347 Sentences With "dissociates" | Random Sentence Generator

Because of this, Alex dissociates himself from gay communities, keeping to himself and not going out much.

For example, when someone dissociates, thoughts, feelings, physical sensations that are usually integrated can end up fragmented.

In an attempt to cope with the traumatic experiences, the theory goes, the child 'dissociates'—it splits itself into parts.

It's almost like Betty completely dissociates from herself in the heat of the moment, calling herself Polly and yelling at Chuck like he's Jason.

But Fleabag deftly evades the accusations of whining and wallowing that Hannah received because, instead of complaining during moments of turmoil, she simply dissociates.

I think the time-hopping method the show uses to do this doesn't quite work, because it so dissociates the audience from what the characters are experiencing.

If Trump scandals reach the benchmark of Watergate in the eyes of the public, a Republican who dissociates from Trump will be well positioned to articulate an alternate vision.

It dissociates them from white America's past sins, replacing that guilty legacy with the afterglow of trials overcome, plus a mantle of victimhood that may properly belong to others.

"SOS Méditerranée fully dissociates itself from this campaign, which displays a picture taken while our teams were rescuing people in distress at sea," the charity said in a statement.

Atlanta, whether purposeful or not (though likely intentional, given Donald Glover's unorthodox nature) dissociates itself from its most surface-level audience (black folks) by neither pandering to white audiences nor to people of color, but by landing somewhere in the middle.

The network brings down the curtain on "Bates Motel," its ambitious prequel to "Psycho," having taken Norman Bates from harmless-seeming youth to killer who dissociates from reality so often it's impossible to tell which personality is the true one.

Laliberté, a billionaire according to the 2019 Forbes list, "categorically denies and dissociates himself completely from any rumors implicating him in the sale or the traffic of controlled substances," Anne Dongois, head of communications for Lune Rouge, said in an emailed statement.

The firm said in a statement that Laliberté, listed by Forbes as a billionaire in its 2019 list, had not been charged with drug trafficking and left the courtroom without any conditions on Wednesday at 19:30 ET. Laliberté "categorically denies and dissociates himself completely from any rumors implicating him in the sale or the traffic of controlled substances," Anne Dongois, head of communications for Lune Rouge, said in an emailed statement, describing him as a medical cannabis user.

After formation of the autophagosome, the ATG12-ATG5:ATG16L complex dissociates from the autophagosome.

Hydrogen dissociates on nickel surfaces. The dissociation energies on a Ni(111), Ni(100), and Ni(11O) are respectively 46, 52, and 36 kJ/mol. The H2 dissociates from each of these surfaces at distinct temperatures: 320–380, 220–360, and 230–430 K.

When SAM concentration becomes low, the repressor dissociates from the operator site, allowing more methionine to be produced.

A common kind of hydrolysis occurs when a salt of a weak acid or weak base (or both) is dissolved in water. Water spontaneously ionizes into hydroxide anions and hydronium cations. The salt also dissociates into its constituent anions and cations. For example, sodium acetate dissociates in water into sodium and acetate ions.

In this monocation, the chloride spontaneously dissociates from this conjugate base of the starting complex. This pathway is called the Sn1CB mechanism.

The other case of special importance is when a molecule D2 dissociates into two atoms upon adsorption. Here, the following assumptions would be held to be valid: # D2 completely dissociates to two molecules of D upon adsorption. # The D atoms adsorb onto distinct sites on the surface of the solid and then move around and equilibrate. # All sites are equivalent.

When cAMP binds, the domain dissociates and exposes the now-active GEF domain, allowing Epac to activate small Ras-like GTPase proteins, such as Rap1.

Eventually, CASQ2 completely dissociates from Triadin and the RYR2 channel becomes completely uninhibited, although Triadin remains bound to RYR2 at all luminal concentrations of Ca2+.

When noscapine is reduced with zinc/HCl, the bond C1−C3′ saturates and the molecule dissociates into hydrocotarnine (2-hydroxycotarnine) and meconine (6,7-dimethoxyisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one).

It facilitates the phosphorylation of the R-SMAD, which subsequently dissociates from SARA and the receptor and binds a coSMAD where they enter the nucleus as transcription factors.

Importantly, this nanotube shows an ATPase activity and dissociates into short-chain oligomers when treated with ATP because of the opening/closing motions of the constituent GroEL units.

Water spontaneously dissociates at around 2500 °C, but this thermolysis occurs at temperatures too high for usual process piping and equipment. Catalysts are required to reduce the dissociation temperature.

While the oxygen slowly dissociates, it is theorized that it may then act to displace the sulfate that normally acts as the terminal electron acceptor in their electron transport chain.

When calcium dissociates from the binding site, calcium levels fall rapidly. Due to the differences in calcium concentration at the cytostolic binding site when calcium is bound to the MET channel versus when calcium dissociates, a calcium gradient is created, generating chemical energy. The oscillation of calcium concentration and force generation contributes to amplification. The timecourse of this mechanism is on the order of hundreds of microseconds, which reflects the speed that is necessary for amplification of high frequencies.

Uranium tetraiodide is a black solid and forms needle-like crystals. Upon heating, it dissociates into uranium triiodide and iodine gas. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, space group C2/c.

A magnesium cofactor is also required, essential for increasing the electrophilicity of the phosphate on AMP, though this magnesium ion is only held in the active pocket by electrostatic interactions and dissociates easily.

Through a microflow system, a solution with the prey analyte is injected over the bait layer. As the prey analyte binds the bait ligand, an increase in SPR signal (expressed in response units, RU) is observed. After desired association time, a solution without the prey analyte (usually the buffer) is injected on the microfluidics that dissociates the bound complex between bait ligand and prey analyte. Now as the prey analyte dissociates from the bait ligand, a decrease in SPR signal (expressed in resonance units, RU) is observed.

During the period of The Emergency (India) Prabhakaran was part of the outfit Students for Human Rights. At present he is associated with All India Forum Right to Education. The writer dissociates from political affiliations of late.

Sometimes the solute dissociates or associates in the solvent. In such cases the law is modified as D(Distribution factor)=concentration of solute in all forms in solvent 1/concentration of solute in all forms in solvent 2.

Centrosomal protein of 68 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP68 gene. CEP68 is required for centrosome cohesion. It decorates fibres emanating from the proximal ends of centrioles. During mitosis, CEP68 dissociates from centrosomes.

Photolysis is the main abiotic route for the transformation of UV filters. Photolysis dissociates organic filters into free radicals. Photolysis can be direct or indirect. The direct way occurs when the chromophore of the organic filter absorbs sunlight at certain wavelengths.

In response to iron limitation in their environment, genes involved in microbe siderophore production and uptake are derepressed, leading to manufacture of siderophores and the appropriate uptake proteins. In bacteria, Fe2+-dependent repressors bind to DNA upstream to genes involved in siderophore production at high intracellular iron concentrations. At low concentrations, Fe2+ dissociates from the repressor, which in turn dissociates from the DNA, leading to transcription of the genes. In gram-negative and AT- rich gram-positive bacteria, this is usually regulated by the Fur (ferric uptake regulator) repressor, whilst in GC-rich gram-positive bacteria (e.g.

After a rearrangement the intermediate compound (5) is built. This reacts with a hydroxydion of the caustic potash 6. In the next step the molecule dissociates into two pieces 7 and 8. (8) is protonated and builds the acetic acid derivative (9).

Hydrogen diselenide is an inorganic selenium compound with a chemical formula H2Se2 or (SeH)2. At room temperature, hydrogen diselenide dissociates easily to hydrogen selenide (H2Se) and elemental selenium, and is therefore not stable. However, hydrogen diselenide can be stable in some solutions.

This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ions leave the cell through H+/K+ ATPase antiporter pumps. At the same time, sodium ions are actively reabsorbed. This means that the majority of secreted K+ and Na+ ions return to the cytoplasm.

The fluorocarbonates contain fluoride and carbonate anions. Many coordination complexes form double salts. Double salts should not be confused with complexes. When dissolved in water, a double salt completely dissociates into simple ions while a hexaaquo complex does not; the complex ion remains unchanged.

Studies in Xenopus extracts show that immuno-depletion of ORC subunits inhibits DNA replication of Xenopus sperm nuclei. In some organisms, the ORC appears to associate with chromatin throughout the cell cycle, but in others it dissociates at specific stages of the cell cycle.

The SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates via GTP hydrolysis and the cycle of SRP-mediated protein translocation continues. Once inside the ER, the signal sequence is cleaved from the core protein by signal peptidase. Signal sequences are therefore not a part of mature proteins.

The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H+ and one mole of the conjugate base, A−, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%.

In each of the other three types of mukti, liberation is gained during life, not after death. In all cases, after the soul dissociates from the body, it eternally experiences Infinite Power, Knowledge and Bliss. However, after the soul dissociates from the gross body and associates with the subtle body, the most important aspect of the experience is Infinite Bliss. Therefore, while there is a difference in the eternal experience of the souls who gain liberation during life and the experience of souls who gain liberation after death, the most important aspect of the experience is the same: the eternal experience of infinite bliss.

Bound PER completely stops the transcriptional activity of CLK and CYC. In the early morning, light activates the cry gene and its protein CRY causes the breakdown of TIM. Thus PER/TIM dimer dissociates, and the unbound PER becomes unstable. PER undergoes progressive phosphorylation and ultimately degradation.

In response to receptor activation, the α subunit releases bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP), which is displaced by guanosine triphosphate (GTP), thus activating the α subunit, which then dissociates from the β and γ subunits. The activated α subunit can further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly.

After injection, intravenous sodium bicarbonate dissociates to provide sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) anions. Bicarbonate anions can consume hydrogen ions (H+) and thereby be converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can subsequently be converted to water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) which can be excreted by the lungs.

231x231px CW occurs after the polymer chain has grown somewhat on the metal catalyst. The precursor is a 16 e− complex with the general formula [ML2(C2H4)(chain)]+. The ethylene ligand (the monomer) dissociates to produce a highly unsaturated 14 e− cation. This cation is stabilized by an agostic interaction.

The coupling is achieved by high-speed vibrating milling of C60 with a catalytic amount of KCN. The reaction is reversible as C120 dissociates back to two C60 molecules when heated at . Under high pressure and temperature, repeated [2+2] cycloaddition between C60 results in a polymerized fullerene chains and networks.

Because this bond is fragile, the dithionite anion dissociates in solution into the [SO2]− radical anion, as has been confirmed by EPR spectroscopy. It is also observed that 35S undergoes rapid exchange between S2O42− and SO2 in neutral or acidic solution, consistent with the weak S-S bond in the anion.

AD is also classified as an amyloidosis because of the presence of senile plaques. When tau becomes hyperphosphorylated, the protein dissociates from the microtubules in axons. Then, tau becomes misfolded and the protein begins to aggregate, which eventually forms the neurofibrillary tangles seen in Alzheimer’s patients. Microtubules also destabilize when tau is dissociated.

Ocean acidification is caused by the equilibration of the atmosphere with the ocean, a process that occurs worldwide. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere equilibrates and dissolves into the ocean. During this reaction, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.

At about 1 mmHg and 30 °C, ethanium dissociates very slowly to ethenium and , across an energy barrier of about 10 kcal/mol; the decomposition is considerably faster at 92 °C. The decomposition has been claimed to be nearly athermal but with 8 kcal/mol of free energy due to increase of entropy.

Snowbird insisted on providing quality service both on board the flights and on the ground and dissociates itself from low cost carrier business model. The company planned to employ predominantly domestic workforce, citing the high level of professionalism in Finnish aviation. There were plans of inflight sales of local products, including design jewelry.

In Alzheimer's disease, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein causes the dissociation of tau from neurotubules and tau misfolding. The aggregation of misfolded tau forms insoluble neurofibrillary tangles which is a characteristic finding in Alzheimer's disease. This pathological change is called tauopathy. Neurotubules become prone to disintegration by microtubule-severing proteins when tau dissociates.

Difluoroacetic acid is a chemical compound with formula CHF2COOH. It is a dihalogenocarboxylic acid, specifically a structural analog of acetic acid with two of three hydrogen atoms on the alpha carbon replaced with fluorine atoms. In solution, it dissociates to form difluoroacetate ions. Difluoroacetic acid can also be used as direct C-H difluoromethylating reagent.

"Deaf cinema" is a movement that dissociates from the "Cinema of the deaf". “The two are worlds apart" while the Cinema of the deaf is "a mainstream cinema in need of character types as grist for its mercantile mill", the Deaf Cinema is "an outsider cinema serving to nurture and develop a culture's self-image”.

Presented with fewer base pairs the duplex then dissociates without further assistance from the enzyme. This mode of unwinding is used by the DEAD/DEAH box helicases. An RNA helicase database is currently available online that contains a comprehensive list of RNA helicases with information such as sequence, structure, and biochemical and cellular functions.

In solution, the sulfate ion dissociates rapidly. Being widely available, vanadyl sulfate is a common precursor to other vanadyl derivatives, such as vanadyl acetylacetonate: :[V(O)(H2O)4]SO4 \+ 2 C5H8O2 \+ Na2CO3 → [V(O)(C5H7O2)2] + Na2SO4 \+ 5 H2O + CO2 In acidic solution, oxidation of vanadyl sulfate gives yellow-coloured vanadyl(V) derivatives. Reduction, e.g.

He reminds Danielle that she now dissociates to a violent "Dominique" personality whenever she makes love. Emil kisses her passionately, bringing "Dominique" out so he can question her about the murder. She slashes him in the groin with a scalpel, and he bleeds to death, controlling her. Their bodies pin Grace to the bed.

In some cases, CLIP dissociates without any further molecular interactions, but in other cases the binding to the MHC is more stable. The stable MHC class II + antigen complex is then presented on the cell surface. Without CLIP, MHC class II aggregates disassemble and/or denature in the endosomes, and proper antigen presentation is impaired.

T7 polymerase by itself has a very low processivity. It dissociates from the primer-template after incorporating about 15 nucleotides. Upon infection of the host, T7 polymerase binds to host thioredoxin in 1:1 ratio. The hydrophobic interaction between thioredoxin and T7 polymerase helps to stabilize the binding of T7 polymerase to primer-template.

Alvimopan competitively binds to μ-opioid receptor in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike methylnaltrexone (another peripherally acting μ-receptor antagonist) that bears a quaternary amine, alvimopan owes its selectivity for peripheral receptors to its kinetics. Alvimopan binds to peripheral μ-receptors with a Ki of 0.2 ng/mL and dissociates more slowly than most other ligands.

Figure 1: Energy curves of the H2+ ion dressed in photons for a few laser intensities. Bond hardening creates a new bound state on the upper branch of anticrossings. Bond softening dissociates the molecule along the lower branches. Bond hardening and bond softening share the same theoretical basis, which is described under the latter entry.

In some cases, the virus is unable to infect even after the antibody dissociates. The pathogen-antibody complex is eventually taken up and degraded by macrophages. Neutralizing antibodies are also important in neutralizing the toxic effects of bacterial toxins. An example of a neutralizing antibody is diphtheria antitoxin, which can neutralize the biological effects of diphtheria toxin.

The degree of dissociation is the fraction of the original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol \alpha. There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the van 't Hoff factor. If a fraction \alpha of the solute dissociates into n ions, then : i = \alpha n + (1 - \alpha) = 1 + \alpha (n - 1).

The compound is usually available as the monohydrate, a white, odorless, crystalline powder. The solid contains separate sodium cations and glutamate anions in zwitterionic form, −OOC-CH()-()2-COO−. In solution it dissociates into glutamate and sodium ions. MSG is freely soluble in water, but it is not hygroscopic and is insoluble in common organic solvents (such as ether).

An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions. Salts such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride have varied uses ranging from medical treatments to cement formation. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is a salt that is marketed in pellet form for removing dampness from rooms.

1895: The National American Woman Suffrage Association dissociates itself from Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Woman's Bible, a critique of Christianity. 1896: Women's suffrage returns to Utah upon gaining statehood. 1896: The National American Woman Suffrage Association hires Ida Husted Harper to launch an expensive suffrage campaign in California, which ultimately fails. 1896: Idaho grants women suffrage.

The alpha Subunit of the Gs protein releases bound GDP and binds GTP. The alpha subunit-GTP complex dissociates from the beta and gamma dimer and interacts with adenylate cyclase. Binding of glucagon molecule activates many of the alpha subunit, which amplifies the hormonal signal. Then, the alpha subunit activates the adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP.

These iron complexes binds to a receptor on an iron transport that is unique to the siderophore used. The receptor dissociates once it nears the cell's membrane which creates an aqueous ferric Fe(III) ion that can either be used for uptake or reduced to Fe2+ where transporters specific to that ion can transport it instead.

In the process of deprotonating the C3 hydroxyl group, Tyr200 dissociates from the catalytic complex. Oxygen is bonded to the substrate through a series of trans influences and stabilizing hydrogen bonding between the substrate and other active site amino acid residues. His226 accepts electron density from the substrate, consequently decreasing the bond between Fe3+ and the C4 hydroxyl.

The carbon monoxide further burns to form carbon dioxide. Some of the carbon is picked up by the falling droplets of molten metal which raises the carbon content of the iron. Silicon carbide and ferromanganese briquettes may also be added to the charge materials. The silicon carbide dissociates and carbon and silicon enters into the molten metal.

Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula . Hydrochloric acid has a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as strongly acidic and can attack the skin over a wide composition range, since the hydrogen chloride completely dissociates in an aqueous solution. Hydrochloric acid is the simplest chlorine-based acid system containing water.

Telomere-binding proteins not present may cause the exposed telomeres to undergo a DNA repair response, having mistakenly identified the ends as a double-stranded break. This is due to the 3’ overhang, which gradually shortens over time. A process known as uncapping occurs, in which the shelterin complex dissociates from the telomere when shrunk to a critical length.

Molecular autoionization (or self-ionization) is a reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions. If a pure liquid partially dissociates into ions, it is said to be self-ionizing. In most cases the oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged. Such autoionization can be protic ( transfer), or non-protic.

Less powerful acids and bases will have lesser degree of dissociation. There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the van 't Hoff factor i. If the solute substance dissociates into n ions, then :i = 1 + \alpha (n - 1) For instance, for the following dissociation :KCl K+ \+ Cl− As n = 2, we would have that i = 1 + \alpha.

The exact biosynthesis of β-araneosene is not known, however like other diterpenes, it is assumed to originate with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate dissociates to generate an allylic cation at the tail of the molecule. Next a cascade of cyclizations yields the stable β-araneosene-15-yl cation. Finally, elimination of the adjacent proton yields β–araneosene.

EMR2 has been shown to be necessary for in vitro cell migration. Upon cleavage the N-terminus has been shown to associate with the 7TM, but to also dissociate, giving two possible functions. When the N-terminus dissociates it can be found in lipid rafts. Additionally, the cleaved EMR2 protein 7TM has been found to associate with EMR4 N-terminus.

The complexes include signaling proteins such as 4 FKBP12 molecules, protein kinases, phosphatases, etc. They modulate the activity of and the binding of immunophilin to the channel. FKBP12 is required for normal gating as well as coupled gating between neighboring channels. PKA phosphorylation of RyR dissociates FKBP12 yielding increased Ca2+ sensitivity for activation, part of the excitation-contraction (fight or flight) response.

Cracks growing internally are isolated from the atmosphere and grow in a vacuum. When water vapour deposits onto the freshly exposed aluminium fracture surface, it dissociates into hydroxides and atomic hydrogen. Hydrogen interacts with the crack tip affecting the appearance and size of the striations. The growth rate increases typically by an order of magnitude, with the presence of water vapour.

Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening.

In many metabolic reactions, a protein that acts as an electron carrier binds to an enzyme that acts its reductase. After it receives an electron, it dissociates and then binds to the next enzyme that acts its oxidase (i.e. an acceptor of the electron). These interactions between proteins are dependent on highly specific binding between proteins to ensure efficient electron transfer.

TRNA (guanine26-N2)-dimethyltransferase (, Trm1p, TRM1, tRNA (m22G26)dimethyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L- methionine:tRNA (guanine26-N2)-dimethyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine26 in tRNA \rightleftharpoons 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N2-dimethylguanine26 in tRNA The enzyme dissociates from its tRNA substrate between the two consecutive methylation reactions.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl or HClO) is a weak acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming hypochlorite, ClO−. HClO and ClO− are oxidizers, and the primary disinfection agents of chlorine solutions.Sansebastiano, G. et al. Page 262 in Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study Approach (Ed: R. J. Marshall) 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.

Until today human development is far advanced in all of the world's CW areas, that is in Western Europe, in Japan, in distinctive areas of Northern America, Australia, and New Zealand. Welzel stresses that — in the era of globalization — human empowerment begins to diffuse elsewhere and slowly dissociates from the CW condition. This erodes the monopoly of the West over human empowerment.

Once complexed to a metal ion, ammonia is not basic. This property is illustrated by the stability of some metal ammine complexes in strong acid solutions. When the M-NH3 bond is weak, the ammine ligand dissociates and protonation ensues. The behavior is illustrated by the non- reaction and reaction with [Co(NH3)6]3+ and [Ni(NH3)6]2+, respectively.

The new bases eventually dissociate from the DNA bases but stay linked to each other, forming a new mRNA strand. This mRNA strand is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Once the RNA reaches a terminator sequence, it dissociates from the DNA template strand and terminates the mRNA sequence as well. Transcription is regulated in the cell via transcription factors.

Is secreted from seminal vesicles to the seminal fluid. A number of alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed at this locus, but the full- length nature of only two, each encoding the same protein, has been determined. During the passage of the sperm through the cervix, glycodelin S is de-glycosylated and dissociates from the sperm, allowing the sperm to mature.

The lactone ring is unstable and opens in basic media. The opposite reaction is presented in acidic media. The bond (C1−C3′) connecting the two optically active carbon atoms is also unstable. In aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and heating it dissociates into cotarnine (4-methoxy-6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline) and opic acid (6-formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid).

When FSSF3 dissociates, the Fcis atom forms a new bond to the Stop atom, and the S-S bond breaks. As a gas, at ambient and totally clean conditions, FSSF3 decomposes with a half life of about 10 hours. Disproportionation to SSF2 and SF4 catalysed by metal fluorides can take place in under one second. However it is indefinitely stable at -196 °C.

As part of a heterodimer, importin-β mediates interactions with the pore complex, while importin-α acts as an adaptor protein to bind the nuclear localisation signal (NLS) on the cargo. The NLS-Importin α-Importin β trimer dissociates after binding to Ran GTP inside the nucleus, with the two importin proteins being recycled to the cytoplasm for further use.

BiP is both a target of the ER stress response, or UPR, and an essential regulator of the UPR pathway. During ER stress, BiP dissociates from the three transducers (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6), effectively activating their respective UPR pathways. As a UPR target gene product, BiP is upregulated when UPR transcription factors associate with the UPR element in BiP’s DNA promoter region.

Due to the experimental ease of its use, BMS has become common in hydroboration reactions. In hydroborations with BMS, the dimethylsulfide dissociates in situ, liberating diborane, which rapidly adds to the unsaturated bonds. The resulting organoborane compounds are useful intermediates in organic synthesis. Boranes add to alkenes in an anti-Markovnikov fashion and allow conversion of alkynes to the corresponding cis-alkenes.

A general case of SRM can be represented by :ABCD^+ \to AB + CD^+ where the precursor ion ABCD+ is selected by the first stage of mass spectrometry (MS1), dissociates into molecule AB and product ion CD+, and the latter is selected by the second stage of mass spectrometry (MS2) and detected. The precursor and product ion pair is called a SRM "transition." Consecutive reaction monitoring (CRM) is the serial application of three or more stages of mass spectrometry to SRM, represented in a simple case by :ABCD^+ \to AB + CD^+ \to C + D^+ where ABCD+ is selected by MS1, dissociates into molecule AB and ion CD+. The ion is selected in the second mass spectrometry stage MS2 then undergoes further fragmentation to form ion D+ which is selected in the third mass spectrometry stage MS3 and detected.

From mid-zygotene to early pachytene, as part of the recombinational repair process, DMC1 dissociates from the ssDNA and counts decrease until all breaks (except those on the XY chromosomes) are repaired at late pachytene. Several other proteins are involved in this process, including ZCWPW1, the first protein directly positioned by PRDM9’s dual histone marks. ZCWPW1 is important for homologous DSB repair, not positioning.

Bathing fish with hydrogen peroxide (350–500 mg/L for 20 min) will remove mobile sea lice from fish. It is environmentally friendly since H2O2 dissociates to water and oxygen, but can be toxic to fish, depending on water temperature, as well as to operators. It appears to knock the sea lice off the fish, leaving them capable of reattaching to other fish and reinitiating an infection.

He admits that they fought and that he left the unconscious Greg near the river. The police speculate that Greg might be dead (though they have no body), either by accident or because Robert killed him. When Robert's employer learns he is a police suspect, he loses the promotion in Philadelphia and is suspended. Also, a colleague and former friend dissociates himself from Robert.

LDL dissociates because of the slightly acidified environment of the early endosome, generated by a vacuolar membrane proton pump V-ATPase. On the other hand, EGF and the EGF receptor have a pH-resistant bond that persists until it is delivered to lysosomes for their degradation. The mannose 6-phosphate receptor carries ligands from the Golgi destined for the lysosome by a similar mechanism.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced in tissues as a byproduct of normal metabolism. It dissolves in the solution of blood plasma and into red blood cells (RBC), where carbonic anhydrase catalyzes its hydration to carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates to form bicarbonate Ions (HCO3−) and a hydrogen ion (H+). In response to the decrease in intracellular pCO2, more CO2 passively diffuses into the cell.

Examples of associative mechanisms are commonly found in the chemistry of 16e square planar metal complexes, e.g. Vaska's complex and tetrachloroplatinate. These compounds (MX4) bind the incoming (substituting) ligand Y to form pentacoordinate intermediates MX4Y that in a subsequent step dissociates one of their ligands. Dissociation of Y results in no detectable net reaction, but dissociation of X results in net substitution, giving the 16e complex MX3Y.

GDP dissociates from inactive GTPases very slowly. The binding of GEFs to their GTPase substrates catalyzes the dissociation of GDP, allowing a GTP molecule to bind in its place. GEFs function to promote the dissociation of GDP. After GDP has disassociated from the GTPase, GTP generally binds in its place, as the cytosolic ratio of GTP is much higher than GDP at 10:1.

Ethenium has been observed in rarefied gases subjected to radiation. Another preparation method is to react certain proton donors such as , , , and with ethane at ambient temperature and pressures below 1 mmHg. (Other donors such as and form ethanium preferably to ethenium.) At room temperature and in a rarefied methane atmosphere, ethanium slowly dissociates to ethenium and . The reaction is much faster at 90 °C.

Replication slippage is an error in DNA replication that can produce duplications of short genetic sequences. During replication DNA polymerase begins to copy the DNA. At some point during the replication process, the polymerase dissociates from the DNA and replication stalls. When the polymerase reattaches to the DNA strand, it aligns the replicating strand to an incorrect position and incidentally copies the same section more than once.

Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the Himalayas and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other. The renowned Galyat mountains are also located in this range. The region is connected to the Valley of Kashmir via Mughal Road and used to be the historical connction of Kashmir with India.

The substance is a complex of iron with maltol, which is absorbed from the gut and then dissociates, releasing iron and maltol separately into the bloodstream. Iron is bound to transferrin and reaches its highest concentrations in the blood plasma one to three hours after ingestion. It is also bound to ferritin for storage. Maltol reaches its highest plasma concentrations after 1 to 1.5 hours.

Xenon difluoride is also used as an isotropic gaseous etchant for silicon, particularly in the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), as first demonstrated in 1995. Commercial systems use pulse etching with an expansion chamber Brazzle, Dokmeci, et al. describe this process: The mechanism of the etch is as follows. First, the XeF2 adsorbs and dissociates to xenon and fluorine atoms on the surface of silicon.

In addition to household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. It is classified as a weak acid since it only partially dissociates in solution, but concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin. Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group.

For example, alumina, when evaporated by electron beam, dissociates into aluminum, AlO3 and Al2O. Some refractory carbides like silicon carbide and tungsten carbide decompose upon heating, and the dissociated elements have different volatilities. These compounds can be deposited on the substrate either by reactive evaporation or by co- evaporation. In the reactive evaporation process, the metal is evaporated from the ingot by the electron beam.

This binding to phosphorylase a prevents any phosphatase activity of PP1 and maintains the glycogen phosphorylase in its active phosphorylated configuration. Therefore, there phosphorylase a will accelerate glycogen breakdown until adequate levels of glucose are achieved. When glucose concentrations get too high, phosphorylase a is converted to its inactive, T state. By shifting phosphorylase a to its T state, PP1 dissociates from the complex.

NAMI-A dissociates differently based on pH (Sava et al., 2001). Unlike cisplatin, a platinum based drug, it has been shown in-vivo that NAMI-A doesn’t inhibit primary tumor growth but decreases the speed at which metastasis occurs. It has also been found that when compared to highly cytotoxic platinum compounds, NAMI-A is much less cytotoxic and has a differing mechanism of action.

This is mainly due to the conjugate base action of βHB (βHB-) which fully dissociates within the blood; this mildly raises the blood and urine pH which is further increased as the kidneys excrete the excess cations (Na+, Ca+, K+). Ketone esters reduce the blood pH because KE hydrolysis proves β-HB with butanediol. These two undergoe a hepatic metabolism, forming a keto-acid.

A strong electrolyte is a solution/solute that completely, or almost completely, ionizes or dissociates in a solution. These ions are good conductors of electric current in the solution. Originally, a "strong electrolyte" was defined as a chemical that, when in aqueous solution, is a good conductor of electricity. With a greater understanding of the properties of ions in solution, its definition was replaced by the present one.

During the different stages of mitosis, one could see that survivin follows a certain localization pattern. At prophase and metaphase, survivin is mainly nuclear in location. During prophase, as the chromatin condenses so that it is visible under the microscope, survivin starts to move to the centromeres. At prometaphase when the nuclear membrane dissociates and spindle microtubules cross over the nuclear region, survivin stays put at the centromeres.

This reduces one of the iron atoms from FeIII to FeII. At this point, the 5’-deoxyadenosyl and methionine formed earlier are exchanged for a second equivalent of SAM. Reductive cleavage generates another 5’-deoxyadenosyl radical, which abstracts a hydrogen from C6 of dethiobiotin. This radical attacks the sulfur attached to C9 and forms the thiophane ring of biotin, leaving behind an unstable diferrous cluster that likely dissociates.

Arrhenius proposed in 1884 that a base is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions OH-. These ions can react with hydrogen ions (H+ according to Arrhenius) from the dissociation of acids to form water in an acid-base reaction. A base was therefore a metal hydroxide such as NaOH or Ca(OH)2. Such aqueous hydroxide solutions were also described by certain characteristic properties.

Phase 1 blocking has the principal paralytic effect. Binding of suxamethonium to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor results in opening of the receptor's monovalent cation channel; a disorganized depolarization of the motor end-plate occurs and calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In normal skeletal muscle, acetylcholine dissociates from the receptor following depolarization and is rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The muscle cell is then ready for the next signal.

The conserved Fe3+ is stabilised in the ferric form, whereas M may undergo reduction. Upon treatment with mild reductants, PAPs are converted to their enzymatically active, pink form. Treatment with strong reducing agents dissociates the metallic ions, and renders the enzyme colourless and inactive. PAPs are highly conserved within eukaryotic species, with >80% amino acid homology in mammalian PAPs, and >70% sequence homology in PAPs of plant origin.

Centrosome-associated protein CEP250 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP250 gene. This gene encodes a core centrosomal protein required for centriole-centriole cohesion during interphase of the cell cycle. The encoded protein dissociates from the centrosomes when parental centrioles separate at the beginning of mitosis. The protein associates with and is phosphorylated by NIMA-related kinase 2, which is also associated with the centrosome.

Cycasin is a carcinogenic and neurotoxic glucoside found in cycads such as Cycas revoluta and Zamia pumila. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, seizures, and hepatoxicity. In metabolic conditions, cycasin is hydrolyzed into glucose and methylazoxymethanol (MAM), the latter of which dissociates into formaldehyde and diazomethane. It induces hepatotoxicity and Zamia staggers, a fatal nervous disease affecting cattle resulting from browsing on the leaves or other parts of cycads.

This complex dissociates into an aryl radical anion and a phenoxy residue. The two aryl radicals recombine forming a new carbon- carbon covalent bond and subsequently lose two protons in a rearomatization step. The immediate reaction product is a diphenoquinone as result of a one- step 4-electron oxidation. It is nevertheless possible to synthesize the biphenol compound via a comproportionation of the quinone with xylenol already present.

In the GTP-bound form, ARF conformation changes such that the myristate and hydrophobic N-terminal become more exposed and associate with the membrane. The interconversion between GTP and GDP bound states is mediated by ARF GEFs and ARF GAPs. At the membrane, ARF-GTP is hydrolyzed to ARF-GDP by ARF GAPs. Once in the GDP-bound conformation, ARF converts to a less hydrophobic conformation and dissociates from the membrane.

Endosomes provide an environment for material to be sorted before it reaches the degradative lysosome. For example, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is taken into the cell by binding to the LDL receptor at the cell surface. Upon reaching early endosomes, the LDL dissociates from the receptor, and the receptor can be recycled to the cell surface. The LDL remains in the endosome and is delivered to lysosomes for processing.

Development is funded by Targacept and AstraZeneca. It did not produce meaningful, beneficial results on patients as measured by changes on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale after eight weeks of treatment as compared with placebo. (S)-(+)-Mecamylamine dissociates more slowly from α4β2 and α3β4 receptors than does the (R)-(−)-enantiomer. A large SAR study of mecamylamine and its analogs was reported by a group from Merck in 1962.

The existence of communist parties in Poland and their activities are legal as long as they refer to the ideology of the communist system, bypassing totalitarian methods and practices. Similarly, communist symbolism is not prohibited in Poland. The Polish Communist Party completely dissociates itself from the use of totalitarian methods. In 2013, Law and Justice activist Bartosz Kownacki requested the party to be banned because of alleged propagation of totalitarianism.

The dimeric titanium(III) complex reversibly dissociates to the monomer Cp2TiCl. This 15 electron species is Lewis acidic and thus binds epoxides and carbonyl compounds. The complex transfers a single electron to the coordinated substrate generating an alkyl centered radical and an oxygen bound titanium(IV) species. This process is driven by the strength of the titanium- oxygen bond, as well as strain release in the case of epoxides.

Only the unbound fraction of the drug undergoes metabolism in the liver and other tissues. As the drug dissociates from the protein, more and more drug undergoes metabolism. Changes in the levels of free drug change the volume of distribution because free drug may distribute into the tissues leading to a decrease in plasma concentration profile. For the drugs which rapidly undergo metabolism, clearance is dependent on the hepatic blood flow.

A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions. Sodium acetate is a strong electrolyte, so it dissociates completely in solution.

These cations are reduced at the cathode to the metal in the zero valence state. For example, the electrolyte for copper plating can be a solution of copper(II) sulphate, which dissociates into Cu2+ cations and anions. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. When the anode is made of the coating metal, the opposite reaction may occur there, turning it into dissolved cations.

Brassinosteroid signal cascade: in the absence of BR, BKI1 blocks BRI1 activity and BIN2 inhibits transcription factors. When BR is present, BKI1 dissociates from BRI1 and the BRI1:BAK1 complex is formed. This complex promotes the inactivation of BIN2 and transcription factors can then exert their effects. BRs are perceived at the cell membrane by a co-receptor complex, comprising brassinosteroid insensitive-1 (BRI1) and BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1).

However, because dominator culture upholds a harsh division between masculinity and femininity, it dissociates masculinity from anything stereotypically feminine—even at the expense of benefits such as those reported by Sanday and Coltrane. Accordingly, in these societies that prize domination and power, the societal value for qualities like empathy, caregiving, and nonviolence diminishes. Instead, by viewing femininity as undesirable and inferior, these dominator societies accept and perpetuate violent and inequitable behavior.

At temperatures above ~900 °C, gallium phosphide dissociates and the phosphorus escapes as a gas. In crystal growth from a 1500 °C melt (for LED wafers), this must be prevented by holding the phosphorus in with a blanket of molten boric oxide in inert gas pressure of 10–100 atmospheres. The process is called liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) growth, an elaboration of the Czochralski process used for silicon wafers.

In method of action, the preparation is exactly identical to that of caffeine base as the citrate counter ion dissociates in water. Doses of caffeine citrate, due to the added weight of the citrate moiety, are understandably higher than with caffeine base, i.e., it takes a larger dose to get the same amount of caffeine. The ratio of therapeutic doses of caffeine base to its citrate salt is typically 1:2.

These bits and pieces were transformed in the drawings and films and were connected to one another in austere compositions, but their origins remained discernible.See Stefan Ripplinger: "The Art of Separation. Heinz Emigholz Dissociates Words and Images", in: "Heinz Emigholz", museum für gegenwart, 11 (2007), Köln: Dumont, pp. 25–28. Narrative approaches emerge, yet they do not connect to a single narrative, but can still be combined freely.

Tellurium tetrabromide (TeBr4) is an inorganic chemical compound. It has a similar tetrameric structure to TeCl4.Inorganic Chemistry,Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman Elsevier 2001 It can be made by reacting bromine and tellurium. In the vapour TeBr4 dissociates: :TeBr4 -> TeBr2 \+ Br2 It is a conductor when molten, dissociating into the ions TeBr3+ and Br− When dissolved in benzene and toluene, TeBr4 is present as the unionized tetramer Te4Br16.

The top arrow represents one photon absorption, which is a continuous process. In the region of the anticrossing the molecule is in a superposition of the ground and the excited states, continuously exchanging energy with the laser field. As the internuclear separation increases, the molecule absorbs energy and the electronic wavefunction evolves to the antibonding state on the femtosecond timescale. The H2+ ion dissociates to the 1ω limit.

Sybil's parents make it clear to Sybil that they disapprove of psychiatrists and psychiatry, saying how evil and controlling psychiatrists are. Sybil becomes upset and dissociates into Peggy, who becomes enraged and breaks a glass. Peggy angrily storms out of the cafeteria. Later that evening, Dr. Wilbur receives a late night call from someone who identifies herself as Vickie and says Sybil is about to jump out a hotel window.

To enter the cells, the edema and lethal factors use another protein produced by B. anthracis called protective antigen, which binds to two surface receptors on the host cell. A cell protease then cleaves PA into two fragments: PA20 and PA63. PA20 dissociates into the extracellular medium, playing no further role in the toxic cycle. PA63 then oligomerizes with six other PA63 fragments forming a heptameric ring-shaped structure named a prepore.

Eventually the separation decreases to zero when the molecule photo- dissociates into a continuum of states. The second formula is adequate for small values of the vibrational quantum number. For higher values further anharmonicity terms are needed as the molecule approaches the dissociation limit, at the energy corresponding to the upper (final state) potential curve at infinite internuclear distance. The intensity of allowed vibronic transitions is governed by the Franck–Condon principle.

Tetrafluorohydrazine is in equilibrium with its radical monomer nitrogen difluoride. : N2F4 2 NF2• At room temperature N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2 at 5mm Hg pressure. When the temperature rises to 225 °C, it mostly dissociates with 99% in the form of NF2. molecule dimensions and angles The energy needed to break the N-N bond in N2F4 is 20.8 kcal/mol, with an entropy change of 38.6 eu.

Anhydrous iron(III) chloride has the BiI3 structure, with octahedral Fe(III) centres interconnected by two- coordinate chloride ligands. Iron(III) chloride has a relatively low melting point and boils at around 315 °C. The vapour consists of the dimer (cf. aluminium chloride) which increasingly dissociates into the monomeric (with D3h point group molecular symmetry) at higher temperature, in competition with its reversible decomposition to give iron(II) chloride and chlorine gas.

The tRNA exporter in vertebrates is called exportin-t. Exportin-t binds directly to its tRNA cargo in the nucleus, a process promoted by the presence of RanGTP. Mutations that affect tRNA's structure inhibit its ability to bind to exportin-t, and consequentially, to be exported, providing the cell with another quality control step. As described above, once the complex has crossed the envelope it dissociates and releases the tRNA cargo into the cytosol.

In contrast to the association of amusia specific to recognition of melodies (amelodia) with the temporal pole, posterior STG damage was associated with loss of rhythm perception (arryhthmia). Conversely, in two patients rhythm perception was intact, while recognition/discrimination of musical segments was impaired. Amusia also dissociates in regard to enjoyment from music. In two reports, amusic patients, who weren't able to distinguish musical instruments, reported that they still enjoy listening to music.

The role of vitamin A in the visual cycle is specifically related to the retinal form. Within the eye, 11-cis-retinal is bound to the protein "opsin" to form rhodopsin in rods and iodopsin (cones) at conserved lysine residues. As light enters the eye, the 11-cis-retinal is isomerized to the all-"trans" form. The all-"trans" retinal dissociates from the opsin in a series of steps called photo-bleaching.

Sodium bifluoride dissociates to hydrofluoric acid and sodium fluoride: :NaHF2 HF + NaF The reverse of this reaction is employed to remove HF from elemental fluorine (F2) produced by electrolysis. This equilibrium is manifested when the salt is dissolved and when the solid is heated. Characteristic of other bifluorides, it reacts with acids to give HF. Illustrative is its reaction with bisulfate to form sodium sulfate and hydrogen fluoride. Strong bases deprotonate bifluoride.

Is secreted by granulosa cells into the follicular fluid. Glycodelin-F reduces the blinding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida which is mainly expressed in the ovary, and synthesised in the granulosa cells, has a function in principle similar to that of Glycodelin-A. It also binds the sperm head, thereby inhibiting acrosome reaction and sperm- egg binding. Upon de-glycosilation, glycodelin F dissociates from the sperm and sperm-egg binding is possible.

Each molybdenum has local octahedral symmetry and two chlorides bridge between the molybdenum centers. A similar structure is also found for the pentachlorides of W, Nb and Ta. In the gas phase and partly in solution, the dimers partially dissociates to give a monomeric pentahalide. The monomer is paramagnetic, with one unpaired electron per Mo center, reflecting the fact that the formal oxidation state is +5, leaving one valence electron on the metal center.

In the blood, it mainly circulates in a stable noncovalent complex with von Willebrand factor. Upon activation by thrombin (factor IIa), it dissociates from the complex to interact with factor IXa in the coagulation cascade. It is a cofactor to factor IXa in the activation of factor X, which, in turn, with its cofactor factor Va, activates more thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin which polymerizes and crosslinks (using factor XIII) into a blood clot.

After the formation of the spherical structure, the complex of ATG12-ATG5:ATG16L1 dissociates from the autophagosome. LC3 is cleaved by ATG4 protease to generate cytosolic LC3. LC3 cleavage is required for the terminal fusion of an autophagosome with its target membrane. LC3 is commonly used as a marker of autophagosomes in immunocytochemistry, because it is the essential part of the vesicle and stays associated until the last moment before its fusion.

Calmodulin-dependent kinase II and Rho-kinase are also found to phosphorylate calponin at Ser175 and Thr184 in vitro. Of these two residues, the main site of regulatory phosphorylation by calmodulin-dependent kinase II and Rho-kinase is Ser175. Dephosphorylation of calponin is catalyzed by type 2B protein phosphatase Unphosphorylated calponin binds to actin and inhibits actomyosin MgATPase. Ser175 phosphorylation alters the molecular conformation of calponin and dissociates calponin from F-actin.

First, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in the 1990s (from the GLODAP climatology) Carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into free hydrogen ion (technically, hydronium) and bicarbonate.The free hydrogen ion meets carbonate, already present in the water from the dissolution of CaCO3, and reacts to form more bicarbonate ion.The dissolved species in the equations above, mostly bicarbonate, make up the carbonate alkalinity system, the dominant contributor to seawater alkalinity.

Yeast carry one or two copies of each histone gene, which are not clustered but rather scattered throughout chromosomes. Histone gene transcription is controlled by multiple gene regulatory proteins such as transcription factors which bind to histone promoter regions. In budding yeast, the candidate gene for activation of histone gene expression is SBF. SBF is a transcription factor that is activated in late G1 phase, when it dissociates from its repressor Whi5.

Canadian Mineralogist 15, 30-35. KHP dissociates completely in water, giving the potassium cation (K+) and hydrogen phthalate anion (HP− or Hphthalate−). : KHP + H2O K+ \+ HP− And then as a weak acid hydrogen phthalate reacts reversibly with water to give hydronium (H3O+) and phthalate ions. : HP− \+ H2O P2− \+ H3O+ KHP can be used as a buffering agent in combination with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) depending on which side of pH 4.0 the buffer is to be.

Upon deflection of the basilar membrane upwards and subsequent deflection of the hair bundles toward the tallest steroecilia, channels within the stereocilia open allowing the inflow of ions and depolarizing the OHC results. Intracellular chloride dissociates from the allosteric binding sites in prestin, causing contraction of prestin. Upon BM deflection downwards hyperpolarization of the OHC results, and intracellular chloride ions bind allosterically causing prestin expansion. The binding or dissociation of chloride causes a shift in prestin's membrane capacitance.

Cdc20:Mad2 then dissociates and Mad1:Mad2 is enabled to bind a free cytosolic Mad2 again. It is speculated that once formed, Cdc20:Mad2 complexes can amplify the anaphase wait signal by stimulating further conversion of cytosolic Open Mad2 and free Cdc20 into more Cdc20:Closed Mad2 complexes. This diffusible signal propagation away from the kinetochore complexes could account for how vacancy of just one tiny kinetochore site can completely shut down the metaphase-to-anaphase transition.

Finally, the stoichiometric oxidant regenerates the osmium tetroxide – ligand complex (2). The reaction mechanism of the Sharpless dihydroxylation The mechanism of the Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation has been extensively studied and a potential secondary catalytic cycle has been identified (see below). If the osmylate ester intermediate is oxidized before it dissociates, then an osmium(VIII)-diol complex is formed which may then dihydroxylate another alkene.Sundermeier, U., Dobler, C., Beller, M. Recent developments in the osmium-catalyzed dihydroxylation of olefins.

The phosphorylation of Rb by CDK4/6 and CDK2 dissociates the Rb-repressor complex and serves as an on/off switch for the cell cycle. Once Rb is phosphorylated, the inhibition is released on the E2F transcriptional activity. This allows for the transcription of S phase genes encoding for proteins that amplify the G1 to S phase switch. Many different stimuli apply checkpoint controls including TGFb, DNA damage, contact inhibition, replicative senescence, and growth factor withdrawal.

For example, phase I metabolism converts acetonitrile to HOCH2CN, which rapidly dissociates into formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. Phase I metabolism of drug candidates can be simulated in the laboratory using non-enzyme catalysts. This example of a biomimetic reaction tends to give products that often contains the Phase I metabolites. As an example, the major metabolite of the pharmaceutical trimebutine, desmethyltrimebutine (nor-trimebutine), can be efficiently produced by in vitro oxidation of the commercially available drug.

These mutations are thought to cause alternate splicing of the pre- mRNA which leads to an abnormal protein. CSB is caused by mutations in the ERCC6 gene, which encodes the CSB protein. CSA and CSB are involved in transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), which is involved in repairing DNA; they ubiquitinate RNA polymerase II, halting its progress thus allowing the TC-NER mechanism to be carried out. The ubiquitinated RNAP II then dissociates and is degraded via the proteasome.

In this state, Rb binds to a protein transcription factor E2F and prevents E2F from activating transcription of proteins essential for S-phase. During a normal cell cycle, as G1 progresses, Rb will become phosphorylated in a specific set of sequential steps by proteins called cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) bound to cyclin proteins. The specific complexes that phosphorylate Rb are cyclin D-cdk4 and cyclin E-cdk2. When Rb has been phosphorylated many times, it dissociates from E2F.

Calnexin acts to stabilize the class I MHC α chains prior to β2m binding. Following complete assembly of the MHC molecule, calnexin dissociates. The MHC molecule lacking a bound peptide is inherently unstable and requires the binding of the chaperones calreticulin and Erp57. Additionally, tapasin binds to the MHC molecule and serves to link it to the TAP proteins and facilitates the selection of peptide in an iterative process called peptide editing, thus facilitating enhanced peptide loading and colocalization.

This salt is used to initiate polymerization of various alkenes leading to commercially important polymers such as styrene- butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene and related materials. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals: :[O3SO-OSO3]2− 2 [SO4]•− It is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent,Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, vol. 1, pp. 193–197(1995) for instance in the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols and the Boyland–Sims oxidation of anilines.

Lithium orotate (C5H3LiN2O4), is a salt of orotic acid and lithium. It is available as the monohydrate, LiC5H3N2O4·H2O. In this compound, lithium is non-covalently bound to an orotate ion, rather than to a carbonate or other ion, and like other salts, dissociates in solution to produce free lithium ions. It is marketed as a dietary supplement, though only barely researched between 1973–1986 to treat certain medical conditions, such as alcoholism and Alzheimer's disease.

Pg 432 although they are still subject to other layers of regulation, including modulation by the heat stable pseudosubstrate inhibitor of PKA, termed PKI. Below is a list of the steps involved in PKA activation: # Cytosolic cAMP increases # Two cAMP molecules bind to each PKA regulatory subunit # The regulatory subunits move out of the active sites of the catalytic subunits and the R2C2 complex dissociates # The free catalytic subunits interact with proteins to phosphorylate Ser or Thr residues.

They found that across all temperatures, oxygen binds and dissociates faster from icefish than it does from mammalian myoglobin. However, when they repeated the test with each organism at a temperature that accurately reflected its native environment, the myoglobin performance was roughly equivalent between icefishes and mammals. So, they concluded that icefish myoglobin is neither more nor less functional than the myoglobin in other clades. This means that it is unlikely that myoglobin would be selected against.

It mediates docking to the nuclear pore complex through binding to nucleoporin and is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring mechanism. Then, in the nucleus Ran binds to Transportin-1, it dissociates from cargo, and Transportin-1 is re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran. Then Transportin-1 is free to bind new cargo. In addition, Transportin-1 is implicated in helping protein transport into primary cilium.

The Raman frequency is and another infrared absorption is at . The ion has been shown to be stable in aqueous solution under a pressure of , and is expected to occur naturally at depth in the earth's crust where subduction or high pressure metamorphism occurs. This ion is probably important in movement of copper and gold in hydrothermal fluids. Lithium hexasulfide (which contains , another polysulfide radical anion) with tetramethylenediamine solvation dissociates acetone and related donor solvents to .

Instead, when inside the nucleus, they regulate gene expression through TEAD1-4 which are sequence-specific transcription factors that mediate the main transcriptional output of the Hippo pathway. The YAP/TAZ and TEAD interaction competitively inhibits and actively dissociates the TEAD/VGLL4 interaction which functions as a transcriptional repressor. Mouse models with YAP over-expression have been shown to exhibit up-regulation of the TEAD target gene expression which results in increased expansion of progenitor cells and tissue overgrowth.

The designation of an acid or base as "conjugate" depends on the context. The conjugate acid BH+ of a base B dissociates according to :BH+ \+ OH− B + H2O which is the reverse of the equilibrium :H2O (acid) + B (base) OH− (conjugate base) + BH+ (conjugate acid). The hydroxide ion OH−, a well known base, is here acting as the conjugate base of the acid water. Acids and bases are thus regarded simply as donors and acceptors of protons respectively.

See also: Solubility equilibrium The dissociation of salts by solvation in a solution like water means the separation of the anions and cations. The salt can be recovered by evaporation of the solvent. An electrolyte refers to a substance that contains free ions and can be used as an electrically conductive medium. Most of the solute does not dissociate in a weak electrolyte whereas in a strong electrolyte a higher ratio of solute dissociates to form free ions.

The dissociation rate in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology is the rate or speed at which a ligand dissociates from a protein, for instance, a receptor. It is an important factor in the binding affinity and intrinsic activity (efficacy) of a ligand at a receptor. The dissociation rate for a particular substrate can be applied to enzyme kinetics, including the Michaelis-Menten model. Substrate dissociation rate contributes to how large or small the enzyme velocity will be.

In this case, the north-south axis is parallel to the polarization direction of the light that dissociated the ozone. Ozone molecules that absorb the polarized light are those in a particular alignment distribution, with a line connecting the end oxygen atoms in O3 roughly parallel to the polarization. Because the ozone dissociates more rapidly than it rotates, the O and O2 products recoil predominantly along this polarization axis. But there is more detail as well.

The bottom arrow represents a process initiated at the 3-photon gap. As the system passes through this gap, the 1-photon gap is wide open and the system slides along the top branch of the 1-photon anticrossing. The molecule dissociates to the 2ω limit via absorption of 3 photons followed by re-emission of 1 photon. (One-step even-photon absorptions and emissions are forbidden by the symmetry of the system.) The anticrossing curves are adiabatic, i.e.

Opicapone blocks the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) effectively (>90% at therapeutic doses), selectively and reversibly, and only outside the central nervous system. It dissociates slowly from COMT, resulting in a duration of action longer than 24 hours despite its short blood plasma half-life. As COMT and DOPA decarboxylase are the main enzymes for degrading levodopa, blocking the two effectively increases its concentrations in the bloodstream. More levodopa reaches the brain, where it is activated to dopamine.

Upon ligand binding to AhR, AIP is released resulting in exposure of the NLS, which is located in the bHLH region, leading to import into the nucleus. It is presumed that once in the nucleus, Hsp90 dissociates exposing the two PAS domains allowing the binding of ARNT. The activated AhR/ARNT heterodimer complex is then capable of either directly or indirectly interacting with DNA by binding to recognition sequences located in the 5’- regulatory region of dioxin-responsive genes.

Kinesins have two head domains which work together like feet – one binds to the neurotubules, and then another binds while the former dissociates. The binding of ATP rises the affinity of kinesins for neurotubules. When ATP binds to one head domain, a conformational change will be induced in the head domain, causing it to bind tightly on the neurotubule. Another ATP then binds to another head domain while the former ATP is hydrolyzed and the head domain is dissociated.

Carbon dioxide, a by-product of cellular respiration, is dissolved in the blood, where it is taken up by red blood cells and converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase. Most of the carbonic acid then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a bicarbonate ion (HCO ) and a hydrogen ion (H+) as shown in the following reaction: \rm CO_2 + H_2O \rightleftarrows H_2CO_3 \rightleftarrows HCO_3^- + H^+ As with any buffer system, the pH is balanced by the presence of both a weak acid (for example, H2CO3) and its conjugate base (for example, HCO) so that any excess acid or base introduced to the system is neutralized.

The "highly motivated" explanation is created at the intersection of high- perceived controllability of act and internal locus of control. Similar to the exceptional case, the highly motivated explanation individuates the outgroup member and dissociates them from their group. The outgroup member's positive behavior is rooted in their drive to be seen as anti-stereotypic, an external force. Thus, they are not seen as intrinsically exceptional, but externally motivated, and, without this motivation, they would not be able to achieve success.

The APC/CCDH1 targets crosslinking microtubule-associated proteins (NuMA, Ase1, Cin1 and more). AuroraB (yeast IpI1) phosphorylates the spindle-associated stabilizing protein EB1 (yeast Bim1), which then dissociates from microtubules, and the destabilizer She1, which then associates with microtubules. Kinesin8 (yeast Kip3), an ATP-dependent depolymerase, accelerate microtubule depolymerization at the plus end. It was shown the concurrent disruption of these mechanisms, but not of any one, results in dramatic spindle hyperstability during telophase, suggesting functional overlap despite the diversity of the mechanisms.

Syntaxin 1 is a component of the 7S and 20S SNARE complexes which are involved in docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. This gene encodes a syntaxin 1 binding protein. In rat, a similar protein dissociates syntaxin 1 from the Munc18/n-Sec1/rbSec1 complex to form a 10S complex, an intermediate which can be converted to the 7S SNARE complex. Thus this protein is thought to be involved in neurotransmitter release by stimulating SNARE complex formation.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide has risen from 280 to 409 ppmMauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (NOAA) since the industrial revolution. This increase in carbon dioxide has led to a 0.1 decrease in pH, and it could decrease by 0.5 by 2100. When carbon dioxide meets seawater it forms carbonic acid, which then dissociates into hydrogen, bicarbonate, and carbonate and lowers the pH of the ocean. Sea surface temperature, ocean acidity, and dissolved inorganic carbon are also positively correlated with atmospheric carbon dioxide.

In turn HRAS can bind to proteins of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) class, for example SOS1, which forces the release of bound nucleotide. Subsequently, GTP present in the cytosol binds and HRAS-GTP dissociates from the GEF, resulting in HRAS activation. HRAS is in the Ras family, which also includes two other proto- oncogenes: KRAS and NRAS. These proteins all are regulated in the same manner and appear to differ largely in their sites of action within the cell.

In mammals, RHOT1 is one of two Miro isoforms. Both isoforms share a structure consisting of two EF-hand motifs linking two GTP-binding domains and a C-terminal transmembrane domain that attaches the protein to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). The EF-hand motifs serve as binding sites for the adaptor protein Milton and the kinesin heavy chain. These domains can also bind calcium ions, and the binding results in a conformational change that dissociates the mitochondrial surface from kinesin.

Following assembly of the complex, the intron-containing RNAs are exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Once the pre-mRNAs are in the cytoplasm, Rev dissociates, revealing the NLS. Exposure of the NLS allows for Rev interaction with importin-β in order to shuttle Rev back to the nucleus. Rev-directed export of viral RNAs is similar to the mechanism by which snRNAs and the 5s rRNAs are exported, as opposed to the mechanism for export of cellular mRNAs.

Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is the application of selected reaction monitoring to multiple product ions from one or more precursor ions, for example :ABCD^+ \to AB + CD^+ :ABCD^+ \to AB^+ + CD where ABCD+ is selected by MS1 and dissociates by two pathways, forming either AB+ or CD+. The ions are selected sequentially by MS2 and detected. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) is the application of SRM with parallel detection of all transitions in a single analysis using a high resolution mass spectrometer.

Dissociative recombination is a process where a positive molecular ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for extraterrestrial and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth, dissociative recombination rarely occurs naturally, as free electrons react with any molecule (even neutral molecules) they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociative recombination is hard to observe, but is an important reaction in systems that have large populations of ionized molecules, for instance in atmospheric-pressure plasmas.

DnaB helicase is an enzyme in bacteria which opens the replication fork during DNA replication. Although the mechanism by which DnaB both couples ATP hydrolysis to translocation along DNA and denatures the duplex is unknown, a change in the quaternary structure of the protein involving dimerisation of the N-terminal domain has been observed and may occur during the enzymatic cycle. Initially when DnaB binds to dnaA, it is associated with dnaC, a negative regulator. After DnaC dissociates, DnaB binds dnaG.

If the top plane slips by two complete lattice spacings (1, 2, 3, and 4), a superdislocation is formed, and this is required for the perfect crystal structure to be restored. It is expected that this superdislocation, consisting of two perfect lattice translations, dissociates into four different partial dislocations with two on each side. Antiphase Boundary Figure 2: An antiphase boundary created by four partial dislocations (1,2,3,4), surrounded by complex stacking faults. Outside of these shaded regions, the crystal is perfect.

In mammals, RHOT2 is one of two Miro isoforms. Both isoforms share a structure consisting of two EF-hand motifs linking two GTP-binding domains and a C-terminal transmembrane domain that attaches the protein to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). The EF-hand motifs serve as binding sites for the adaptor protein Milton and the kinesin heavy chain. These domains can also bind calcium ions, and the binding results in a conformational change that dissociates the mitochondrial surface from kinesin.

In other words: Guanylate Cyclase Activating Protein (GCAP) is a calcium binding protein, and as the calcium levels in the cell have decreased, GCAP dissociates from its bound calcium ions, and interacts with Guanylate Cyclase, activating it. Guanylate Cyclase then proceeds to transform GTP to cGMP, replenishing the cell's cGMP levels and thus reopening the sodium channels that were closed during phototransduction. Finally, Metarhodopsin II is deactivated. Recoverin, another calcium binding protein, is normally bound to Rhodopsin Kinase when calcium is present.

Modern application of denaturation mapping: DNA is stained with a dye(green) that dissociates from single stranded DNA, changes in the environment like temperature increases that are not enough to completely dissociate the molecule causes parts of it to dissociate in a predictable manner from AT rich regions (red). fluorescence emissions from this partially denatured molecule is measured with photospectroscopy. The graph shown is a simplified output of such an analysis. Denaturation Mapping is a form of optical mapping, first described in 1966.

Indeed, the Chappuis absorption is one of the few noteworthy absorption processes within the visible spectrum in Earth's atmosphere. Overlaid on the absorption spectrum of the Chappuis bands at shorter wavelengths are partly irregular and diffuse bands caused by molecular vibrations. The irregularity of these bands implies that the ozone molecule is only for an extremely short time in an excited state before it dissociates. During this short excitation it is mostly undergoing symmetrical stretching vibrations, although with some contributions from bending vibrations.

11β-Chloromethylestradiol (11β-CME2; developmental code name ORG-4333) is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It has very high affinity from the estrogen receptors and dissociates from them very slowly. It was originally thought that 11β-CME2 might be a covalent ligand of the estrogen receptors, but its binding was subsequently shown to be fully reversible. The relative binding affinity of 11β-CME2 for the estrogen receptors ranges from 230 to 3,320% of that of estradiol depending on the study.

Second, the enzyme stabilises the transition state such that it requires less energy to achieve compared to the uncatalyzed reaction (ES‡). Finally the enzyme-product complex (EP) dissociates to release the products. Enzymes can couple two or more reactions, so that a thermodynamically favorable reaction can be used to "drive" a thermodynamically unfavourable one so that the combined energy of the products is lower than the substrates. For example, the hydrolysis of ATP is often used to drive other chemical reactions.

A formin dimer remains constantly bound to the plus end of an actin filament despite ongoing polymerization. One formin of a dimer dissociates from the barbed end to take the next step while the second formin of the dimer remains bound. Thus the formin dimer processively adds actin monomers to the barbed end and are constantly present at the barbed end of an actin filament (processive capping). The FH1 domain recruits actin monomers through profilin binding, but it does not promote nucleation.

This a reaction of amorphous silica (chalcedony, chert, siliceous limestone) sometimes present in the aggregates with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) from the cement pore solution. Poorly crystallized silica (SiO2) dissolves and dissociates at high pH (12.5 - 13.5) in alkaline water. The soluble dissociated silicic acid reacts in the porewater with the calcium hydroxide (portlandite) present in the cement paste to form an expansive calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) causes localised swelling responsible for tensile stress and cracking.

In 1920 Armstrong and Hilditch first proposed the associative mechanism. In this mechanism CO and H2O are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst, followed by formation of an intermediate and the desorption of H2 and CO2. In general, H2O dissociates onto the catalyst to yield adsorbed OH and H. The dissociated water reacts with CO to form a carboxyl or formate intermediate. The intermediate subsequently dehydrogenates to yield CO2 and adsorbed H. Two adsorbed H atoms recombine to form H2.

Diagram of electrospray ionization in positive mode: under high voltage, the Taylor cone emits a jet of liquid drops. The solvent from the droplets progressively evaporates, leaving them more and more charged. When the charge exceeds the Rayleigh limit the droplet explosively dissociates, leaving a stream of charged (positive) ions In 1882, Lord Rayleigh theoretically estimated the maximum amount of charge a liquid droplet could carry before throwing out fine jets of liquid. This is now known as the Rayleigh limit.

Normally, the molecule is in the ground state, in one of the lowest vibrational levels (marked by horizontal lines). In the presence of light, the molecule may absorb a photon (violet arrow), provided its frequency matches the energy difference between the ground and the excited states. The excited state is unstable and the molecule dissociates within femtoseconds into hydrogen atom and a proton releasing kinetic energy (red arrow). This is the usual description of photon absorption, which works well at low intensity.

If a species is classified as a strong acid, its conjugate base will be weak. An example of this case would be the dissociation of hydrochloric acid in water. Since HCl is a strong acid (it dissociates to a great extent), its conjugate base () will be a weak conjugate base. Therefore, in this system, most will be in the form of a hydronium ion instead of attached to a Cl− anion and the conjugate base will be weaker than a water molecule.

Sulfur is highly soluble in the apoplastic water of the mesophyll, where it dissociates under formation of bisulfite and sulfite. Sulfite may directly enter the sulfur reduction pathway and be reduced to sulfide, incorporated into cysteine, and subsequently into other sulfur compounds. Sulfite may also be oxidized to sulfate, extra- and intracellularly by peroxidases or non-enzymatically catalyzed by metal ions or superoxide radicals and subsequently reduced and assimilated again. Excessive sulfate is transferred into the vacuole; enhanced foliar sulfate levels are characteristic for exposed plants.

Transducin is activated by metarhodopsin II, a conformational change in rhodopsin caused by the absorption of a photon by the rhodopsin moiety retinal. The light causes isomerization of retinal from 11-cis to all-trans. Isomerization causes a change in the opsin to become metarhodopsin II. When metarhodopsin activates transducin, the guanosine diphosphate (GDP) bound to the α subunit (Tα) is exchanged for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) from the cytoplasm. The α subunit dissociates from the βγ subunits (Tβγ.) Activated transducin α-subunit activates cGMP phosphodiesterase.

The current dissociates electrons from the gas molecules, creating ions, and when the electrons recombine with the ions, the gas emits light by fluorescence. The color of light emitted is characteristic of the material within the tube, and many different colors and lighting effects can be achieved. The first gas-discharge lamps, Geissler tubes were novelty items, made in many artistic shapes and colors to demonstrate the new science of electricity. In the early 20th century, the technology was commercialized and evolved into neon lighting.

2-Hydroxyestradiol has approximately 7% and 11% of the affinity of estradiol at the estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ, respectively. It dissociates from the estrogen receptors more rapidly than does estradiol. The steroid is only very weakly estrogenic, and is able to antagonize the estrogenic effects of estradiol, indicating that its intrinsic activity at the estrogen receptor is less than that of estradiol and hence that it possesses the profile of a selective estrogen receptor modulator. It shows estrogenic activity in human breast cancer cells.

Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(0) or Roper's complex is a ruthenium metal carbonyl. In it, two carbon monoxide ligands and three triphenylphosphine ligands are coordinated to a central ruthenium(0) center. In solution, this compound readily dissociates one of the three phosphine ligands, thereby generating a reactive 16-electron complex that binds or oxidatively adds a variety of substrates such as alkynes, olefins, dihydrogen, and dioxygen. The compound has a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry and, in solution, exists as a mixture of two isomers that rapidly interconvert.

In the eukaryotic chromatin, DNA is rarely present in the free supercoiled form because nucleosomes restrain almost all negative supercoiling through tight binding of DNA to histones. Similarly, in E. coli, nucleoprotein complexes formed by NAPs restrain half of the supercoiling density of the nucleoid. In other words, if a NAP dissociates from a nucleoprotein complex, the DNA would adopt the free, plectonemic form. DNA binding of HU, Fis, and H-NS has been experimentally shown to restrain negative supercoiling in a relaxed but topologically constrained DNA.

When the calcium levels fall during phototransduction, the calcium dissociates from recoverin, and rhodopsin kinase is released, when it (what?) proceeds to phosphorylate metarhodopsin II, which decreases its affinity for transducin. Finally, arrestin, another protein, binds the phosphorylated metarhodopsin II, completely deactivating it. Thus, finally, phototransduction is deactivated, and the dark current and glutamate release is restored. It is this pathway, where Metarhodopsin II is phosphorylated and bound to arrestin and thus deactivated, which is thought to be responsible for the S2 component of dark adaptation.

DHT is synthesized in the prostate from circulating testosterone by the action of the enzyme 5α-reductase, type 2. DHT can act in an autocrine fashion on the stromal cells or in paracrine fashion by diffusing into nearby epithelial cells. In both of these cell types, DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors and signals the transcription of growth factors that are mitogenic to the epithelial and stromal cells. DHT is ten times more potent than testosterone because it dissociates from the androgen receptor more slowly.

CBI President Sir Michael Clapham dissociated the organisation from Adamson's view, and other industrialists were heavily critical.Maurice Corina, "President dissociates CBI from call for Industrial Relations Act repeal", The Times, 28 February 1974, p. 1. Late on Wednesday 27 February, Adamson offered his resignation to Clapham (the news did not become public until the following day); Clapham refused to accept it, writing back that Adamson was "perhaps uniquely qualified to organize" the CBI and deal with government. However, Adamson insisted and Clapham undertook to consult with members.

Partial loss-of-function wc-2 alleles alter temperature compensation, an intrinsic clock property, and lengthen the period of Neurospora as temperature increases. While WC-1 can always be found in the promoter region of frq, WC-2 enters the promoter region to form the WCC and increase frq expression. WC-2 then dissociates once transcription of frq has been completed. It is thought that CK1 and CK2 are kinases that phosphorylate the WCC and reduce WC-2 binding after promotion from FRQ during mid-subjective day.

In this process, G-actin subunits primarily add to the "barbed end" of the filamentous polymer. This end proves to be both more thermodynamically favored for the addition of G-actin and kinetically dynamic as well. Simultaneously, older G-actin monomers "fall off" of the pointed end of the microfilament. At the "pointed end" of the F-actin polymer, actin monomers are bound to ADP, which dissociates more readily and rapidly than ATP-bound actin, which is found at the "barbed end" of the polymer.

Compared to most acids, water has a much higher pKa value, meaning that it dissociates to give H+ with more difficulty. In this context, if an acid is used instead of water, then the hydrogen ion (H+) is more easily able to dissociate in order to react with the aniline dye anion, allowing the dye to dissolve. Animal protein fibers and the synthetic fiber nylon contain many cationic sites that bind anionic dye. The strength (fastness) of this bond reflects the strength of this ionic interaction.

Evidence also exists for a carbocation based mechanism of dealkylation similar to an SN1 reaction, where the R1 group initially dissociates from the phosphonium salt followed by attack of the anion. Phosphite esters with tertiary alkyl halide groups can undergo the reaction, which would be unexpected if only an SN2 mechanism was operating. Further support for this SN1 type mechanism comes from the use of the Arbuzov reaction in the synthesis of neopentyl halides, a class of compounds that are notoriously unreactive towards SN2 reactions.

The theory claimed that the reason coordination complexes form is because in solution, ions would be bound via ammonia chains. He compared this effect to the way that various carbohydrate chains form. Following this theory, Danish scientist Sophus Mads Jørgensen made improvements to it. In his version of the theory, Jørgensen claimed that when a molecule dissociates in a solution there were two possible outcomes: the ions would bind via the ammonia chains Blomstrand had described or the ions would bind directly to the metal.

Importin beta is a specific type of karyopherin that facilitates the transport of cargo proteins into the nucleus. First, it is binding importin alpha – another type of karyopherin that binds the cargo protein in the cytoplasm - before the cargo protein is imported into the nucleus through the nuclear pore using energy derived from the Ran gradient. Once inside the nucleus, the cargo dissociates from the karyopherins. Importin beta can also carry proteins into the nucleus without the aid of the importin alpha adapter protein.

However, upon ligand binding, the receptor switches to an active conformation, and this is driven by intermolecular rearrangement between the trans-membrane helices. The receptor activation releases an ‘ionic lock’ which holds together the cytoplasmic sides of transmembrane helices three and six, causing them to rotate. This conformational change exposes the intracellular receptor domains at the cytosolic side, which further leads to the activation of the G protein. When the GDP molecule dissociates from the Gα sub-unit, a GTP molecule binds to the free nucleotide-binding pocket, and the G protein becomes active.

Starting with Windows Vista, hard links are used by Windows Component Store (WinSxS) to keep track of different versions of DLLs stored on the hard disk drive. Unix-like emulation or compatibility software running on Windows, such as Cygwin and Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications, allow the use of POSIX interfaces under Windows. The process of unlinking dissociates a name from the data on the volume without destroying the associated data. The data is still accessible, as long as at least one link that points to it still exists.

The most common metal halide compound used is sodium iodide. Once the arc tube reaches its running temperature, the sodium dissociates from the iodine, adding orange and reds to the lamp's spectrum from the sodium D line as the metal ionizes. As a result, metal-halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75–100 lumens per watt, which is about twice that of mercury vapor lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights and produce an intense white light. Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours.

Double bonded compounds, alkene homologs, R2E=ER2 are now known for all of the heavier group 14 elements. Unlike the alkenes these compounds are not planar but adopt twisted and/or trans bent structures. These effects become more pronounced for the heavier elements. The distannene (Me3Si)2CHSn=SnCH(SiMe3)2 has a tin-tin bond length just a little shorter than a single bond, a trans bent structure with pyramidal coordination at each tin atom, and readily dissociates in solution to form (Me3Si)2CHSn: (stannanediyl, a carbene analog).

Water gives quite poor performance of 190 seconds (1.9 kN·s/kg), but requires only simple equipment to purify and handle, and is space storable and this has very seriously been proposed for interplanetary use, using in-situ resources. Ammonia has been proposed as a propellant. It offers higher specific impulse than water, but is easily storable, with a freezing point of −77 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of −33.34 °C. The exhaust dissociates into hydrogen and nitrogen, leading to a lower average molecular weight, and thus a higher Isp (65% of hydrogen).

These channels open temporarily to allow neurons to "reset" after they fire; lolitrem B blocks them, preventing the neuron from firing again after it depolarizes, which at low doses leads to tremors and at high doses to paralysis and death. The binding site of lolitrem B is likely to be located in this α subunit. When lolitrem B is added, the potassium current quickly gets abolished and this inhibition cannot be reversed by washout (this reversal is possible for paxilline). However, over time lolitrem B slowly dissociates from the binding site.

In correspondence with Faraday, Whewell also coined the words anode and cathode, as well as anion and cation as ions that are attracted to the respective electrodes. Svante Arrhenius put forth, in his 1884 dissertation, his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into Faraday's ions. Arrhenius proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current.

When cholesterol levels fall, INSIG-1 dissociates from the SREBP-SCAP complex, which allows the complex to migrate to the Golgi apparatus. Here SREBP is cleaved by S1P and S2P (site-1 protease and site-2 protease), two enzymes that are activated by SCAP when cholesterol levels are low. The cleaved SREBP then migrates to the nucleus, and acts as a transcription factor to bind to the sterol regulatory element (SRE), which stimulates the transcription of many genes. Among these are the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and HMG-CoA reductase.

As shown by Uhlmann et al., during the attachment of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle the chromatids remain paired because cohesion between the sisters prevents separation. Cohesion is established during DNA replication and depends on cohesin, which is a multisubunit complex composed of Scc1, Scc3, Smc2, and Smc3. In yeast at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, Scc1 dissociates from the chromosomes and the sister chromatids separate. This action is controlled by the Esp1 protein, which is tightly bound by the anaphase inhibitor Pds1 that is destroyed by the anaphase- promoting complex.

More recently genetic evidence has been obtained for a second mechanism of thyroid hormone action involving one of the same nuclear receptors, TRβ, acting rapidly in the cytoplasm through the PI3K. This mechanism is conserved in all mammals but not fish or amphibians, and regulates brain development and adult metabolism. The mechanism itself parallels the actions of the nuclear receptor in the nucleus: in the absence of hormone, TRβ binds to PI3K and inhibits its activity, but when hormone binds the complex dissociates, PI3K activity increases, and the hormone bound receptor diffuses into the nucleus.

Unlike the other well-studied iron oxide-based nanoparticles, research on Mn-based nanoparticles is at a relatively early stage. Manganese chelates such as Mn-DPDP (Mangafodipir) enhance the T1 signal and have been used for the detection of liver lesions. The chelate dissociates in vivo into manganese and DPDP where the former is absorbed intra-cellularly and excreted in bile, while the latter is eliminated via the kidney filtration. More recently, Mangafodipir has been used in human neuroimaging clinical trials, with relevance to neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple sclerosis.

The molecular chaperone BiP/Grp78 has a range of functions within the ER. It maintains specific transmembrane receptor proteins involved in initiating of the downstream signalling of the UPR in an inactive state by binding to their luminal domains. An overwhelming load of misfolded proteins or simply the over- expression of proteins (e.g. IgG) requires more of the available BiP/Grp78 to bind to the exposed hydrophobic regions of these proteins, and consequently BiP/Grp78 dissociates from these receptor sites to meet this requirement. Dissociation from the intracellular receptor domains allows them to become active.

Osmolarity is distinct from molarity because it measures osmoles of solute particles rather than moles of solute. The distinction arises because some compounds can dissociate in solution, whereas others cannot. Ionic compounds, such as salts, can dissociate in solution into their constituent ions, so there is not a one- to-one relationship between the molarity and the osmolarity of a solution. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions. Thus, for every 1 mole of NaCl in solution, there are 2 osmoles of solute particles (i.e.

The proteins of interest bind to the resin while other components are carried out in the buffer. The total flow rate of the buffer is kept constant; however, the proportion of Buffer B (the "elution" buffer) is gradually increased from 0% to 100% according to a programmed change in concentration (the "gradient"). At some point during this process each of the bound proteins dissociates and appears in the eluant. The eluant passes through two detectors which measure salt concentration (by conductivity) and protein concentration (by absorption of ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 280nm).

Once the peptide is loaded onto the MHC class I molecule, the complex dissociates and it leaves the ER through the secretory pathway to reach the cell surface. The transport of the MHC class I molecules through the secretory pathway involves several posttranslational modifications of the MHC molecule. Some of the posttranslational modifications occur in the ER and involve change to the N-glycan regions of the protein, followed by extensive changes to the N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus. The N-glycans mature fully before they reach the cell surface.

Albert lives in his apartment with his fiancé, Vanessa, and works doing data input from home. His secret shame is an obsession with an Artificial Intelligence dating simulator on which he pretends to have a relationship with an anime-influenced avatar called Vanessa2. Albert's stable relationship with Vanessa is jeopardized as he increasingly dissociates from reality, experiencing nightmares in which he masturbates a metallic phallus. After a fight in which Vanessa tells Albert that he "loves his computer," she temporarily moves to her sister's, leaving Albert alone to his online vices.

Ascorbic acid operates as an anti- oxidant and essential enzyme cofactor in the human body. In in vitro studies, the primary mechanism of high dosage intravenous ascorbic acid can be related to ascorbic acid's pro-oxidant activity, whereby hydrogen peroxide is formed. In the extracellular fluid of cells, ascorbic acid dissociates into an ascorbate radical upon the reduction of transition metal ions, such as ferric or cupric cations. These transition metal ions will then reduce dissolved oxygen into a superoxide radical- this will then react with hydrogen to form hydrogen peroxide.

Svante Arrhenius In his 1884 dissertation Svante Arrhenius put forth his explanation of solid crystalline salts disassociating into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Arrhenius's explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into charged particles, to which Michael Faraday had given the name "ions" many years earlier. Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of electrolysis. Arrhenius proposed that, even in the absence of an electric current, solutions of salts contained ions.

Despite the existence of the closed-shell Kekulé structure, O=C=C=O, the lowest bound state of ethyledione is a triplet. It would then be a diradical, with an electronic structure motif similar to the oxygen molecule. However, when the molecule is distorted away from its equilibrium geometry, the potential surfaces of the triplet and singlet states intersect, allowing for intersystem crossing to the singlet state, which is unbound and dissociates to two ground-state CO molecules. The timescale of the intersystem crossing was predicted to be 0.5 ns,D.

The sigma factor functions in aiding in promoter recognition, correct placement of RNA polymerase, and beginning unwinding at the start site. After the sigma factor performs its required function, it dissociates, while the catalytic portion remains on the DNA and continues transcription. Additionally, RNA polymerase contains a core Mg+ ion that assists the enzyme with its catalytic properties. RNA polymerase works by catalyzing the nucleophilic attack of 3’ OH of RNA to the alpha phosphate of a complementary NTP molecule to create a growing strand of RNA from the template strand of DNA.

For moderate pressures, above 10,000 K the gas further dissociates into free electrons and ions. for the resulting plasma can similarly be computed for a mole of initial air, producing values between 2 and 4 for partially or singly ionized gas. Each dissociation absorbs a great deal of energy in a reversible process and this greatly reduces the thermodynamic temperature of hypersonic gas decelerated near the aerospace object. Ions or free radicals transported to the object surface by diffusion may release this extra (nonthermal) energy if the surface catalyzes the slower recombination process.

Elements surrounding the gene for ICP4 bind a protein known as the human neuronal protein neuronal restrictive silencing factor (NRSF) or human repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST). When bound to the viral DNA elements, histone deacetylation occurs atop the ICP4 gene sequence to prevent initiation of transcription from this gene, thereby preventing transcription of other viral genes involved in the lytic cycle. Another HSV protein reverses the inhibition of ICP4 protein synthesis. ICP0 dissociates NRSF from the ICP4 gene and thus prevents silencing of the viral DNA.

Membrane is Grey. The G beta-gamma complex (Gβγ) is a tightly bound dimeric protein complex, composed of one Gβ and one Gγ subunit, and is a component of heterotrimeric G proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins, also called guanosine nucleotide-binding proteins, consist of three subunits, called alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, or Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. When a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is activated, Gα dissociates from Gβγ, allowing both subunits to perform their respective downstream signaling effects. One of the major functions of Gβγ is the inhibition of the Gα subunit.

At high temperatures, above 24–27 °C, the solvent melts and the ammonium salt dissociates, allowing it to react with the weak acid. This reaction increases the pH, which leads to closing of the lactone ring of the dye to convert it to its colorless (leuco) form. Therefore, at the low temperature the color of the shirt is the combination of the color of the encapsulated colored dye with the color of the dyed fabric, while at higher temperatures the capsules become colorless and the color of the fabric prevails.

Nuclear export roughly reverses the import process; in the nucleus, the exportin binds the cargo and Ran-GTP and diffuses through the pore to the cytoplasm, where the complex dissociates. Ran-GTP binds GAP and hydrolyzes GTP, and the resulting Ran-GDP complex is restored to the nucleus where it exchanges its bound ligand for GTP. Hence, whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo, exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo. A specialized mRNA exporter protein moves mature mRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete.

A cancerous cell growth often accompanies with deregulation of Cyclin D-Cdk 4/6 activity. The hyperphosphorylated Rb dissociates from the E2F/DP1/Rb complex (which was bound to the E2F responsive genes, effectively "blocking" them from transcription), activating E2F. Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E, cyclin A, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, etc. Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2, forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, which pushes the cell from G1 to S phase (G1/S, which initiates the G2/M transition).

The GTP/G-alpha complex dissociates from the trimer and associates to an effector until the intrinsic GTPase activity of G-alpha returns the protein to GDP bound form. Reassociation of GDP-bound G-alpha with G-beta/G-gamma dimer terminates the signal. Several mechanisms regulate the signal output at different stage of the G-protein cascade. Two classes of intracellular proteins act as inhibitors of G protein activation: GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which enhance GTP hydrolysis (see PDOC50132), and guanine dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which inhibit GDP dissociation.

People often are members of multiple communities, and which community they want to be most closely associated with may vary. For some gay men, the primary self-categorization is their identity as gay men. To achieve recognition as such, gay men may recognize and imitate forms of language that reflect the social identity of gay men, or which are stereotypically considered to be characteristic to gay men. For example, the use of female pronouns dissociates gay men from heterosexual norms and designates them in opposition to heterosexual masculinity.

The acid dissociates in the aqueous environment producing hydronium ions, H3O+. A hydrogen ion protonates the electronegative oxygen atom of the ethanol, giving the ethanol molecule a positive charge: :CH3CH2OH + H3O+ → CH3CH2OH2+ \+ H2O A nucleophilic oxygen atom of unprotonated ethanol displaces a water molecule from the protonated (electrophilic) ethanol molecule, producing water, a hydrogen ion and diethyl ether. : CH3CH2OH2+ \+ CH3CH2OH → H2O + H+ \+ CH3CH2OCH2CH3 This reaction must be carried out at temperatures lower than 150 °C in order to ensure that an elimination product (ethylene) is not a product of the reaction.

In aqueous solution, hypochlorous acid partially dissociates into the anion hypochlorite ClO−: :HOCl ClO− \+ H+ Salts of hypochlorous acid are called hypochlorites. One of the best-known hypochlorites is NaClO, the active ingredient in bleach. HOCl is a stronger oxidant than chlorine under standard conditions. :2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ \+ 2 e− Cl2(g) + 2 E = +1.63 V HClO reacts with HCl to form chlorine gas: :HOCl + HCl → H2O + Cl2 HOCl reacts with ammonia to form monochloramine: :NH3 \+ HOCl → NH2Cl + H2O HOCl can also react with organic amines, forming N-chloroamines.

Vitamin B12 is acid-sensitive and in binding to transcobalamin I it can safely pass through the acidic stomach to the duodenum. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes digest the glycoprotein carrier and vitamin B12 can then bind to intrinsic factor. This new complex is then absorbed by the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the ileum. Inside the cells, vitamin B12 dissociates once again and binds to another protein, transcobalamin II (TCN2); the new complex can then exit the epithelial cells to be carried to the liver.

In addition, although not antiestrogenic in the uterus, 2-hydroxyestrone shows antiestrogenic effects on luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels. The lack of estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity of 2-hydroxyestrone in the uterus may be attributable to an extremely high metabolic clearance rate. When incubated at very high concentrations or in combination with a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor to prevent its metabolism, 2-hydroxyestrone shows antiestrogenic effects in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells. 2-Hydroxyestrone dissociates from the estrogen receptors much more rapidly than does estradiol.

The presence of water in a solution of sodium chloride must be examined in respect to its reduction and oxidation in both electrodes. Usually, water is electrolysed as mentioned in electrolysis of water yielding gaseous oxygen in the anode and gaseous hydrogen in the cathode. On the other hand, sodium chloride in water dissociates in Na+ and Cl− ions, cation, which is the positive ion, will be attracted to the cathode (-), thus reducing the sodium ion. The anion will then be attracted to the anode (+) oxidizing chloride ion.

Transmission electron micrograph of Chikungunya virus particles The virus consists of four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. The structural proteins are the capsid and two envelope glycoproteins: E1 and E2, which form heterodimeric spikes on the viron surface. E2 binds to cellular receptors in order to enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. E1 contains a fusion peptide which, when exposed to the acidity of the endosome in eukaryotic cells, dissociates from E2 and initiates membrane fusion that allows the release of nucleocapsids into the host cytoplasm, promoting infection.

Platelet factor XIII is composed of just 2 A subunits, which are identical to those of plasma origin. Upon cleavage of the activation peptide by thrombin and in the presence of calcium ion, the plasma factor XIII dissociates its B subunits and yields the same active enzyme, factor XIIIa, as platelet factor XIII. This enzyme acts as a transglutaminase to catalyze the formation of gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinking between fibrin molecules, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot. It also crosslinks alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor, or fibronectin, to the alpha chains of fibrin.

A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction, in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle fiber. In such cases, the released neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to the acetylcholine receptor, an integral membrane protein in the membrane (the sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber. However, the acetylcholine does not remain bound; rather, it dissociates and is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, located in the synapse. This enzyme quickly reduces the stimulus to the muscle, which allows the degree and timing of muscular contraction to be regulated delicately.

In thermolysis, water molecules split into their atomic components hydrogen and oxygen. For example, at 2200 °C about three percent of all H2O are dissociated into various combinations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, mostly H, H2, O, O2, and OH. Other reaction products like H2O2 or HO2 remain minor. At the very high temperature of 3000 °C more than half of the water molecules are decomposed, but at ambient temperatures only one molecule in 100 trillion dissociates by the effect of heat. The high temperatures and material constraints have limited the applications of this approach.

An amino acid is also amphoteric with the added complication that the neutral molecule is subject to an internal acid–base equilibrium in which the basic amino group attracts and binds the proton from the acidic carboxyl group, forming a zwitterion. : NH2CHRCO2H At pH less than about 5 both the carboxylate group and the amino group are protonated. As pH increases the acid dissociates according to : + H+ At high pH a second dissociation may take place. : + H+ Thus the amino acid molecule is amphoteric because it may either be protonated or deprotonated.

It reacts explosively with water and hydrocarbons, but is a less violent fluorinating reagent than chlorine trifluoride. It reacts vigorously with boron, carbon, silicon, arsenic, antimony, iodine, and sulfur to give fluorides, and also reacts with most metals and their oxides: as such, it is used to oxidise uranium to uranium hexafluoride in the nuclear industry. Refractory oxides tend to be only partially fluorinated, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain reactive. Bromine trifluoride is a useful nonaqueous ionising solvent, since it readily dissociates to form and and thus conducts electricity.

This explains why vinegar is acidic, because acetic acid dissociates to some extent, releasing hydrogen ions into the solution. Chemical potentials are important in many aspects of equilibrium chemistry, including melting, boiling, evaporation, solubility, osmosis, partition coefficient, liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. In each case there is a characteristic constant which is a function of the chemical potentials of the species at equilibrium. In electrochemistry, ions do not always tend to go from higher to lower chemical potential, but they do always go from higher to lower electrochemical potential.

Most work on the Enlightenment emphasizes the ideals discussed by intellectuals, rather than the actual state of education at the time. Leading educational theorists like England's John Locke and Switzerland's Jean Jacques Rousseau both emphasized the importance of shaping young minds early. By the late Enlightenment, there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American and French Revolutions. The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines.

Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation. It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds resulting from exposure to high- energy flux. The radiation in this context is associated with ionizing radiation; radiolysis is therefore distinguished from, for example, photolysis of the Cl2 molecule into two Cl-radicals, where (ultraviolet or visible spectrum) light is used. For example, water dissociates under alpha radiation into a hydrogen radical and a hydroxyl radical, unlike ionization of water which produces a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion.

Daphnia magna (a planktonic crustacean) were tested, 24 h-EC50 of 50 mg/L was found. The toxic effects were attributed to HCl formation, as benzotrichloride dissociates rapidly into the far less toxic benzoic acid and HCl on water exposure. Compensating the pH decrease in water from the HCl negated toxic effects, suggesting that water acidification is the reason for the low aquatic life toxicity. Benzoic acid has an EC50 of >100 mg/L towards aquatic life, is readily biodegradable and does not accumulate, so is not regarded as toxic towards aquatic life.

The ER UPR is induced by a variety of cellular stressors that inhibit protein folding or exit of the ER. Within the ER GRP78, an ER lumen chaperone, is bound to ER menbrane proteins. When unfolded proteins build up, it dissociates to from the membrane to aid in protein folding. GRP78 dissociation triggers the UPRER that restores protein homeostasis via three pathways (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6). The UPRER restores proteostasis by selectively attenuation protein translation, upregulating protein folding chaperones, and degrading excess misfoleded proteins via ER associated protein degradation (ERAD).

The stripping process it not instantaneous but occurs in a stepwise fashion, on the rising edge of the laser pulse. The shorter the laser pulse, the quicker the stripping process and there is less time for the molecule to dissociate before the Coulomb force attains its full strength. Therefore, the KER is highest for the shortest pulses, as demonstrated by the outer curving "lobes" in Fig. 2. The second pair of proton peaks (1 eV KER) comes from bond softening of the H2+ ion, which dissociates into a proton and a neutral hydrogen atom (undetected).

Unlike , must refer to something which actually is a market (that is, which can appear in the x1 place of a truthful bridi whose selbri is ). is false as there are no objects in the real world which are both dead and alive. dissociates the subsequent selbri from its normal meaning, usually making a name (this usage should not be confused with the other usage before regular Lojbanized names). Like descriptions, descriptions are implicitly restricted to those the speaker has in mind: :' the-one-named "bear" [past] creates the story.

Created from the Agrupación Independientes de Lanzarote (AIL), within the Agrupaciones Independientes de Canarias, in 1989 it was constituted as the Partido de Independientes de Lanzarote, later participating in the formation of the Coalición Canaria. After a series of discontents with the political line of the Canary Islands Coalition, the PIL dissociates itself from it. In the elections to the Parliament of the Canary Islands in 2003, it presented itself in coalition with other parties such as the Partido Nacionalista Canario within the Federación Nacionalista Canaria. In recent years, several cases of corruption involving members of the PIL have been reported.

Toward alkyllithium reagents, TMEDA functions as a donor ligand, reduces the degree of aggregation, and increases the nucleophilicity of these species. However, TMEDA does not always function as a donor ligand to lithium cation, especially in the presence of anionic oxygen and nitrogen centers. For example, it only weakly interacts with LDA and LiHMDS even in hydrocarbon solvents with no competing donor ligands. In imine lithiation, while THF acts as a strong donating ligand to LiHMDS, the weakly coordinating TMEDA readily dissociates from LiHMDS, leading to the formation of LiHMDS dimers that is the more reactive species.

Heterotrimeric G proteins act as the transducers of G protein-coupled receptors, coupling receptor activation to downstream signaling effectors and second messengers. In unstimulated cells, heterotrimeric G proteins are assembled as the GDP bound, inactive trimer (Gα- GDP-Gβγ complex). Upon receptor activation, the activated receptor intracellular domain acts as GEF to release GDP from the G protein complex and to promote binding of GTP in its place. The GTP-bound complex undergoes an activating conformation shift that dissociates it from the receptor and also breaks the complex into its component G protein alpha and beta-gamma subunit components.

Heterotrimeric G protein complexes are composed of three distinct protein subunits named alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) subunits. The alpha subunits contain the GTP binding/GTPase domain flanked by long regulatory regions, while the beta and gamma subunits form a stable dimeric complex referred to as the beta-gamma complex. When activated, a heterotrimeric G protein dissociates into activated, GTP-bound alpha subunit and separate beta-gamma subunit, each of which can perform distinct signaling roles. The α and γ subunit are modified by lipid anchors to increase their association with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.

The facilitated transport of protons across the biological membrane by anionic protonophore is achieved as follows. # The anionic form of the protonophore (P−) is adsorbed onto one side (Positive) of the biological membrane. # Protons (H+) from the aqueous solution combine with the anion (P−) to produce the neutral form (PH) # PH diffuses across the biological membrane and dissociates into H+ and P− on the other side. # This H+ is released from the biological membrane into the other aqueous solution # P− returns to the first side of the biological membrane by electrophoresis (its electrostatic attraction to the positive side of the membrane).

Lewis acids are used to catalyse a wide variety of reactions. The mechanism steps are: # Lewis acid forms a polar coordinate with a basic site on the reactant (such as an O or N) # Its electrons are drawn towards the catalyst, thus activating the reactant # The reactant is then able to be transformed by a substitution reaction or addition reaction # The product dissociates and catalyst is regenerated Common Lewis acids include aluminium chloride, ferric chloride and boron trifluoride. These reactions are usually carried out in organic solvents; AlCl3, for example, reacts violently with water. Typical solvents are dichloromethane and benzene.

Kenneth Iliff and Mary Shafer, Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results, Page 5-6 An equilibrium real-gas model assumes that a gas is chemically reactive, but also assumes all chemical reactions have had time to complete and all components of the gas have the same temperature (this is called thermodynamic equilibrium). When air is processed by a shock wave, it is superheated by compression and chemically dissociates through many different reactions. Direct friction upon the reentry object is not the main cause of shock-layer heating.

The process also requires very little electrical energy to operate, using no moving parts, making the ionic membranes silent in operation and very reliable over long periods of time. SPE dehumidifiers are typically used to protect sensitive electrical components, medical equipment, museum specimens, or scientific apparatus from humid environments. The SPE consists of a proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte and porous electrodes with a catalytic layer composed of noble metal particles. When a voltage is applied to the porous electrode attached to the membrane, the moisture on the anode side (dehumidifying side) dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen.

The energy needed to break the N-N bond in N2F4 is 20.8 kcal/mol, with an entropy change of 38.6 eu. molecule dimensions and angles For comparison, the dissociation energy of the N-N bond is 14.6 kcal/mol in N2O4, 10.2 kcal/mol in N2O2, and 60 kcal/mol in N2H4. The enthalpy of formation of N2F4 (ΔHf) is 34.421 kJ/mol. At room temperature N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2 at 5mm Hg pressure. When the temperature rises to 225 °C, it mostly dissociates with 99% in the form of NF2.

The solid state structure of this adduct has been determined by neutron diffraction. Hydrogen peroxide-urea is a readily water-soluble, odorless, crystalline solid, which is available as white powder or colorless needles or platelets. Upon dissolving in various solvents, the 1:1 complex dissociates back to urea and hydrogen peroxide. So just like hydrogen peroxide, the (erroneously) so- called adduct is an oxidizer but the release at room temperature in the presence of catalysts proceeds in a controlled manner, thus the compound is suitable as a safe substitute for the unstable aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide.

In one such pathway, caspase-independent apoptosis, the E3 ligase C-terminal of Hsc-70 interacting protein (CHIP), a regulator of EndoG expression, functions as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress. Under normal conditions, EndoG remains bound to Hsp70 and CHIP; however, when undergoing oxidative stress, EndoG dissociates from Hsp70 and CHIP and translocates to the nucleus, where it degrades DNA to effect apoptosis. Therefore, maintaining low levels of EndoG could prevent cell death caused by stress conditions. In epithelial cells, the nuclear localization and proapoptotic function of EndoG leads it to play a role in cell senescence.

With LILBID the analyte is transferred into the mass spectrometer in small droplets (30 or 50 µm diameter) of the sample solution produced by a piezo- driven droplet generator and is desorbed from the aqueous solution by irradiation with a mid-IR laser. This results in biomolecular ions with lower, more native-like charge states in comparison to nESI. At ultra-soft desorption conditions, even weakly interacting subunits of large protein complexes remain associated, so that the mass of the whole complex can be determined. At higher laser intensities, the complex dissociates by thermolysis and subunit masses are recorded.

There are two known homologous receptors, which bind to PA83, called tumor endothelium marker-8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2). Then a 20 kDa fragment (PA20) is cleaved off PA83's amino terminus by membrane endoproteases from the furin family. When PA20 dissociates, the remaining receptor-bound portion of PA, called PA63, may assemble into either a heptameric or octameric ring-shaped oligomer. This ring-shaped oligomer is often referred to as the pre-pore (or pre-channel) form of PA, since later in the pathway it will become a translocase pore (or channel).

In addition to RNA polymerase II, mediator must also associate with transcription factors and DNA. A model of such interactions is shown in the figure to the right. Note that the different morphologies of mediator do not necessarily mean that one of the models is correct; rather those differences may reflect the flexibility of mediator as it interacts with other molecules. For example, after binding the enhancer and core promoter, the mediator complex undergoes a compositional change in which the kinase module dissociates from the complex to allow association with RNA polymerase II and transcriptional activation.

The alignment of these stress fibers locally accumulates elastic tension in the lamellae. Eventually, the tension buildup becomes too great, and the cell adhesion complex dissociates, collapses the lamellae protrusions, and releases the cells in different directions in an effort to alleviate the elastic tension. A possible alternate event that also leads to the assembly dissociation is that upon stress fiber alignment, the cells' leading edges repolarize away from the contiguous lamellae. This produces significant elastic tension across the entire cell bodies, not only at the local site of contact, and likewise causes the adhesion complex's disassembly.

When all impressions arising from this association have been experienced and exhausted, the soul dissociates itself from that form and associates with the next stone species. When the whole range of impressions through all stone species have been exhausted, the soul starts associating itself with forms of the metal kingdom, and so forth through evolution. In all, seven major leaps are mentioned in this evolutionary process in consciousness: from stone, to metal, to vegetable, to worm, to fish, to bird, to animal and finally to human.God Speaks, The Theme of Creation and Its Purpose, by Meher Baba, Dodd Mead, 1955, 2nd Ed., 1975.

The glycogen itself however, after purified, is found with very little protein, less than three percent normally, showing that the glycosome is responsible and functions by having the proteins and enzymes needed for the glycogen in the glycosome. With the uranyl staining, as an acid, it would cause dissociation of the protein from the glycogen. The glycogen without the protein would form large aggregates and the stain would be the protein. This gives the illusion of glycogen disappearing as it is not stained, but it dissociates from the protein that it is normally associated with in the glycosome.

The general mechanism for this cycle begins with the reaction of an electron-poor metal center with a diazocompound to form a metallo- carbene intermediate. In order for this reaction to occur, the diazocompound must be very electrophilic, since the C-H bond is such a poor nucleophile as well as being an unactivated alkane. The reaction then proceeds in a concerted manner, where the C-H bond of the incoming molecule coordinates with the carbene carbon of the metallocarbene complex. The hydrocarbon then dissociates from the metal center to regenerate the catalyst and free the newly formed carbon-carbon bond ().

The A subunits have catalytic function, and the B subunits do not have enzymatic activity and may serve as a plasma carrier molecules. Platelet factor XIII is composed of just 2 A subunits, which are identical to those of plasma origin. Upon activation by the cleavage of the activation peptide by thrombin and in the presence of calcium ion, the plasma factor XIII dissociates its B subunits and yields the same active enzyme, factor XIIIa, as platelet factor XIII. This enzyme acts as a transglutaminase to catalyze the formation of gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinking between fibrin molecules, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot.

A demonstration of the reaction of the exothermic reaction of the strong Lewis acid (Al2Br6) and strong Lewis base (H2O). Al2Br6 dissociates readily to give the strong Lewis acid, AlBr3. Regarding the tendency of Al2Br6 to dimerize, it is common for heavier main group halides to exist as aggregates larger than implied by their empirical formulae. Lighter main group halides such as boron tribromide do not show this tendency, in part due to the smaller size of the central atom. Consistent with its Lewis acidic character, water hydrolizes Al2Br6 with evolution of HBr and formation of Al-OH-Br species.

On wetting, brazes may liberate elements from the base metal. For example, aluminium-silicon braze wets silicon nitride, dissociates the surface so it can react with silicon, and liberates nitrogen, which may create voids along the joint interface and lower its strength. Titanium- containing nickel-gold braze wets silicon nitride and reacts with its surface, forming titanium nitride and liberating silicon; silicon then forms brittle nickel silicides and eutectic gold-silicon phase; the resulting joint is weak and melts at much lower temperature than may be expected. Metals may diffuse from one base alloy to the other one, causing embrittlement or corrosion.

The actin-based membrane skeleton (MSK) meshwork is directly situated on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. Membrane skeleton fence, or membrane skeleton corralling model, suggests that this meshwork is likely to partition the plasma membrane into many small compartments with regard to the lateral diffusion of membrane molecules. Cytoplasmic domains collide with the actin-based membrane skeleton which induces temporary confinement or corralling of transmembrane (TM) proteins in the membrane skeleton mesh. TM proteins are capable to hop between adjacent compartments when the distance between the meshwork and the membrane becomes large enough, or when the meshwork temporarily and locally dissociates.

In that episode, the Simpson family gets a new friend that Homer dissociates himself from after finding out that he is gay. He also fears that the friend will have a negative influence on Bart and decides to ensure Bart's heterosexuality by taking him to do manly things such as hunting. As James Delingpole of The Daily Telegraph writes, it was first after "Homer's Phobia" that Homer began to be portrayed as enlightened about homosexuality. Marge, on the other hand, who had previously been portrayed as supportive of gay people on the show, is seen as disapproving of her sister's sexual orientation.

However, when assisted by MutL, the rate of UvrD loading is greatly increased. While the processivity (and ATP utilisation) of the individual UvrD molecules remains the same, the total effect on the DNA is boosted considerably; the DNA has no chance to re-anneal, as each UvrD unwinds 40-50 bp of DNA, dissociates, and then is immediately replaced by another UvrD, repeating the process. This exposes large sections of DNA to exonuclease digestion, allowing for quick excision (and later replacement) of the incorrect DNA. Eukaryotes have five _M_ ut _L_ _h_ omologs designated as MLH1, MLH2, MLH3, PMS1, and PMS2.

Enterochromaffin-like cells, located within the gastric glands of the stomach, release histamine that stimulates nearby parietal cells by binding to the apical H2 receptor. Stimulation of the parietal cell induces the uptake of carbon dioxide and water from the blood, which is then converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Inside the cytoplasm of the parietal cell, the carbonic acid readily dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions diffuse back through the basilar membrane and into the bloodstream, while the hydrogen ions are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via a K+/H+ ATPase pump.

The IbpB protein, whose expression is regulated by the IbpB thermometer, is 48% identical to IbpA (at the level of amino acid sequence) yet fulfils a different role in heat shock. When IbpB is absent, IbpA protein will form long fibrils which is unusual for a heat shock protein; IbpB, acting as a co-chaperone, inhibits IbpA from forming this structure. Under heat shock, IbpB protein dissociates to give two smaller subunits and also rearranges its tertiary structure. This "remarkable conformational transformation" is thought to be essential for IbpB to act as a co-chaperone with IbpA under heat shock.

There are two differing perceptions in relation to the work of the imagination, and visionary architecture. One position is that there are no unbuildable buildings, only unbuilt ones, and the other is the belief that some visionary architectural drawings are impossible to be inhabited by the human. In the absence of a clear grasp of a controlling idea, as an individual, each design is found to be highly arbitrary, and it is this aspect, which results in the designs to seem and look impossible. Conceptual architecture, or architecture based on the act of imagination and vision, dissociates the physical nature of architectural design.

Methane venting includes the release of methane in the form of fluid and gases from methane seeps as methane ice dissociates. Due to the narrow RHSZ at the upper continental slope, methane ice at Southern Hydrate Ridge is metastable such that changes in seafloor temperature and pressure may lead to destabilization of methane ice and the disassociation into fluid and gasRuppel, C. D. (2011) Methane Hydrates and Contemporary Climate Change. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):29. Methane venting at Southern Hydrate Ridge has been observed to be transient and episodicRiedel M., M. Scherwath, M. Römer, M. Veloso, M. Heesemann, & G.D. Spence. (2018).

It goes on to declare: Thus, based on the information, evidence and historical record known to date, we believe that any action that dissociates Debye's name from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Cornell is unwarranted. In June 2006, it was reportedArjan Dijkgraaf (20 June 2006) UU weer beschuldigd van censuur . Chemisch Weekblad (in Dutch). that the scientific director of the (formerly) Debye Institute had been reprimanded by the Board of Directors of the University of Utrecht for a new publication on Debye's war years on the grounds that it was too personally biased with respect to the Institute's naming dispute.

The G3P is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate int the presence of enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (an oxido- reductase). The aldehyde groups of the triose sugars are oxidised, and inorganic phosphate is added to them, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The hydrogen is used to reduce two molecules of NAD+, a hydrogen carrier, to give NADH + H+ for each triose. Hydrogen atom balance and charge balance are both maintained because the phosphate (Pi) group actually exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion (HPO42−), which dissociates to contribute the extra H+ ion and gives a net charge of -3 on both sides.

Iodine trifluoride (IF3) is an unstable yellow solid that decomposes above −28 °C. It is thus little-known. It is difficult to produce because fluorine gas would tend to oxidise iodine all the way to the pentafluoride; reaction at low temperature with xenon difluoride is necessary. Iodine trichloride, which exists in the solid state as the planar dimer I2Cl6, is a bright yellow solid, synthesised by reacting iodine with liquid chlorine at −80 °C; caution is necessary during purification because it easily dissociates to iodine monochloride and chlorine and hence can act as a strong chlorinating agent.

The hydrogen is used to reduce two molecules of NAD+, a hydrogen carrier, to give NADH + H+ for each triose. Hydrogen atom balance and charge balance are both maintained because the phosphate (Pi) group actually exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion (HPO42−), which dissociates to contribute the extra H+ ion and gives a net charge of -3 on both sides. Here, arsenate (AsO43−), an anion akin to inorganic phosphate may replace phosphate as a substrate to form 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate. This, however, is unstable and readily hydrolyzes to form 3-phosphoglycerate, the intermediate in the next step of the pathway.

Upon contact, H2O and HCl combine to form hydronium cations H3O+ and chloride anions Cl− through a reversible chemical reaction: :HCl + H2O → H3O+ \+ Cl− The resulting solution is called hydrochloric acid and is a strong acid. The acid dissociation or ionization constant, Ka, is large, which means HCl dissociates or ionizes practically completely in water. Even in the absence of water, hydrogen chloride can still act as an acid. For example, hydrogen chloride can dissolve in certain other solvents such as methanol and protonate molecules or ions, and can also serve as an acid-catalyst for chemical reactions where anhydrous (water-free) conditions are desired.

BCDMH works in the following manner:South Australian Health Commission, "Standard for the Operation of Swimming Pools and Spa Pools in South Australia", Supplement C: Bromine Disinfection , page 8. Retrieved on 2009-05-12. The initial BCDMH reacts with water (R = Dimethylhydantoin): : BrClR + 2 H2O → HOBr + HOCl + RH2 Hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water: : HOBr → H+ \+ OBr− Hypobromous acid oxidizes the substrate, itself being reduced to bromide: : HOBr + Live pathogens → Br− \+ Dead pathogens The bromide ions are oxidized with the hypochlorous acid that was formed from the initial BCDMH: : Br− \+ HOCl → HOBr + Cl− This produces more hypobromous acid. However, the hypochlorous acid itself does act directly as a disinfectant in the process.

Typical hydrogenation catalysts are based on metals from the 8, 9, and 10 groups, such as Ni, Ru, Pd, and Pt. By comparison, gold has a poor catalytic activity for hydrogenation. This low activity is caused by the difficulty of dihydrogen activation on gold. While hydrogen dissociates on Pd and Pt without an energy barrier, dissociation on Au(111) has an energy barrier of ~1.3 eV, according to DFT calculations. These calculations agree with experimental studies, in which hydrogen dissociation was not observed on gold (111) or (110) terraces, nor on (331) steps. No dissociation was observed on these surfaces either at room temperature or at 473 K (200 °C).

Tretinoin Mitozantrone Methotrexate APL is unique among leukemias due to its sensitivity to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; tretinoin), the acid form of vitamin A. Treatment with ATRA dissociates the NCOR-HDACL complex from RAR and allows DNA transcription and differentiation of the immature leukemic promyelocytes into mature granulocytes by targeting the oncogenic transcription factor and its aberrant action. Unlike other chemotherapies, ATRA does not directly kill the malignant cells. ATRA induces the terminal differentiation of the leukemic promyelocytes, after which these differentiated malignant cells undergo spontaneous apoptosis on their own. ATRA alone is capable of inducing remission but it is short-lived in the absence of concurrent "traditional" chemotherapy.

Their central pore is sufficiently large to admit the DNA strands and some surrounding water molecules, which allows the clamp to slide along the DNA without dissociating from it and without loosening the protein-protein interactions that maintain the toroid shape. When associated with a DNA clamp, DNA polymerase is dramatically more processive; without the clamp most polymerases have a processivity of only about 100 nucleotides. The interactions between the polymerase and the clamp are more persistent than those between the polymerase and the DNA. Thus, when the polymerase dissociates from the DNA, it is still bound to the clamp and can rapidly reassociate with the DNA.

When active, mTORC1 inhibits autophagy by phosphorylating both ULK1 and ATG13, which reduces the kinase activity of ULK1. Under starvation conditions, mTORC1 is inhibited and dissociates from ULK1 allowing it to become active. AMPK is activated when intracellular AMP increases which occurs under starvation conditions, which inactivates mTORC1, and thus directly activates ULK1. AMPK also directly phosphorylates ULK1 at multiple sites in the linker region between the kinase and C-terminal domains. ULK1 can phosphorylate itself as well as ATG13 and RB1CC1, which are regulatory proteins; however, the direct substrate of ULK1 has not been identified although recent studies suggest it phosphorylates Beclin-1.

In particular, ionic liquids, which are molten salts with melting points below 100 °C, are a type of highly conductive non-aqueous electrolytes and thus have found more and more applications in fuel cells and batteries. An electrolyte in a solution may be described as "concentrated" if it has a high concentration of ions, or "diluted" if it has a low concentration. If a high proportion of the solute dissociates to form free ions, the electrolyte is strong; if most of the solute does not dissociate, the electrolyte is weak. The properties of electrolytes may be exploited using electrolysis to extract constituent elements and compounds contained within the solution.

The RecA protein is then actively loaded onto the 3' tail by RecBCD. At some undetermined point RecBCD dissociates from the DNA, although RecBCD can unwind at least 60 kb of DNA without falling off. RecA initiates exchange of the DNA strand to which it is bound with the identical, or nearly identical, strand in an intact DNA duplex; this strand exchange generates a joint DNA molecule, such as a D-loop (Figure 2). The joint DNA molecule is thought to be resolved either by replication primed by the invading 3’ ended strand containing Chi or by cleavage of the D-loop and formation of a Holliday junction.

Normal cells were reportedly unaffected, because they contained low concentrations of beta-glucosidases and high concentrations of rhodanese, which converts HCN to the less toxic thiocyanate. Later, however, it was shown that both cancerous and normal cells contain only trace amounts of beta- glucosidases and similar amounts of rhodanese. The second proposed that, after ingestion, amygdalin was hydrolyzed to mandelonitrile, transported intact to the liver and converted to a beta-glucuronide complex, which was then carried to the cancerous cells, hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidases to release mandelonitrile and then HCN. Mandelonitrile, however, dissociates to benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, and cannot be stabilized by glycosylation.

A krypton fluoride laser absorbs energy from a source, causing the krypton gas to react with the fluorine gas producing the exciplex krypton fluoride, a temporary complex in an excited energy state: :2 Kr + → 2 KrF The complex can undergo spontaneous or stimulated emission, reducing its energy state to a metastable, but highly repulsive ground state. The ground state complex quickly dissociates into unbound atoms: :2 KrF → 2 Kr + The result is an exciplex laser which radiates energy at 248 nm, near the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum, corresponding with the energy difference between the ground state and the excited state of the complex.

The lyrics refer, to a large extent, to personal experiences and opinions of the band members. In its self- manifestation, the group refers to well-known German weapons from the time of World War II. This, in addition to the band's lyrics, is sometimes seen an indication of a right-wing extremist affinity within the band. Endstille clearly dissociates itself from such labels, explains to have no sympathies for right-wing ideas and says black metal "is in its principle unpolitical". In spring 2006, Endstille embarked on a highly successful European tour headlined by Dark Funeral and Naglfar, and supported by Finnish death metal band Amoral.

Laser action in an excimer molecule occurs because it has a bound (associative) excited state, but a repulsive (dissociative) ground state. Noble gases such as xenon and krypton are highly inert and do not usually form chemical compounds. However, when in an excited state (induced by electrical discharge or high-energy electron beams), they can form temporarily bound molecules with themselves (excimer) or with halogens (exciplex) such as fluorine and chlorine. The excited compound can release its excess energy by undergoing spontaneous or stimulated emission, resulting in a strongly repulsive ground state molecule which very quickly (on the order of a picosecond) dissociates back into two unbound atoms.

The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein which recycles between the cytosol and the Golgi apparatus during interphase. It is regulated by phosphorylation: dephosphorylated protein associates with the Golgi membrane and dissociates from the membrane upon phosphorylation. Ras-associated protein 1 recruits this protein to coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles during budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it interacts with a set of COPII vesicle- associated SNAREs to form a cis-SNARE complex that promotes targeting to the Golgi apparatus. Transport from the ER to the cis/medial Golgi compartments requires the action of this gene product, GOLGA2, and giantin in a sequential manner.

The primary gp5 subunit of T7 DNA Polymerase by itself has low processivity and dissociates from DNA after the incorporation of just a few nucleotides. In order to become efficiently processive, T7 DNA polymerase recruits host thioredoxin to form a thioredoxin- gp5 complex. Thioredoxin binds the thioredoxin binding domain of gp5 thereby stabilizes a flexible DNA binding region of gp5. The stabilization of this region of gp5 alosterically increases the amount of protein surface interaction with the duplex portion of the primer-template. The resulting thioredoxin-gp5 complex increases the affinity of T7 polymerase for the primer terminus by ~80-fold and acts processively around 800 nucleotide incorporation steps.

Histidine residues in hemoglobin can accept and act as buffers. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated form. In red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates to bicarbonate and a free proton: :CO2 \+ H2O → H2CO3 → H+ \+ HCO3− By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the right, thus the enhanced affinity of deoxyhemoglobin for protons enhances synthesis of bicarbonate and accordingly increases capacity of deoxygenated blood for carbon dioxide. The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate.

A simple example illustrates the principle. Ozone (O3) dissociates following ultraviolet excitation to yield an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule. Although there are (at least) two possible channels, the principle products are O(1D) and O2(1Δ); that is, both the atom and the molecule are in their first excited electronic state (see atomic term symbol and molecular term symbol for further explanation). At a wavelength of 266 nm, the photon has enough energy to dissociate ozone to these two products, to excite the O2(1Δ) vibrationally to a maximum level of v = 3, and to provide some energy to the recoil velocity between the two fragments.

Schematic of Product Imaging ApparatusIn the original product imaging paper, the positions of the ions are imaged onto a two- dimensional detector. A photolysis laser dissociates methyl iodide (CH3I), while an ionization laser is used REMPI to ionize a particular vibrational level of the CH3 product. Both lasers are pulsed, and the ionization laser is fired at a delay short enough that the products have not moved appreciably. Because ejection of an electron by the ionization laser does not change the recoil velocity of the CH3 fragment, its position at any time following the photolysis is nearly the same as it would have been as a neutral.

In 1925, with G.E. Briggs, Haldane derived a new interpretation of the enzyme kinetic law of Victor Henri in 1903, better known as the 1913 Michaelis–Menten equation. Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten assumed that enzyme (catalyst) and substrate (reactant) are in fast equilibrium with their complex, which then dissociates to yield product and free enzyme. By contrast, at almost the same time, Donald Van Slyke and G. E. Cullen treated the binding step as an irreversible reaction. The Briggs–Haldane equation was of the same algebraic form as both of the earlier equations, but their derivation is based on the quasi-steady state approximation, which is the concentration of intermediate complex (or complexes) does not change.

In the adult nervous system, reelin plays an eminent role at the two most active neurogenesis sites, the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus. In some species, the neuroblasts from the subventricular zone migrate in chains in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to reach the olfactory bulb, where reelin dissociates them into individual cells that are able to migrate further individually. They change their mode of migration from tangential to radial, and begin using the radial glia fibers as their guides. There are studies showing that along the RMS itself the two receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, and their intracellular adapter DAB1 function independently of Reelin, most likely by the influence of a newly proposed ligand, thrombospondin-1.

Although "normally" the four modes of our rationality function together in such a way that it is hardly possible to distinguish them, pathologically it does become possible to distinguish them, as, for example, when one mode of rationality ceases to function in an afflicted person whereas the others continue to do so. Each plane of rationality has its specific pathology. The pathology specific to the logical plane is aphasia; the pathology specific to the technical plane is atechnia ; the pathology specific to the ethnical plane is psychosis (and perversion) ; the pathology specific to the ethical plane is neurosis (and psychopathic conditions). In other words, pathology dissociates what normally cannot be distinguished and puts into evidence processes otherwise unseen.

Additionally, there is excellent evidence that "self- malonylation" is an inherent characteristic of Type II ACPs. In summary, a given Type II PKS may provide its own MAT (s), it may borrow one from FAS, or its ACP may “self-malonylate”. It is unknown whether the same KS/CLF/ACP ternary complex chaperones the growth of a full length polyketide chain through the entire catalytic cycle, or whether the ACP dissociates after each condensation reaction. A 2.0-Å resolution structure of the actinorhodin KS/CLF, which is very similar to the dps KS/CLF, shows polyketides being elongated inside an amphipathic tunnel formed at the interface of the KS and CLF subunits.

On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen. Journal of Chemical Physics, 3, 764-770. Dynamic compression generates temperature T and entropy S on rapid compression and the product TS controls phase stability via the free energy. By tuning the magnitude and temporal shape of a reverberating shock pressure pulse, H2 dissociates to H at sufficiently large density that measured electrical conductivities of fluid H cross over from semiconducting to degenerate metal with Mott’s Minimum Metallic Conductivity at pressure 1.4 million bars (140 GPa), nine-fold H atom density in liquid H2 and calculated temperature of 3000 K. Similar electrical conductivities of H under multiple- shock compression have been measured by Fortov et al.

Insertion into C−H bonds of paraffins by carbenoidsAlbert Demonceau, Alfred F. Noels, André J. Hubert and Philippe Teyssié, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1981, 688 In a general reaction mechanism for this reaction as proposed by Doyle in 1993 Electronic and steric control in carbon–hydrogen insertion reactions of diazoacetoacetates catalyzed by dirhodium(II) carboxylates and carboxamides Michael P. Doyle, Larry J. Westrum, Wendelmoed N. E. Wolthuis, Marjorie M. See, William P. Boone, Vahid Bagheri, Matthew M. Pearson J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115 (3), pp 958–964 the metal that stabilizes the carbene, dissociates at the same time but not to the same degree as carbon–carbon bond formation and hydrogen atom migration.

A version of the catalytic cycle is shown below for the ortho borylation of hydrosilane compounds. Kinetic data show that an observed trisboryl complex coordinated to cyclooctene rapidly and reversibly dissociates cyclooctene to form a 16 electron trisboryl complex. In the case of using benzyldimethylsilane as a directing group it is proposed that benzyldimethylsilane reacts with the trisboryl iridium catalyst through reversible addition of the Si-H bond to the metal center, followed by selective ortho-C–H bond activation via oxidative addition and reductive elimination. Mechanism of hydrosilane Meta-Selective Borylation: Meta-Selective C–H borylation is an important synthetic transformation, which was discovered in 2002 by Smith III from Michigan State University, USA.

The dyes are rarely applied on materials directly; they are usually in the form of microcapsules with the mixture sealed inside. An illustrative example is the Hypercolor fashion, where microcapsules with crystal violet lactone, weak acid, and a dissociable salt dissolved in dodecanol are applied to the fabric; when the solvent is solid, the dye exists in its lactone leuco form, while when the solvent melts, the salt dissociates, the pH inside the microcapsule lowers, the dye becomes protonated, its lactone ring opens, and its absorption spectrum shifts drastically, therefore it becomes deeply violet. In this case the apparent thermochromism is in fact halochromism. The dyes most commonly used are spirolactones, fluorans, spiropyrans, and fulgides.

Though Gwen grows closer to Van, she accesses his transcripts from the Admissions & Records office while doing background work on her piece, learning that Van has actively avoided graduating for the past seven semesters; he stopped attending classes years ago, 18 units short of graduation. Angry that Gwen dug into such personal details, Van dissociates himself from Gwen and takes a contemplative look at his life. Richard arranges to sabotage Van's latest party with Jeannie (Emily Rutherfurd), a member of a sister sorority by smuggling underaged children into the party and getting them drunk, then calling a campus police officer to the scene. As a result, Van is arrested for providing alcohol to minors and faces expulsion from Coolidge.

Features of the rechargeable alkaline that differ from a disposable alkaline cell include the presence of barium sulfate or other additives in the cathode mix, which improve cycling and increase capacity by preventing the formation of insoluble manganese compounds. The cathode also has a catalyst to recombine any hydrogen that forms; hydrogen is produced as the fine zinc grains created during recharge are corroded by the electrolyte. Zinc oxide is added to the cathode mix to reduce generation of hydrogen gas; the zinc oxide dissociates on charge to form oxygen. The separator between anode and cathode is formulated to be particularly resistant to growth of zinc grains, which could penetrate and short-circuit the cell.

The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism; the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. It offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic.

FGF-1 has no definitive signal sequence and thus is not secreted through classical pathways, but it does appear to form a disulfide linked dimer inside cells that associate with a complex of proteins at the cell membrane (including S100A13 and Syt1) which then help flip it through the membrane to the exterior of the cell. Once in the reducing conditions of the surrounding tissue, the dimer dissociates into monomeric FGF1 that can enter systemic circulation or be sequestered in tissues binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. FGF1 can then bind to and exert its effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins which themselves constitute a family of closely related molecules. In addition to its extracellular activity, FGF1 can also function intracellularly.

The proteolytic maturation of P62 into E2 and E3 causes a change in the viral surface. Together the E1, E2, and sometimes E3, glycoprotein "spikes" form an E1/E2 dimer or an E1/E2/E3 trimer, where E2 extends from the centre to the vertices, E1 fills the space between the vertices, and E3, if present, is at the distal end of the spike. Upon exposure of the virus to the acidity of the endosome, E1 dissociates from E2 to form an E1 homotrimer, which is necessary for the fusion step to drive the cellular and viral membranes together. The alphaviral glycoprotein E1 is a class II viral fusion protein, which is structurally different from the class I fusion proteins found in influenza virus and HIV.

Template Model: Mad2 already bound to Mad1 is the receptor for free Open Mad2. Open Mad2 binds Cdc20 and then dissociates and can “breed” further Closed Mad2:Cdc20 halt signals. Since unattached kinetochores establish and maintain the SAC, Mad2 is recruited to prevent these misaligned sister chromatids from separating. When the checkpoint/braking process is activated, Mad2 binds Mad1 to form Closed- Mad2-Mad1 complexes. Given that Mad1:Mad2 is a stable complex and Cdc20 and Mad1 bind Mad 2 in the very same binding site, it is highly unlikely that Closed Mad2 releases Mad1 to bind Cdc20. A model, which accounts for Mad2 adopting a conformation capable of binding Cdc20, relies upon the formation of Mad1-Mad2 core complex first.

Soon Franco became a recognizable name in the literary world of his time making the acquaintance of Roberto Arlt, Gabriela Mistral and Juana de Ibarbourou amongst others. However, Luis Franco found it difficult to coexist with the cultural apparatus and the bourgeois-style of other intellectuals in Buenos Aires, and soon -after completing his high school degree- returned to his hometown of Belén. In Belén, Franco resided most of his adult life doing what he loved most: working the land, reading and writing. As a result of a personal crisis –coincidental with the military coup of general José Evaristo Uriburu in 1930- Franco dissociates himself from right wing revisionists such as Lugones and begins an audacious journey of introspection in the nature of Argentina's political past.

The sliding-rebinding model differs from the allosteric model in that the allosteric model posits that only one binding site exists and can be altered, but the sliding-rebinding model states that multiple binding sites exist and aren’t changed by EGF extension. Rather, in the bent conformation which is favored at low applied forces, the applied force is perpendicular to the line of possible binding sites. Thus, when the association between ligand and lectin domain is interrupted, the bond quickly dissociates. At larger applied forces, however, the protein is extended and the line of possible binding sites is aligned with the applied force, allowing the ligand to quickly re-associate with a new binding site after the initial interaction is disrupted.

Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium gas, written 2 or D2, but most natural occurrence in the Universe is bonded with a typical atom, a gas called hydrogen deuteride (HD or ). The existence of deuterium on Earth, elsewhere in the Solar System (as confirmed by planetary probes), and in the spectra of stars, is also an important datum in cosmology. Gamma radiation from ordinary nuclear fusion dissociates deuterium into protons and neutrons, and there are no known natural processes other than the Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which might have produced deuterium at anything close to its observed natural abundance. Deuterium is produced by the rare cluster decay, and occasional absorption of naturally occurring neutrons by light hydrogen, but these are trivial sources.

CcrM in complex with a dsDNA structure was resolved, showing that the enzyme presents a novel DNA interaction mechanism, opening a bubble in the DNA recognition site (The concerted mechanism of Methyltransferases relies in the flip of the target base), the enzyme interacts with DNA forming an homodimer with differential monomer interactions. CcrM is a highly efficient enzyme capable of methylating a high number of 5'-GANTC-3' sites in low time, however if the enzyme is processive (the enzyme binds to the DNA and methylate several methylation sites before dissociation) or distributive (the enzyme dissociates from DNA after each methylation) it is still in discussion. First reports indicated the second case, however more recent characterisation of CcrM indicate that it is a processive enzyme.

According to Arrhenius's original definition, an acid is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution, releasing the hydrogen ion H+ (a proton): Chapter 6: Acid–Base and Donor–Acceptor Chemistry : HA A− \+ H+. The equilibrium constant for this dissociation reaction is known as a dissociation constant. The liberated proton combines with a water molecule to give a hydronium (or oxonium) ion H3O+ (naked protons do not exist in solution), and so Arrhenius later proposed that the dissociation should be written as an acid–base reaction: :HA + H2O A− \+ H3O+. Acetic acid, a weak acid, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the acetate ion and the hydronium ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen.

Bromine monochloride (BrCl), a red-brown gas, quite readily dissociates reversibly into bromine and chlorine at room temperature and thus also cannot be obtained pure, though it can be made by the reversible direct reaction of its elements in the gas phase or in carbon tetrachloride. Bromine monofluoride in ethanol readily leads to the monobromination of the aromatic compounds PhX (para-bromination occurs for X = Me, But, OMe, Br; meta-bromination occurs for the deactivating X = –CO2Et, –CHO, –NO2); this is due to heterolytic fission of the Br–F bond, leading to rapid electrophilic bromination by Br+. At room temperature, bromine trifluoride (BrF3) is a straw-coloured liquid. It may be formed by directly fluorinating bromine at room temperature and is purified through distillation.

Thiomersal is very toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and in contact with skin (EC hazard symbol T+), with a danger of cumulative effects. It is also very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in aquatic environments (EC hazard symbol N). In the body, it is metabolized or degraded to ethylmercury (C2H5Hg+) and thiosalicylate. Cases have been reported of severe mercury poisoning by accidental exposure or attempted suicide, with some fatalities. Animal experiments suggest that thiomersal rapidly dissociates to release ethylmercury after injection; that the disposition patterns of mercury are similar to those after exposure to equivalent doses of ethylmercury chloride; and that the central nervous system and the kidneys are targets, with lack of motor coordination being a common sign.

The weak and atypical estrogenicity of estriol is thought to be related to its short duration in the body and hence the fact that it stays bound to the ER for a relatively short amount of time. Whereas estradiol remains bound to the ER for 6 to 24 hours with a single short-acting injection, estriol dissociates from the receptor much more rapidly and stays bound for only 1 to 6 hours. As a result, estriol can only induce estrogenic effects which require short-term interaction with the ERs. Induction of endometrial mitoses requires the ligand to remain bound for at least 9 to 12 hours, and this is thought to be responsible for the lack of endometrial proliferation with estriol in many studies.

The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory of value that argues that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of "socially necessary labor" required to produce it. The LTV is usually associated with Marxian economics, although it also appears in the theories of earlier classical economics such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo and later also in anarchist economics. Smith saw the price of a commodity in terms of the labor that the purchaser must expend to buy it, which embodies the concept of how much labor a commodity, a tool for example, can save the purchaser. The LTV is central to Marxist theory, which holds that the working class is exploited under capitalism, and dissociates price and value.

Besides the oxygen ligand, which binds to hemoglobin in a cooperative manner, hemoglobin ligands also include competitive inhibitors such as carbon monoxide (CO) and allosteric ligands such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO). The carbon dioxide is bound to amino groups of the globin proteins to form carbaminohemoglobin; this mechanism is thought to account for about 10% of carbon dioxide transport in mammals. Nitric oxide can also be transported by hemoglobin; it is bound to specific thiol groups in the globin protein to form an S-nitrosothiol, which dissociates into free nitric oxide and thiol again, as the hemoglobin releases oxygen from its heme site. This nitric oxide transport to peripheral tissues is hypothesized to assist oxygen transport in tissues, by releasing vasodilatory nitric oxide to tissues in which oxygen levels are low.

A Hall–Héroult industrial cell In the Hall–Héroult process the following simplified reactions take place at the carbon electrodes: Cathode: Anode: Overall: In reality, much more CO2 is formed at the anode than CO: Pure cryolite has a melting point of . With a small percentage of alumina dissolved in it, its melting point drops to about 1000 °C. Besides having a relatively low melting point, cryolite is used as an electrolyte because, among other things, it also dissolves alumina well, conducts electricity, dissociates electrolytically at higher voltage than alumina, and also has a lower density than aluminum at the temperatures required by the electrolysis. Aluminium fluoride (AlF3) is usually added to the electrolyte. The ratio NaF/AlF3 is called the cryolite ratio and it is 3 in pure cryolite.

Zinc iodide is a chemical compound of zinc and iodine, ZnI2. The anhydrous form is white and readily absorbs water from the atmosphere. It can be prepared by the direct reaction of zinc and iodine in refluxing ether. or by reacting zinc with iodine in aqueous solution: : Zn + I2→ ZnI2 At 1150 °C, zinc iodide vapour dissociates into zinc and iodine. In aqueous solution the following have been detected, octahedral Zn(H2O)62+, [ZnI(H2O)5]+ and tetrahedral ZnI2(H2O)2, ZnI3(H2O)− and ZnI42−. The structure of crystalline ZnI2 is unusual, and while zinc atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated, as in ZnCl2, groups of four of these tetrahedra share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of composition {Zn4I10}, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure.

Because of the high solute concentration of the rumen fluid under such conditions, considerable water is translocated from the blood to the rumen along the osmotic potential gradient, resulting in dehydration which cannot be relieved by drinking, and which can ultimately lead to hypovolemic shock. As more lactate accumulates and rumen pH drops, the ruminal concentration of undissociated lactic acid increases. Undissociated lactic acid can cross the rumen wall to the blood, where it dissociates, lowering blood pH. Both L and D isomers of lactic acid are produced in the rumen; these isomers are metabolized by different metabolic pathways, and activity of the principal enzyme involved in metabolism of the D isomer declines greatly with lower pH, tending to result in an increased ratio of D:L isomers as acidosis progresses.

However, nucleic acids are unusual because, in the absence of counterions (low salt) to neutralize the high charges on opposing phosphate groups, the nucleic acid duplex dissociates into single chains. Early tides, driven by a close moon, could have generated rapid cycles of dilution (high tide, low salt) and concentration (dry-down at low tide, high salt) that exclusively promoted the replication of nucleic acids through a process dubbed tidal chain reaction (TCR). This theory has been criticized on the grounds that early tides may not have been so rapid, although regression from current values requires an Earth–Moon juxtaposition at around two Ga, for which there is no evidence, and early tides may have been approximately every seven hours. Another critique is that only 2–3% of the Earth's crust may have been exposed above the sea until late in terrestrial evolution.

In these cases, a generalized compressibility chart or an alternative equation of state better suited to the problem must be utilized to produce accurate results. A related situation occurs in hypersonic aerodynamics, where dissociation causes an increase in the “notional” molar volume, because a mole of oxygen, as O2, becomes 2 moles of monatomic oxygen and N2 similarly dissociates to 2 N. Since this occurs dynamically as air flows over the aerospace object, it is convenient to alter , defined for an initial 30 gram moles of air, rather than track the varying mean molecular weight, millisecond by millisecond. This pressure dependent transition occurs for atmospheric oxygen in the 2,500–4,000 K temperature range, and in the 5,000–10,000 K range for nitrogen. In transition regions, where this pressure dependent dissociation is incomplete, both beta (the volume/pressure differential ratio) and the differential, constant pressure heat capacity greatly increases.

In eukaryotic transcription of mRNAs, terminator signals are recognized by protein factors that are associated with the RNA polymerase II and which trigger the termination process. Once the poly-A signals are transcribed into the mRNA, the proteins cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) transfer from the carboxyl terminal domain of RNA polymerase II to the poly-A signal. These two factors then recruit other proteins to the site to cleave the transcript, freeing the mRNA from the transcription complex, and add a string of about 200 A-repeats to the 3' end of the mRNA in a process known as polyadenylation. During these processing steps, the RNA polymerase continues to transcribe for several hundred to a few thousand bases and eventually dissociates from the DNA and downstream transcript through an unclear mechanism; there are two basic models for this event known as the torpedo and allosteric models.

LIBS makes use of optical emission spectrometry and is to this extent very similar to arc/spark emission spectroscopy. LIBS operates by focusing the laser onto a small area at the surface of the specimen; when the laser is discharged it ablates a very small amount of material, in the range of nanograms to picograms, which generates a plasma plume with temperatures in excess of 100,000 K. During data collection, typically after local thermodynamic equilibrium is established, plasma temperatures range from 5,000–20,000 K. At the high temperatures during the early plasma, the ablated material dissociates (breaks down) into excited ionic and atomic species. During this time, the plasma emits a continuum of radiation which does not contain any useful information about the species present, but within a very small timeframe the plasma expands at supersonic velocities and cools. At this point the characteristic atomic emission lines of the elements can be observed.

This rotated ribosomal intermediate, in which the first tRNA occupies a hybrid A/P position and the second tRNA occupies a hybrid P/E position is a substrate for EF-G-GTP. As a GTPase, EF-G binds to the rotated ribosome near the A site in its GTP-bound state, and hydrolyzes GTP, releasing GDP and inorganic phosphate: : GTP + H2O -> GDP + P_{i} The hydrolysis of GTP allows for a large conformational change within EF-G, forcing the A/P tRNA to fully occupy the P site, the P/E tRNA to fully occupy the E site (and exit the ribosome complex), and the mRNA to shift three nucleotides down relative to the ribosome. The GDP-bound EF-G molecule then dissociates from the complex, leaving another free A-site where the elongation cycle can start again. Crystal structure of the ribosome with two tRNAs (orange and green) and EF-G (in cyan) after translocation.

In 1874, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel independently proposed that the phenomenon of optical activity could be explained by assuming that the chemical bonds between carbon atoms and their neighbors were directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron. This led to a better understanding of the three-dimensional nature of molecules. Emil Fischer developed the Fischer projection technique for viewing 3-D molecules on a 2-D sheet of paper: 200px In 1898, Ludwig Boltzmann, in his Lectures on Gas Theory, used the theory of valence to explain the phenomenon of gas phase molecular dissociation, and in doing so drew one of the first rudimentary yet detailed atomic orbital overlap drawings. Noting first the known fact that molecular iodine vapor dissociates into atoms at higher temperatures, Boltzmann states that we must explain the existence of molecules composed of two atoms, the "double atom" as Boltzmann calls it, by an attractive force acting between the two atoms.

Preformed complexes of the adaptor molecule Tollip and IRAK-1 are also recruited to the receptor complex, allowing IRAK-1 to bind MyD88. IRAK-1 binding to MyD88 brings it into close proximity with IRAK-4 so that IRAK-4 can phosphorylate and activate IRAK-1. Once phosphorylated, IRAK-1 recruits the adaptor protein TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and the IRAK-1-TRAF6 complex dissociates from the IL-1R complex. The IRAK-1-TRAF6 complex interacts with a pre-existing complex at the plasma membrane consisting of TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and two TAK binding proteins, TAB1 and TAB2. TAK1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). This interaction leads to the phosphorylation of TAB2 and TAK1, which then translocate to the cytosol with TRAF6 and TAB1. IRAK-1 remains at the membrane and is targeted for degradation by ubiquitination. Once the TAK1-TRAF6-TAB1-TAB2 complex is in the cytosol, ubiquitination of TRAF6 in triggers the activation of TAK1 kinase activity.

Paulo Centurion in Antigua GFC celebrating his goal with dedications to his wife who are expecting a baby Centurion again returns to Guatemalan football after 4 ½ years, to the club Antigua GFC,Officially / Centurion and Murga officially registered new challenged for Paulo arriving at the beginning of this year (2014), the debut does January 26 of that year before the Club Coban Imperial by the second date With a score of 0 to 0. Until on the 7th Date ; February 23 obtains its first goal with the shirt of the Antigua GFC facing Deportivo Sacachispas, with a bulky marker of 6 to 1 in favor of the Antigueño picture, Centurión had scored the 2 to 0 result Partial until then.Old GFC sweeps Sacachispas The Antigueño team had won a beautiful victory; Deploying good game. After having participated for 6 months and having done a good job Centurión dissociates itself from the Antigueño Club expecting new future options, last official game was on date 18 against Social Club and Deportivo Carchá on May 4, 2014 at 11:00 am.

At some point, however, it will reach higher temperature regions within the bulb where it then dissociates, releasing tungsten back onto the filament and freeing the halogen to repeat the process. However, the overall bulb envelope temperature must be significantly higher than in conventional incandescent lamps for this reaction to succeed: it is only at temperatures of above on the inside of the glass envelope that the halogen vapor can combine with the tungsten and return it to the filament rather than the tungsten becoming deposited on the glass. A 300 watt tubular halogen bulb operated at full power quickly reaches a temperature of about , while a 500 watt regular incandescent bulb operates at only and a 75 watt regular incandescent at only . The bulb must be made of fused silica (quartz) or a high-melting-point glass (such as aluminosilicate glass). Since quartz is very strong, the gas pressure can be higher,Some lamps have as much as 15 times atmospheric pressure when cold, and some lamps increase pressure five-fold at operating temperature. Kane and Sell 2001, page 76–77 which reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament, permitting it to run a higher temperature (and so luminous efficacy) for the same average life.

In 1960, Wanzlick reported that tetraaminoethylene 1 readily dissociates into diaminocarbene halves, and a long series of papers from his group followed, describing interesting reactions of 1 interpreted as arising from the carbene. Based on a crossover experiment, Lemal and coworkers showed in 1964 that 1 does not dissociate even under the most vigorous conditions Wanzlick had employed. The reaction chemistry was explained in terms of electrophilic attack on the tetraaminoethylene followed by scission of the central bond. tetraaminoethylene Many years later, in 1991, Arduengo made the striking discovery that diaminocarbenes with the structure 2 are stable and do not dimerize. This led Denk in 1999 to repeat Lemal’s crossover experiment, to find crossover, and thus to conclude that Wanzlick was right about dissociation after all. Lemal’s group responded by repeating the work themselves, and showed that eliminating electrophilic catalysis precluded the occurrence of crossover, thus reaffirming the result Lemal had obtained 36 years earlier. diaminocarbene By selecting a diaminocarbene structure intermediate in character between the Wanzlick and Arduengo carbenes, Lemal’s group found and studied a carbene-dimer pair that does exist in equilibrium. Here the dimer (3) lies about 5 kcal/mol below its "halves" (4) in free energy at 25 °C.