Describe the differences in circulative, non-circulative and stylet-borne virus transmission.
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The present review is dealing with circulative transmission of plant viruses.
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There are two sub-classes of persistent viruses: propagative and circulative. Propagative viruses are able to replicate in both the plant and the insect (and may have originally been insect viruses), whereas circulative can not. Circulative viruses are protected inside aphids by the chaperone protein symbionin, produced by bacterial symbionts. Many plant viruses encode within their genome polypeptides with domains essential for transmission by insects.
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This transit is the longest and the most hazardous phase of the circulative path.
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Instead, they have been shown to carry it for a maximum of 35 days. Transmission occurs in a persistent-circulative manner. Persistent refers to how the virus passes through the gut to the haemolymph, and then to the salivary glands. Circulative denotes that the virus cannot replicate in both the parent and the insect.
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Since the circulative pathway of most insect vectored viruses is similar, our findings should be applicable to other virus-vector systems.
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Instead of being foreclosed and immovable, it is, in fact, the only species of landed property that is essentially moving and circulative.
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Afterward the work fluid is transported back to the first chamber through the second pipe using the porous structures thereof, thus forming a circulative cooling apparatus.
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It focuses on productive art in place of circulative art with the intention to provide an opportunity or platform to emerging artists to show their brilliance and imagination.
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Some epidemiological approaches to the control of aphid-borne virus diseases in seed potato crops in northern Europe. Vir. Res. 71: 33-47. Because of this, all aphids present in and around potato fields must be considered as possible vectors and their numbers carefully monitored. Transmission of PVY by aphids occurs in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner which suggests a less intimate interaction between virion and vector than is the case of circulative virions.
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Rakotondrafara, Dr. "Plant Virus Transmission." Plant Pathology 300. WI, Madison. 16 Oct. 2013. Lecture. Vector transmission of the BBTV is circulative and non-propagative, meaning that transmission of the virus occurs from and to the phloem tissues and the virus does not replicate within the aphid’s midgut.
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TYLCV is transmitted by the insect vector Bemisia tabaci in a persistent-circulative nonpropagative manner. The virus can be efficiently transmitted during the adult stages. This virus transmission has a short acquisition access period of 15–20 minutes, and latent period of 8–24 hours. In this plant-virus and vector system, females are more effective than males transmitting the virus.
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Small parts of the leaf may also be affected by chlorosis, which can eventually take over the entire leaf. The number of spikes on the plant may be reduced or existing ones may be stunted. WDV is transmitted by leafhoppers, which suck phloem sap from the vegetative sections of wheat with their mouthparts, passing on the virus. This is a circulative, non-propagative transmission process.
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The only function of this process lies in its ability to valorize. By withdrawing more money from circulation than the amount put in, money can be reinvested in circulation creating repeated accumulation of monetary wealth—a never ending process. Thus, M-C-M' becomes the objective of M-C-M. M' stands for the money returned in the circulative process (M) plus the additional surplus value gained (M∆): M'=M+M∆.
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Symptom of pepper yellow leaf curl virus The virus is obligately transmitted by an insect vector, which can be the whitefly Bemisia tabaci or can be other whiteflies. This vector allows rapid and efficient propagation of the virus because it is an indiscriminate feeder. The vector transmits in a persistent, circulative, non-propagative manner. This USDA document describes a 5-year plan starting in 1992 to mitigate whiteflies.
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It was the first 1000 Rupees coin to be released in the Republic of India coinage. This coin was a Non Circulative Legal Tender (NCLT). On 1 April 1954, the Reserve Bank of India released a 1000 currency note featuring a panoramic view of the Brihadeeswar temple marking its cultural heritage and significance. In 1975, the then government led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi demonetised all 1,000 currency notes in an effort to curtail black money.
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In order to feed on a host plant, whiteflies pierce the phloem of the plant with its mouth, and subsequently remove nutrients. The more time that the insect feeds on the crop, the higher chance they have of acquiring the plant virus. This will make it easier for them to transmit the virus to another plant, as they are persistent, circulative vectors. Whiteflies are mainly found in tropical areas, and have high populations in the warmer climates of the United States, Africa, and Australia.
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S. kunkelii, a spiroplasma often referred to as Corn Stunt Spiroplasma, can survive and overwinter in D. maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), which infects corn plants in the spring and causes Corn Stunt disease. It has been reported in the San Joaquin Valley in California that volunteer plants are critical to help leafhoppers survive in the winter, where volunteer plants can give an extra two months of season to the leafhoppers. This pathogen has been described as propagative persistent and circulative, accumulating and replicating in the vector where it has been found in the hemolymph, cells of the gut, and salivary glands of insect vectors. During feeding it is delivered to the phloem tissue of the host corn plant.
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