Kaeso Duillius Longus was a Roman politician, and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC.
|
|
Spurius Oppius Cornicen was a Roman politician and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC.
|
|
Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis was a Roman politician and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC.
|
|
Lucius Sergius Esquilinus was a Roman politician, and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC.
|
|
Quintus Poetelius Libo Visolus was a Roman politician, and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC.
|
|
This man's son was perhaps consul in 471 and the leading member of the Decemvirate in 451;Broughton, vol.
|
|
It was felt that two more laws were needed to complete the legislation. A new decemvirate was elected. According to Livy, the second decemvirate was despotic and abused the people, taking advantage of their exemption from the right to appeal. This eventually led to the plebeian rebellion known as the second plebeian secession.
|
|
During the decemvirate also the Sabines established their headquarters at Eretum, whence they ravaged the Roman territory.Livy iii. 38; Dionys. xi. 3.
|
|
Niebuhr, vol. II, pp. 207–210 (Schmitz, trans.).Mommsen, Book II, Chapter II ("The Tribunate of the Plebs and the Decemvirate", Dickson, trans.).
|
|
Almost nothing is known of Gaius Claudius' private life, except for his attachment to his nephew, Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, whom he advised and subsequently defended following the overthrow of the decemvirate.
|
|
If the consulship were not absolutely closed to the plebeians before the decemvirate, all historical sources agree that it was when Marcus Genucius was consul in 445.Broughton, vol. I, pp. 45, 46 (note 1), 51 (and note 1).
|
|
Lucius Valerius Potitus was a patrician who, together with Marcus Horatius Barbatus, opposed the second decemvirate in 449 BC when that body showed despotic tendencies. In honor of their efforts, the pair were elected consuls for the remainder of that year.
|
|
Titus Antonius Merenda was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected to draft the Law of the Twelve Tables, the first body of Roman law ever written. The Second Decemvirate seemed to be constituted equally by patricians and by plebeians, like Merenda. At the instigation of Crassus, the decemvirs maintained their power illegally for another year, refusing to proceed in the election of consuls.Cicero, De Republica, II. 61 In 449 BC, the Sabines occupied Eretum and the Aequi invaded and set up camp under Mount Algidus.
|
|
In 451 BC, he was elected consul with Appius Claudius Crassus. They put in place the first Decemvirate with Crassus presiding. Augurinus held the offices of decemvir and consul simultaneously. The decemviri wrote up the first ten tables of the Twelve Tables.
|
|
Spurius Oppius Cornicen was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus, and elected in order to draft the Law of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law in Roman history. The Second Decemvirate seemed to be made up just as much by plebeians, like Spurius Oppius, as it was of patricians. At the instigation of Crassus, the decemvirs illegally held on to power the following year, and refused to allow the election of consuls.Cicero, De Republica, II. 61 In 449 BC, a war escalated with the Sabines setting up in Eretum and with the Aequi fortified on Mount Algidus.
|
|
Caeso Quinctius L. f. L. n. Cincinnatus was a son of the Roman dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. His trial for obstructing the tribunes of the plebs in 461 BC was one of the key events in the Conflict of the Orders in the years leading up to the decemvirate.
|
|
In addition, Appius, the consul of 471, was well known for his severity and hatred of the plebeians; while Appius the decemvir was thought to be mild and fair toward the plebeians, until his true nature was revealed during the second year of the decemvirate. The matter cannot be definitively answered at this time.
|
|
As part of the process of establishing the Twelve Tables of Roman law, the second decemvirate placed severe restrictions on the plebeian order, including a prohibition on the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.Livy, iv. 4.Dionysius, x. 60. Gaius Canuleius, one of the tribunes of the plebs in 445 BCE, proposed a rogatio repealing this law.
|
|
Thirty years later, in 451, Julius was chosen a member of the first decemvirate, alongside several other ex-consuls and other respected statesmen. Julius proved himself a man of good judgment and integrity, and helped to draw up the first ten tables of Roman law.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 656.
|
|
Five years earlier, as part of the process of establishing the Twelve Tables of Roman law, the second decemvirate had placed severe restrictions on the plebeian order, including a prohibition on the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.Livy, iv. 4.Dionysius, x. 60. Gaius Canuleius, one of the tribunes of the plebs, proposed a rogatio repealing this law.
|
|
This settlement led to the creation of the Decemviri Legibus Scribundis, who held power from 451 to 449, and established the Twelve Tables of Roman law.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita iii. 31, 32 ff. The Decemvirate failed to bring about the reconciliation of the orders, and was itself abolished, as the consulship was re-instituted in 449.
|
|
Quintus Poetelius Libo Visolus was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected in order to draft the Law of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law in the Roman Republic. The Second Decemvirate was made up of just as many plebeians, like Quintus Poetelius, as it was by patricians. At the instigation of Appius Claudius, the decemvirs held on to power the following year and refused to allow the annual election of consuls in 449 BC.Cicero, De Republica, II. 61 In 449 BC, a war escalated with the Sabines who established themselves in Eretum and the Aequi who had camped on Mount Algidus. Roman forces were divided into two armies in order to fight on two fronts.
|
|
34) In 449 BC, the second decemvirate completed the last two codes, and after a secessio plebis to force the Senate to consider them, the Law of the Twelve Tables was formally promulgated.McCarty, Nick "Rome The Greatest Empire of the Ancient World", The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 According to Livy (AUC 3.57.10) the Twelve Tables were inscribed on bronze (Pomponius (Dig. 1 tit.
|
|
Manius Rabuleius was an Ancient Roman politician and a member of the second decemvirate in 450 BC.Livy 3.35; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10.58, 11.23 Dionysius of Halicarnassus calls him a patrician, whereas he speaks of Gaius Rabuleius as a plebeian. As no other persons of this name are mentioned by ancient writers, we have no means for determining whether the gens was patrician or plebeian.
|
|
The gens Rabuleia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned in the early decades of the Republic, and Manius Rabuleius was a member of the second decemvirate in 450 BC. However, the Rabuleii subsequently fell into obscurity, and only a few of this family are known from later inscriptions.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
|
|
The younger Appius is usually regarded as the father of Appius Claudius Crassus, the decemvir, and is so described by both Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. However, in the Capitoline Fasti, the decemvir is described as consul for the second time in BC 451 (before he resigned to join the decemvirate), and is given the filiation Ap. f. M. n., explicitly identifying him with the consul of 471.
|
|
The gens Romilia or Romulia was a minor patrician family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in the time of the Roman monarchy, and again in the first century of the Republic. Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus was consul in 455 BC, and subsequently a member of the first Decemvirate in 451. From this time, the Romilii fell into obscurity for centuries, only to appear briefly in imperial times.
|
|
In 451 BC, he was probably among the First Decemvirate - who wrote the first legal documents of Rome, the Law of the Twelve Tables, and who, according to tradition, governed Rome for one year with moderation.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XII. 9Livy, Ab urbe condita, III. 33Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, X. 56 However, it is not certain that he was a decemvir as ancient authors disagree on his name.
|
|
Appius Claudius Crassus, who had been consul-elect before the decemvirate, was the only member of the first college to participate in the second, and he ensured that his colleagues for the second year were like-minded and easily dominated by himself. The final two tables of Roman law that they drew up imposed harsh restrictions on the plebeians, and forbade the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians.Livy, iii. 33–35.Broughton, vol.
|
|
During the decemvirate, he ran unsuccessfully for a position in their government in 450BC but Livy notes his involvement in the discussion about opening the consulship to plebeians. Possibly, he returned as dictator in 439BC to defend Rome against the conspiracy the prefect L. Minucius Augurinus alleged Spurius Maelius was plotting against the Republic. When Spurius Maelius ignored his summons, he was killed by Cincinnatus's master of horse and any plot collapsed. He presumably died sometime soon afterwards.
|
|
31, 32 ff. The Decemvirate failed to bring about the reconciliation of the orders, and was itself abolished, as the consulship was re-instituted in 449. A plan was then proposed by which the senate would accede to the illegal re-election of several of the tribunes, if the consuls should also be re-elected. The object of this scheme was to discredit both the tribunes and the consuls, who had previously earned the people's trust.
|
|
In 204 BC he was appointed plebeian aedile. In the following two years, he was praetor and propraetor in Sicily. After his time as a Praetor he would lend Cneius Tremellius two legions for the Second Punic War. In 201 BC he held the decemvirate (decemvir agris dandis adsignandis) for distributing ager publicus in Samnium and Apulia. He became consul in 199 BCVarro and went to Macedon to take over the command after Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus.
|
|
In 449 BC, the Second Decemvirate had stayed in power illegally, contrary to the will of the patricians and the plebeians. The armies sent to combat the Aequi and the Sabines, commanded by eight of the ten decemvirs, revolted, returning to Rome and assembling on Monte Sacro, They demanded that the decemvirs step down. The consuls Servius Sulpicius, Spurius Tarpeius, and Gaius Julius had envoys negotiate with the plebs who had left the city.Livy, Ab urbe condita, III.
|
|
In 450 BC, Lucius was elected as member of the Second Decemvirate against more qualified candidates thanks to the supportive actions of Appius Claudius Crassus, who had been decemvir the year before. This commission achieved the writing of the Law of the Twelve Tables, but under the influence of Crassus, they despotically maintained power after the end of their mission.Livy, III. 35 In 449 BC, the decemvirs, led by Crassus, illegally kept their power, against the will of the Senate and the people.
|
|
I, pp. 44–46. The decemvirs then continued in office the following year, without calling for new elections. Public resentment of the decemvirs and many of the laws they had promulgated, combined with reports of their corruption, and in some cases tolerance of criminal acts committed by their allies, led to the overthrow of the decemvirate. The tribunes of the plebs passed laws restoring the consular government, and making permanent both the right of appeal and the continuance of their own college.
|
|
Both Marcus and Lucius were patricians who stood up when a plebeian was being abused by the second decemvirate, spoke critically of the decemviri and showed sympathy towards the plebeians. When the plebeians rebelled in the second plebeian secession they were chosen as negotiators, because their actions had put them in a favourable light in the eyes of the plebeians, who felt that they were trustworthy.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 3.49-50 Both Marcus and Lucius would later be elected consuls in 449.
|
|
Both the story of the first and the second decemvirates have been questioned by some modern historians who think that the second decemvirate was a fiction.Beloch, Romische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der punischen Kriege, 1896, p. 326Drummond A, Cambridge Ancient History, VII.2 1989, pp. 113-142Forsythe, G., A Critical History of Early Rome, pp. 223-324 This would put into question the historicity of the second plebeian secession, the consulship of Lucius Valerius and his colleague and the Valerio-Horatian Laws.
|
|
A ten- man commission was appointed to develop the laws, the Decemviri Legibus Scribundis Consulari Imperio (decemviri means ten men). The consulship (the office of the two annually elected heads of the republic) and the plebeian tribunes (the representatives of the plebeians) were suspended. The decemviri were also to act as a government exempt from the right to appeal to the people against arbitrary actions on their part. The conduct of the first decemvirate was exemplary and it drew up ten bronze tablets of laws.
|
|
In 454 BC, the patricians and the tribunes of the plebs came to a compromise and the Senate finally approved sending a delegation of three senators, among them Servius Sulpicius, to Athens and Southern Italy in order to study Greek law. Livy refers to Publius Sulpicius being a member of the delegation.Livy, Ab urbe condita, III.31.7-8. However, given that the decemvirs in the First Decemvirate appear to be former consuls, it seems probable Servius Sulpicius was a member of the delegation as well.
|
|
Four years after the fall of the decemvirs, in 445 BC, Gaius Claudius again headed the Senatorial opposition to the plebeian tribunes. The tribune Gaius Canuleius proposed a law rescinding the prohibition of intermarriage between patricians and plebeians, which had been enacted by the second decemvirate. Together with eight of his nine colleagues, Canuleius also proposed allowing members of either class to be elected consul. The Senate called for a levy of troops to meet several potential military threats, but the tribunes would not permit the levy to go forward until their measures were considered.
|
|
In 451 BC, a council of ten distinguished Romans of consular rank was appointed in place of the consuls, for the purpose of drawing up tables of Roman law, based on a combination of ancient traditions and Greek models. One of the decemvirs was Gaius' nephew, Appius Claudius Crassus. In their first year, the decemvirs published ten tables of laws, to the general approval of the people. Since the task for which the decemvirate had been created remained incomplete, it was decided to elect a new college of decemvirs for the following year.
|
|
The Valerio-Horatian Laws (leges Valeriae Horatiae) were three laws which were passed by the consuls of Rome for 449 BC, Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus. They restored the right of appeal to the people and introduced measures which were favourable to the plebeians. The consuls' actions came after a plebeian rebellion, the second plebeian secession, which overthrew the second decemvirate, which had ruled tyrannically. The two consuls had shown sympathy towards the plebeians and, as a result, had been chosen to negotiate the resolution of the rebellion.
|
|
I, pp. 30, 45. However, chronology suggests that they were different people; the consul of 471 is supposed to have been a candidate for the consulship eleven years earlier, in 482, and his father was a wealthy and powerful man more than twenty years before that, which would have made the consul an older man at the time of the decemvirate, and when his son, the consular tribune of 424, was born. Both Livy and Dionysius describe the decemvir and the consul of 471 as different men, and refer to Gaius Claudius as his uncle.
|
|
Julius was the son of the Gaius Julius Iulus who had been consul in 482 BC, and a member of the first decemvirate in 451. He was probably the grandson of the Gaius Julius Iulus who held the consulship in 489. Julius' uncle, Vopiscus Julius Iulus, was consul in 473. Some of the Julii Iuli who followed Gaius in the chief magistracies over the next several decades may have been his descendants, but the only ones who attained the consulship and whose filiations are known were his uncle's son and grandson.
|
|
Lucius Sergius Esquilinus was one of the ten members of the second decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Sabinus and elected for the writing of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law protecting Roman rights. At the instigation of Sabinus, the decemvirs had maintained their power illegally the following year, refusing to proceed in the election of consuls.Cicero, De Republica, II.61 That year, the Sabines' occupied Eretum, while the Aequi were camped on Mount Algidus. Roman troops were divided into two armies so they could fight on two fronts.
|
|
Cornelius, it would seem, were not severely affected by the disgrace and exile of his father, the decemviri, in the aftermath of the fall of the second decemvirate in 449 BC.Livy, iii, 38.1-54Diodorus Siculus, xii, 24-25Dionysius of Halicarnassus, xi, 2-43 Proven by the fact that he succeeded with rising to the consulship. Cornelius was elected consul in 436 BC together with Lucius Papirius Crassus. They lead raids against the Veii and the Falisci. During the consulship the tribune of the plebs, Spurius Maelius, proposed a bill targeting two senators, Gaius Servilius Ahala and Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus.
|
|
Prior to the decemvirate in 451 BC, there was a separate institution known as the publicum. On a number of occasions it is recorded that various patricians incurred the anger of the plebs by paying the spoils from war into the publicum rather than the aerarium, for example Quintus Fabius Vibulanus in 485 BC following a victory over the Volsci and Aequi.Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.42 From this it has been argued that the publicum was a fund administered by the patricians,Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Roman History, II, p.25 but this has been disputed by others.
|
|
On the return of the envoys, the senate and the tribunes agreed to the appointment of a committee of ten men, known as the decemviri, or decemvirs, to serve for one year in place of the annual magistrates, and codify Roman law. The tribunate itself was suspended during this time. But when a second college of decemvirs appointed for the year 450 illegally continued their office into the following year, and the abuses of their authority became clear to the people, the decemvirate was abolished and the tribunate restored, together with the annual magistrates.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita iii. 32–55.
|
|
Although the earliest Sicinii occurring in history were plebeians, as were all of the later members of this gens, some scholars have concluded that Titus Sicinius Sabinus must have been a patrician, and the gens originally a patrician family, since the consulship was opened to the plebeians by the lex Licinia Sextia in 367 BC, a hundred and twenty years after Sabinus. But more recent scholarship suggests that the consulship was not originally restricted to the patricians, and only became so in the years following the decemvirate, from 451 to 449 BC.Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, pp. 252–256.
|
|
They would threaten to leave the city with the consequence that it would grind to a halt, as the plebeians were Rome's labor force. Tradition held that one of the most important concessions won in this class struggle was the establishment of the Twelve Tables, establishing basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens in relation to each other. The drafting of the Twelve Tables may have been fomented by a desire for self-regulation by the patricians, or for other reasons. Around 450 BC, the first decemviri (decemvirate, board of "Ten Men") were appointed to draw up the first ten tables.
|
|
The play is set in ancient Rome in the time of the Decemvirate, from 451 to 449 BCE. In the opening scene, Appius Claudius is offered membership among the Decemviri; he feigns humility and claims unworthiness for the high office, and accepts only when faced with the penalty for refusal, which is banishment. Yet in private conversation with his closest follower, Marcus Claudius, Appius shows that he actually covets the office and its power, and cynically masks his ambition with an outward show of modesty. The play's second scene introduces Virginia, her uncle Numitorius, and her betrother, Icilius.
|
|
Although Sestius' guilt appeared obvious, and Julius would have been entitled to pass judgment upon the man, he instead ordered that Sestius be brought to trial, and Julius himself assumed the burden of the prosecution.Livy, iii. 33.Cicero, ii. 36. The decemvirs stepped down at the end of their year of office, and were replaced by a second decemvirate, of whom only Claudius remained from the first; his true intentions toward the people soon became evident, as he dominated his colleagues and drew up two more tables of law that were deeply unfavourable to the plebeians.
|
|
Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected for the purpose of drafting the Law of the Twelve Tables, first written law of the Roman Republic. At the instigation of Appius Claudius, the decemvirs illegally held onto power the following year, refusing to proceed with the election of consuls.Cicero, De Republica, II. 61 That year, a war escalated with the Sabines who were based in Eretum and the Aequi camped under Mount Algidus. The Roman troops were divided into two armies so that they could fight on two fronts.
|
|
The two men were patricians who stood up when a plebeian was being abused by the despotic second decemvirate, spoke critically of the decemviri and showed sympathy towards the plebeians. When the plebeians rebelled in the second plebeian secession they were chosen as negotiators because their previous actions had put them in a favourable light in the eyes of the plebeians, who felt that they were trustworthy.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 3.49-50 When the demands of the plebeians were met and the secession was called off, both men were elected as consuls.Livy, 3.53-54 They passed the Valerio-Horatian Laws (Leges Veleriae- Horatiae).
|
|
Kaeso Duillius Longus was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected for the purpose of creating the Law of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law in Roman history. At the instigation of Sabinus, the decemvirs held onto their titles illegally the following year, and refused to proceed with the annual election of consuls.Cicero, De Republica, II. 61 In 449 BC, a war escalated with the Sabines setting up in Eretum and the Aequi who had camped on Mount Algidus. Roman forces were divided into two armies in order to fight on two fronts.
|
|
So jealous of their prerogatives were the patricians of the early Republic, that in 450 BC, the second year of the Decemvirate, a law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians was made a part of the Twelve Tables, the fundamental principles of early Roman law. It was not until the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia in 367 BC that plebeians were permitted to stand for the consulship.Livy, vi. 42. Still, it has been suggested that the divisions between the orders were not firmly established during the first decades of the Republic, and that as many as a third of the consuls elected before 450 may in fact have been plebeians.
|
|
The first of this family mentioned in history was Romulius Denter, said to have been appointed praefectus urbi by Romulus himself.Tacitus, Annales, vi. 11. That the Romilii were patricians is inferred from the fact that Vaticanus was consul in 455, while the plebeians were excluded from the consulship until the lex Licinia Sextia of 367 BC; and from his election to the first college of decemvirs, all of whom are supposed to have been patricians. However, historians have long suspected that some of the consuls in the years preceding the Decemvirate were in fact plebeians, and that the consulship was not formally closed to the plebeians until after the decemvirs had been overthrown.
|
|
The Genucii have traditionally been regarded as a gens with both patrician and plebeian branches, in part because they held consulships in 451 and 445 BC, when the office is generally supposed to have been closed to the plebeians. But in support of the argument that Titus Genucus Augurinus, the consul of 451, was a plebeian, it has been noted that several other consuls in the decades preceding the decemvirate bore names that in later times were regarded as plebeian. Further, Diodorus Siculus gives the consul's name as Minucius. But Livy, Dionysius, and the Capitoline Fasti all give Genucius, and the same man is supposed to have been one of the first college of decemvirs; all of the other decemvirs that year were patricians.
|
|
An ominous sign that the second decemvirate was not as noble-minded as the first came when the insignia of office were changed. In 451, the ten decemvirs had shared a consul's escort of twelve lictors, each receiving the honour in rotation. But the following year, each of the decemvirs was accorded an escort of twelve lictors; and unlike a consul's, these lictors kept the axes attached to their fasces, symbolizing the decemvirs' power over life and death, even within the pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome. Since the beginning of the Republic, all lictors had removed the axes upon entering the city, in deference to the sovereignty of the people; only the lictors of a dictator retained the axes within the city.
|
|
Mocenigo's influence became decisive in the run-up to the revision of the 1803 constitution, scheduled for 1806. On Mocenigo's suggestion, the Senate instituted a "Decemvirate" (Δεκανδρία) to study the changes to the constitution; in the end, the council's suggestions reflected Mocenigo's designs. When the sincliti were convened to elect their representatives to the Constitutional Assembly on 13 September 1806, they turned into a sham: Mocenigo sent an envoy to every island with prepared lists of the representatives to be elected. Finally, when the Constitutional Assembly convened on 27 October, Mocenigo simply replaced the entire Legislative Council, which was to prepare the lists of the candidates for public office, with his own choices, and appointed Ioannis Kapodistrias as its secretary and rapporteur.
|
|
Such is the account of Dionysius, but Livy merely says that the discord in the state was as violent this year as previously. The consuls marched against the Veientes, but as the enemy did not appear in the field, they returned to Rome, after laying waste the Veientine territory.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 8.90, 91; Livy, 2.43 In 451 BC, Iulus was a member of the first decemvirate, and it is recorded as an instance of the moderation of the first college of decemvirs, that, though there was no appeal from their sentence, Iulus brought before the comitia centuriata an accusation against Publius Sestius, a man of patrician rank, in whose house the corpse of a murdered man had been found, when he might have himself passed sentence upon the criminal.Livy, 3.33; Cicero, de Rep. ii.
|
|
The first of the Cornelii to appear in history bore the surname Maluginensis. This family seems to have divided into two stirpes in the 430s, the senior line retaining Maluginensis, while the younger branches assumed Cossus. From their filiations, the first of the Cornelii Cossi would seem to have been younger sons of Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis, a member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 BC. Both families produced a number of consuls and consular tribunes during the fourth and fifth centuries BC. The Maluginenses disappeared before the period of the Samnite Wars, although the Cornelii Scipiones appear to have been descended from this family, while the surname Cossus appears as late as the beginning of the third century; members of the latter family also bore the cognomina Rutilus, "reddish", and Arvina. Cossus itself seems to belong to a class of surnames derived from objects or animals, referring to the larva of certain beetles that burrow under the bark of trees.
|
|