consumption through the production of new forms of demand, such as luxury goods and services. Ryan again saw both these flawed economic views as the outcome of a historic separation between ethics and economic life.

On 5 October 1987, Yu Guangyuan, a major author of the concept, published an article entitled "Economy in the Initial Stage of Socialism" and speculated that this historical stage will last for two decades and perhaps much longer. This represents, says Ian Wilson, "a severe blight on the expectations raised during the early 70s, when the old eight-grade wage scale was being compressed to only three levels and a more even distributive system was assumed to be an important national goal". On 25 October, Zhao further expounded on the concept of the primary stage of socialism and said that the party line was to follow "One Center, Two Basic Points"—the central focus of the Chinese state was economic development, but that this should occur simultaneously through centralized political control (i.e. the Four Cardinal Principles) and upholding the policy of reform and opening up.

Legnica Castle After Henry's death his eldest son Bolesław II the Bald followed him as ruler of Lower Silesia until in 1248 his younger brother Henry III the White came of age and claimed his rights of succession. Backed by the nobility of Wrocław, Henry III forced the duke to cede central parts of Lower Silesia to him, while Bolesław himself retired to Legnica. Furthermore, he came into conflict with his younger brother Konrad, who, originally predestined for an ecclesiastical career as Bishop of Passau, also demanded his distributive share and had to be paid off by Bolesław with the newly created Duchy of Głogów in 1251. Nevertheless, Bolesław's son Henry V the Fat, who succeeded his father in 1278, was able to enlarge the duchy's territories by defeating his cousin Henry Probus, Duke of Wrocław, and, with support of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia succeeded him as duke in 1290.

Divisions between North and South, Protestant and Catholic, were not the only limitations upon Irish independence that exercised Ireland. In the same wartime year Ireland established the Ulster Union Club, he published Éamon de Valera Doesn’t See it Through: A Study of Irish Politics in the Machine Age, a collection of his articles appearing over the previous two years in the New Northman, The Ulsterman, the Standard and, less obscurely, the New English Weekly. He argued: > Irishmen are beginning to wake from the dream wherein green letter boxes, > green postage stamps, and income-tax forms copied from the English but > containing a few Gaelic words, appeared as symbols of nationality, whereas > they are in reality a convenient cover for the operation of Western Finance > Capital in its most international and dangerous form. As he readily owned, Ireland had become a disciple of the distributive philosophy of C. H. Douglas (1879–1952).

In Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Robert Nozick argues that, while the original position may be the just starting point, any inequalities derived from that distribution by means of free exchange are equally just, and that any re-distributive tax is an infringement on people's liberty. He also argues that Rawls's application of the maximin rule to the original position is risk aversion taken to its extreme, and is therefore unsuitable even to those behind the veil of ignorance. In Solving the Riddle of Right and Wrong, Iain King argues that people in the original position should not be risk-averse, leading them to adopt the Help Principle (Help someone if your help is worth more to them than it is to you) rather than maximin.How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time: Solving the Riddle of Right and Wrong, ed 2008, pp.

In its press release on 10 March 2014, the Italian Competition Authority sanctioned 3 companies "for unfair business practices". One of them was ASEA Italy which was fined €150,000. According to the Antitrust case, "consumers are proposed to purchase products through mechanisms aimed in reality at recruiting other sellers who are asked for an initial contribution or a subscription to a programme of personal purchases ... It is a distributive mechanism considered incorrect by the Consumer Code for which the consumer cannot make a contribution in exchange for the opportunity to receive compensation that is derived primarily from the introduction of other consumers into the scheme rather than from the sale or consumption of products." It alleged that the position of Asea Italy is further aggravated by the fact that the company has attributed to their products curative properties that are not adequately substantiated and certified.

A polynomial expression is an expression built with scalars (elements of ), indeterminates, and the operators of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation to nonnegative integer powers. As all these operations are defined in K[X_1,\dots, X_n] a polynomial expression represents a polynomial, that is an element of K[X_1,\dots, X_n]. The definition of a polynomial as a linear combination of monomials is a particular polynomial expression, which is often called the canonical form, normal form, or expanded form of the polynomial. Given a polynomial expression, one can compute the expanded form of the represented polynomial by expanding with the distributive law all the products that have a sum among their factors, and then using commutativity (except for the product of two scalars), and associativity for transforming the terms of the resulting sum into products of a scalar and a monomial; then one gets the canonical form by regrouping the like terms.

Numerals are written together as one word when their values are multiplied, and separately when their values are added (dudek 20, dek du 12, dudek du 22). Ordinals are formed with the adjectival suffix -a, quantities with the nominal suffix -o, multiples with -obl-, fractions with ‑on‑, collectives with ‑op‑, and repetitions with the root ‑foj‑. :sescent sepdek kvin (675) :tria (third [as in first, second, third]) :trie (thirdly) :dudeko (a score [20]) :duobla (double) :kvarono (one fourth, a quarter) :duope (by twos) :dufoje (twice) The particle po is used to mark distributive numbers, that is, the idea of distributing a certain number of items to each member of a group. Consequently, the logogram @ is not used (except in email addresses, of course): :mi donis al ili po tri pomojn or pomojn mi donis al ili po tri (I gave [to] them three apples each).

Conditional event algebras circumvent the obstacle identified by Lewis by using a nonstandard domain of objects. Instead of being members of a set F of subsets of some universe set Ω, the canonical objects are normally higher-level constructions of members of F. The most natural construction, and historically the first, uses ordered pairs of members of F. Other constructions use sets of members of F or infinite sequences of members of F. Specific types of CEA include the following (listed in order of discovery): : Shay algebras : Calabrese algebras : Goodman-Nguyen-van Fraassen algebras : Goodman-Nguyen-Walker algebras CEAs differ in their formal properties, so that they cannot be considered a single, axiomatically characterized class of algebra. Goodman-Nguyen-van Frassen algebras, for example, are Boolean while Calabrese algebras are non-distributive. The latter, however, support the intuitively appealing identity A → (B → C) = (A ∩ B) → C, while the former do not.

Fieldwork using quantitative methods conducted in the 12 April protests by researchers based at the University of São Paulo in the city of São Paulo, and by Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais professors in Belo Horizonte noted the specific profile of the protesters. In São Paulo, they were largely very high-income, mostly white, with a great mistrust of political parties, especially those on the left, but with a strong belief in Aécio Neves, the defeated candidate in the 2014 national elections, and revealed a preference for ultra-conservative political journalism, and the belief that the Workers' Party intended to implement a communist regime in Brazil. In Belo Horizonte, protesters identified themselves mostly as centrist or right-wing in their political beliefs; supporting the idea that the federal government's distributive policies and favoring her resignation or impeachment. A call for military intervention was the third most frequent response.

Agreeing with the Attorney General's submission, the Court of Appeal held that the mandatory death penalty satisfied the reasonable classification test used to assess the constitutionality of legislation with respect to Article 12(1) of the Constitution. Reiterating the Privy Council's holding in Ong Ah Chuan, the Court found that the 15-gram differentia used in the MDA to determine whether the death penalty should be imposed could not be said to be purely arbitrary, and bore a rational relation to the social object of the MDA which was to prevent the growth of drug addiction in Singapore by stamping out the illicit drug trade. There was nothing unreasonable in the legislature concluding that a wholesale dealer operating higher up in the distributive pyramid required a stronger deterrent than smaller scale dealers. It was up to the legislature to determine where the appropriate quantitative boundary was to lie between the two classes of dealers.

Analysis showing attempts to solve the pension problem in different countries has led to rise of income tax or pension age Pensions in Armenia incorporate the following components: Pillar 0 or Social pension (benefit), Pillar 1 or Employment pension, Pillar 2 or Funded pension, Pillar 3 or Voluntary pension. Before the implementation of the Pension Reforms, the Pension security system of Armenia was characterized as a PAYE (pay-as-you-earn) pension system financed on the principle of the solidarity of generations. The system actually performed a distributive function; the payments were made by employees, employers and individual entrepreneurs to the State budget, of which the pensions payments were provided by the order defined by Law. The pension amount in the PAYE system is calculated based on the basic pension amount, the number of years in service and the compensation amount for each ensured service year, as well as pensioner’s personal coefficient (the latter is also calculated based on the number of eligible years of service).

Animax has sponsored several anime-based events across North America, including hosting an anime festival, in association with other anime distributive enterprises such as Bandai Entertainment and Viz Media, across Sony's San Francisco-based entertainment shopping complex Metreon in October 2001, during which it aired numerous of its anime titles across the centre, including special Gundam, The Making of Metropolis, and Love Hina screenings.Sony Metreon media release, Anime News Network, 9 October 2001. The noted international business newspaper Financial Times, reported, in September 2004, of Sony planning and being "keen" to launch Animax across the United States and North America, after Sony had signed an agreement with the largest cable company in the United States, Comcast, with whom it had co-partnered in a US$4.8 billion acquisition of legendary Hollywood studio MGM, to bring at least three of Sony's television networks across the region.Sony and Comcast plan new channels, Tim Burt, Financial Times, 22 September 2004.

10 () Iris Marion Young charges that distributive accounts of justice fail to provide an adequate way of conceptualizing political justice in that they fail to take into account many of the demands of ordinary life and that a relational view of justice grounded upon understanding the differences among social groups offers a better approach, one which acknowledges unjust power relations among individuals, groups, and institutional structures. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Oxford University Press, 1990). Young Kim also takes a relational approach to the question of justice, but departs from Iris Marion Young’s political advocacy of group rights and instead, he emphasizes the individual and moral aspects of justice. Young Kim, Justice as Right Actions (Lexington Books, 2015) () As to its moral aspects, he said that justice includes responsible actions based on rational and autonomous moral agency, with the individual as the proper bearer of rights and responsibilities.

The first of four unions disaffiliated after the split of 1955, attempted to return at the ALP Victorian State Conference in 1983. The Federated Clerks and three other similarly aligned 'right-wing' unions – the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia and the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners – had their re-affiliation cases considered by a special Victorian ALP committee of ten which split on the decision 5 for and against 5 and had submitted separate reports to the State Conference. The Federated Clerks' case, 'after a bitter and at times acrimonious 3 and a 1/2 hour debate', which was 'centered on alleged links' with Santamaria, the National Civic Council, and the Industrial Action Fund, was defeated at the State Conference by 289 votes to 189. It was noted in a news report of the time that all four were likely to appeal to the federal ALP executive and that they had the support of then Prime Minister Bob Hawke.

Every propositional formula can be converted into an equivalent formula that is in CNF. This transformation is based on rules about logical equivalences: double negation elimination, De Morgan's laws, and the distributive law. Since all propositional formulas can be converted into an equivalent formula in conjunctive normal form, proofs are often based on the assumption that all formulae are CNF. However, in some cases this conversion to CNF can lead to an exponential explosion of the formula. For example, translating the following non-CNF formula into CNF produces a formula with 2^n clauses: :(X_1 \wedge Y_1) \vee (X_2 \wedge Y_2) \vee \dots \vee (X_n \wedge Y_n). In particular, the generated formula is: :(X_1 \vee X_2 \vee \cdots \vee X_n) \wedge (Y_1 \vee X_2 \vee \cdots \vee X_n) \wedge (X_1 \vee Y_2 \vee \cdots \vee X_n) \wedge (Y_1 \vee Y_2 \vee \cdots \vee X_n) \wedge \cdots \wedge (Y_1 \vee Y_2 \vee \cdots \vee Y_n).

Tracing its origins to 1876, Anglia Regional Co-operative was formed by the merger of the Greater Peterborough Regional and Anglia (formerly Waveney) co-operative societies in 1987. Headquartered in Peterborough, the Society principally traded in the eastern counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, although it had gained wider outreach through the acquisition of co- operative department stores in Yorkshire and the South East of England. Following divestment of the Westgate department store and AHF businesses to J E Beale and the UKs largest worker co-operative, Anglia Home Furnishings Holdings, in 2011,Anglia Co-operative Society to sell Westgate Department Stores to Beale Plc Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 6 April 2011 Anglia Co-operative operated 27 retail stores, eight petrol stations, 21 travel agents, three opticians, a hair salon and 29 funeral homes. At the time of merger with the Midlands Co-operative it had 405,134 members (including over 189,000 regular trading members) and 1,600 employees.

In 2004, United Co-operatives, based in the North West of England, announced that it no longer intended to include department stores in its primary strategy, leading to the sale of seven stores, mostly inherited from the Yorkshire Co-operative Society, to the Anglia Society.Interim Statement of Trading Activities Other trading activities United Co-operatives, 23 July 2005 In 2005, the Co-operative Group also announced its decision to exit the department store sector and, in 2006, a further seven stores, this time located in the South East of England, were transferred to the Anglia Society.By transfer of engagements of Kent Co- operative Society; see Annual Report and Accounts Property, production and other trading The Co-operative Group, 11 April 2007Usdaw welcomes sale of Co- op department stores to Anglia Co-operative Society Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 13 January 2006 The Group subsequently merged with United in 2007. Thus, through acquisition, many Westgate branches were situated further afield than the core Eastern region.

The vector space counterexample of the theorem above is G=F(Ω), for any set Ω with at least ℵ2 elements. This counterexample has been modified subsequently by Ploščica and Tůma to a direct semilattice construction. For a (∨,0)-semilattice, the larger semilattice R(S) is the (∨,0)-semilattice freely generated by new elements t(a,b,c), for a, b, c in S such that c ≤ a ∨ b, subjected to the only relations c=t(a,b,c) ∨ t(b,a,c) and t(a,b,c) ≤ a. Iterating this construction gives the free distributive extension D(S)=\bigcup(R^n(S)\mid n<\omega) of S. Now, for a set Ω, let L(Ω) be the (∨,0)-semilattice defined by generators 1 and ai,x, for i<2 and x in Ω, and relations a0,x ∨ a1,x=1, for any x in Ω. Finally, put G(Ω)=D(L(Ω)).

The relation → is a partial order on those equivalence classes; it defines a poset. Let G < H denote that there is a homomorphism from G to H, but no homomorphism from H to G. The relation → is a dense order, meaning that for all (undirected) graphs G, H such that G < H, there is a graph K such that G < K < H (this holds except for the trivial cases G = K0 or K1). For example, between any two complete graphs (except K0, K1) there are infinitely many circular complete graphs, corresponding to rational numbers between natural numbers. The poset of equivalence classes of graphs under homomorphisms is a distributive lattice, with the join of [G] and [H] defined as (the equivalence class of) the disjoint union [G ∪ H], and the meet of [G] and [H] defined as the tensor product [G × H] (the choice of graphs G and H representing the equivalence classes [G] and [H] does not matter).

A day before the show, only 27 hours to bell time, co-owner Kevin Carson received a faxed letter from the school's assistant principal Tammy Turner that "the [Fairfax] school system will not permit this event to take place on school system property." The event was intended to have been a class project and school fundraiser for marketing students at Chantilly High, then having won local and state competitions, with the proceeds being used to fund student travel expenses for a Distributive Education Clubs of America (DECA) leadership conference in Anaheim, California. The students were involved in advertising the event, which included designing and selling the fliers in question, and were to have worked at the show. Shallal defended his actions maintaining that those attending the event should not be exposed to negative stereotypes and expressed the view that "[the students have] been sensitized to the issue of multi-culturalism and diversity".

For every pair of elements x, y of a GCD domain R, a GCD d of x and y and an LCM m of x and y can be chosen such that , or stated differently, if x and y are nonzero elements and d is any GCD d of x and y, then xy/d is an LCM of x and y, and vice versa. It follows that the operations of GCD and LCM make the quotient R/~ into a distributive lattice, where "~" denotes the equivalence relation of being associate elements. The equivalence between the existence of GCDs and the existence of LCMs is not a corollary of the similar result on complete lattices, as the quotient R/~ need not be a complete lattice for a GCD domain R. If R is a GCD domain, then the polynomial ring R[X1,...,Xn] is also a GCD domain.Robert W. Gilmer, Commutative semigroup rings, University of Chicago Press, 1984, p. 172.

There was ultimately a landslide result across the city on election day, and he achieved a 12.5-point two-party swing to finish with a 56.8 percent two-party vote, polling more than double the required swing needed to take the seat, claiming victory after only 90 minutes of counting. Kenyon is on the right of the Labor Party, with links to the rightwing Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association. He was the only Labor member to state that he would vote against the planned Relationships Bill removing discrimination against gay couples if a conscience vote were granted – although in the end he voted for the revised Domestic Partners Bill in 2006. Kenyon used his maiden South Australian House of Assembly speech to criticise the SA Greens environmental credentials, and stating that he does not believe South Australia should accept nuclear waste from other countries, and that burial of waste materials is a suitable option.

Yet, within a few years Wicksteed was to publish significant economic work of his own, carefully expounding on the theory he learned from William Stanley Jevons, and to become for many years a lecturer on economics for the University of London extension lectures (a kind of adult education program initiated in the 1870s to extend "the teaching of the universities, to serve up some of the crumbs from the university tables, in a portable and nutritious form, for some of the multitude who had no chance of sitting there"). In 1894, Wicksteed published his celebrated An Essay on the Co-ordination of the Laws of Distribution, in which he sought to prove mathematically that a distributive system which rewarded factory owners according to marginal productivity would exhaust the total product produced. But it was his 1910 The Common Sense of Political Economy which most comprehensively presents Wicksteed's economic system. The 1932 work by Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, picked up and developed his ideas.

The Federated Clerks' case, 'after a bitter and at times acrimonious 3 and a 1/2-hour debate', which was 'centred on alleged links' with Santamaria, the National Civic Council, and the Industrial Action Fund, was defeated at the State Conference by 289 votes to 189. It was noted in a news report of the time that all four were likely to appeal to the federal ALP executive and that they had the support of then Prime Minister Bob Hawke. The ALP federal executive supported the re- affiliation before the 1985 Victorian State Conference while two of the unions were refused re-affiliation in the Northern Territory later that year. Ultimately, all four returned as ALP affiliated unions in some form; the Federated Clerks' Union amalgamated into the affiliated Australian Services Union in 1993, the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association is a current ALP affiliated union, while the Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia and the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners amalgamated with the affiliated Australian Workers' Union.

Since 1994, University College Dublin has hosted an annual John M. Kelly Memorial Lecture on law, with international legal experts asked to deliver papers. The lectures to date include: # (November 1994) Savigny in the Strand – the Rt. Hon, the Lord Rodger of Earlsferry QC # (16 November 1995) Harassment and Hubris: The Right to an Equality of Respect – Prof. Peter Birks, Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Oxford # (14 November 1996) A Sense of Proportionality – the Rt. Hon, the Lord Leonard Hoffman # (October 1997) Towards a Supreme Court? The British Experience – Michael Beloff, QC and President of Trinity College Oxford # (November 1998) # (October 1999) Stands Scotland where she did? New Unions for Old in these Islands – Prof Neil MacCormick # (November 2000) # (1 November 2001) Corrective and Distributive Justice in Tort Law – the Rt. Hon, the Lord Steyn # (15 November 2002) Scholarship, Reputation of Scholarship, and Legacy: Provocative Reflections from a Comparatist’s Point of View – Prof. Basil Markesinis QC # (5 November 2003) Liability for Non-Conformity: The new system of remedies in German sales' law and its historical context – Prof.

Aside from his influential texts A Living Wage and Distributive Justice, and a number of other political and economic pamphlets, Ryan authored the "Program for Social Reconstruction" in 1919, a text that was adopted by the Administrative Committee of the National Catholic War Council as a statement of their social and economic objectives and became the Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction. A number of authors have cited the text as a blueprint for the New Deal legislation, though others have also stated that such connections have been exaggerated. However direct Ryan's influence was on the New Deal, the text offered liberal social reforms that emphasized an active role for the state in promoting social justice, many of which were enacted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. Yet, the text also involved a number of less successful reforms that defy popular interpretations of Ryan as a strictly liberal political thinker, such as a federal ban on the dissemination of information on birth control and rigid support for abortion laws.

Informal topics were also discussed and included the armed struggle, violence, negotiations, political pluralism, a Bill of Rights, future of Afrikaans and its culture, a future economy, distributive justice and other topics. The delegates in their presentation expressed their concern about violence in South Africa and its impact on civilians while the ANC members outlined why they had begun an armed struggle when all other peaceful strategies to bring about racial policy change in South Africa had failed and that attacks on soft targets was not a policy and that control over its armed cadres in the country was not always possible. It was clear to the delegates during the discussions that the ANC was prepared to negotiate with the government but that certain preconditions would have to be met which included the release of political prisoners and the unbanning of banned organisation's in the country. With regards to pluralism, the ANC expressed a commitment of political pluralism in a new South African political system and that racism and fascism would be outlawed in the political system.

A near-semiring is a set S with two binary operations "+" and "·", and a constant 0 such that (S, +, 0) is a monoid (not necessarily commutative), (S, ·) is a semigroup, these structures are related by a single (right or left) distributive law, and accordingly 0 is a one-sided (right or left, respectively) absorbing element. Formally, an algebraic structure (S, +, ·, 0) is said to be a near-semiring if it satisfies the following axioms: # (S, +, 0) is a monoid, # (S, ·) is a semigroup, # (a + b) · c = a · c + b · c, for all a, b, c in S, and # 0 · a = 0 for all a in S. Near-semirings are a common abstraction of semirings and near-rings [Golan, 1999; Pilz, 1983]. The standard examples of near-semirings are typically of the form M(Г), the set of all mappings on a monoid (Г; +, 0), equipped with composition of mappings, pointwise addition of mappings, and the zero function. Subsets of M(Г) closed under the operations provide further examples of near-semirings.

According to some, Aquinas conflates natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics (Book IV of the Eudemian Ethics). According to this interpretation, Aquinas's influence was such as to affect a number of early translations of these passages in an unfortunate manner, though more recent translations render those more literally. Aristotle notes that natural justice is a species of political justice, specifically the scheme of distributive and corrective justice that would be established under the best political community; were this to take the form of law, this could be called a natural law, though Aristotle does not discuss this and suggests in the Politics that the best regime may not rule by law at all. The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the Rhetoric, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the "particular" laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a "common" law that is according to nature.

The two operations P\vee Q and P\wedge Q form the join and meet operations of a finite distributive lattice. In this context, a finite lattice is defined as a partially ordered finite set in which there is a unique minimum element and a unique maximum element, in which every two elements have a unique least element greater than or equal to both of them (their join) and every two elements have a unique greatest element less than or equal to both of them (their meet). In the case of the operations P\vee Q and P\wedge Q defined above, the join P\vee Q is greater than or equal to both P and Q because it was defined to give each doctor their preferred choice, and because these preferences of the doctors are how the ordering on matchings is defined. It is below any other matching that is also above both P and Q, because any such matching would have to give each doctor an assigned match that is at least as good.

Note that an individual instance of the sentence, such as "Alice, Bob and Carol admire only one another", need not involve sets and is equivalent to the conjunction of the following first-order sentences: :∀x(if Alice admires x, then x = Bob or x = Carol) :∀x(if Bob admires x, then x = Alice or x = Carol) :∀x(if Carol admires x, then x = Alice or x = Bob) where x ranges over all critics (it being taken as read that critics cannot admire themselves). But this seems to be an instance of "some people admire only one another", which is nonfirstorderizable. Boolos argued that 2nd-order monadic quantification may be systematically interpreted in terms of plural quantification, and that, therefore, 2nd-order monadic quantification is "ontologically innocent".. Later, Oliver & Smiley (2001), Rayo (2002), Yi (2005) and McKay (2006) argued that sentences such as :They are shipmates :They are meeting together :They lifted a piano :They are surrounding a building :They admire only one another also cannot be interpreted in monadic second-order logic. This is because predicates such as "are shipmates", "are meeting together", "are surrounding a building" are not distributive.

The CCF aimed to alleviate the suffering that workers and farmers, the ill and the old endure under capitalism, seen most starkly during the Great Depression, through the creation of a Co-operative Commonwealth, which would entail economic co- operation, public ownership of the economy, and political reform. The object of the political party as reported at its founding meeting in Calgary in 1932 was "the federation [joining together] of organizations whose purpose is the establishment in Canada of a co-operative commonwealth, in which the basic principle of regulating production, distribution and exchange will be the supplying of human needs instead of the making of profit." The goal of the CCF was defined as a "community freed from the domination of irresponsible financial and economic power in which all social means of production and distribution, including land, are socially owned and controlled either by voluntarily organized groups of producers and consumers or – in the case of major public services and utilities and such productive and distributive enterprises as can be conducted most efficiently when owned in common – by public corporations responsible to the people's elected representatives".Laurence Gronlund, Co-operative Commonwealth, An Exposition of Socialism (1884), p.

Leeper v. Texas again referred to "equal...justice under...law".Leeper v. Texas, 139 U.S. 462 (1891). Fuller's opinion in Leeper stated: "It must be regarded as settled that....by the Fourteenth Amendment the powers of States in dealing with crime within their borders are not limited, except that no State can deprive particular persons, or classes of persons, of equal and impartial justice under the law; that law in its regular course of administration through courts of justice is due process, and when secured by the law of the State the constitutional requirement is satisfied; and that due process is so secured by laws operating on all alike, and not subjecting the individual to the arbitrary exercise of the powers of government unrestrained by the established principles of private right and distributive justice." Like Caldwell, the Leeper opinion was unanimous, in contrast to the Fuller Court's major disagreements about equality issues in other cases such as Plessy v. Ferguson.Aside from Fuller, the members of the Court in 1891 were as follows: Joseph P. Bradley, Stephen Johnson Field, John Marshall Harlan, Horace Gray, Samuel Blatchford, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, David Josiah Brewer, and Henry Billings Brown.

Marx and Engels believed that an international proletarian revolution would bring about a socialist society which would then eventually give way to a communist stage of social development which would be a classless, stateless, moneyless, humane society erected on common ownership. However, Marx's view of classlessness was not the subordination of society to a universal interest (such as a universal notion of equality), but it was about the creation of the conditions that would enable individuals to pursue their true interests and desires, making his notion of communist society radically individualistic. Marx was a proponent of two principles, the first ("To each according to his contribution") applied to socialism and the second ("From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs") to an advanced communist society. Although his position is often confused or conflated with distributive egalitarianism in which only the goods and services resulting from production are distributed according to a notional equality, Marx eschewed the entire concept of equality as abstract and bourgeois in nature, preferring to focus on more concrete principles such as opposition to exploitation on materialist grounds and economic logic.

Since the publication of its first album in Italian language, Françoise Hardy recorded many singles in this language which was not the object of any other album but was only disseminated in various Italian compilations. In 1968, when the singer changed distributive firm into Italy,Contract signed with Compagnia Generale del Disco: Billboard of October 26th, 1968, pages 79 and 87. a dozen titles were recorded until 1970 but no album published if it is not a compilation half in French half in Italian where five Italian titles appeared."La bilancia dell'amore" ("Tiny Goddess" / "Je ne sais pas ce que je veux"), "Il male d'amore" ("À quoi ça sert ?"), "Io conosco la vita" ("À la fin de l’été (Tu sais)" / "La Fin de l’été"), "Se e ma" ("Avec des si") and "Il pretesto" ("It Hurts To Say Goodbye" / "Comment te dire adieu ?"), Released in 1969 by Compagnia Generale del Disco (FGS 5052). It’s only at the end of its contract with this firm and after having broken with Vogue, that Hardy made this compilation, produces by Hypopotam, his society create in 1970.Françoise Hardy, Le Désespoir des singes… et autres bagatelles, Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, France, 2008, pages 107-108-109.