Why has the growing field of dendrochronology become so important?
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Dendrochronology tests showed that Boulle's workshop used wood from oaks felled in 1698.
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Through dendrochronology, or tree ring dating, ecologists know that plants often survive periodic wildfires.
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Mr. Woodward sent wood samples selected from structural elements to the dendrochronology lab at Columbia University.
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His research remained inconclusive, but along the way he essentially founded dendrochronology, the science of tree-ring dating.
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For example, this is the first New York Times crossword where knowing about dendrochronology gives you a leg up.
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"We have divers sucking up ancient geoducks off the ocean floor," said Bryan Black, a professor of dendrochronology who also specializes in marine organisms.
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His partner on the project is Charlotte Pearson, a forty-three-year-old British archeologist, who took up dendrochronology because she was fascinated by its potential implications for the history of ancient civilizations.
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This can be done, for example, by counting tree rings (also known as dendrochronology), which, as any 8-year-old will happily tell you, is a reliable way of determining the age of a tree.
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Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, showed that the oak tree used in the object's construction was harvested in the mid-1570s, and the surface wood and interior silk lining were carbon dated to the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Valerie Trouet is an associate professor of Dendrochronology at University of Arizona, Grant Harley is an assistant professor of geography at The University of Southern Mississippi and Marta Domínguez Delmás is a research fellow dendrochronologist at the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
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Ice cores from Greenland and the Antarctic show sulfate deposits resulting from an atmospheric acidic dust veil that have been dated to 536 CE. Dendrochronology—or tree ring dating—from tree samples around the globe show a decrease in growth rates during the years immediately following the eruption.
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Through techniques such as infrared photography and reflectography, X-radiography and dendrochronology, members of the BRCP are able to carefully examine both the surface paintings and underdrawings, noting discrepancies between layers and often across different areas of one piece, leading some scholars to suspect the involvement of multiple hands in the creation of a single artwork.
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American Institute of Dendrochronology, Blacksburg, Virginia.Heikkenen, Herman J. et al. 1986 The Last Year of Tree Growth for Selected Timbers Within the Tower and Attic of the Matthew Jones House as Derived by the Key-Year Dendrochronology Technique. American Institute of Dendrochronology, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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A new method is based on measuring variations in oxygen isotopes in each ring, and this 'isotope dendrochronology' can yield results on samples which are not suitable for traditional dendrochronology due to too few or too similar rings.
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Dendrochronology is used in turn as a calibration reference for radiocarbon dating curves.
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Drill for dendrochronology sampling and growth ring counting The growth rings of a tree at Bristol Zoo, England. Each ring represents one year; the outside rings, near the bark, are the youngest Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed. As well as dating them this can give data for dendroclimatology, the study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from wood. Dendrochronology derives from Ancient Greek (), meaning "tree", (), meaning "time", and (), "the study of".
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18, pp. 41–47, 2005Data from the Aegean Dendrochronology Project is available at the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) at NOAA.
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Edwin Lincoln Moseley (March 29, 1865 – June 6, 1948) was an American naturalist, known for his work covering milk sickness and dendrochronology.
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The gate contains wood, and dendrochronology has claimed that the wood was cut 1530 BC; but this finding has not been peer reviewed.
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Dendrochronology has become important to art historians in the dating of panel paintings. However, unlike analysis of samples from buildings, which are typically sent to a laboratory, wooden supports for paintings usually have to be measured in a museum conservation department, which places limitations on the techniques that can be used.English Heritage Guide to Dendrochronology In addition to dating, dendrochronology can also provide information as to the source of the panel. Many Early Netherlandish paintings have turned out to be painted on panels of "Baltic oak" shipped from the Vistula region via ports of the Hanseatic League.
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Malcolm K. Hughes is a meso-climatologist and Regents' Professor of Dendrochronology in the Laboratory for Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona.
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She applied the new techniques of dendrochronology and stratigraphic dating of the archaeological deposits to more fully understand the history and evolution of Chetro Ketl.
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In 2004 Dr Martin Bridge, of the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, took samples of wood from the tower, so that the age could be determined by dendrochronology. For three of them, the date of felling of the timber was found, the years being from 1397 to 1400. The conclusion was that the tower was built earlier than had been supposed: in 1400 or within the following two years.
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Stave churches can be dated in various ways: by historical records or inscriptions, by stylistic means using construction details or ornaments, or by dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating. Often historical records or inscriptions will point to a year when the church is known to have existed. Archaeological excavations can yield finds which can provide relative dating for the structure, whereas absolute dating methods such as radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology can provide a more exact date. One drawback of dendrochronology is that it tends to overlook the possibility that the wood could have been reused from an older structure, or felled and left for many years before use.
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Mount Allison Dendrochronology Lab. MAD Lab Report 2011-05. The house was built next to Fort Sackville, which was under the command of Joseph Scott (1760).
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The growth rings of a tree at Bristol Zoo, England. Each ring represents one year; the outside rings, near the bark, are the youngest. Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year.
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The Bell Inn is probably the oldest of the three pub buildings still standing, according to dendrochronology, and has medieval cellars that are still used to store beer.
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Dendropyrochronology is the science of using tree-ring dating to study and reconstruct the history of wild fires. It is a subfield of dendrochronology, along with dendroclimatology and dendroarchaeology.
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This article attempts to list the oldest buildings in the state of New Hampshire in the United States of America, including the oldest houses in New Hampshire and any other surviving structures from the First Period. Some dates are approximate and based on architectural studies and historical records, other dates are based on dendrochronology. All entries should include citation with reference to: architectural features; a report by an architectural historian; or dendrochronology.
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This article attempts to list the oldest buildings in the state of Vermont in the United States of America, including the oldest houses in Vermont and any other surviving structures from the First Period and Colonial period. Some dates are approximate and based on architectural studies and historical records, other dates are based on dendrochronology. All entries should include citation with reference to: architectural features; a report by an architectural historian; or dendrochronology.
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Jacob Kuechler (1823–1893) was surveyor, conscientious objector during the Civil War, and commissioner of the Texas General Land Office. Kuechler pioneered the science of Dendrochronology to date natural events.
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In 2012, Farid joined English Heritage. As a member of the Scientific Dating Team, she directs the commissioned dendrochronology program and is also honorary secretary for the British Institute at Ankara.
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Dating Rudd Creek Pueblo was done through a combination of artifact/ceramic analysis and dendrochronology, because dendrochronology was unreliable on its own due to an inadequate number of datable samples.Clark, Tiffany C. 2006 Rudd Creek Pueblo: A Late Tularosa Phase Village in East Central Arizona. Kiva 71(4):408 Forty-three tree-ring samples were submitted, but only one could be dated.Clark, Tiffany C. 2006 Rudd Creek Pueblo: A Late Tularosa Phase Village in East Central Arizona.
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This article attempts to list the oldest buildings in the state of Maine in the United States of America, including the oldest houses in Maine and any other surviving structures from the First Period or oldest buildings of their type in Maine. Some dates are approximate and based on architectural studies and historical records, other dates are based on dendrochronology. All entries should include citation with reference to: architectural features; a report by an architectural historian; or dendrochronology.
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A portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots in the National Portrait Gallery, London was believed to be an eighteenth-century copy. However, dendrochronology revealed that the wood dated from the second half of the sixteenth century. It is now regarded as an original sixteenth-century painting by an unknown artist.National Portrait gallery On the other hand, dendrochronology was applied to four paintings depicting the same subject, that of Christ expelling the money- lenders from the Temple.
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Some columnar cacti also exhibit similar seasonal patterns in the isotopes of carbon and oxygen in their spines (acanthochronology). These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archaeologists and paleoclimatologists. A similar technique is used to estimate the age of fish stocks through the analysis of growth rings in the otolith bones.
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In a few cases where contemporary scientific methods have been used to examine the churches, radiocarbon dating and to a lesser extent dendrochronology have also lent some support to the established timeline.
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Swetnam received his bachelor's degree in biology and chemistry from the University of New Mexico and subsequently received his master's and PhD from the University of Arizona in watershed management and dendrochronology.
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The James Blake House is the oldest surviving house in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The house was built in 1661 and the date was confirmed by dendrochronology in 2007.Dorchester Atheneum. Dorchester Atheneum.
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Archaeology and dendrochronology suggests that the occupation of southern Scotland started before the arrival of Agricola. Whatever the exact dating, for the next 300 years Rome had some presence along the southern border.
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Dendrochronology dates the ship's timbers to 1628 from the Dutch/German Border. Approximately 40% of the port side of the wreck remains from above the keel line to the stern and bow castles.
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With further investigation, if the Hoyle House can be firmly dated through archaeology, dendrochronology, or additional documentation, its place in the development of German-American architecture in the Piedmont can be more clearly understood.
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Dendrochronology suggests that the panels on which these two portraits are painted may have come from the same tree; see Karen Hearn, Dynasties, p.47-48 Both paintings are in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.
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The pagoda is located in the countryside east of Hongxing Village (红星村), Jingui Township (金贵镇), about from Helan city. Based on the discovery of Western Xia period artefacts and texts during renovation in 1990, it has been determined that the pagoda must date to the Western Xia (1038–1227). Radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology dating have given dates of 1140±100 years BP () and 1080±105 years BP (dendrochronology) for the wooden central pillar, and dates of 1050±90 years BP () and 995±95 years BP (dendrochronology) for wooden beams. These dates would suggest that the pagoda was first constructed before the Western Xia, but based on architectural style and the artifacts found inside the pagoda, it has been dated to the latter part of the Western Xia, during the late 12th or early 13th century (circa 1190–1227).
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Optically stimulated luminescence and cosmogenic radionuclide dating are used to date surfaces and/or erosion rates. Dendrochronology can also be used for the dating of landscapes. Radiocarbon dating is used for geologically young materials containing organic carbon.
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According to the results of a 2003 dendrochronology study, the house was built ca. 1699. Cutchogue-New Suffolk Historical Council, the owner of the house, commissioned a second dendrochronology study in July 2017 to verify the build date, with the same results. Prior to 2017 The Old House was thought to have been built by John Budd on land east of town near a pond that became known as Budd Pond. John Budd's daughter Anna and her husband Benjamin Horton were deeded a house in 1658 as a wedding present.
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A lack of funding is the reason behind the 40-year delay between the discovery of the wreck and work to survey the vessel beginning. The survey will include the use of dendrochronology, drones, remote sensing and sonar.
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A number of contemporary historical references worldwide refer to an extended period of extreme weather during 535–536. Evidence of this cold period is also found in dendrochronology and ice cores. The consequences of this cold period are debated.
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Dendrochronology can reveal a past impact, with missing tree rings, as the tree rings grow around and close over a gap; the callus tissue can be seen microscopically. A macroscopic section can be used for dating of avalanche and rockfall events.
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There is evidence for climate change in the 5th century, with conditions turning cooler and wetter. This shortened the growing season and made uplands unsuited to growing grain. Dendrochronology reveals a particular climatic event in 540.Davey, 'The Environs of South Cadbury', p.
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Thomas W. Swetnam (born 1955) is Regents' Professor Emeritus of Dendrochronology at the University of Arizona, studying disturbances of forest ecosystems across temporal and spatial scales. He served as the Director of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research from 2000 to 2015.
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The causeway has been dated using dendrochronology to date between 457/6-300 BC. As well as a second Iron Age boat, other votive offerings from the excavations include: a complete spear, a currency bar, a sword, a dagger, and some bronze fittings.
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A soil and dendrochronology analysis conducted in the 1990s concluded that the tree was an Acacia planted in 1582. The tree was mentioned in the 1991 film L.A. Story, where Steve Martin calls it one of the most mystical places on earth.
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It consists of two interlacing quatrefoil patterns, around which is a border containing scrolls, all of which is surmounted by a serpentine dragon. Dendrochronology has confirmed that the trees from which the door is built were felled between about 1130 and about 1150.
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The term herb-chronology is referring to dendrochronology because of the similarity of the structures investigated. The term was introduced in the late 1990s, however, the existence of annual rings in perennial herbs was already observed in earlier times by several researchers.
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Dendrochronology also revealed that the large granite section of the house to the west was added in 1841. The east section was added in 1960 by owner John M. DeBoy. While the house looks wide from the street, it is only one room deep.
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Because of its closeness to Cupressus, the species found here at the fossilized forest has been named Protocupressinoxylon purbeckensis (i.e. 'Early cypress-wood from the Purbecks'). Dendrochronology indicates that they grew in a Mediterranean climate. Some of tree stumps show the remains of thrombolites.
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In 2001, dendrochronological testing by the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory confirmed that the timbers from the earliest section of the house were felled between 1637 and 1641. The house was not built as it stands at one time, or in one year, although it is certain that Jonathan owned a house situated on the same lot by 1648. Subsequently, perhaps as late as 1654, a large addition, called the new house, was made to the original building, and was purportedly built for the occupation of his son John after his marriage. The current roof was put on during this period and has been dated to 1652–1654 using dendrochronology.
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Dendrochronology makes available specimens of once- living material accurately dated to a specific year. Dates are often represented as estimated calendar years B.P., for before present, where "present" refers to 1 January 1950. Timber core samples are sampled and used to measure the width of annual growth rings; by taking samples from different sites within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence. The techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent in areas where trees grew in marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity where the ring growth is more sensitive to the environment, rather than in humid areas where tree-ring growth is more uniform (complacent).
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The building has a timber frame, with a crown post which dendrochronology has dated to 1325. It was built probably as a wing of a large town house. In the 1760s it was converted into a pub called The Duke of Cumberland. It is currently controlled by Brakspear Brewery.
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"Hubbard", (1985), pg. 165 The roof has now been re-erected at the Avoncroft Museum at Bromsgrove. Althrey Hall, Bangor on Dee. Watercolour by John Ingleby 1794 Aisled hall houses in Wales have been dated by dendrochronology to the 15th century, though examples in England are often earlier.
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Douglass returned to the University of Arizona where he became the first person to formally teach classes in dendrochronology. In 1937 Douglass established the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona. The A.E. Douglass papers are held at the University of Arizona Special Collections Library.
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Altarpiece carve by woodcarver Johan Johansen Alstadhaug church was built during the 12th century. The church building is built of stone with wood ceilings. Dendrochronology surveys of the roof works show the timber dates to 1166-67. It is therefore likely that the church was completed in ca. 1170.
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The present structure incorporates a four-storey stone tower. The present roof timbers were dated by dendrochronology to 1624, when the house was refurbished. There is evidence of long use with multiple rebuildings before 1624, but there is disagreement on the duration and nature of its mediaeval use.
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After Gregory "Dolly" Parton completes a test on a scrap of material, the body found is revealed to be a Knight Templar, due to the distinct red cross revealed by the UV light. This raises further questions about Templars in England, with the only explanation being the exile of the Knights by King Philip I of France. Viv gives Gillian the piece of wood that she found, and after sending Ben to do a dendrochronology test on it, the rest of the team discuss what could have happened. Before serious speculation took place, however, the dendrochronology test was complete, with the wood dating back to 32AD, and with blood soaked into it with metallic traces.
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Peter Ian Kuniholm, Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) of Panel Paintings Cornell University Panels were trimmed of the outer rings, and often each panel only uses a small part of the radius of the trunk. Consequently, dating studies usually result in a "terminus post quem" (earliest possible) date, and a tentative date for the arrival of a seasoned raw panel using assumptions as to these factors. As a result of establishing numerous sequences, it was possible to date 85–90% of the 250 paintings from the fourteenth to seventeenth century analysed between 1971 and 1982;Fletcher, John, Panel Examination and Dendrochronology The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal, Vol. 10, 1982 by now a much greater number have been analysed.
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Wacher, pp. 88–90. A timber drain by the side of the main Roman road excavated at No 1 Poultry has been dated by dendrochronology to 47, which is likely to be the foundation date.Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.
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Danevirke – Ældre end hidtil antaget! Museum South-Jutland. Previous carbon-14 dating had dated some of the early constructions to the second half of the 7th century, and dendrochronology also suggests that the examined constructions began not very long after 737, a few decades before the reign of king Gudfred.
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End elevation of Comfort Starr House illustrating the distinctive roof line The Comfort Starr House, located at 138 State St., Guilford, Connecticut, is a classic saltbox house with an added lean-to.Bing.com/maps retrieved 7-02-2009 According to a dendrochronology study, completed in 2014, the house was built in 1695.
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In 1972 he graduated in systematic plant sociology. After teaching biology at Gymnasium Köniz high school near Bern and at the private school "Dr. Feusi", he started in 1971, at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL in Birmensdorf. There he set up the dendrochronology research group.
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Dendrochronology study, Geology Department, Wooster College, Wooster, Ohio. Study commissioned by Dennis Lapic, 2009. The study showed straight grained logs with first year of growth from 1662 to 1748, characteristic of trees of a virgin forest. Hand split lath starts with a log of straight grained wood of the required length.
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Tree ring analysis by dendrochronologist Mike Baillie, of the Queen's University of Belfast, shows abnormally little growth in Irish oak in 536 and another sharp drop in 542, after a partial recovery.Baillie, M.G.L. (1994). "Dendrochronology Raises Questions About the Nature of the AD 536 Dust-Veil Event." The Holocene fig.
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Future archeological investigations may confirm suspected locations for an icehouse and various outbuildings and may add to the various artifacts found by the current owners that are included in a historic display at the second floor hallway. In 1997, a dendrochronology study concluded that the original construction of Portland Manor occurred in 1754.
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The present church was therefore believed to have been built around 1190. Recent research has changed these assumptions. Dendrochronology has shown that the timber used for building the church was cut in 1137. Also, Sverris saga makes no mention of the burning of the church at the time the town was burnt.
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Further explorations in 2002 and 2004 led to a somewhat more nuanced picture of the settlement. This enabled the site to be dated via dendrochronology. The timbers that were used were cut in 3706-3704 BC. and confirm a single development phase. Another Neolithic settlement must have existed some northwest of Breitenloo.
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Dendrochronology Report at La Pointe - Krebs House. University of Southern Mississippi Three sides of the structure were bounded by a galleries and porches, supported by square wooden posts that were joined by a timber framing system. The gable roof was covered with wooden shingles. Two fireplace chimneys were composed of stucco-covered brick.
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The O'Donnelly fort was a few miles West of the castle. The building was three storeys high with attics, a cellar, many large mullioned windows and tall chimneystacks. A joist from one of the walls was dated using dendrochronology to about 1282 and may belong to an earlier fort. There are substantial remains.
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Many dates have been obtained for buildings after this, possibly suggesting that there was a great re- building in Wales after the devastation caused by Owain Glyndŵr's uprising. The evidence of dendrochronology clearly shows that in the 15th. and first half of the 16th. centuries Hall houses were the standard plan for domestic buildings.
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The first castle consisted of a square keep that was about on each side. The walls were up to thick. The keep and outer walls are made of tuff stone cut into roughly squared blocks which indicates construction before 1200. The dendrochronology dating of the beams indicates that they came from 1251 to 1253.
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The house remained in the family until 1914, when a local non- profit organization was established to preserve it. It has been owned since then by the Governor Bellingham-Cary House Association. It won the 2006 Massachusetts Historical Commission Preservation Award. In 2008 the earliest part of the house was dated to 1724 using dendrochronology.
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In zoology, an annulus is an external circular ring. Annuli are commonly found in segmented animals such as earthworms and leeches. The bodies of these annelids are externally marked by annuli that are arranged in series with each other. An annulus may also be an indication of growth in certain species, similar to dendrochronology.
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The term "dendrochronology" was coined in 1928 by the American astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass (1867–1962). From p. 5: "One can see that in all this we are measuring the lapse of time by means of a slow-geared clock within trees. For this study the name "dendro-chronology" has been suggested, or "tree-time.
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An immediate comparison to ‘’The Lack’’ is Glas Hirfryn in Llansilin on the Denbighshire/Montgomeryshire border. This has identical patterned herringbone timbers on the upper storey and similar close studding to the ground floor. It is similarly jettied with decorative brackets supporting the bressumer. Glas Hirfryn has been dated by dendrochronology to 1559 or shortly afterwards.
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99-100 at books.google.comMacdonald, Philip, of Centre for Archaeological Fieldwork, Queen's University, Belfast, Monitoring at Nendrum, Mahee Island, Co. Down 2003 at qub.ac.uk (pdf file) However, dendrochronology has dated a tide mill on the island to the year 619, making this the oldest excavated tide mill anywhere in the world.Industrial Heritage Association of Ireland Newsletter May 2008 at ihai.
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Three factors were of particular importance: the establishment of the date of Tumulus MM at ca. 740 BCE based on dendrochronology; the comparison of Destruction Level objects with those in Tumulus MM and other independently dated assemblages in the Gordion tumuli; and the study of well-known 8th century Greek ceramics in post-Destruction Level contexts.
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The keep and curtain wall form an irregular rectangle of about . On the south side, a wide dry moat separates the castle area from the flat hill top. Near the moat a massive curtain wall rises up, the Ashlar wall is up to thick. A post, found in the wall, has been dendrochronology dated to 1350.
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Windows on the western façade, c.1270 The oldest parts of the building have been dated by dendrochronology to 1094. There was a second construction phase in the 12th century, from which part of the western wall, with a sandstone double-arched window, has been preserved. Around 1270, a larger synagogue incorporating parts of the earlier building was constructed.
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The first phase ended in 1995, with the completing of a photogrammetric architectural survey and the creation of a digital model of the fortress. Several institutes participate in the relevant projects: the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the Cornell University in the dendrochronology project, the Center for Preservation and Heritage of Mount Athos, and the municipality of Thessaloniki.
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The stone barn has eight bays supported by buttresses and two wagon porches. The cruck roof trusses, at both ends of the barn, have timbers which have been shown by dendrochronology to have been felled between 1288 and 1290. There are some curved windbraces. The stonework is showing signs water damage and erosion at the base of the walls.
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A variety of archaeological sciences are used in underwater archaeology. Dendrochronology is an important technique especially for dating the timbers of wooden ships. It may also provide additional information, including the area where the timber was harvested (i.e. likely to be where the ship was built) and whether or not there are later repairs or reuse of salvaged materials.
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During his retirement Moseley wrote about a link between solar events and dendrochronology. His work in weather forecasting was recognized by the New York Times. In 1943 Mosley was awarded a Doctorate of Humane Letters by Bowling Green State University. On April 28, 1948 in Dayton, Ohio, Moseley became ill; later dying on June 6, 1948 to Coronary thrombosis.
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The trackway runs north-south and has been dated by dendrochronology to 135 BCE. It ran across the Wittemoor bog, connecting the more elevated geest at Hude with the River Hunte. An Iron Age settlement near a spring in the Lintel section of Hude was at the southern end. A section of the trackway has been reconstructed.
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Nylander 1964, p. 5-6 Robert Nylander proposed in 1964 that the house was built in two stages; however, research conducted in 2012 by the Dendrochronology Laboratory at Oxford University confirms that the home was erected during a single campaign between 1740 and 1750. The Oxford study also revealed that many of the timbers used in the house were made from lumber cut in 1684–85 or earlier and was probably salvaged from an older building on the property.Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory Report 20012/45 Patriots' Grave in the Old Burying Ground, Arlington, Massachusetts. On April 19, 1775, the house and its surrounding yard was the site of the bloodiest conflict of the first battle in the Revolutionary War, resulting in more colonial troop deaths than anywhere else along the battle road.
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The Abbey seems to have had the barn built about 1292. Dendrochronology has established that some of the timbers in the roof of the barn were felled in the winter of 1291–92, and building with unseasoned timber was then common practice. Other timbers were felled earlier, from 1253 onwards. The barn is built of Cotswold stone, with rubblestone walls and ashlar buttresses.
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St Mary's Church, Horsell The town has many churches including St Mary's Church in Horsell. St. Peter's, in Old Woking has the oldest door in Surrey. It is likely that it is the third oldest door in the British Isles after being dated by dendrochronology. Woking has an Islamic presence, with the Shah Jahan Mosque east of the town centre.
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The Heineken House was renovated in 1579 and the following year received what is now Bremen's oldest wooden painted roof. The 1570 date is known from extant documentation but it is underwritten by dendrochronology which has dated the timbers in the house. The building's exterior dates from 1744. Heineken House gets its name from mayor Christian Abraham Heineken, an early owner.
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The château is an example of French Renaissance architecture. It comprises a three-bay section of three storeys, the proposed central block, and a tall wing of four storeys. The steeply-sloping slate roofs are supported on the original oak timbers, felled on the estate and dated by dendrochronology to 1556. The roofs are topped by very tall red-brick chimneys.
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Aylestone Hall was renovated again in 2003, and converted into three separate dwellings and a clubhouse. It had been assumed that much of the hall's medieval fabric had been destroyed when alterations were made in 1850. However early timber framing, including parts of an aisled hall, were found during a preliminary investigation. The timbers were dated by dendrochronology to 1339.
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The church was built ca. 1179. It is dated through a runic inscription to 1180, and through dendrochronology of the wood after 1178/1179. It is the second church on this location, the previous church was a post church (a church with earth-bound posts standing directly on the ground). There are a number of graves under the church, including those of children.
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The castle was built in two parts, an upper and a lower castle, on a rocky ridge east of Brienz/Brinzauls. The first castle on the site probably dates to around 1200. In 1222 the castle was first mentioned as the home of the Lords of Vaz. Some parts of the castle have been dated by dendrochronology to 1228-31.
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Lane House Lane House is a historic house in Edenton, North Carolina that is the oldest house in North Carolina identified by dendrochronology. The -story house is located within the Edenton National Register Historic District. The earliest part was built 1718–19 and possibly moved to the site from nearby. The house is currently owned by Steve and Linda Lane.
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In 2014 and 2015 he was co-publisher on papers related to the flow of rivers in northern Utah over the last several hundred years. He is most known through his frequently cited publication on the positive feedback between tree establishment and forest advancement (Bekker 2005). He has also demonstrated the use of dendrochronology to reconstruct earthquake events (Bekker 2004).
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Type B, a more recent product appears greener, due to the presence of copper in the glaze. The jugs were decorated with floral patterns sometimes with identifiable animals or human figures. Dendrochronology suggests that production had ceased by 1275. The site was excavated in 1959, when 6,915 fragments of pottery were uncovered, mainly decorated pieces of jugs and cooking pots.
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Bellair is a historic plantation house located near New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. It was built about 1792 (verified by dendrochronology), and is a two-story, seven bay, central hall plan Georgian style brick dwelling. It sits on a high basement and has a three-bay, central projecting pavilion. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
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Even after her retirement she remained active in field research up until her death in 1991. She continued to write and excavate. She was passionate about her work and even after a broken hip returned to the field during her recuperation to supervise. She broke new ground in her research by developing and applying innovative techniques of chemical analysis, dendrochronology, ethnohistory, and Ethnoarchaeology.
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Fritz Schweingruber was first a primary school teacher and organist. Until 1965 he taught for nine years at multi-class schools in Emmental. Afterwards he studied botany, zoology, geology as well as prehistory and early history at the University of Bern and then wood biology at the ETH Zurich. An encounter with the Austrian botanist Bruno Huber sparked his interest in dendrochronology.
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Nutley Windmill is thought to have been moved from Kilndown, Goudhurst, Kent circa 1817. The first record of a windmill at Nutley is in 1840. A timber in the mill has been dated by dendrochronology to 1738-70, and the main post is even older, dating to 1533-70. In 1870, the mill was painted white and working on four common sails.
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While construction was underway, a major archaeological dig was undertaken by the Museum of London Archaeology Service, directed by Peter Rowsome. This excavation made several significant discoveries, including a wooden drain along the main Roman road. Using dendrochronology, this was dated to the year AD 47, suggesting this may be the date of the founding of Roman Londinium. Construction was completed in 1997.
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Built for the Abbot of Westminster, probably on instructions by Nicholas de Littlington, for his reeve. One survey suggests a very precise date of building of 1367 - 68, although no dendrochronology has been undertaken. The building phases and outlay are complex, with much alteration. Prior to the 1950s demolition of the former E wing the building formed three cottages/shops.
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Rostov as seen from Lake Nero The earliest pavement of Rostov is dated by dendrochronology to 963. These pieces of wood were uncovered in post-1949 digs, throwing much light on the earliest years of the city. At about the same period, the decline of Sarskoe Gorodishche started. Whether the town was simply transferred to a new place remains debatable.
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He looked for connections to weather by means such as matching opposing solar trends during a month to opposing urban temperature and precipitation trends. With the advent of dendrochronology, scientists such as Glock attempted to connect variation in tree growth to periodic solar variations and infer long-term secular variability in the solar constant from similar variations in millennial-scale chronologies.
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The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (LTRR) was established in 1937 by A.E. Douglass, founder of the modern science of dendrochronology. The LTRR is a research unit in the College of Science at the University of Arizona in Tucson. Since its founding, visiting scholars and faculty at the lab have done notable work in the areas of climate change, fire history, ecology, archeology and hydrology.
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As a result, the Trustees voted unanimously to 'carry up' the whole building but, 'only cover that part of the building that was designed to be completed at a future day.'Journal of the Ste. Genevieve Academy, May 1808, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. Since dendrochronology dates all of the first floor joists to 1808,Tree Ring Dating, Historic American Buildings Survey of Ste.
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French article on the Tribu Following the passage of Maximian, who was fighting the Bagaudes, the Gallic peasants revolted. The first wooden bridge was built over the Rhone linking Avignon to the right bank. It has been dated by dendrochronology to the year 290. In the 3rd century there was a small Christian community outside the walls around what was to become the Abbey of Saint-Ruf.
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This timber-framed barn dates from the 16th century and originally stood at Cowfold, Sussex, and is a typical late-medieval example from the Weald. The timbers have been analysed by dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) which revealed that they were felled in 1536, so the barn was probably built soon after this. In the museum, it is sited to form a farmstead with Bayleaf farmhouse.
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Dendrochronology can even yield details of years in which things happened. Many barrow fields can be found in the Uersfeld church woods within the limits of the outlying centre of Höchstberg. However, for want of any archaeological investigation, it is uncertain from what time they date, but the grave robberies and Court Counsellor Comes's (1774-1856) resulting collection in Cochem have yielded some idea of the time.
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Dendrochronology attempts to use the variable growth pattern of trees, expressed in their rings, to build up a chronological timeline. At present, there are no continuous chronologies for the Near East. A floating chronology has been developed using trees in Anatolia for the Bronze and Iron Ages. Until a continuous sequence is developed, the usefulness for improving the chronology of the Ancient Near East is limited.
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Shapiro, T. Rees, "At Virginia home of President Monroe, a sizable revision of history," Washington Post, 28 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016. Additional evidence for the current residence being a guest house include construction techniques that post-date Monroe moving into his mansion at the end of 1799, and dendrochronology which dates the existing structure as being made from trees harvested between 1815 and 1818.
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A black-and-white photograph of the Houghton portrait. Now in a private collection, it may be a copy of the same original as the Streatham portrait. The portrait is undated and unattributed. It is thought to have been completed in the 1590s, some forty years after Jane's death, probably as a copy of a lost portrait contemporaneous with Jane; dendrochronology dates the wood panel to 1593.
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The excavations included local high school students from Inukjuak. The trainees were exposed basic archeology techniques like collecting artifacts, recording data, basic excavation, dendrochronology, as well as geomorphology. Elders of the community shared their experiences traditional life in the area. Upon touring the site, the elders were amazed to discover how much wood was used by their ancestors in the construction of their houses.
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Oak piles were driven into the trench and packed with flint and clay, above which a horizontal framework of oak beams was set with more flint and clay. The foundation was finally covered over with cement before the walls were built on top. Some of the timbers have survived, allowing archaeologists to date the fort through dendrochronology. Other dating evidence was discredited in the 1970s.
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The cathedral has features of the late romanesque style, such as being completely vaulted and is decorated in line with Burgundian-Cistercian influence. Several religious buildings of the area are modelled on the cathedral's decoration, such that one can speak of a "Worms Style." Additionally, the elevation resembles the Imperial cathedrals in Speyer and Mainz. The gradual progress of the rebuild can be charted with dendrochronology.
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The church probably contained several furnishings, of which two artefacts are still preserved today: the wooden doors and the Herimann-Kreuz (crucifix). The wooden doors are seen as one of the most important pieces of woodcarving of the High Middle Ages.Beuckers 1999, p.125. As demonstrated by dendrochronology, they were built around 1044, during Ida's time as Abbess, and thus are regarded as her legacy.
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Irish Dendrochronologist Mike Baillie has confirmed tree ring patterns in 1740 that were consistent with severe cold.Mike Baillie: A Slice Through Time: Dendrochronology and Precision Dating. Routledge, London, 1996, pp. 16–31 The year 1741, during which the famine was at its worst and mortality was greatest, was known in folk memory as the "year of the slaughter" (or bliain an áir in Irish).
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EIEC). The Baden culture, 3600–2800 BC,The corresponding Blytt-Sernander climate phase is the Subboreal. is a Chalcolithic culture found in Central and Southeast Europe. It is known from Moravia (Czech Republic), Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, northern Serbia, western Romania and eastern Austria. Imports of Baden pottery have also been found in Germany and Switzerland (Arbon-Bleiche III), where it could be dated by dendrochronology.
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The Fairbanks House in Dedham, Massachusetts is a historic house built ca. 1641, making it the oldest surviving timber-frame house in North America that has been verified by dendrochronology testing. Puritan settler Jonathan Fairbanks constructed the farm house for his wife Grace (née Smith) and their family. The house was occupied and then passed down through eight generations of the family until the early 20th century.
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The 1960s saw Brill beginning to develop the analytical techniques that would define the early years of his career at Corning, and yet the scope of his interest within glass remained vast. Indeed, 1961 saw Brill pen a letter to Nature with a colleague, that was a ‘bombshell’, according to Newton, in the field of glass-dating (1971, 3). Here Brill suggested that the rather enigmatic weathering crust found to form on buried glass objects over time could be used to date the object in a method rather similar to dendrochronology, using the separate layers of the shiny lamination (Brill 1961, Brill and Hood 1961, Newton 1971). Whilst in dendrochronology the tree-rings account simply for the tree's annual growth, in the weathering crust on glass Brill suggested the accumulation of a layer of laminate might respond to some kind of annual event of climatic change (Brill 1961).
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De Rat was originally built in the seventeenth century in the Zaanstreek area of Noord Holland. It was known there as De Walrot () which was generally shortened to De Rot. Earlier it was thought the mill was in existence in 1683 but archival research, dendrochronology and an inscription in an old beam show the mill was actually built in 1711. Following the Napoleonic Wars, the mill fell out of use.
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In the year 1540, it was officially declared "Monastery" by Charles V. Another important complex was castle De Torenberg ("The Tower Mound", name originated in the 17th century), excavated in the 1980s. The foundations of brick structures such the main entrance were found. In the old ditch several wooden beams were found, and dated by dendrochronology to around 1193. These would have belonged to an early tower of the castle.
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Reed p.61-63 Trees can normally live longer than 600 years. Many individuals probably exceed 1000 years, but there is no conclusive evidence that trees can exceed 2000 years in age. By combining tree ring samples from living kauri, wooden buildings, and preserved swamp wood, a dendrochronology has been created which reaches back 4,500 years, the longest tree ring record of past climate change in the southern hemisphere.
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The greatest number of dates are available from Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire and Denbighshire, areas which have some of the greatest concentrations of timber framed houses. Other early dates are c. 1250 for timbers from the Chapter House at Brecon Cathedral and 1386 for the bell frame in Tower of St David's Cathedral. The earliest domestic building to be dated by dendrochronology is Hafodygarreg at Erwood, in Breconshire of 1402.
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Wenk is originally from Berlin. She earned a diploma in mathematics in 1998 at the Free University of Berlin with the thesis Algorithmen für das Crossdating in der Dendrochronologie (Algorithms for Crossdating in Dendrochronology) supervised by Helmut Alt. She continued to work with Alt at the Free University of Berlin and in 2002 completed a doctorate in computer science (Dr. rer. nat.) with the dissertation Shape Matching in Higher Dimensions.
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The owners were presumably slightly more well-off than their near neighbors, but still not wealthy enough to afford a larger, brick building. Distinctive features of the building include a pyramidal chimney and glazed brickwork. Although there used to be controversy surrounding the construction date, Dendrochronology and extensive study place the date between 1720 and 1750. The building underwent a number of alterations in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Inside the church is the original Norman west doorway of the nave; this was formerly on the exterior of the church, but now leads into the tower. Above this is a 12th-century window. The roof of the nave has been dated by dendrochronology to 1494–95. In the south wall of the nave is a trefoil-headed piscina, in a position corresponding to the external tomb recess.
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Flint technology produced a number of highly artistic pieces as well as purely pragmatic. More extensive woodland clearance was done for fields and pastures. The Sweet Track in the Somerset Levels is one of the oldest timber trackways known in Northern Europe and among the oldest roads in the world, dated by dendrochronology to the winter of 3807–3806 BC; it too is thought to have been a primarily religious structure.
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Over 500 species of plants can be found within Woodman Hollow. The preserve is said to have one of the largest varieties of ferns in the state of Iowa. Trees found in the area include white and red oak in the uplands. Numerous old growth trees, some over 300 years in age, exist within the boundaries of the preserve, some old enough to be used in climate reconstruction through Dendrochronology.
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The white, stone church was built in a long church style around the year 1435 by an unknown architect. The church seats about 300 people. Though frequently referred to as a 13th-century church, dating based on dendrochronology places its completion shortly after 1434. Compared to the other ten north Norwegian medieval stone churches, Trondenes Church is well preserved, the exterior condition still close to the original state.
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Bog wood in an aquarium releases tannins into the water, turning the water brown. Because bog-wood can remain free of decay for thousands of years it is of use in dendrochronology, often providing records much older than living trees. Wooden artifacts lost or buried in bogs become preserved as bog-wood, and are important in archaeology. Bog-wood may be used in joinery to make furniture or wood carving.
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Currently scientists are focusing a repertory of several different methods on core samples in peat, ice, lake and ocean bottoms, and sediments to achieve "high resolution" dating not possible to only one method: carbon dating, dendrochronology, isotope ratios on a number of gases, studies of insects and molluscs, and others. While often doubting the utility of the modified Bytt-Sernander, they seem to confirm and expand it all the more.
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Each square in the bottom scale = 1 centimeter. This sub-discipline of paleoclimatology and ecophysiology is relatively new. Acanthochronology is closely related to dendrochronology, dendroclimatology and isotope geochemistry and borrows many of the methods and techniques from these sub-disciplines of the Earth Sciences. It also draws heavily from the field of ecophysiology, a branch of Biology, to ascribe spine or thorn characteristics to particular environmental or physiological variables.
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The oldest surviving house in the town is Horbury Hall in Church Street, built by Ralph Amyas, deputy steward of the Manor of Wakefield. It has been dated by dendrochronology to 1474. Other old buildings include the tithe barn. Theand in Horbury was divided into three great fields, Northfield, Southfield and Westfield, and remains of medieval ridge and furrow of strip cultivation are visible in Carr Lodge Park.
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One of the oldest wooden buildings in Tartu, it dates from the 1750s. The oldest part of the building is the northern part, dated by studying the timbers using dendrochronology. This is an important date because it shows that the timbers predate the 1775 Great Fire of Tartu that consumed most of the wooden buildings in central Tartu. After the fire the city was rebuilt along Late Baroque and Neoclassical lines.
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Walker (2005), pp. 77–79. Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes can also form the basis of dating methods, as with potassium–argon dating, argon–argon dating, and uranium series dating.Walker (2005), pp. 57–77. Other dating techniques of interest to archaeologists include thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, electron spin resonance, and fission track dating, as well as techniques that depend on annual bands or layers, such as dendrochronology, tephrochronology, and varve chronology.
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It consisted of a fortified area, with log cabin-type housing and utility buildings. In the southern part of this island has been unveiled wooden structures attributed to a harbor on the river. The fortification system has been dated by dendrochronology from 1037 to 1038. Subsequent excavations have been taken in 2007 in connection with the construction of a Holiday Inn hotel at the confluence of Grodzka and Bernardyńska streets.
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The shrine is noted for its freshwater spring. Ujigami Shrine was found via digital dendrochronology to be the oldest original Shinto shrine in Japan. The Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties determined that the shrine was built in approximately 1060, which closely matches the written account of the founding of the shrine. Until the Meiji Period (1868 - 1912) the Uji and Ujigami shrines were collectively known as the Rikyukamisha.
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Tree rings are especially useful as climate proxies in that they can be well-dated via dendrochronology, i.e. matching of the rings from sample to sample. This allows extension backwards in time using deceased tree samples, even using samples from buildings or from archeological digs. Another advantage of tree rings is that they are clearly demarked in annual increments, as opposed to other proxy methods such as boreholes.
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The Dwight-Derby House is at 7 Frairy Street in Medfield, Massachusetts. The Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory took samples of the house frame in 2007 and determined that the earliest, southwest portion of the house was built in 1697, and an addition was built to the east in 1713. The town bought the house in 1996, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
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Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) of the timbers has enabled precise dating of the track, showing it was built in 3807 BC. This dating led to claims that the Sweet Track was the oldest roadway in the world, until the discovery in 2009 of a 6,000-year-old trackway built in 4100 BC, in Plumstead, near Belmarsh prison. Analysis of the Sweet Track's timbers has aided research into Neolithic Era dendrochronology; comparisons with wood from the River Trent and a submerged forest at Stolford enabled a fuller mapping of the rings, and their relationship with the climate of the period. The wood used to build the track is now classed as bog-wood, the name given to wood (of any source) that for long periods (sometimes hundreds of thousands of years) has been buried in peat bogs, and kept from decaying by the acidic and anaerobic bog conditions. Bog-wood usually is stained brown by tannins dissolved in the acidic water, and represents an early stage of fossilisation.
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In July 2010, a team of archaeologists at the site discovered the remains of a -long boat over 200 years old; it was probably made in the 18th century and dumped there along with wooden beams and trash in about 1810 to make up the land. The boat had been weighted to make it sink as part of foundations for a new pier. Samples of its wood have been taken for dendrochronology.
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The great majority of timber-framed houses were built with cruck trusses, while a few higher status houses were constructed with aisled- trusses. Change came in the mid-16th century when houses became two or more storeyed. Regional forms of house evolve and some are now stone built. The earliest stone built Snowdonia Houses, with an upper storey, is Tyn Llan at Gwyddelwern, which has been shown by dendrochronology to date from 1519 to 1537.
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After becoming increasingly uncomfortable with Cummings' perspective on archaeology Haury looked for other opportunities. In 1929 he began to work for A. E. Douglass. It was in 1929 along with Douglass and several other archaeologists that a tree ring sample was uncovered in Show Low, Arizona. It was this tree ring which helped in establishing a missing link in the ability to use tree rings as dating markers, and was the watershed moment in dendrochronology.
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Eardisley () is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire about south of the centre of Kington. Eardisley is in the Wye valley in the northwest of the county, close to the border with Wales. The village is part of the "Black and white village trail", having many timber-framed buildings along its high street. Recent dendrochronology dating work on timbers in these buildings has revealed that some parts date back to the 14th century.
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The manor house is thought to have been built in about 1530 for one Dafydd ap Richard. (Prichard being a modernised form of the patronymic "ap Rhisiart"). However, dendrochronology results (from a Time Team excavation) indicate a felling date for the roof timbers of 1548–1565, later than was originally thought. The Manor is considered to be one of the most important gentry houses to have survived from the 16th and 17th century period.
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They named their new settlement The Bend of the Petitcodiac, or simply The Bend. There is one surviving building in the city dating from this era; the "Treitz Haus", which has been dated by architectural styling and dendrochronology to have been built in the early 1770s. It has recently been renovated as a downtown tourist information centre. Fort Cumberland in 1755 (then called Beausejour), located on the Isthmus of Chignecto near Moncton.
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Incremental dating techniques allow the construction of year-by-year annual chronologies, which can be temporally fixed (i.e., linked to the present day and thus calendar or sidereal time) or floating. Archaeologists use tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) to determine the age of old pieces of wood. Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis, with the spacing of rings being wider in high growth years and narrower in low growth years.
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The manor house is of medieval origins, incorporating fabric dated by dendrochronology to c. 1270. It was largely built and rebuilt in the Tudor period by the Daunt family between 1464 and 1616. Since then it has not seen significant development, except for some improvements early in the 18th century, when the east wing of the house, together with the gardens, church and Grist Mill, were reordered by Thomas Daunt IV between 1719 and 1726.
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The rock castle was built around 1180-1200, thus towards the end of the 12th century. The dating was achieved by means of dendrochronology, which indicates the year 1179, when the pine tree used for a beam in the lower shelter was felled. The rock castle was hardly visible and could only be reached with a long ladder. The shelter was also difficult to find because there was no road leading nearby.
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A History of the Ancient Parish of Birstall. H.C. Craddock M.A. Pub. 1933 In recent times the dead stump of this tree was moved near the priests door and dated by dendrochronology to the 14thCSurvey published in 1993 by West Yorkshire Archeological Society No trace of this remains now, however a new yew tree was planted for the Millennium. It was from around 1707 that it became known as Ye Olde Whitechapel in the North.
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Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993. (211-213). She began teaching at the University of Arizona in 1929, where she was introduced to dendrochronology in a class taught by A. E. Douglass. She began teaching at the University of New Mexico fall of 1934 until she retired in 1971. It is possible that more professional anthropologists in the United States were taught by Hawley than by any other member of the profession.
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Paleoethnobotanists also recover and analyze microremains (such as phytoliths and pollen), human and animal excrements (paleofeces, sometimes called coprolites), or plant impressions in ceramic sherds and clay (such as in daub). Palynology is a mature and distinct scientific discipline that studies pollen, typically in the context of reconstructing past environments. Dendrochronology, the study of growth rings on trees relating to study of past environments, is another scientific discipline useful to paleoethnobotanical study.
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The house was built for a wealthy merchant. It was probably built in 1603. Above the door is a plaque inscribed with the date 1503, but this is an error because the building has been dated to the early 17th century by dendrochronology. It was extended to the rear in the middle of the 17th century, and in 1728 it was rebuilt, enclosing the portion of the Row passing through its first floor.
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Mooar-Wright House (also known as the Defoe-Mooar-Wright House) is a historic house in Pownal, Vermont that is one of the oldest in Vermont. The house was built in .) and is possibly the oldest house in Vermont. Some believe that the house was built by the Dutch, and others believe that is was built by John Defoe, a British loyalist imprisoned there. The construction date has not yet been verified with dendrochronology.
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He spent several years excavating Chetro Ketl, but never published a detailed account of his research there. Despite this, much is known about his studies from the theses and dissertations written by students who worked with him. Hawley began her studies with Hewett in 1929, focusing primarily on dendrochronology and ceramic dating. She spent two summers excavating Chetro Ketl's refuse mound, and demonstrated that charcoal found in it could be used for tree-ring dating.
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In the undercroft is a medieval stone arcade and a wooden joist which has been dated by dendrochronology to 1260–80. At the level of the Row, a 13th-century oak doorway remains from the medieval hall. In the storey above the Row is the 18th-century assembly room which measures 16m by 10m and stretches across the full width of the building. The room is panelled and has a fireplace against the east wall.
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Hansson (1976), p. 115 Fiskestrand towards Saltsjön, in present-day Kvarteret Diana, was flanked by two towers. In the west there was Lilla tornet (Little Tower) and Stora tornet (Big Tower), the latter also referred to as the Lejontornet or Leijontornet (Lion Tower). A so-called dendrochronology survey, or tree-ring dating conducted in 1984, showed that the timber to the foundation piles for the Lion Tower was harvested in the winter of 1382-1383.
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The members dispersed to other communities, and Kuechler moved to Pedernales, Texas to take up farming and ranching with the Lungkwitz and Petri families. As Gillespie County surveyor, he pioneered dendrochronology at Fredericksburg during the drought of the late 1850s by comparing tree-ring sequences for dating natural events. The Kuechler study was published in 1859 as "Das Klima von Texas" in Gustav Schleicher's Texas Staats-Zeitung and 1861 in the Texas Almanac.
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Kin Ya'a () is a Chacoan great house and the center of a significant Ancestral Puebloan outlier community. It is located near Crownpoint, New Mexico on the Dutton Plateau, south of Chaco Canyon. The unexcavated building has thirty- five rooms and four kivas, one of which is a four-story tower kiva that can be seen from several miles away. Dendrochronology indicates the structure was built during the late 11th and early 12th centuries.
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The book is bound in covers made of oak wood covered with leather, which in turn have been dated to 1264 using dendrochronology; the researchers' analysis also determined that the oak trees used grew in the vicinity of Skara. The book has been displayed in international exhibitions, e.g. in Paris and Copenhagen, and has attracted the interest of both art historians and church historians. In 2006, a facsimile edition, supplemented by a number of scholarly articles, was published.
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Whitestaunton Manor in the village of Whitestaunton, Somerset, England was built in the 15th century as a Hall house and has been designated as a Grade I listed building. It consists of an east-west range with two wings which were added later. The first record of the house dates from 1479 with dendrochronology showing roof timbers dating from 1447 to 1492. It has been altered and expanded several times since, including a major expansion in the 1570s.
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At this time many cruck houses were converted into barns and evidence for fireplaces and chimney stacks stripped. A good example of a house that has been converted into a barn, possibly as late as the 18th century is at Ty-coch Llangynhafal, Denbighshire. This has recently been restored by Denbighshire County Council and it has been dated to 1430.Miles, D, Worthington, M & Bridge, M,(2006), List 181: Welsh Dendrochronology Project – Phase 10, Vernacular Architecture Vol. 37.
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Thus the re-occupiers may have viewed crannogs as a legacy that was alive in local tradition and memory. Crannog reoccupation is important and significant, especially in the many instances of crannogs built near natural islets, which were often completely unused. This long chronology of use has been verified by both radiocarbon dating and more precisely by dendrochronology. Interpretations of crannog function have not been static; instead they appear to have changed in both the archaeological and historic records.
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Modern techniques, including palynology and dendrochronology suggest a more complex picture. Changing post- glacial climates may have allowed for a maximum forest cover between 4000 and 3000 and deforestation of the Southern uplands, caused both climatically and anthropogenically, was well underway by the time the legions arrived.Smout (2007) pp.20–32. Extensive analyses of Black Loch in Fife suggest that arable land spread at the expense of forest from about 2000 until the 1st-century Roman advance.
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First, "Boreal" can identify a paleoclimate, a pollen zone or a temporally-fixed chronozone, and those three bases of definition allow quite different dates. Second, different dating methods obtain different dates. The underlying problem is that climate and pollen vary somewhat from region to region. The scientists of each region use the methods available in their region, whether lake varves, the annual layers of sediment from ancient or modern lake bottoms, ice cores or counts of tree rings (dendrochronology).
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In 2002, the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory analyzed wooden beams from the structure and ascertained that donor trees were felled in winter 1676–1677 and 1677–1678 for the original structure, and winter 1712–1713 for the addition. This revised dating means that the Coffin House may no longer be the earliest example of the principal rafter/common purlin roof, although even so it is certainly one of the oldest extant examples. Coffin House is owned by Historic New England.
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The Abraham (Daniel) Hasbrouck House The structure known as the Abraham Hasbrouck House was built in three phases in the 1720s and 30s. The first room of the house—the center room—was constructed in 1721 by Daniel Hasbrouck, the son of Abraham Hasbrouck the patentee. The date 1721 is based on recent dendrochronology, which is a process by which wooden structural members are dated. This house represents a New World innovation in Dutch-style architecture.
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The Shakespeare Houses - The Official Guide, Revised 2008, The building has lost some of its original timber framing and features some Victorian brickwork, but it has been possible to date it through dendrochronology to c.1514. The houses and farm are presented as a "working Tudor farm". The farm keeps many rare breeds of animals including Mangalitza and Tamworth pigs, Cotswold sheep, Longhorn cattle, Bagot and Golden Guernsey goats, geese and birds of prey including a Hooded Vulture.
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The house is significant for its early owners, some of the most prominent men in all phases of the life of colonial Maryland; the Digges, Carroll, and Lee families. The home was originally believed to have been built by Ignatius Digges (1707–1785) c. 1750, and subsequently raised to its present two stories by his widow, Mary Carroll Digges, in about 1800. Recent dendrochronology performed on the roof rafters of Melwood Park suggest an earlier construction date.
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Coor-Gaston House, also known as the Judge William Gaston House, is a historic home located at New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. It was built in 1774, as determined by dendrochronology, and is a 2 1/2-story, "L"-plan, Georgian style frame dwelling with a gable roof. It features a two-tier porch enclosed by Chinese trellis railings and supported by Doric order pillars. It was the home of Congressman and jurist William Gaston (1778-1844).
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It was acquired by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA, now Historic New England) in 1966. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.Official Website (accessed November 15, 2008)New Hampshire By Barbara Radcliffe Rogers, Stillman Rogers (Globe Pequot, 2007) pg. 19 accessed on Google Books November 17, 2008 In 2005 dendrochronology testing was conducted on the house, which confirmed a tree felling date of 1709.
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The specimen known to have the greatest diameter at breast height is the General Grant tree at . Between 2014 and 2016, specimens of coast redwood were found to have greater trunk diameters than all known giant sequoias. The trunks of coast redwoods taper at lower heights than those of giant sequoias which have more columnar trunks that maintain larger diameters to greater heights. The oldest known giant sequoia is 3,200–3,266 years old based on dendrochronology.
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The system is so named due to its use in astronomy. Few other disciplines outside history deal with the time before year 1, some exceptions being dendrochronology, archaeology and geology, the latter two of which use 'years before the present'. Although the absolute numerical values of astronomical and historical years only differ by one before year 1, this difference is critical when calculating astronomical events like eclipses or planetary conjunctions to determine when historical events which mention them occurred.
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It was 40 metres in diameter and consisted of an outer wall and four inner rings of posts (probably holding up a roof), which circled a huge central pillar. This oak pillar has been dated by dendrochronology to the year 95 BC and could have stood about 13 metres tall.A New History of Ireland, Vol 1. Oxford University Press, 2005. p.167 The building had a western entrance, toward the setting sun, which suggests it was not a dwelling.
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In 1470 – 1478, Notke executed a very large sculpture group, a so-called triumphal cross (in English sometimes referred to as a rood) for display in Lübeck Cathedral. It consists of a total of 72 sculptures and is made of oak wood; dendrochronology has confirmed that the wood comes from oak trees felled near Lübeck c. 1470. The ensemble has been praised for its realism, monumentality and expressiveness. The patron ordering the art- piece was bishop Albert Krummedik.
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Wm. Byrd's land grant (now known as Richmond) in the company of the family of his fiancée, Maria Dorothea Scheerer, whom he later married; the house was a "Home for the Bride."Ege, op. cit. pp 5-11 (One of Jacob's nephews, George Ege, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Berks County, Pennsylvania.Ege, ibid, pp 76-78) Dendrochronology suggests that additional construction on the house occurred in 1754. Jacob Ege died in 1762.
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Estimates of the house's history have varied over the years, but it is currently believed that the house was constructed circa 1692 for William Boardman. Boardman purchased the property, with a different house standing on it, in 1686. Although it was long thought to have been built not long after this purchase, dendrochronology research on its beams confirms a later construction date. The house as first built had two rooms per floor, with a central chimney.
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The mid-Urnes Style has received a relatively firm dating based on its appearance on coins issued by Harald Hardrada (1047–1066) and by Olav Kyrre (1080–1090). Two wood carvings from Oslo have been dated to c. 1050–1100 and the Hørning plank is dated by dendrochronology to c. 1060–1070. There is, however, evidence suggesting that the mid-Urnes style was developed before 1050 in the manner it is represented by the runemasters Fot and Balli.
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Dates from dendrochronology can be used as a calibration and check of radiocarbon dating. This can be done by checking radiocarbon dates against long master sequences, with Californian bristle-cone pines in Arizona being used to develop this method of calibration as the longevity of the trees (up to c.4900 years) in addition to the use of dead samples meant a long, unbroken tree ring sequence could be developed (dating back to c.6700 BC).
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The coin, a petit blanc, discovered in a rebate in the inboard face of the ship's keel Dendrochronology reveal that most of the timbers used to build the ship originate from the Basque Country of northern Spain dating from c.1449. Nigel Nayling and Toby Jones, 'The Newport Medieval Ship: Archaeological Analysis of a Fifteenth Century Merchant Ship' in Evan T. Jones and Richard Stone (eds.), The World of the Newport Medieval Ship: trade, politics and shipping in the mid-fifteenth century (University of Wales Press, 2018) The discovery in the spring of 2006 of a French "petit blanc" (small white) silver coin inserted into a cut out in the stempost/keel join was a major step forward. Placed, perhaps, as a token of good fortune at the start of the ship's construction, this coin was minted in Crémieu in the Dauphinois region of France between May and July 1447. Tree trunks found under the hull and forming the support for the ship when under repair, have a dendrochronology date of 1468 – 1469.
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The Maguire-Williams House is a historic house at 19105 Arkansas Highway 74 east of Elkins, Arkansas. It is a 1-1/2 story log and frame structure, finished in wooden clapboards, with a side gable roof. The house appears to have been built between about 1838 and 1877, and includes a frame addition to the rear and an open porch extending across the width of its front. The oldest log pen of the structure has been dated by dendrochronology to c.
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They play for ever increasing stakes. Eochu keeps winning, and Midir has to pay up. One such game compels Midir to build a causeway across the bog of Móin Lámrige: the Corlea Trackway, a wooden causeway built across a bog in County Longford, dated by dendrochronology to 148 BC, is a real-life counterpart to this legendary road.Heritage Ireland: Corlea Trackway Visitor Centre Finally, Midir suggests they play for a kiss and an embrace from Étaín, and this time he wins.
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1720 by Cooper's son, and then again between 1807–1816 by Martha Frost Austin and Thomas Austin who added an enclosed porch and Federal style stairway and trim. The house was acquired by Historic New England in 1912. In 2002 the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory analyzed wooden beams from the original structure and ascertained that donor trees were felled at the following times: Winter 1675/6, Winter 1680/81, and Spring 1681. The oldest timber may have been stockpiled before construction.
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The growth rings of trees show patterns, caused by various environmental factors: dendrochronology uses these growth rings of trees, compared across overlapping sequences, to establish accurate dates. Applying this method shows that atmospheric 14C does indeed vary with time, due to solar activity. This is the basis of the carbon dating calibration curve. Clearly, it can also be used to detect any peaks in production caused by solar flares, if those flares create enough energetic particles to produce a measurable increase in 14C.
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Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782. Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, is a cruck built farmhouse of which there are very few in North Somerset. It was included in the dendrochronology project carried out by the Somerset Vernacular Building Research Group 1996–1998 and the crucks gave a felling date of 1386, the house has been extensively altered and added to over later centuries. North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.
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Interpretations of the age of the Bonneville landslide have evolved as more investigators have studied it and as more modern dating techniques have become available. Early work based on dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating suggested the landslide occurred between AD 1060 and 1180 or between 1250 and 1280. The year 1100 has often been cited as the date of the Bonneville landslide. More recent work using radiocarbon dating and lichenometry has suggested dates between 1500 and 1760 or between 1670 and 1760.
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Dendrochronology has three main areas of application: paleoecology, where it is used to determine certain aspects of past ecologies (most prominently climate); archaeology, where it is used to date old buildings, etc.; and radiocarbon dating, where it is used to calibrate radiocarbon ages (see below). In some areas of the world, it is possible to date wood back a few thousand years, or even many thousands. Currently, the maximum for fully anchored chronologies is a little over 11,000 years from present.
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North arcade The chancel is the oldest part of the church, dating from the late 13th century. In the 14th century it was given new windows on the east and at the side. The nave was rebuilt with a north aisle, narrower than the nave. At the west end of the nave a new tower and spire were constructed. The timbers in the tower have been dated, by dendrochronology, to 1350-63 for the top and to 1342-50 for the bottom.
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In post churches, the walls were supported by sills, leaving only the posts earth-bound. Such churches are easy to spot at archaeological sites as they leave very distinct holes where the posts were once placed. Occasionally some of the wood remains, making it possible to date the church more accurately using radiocarbon dating and/or with dendrochronology. Under the Urnes Stave Church, remains have been found of two such churches, with Christian graves discovered beneath the oldest church structure.
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Dendrochronology has been used to date timbers from the center tabby room to 1757; samples from the east tabby addition date to 1762 and 1772. It is entirely possible that wood from an earlier structure or structures was recycled, possibly as late as the 1770s and in the wake of a hurricane that struck in 1772. While no samples could be determined in the western bousillage addition, construction techniques and tool marks date this addition to 1820.Harley, Grant (2016).
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It was originally the church of a Franciscan monastery built in the second half of the 13th century and first recorded in 1299. It consists of a nave and a choir and is in the Brick Gothic style. The church's original roof timbers survive and have been dated to around 1440 by dendrochronology, suggesting the church was built at the start of the 15th century. A second aisle was built alongside the nave and choir, with the section beside the choir serving as a sacristy.
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While initially the entire chamber was used, further burials were carried out only within the eastern half after clearing and burning the plant. In the west, the whole skeleton of a few-weeks-old dog puppy was found. The animal was deposited there together with a cup and a bovine jaw before the fire. By other evaluation, above all, the excellently preserved charred wooden beams offered the possibility to determine the species of wood used in the roof structure beside a C14 date and also dendrochronology.
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The age of the tree was determined by carbon dating of genetically matched plant material collected from under the tree, as dendrochronology would cause damage. The trunk itself is estimated to be only a few hundred years old, but the plant has survived for much longer due to a process known as layering (when a branch comes in contact with the ground, it sprouts a new root), or vegetative cloning (when the trunk dies but the root system is still alive, it may sprout a new trunk).
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The dating was confirmed by dendrochronology in 1976, ending the controversy. Contrary to long-held tradition, the studies in 1976 revealed that there is no space in the back of the head to place relics.Kaspersen & Thunø 2006, p. 59, note 18: the specific passage According to the Luccan local histories, the Holy Face of Lucca in Italy is considerably older, though that sculpture had to be recreated in the Gothic period after being nibbled away by pilgrims, which makes this claim difficult to verify by art historians.
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Sleath farmhouse, also known as Lech Farm, has been tree-ring dated to c.1520. After the Norman conquest a monastic foundation had been established at Llangua by William FitzOsbern. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the early 16th century, the foundation's lands and buildings were granted to the Scudamore family of Kentchurch Court, just across the border in Herefordshire. The original hall house was constructed just prior to this date, the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory giving a specific date of the spring of 1514.
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Today, the non-profit association S.O.S Château de Trémazan attempts to preserve the castle and to increase the knowledge of its past. Thus, samples of the castle beams gave rise to a study of dendrochronology for better dating of the building. Until funds are found for its restoration, the association SOS Château de Trémazan has attempted to finance the establishment of a temporary protection against potential structural collapses. It has been listed since 1926 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
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The original barn or barns that form the current building were constructed from timbers dated to 1597 by dendrochronology in 2014, most probably sourced from nearby Sherrardspark Wood. The building in its current form was constructed on its present site on Handside Lane in or around 1830, as part of Lower Handside Farm. It was converted from a cowshed to a theatre in 1931 and opened in January 1932. In 1969 the Barn Theatre Club was formed from the combined Welwyn Drama Club and Welwyn Folk Players.
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The surviving arches are up to 6 metres high. The piers are rounded in the downstream direction but feature cutwaters (streamlined brickwork intended to reduce the impact of the water on the piers) facing upstream. Local stone was used for the faces of the arches, behind which is gravel and rubble contained within a box of wooden stakes which were driven into the ground and the riverbed. Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) has established that the oldest of these stakes came from trees felled between 1190 and 1210.
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The Wittemoor timber trackway is a log causeway or corduroy road across a bog at Neuenhuntdorf, part of the Berne in the district of Wesermarsch in Lower Saxony, Germany. Originating in the pre-Roman Iron Age, it is one of several such causeways which have been found in the North German Plain, particularly in the Weser-Ems region. It has been dated by dendrochronology to 135 BCE. It ran across the Wittemoor bog, connecting the more elevated geest at Hude with the River Hunte.
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Giddings was born in Caldwell, Texas on April 10, 1909 to James Louis Giddings (1879-1955) and Maude Matthews (1881-1962). He received his bachelor of science degree in engineering from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1932.Martha Mitchell, ," J. Louis Giddings", 12 February 2015 From 1932 to 1937 he worked as an assistant engineer with the Fairbanks Exploration Department of Smelting, Refining and Mining Company. His interest in dendrochronology led him to collect samples of wood from placer gold operations around Fairbanks operations in 1936.
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Haglof increment borer An increment borer is a specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the plant itself. The tool consists of a handle, an auger bit and a small, half circular metal tray ( the core extractor) that fits into the auger bit; the last is usually manufactured from carbide steel. It is most often used by foresters, researchers and scientists to determine the age of a tree. This science is also called dendrochronology.
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Florence Hawley applied the training she received from A. E. Douglass's dendrochronology class to tree ring analysis in the Chaco Canyon excavations where she worked with the University of New Mexico field program in the summers of 1929, 1930, and 1931. She conducted ceramic analyses with materials from Chetro Ketl and other sites in the area, and her ceramic chronologies were independently confirmed by tree ring dates.Nash, Stephen Edward. Time, Trees, and Prehistory: Tree Ring Dating and the Development of North American Archaeology 1914-1950.
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On this basis, forest productivity can be inferred from the analysis of growth rings in Cretaceous trees. Analysis of forest productivity from the Cretaceous shows that annual tree growth rates at low paleolatitudes were significantly elevated relative to the present. In the polar paleolatitudes, growth rate analysis also indicates elevated productivity, but even more significantly improved relative to today. Dendrochronology of fossilized wood growth rings from high paleolatitudes suggests the presence of greenhouse-like climatic conditions on a global scale during this time period.
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Later, after Ailill has fully recovered and Eochu has returned home, Midir comes to Tara and challenges Eochu to play fidchell, an ancient Irish board game, with him. They play for ever increasing stakes. Eochu keeps winning, and Midir has to pay up. One such game compels Midir to build a causeway across the bog of Móin Lámrige: the Corlea Trackway, a wooden causeway built across a bog in County Longford, dated by dendrochronology to 148 BC, is a real-life counterpart to this legendary road.
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Dendrochronology enabled later additions to be dated to be between 1777 and 1782. The house at the end of the 19th century The overall plan of the building was stable by 1828 when the two-storey house had this ground plan. The building has been put to a multitude of uses: in the nineteenth century it was used as a students residence and as a butcher shop. Other professionals that have lived here include a saddle maker, a tailor, and an official of the Livonian court.
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A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick yielded the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to determine when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for thousands of years for many purposes, including as a fuel or as a construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks, and paper. Known constructions using wood date back ten thousand years.
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The "Winchester Round Table" Edward I held one on the occasion of his marriage, and one in 1284 to celebrate his conquest of Wales; and is recorded as sponsoring several as late as 1304. One artefact that has survived from this fashion in England is the "Winchester Round Table" in the Great Hall at Winchester Castle. The timber of this table has been dated by dendrochronology to 1275, during Edward's reign,Channel 4 – Time Team. though a royal provenance is not proven so far.
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Floor plan, first floor The house was built in several stages; the center portion of the present house is oldest, with a gable-roofed portion at the center. It was once a lobby-entry, hall- parlor house of two stories with a center chimney bay. The lean-to was added later, contrary to the note on the first floor plan (see image on left). The oldest section of the house was completed by at least 1641, based on dendrochronology of several beams in the house.
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Plan of Chepstow Castle from 1825 Further fortifications were added by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, starting in the 1190s. The wood in the doors of the gatehouse has been dated by dendrochronology to the period 1159–89. Marshal extended and modernised the castle, drawing on his knowledge of warfare gained in France and the Crusades. He built the present main gatehouse, strengthened the defences of the Middle Bailey with round towers, and, before his death in 1219, may also have rebuilt the Upper Bailey defences.
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Residence and cabin at the Tuckahoe Plantation, photographed by Frances Benjamin Johnston Thomas Randolph first settled at Tuckahoe around 1714 and is recorded as contributing to the construction of the local Dover Parish (also known as St James Parish) church in the early 1720s.Tuckahoe Plantation William Randolph III, Thomas' son, constructed the current dwelling beginning in the mid-1730s. Dendrochronology analysis indicates the timbers in the older (north) wing date to ca. 1733 and this is supported by archaeological evidence dating the north porch to ca. 1740.
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Dendrochronology is accurate enough to do this, though few suitable pieces of wood have been uncovered. Roman coins findings clearly indicate the areas of biggest "romanization" and presence in Roman Britain Coins would normally be the most useful tool for dating, but not for sub-Roman Britain since no newly minted coins are believed to have entered circulation after the very early 5th century.A.S. Esmond Cleary, The Ending of Roman Britain, (London: Batsford, 1989), pp.138-139 There is some archaeological evidence for Anglo-Saxons and Britons living on the same site.
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Thermokarst lakes are surrounded by a ring of drunken trees leaning toward the lake, which makes these land features easily identifiable. Drunken trees may eventually die from their displacement, and in ice-rich permafrost, the entire drunken forest ecosystem can be destroyed by melting. Tilted trees that do not topple over may recover by using gravitropism to resume vertical growth, thereby taking on a curved shape. The reaction wood formed by this process can be studied using dendrochronology using annual growth rings to determine when the tree was subjected to tilting.
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For example, strong cross dating is found between Irish and English chronologies, but individual ring patterns tend to match better against their local chronologies. Hence, this strong geographical component of tree ring chronologies can be used to source timber samples at archaeological sites to uncover trade routes required for the site construction. Dendrochronology can also be used in concert with radiocarbon dating to allow for more accurate date measurements using radiocarbon dating on archaeological sites. It is known that the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere is not constant.
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Dendroarchaeology is a term used for the study of vegetation remains, old buildings, artifacts, furniture, art and musical instruments using the techniques of dendrochronology (tree-ring dating). It refers to dendrochronological research of wood from the past regardless of its current physical context (in or above the soil). This form of dating is the most accurate and precise absolute dating method available to archaeologists, as the last ring that grew is the first year the tree could have been incorporated into an archaeological structure.Feder K. Linking to the Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology.
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The west tower was added to the church around the 11th century, the south aisle in the 15th and various other rebuilds continued towards the end of the 18th century. The Strood causeway was also built by the Saxons; oak piles discovered in 1978 have been dated to between 684 and 702 using dendrochronology. By 950, there was a Benedictine priory at West Mersea and land here was granted to the Abbey of St Ouen in France by Edward the Confessor in 1046. The priory survived until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1542.
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A well known example of the Severn Valley type, which has added timber framed wings to the house is Trewern Hall near Welshpool. A house which has been dated by dendrochronology is Lower Cil on the outskirts of Berriew. This is a well-preserved farmhouse. Its left side is 16th-century (the square framing under the render was felled in 1583), probably a hall-house enlarged when the close-studded taller right end was rebuilt in the early 17th century to provide a new parlour and porch, both slightly jettied.
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An example of the painted motifs that decorate many of the mantels in the Crabtree Jones House, this one is located on the mantel in the main dining room. The Crabtree Jones House's architectural history is as significant as the history of those who lived in it. Dendrochronology performed in 2014 dated the front of the house to 1808-09 and the stairwell to 1811. The floor beams of all sections of the house are made with wood, and are in varying states of decay due to centuries of termite damage.
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More recent analysis of the style and dendrochronology of the icon date it to the 11th century. Circa 1656, the city of Rome was ravaged by plague, and it was felt that the prayers to this icon, which had been carried in procession through the streets, had played a role in stopping the epidemic. This putative miraculous intervention prompted Pope Alexander VII to erect a grander church, instead of the ancient oratory, to house the icon. He commissioned the high Baroque design from Carlo Rainaldi, and construction took place between 1659 and 1667.
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These younger radiocarbon ages permitted a possible link to the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. However, more recent investigations using radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology show the landslide occurred around 1450, that could be associated with an earlier great earthquake that occurred in the mid-fifteenth century. The Bonneville landslide sent a large amount of debris south from Table Mountain and Greenleaf Peak, covering more than . The debris slid into the Columbia Gorge close to modern-day Cascade Locks, Oregon, blocking the Columbia River with a natural dam approximately high and long.
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The woods used to construct the structures vary widely. Dendrochronology suggests that two oak trunks used in the construction date to 3947 and 3871 BC. Radiometric data from other finds gives values ranging between 4340 and 3780 BC. The clay pottery found in the settlement is of Lasinja-Kanzianiberg type, common to Danubian Copper Age settlements. There is evidence of copper smelting, but the evidence has yet to be satisfactorily dated. Animal bones found among the food remains suggest that the inhabitants' meat came primarily from game hunting; 59% are from the red deer.
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Pearman sold the mill to Thomas Pearman in 1800. In 1822 the mill passed to William Munt, who worked the mill until his death in 1837, when the mill passed to his widow Edith, who worked it until 1856 when her son David took over. A local resident reported having found the mill one morning in the 1860s "lying a shattered mass of timber across the road". Although there is no actual record of this it is supported by dendrochronology dating of the east-west crosstree to 1840-85.
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The Aimable Grenot was another privateer bound for Cadiz in Spain to ply Mediterranean trade at the time of its sinking. The Aimable Grenot was also preserved on its starboard side from the keel to the second deck, for a length of 36 metres. It was dated by dendrochronology to having been built around 1746/47 in Granville, weighing 400 tonnes. Along with personal items and artefacts related to the sailing of the ship such as rigging and tools, the ship also contained cast-iron ingots stamped with 1746 and 1747.
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The hall was recently dated by dendrochronology to 1607–1610. In 1820 Mere Hall and the estate passed from the Bearcrofts to Edward Henry Longcroft, whose grandmother was a Bearcroft. As a condition of the inheritance he changed his name to Bearcroft in 1822. The last member of the family to own Mere Hall was Charles John Edward Bearcroft (1935-2003), but serious financial problems forced him to sell the property in the 1970s and Mere Hall is now owned by an American businessman and his wife, Dean and Elena Butler.
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Archaeological excavations in 1969–1975 established, with the help of dendrochronology, that the main structure of the Danevirke had been built in three phases between AD 737 and 968. It is, therefore, contemporary with Offa's Dyke on the border between Wales and England, another great defensive structure of the late 8th century. Recent investigations suggest that the Danevirke was not only, and not even primarily, built for military purposes. The archaeologist Henning Hellmuth Andersen found that in an early stage the main "wall" consisted of a ditch between two low embankments.
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It was built by Richard de Redness, probably between 1396 and 1407; it is thought that it was built after a fire in 1391 that destroyed many buildings in Carlisle. It is an L-shaped timber-framed building. There is an open roof structure; dendrochronology of the roof timber has shown that it all dates from the original construction of the building, although the roof of the Fisher Street section, supported by four crown posts, is constructed differently from the Greenmarket section."The Guildhall Museum" Carlisle City Council.
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Titled "The Ancient City," it was published in two parts by Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1874 and 1875. Sometime after 1855, Fatio added a second floor of bedrooms above the one-story wing on the north end of the main house. For years, experts thought the addition was completed during Margaret Cook's ownership in the 1830s. The theory was overturned in 2009, when dendrochronology experts from the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee dated the wood in the framing of the upper-floor wing to the latter half of the 1850s.
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Since the 1920s more and more works have emerged in which individual regions have been archaeologically researched. At the same time, more emphasis was placed on investigating the settlements themselves. Researchers such as Gerhard Bersu, Hermann Stoll, and Robert Rudolf Schmidt, who worked mainly in southern Germany, were among this pioneering phase of modern settlement archeology. The excavations at the Federsee, for example, involved the natural sciences at an early stage (pollen analysis (Palynology), moor geology and geomorphology, dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, archaeozoology and archaeobotany, paleoclimatology, material research, etc.).
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The ruins of an Ancestral Puebloan Great House stand in the area, 16 miles east of Pueblo Bonito, as part of the Chaco Canyon area. The name Pueblo Pintado is Spanish for "painted village", named by a guide during an 1849 expedition. The great house is estimated to have had 90 rooms, 14 to 16 kivas, and there is a great kiva to the south with an interior diameter of 58 feet. Tree ring dating, (dendrochronology) puts the construction of Pueblo Pintado at 1060-1061 AD, during the height of the Chacoan construction period.
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Gothelney Hall, also known as Gothelney Manor Farmhouse, located in the parish of Spaxton, Somerset, England was built in the 15th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building. The site was used for an earlier building dated by dendrochronology to between 1238 and 1411. The tall house in the centre of the building dates from the 15th century, however this was extended in the 16th century, with further additions and renovations in the 17th and 19th centuries. Many of the original roof timbers survive.
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Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time. It relies upon chronometry, which is also known as timekeeping, and historiography, which examines the writing of history and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlation of the various growth rings in their wood to known year-by-year reference sequences in the region to reflect year-to-year climatic variation.
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The current church replaced an earlier one also dedicated to Mabyn. Mabyn is listed alongside several other local saints with churches dedicated to them in the 12th-century Life of Saint Nectan, suggesting that the earlier church had already been established at that time. A dendrochronology report gives construction dates of 1513–35 for the north aisle, 1485–1514 for the nave, and 1487–1523 for the porch.Church of St Mabena, St Mabyn, Cornwall: English Heritage research report 074-2008 A song to the patron saint was sung at the dedication.
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The reconstructed Biskupin fortified settlement. As shown by dendrochronology research, the majority of trees used for the construction were cut in winter of 738/737 BC.Początki Polski w nowym świetle (The beginnings of Poland in new perspective) by Tomasz Jasiński, p. 11. The Polish Academy of Sciences, Portal Wiedzy www.portalwiedzy.pan.pl "Nauka", April 2007 Of a different and far less common type is the famous, very well preserved Biskupin wooden stronghold on the lake, in use from about 750 to 500 BC, when rising water levels forced the inhabitants to abandon the settlement.
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Hertford was originally incorporated in 1758 as the county seat for Perquimans County, first inhabited by the Yeopim Indians. County records show that the Yeopim chief Kalcacenin sold land to George Durant at the river mouth in March 1662, adjacent to land he had already sold to Samuel Pricklove.Boddie, Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight, p. 126. The area was settled soon afterwards, and a brick house on the site, the Newbold-White House, has been dated by dendrochronology to 1730; it is the oldest known brick structure in the state.
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The main house is built with a heavy timber frame consisting of four bents running front-to-back, joined by horizontal timber beams. Each bent has three posts, which support the roof framing and the summer beams defining the partition between the front and rear chambers. The ell exhibits similar First Period construction techniques, whose forms are consistent with the idea that it was all or part of the first house built on the property, c. 1707. The main house timbers have been dated by dendrochronology to 1723.
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Norman Door at St Peter's Church The west door survives from the Norman church. Originally in the west front of the church, it now opens into a porch formed by the base of the tower. It is the oldest door in Surrey and probably the third oldest in the country having been dated by dendrochronology to the reign of Henry I of England. The four oak planks making up the door may have come from a single tree which was over 270 years old when it was felled.
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Dendrochronology indicates that severe drought which began in 338 and persisted until 377 forced the nomadic pastoral federation of Huns to seek pastures and predation farther to the west and south. Their attacks north of the Black Sea drove the Goths to flee into the Roman Empire and ultimately to attack it (particularly in the Battle of Adrianople). Increased climate variability from to 600 coincided with the decline of the Western Roman Empire. For the Eastern Roman Empire there is an evidence for a regional prolonged drought in modern central Turkey in –540 AD.
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According to Alfredo Bresciani, the lake formed approximately 6,000 years ago (4th millennia BCE), based on radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology testing done on the lake.: "The volume includes an interesting archaeological discussion by Alfredo Bresciani on Carbon-14 dating and dendochronology, which have been used to determine that the lake formed naturally c. 6000 years ago" The lake was used in ancient times by the Etruscans. They viewed it as a "holy spring of the river-gods" because of the healing qualities of the water, which contains a high concentration of tannin.
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173 High Street, one of several buildings in Berkhamsted that have medieval origins; it is the oldest jettied timber building in the United Kingdom 173, High Street, Berkhamsted, is a medieval building in Hertfordshire, England. It is considered to be the oldest extant jettied timber framed building in Great Britain, dated by dendrochronology of structural timbers to between 1277 and 1297. At the time of the building’s construction, the town of Berkhamsted was a relatively large, flourishing wool trading market town that benefitted from having an important royal castle.
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Variation of tree ring width translated into summer temperature anomalies for the past 7000 years, based on samples from holocene deposits on Yamal Peninsula and Siberian now living conifers.IPAE RAS Dendrochronology group research results summary Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees (primarily properties of the annual tree rings). Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum latewood density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width.
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The axe head from Mammen. Iron with silver engraving. Mammen Style takes its name from its type object, an axe recovered from a wealthy male burial marked a mound (Bjerringhø) at Mammen, in Jutland, Denmark (on the basis of dendrochronology, the wood used in construction of the grave chamber was felled in winter 970–971). Richly decorated on both sides with inlaid silver designs, the iron axe was probably a ceremonial parade weapon that was the property of a man of princely status, his burial clothes bearing elaborate embroidery and trimmed with silk and fur.
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She co-edited the first contemporary anthology of Canadian ecological poetry Regreen: New Canadian Ecological Poetry (Your Scrivener Press, 2009). Anand completed her PhD in theoretical ecology at Western University in 1997 and conducts research on ecological change and sustainability science. Her topics of research include coupled human-environment systems and forest and forest-grassland mosaic ecosystems, and especially how sources of stress and disturbance, such as agriculture and climate change, impact these ecosystems across different spatial scales and time scales. She uses simulation modelling, statistical tools, dendrochronology, and other observational methods.
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Oak panels were used in a number of northern countries such as England, France and Germany. Wooden supports other than oak were rarely used by Netherlandish painters.Spronk, Ron, More than Meets the Eye: An Introduction to Technical Examination of Early Netherlandish Paintings at the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 1, Autumn, 1996 A portrait of Mary Queen of Scots, determined to date from the sixteenth century by dendrochronology Since panels of seasoned wood were used, an uncertain number of years has to be allowed for seasoning when estimating dates.
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Tucson University administrator and director of the Arizona State Museum Dean Byron Cummings led archaeologists at the university to the location where the items were found. He brought ten of the objects to the American Association for the Advancement of Science and showing them at museums and universities on the east coast. Astronomer Andrew E. Douglass, known for his work in dendrochronology also considered the items to be authentic. In 1975, Wake Forest University professor Cyclone Covey re-examined the controversy in his book titled Calalus: A Roman Jewish Colony in America from the Time of Charlemagne Through Alfred the Great.
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It is thought to have been first built circa 1627 as this date is carved on part of the framework. This is the earliest date to be found on any windmill in the British Isles. It should be remembered that such a structure would have had to have frequent repairs made to it, so it is quite possible the mill predates 1627. It was dendrochronologically dated in 2004 by Dr Martin Bridge of the Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, when the oldest pieces in the buck were found to be from trees felled in winter 1595/96 and spring 1597.
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By performing radiocarbon dating on timber samples in a known chronology, radiocarbon dates can be plotted against real time generating a calibration curve that can be used for future radiocarbon samples. While dendrochronology is often considered as an absolute dating method, it can also be used as a powerful tool in the relative dating of an archaeological site. Timber samples may be able to be compared with others on the site to help construct a timeline of events for that particular site. Such samples can also be used to settle issues in constructing a chronological typology for artifacts found on site.
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The 774–775 carbon-14 spike is an observed increase of 1.2% in the concentration of carbon-14 isotope in tree rings dated to 774 or 775, which is about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation. It was discovered during a study of Japanese cedar trees, with the year of occurrence determined through dendrochronology. A surge in beryllium isotope , detected in Antarctic ice cores, has also been associated with the 774–775 event. It is known as the Miyake event and it produced the largest and most rapid rise in carbon-14 ever recorded.
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Dendrochronology, or the study of tree rings, led to the first such sequence: tree rings from individual pieces of wood show characteristic sequences of rings that vary in thickness due to environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year. Those factors affect all trees in an area and so examining tree-ring sequences from old wood allows the identification of overlapping sequences. In that way, an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past. The first such published sequence, based on bristlecone pine tree rings, was created in the 1960s by Wesley Ferguson.
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Also found were bones of domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, as well as remains of wild animals, among them aurochs, deer, roe deer, wild boar, hare, horses and bears. Human skeletons were not found during the excavation, because they decomposed without burial sites. During renovation of the commercial building of the Swiss National Bank at Seefeldstrasse in 2011, the department of underwater archaeology recovered shards of pottery vessels, stone and bone tools, a pendant made of antlers and animal bones, as well as some piles of the stilt houses, that dendrochronology dated to 3684 BC.
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However, La Conquistadora does not always hold the infant, and the infant's provenance shows that it was made at a different time by a different carver, so the two statues may have been united by chance or circumstance. Sometimes La Conquistadora holds a rosary or an orb and cross. During Santa Fe's annual Indian Market each year, the statue is dressed with Native American attire, including a manta. Author Jaima Chevalier uncovered new information about the wood used to create the statue, and that information helps to pinpoint the time of origin using dendrochronology analysis from the University of Arizona.
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He received the Henry Cowles award from the American Association of Geographers (with Thomas W. Swetnam) for their paper on Pandora moth outbreaks in 2002. In 2008, he received the Richard L. Holmes Outstanding Service to Dendrochronology award from the Tree-Ring Society. He received the William E. Bennett Award for Extraordinary Contributions to Citizen Science from the National Center for Science and Civic Engagement in 2011. He received the Henry Cowles award from the American Association of Geographers a second time for his book Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research published with the University of Arizona Press.
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Cork borers usually come in a set of nested sizes along with a solid pin for pushing the removed cork (or rubber) out of the borer. The individual borer is a hollow tube, tapered at the edge, generally with some kind of handle at the other end. A separate device is a cork borer sharpener used to hone the cutting edge to more easily slice the cork. Cork borers are also used to take samples from living trees, for tree ring analysis (dendrochronology), and for taking samples for experiments when a constant diameter is required, e.g.
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Under these auspices she directed excavations within northern Britain, notably Carlisle, where she discovered the south gate and rampart of the Roman fort in Carlisle, finally locating the fort's exact position. Here she discovered surviving timbers that could be dated by dendrochronology, and shown to have been felled in the autumn or winter of AD72/3. These offered new evidence in the debate over the chronology of the Roman conquest of northern Britain, which may have been under Petillius Cerialis, or Agricola. At Housesteads she excavated the Commandant's house and the hospital with John Wilkes in the late 1960s and 1970s.
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The Reichenau style uses simplified and patterned shapes to create strongly expressive images, far from the classical aspirations of Carolingian art, and looking forward to the Romanesque. The wooden Gero Cross of 965–970 in Cologne Cathedral is both the oldest and the finest early medieval near life-size crucifix figure; art historians had been reluctant to credit the records giving its date until they were confirmed by dendrochronology in 1976.Beckwith, Chapter 2 As in the rest of Europe, metalwork was still the most prestigious form of art, in works like the jewelled Cross of Lothair, made about 1000, probably in Cologne.
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The first white explorers to the valley in the 1820s reported large prairies, oak savannas, and thick smoke from widespread burning by the Indians during the late summer. When Indian populations were decimated by European diseases, a coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest matured over a last century and a half since there was no longer suppression of the natural forest by Indians. Indian-set fires were common since at least 1647 but ceased after 1848 according to tree ring analysis or dendrochronology. This changed in the 20th century when the timber industry logged the woods.
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In November 1981, during excavation in the course of a construction of a Hilton Hotel at Mainz, wooden remains were found and identified as parts of an old ship. Before construction resumed three months later, the site yielded remnants of five ships that were dated to the 4th century using dendrochronology. The wrecks were measured, taken apart, and, in 1992, brought to the Museum of Ancient Seafaring () of the Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum) for further preservation and study. Scientifically the wrecks were termed Mainz 1 through Mainz 5 and generally referred to as the Mainzer Römerschiffe, the Mainz Roman ships.
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The current building replaced an earlier guildhall on the site which is mentioned in a document dated 1252. The southern part of the current building was constructed as a single room, with gable to the road, possibly as a meeting place for the Guild of Newport, in around 1400. The building was built in a typical medieval style with exposed timbers and brick infilling which has been painted white. An intermediate floor was added to the original hall at a later date. Testing of the beams in the roof using dendrochronology suggests that the current roof was added in 1486.
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Utah Press: 1999 (213-243) From the Late 1950s through the 1960s she directed a summer archaeological field schools through the University of New Mexico. One of the most prominent discoveries was that of San Gabriel de Yunge, the first Spanish Capital of New Mexico, which dated from 1600, found near San Juan Pueblo. Her work on dendrochronology helped provides a baseline for southwestern chronologies and her work constituted a technical expertise which is still largely in demand. Hawley also conducted dendrochronological research in eastern North America, conducting some of the first such work in the region.
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He initiated the "International dendroecological fieldweeks" (from 1986) and the "International Course on Wood Anatomy and Tree-Ring Ecology" (from 2001) and led the latter until 2019. After his retirement in 2001, he pursued his research as a guest researcher at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, with a focus on the taxonomic-anatomical-dendrochronological analysis of herbs and dwarf shrubs. One of his most important projects was the dating and anatomy of high mountain plants in the Alps and the Himalayas. His publications in English include the textbooks Trees and wood in dendrochronology (1993), Tree rings and environment.
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The roof incorporates fire-blackened timbers which have been dated by dendrochronology to the early 14th century, and it is thought that they come from the house which previously stood on the site. A recent excavation of the cellar unearthed Tudor bricks, which were also fire-damaged and may therefore point to the fate of the house's predecessor. The second section of the house dates from 1783, according to a stone set into the upper storey. The mortar lines between the local malmstones of this section are studded with pieces of iron, a local characteristic known as galletting.
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Various data acquired through the use of dendrochronology point to the time around 1170, in which the subsoil was made capable of bearing load by driving oak piles into the ground for the foundations of the walls.Strickhausen, pp. 248ff. The construction of the palace was probably managed by the , who erected the castle of Büdingen as their own residence nearby. In 1180, the imperial palace at Gelnhausen was the venue for the great imperial court or Hoftag of Gelnhausen, at which Henry the Lion was put on trial in his absence and his imperial fiefs redistributed.
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Fossilized tree growth rings Growth ring measurements during the Cretaceous can also provide details of what the climate might have been like in various geographic locations on Earth. Pattern analysis of tree rings or growth rings from Cretaceous fossil woods are mainly used to make inferences into paleoclimate and forest productivity. One very useful scientific method used for tree growth ring dating is dendrochronology. However, most of the studies conducted on fossilized wood rely on the idea that processes related to tree growth rates that operated in the past are identical to the processes that operate in the present, uniformitarianism.
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Meare Pool was drained after the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the fish house fell into disrepair. It suffered a fire in the 1880s, which destroyed the roof and gutted the interior. In 1893 some repairs were made to the walls, although the roof was not replaced until work was undertaken by the Ministry of Works in the 1920s, with further conservation being carried out in the 1960s. A piece of timber from the building was subject to dendrochronology testing in an attempt to provide a more specific date for the buildings construction, but the results proved inconclusive.
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In the aftermath of the failed rebellion Judge Jeffreys used the George Inn as a courtroom and conducted 12 executions on the village common, as part of the Bloody Assizes. In 1998 a major programme of restoration was undertaken, funded by the Wadworth Brewery, which included extensive archaeological investigations into the history of the building. This showed that part of the building had been demolished in the 17th century and dendrochronology showed that the roof timbers had been replaced in around 1431. Roof repairs included removing all 29,750 stone slates, 70% of which were able to be reused.
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A number of difficulties present themselves, not least that there is no surviving work confidently attributed to Hubert, and it is thus impossible to detect his style. Instead, art historians compare individual passages to known works by Jan, looking for stylistic differences that might indicate the work of another hand. Advances in dendrochronology have for example established that parts of the wing panels were felled around 1421. Allowing a seasoning time of at least 10 years, we must assume a completion date well after Hubert's death in 1426, thus ruling out his hand from large portions of the wings.
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The constancy of the decay rates of isotopes is well supported in science. Evidence for this constancy includes the correspondences of date estimates taken from different radioactive isotopes as well as correspondences with non-radiometric dating techniques such as dendrochronology, ice core dating, and historical records. Although scientists have noted slight increases in the decay rate for isotopes subject to extreme pressures, those differences were too small to significantly impact date estimates. The constancy of the decay rates is also governed by first principles in quantum mechanics, wherein any deviation in the rate would require a change in the fundamental constants.
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Gorm died in the winter of 958–959, and dendrochronology shows that his burial chamber was made from wood of timbers felled in 958. Arild Huitfeldt relates one legend of his death in Danmarks Riges Krønike: Runic stone for Thyra, front side > The three sons were Vikings in the truest sense, departing Denmark each > summer to raid and pillage. Harald came back to the royal enclosure at > Jelling with the news that his son Canute had been killed in an attempt to > capture Dublin, Ireland. Canute was shot with a coward's arrow while > watching some games at night.
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He was a political activist working to free Austria from nuclear energy and a founder of the Austrian Green Party (Vereinten Grünen Österreichs or VGÖ). In 1993, with his wife, paleontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann, he published a monograph, Und die Sintflut gab es doch. Vom Mythos zur historischen Wahrheit, which claimed that Noah's flood was the consequence of a bolide impact about 9500 years ago, and supported the claim through geology (impact craters, iridium, shatter cones, stress lamination of minerals, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, a peak of acid in the Greenland ice) and legends and folk traditions. See Tollmann's hypothetical bolide.
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Milford, also known as the Relfe-Grice-Sawyer House, is the oldest two-story brick home located near Camden, Camden County, North Carolina, United States. Its 1746 construction date is carved on a brick on the interior face of the north chimney & was confirmed by dendrochronology test in the 1990s. The formal two-story brick gabled structure, two bays deep and three bays wide, has interior end chimneys terminating in molded caps. The brickwork is of Flemish bond with glazed headers, featuring three-course stringers of Flemish bond between the first and second stories and at the base of the gables.
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Dendrochronology showed that the ship was built in the Dublin area around 1042. The shape of the ship and its large sail of an estimated 112 m2, would have allowed for great speed, up to with a rowing crew of 60 and more while under sail. It is one of the longest Viking ships ever found, but was the least preserved of the Skuldelev ships, with only 25% of the original left. The Roskilde Viking Ship Museum administered a €1.34 million replication project of Skuldelev 2, known as The Sea Stallion from Glendalough (in Danish: Havhingsten).
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Another bristlecone specimen, WPN-114, nicknamed "Prometheus", was more than 4,844 years old when cut down in 1964, with an estimated germination date of 2880 BC. A dendrochronology, based on these trees and other bristlecone pine samples, extends back to about 9000 BC, albeit with a single gap of about 500 years. An older bristlecone pine was reportedly discovered by Tom Harlan in 2009, based on a sample core collected in 1957. According to Harlan, the tree was 5,062 years old and still living in 2010. However, neither the tree nor the sample core could be located after Harlan's death in 2013.
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Carlisle Castle was first built during the reign of William II of England, the son of William the Conqueror who invaded England in 1066. At that time, Cumberland (the original name for north and west Cumbria) was still considered a part of Scotland. William II ordered the construction of a Norman style motte and bailey castle in Carlisle on the site of the old Roman fort of Luguvalium, dated by dendrochronology to 72AD, with the castle construction beginning in 1093. The need for a castle in Carlisle was to keep the northern border of England secured against the threat of invasion from Scotland.
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Evidence suggest early settlement from the Iron Age at Norrland 4/14 with a group of four graves. At Norrland 4/6 lies a 2.25 meters high and 24 diameters large grave on a hill. Also in adjacent to the estate lies the ruins of a medieval fortification or manor house, dated to the early 15th century with dendrochronology, which probably served as a regional military defense position and for housing military personnel. The residence of the Vogt, the regional Bailiff of Ångermanland, is believed to have been located on the same estate as the present building.
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In the hall the purlins are moulded with two tiers of windbraces (replaced), and the trusses have shaped feet. The upper-end truss is set forward from the dais partition to form a shallow canopy. The site is traditionally associated with Owain Glyndŵr's Parliaments of 1402 and 1404 and was restored and extended in 1911 as a library and institute commemorating Glyndŵr. Tree-ring dating from timber in the building shows that it was felled in 1470,Dendrochronology which is two generations later than the parliaments, but the origins of this substantial and important house may be considerably older.
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Ragnar Lidén made the first attempts to link this time scale with the present day. Since then, there have been revisions as new sites are discovered, and old ones reassessed. At present, the Swedish varve chronology is based on thousands of sites, and covers 13,200 varve years. In 2008, although varves were considered likely to give similar information to dendrochronology, they were considered "too uncertain" for use on a long-term timescale. However, by 2012, “missing” varves in the Lake Suigetsu sequence were identified in the Lake Suigetsu 2006 Project by overlapping multiple cores and improved varve counting techniques, extending the timescale to 52,800 years.
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The rapid development of scientific analytical applications has provided unique insight into the material composition of works of art and their subsequent deterioration process. Often used techniques for the analysis of artworks include multispectral imaging, X-radiography, scanning macro-XRF, neutron activation autoradiography, dendrochronology and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An overview of the continuously growing list of commonly used techniques is presented in the Handbook of Scientific Techniques for the Examination of Works of Art. The data gained from these analytical techniques is crucial for understanding the present condition of an artwork, including its material history and the changes it has undergone.
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In that times, the church was considered to be the only one still standing Great Moravian building in Czech and Slovak republics. The key challenge is to validate if the mortar could be introduced to the older horizon during excavating of the younger graves. In 2013, a collective of authors analysed a piece of wood from the building by dendrochronology, declaring that it can be dated to 951 what shifts the construction phase to the 2nd part of the 10th century, between the fall of the Great Moravia and the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary. Neither these results were universally accepted and are under further validation.
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The addition of the timber campanile to these churches is likely to have taken place in the early 16th century, and this is supported by the evidence of dendrochronology or tree-dating at Kerry which was undertaken by the RCAHMWCoflein It was established that the felling date for the timber in the bell chamber wall frame was winter 1525/26. The felling for the clock chamber ceiling beams was winter 1567/68. The stone-built tower is probably 13th-century, but the bell- stage was modified twice in the 16th century. Tree-ring dating established that the two-tier timber-framed bell-stage was built in winter 1525/26.
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Investigation of the gate of the annex revealed two wooden gateposts preserved in waterlogged conditions for which Dendrochronology gives both of them felling dates of between October AD 44 and March AD 45. The main fortress must have been built earlier and probably in the year of invasion, 43 AD. The smaller enclosure, with its U-shaped ditch and square corners was atypical for Roman forts, and was interpreted as a parade ground. Parallels for this have been found associated with legionary fortress of Lambaesis (Algeria), as well as at Tomen y Mur (Gwynedd). The presence of this would also support the idea of a fairly permanent military base.
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The Lad in the Lane is a pub in the Bromford area of Erdington in Birmingham, England. Dating to the year 1400, it is considered to be the oldest house and pub in the city, although The Old Crown in Digbeth claims to date from 1368, a date which is yet to be confirmed. Prior to the dating of the building, New Shipton Barn in Walmley was considered to be the oldest building in Birmingham, dating to around 1425. To find the construction date of the building, scientists used a technique called dendrochronology to analyse the timbers in the oldest known part of the building.
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The lodgepole needle miner (Coleotechnites milleri) is an insect, endemic to the upper Tuolumne and Merced River watersheds of Yosemite National Park and one small headwaters drainage of the San Joaquin River (Sierra National Forest). It lives mostly within the needles of lodgepole pine for two years, emerging as a little gray moth for a few weeks in July of odd-numbered years. This keeps any predators from becoming effective control agents and allows populations to escalate rapidly. While regular prehistoric outbreaks of lodgepole needle miners have been confirmed through dendrochronology, historic records document outbreaks from 1903 to 1921, 1933 to 1941, and 1947 to 1963.
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Specialists can identify the tree species used, which varied according to the area where the painting was made. Carbon-dating techniques can give an approximate date-range (typically to about a range of about 20 years), and dendrochronology sequences have been developed for the main source areas of timber for panels. Italian paintings used local or sometimes Dalmatian wood, most often poplar, but including chestnut, walnut, oak and other woods. The Netherlands ran short of local timber early in the 15th century, and most Early Netherlandish masterpieces are Baltic oak, often Polish, cut north of Warsaw and shipped down the Vistula, across the Baltic to the Netherlands.
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The reasons for abandonment are uncertain. Dendrochronology (Tree-ring dating) at sites in the region indicates that a severe drought occurred in the late 16th century.Smiley, T.L., Stubbs, S.A. and Bannister, B: A Foundation for the Dating of Some Late Archaeological Sites in the Rio Grande Area, New Mexico, University of Arizona Press, 1953 Various other Pueblo legends relate to general unrest at that time. De Sosa’s journal entry recounts that the two pueblos he visited had been abandoned “only days before,” with evidence of many deaths, and that natives in his party told him that the abandonment was the result of war with other tribes.
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Aston Eyre Hall was built in the mid-14th century, probably for Alan de Charlton, who acquired the estate by marriage to Margery FitzAer and died in 1349. It consists of a hall range, with a service wing to the south-west and a parlour cross-wing to the north, and a detached gatehouse to the east, across what would have been an unusually large entrance court. The gatehouse has been incorporated into a farmhouse, but tree-ring dendrochronology dating of the surviving timber floors have suggested a felling date of 1341-52. A large timber-framed barn enclosing the courtyard on the north has been similarly dated to 1613.
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The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record. The wide geographic and temporal distribution of well-preserved trees, the solid physical, chemical, and biological basis for their use, and their annual discrimination make dendrochronology particularly important in pre- instrumental climate reconstructions. Tree ring proxies are essentially consistent with other proxy measurements for the period 1600-1950\. Before around AD 1600, the uncertainty of temperature reconstructions rises due to the relative paucity of data sets and their limited geographic distribution.
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On archaeological dating methods, Fomenko claims: Dendrochronology is rejected with a claim that, for dating of objects much older than the oldest still living trees, it is not an absolute, but a relative dating method, and thus dependent on traditional chronology. Fomenko specifically points to a break of dendrochronological scales around AD 1000. Fomenko also cites a number of cases where carbon dating of a series of objects of known age gave significantly different dates. He also alleges undue cooperation between physicists and archaeologists in obtaining the dates, since most radiocarbon dating labs only accept samples with an age estimate suggested by historians or archaeologists.
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Nordlander is a Swedish family originating from the village of Norrland, Bjärtrå in Ångermanland, Sweden. Daniel Persson (1683–1763) relocated to the Norrland estate from his former residence at the crown land () of Bjärtrå, a power house in Ångermanland until the establishment of Härnösand in 1585.In adjacent to the estate lies the ruins of a medieval fortification or manor house, dated to the early 15th century with dendrochronology, which probably served as a regional military defense position and for housing military personnel. The residence of the Vogt, the regional Bailiff of Ångermanland, is believed to have been located on the same estate as the present building.
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Metamorphosis ofte Wonderbaere Veranderingh ende Leven van den vermaerden Mr. Quinten Matsijs, Constigh Grof-smit ende Schilder binnen Antwerpen, t' Antwerpen by Franchoys Fickaert, onder onze Lieve Vrouwen Thoren, in den gulden Enghel, teghenover den Bornput van denselven Quintijn ghemaeckt, anno 1648, met portret van Quinten Matsijs. He claimed it was in the possession of Van der Geest who declined an offer to purchase it by Albert of Austria. Recent dendrochronology has shown that the wood of the panel was felled at the latest in 1502. Though this panel could have been ready for use by 1513, a date after 1527 is more likely.
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The Free Meeting House was built in 1821 and is a New England-style meeting house located adjacent to the Moncton Museum. The Thomas Williams House, a former home of a city industrialist built in 1883, is now maintained in period style and serves as a genealogical research centre and is also home to several multicultural organizations. The Treitz Haus is located on the riverfront adjacent to Bore View Park and has been dated to 1769 both by architectural style and by dendrochronology. It is the only surviving building from the Pennsylvania Dutch era and is the oldest surviving building in the province of New Brunswick.
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During this period, study of collections proceeded jointly with the Vienna Naturhistorisches Museum. In particular the work of In 2002 the “Museum Hallstatt” was re-opened in the present premises and many of the discoveries brought back from Vienna. Since 2002 the Naturhistorisches Museum has established a branch study centre ‘Die montanarchäologischen Forschungen’ in the ‘Bergschmiede‘ and undertakes further research and excavations. In 2010 and important further group of burials was uncovered and in 2013 a wooden staircase from the ‘Christian von Tuschwerk’, has been moved to a show area within the mine and dated by dendrochronology to the Bronze Age :1344 -1343 BCE.
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Pollens contributed the chapter on dendrochronology, a scientific procedure used to determine the age of the wood used in making violins. The Early Pianoforte (1995) traces the history of the piano from its invention up to the mid 18th century. It offers thorough coverage of the career of Bartolomeo Cristofori, widely acknowledged as having invented the piano in Florence around 1700, but rather contentiously suggests that Cristofori should not be called the instrument's inventor. In support of this claim it carefully goes through the threads of evidence that can be found for the existence of piano- like instruments dating as far back as 1440.
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Saint Stefano was probably financed by the wealthy Valerius family whose estates covered large parts of the Caelian Hill. Their villa stood nearby, on the site of the present-day Hospital of San Giovanni Addolorata. Saint Melania the Elder, a member of the family, was a frequent pilgrim to Jerusalem and died there, so the family had connections to the Holy Land. The church was originally commissioned by Pope Leo I (440-461), with the date confirmed by ancient coins and by dendrochronology, which places the wood used in the beams of the roof to around 455 AD, but was not consecrated until after his death.
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In 2005, Ed Hoffman argued for the work being a copy, perhaps ordered by Philip II of Spain after the original had been damaged. In his view, the amateurish style, the plump figures, the lack of white highlights and the fact that the wooden panel is not oak but poplar (which can't be dated with dendrochronology). An argument for the authenticity, or at least originality, of the work could be found in the pentimenti of the underpainting, which indicate it could not have been a simple faithful reproduction. In addition, there is no question the signature in the painting is that of Bosch himself, and not a forgery.
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Perennial herb species belonging to the dicotyledon group (also known as perennial forbs) are characterized by secondary growth, which shows as a new growth ring added each year to persistent roots. About two thirds of all perennial dicotyledonous herb species with a persistent root that grow in the strongly seasonal zone of the northern hemisphere show at least fairly clear annual growth rings. Counting of annual growth rings can be used to determine the age of a perennial herb similarly as it is done in trees using dendrochronology. This way it was found that some perennial herbs live up to 50 years and more.
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The limewashed box-framed house, four bays long, sits on a stone platform built into the hillside, under a broad half- hipped roof (now replaced with tiles rather than slates, for which evidence was found in the archaeological excavations thatch). The principal timbers are tree-ring dated to 1460: dendrochronology has also provided dates of 1594, when a first floor was inserted within the hall, and 1631 when the internal timber-framed smoke-hood was added.Miles, D., in “Britnell”, pp. 43–54 The restoration has retained the smoke-hood, but has otherwise restored the three- unit plan of storeyed units at either end of the open, aisled hall.
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" " Dendrochronology is useful for determining the precise age of samples, especially those that are too recent for radiocarbon dating, which always produces a range rather than an exact date. However, for a precise date of the death of the tree a full sample to the edge is needed, which most trimmed timber will not provide. It also gives data on the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in wood found in archaeology or works of art and architecture, such as old panel paintings. It is also used as a check in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages.
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Bogs are known to preserve bog bodies and bog butter but no human bodies are known to accompany the weapon sacrifices. The main Illerup deposition, besides weapons, includes gold, silver, spear shafts, shield boards, ropes, cords, leather, textiles tools, wooden vessels, spoons, beads, four horses and a cow. Dendrochronology of the shield boards shows that the deposition was soon after 205 AD, yet the last coin was minted in 187/8 AD. The shield bosses are taken, in the book,The key assumption of how representative losses on the battlefield would be of the make up of an army is not properly discussed. to represent three levels of hierarchy in the small army.
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Bethesda is located in Ellicott City, Maryland within Howard County, Maryland, United States. The home is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "Dower House" because a small dower house exists on the property. A "dower" is a widow's share for life of her husband's estate, so a dower house is where a widowed mother would live when her son and his family inherited and moved into the main house. The foundation of the original house was found using ground penetrating radar to the west of the existing structure. The center portion of the existing house is the oldest; dendrochronology revealed that the trees for the wood in that portion of the house were felled the winter of 1827–1828.
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Dendrochronology (tree ring) studies conducted on the oldest bald cypress trees growing in Reelfoot Lake found evidence of the 1811–1812 series in the form of fractures followed by rapid growth after their inundation, whereas cores taken from old bald cypress trees in the St. Francis sunklands showed slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812. These were interpreted as clear signals of the 1811–1812 earthquake series in tree rings. Because the tree ring record in Reelfoot Lake and the St. Francis sunk lands extend back to 1682 and 1321, respectively, Van Arsdale et al. interpreted the lack of similar signals elsewhere in the chronology as evidence against large New Madrid earthquakes between those years and 1811.
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The small rear ell, stories high with gambrel roof, contains a kitchen and tiny study downstairs and two low-studded chambers upstairs. As confirmed by tree-ring dating (dendrochronology), both portions of the house were built from trees felled in the same year, refuting a commonly held belief that the ell was built in 1698. Succeeding Hancock as minister in 1752, the Reverend Jonas Clarke, who reared 12 children in the parsonage, was an eloquent supporter of the colonial cause. This house is the only surviving residence associated with John Hancock, famous American patriot, President of the Continental Congress, first signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, and the first Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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Familiar examples include annual bandings in reef coral skeletons or annual, fortnightly, daily and ultradian growth increments in mollusk shells as well as annual bandings in the ear bones of fish, called otoliths. Sclerochronology is analogous to dendrochronology, the study of annual rings in trees, and equally seeks to deduce organismal life history traits as well as to reconstruct records of environmental and climatic change through space and time. The science of sclerochronology as applied to hard parts of various organism groups is now routinely used for paleoceanographic and paleoclimate reconstructions.Schöne, B.R., Oschmann, W., Kröncke, I., Dreyer, W., Janssen, R., Rumohr, H., Houk, S.D., Freyre Castro, A.D., Dunca, E. and Rössler, J. (2003).
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Dendrochronology and carbon-dating show 97% of the trees were felled in a single winter, in 533-551.L. Bender Jørgensen, "Rural Economy: Ecology, Hunting, Pastoralism, Agricultural and Nutritional Aspects" in The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, ed. Judith Jesch, Studies in historical archaeoethnology, Woodbridge, Suffolk/Rochester, New York: Boydell / San Marino: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress, 2002, , p. 138. The construction has been estimated to have required the work of 40-50 people felling trees the winter before the mound was built, followed by 450-600 over the summer to build it;"Det meste av Raknehaugen blev bygget på en sommer", Aftenposten 4 June 1941, p.
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The core of the current building, dated to around 1360 by dendrochronology carried out by the University of Nottingham in 1992, was a workshop for the city's tanner with living accommodation above. The building has been described by local historian John Holland Walker as "a typical mediaeval dwelling-house and shop of the better sort." Borough records indicate the presence on the site of a hostel for travellers and journeymen in 1414 and a private dwelling belonging to a John Alastre in 1440. During this time the caves provided a hiding place for Jews escaping persecution, a home for a colony of lepers, and servants' accommodation and brewing space for the alehouse and hostel.
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Prof. A.E. Douglass and the newly installed Steward Observatory 36-inch Telescope A. E. (Andrew Ellicott) Douglass (July 5, 1867 in Windsor, Vermont – March 20, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) was an American astronomer. He discovered a correlation between tree rings and the sunspot cycle, and founded the discipline of dendrochronology, which is a method of dating wood by analyzing the growth ring pattern. He started his discoveries in this field in 1894 when he was working at the Lowell Observatory. During this time he was an assistant to Percival Lowell, but fell out with him when his experiments made him doubt the existence of artificial "canals" on Mars and visible cusps on Venus.
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In 1999, a commercial developer sought to buy the property and demolish the house in order to erect a drugstore. Local residents rallied to save the house and founded a 501(c)3 non-profit in 2001 known as Save the Speaker's House, Inc. This organization purchased the property on April 1, 2004, and in 2005 obtained a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services that provided funds to begin researching the property and prepare a Historic Structure Report (HSR) to document the house in its present condition. This included tree-ring analysis, or dendrochronology, which involved taking core samples from joists in the house and comparing them with known dated samples.
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A famous passage from Herodotus portrays the wandering and migration of Lydians from Anatolia because of famine: Tablet RS 18.38 from Ugarit also mentions grain to the Hittites, suggesting a long period of famine, connected further, in the full theory, to drought.Wood p. 221 summarizes that a general climatological crisis in the Black Sea and Danubian regions as known through pollen analysis and dendrochronology existed about 1200 BCE and could have caused migration from the north. Barry Weiss, using the Palmer Drought Index for 35 Greek, Turkish, and Middle Eastern weather stations, showed that a drought of the kinds that persisted from January 1972 would have affected all of the sites associated with the Late Bronze Age collapse.
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The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several "ghost forests" of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami. This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington, and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide."Jan. 26, 1700: How Scientists Know When The Last Big Earthquake Happened Here". Oregon Public Broadcasting, January 26, 2015.
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The results showed that the age of the wood was too late for any of them to have been painted by Hieronymus Bosch.Tree Rings, the barcodes of Nature illuminate art history While dendrochronology has become an important tool for dating oak panels, it is not effective in dating the poplar panels often used by Italian painters because of the erratic growth rings in poplar.National Portrait Gallery The sixteenth century saw a gradual replacement of wooden panels by canvas as the support for paintings, which means the technique is less often applicable to later paintings.The Getty Conservation Institute In addition, many panel paintings were transferred onto canvas or other supports during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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The cut stump of Prometheus In 1963, Currey was a graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Under a fellowship from the National Science Foundation, Currey was studying the climate dynamics of the Little Ice Age using dendrochronology techniques. The Bristlecone pines that grow in California, Nevada and Utah were discovered to be older than any species yet dated, and in 1963 Currey became aware of a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine population in the Snake Range and on Wheeler Peak in eastern Nevada in particular. At the time he visited the area, in the summer of 1964, he did not know that previous researchers had examined the area.
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In the 1690s, he published three volumes on religion—the most popular being The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation (1691), an essay describing evidence that all in nature and space is God's creation as in the Bible is affirmed. In this volume, he moved on from the naming and cataloguing of species like his successor Carl Linnaeus. Instead, Ray considered species' lives and how nature worked as a whole, giving facts that are arguments for God's will expressed in His creation of all 'visible and invisible' (Colossians 1:16). Ray gave an early description of dendrochronology, explaining for the ash tree how to find its age from its tree-rings.
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To date, volumes 64—74 have appeared under the aegis of PAU publications; these have comprised collections of papers dealing with neotectonics, Paleolithic settlement on the loess uplands of the Kraków region, paleomalacology, and dendrochronology. The Commission's meetings have heard papers on the stratigraphy of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in the light of malacological and palynological analyses, the age of shifts, the conditions for the deposition of lake chalks, and the formation of cave dripstones. Within the scope of the Commission's activities, Kazimierz Kowalski was pursuing a research project on Rodents of Pleistocene Europe (an individual grant from the Scientific Research Committee). The results of this research project are incorporated in volume 72 of Folia Quaternaria and was awarded the City of Kraków Prize.
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One of the frequent uses of the technique is to date organic remains from archaeological sites. Plants fix atmospheric carbon during photosynthesis, so the level of 14C in plants and animals when they die approximately equals the level of 14C in the atmosphere at that time. However, it decreases thereafter from radioactive decay, allowing the date of death or fixation to be estimated. The initial 14C level for the calculation can either be estimated, or else directly compared with known year-by-year data from tree-ring data (dendrochronology) up to 10,000 years ago (using overlapping data from live and dead trees in a given area), or else from cave deposits (speleothems), back to about 45,000 years before the present.
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In 2004 the Nautical Archaeological Society took custody of the remains of an Elizabethan wreck discovered in the Princes Channel of the Thames Estuary during dredging operations by the Port of London Authority.Antony Firth, Wessex Archaeology, "Old Shipwrecks and New Dredging: An Elizabethan Ship in the Thames" in Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts, ICOMOS, 2006. The remains represented a navigation hazard, and as they had been disturbed and damaged by the dredging operations, preservation in situ was not an option. The remains were investigated by Wessex ArchaeologyWessex Archaeology's investigation of the wreck in Thames and dendrochronology by Nigel Nayling of the University of Wales gave a construction date of soon after 1754, probably in East Anglia.
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In the 1960s, a Czech archeologist Josef Poulík associated some of new findings in Mikulčice with those from Blatnica and a further research of old Slavonic stronghold in Pobedim (Darina Bialeková) contributed to the establishment of the term. The concept of Blatnica-Miklučice horizon belonged for a long time to cornerstones of the Czechoslovak archeology and influenced dating of several early settlements in Czech and Slovak republic, but also in other Central-European countries. Although the term is still in use, it is target of serious criticism and also according to Bialeková it is not sustainable in the present state of research. The dating is nowadays validated by methods like dendrochronology or radiocarbon dating and in some cases they led to re- evaluation of chronology (e.g.
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The main block is five bays wide, with 8-over-8 sash windows in the outer bays, and a 6-over-6 sash above the center entrance. The entrance is in a projecting gabled vestibule with small windows on the sides; the door is made of vertical planking attached with iron strap hinges. The interior features exposed main beams (some thick, and many period features. The house was featured on the PBS program History Detectives in 2004. As part of the investigation, Oxford Dendrochronology Lab determined that the eastern (right) side of the house was built in 1711,NEW ENGLAND: ABBOT’S HOUSE, ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, History Detectives and the western portion, to the left of the entryway, was built in 1713.
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A statue of Plancus, the city's founder, in the city hall of Basel, Switzerland. Augusta Raurica, or Colonia Augusta Rauracorum, was founded by Lucius Munatius Plancus around 44 BC in the vicinity of a local Gallic tribe, the Rauraci, relatives of the Helvetii. No archaeological evidence from this period has yet been found, leading to the conclusion that, either the settlement of the colony was disturbed by the civil war following the death of Julius Caesar, or that Plancus' colony was actually in the area of modern Basel, not Augst. Successful colonization of the site had to wait for Augustus' conquest of the central Alps around 15 BC. The oldest find to date at Augusta Raurica has been dated to 6 BC by dendrochronology.
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Archaeologists discover 8-million-year-old forest in Hungary, Yahoo News The find is unique in Europe, since trees this old have never been found in their original state and original place before.Reggel – Megmenekülhetnek a ciprusok The cypresses were 30 to 40 meters high and 300 to 400 years old when they died during the Miocene period, when this region was partially covered by the shallow Pannonian Sea with marshy shorelines creating habitat for swamp cypresses. The trees were covered by a sandstorm up to a height of 6 meters, and their trunks were preserved intact. Because of the non-fossilized state of the trees, dendrochronology tests can be done, and scientists can gain insight into the climate changes of the period when the trees lived.
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Dates determined using radiocarbon dating come as two kinds: uncalibrated (also called Libby or raw) and calibrated (also called Cambridge) dates. Uncalibrated radiocarbon dates should be clearly noted as such by "uncalibrated years BP", because they are not identical to calendar dates. This has to do with the fact that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon (carbon-14 or 14C) has not been strictly constant during the span of time that can be radiocarbon-dated. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages can be converted to calendar dates by means of calibration curves based on comparison of raw radiocarbon dates of samples independently dated by other methods, such as dendrochronology (dating on the basis of tree growth-rings) and stratigraphy (dating on the basis of sediment layers in mud or sedimentary rock).
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Pearson also helped Dr. Colton and former Lowell employee Andrew E. Douglass to pioneer studies in tree-ring dating. Pearson provided Douglass with tree-boring equipment, which Douglass used to perfect the science of determining the age of trees based on their growth (Dendrochronology), greatly aiding researchers in dating archaeological sites. Douglass experimented with trees on MNA property, and the first tree- ring conference was held in 1934 under pines near the Colton House. Perhaps the most visible scientific presence in northern Arizona contributing to the evolution of MNA was that of the geologists and archaeologists who arrived in Flagstaff via the train in early summer, where they purchased supplies that were taken to remote sites located out on the Plateau.
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The banqueting hall St. Mary's Guild in Boston was founded as a merchant guild by a group of individuals in 1260.Reply to the King's writ of enquiry of 1389 The guildhall, based on evidence from dendrochronology, was built in 1390, just two years before incorporation of the guild and probably in anticipation of that event. The guild became wealthy as a result of extensive gifts received in the 14th and 15th centuries and an inventory shows that it held various items of gold, silver and gilt, as well as the sacred relics. As a result of the dissolution of the chantries and religious guilds, imposed by King Edward VI, the guildhall was confiscated by the Crown and passed to the Boston Corporation in 1555.
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Florence Hawley (September 17, 1906 – 1991) was one of the first anthropologists to work extensively on dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating. She conducted archaeological and ethnographic research in the Southwestern United States; and undertook some of the first dendrochronological research in eastern North America in the mid 20th century, examining samples from a number of archaeological sites. She was also highly regarded as a passionate teacher who pushed her students toward greatness by encouraging them to think for themselves and work hard for what they wanted to achieve. Although faced with many challenges in her career, and discriminated against for being a woman, she persevered in her research and became a great influence both for her students and for other women in her field.
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By the late 14th century, Thaxted was at the centre of the local cutlery trade. It is thought that the Guild of Cutlers contributed to the cost of the building, which the listed building details prepared in 1967 suggests, was completed between 1390 and 1410. However, dendrochronology indicates that much of the timber used in the building actually dates to the late 15th century. The design made extensive use of jettied timber framing: on the ground floor the building was arcaded to allow markets to be held; the first floor, which jutted out over the pavement on three sides, featured four small gothic windows on each side and the attic floor, which jutted out further, featured two small bay windows on each side.
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Ponderosa pine tree stump showing a cross section of growth rings and fire scars From the dendrochronology of a cross-section examination of Ponderosa Pine Trees (Pinus ponderosa), it was found that between the years of 1602 and 1999 there were over 20 fire incidents at Aiken canyon preserve. There were also "five fire years including 1753, 1839, 1859, 1892 and 1933". These occurrences were suggested to be from railroad expansion and cattle ranching from the result of frequent mailing services within the area between 1872 and 1935 as well as changing weather patterns. The finding of gold within the Front Range area early 19th century lead to the establishment of Denver city in Colorado which then created mailing service popularity.
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48 Hudson Avenue (also known as the Van Ostrande–Radliff House) is the oldest building in the city of Albany, New York. It was believed by Paul Huey, in the Albany architectural guide of 1993, to have been built in 1759 by Johannes Radliff when he married Elizabeth Singleton because he believed it was built after the stockade was moved south by one block. Research done by Albany historian John Wolcott proved that it had been occupied by Johannes van Ostrande between 1728 and 1734 and that a mortgage Radliff had on the house referred to it as "formerly van Ostrande." The Lamont-Doherty Earth Sciences laboratory of Columbia University performed dendrochronology on a wood core sample from the building to confirm that the building dated from 1728.
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Since the 1990s the availability of dates provided by tree-ring dating or dendrochronology has revolutionised the study of early buildings in Wales and is particularly relevant for timber framed buildings. The earliest tree ring date associated with a building in Wales is a date commissioned by CADW for a door at Chepstow Castle which was made from wood felled between 1159 and 1189. Chepstow Castle, Monmouthshire, the door dated to 1159-1189AD A complete listing of tree ring dates for Wales is maintained by the Vernacular Architecture Group at the Archaeological Dataservice and slightly over 200 samples have been taken, though not all have provided positive results. The scheme has largely been sponsored by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales in conjunction with the Dating Welsh Houses Group (DOWG).
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1st Page of the Codex at the time of Discovery The Novgorod Codex () is the oldest book of the Rus’, unearthed on July 13, 2000 in Novgorod. It is a palimpsest consisting of three bound wooden tablets containing four pages filled with wax, on which its former owner wrote down dozens, probably hundreds of texts during two or three decades, each time wiping out the preceding text. According to the data obtained by stratigraphy (and dendrochronology), carbon dating and from the text itself (where the year 999 occurs several times), the wax codex was used in the first quarter of the 11th century and maybe even in the last years of the 10th century. It is therefore older than the Ostromir Gospels, the earliest precisely dated East Slavic book.
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The cut stump of the Prometheus tree In the 1950s dendrochronologists were making active efforts to find the oldest living tree species in order to use the analysis of the rings for various research purposes, such as the evaluation of former climates, the dating of archaeological ruins, and addressing the basic scientific question of maximum potential lifespan. Bristlecone pines in California's White Mountains and elsewhere were discovered by Edmund Schulman to be older than any species yet discovered. This spurred interest in finding very old bristlecones, possibly older than the Methuselah tree, aged by Schulman in 1957 at over 4,700 years. Donald R. Currey was a graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studying the climate dynamics of the Little Ice Age using dendrochronology techniques.
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The science of paleoclimatology attempts to understand the history of greenhouse and icehouse conditions over geological time. Through the study of ice cores, dendrochronology, ocean and lake sediments (varve), palynology, (paleobotany), isotope analysis (such as Radiometric dating and stable isotope analysis), and other climate proxies, scientists can create models of Earth's past energy budgets and resulting climate. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the Permian age rocked back and forth between 250 parts per million (which is close to present-day levels) up to 2,000 parts per million. Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "Hothouse" or "super-Greenhouse" Eocene was in a "permanent El Nino state" after the 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures shut down the Pacific Ocean's El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
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Glas Hirfryn is a farm in Cwmdu, at east side of the road through the valley of the Lleiriog on the southern side of the Berwyn Mountains. It is in the community of Llansilin, which was formerly in Denbighshire, but since 1996 has been in the Montgomeryshire part of Powys. The timber-framed farmhouse, which stands within a group of farm buildings was abandoned in the mid-20th century, at which time it was listed as Grade II. The house has now been dated by dendrochronology to about 1559 AD or shortly afterwards. By 2002 the building had largely collapsed, but since 2012 a restoration programme has been started under the supervision of architect Graham Moss and drawing on the expertise of the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT).
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However, the evidence of this original structure is present in the dwelling today. Further dendrochronology performed in the roof structure indicated that significant changes were made to the building between 1767 and 1768. These changes include; extending the dwelling on the east by and on the west by , extending the loft to a full story across the south facade only, the addition of two outward flanking chimney stacks, encasing the south facing facade with brick nogging and a veneer brick, adding 16/16 common sliding sash windows of the first floor and 9/9 common sliding sash windows on the second floor. The veneer brick and addition of solid masonry were set in an artful Flemish bond pattern with glazed headers, queen course and oyster shell lime mortar with a grapevine joint.
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During the 7th millennium BC the sea level rose and flooded the valleys and low-lying ground surrounding Glastonbury so the Mesolithic people occupied seasonal camps on the higher ground, indicated by scatters of flints. The Neolithic people continued to exploit the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways. These included the Sweet Track, west of Glastonbury, which is one of the oldest engineered roads known and was the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe, until the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway in Belmarsh Prison. Tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) of the timbers has enabled very precise dating of the track, showing it was built in 3807 or 3806 BC. It has been claimed to be the oldest road in the world.
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The Newport Restoration Foundation has been actively restoring and preserving historic buildings, a collection of the arts of cabinetmaking and building trades of the Newport region, and the art and artifacts from Doris Duke’s life in Newport. NRF also utilizes these collections for museum tours and educational programs that are open to the public. In regard to preservation, their most recent project (2015) was that Dayton-James House from 1757. In 2005 the Foundation assisted in conducting the first dendrochronology survey of tree rings in several early buildings in Rhode Island to determine their construction dates, including the Wilbour- Ellery House. In addition in 2013, the NRF led an effort to create a new park in Queen Anne’s Square by artist and architect Maya Lin, entitled “The Meeting Room”.
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Most of the Alemanni were probably at the time, in fact, resident in or close to the borders of Germania Superior. Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention them, Ammianus Marcellinus used the name to refer to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was formed, around 98-99 AD. At that time, the entire frontier was being fortified for the first time. Trees from the earliest fortifications found in Germania Inferior are dated by dendrochronology to 99-100 AD. Ammianus relates (xvii.1.11) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main (Latin Menus), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees.
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The barn is categorised by English Heritage as being in very bad condition, subject to immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric, and with no solution agreed with the owners. It is not in use, and has visible structural cracking, whilst the gable has temporary shoring. In early 2020 it was reported that the owners were to be issued with a final notice by Reading Borough Council, indicating that if necessary the council would carry out the necessary works on behalf of the owner and pass on the costs to them. Work undertaken by Oxford Archaeology and using dendrochronology techniques dates the construction of the barn to 1611 or shortly thereafter, and also indicates that the other buildings of the farm complex date from a similar date or later.
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Of these publications, Tree Ring Analysis was revised and republished many times by Gladwin, as he would argue with the methods of other archaeologists, or learn more detail into the art of tree ring dating. Particularly in his 1946 publication on the problems of tree ring dating, Gladwin used his own data from the Gila Basin to dispute dates that A.E. Douglass had prescribed to certain archaeological evidence. While Gladwin consistently sought out information that prescribed to his own view of dendrochronology, to this day, he is seen as somewhat of a novice on the topic. Nonetheless, in his publications, Gladwin takes a careful consideration of the methods employed by him and others, as to bring special attention to the critical thinking that one must undertake as an archaeologist.
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The LaPointe-Krebs House, also known as the "Old Spanish Fort" and "Old French Fort," was built on the shore of Lake Catahoula (Krebs Lake) near what is now Pascagoula, Mississippi, on land granted to the French Canadian Joseph Simon dit La Pointe.Fort de la Point Retrieved 2012-09-13 Construction of the house is tentatively believed to have begun circa 1757 based on dendrochronology of structural timbers, making it the state's oldest surviving building and the only French colonial-era structure in the state. It is easily one of the oldest scientifically-confirmed standing structures on the Gulf Coast of the United States, along with the Old Ursuline Convent in New Orleans. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1984.
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In addition, some genera of trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. For instance, the bristlecone pine is exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, and has been used extensively for chronologies; still-living and dead specimens of this species provide tree-ring patterns going back thousands of years, in some regions more than 10,000 years. Currently, the maximum span for fully anchored chronology is a little over 11,000 years B.P. In 2004 a new radiocarbon calibration curve, INTCAL04, was internationally ratified to provide calibrated dates back to 26,000 B.P. For the period back to 12,400 B.P., the radiocarbon dates are calibrated against dendrochronological dates. Dendrochronology practice faces many obstacles, including the existence of species of ants that inhabit trees and extend their galleries into the wood, thus destroying ring structure.
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Scientific advances have made possible much more accurate investigation of the materials and techniques used to create works, especially infra-red and x-ray photographic techniques which have allowed many underdrawings of paintings to be seen again. Proper analysis of pigments used in paint is now possible, which has upset many attributions. Dendrochronology for panel paintings and radio-carbon dating for old objects in organic materials have allowed scientific methods of dating objects to confirm or upset dates derived from stylistic analysis or documentary evidence. The development of good colour photography, now held digitally and available on the internet or by other means, has transformed the study of many types of art, especially those covering objects existing in large numbers which are widely dispersed among collections, such as illuminated manuscripts and Persian miniatures, and many types of archaeological artworks.
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Scientific advances have made possible much more accurate investigation of the materials and techniques used to create works, especially infra-red and x-ray photographic techniques which have allowed many underdrawings of paintings to be seen again. Proper analysis of pigments used in paint is now possible, which has upset many attributions. Dendrochronology for panel paintings and radio-carbon dating for old objects in organic materials have allowed scientific methods of dating objects to confirm or upset dates derived from stylistic analysis or documentary evidence. The development of good colour photography, now held digitally and available on the internet or by other means, has transformed the study of many types of art, especially those covering objects existing in large numbers which are widely dispersed among collections, such as illuminated manuscripts and Persian miniatures, and many types of archaeological artworks.
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The Madhouse Effect How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet Destroying Our Politics and Driving Us Crazy CSICon 2016 From 1996–1998, after defending his PhD thesis at Yale, Mann carried out paleoclimatology research at the University of Massachusetts Amherst funded by a United States Department of Energy postdoctoral fellowship. He collaborated with Raymond S. Bradley and Bradley's colleague Malcolm K. Hughes, a Professor of Dendrochronology at the University of Arizona, with the aim of developing and applying an improved statistical approach to climate proxy reconstructions. He taught a course in Data Analysis and Climate Change in 1997 and became a Research Assistant Professor the following year. The first truly quantitative reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere temperatures had been published in 1993 by Bradley and Phil Jones, but it and subsequent reconstructions compiled averages for decades, covering the whole hemisphere.
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Chetro Ketl from the north overlook In 1983, dendrochronology of wood samples from Chetro Ketl provided information on species selected, season of cutting, wood modification and use, as well as an estimate of the number of trees required to build the great house. Trees were harvested for construction at Chetro Ketl annually, which contrasts with the sporadic patterns found at other sites in the canyon. Whereas a late summer and early fall harvesting time has been documented at other Chacoan sites, the tree felling for Chetro Ketl was undertaken primarily during the spring and early summer. This may indicate that enough in-house labor was available during the farming season, or that specialized groups of Chacoans were dedicated to tree felling irrespective of the agriculture cycle, when most others were busy with field preparation and planting.
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In 1934, Florence Hawley used 143 tree-ring dates and a comparative masonry analysis to assemble a construction history of Chetro Ketl in three major periods: 945–1030, from which no significant elements are observable; 1030–90, when construction and remodeling produced most of the building's extant features; and 1100–16, which saw renovation of existing features.: dendrochronology and comparative masonry analysis; : masonry types. In 1983, comprehensive architectural studies by Lekson and McKenna and dendrochronological reanalysis by Dean and Warren largely verified Hawley's construction phases, with significant additions and clarifications.: dendrochronological reanalysis; : architectural analysis; : summary of architectural analysis; : verified Hawley's construction phases. Lekson, Thomas C. Windes, and Patricia Fournier, authors of "The Changing Faces of Chetro Ketl", date the beginning of construction to 990–1000; they based their estimate on 1,285 dated elements from the great house.
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Atwater has spent much of his career studying the likelihood of large earthquakes and tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In 2005, he published a book with others, "The Orphan Tsunami of 1700," that summarizes the evidence for an 8.7–9.2 megathrust earthquake in the Pacific Northwest on 26 January 1700, known as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. The earthquake produced a tsunami so large that contemporary reports in Japan noted it, allowing Atwater's team to assign a precise date and approximate magnitude to the earthquake. Its occurrence and size are confirmed by evidence of a dramatic drop in the elevation of Northwest coastal land, recorded by buried marsh and forest soils that underlie tidal sediment, the deposition of a layer of tsunami sand on the subsided landscape, the death or injury of affected trees (see dendrochronology), and descriptions of the earthquake and tsunami in regional Amerindian legends.
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The centrally placed doorway may now be set under a massive stone cyclopean arch as at Faenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan or else under a fan arch of stone slabs as at Y Garreg Fawr. Y Garreg Fawr from Waenfawr in Caernarfonshire has been re-constructed at St Fagans and has been dated to 1544 The earliest example of a Snowdonia House dated by dendrochronology is Dugoed at Penmachno. This has been dated to 1516–1517."Dunn and Suggett"(2014)160-5 The nearby Tŷ Mawr Wybrnant, the birthplace of William Morgan, translator of the bible into Welsh, has been dated to 1565, but there is evidence that this was the re-building of an earlier cruck hall house of around 1500."Dunn and Suggett"(2014)128-35 The construction of the typical Snowdonia Houses continued into the 17th century, as at Cymbrychan at Llanfair which is dated 1612."Dunn and Suggett"(2014) 43.
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The land on which Eastbury House now stands was once part of the demesne of Barking Abbey. The house was built in the 1570s by Clement Sisley, a wealthy merchant, who purchased the land after the dissolution of Barking Abbey.Eastbury Manor House Heritage and History accessed 27 Aug 2012 It was probably the first brick built building in the area at that time; it had glass windows and very high chimneys, indicating the wealth of the owner. Glass was probably imported from Italy as at that time English glass was relatively poor in quality. A dendrochronology survey dates the timber roof to 1566Tree-ring analysis of Eastbury Manor House, Barking, Greater London Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports Vol 24: January to June 1998 (English Heritage Dec 1997) and there is documentary evidence which describes the dates 1572 carved in the brickwork and 1573 on a lead water spout indicating finishing touches to the building.
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In 1689 Ferris' son, James Ferris, constructed the final major addition, to the right side of house, leaving the house with a two-over-two form and extended lean-to, and Ferris installed new windows, one of which has survived intact and was discovered during the 2018 restoration. The age of the structure was verified by Columbia University dendrochronologists at the Lamont–Doherty Earth ObservatoryCook, Edward R.; William J. Callahan, Jr. "A Dendrochronological Analysis of the "Voorhees Family Barn", Branchburg, Somerset County, New Jersey," (September 2016) p.8. conducting "[a] 2015 dendrochronology analysis of the house [which] dated the west side of the existing house--the Feake House--to 1645; the north "lean-to" addition to the Feake house made by Jeffrey Ferris to 1660; and the east side and expansion of the "lean-to" - the James Ferris expansion - to 1689." Historian Missy Wolf researched the land's title history dating back to Feake.
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The Jan Mabee and Anna Borsboom House, Brick building, and Inn, on the of property in Rotterdam Junction, NY were given to the Schenectady County Historical Society by George E. Franchere in 1993, 11 years before he died. In 1996, the Historical Society applied for a matching-funds grant to restore the house, but the grant was denied; the members instead planned a private fundraising campaign. In addition to the west part of the House, which dendrochronology done at Cornell University dates to approximately 1705, making it the oldest known unaltered structure standing in the Mohawk Valley, the site now contains the 1760s Nilsen Dutch Barn, a smaller English barn, and several small outbuildings. In 2007 the Historical Society acquired of property adjacent to the site from Schenectady County to construct the George Eugene Franchere Education Center, a three-level structure which, completed in 2011, now allows the site to operate year-round.
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This ceiling was moved to the tower of Merchiston Castle for Napier University. At Rossend Castle (now in the National Museum of Scotland), emblems by Claude Paradin,French Emblems at Glasgow - two editions of Paradin are available here. Gabriele Simeoni and Alciato were used, again with ornamental detail from Vredeman de Vries's Grottesco, with devices of European princes. A ceiling at Riddle's Court in Edinburgh has the eagle of the Holy Roman Empire combined with a thistle, perhaps to commemorate the visit of the Duke of Holstein in 1598.M. Pearce, 'Riddle's Court', in History Scotland Magazine, 12:4 (July/August 2012), pp. 20-27. Inscriptions on beams salvaged from Carnock House, Stirlingshire, the oak timber dated to 1589 by dendrochronology, include stoic advice in Scots from Gaius Musonius Rufus (possibly via the English author William Baldwin) with Biblical proverbs.Michael Bath, Anne Crone, Michael Pearce, Painted ceilings from 16th and 17th century properties (Historic Environment Scotland: Edinburgh, 2017), pp. 8, 18-9. Emblems at Culross Palace were adapted from A Choice of Emblems by Geffrey Whitney, (London, 1586).
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There are known early references between 710 and 716 to Wintra, Abbot of Tisbury, and in 759 monks of Tisbury are mentioned in a grant of land to Abbot Ecgnold and his familia (community) at Tisbury Grange. The monastery may have been founded as early as 705 and may have been sited near an old cemetery discovered north of Church Street. The thatched 15th-century alt= The Saxon settlement came into the possession of Shaftesbury Abbey, as recorded in Domesday Book of 1086, when there was a relatively large settlement of 90 households at Tisseberie. The abbey's administration centre was the monastic grange, where the 14th-century building, now a house at Place Farm is Grade I listed, as are the outer and inner gatehouses, built in limestone in the 15th century. The thatched tithe barn – one of its timbers dated by dendrochronology to 1279 – bears the largest thatched roof in England and is also Grade I listed; it is now used as a multi-purpose gallery and arts centre, managed by Messums Wiltshire.
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Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that current knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,Yves Delaporte, Notre-Dame de Chartres: Introduction historique et archéologique, Paris, 1957 but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology. The builders were not working on a clean site; they would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new.
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It was removed by the Friends of Selly Oak Park and replaced with a replica plaque. The original was retained by the Friends for conservation. The remains of the stump were left in the park. Oil painting of 'The Old Selly-Oak Tree' by W. Stone (1897) The earliest attestations for the name 'Selly Oak' date from 1746, and come from the manorial court rolls for the Manor of Northfield and Weoley, of which the district of Selly was a part.Baker, Anne; Butler, Joanne; and Southworth, Pat (2002) 'How Did The Oak Get into Selly', in: Birmingham Historian, Issue 23, October 2002, p. 7 Birmingham & District Local History Association The stump of the old oak in Selly Oak Park was examined using dendrochronology, and the results gave a date of 1710–1720 for when the tree began growing.Leather, Peter, 'Old Oak Gives Up Secrets', Birmingham Evening Mail, 7 June 2001, p. 9 It is therefore thought that the tree became a landmark following the turnpiking of the road from Bromsgrove to Birmingham (now the Bristol Road), which began in 1727.
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Even these basic materials were costly: when the Anglo-Saxon Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey planned to create three copies of the bible in 692—of which one survives as the Codex Amiatinus—the first step necessary was to plan to breed the cattle to supply the 1,600 calves to give the skin for the vellum required.Grocock, Chris has some calculations in Mayo of the Saxons and Anglican Jarrow, Evidence for a Monastic Economy , according to which sheep required only one third as much land per page as calves. 1,600 calves seems to be the standard estimate, see Paper became available in the last centuries of the period, but was also extremely expensive by today's standards; woodcuts sold to ordinary pilgrims at shrines were often matchbook size or smaller. Modern dendrochronology has revealed that most of the oak for panels used in Early Netherlandish painting of the 15th century was felled in the Vistula basin in Poland, from where it was shipped down the river and across the Baltic and North Seas to Flemish ports, before being seasoned for several years.
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At La Marmotta, a few hundred meters outside the village of Anguillara Sabazia, remains of an Early Neolithic lakeshore village, datable 5700 BC have been found, in works overseen by Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino, director of the Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography in Rome, and president of the Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory. Thick oak pilings driven more than two meters into the subsoil have survived, thanks to anoxic lakebottom sediments; dendrochronology dates the settlement very accurately, for local tree-ring sequences have already been thoroughly established. The oldest post Fugazzola Delpino has discovered at La Marmotta dates from around 5,690 BC, but she thinks ongoing work may yet reveal the village to have been born a century or so earlier. She is more certain of when it died: within a decade or so of 5230 BC. "Since the sixth millennium BC, as the climate has grown wetter, the water level in Lake Bracciano has risen more than , and so the ruins of the Neolithic lakeshore village are now buried in bottom mud 400 yards off shore" (Delpino 2002).
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The International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) is a data repository for tree ring measurements that has been maintained since 1990 by the United States' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology. The ITRDB was initially established by Hal Fritts through the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona through a grant from the US National Science Foundation after the First International Workshop on Dendrochronology in 1974. The ITRDB accepts all tree ring data with sufficient metadata to be uploaded, but was founded with a focus on tree ring measurements intended for climatic studies. Specific information is required for uploading data to the data base, such as the raw tree ring measurements, an indication of the type of measurement (full ring widths, earlywood, latewood), and the location, but the types of data and the rules for accuracy and precision of the primary data, tree-ring width measurements, are decided by the dendrochronologists who are contributing the data rather than by the NOAA or another governing organization.
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