Titus Antonius Merenda was a Roman politician, and decemvir from 450-449 BC.
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Moreover, the consul had already demonstrated his severity and enmity toward the plebeians, while the decemvir pretended friendship toward the common people, even appointing several plebeians as decemvir, until his true nature was revealed. Nonetheless, the identity of the two Claudii cannot be firmly rejected.
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Titus Genucius Augurinus was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul and decemvir in 451 BC.
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Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 461 BC and decemvir in 451 BC.
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Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 452 BC and decemvir in 451 BC.
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Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 455 BC, and decemvir in 451 BC.
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Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus was a Roman politician of the 5th century BC, consul in 462 BC and maybe decemvir in 451 BC.
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Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 458 BC, and decemvir from 450 to 449 BC.
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The younger Appius is usually regarded as the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, and is so described by both Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. However, in the Capitoline Fasti, the decemvir is described as consul for the second time in BC 451 (before he resigned to join the decemvirate), and is given the filiation Ap. f. M. n., explicitly identifying him with the consul of 471.
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35, 36, vi. 40. Some suppose the decemvir to be the same as the consul of 471, based on his filiation, Ap. f. M. n., in the consular fasti.
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Almost nothing is known of Gaius Claudius' private life, except for his attachment to his nephew, Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, whom he advised and subsequently defended following the overthrow of the decemvirate.
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In 451 BC, he was elected consul with Appius Claudius Crassus. They put in place the first Decemvirate with Crassus presiding. Augurinus held the offices of decemvir and consul simultaneously. The decemviri wrote up the first ten tables of the Twelve Tables.
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Publius Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus,Livy, Ab urbe condita, III. 32 or Publius Horatius Pulvillus,Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, X. 53Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XII. 9 was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, consul in 453 BC, and decemvir in 451 BC.
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However, the chronology of this family makes this extremely improbable, leading to the conclusion that he was in fact Gnaeus, the father of the decemvir. The praenomina Gnaeus and Gaius were often confused in early records, which would account for the appearance of that name in Livy's history.
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The nomen Rabuleius belongs to a large class of gentilicia formed with the suffix -eius, which was often, but not exclusively of Oscan origin.Chase, pp. 120, 121. According to Dionysius, the decemvir Manius Rabuleius was a patrician, although earlier Dionysius mentions a Rabuleius who was tribune of the plebs.
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250 BC, and his grandfather was Publius Cornelius Rufinus, who served twice as consul during the Samnite Wars. Publius was elected praetor urbanus and peregrinus in 212 BC. He presided over the first ludi Apollinares, thereby instituting an annual Roman festival in honour of Apollo. He was also Decemvir Sacris Facundis.Broughton, vol.
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In addition, Appius, the consul of 471, was well known for his severity and hatred of the plebeians; while Appius the decemvir was thought to be mild and fair toward the plebeians, until his true nature was revealed during the second year of the decemvirate. The matter cannot be definitively answered at this time.
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Gnaeus Manlius Vulso was Roman consul in 474 BC with Lucius Furius Medullinus Fusus. The historian Livy calls him Gaius.Livy, Ab Urbe condita, ii.54 Most modern writers refer to him as Aulus, assuming that he is the same person as the decemvir of 451 BC, who is called Aulus in the Fasti Capitolini.
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Aulus Manlius Vulso was a Roman politician in the 5th century BC, and was a member of the first college of the decemviri in 451 BC. In 474 BC, he may have been elected consul with Lucius Furius Medullinus.Diodorus Siculus, Historica Bibliotheca, XI. 21 Whether or not the decemvir is the same man as the consul of 474 BC remains unknown.
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Broughton, vol. I, pp. 81, 82 (note 1), 117, 118 (note 2), 128, 129 (note 1), who notes the unlikely possibility that he was also the consular tribune of 403 (and therefore the grandson of the decemvir). Caecus' father, Gaius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis was dictator in 337, but had to resign immediately because the augurs had found a fault in his appointment.
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19, 20. Many years later, Claudius' son, Gaius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, who had been consul in 460 BC, is said to have retired to Regillum after failing to dissuade his nephew, Appius, the decemvir, from abusing the power of the Roman state; but he returned to defend Appius when the latter was impeached, and afterward remained at Rome.Livy, iii. 40.Dionysius, xi. 7–11.
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In 451 BC, he was probably among the First Decemvirate - who wrote the first legal documents of Rome, the Law of the Twelve Tables, and who, according to tradition, governed Rome for one year with moderation.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XII. 9Livy, Ab urbe condita, III. 33Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, X. 56 However, it is not certain that he was a decemvir as ancient authors disagree on his name.
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30, 45. If the two men were the same, instead of father and son, then the decemvir must have been an older man, since he had been a candidate for the consulship in 482, and was thus probably born before 510 BC; but Livy calls Appius the youngest of the decemvirs, and he is generally supposed to have been the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, consular tribune in 424 BC.Livy, iii. 35, iv. 35, 36.
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In 204 BC he was appointed plebeian aedile. In the following two years, he was praetor and propraetor in Sicily. After his time as a Praetor he would lend Cneius Tremellius two legions for the Second Punic War. In 201 BC he held the decemvirate (decemvir agris dandis adsignandis) for distributing ager publicus in Samnium and Apulia. He became consul in 199 BCVarro and went to Macedon to take over the command after Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus.
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This is a reference to the story of Verginia from Livy's Ab urbe condita (). Around 451 BC, a decemvir of the Roman Republic, Appius Claudius Crassus, begins to lust after Verginia, a plebeian girl betrothed to a former tribune, Lucius Icilius. She rejects Claudius' advances, enraging him, and he has her abducted. However, both Icilius and Verginia's father, famed centurion Lucius Verginius, are respected figures and Claudius is forced to legally defend his right to hold Verginia.
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In 450 BC, Lucius was elected as member of the Second Decemvirate against more qualified candidates thanks to the supportive actions of Appius Claudius Crassus, who had been decemvir the year before. This commission achieved the writing of the Law of the Twelve Tables, but under the influence of Crassus, they despotically maintained power after the end of their mission.Livy, III. 35 In 449 BC, the decemvirs, led by Crassus, illegally kept their power, against the will of the Senate and the people.
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Desiring her for himself, Appius sent his servant, Marcus Claudius, to kidnap Verginia, on the pretext that she was Appius' slave. When her plight became known, Appius consented to release her pending a trial of his claim, but maintained steadfastly, and over the objections of Verginia's father and Icilius, that she was his slave. Rather than have his daughter dishonoured by the decemvir, her father seized a knife from a butcher in the marketplace, and stabbed Verginia to death.Livy, iii. 44–48.
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Lucius Caesonius Lucillus Macer Rufinianus () was a Roman military officer and senator who was appointed suffect consul probably between AD 225 and 229. Much of what we know about him comes from an inscription found on the base of a statute near Tivoli. Caesonius Lucillus occupied a succession of posts: the junior magistracy of the decemvir stlitibus judicandis; a quaestor; and a praetor, all sponsored by the emperor, Caracalla (). He was appointed imperial governor of several Italian towns, then legate of Roman Tunisia.
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Thirty years after Julius' consulship, a committee of ten distinguished statesmen was selected to draw up a body of laws based on Roman tradition and Greek models. Julius was among the sitting senators chosen to serve as decemvir, alongside several other ex-consuls, and the consul-elect, Appius Claudius Crassus, son of the Claudius who had stood for the consulship of 482. Taking office in 451, the decemvirs assembled the first Ten Tables, to the unanimous approval of the Roman people.Dionysius, x. 55–58.
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Although Appius had affected a mild and agreeable demeanor, and won the trust of the plebeians, his colleagues suspected that he might wish to remain in power, and accordingly they appointed him to name the new college, and resigned their office to set an example.Livy, iii. 33–35.Dionysius, x. 55–58. Instead of resigning, Appius appointed himself decemvir for 450, and surrounded himself with like-minded men and those whom he could easily dominate, deliberately excluding other prominent Roman statesmen, such as Cincinnatus, his brother, Titus Quinctius Capitolinus, or Gaius Claudius.
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I, pp. 30, 45. However, chronology suggests that they were different people; the consul of 471 is supposed to have been a candidate for the consulship eleven years earlier, in 482, and his father was a wealthy and powerful man more than twenty years before that, which would have made the consul an older man at the time of the decemvirate, and when his son, the consular tribune of 424, was born. Both Livy and Dionysius describe the decemvir and the consul of 471 as different men, and refer to Gaius Claudius as his uncle.
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The plebeian character of this gens is attested by the fact of Marcus Duilius being tribune of the plebs in BC 470, and further by the statement of Dionysius, who expressly says, that the decemvir Caeso Duilius and two of his colleagues were plebeians. In Livius we indeed read, that all of the decemvirs had been patricians; but this must be regarded as a mere hasty assertion which Livius puts into the mouth of the tribune Canuleius, for Livius himself in another passage expressly states, that Gaius Duilius, the military tribune, was a plebeian.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia x. 58.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita iv.
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Lucius Icilius was a Tribune of the Plebs in 456 BC. On his proposal the public land on the Aventine Hill was parcelled out to provide dwellings for the plebs. A few years later, around 451 BC, he was betrothed to one Verginia, daughter of Lucius Verginius. The decemvir Appius Claudius Crassus lusted after her and tried to use his power to take her as his own, possibly as a slave. The ensuing struggle led to the death of Verginia at her father's hand, the arrest of Lucius Icilius and Verginius, and the overthrow of the decemvirs and the reinstatement of the Roman Republic.
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252 An inscription found at Terracina, possibly his tombstone, lists some local offices he held, which included serving as decemvir ad hastam (a judicial position), and sponsoring games held in honor of Honos et Virtus. According to Tacitus, Africanus had denounced the brothers Publius Sulpicius Scribonius Proculus and Publius Sulpicius Scribonius Rufus to the emperor Nero; they were suffect consuls in 56.Tacitus, Histories, IV.41 As Dio Cassius tells the tale, at the time both were administering Germania Inferior and Germania Superior when Nero summoned them to Achaea for some misleading reason, only to be charged under the lex maiestas, and, unable to defend themselves, both committed suicide.
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Caesonius Lucillus was the son of Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus and a member of the third century gens Caesonia, which was elevated to Patrician status during his time in politics. Much of what we know about him comes from an inscription found on the base of a statute near Tivoli, from Rome. He probably began his career at the beginning of the reign of Caracalla () as a member of the Vigintiviri, a group of minor magistracies, serving as a decemvir stlitibus judicandis. He was appointed as an imperial candidate to the office of quaestor, a senior position which could have involved one of a range of responsibilities, towards the end of Caracalla’s reign.
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Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus was a consul or consular tribune of the Roman Republic in 434 BC.Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, 1951, vol i, pp.61-62 Sulpicius belonged to the patrician Sulpicia gens. Sulpicius is the first named member of the branch within the gens known as the Praetextati. Sulpicius was possibly the son of Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, consul in 461 and decemvir in 451 BC. Filiations indicate either Praetextatus or Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, consular tribune 402 and 498 BC, as the father of Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, consul suffect in 393 BC and consular tribune in 391 BC. A later Praetextatus named Servius Sulpicius Praetextatus, consular tribune in 377, 376, 370 and 368 BC, is probably a descendant of Quintus Sulpicius.
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The Adoration of the Magi (c. 1490) Tempera on panel, 151 x 209 cm Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, Perugia Fiorenzo di Lorenzo ( 1440 – 1522) was an Italian painter, of the Umbrian school. He lived and worked at Perugia, where most of his authentic works are still preserved in the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria.Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, Umbria e Arte Fiorenzo is known from a few signed works, including the Madonna of the Recommended (1476) and a niche with lunette, two wings and predella (1487), as well as from the documentary evidence that he was decemvir of that city in 1472, in which year he entered into a contract to paint an altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria Nuova, the pentatych of the Madonna and Saints.
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He had at least two sons: Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, consul in 471 BC, and Gaius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis, consul in 460 BC. Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, was his grandson. In 505 BC, shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome successfully waged war against the Sabines, and in the following year, the Sabines were divided as to whether to retaliate or make peace with the Romans. Clausus favoured peace with the Romans, and as the faction favouring war became more powerful, he migrated to Rome with a large group of his clients, and took the name Appius Claudius. In recognition of his wealth and influence, he was admitted to the patriciate, and given a seat in the Senate, where he quickly became one of the leading men.
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The inscription in footnote 1 The Athenians awarded him a statue with an inscription in the Theater of Dionysus (IG II2 3286) offering a detailed account of his cursus honorum thus far.The Athenian inscription confirms and expands the one in Historia Augusta; see John Bodel, ed., Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History From Inscriptions. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, , p. 89His career in office up to 112/113 is attested by the Athens inscription, 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365: decemvir stlitibus iudicandis/ sevir turmae equitum Romanorum/ praefectus Urbi feriarum Latinarum/ tribunus militum legionis II Adiutricis Piae Fidelis (95, in Pannonia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis V Macedonicae (96, in Moesia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis (97, in Germania Superior)/ quaestor (101)/ ab actis senatus/ tribunus plebis (105)/ praetor (106)/ legatus legionis I Minerviae Piae Fidelis (106, in Germania Inferior)/ legatus Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Inferioris (107)/ consul suffectus (108)/ septemvir epulonum (before 112)/ sodalis Augustalis (before 112)/ archon Athenis (112/13).
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