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"coppiced" Synonyms
pruned cropped sheared shore shorn pared polled pollarded cut cut back trimmed clipt clipped snipped thinned bobbed nipped shaved shortened skived

188 Sentences With "coppiced"

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Safely seated among the coppiced beeches of Epping Forest, east of London, he learns from a mycologist about the near-invisible networks of fungi, "the wood wide web", which connect trees in infinite succession below ground, another buried city.
The cycle length depends upon the species cut, the local custom, and the use of the product. Birch can be coppiced for faggots on a three- or four-year cycle, whereas oak can be coppiced over a fifty-year cycle for poles or firewood. Coppicing maintains trees at a juvenile stage, and a regularly coppiced tree will never die of old age; some coppice stools may therefore reach immense ages. The age of a stool may be estimated from its diameter, and some are so largeperhaps as much as acrossthat they are thought to have been continually coppiced for centuries.
There is also a large area of ancient woodland, with oak, silver birch and coppiced hazel.
The exceeded carrying capacity of deer means security fencing surrounding the coppiced trees must be installed to ensure that the new growth is not eaten. Coppiced stumps may be covered in brushwood to deter deer from eating new growth. The medieval practice of pollarding could be introduced.
563 Coppiced hardwoods were used extensively in carriage and shipbuilding, and they are still sometimes grown for making wooden buildings and furniture. Diagram illustrating the coppicing cycle over a 7- to 20-year period Withies for wicker-work are grown in coppices of various willow species, principally osier. In France, sweet chestnut trees are coppiced for use as canes and bâtons for the martial art Canne de combat (also known as Bâton français). Some Eucalyptus species are coppiced in a number of countries.
Gravetye would find practical fulfilment of many of Robinson's ideas of a more natural style of gardening. Eventually it would grow to nearly .Tankard, p. 1. Much of the estate had been managed as a coppiced woodland, giving Robinson the opportunity to plant drifts of scilla, cyclamen, and narcissus between the coppiced hazels and chestnuts.
This site is ancient coppiced woodland, mainly oak and hazel. There is a badger run from this copse to Temple Copse.
This site is ancient coppiced woodland, mainly oak and hazel. There is a badger run from this copse to Tinkers Copse.
The heath fritillary (Melitaea athalia) is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found throughout the Palaearctic from western Europe to Japan, in heathland, grassland, and in coppiced woodland. Its association with coppiced woodland earned it the name "woodman's follower" in parts of the UK. It is considered a threatened species in the UK and Germany, but not Europe- wide or globally.
Mature woodland does not support a strong ground flora and here is dominated by Ivy and species such as Spurge Laurel. Coppiced areas allow in light and denser ground flora occurs. Coppiced ash woodland and small-leaved lime woodland are supported on the lower slopes. There are scattered Field Maple and shrubs are present such as Hazel, Wayfaring-tree and Guelder-rose.
Both species can be coppiced in early spring, to produce first-year shoots up to 2 m tall with large handsome leaves, but no "smoke".
It is mainly grassland with some coppiced hazel, which has the locally rare goldilocks buttercup. Birds include the great spotted woodpecker, song thrush and lesser whitethroat.
The woodland of Creinc is notable for its large coppiced wych elms and mature ash trees, whilst its shoreline supports plants such as globeflower, columbine and goldilocks buttercup.
The tree can be coppiced, and regenerating shoots allow for harvests every few years. Hazels are used as food plants by the larvae of various species of Lepidoptera.
The Sal tree is coppiced in India, and the Moringa oleifera tree is coppiced in many countries, including India. Sometimes former coppice is converted to high- forest woodland by the practice of singling. All but one of the regrowing stems are cut, leaving the remaining one to grow as if it were a maiden (uncut) tree. The boundaries of coppice coups were sometimes marked by cutting certain trees as pollards or stubs.
The nature reserve is in size. The nature reserve is ancient woodland which features coppiced areas. The reserve is surrounded by community woodland and it links with Dinton Pastures Country Park.
The fire was stopped by the dividing road and the two sections now show different growth patterns with mallee or coppiced regrowth in the south and mature woodland in the north.
Whitegrove Copse is a Local Nature Reserve on the northern outskirts of Bracknell in Berkshire. It is owned and managed by Bracknell Forest Borough Council. This site is ancient coppiced woodland.
In the nature reserve, areas are coppiced to create butterfly glades. The high forest is promoted as a future timber source. Areas are left to provide comparison data for management plans.
The modern name Copthorne may have come from 'Copedorne' as mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book. This is believed to have stemmed from copped or coppiced thorn, meaning a cut thorn tree.
This site is mainly coppiced woodland with hazel and sweet chestnut. There are also ponds, a stream, heath and marshland. It is the source of the River Blackwater. Access points include Cranmore Lane.
The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional windmills. It is sometimes coppiced to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.
Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management which exploits the capacity of many species of trees to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. In a coppiced wood, which is called a copse, young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level, resulting in a stool. New growth emerges, and after a number of years, the coppiced tree is harvested, and the cycle begins anew. Pollarding is a similar process carried out at a higher level on the tree.
Wood fescue (Festuca altissima), which is nationally rare, is found in this location. There is oak woodland as part of the notification complex. This is usually coppiced. The ground flora includes bilberry, bracken, and great wood-rush.
This gives Atlantic mosses, ferns, lichen, and liverworts the chance to grow. There is some ancient woodland in the National Park. Management of the woodlands varies: some are coppiced, some pollarded, some left to grow naturally, and some provide grazing and shelter.
Grafton is a hamlet in Shropshire, England. Its name probably refers to a coppiced wood.Gelling, M. The Place-names of Shropshire vol. 5, English Place- name Society, 2006, xii It is situated in the parish of Pimhill, to the northwest of Shrewsbury.
Alder Moors is a Local Nature Reserve in Woodley, a suburb of Reading in Berkshire. It is owned and managed by Wokingham District Council. The name 'Aldermoors' derives from the alder trees that populate this reserve. It is ancient woodland with coppiced areas.
Spong Wood is a nature reserve west of Stelling Minnis in Kent. It is managed by Kent Wildlife Trust. Common trees in this coppiced wood include sweet chestnut, oak, hornbeam and hazel. Orchids can be found on the high slopes and ramsons lower down.
The former forest is estimated to have been inundated between 4000 and 5000 years ago. Evidence of human habitation include a timber walkway made of coppiced branches and upright posts, human footprints preserved in hardened peat and burnt stones thought to be from hearths.
Yoell's Copse is a Local Nature Reserve in Horndean in Hampshire. It is owned and managed by Horndean Parish Council. This ancient wood has coppiced mature oak trees and wild service trees. There are uncommon plants such as butcher's-broom and common cow-wheat.
Coppiced wine-grape vines are often used for this purpose. During the rainy period the snails come out of hibernation and release most of their mucus onto the dry wood/straw. The snails are then prepared for cooking. Their texture when cooked is slightly chewy.
Omer's Gully Wood is next to the north-west corner of more populous Burghfield Common village. The most part is owned by the Englefield (Manor) Estate and the remainder by the Local Authority. The wood covers 3.6 hectares. The woodland has been well coppiced for firewood in the past.
Walton and Ivythorn Hills are covered by a variety of semi-natural habitats. These include unimproved calcareous grassland, scrubland and coppiced woodland including field maple and Ash. The range of habitats are home to many species of invertebrate. Butterflies, Leafhoppers, Spiders and Soldier Flies are particularly well represented.
The reserve is secluded and small and is between Parson's Allotment and Turnips Grove in Tidenham. It is made up of three small fields and coppiced woodland. It is on a gentle north facing slope on Carboniferous limestone and Red Sandstone. The fields have not been 'agriculturally improved'.
Several species of orchid thrive in Garston Wood, along with lesser celandine, butcher's broom, wood anemone, dog violet, primrose, wild garlic, the rare toothwort and bluebells. Trees include oak, beech, hazel (which is coppiced), and a species of ash tree which is suffering from dieback.RSPB Information Board, Garston Wood.
The wood is tough, strong, and light in weight, but has minimal resistance to decay. The stems (withies) from coppiced and pollarded plants are used for basket-making. Charcoal made from the wood was important for gunpowder manufacture. The bark tannin was used in the past for tanning leather.
Barking Woods , SSSI citation, Natural England. Retrieved 2013-01-25. One of the sites has active badger setts. Suffolk Wildlife Trust owns part of the largest of the wooded areas, Bonny Wood, which it operates as a nature reserve of , maintaining the coppiced woodland as a series of habitats.
It is coppiced oak woodland on sands, gravels and clay, and one of the largest areas of old woodland in the south of the county. Bramble and honeysuckle are the main ground plants. Other plants include the rare broad-leaved helleborine. The site has toilets, a café and trails.
Bonny Wood is a 20 hectare nature reserve east of Barking Tye in Suffolk. It is managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust. The site is part of the Barking Woods biological Site of Special Scientific Interest. Orchids in this coppiced wood include early-purples, lesser twayblades, common spotteds and greater butterflies.
This is ancient woodland and has a canopy comprising mainly ash (including coppiced stools), pedunculate oak and field maple, and some crab apple and holly. There has been some interplanting with beech, Scots pine, spruce and larch. The understorey is dominated by hazel. This also contains goat willow and dogwood.
Nance Wood is a woodland Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) near Portreath, west Cornwall. The site was first notified in 1951 for its almost pure dwarf, sessile oak (Quercus petraea) coppiced woodland, good bryophyte flora and Irish spurge (Euphorbia hyberna), which is found in only two localities in Britain.
Saplings are left to grow for one or two years and then coppiced. The primary barrier to establishing plantations is the cost as there is no financial reward for four years from a large initial investment. However, in the UK grants are available to support establishment,Natural England.Energy Crops Scheme: Establishment Grants HandbookNNFCC.
Crab Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Winchester in Hampshire. An area of is also a Local Nature Reserve. This site has been wooded at least since the sixteenth century. It has a hazel layer which has been coppiced, large oaks and some beech, ash and birch trees.
Aught Woods and Collennan Reservoir. Dundonald Woods (NS363343) are one of the most extensive areas of elm-dominated woodlands in Ayrshire. Ash, oak and sycamore are also abundant; much of the policies are composed of derelict-coppiced-type growth from trees felled in the Second World War. Some conifer plantations are present.
Knotted willow and woodpile in the Bourgoyen- Ossemeersen, Ghent, Belgium Berlin Britzer Garten coppiced willow tree in the spring of March 2018 Willows are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the mourning cloak butterfly."Mourning Cloak". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools.
Jock's Copse is a Local Nature Reserve on the northern outskirts of Bracknell in Berkshire. It is owned and managed by Bracknell Forest Borough Council. Along with Temple Copse and Tinkers Copse it forms part of what is known locally as The Three Copses. It is ancient coppiced woodland, mainly oak and hazel.
Westhouse Wood is a 2.8 hectare nature reserve north-west of Colchester in Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. The wood is mainly coppiced hazel, and other tree include small-leaved lime, crab apple, oak, ash, sweet chestnut, field maple and rowan. There are flowering plants such as wood anemones and foxgloves.
The Birley Spa Bath House, a grade II listed building was restored with a Heritage Lottery Fund grant in 2001.BBC South Yorkshire web site. Gives details of Birley Spa Bath House. Also within the reserve is Wickfield Plantation, one of the few remaining areas of lowland heath and coppiced oak woodland inside Sheffield.
Several V1 flying bombs also hit the parish. The Hall, south west of the Church, was once a larger building. It has a large game wood, made up mainly of coppiced chestnut trees. The Hall is nowadays noted for its annual garden show, making use of water features fed by streams from the wood.
Barking Woods is a Site of Special Scientific Interest made up of a number of wooded areas mainly to the south of the village.Barking Woods map , Natural England. Retrieved 2013-01-25. These are ancient woodlands documented since the 13th century and including many coppiced and pollarded Oak and Ash trees covering a total of .
Plants of interest include the nationally rare Cheddar pink (Dianthus gratianopolitanus), bedstraw (Galium fleurotii), dwarf sedge (Carex humilis) and dwarf mouse-ear (Cerastium pumilum). Rose Wood and King's Wood are ancient woodland sites. King's Wood has coppiced hazel and nationally important small leaved lime. The nationally rare purple gromwell (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum) occurs at Rose Wood.
Shut Heath Wood is a 20.2 hectare nature reserve Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. Over half this site is managed as farmland, and the rest is ancient oak woodland also has coppiced sweet chestnut and hornbeam, with an understorey of ash, elder and hazel. Invertebrates include damselflies, dragonflies, glow-worms and wood ants.
Glendalough is surrounded by semi-natural oak woodland. Much of this was formerly coppiced (cut to the base at regular intervals) to produce wood, charcoal and bark. In the springtime, the oakwood floor is carpeted with a display of bluebells, wood sorrel and wood anemones. Other common plants are woodrush, bracken, polypody fern and various species of mosses.
Poulton Wood is a Local Nature Reserve in Aldington, south-east of Ashford in Kent. It is owned and managed by Canterbury Oast Trust. This is a woodland of coppiced oak, hornbeam and ash, and spring flowers include bluebells. It is managed as a conservation project providing training in subjects such as coppice management and woodcrafts.
Cozens Grove is an ancient wood which has coppiced hornbeam and a medieval sunken ditch. In 2010 Broxbourne Council proposed to remove the site from the Green Belt, which would have laid it open to development, but the proposal was dropped after campaigning by the Friends of Wormley Open Spaces. There is access from Cozens Lane West.
Evidence suggests that coppicing has been continuously practised since pre-history. Coppiced stems are characteristically curved at the base. This curve occurs as the competing stems grow out from the stool in the early stages of the cycle, then up towards the sky as the canopy closes. The curve may allow the identification of coppice timber in archaeological sites.
Langley Wood is a 31.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire, but lying between Saffron Walden in Essex and Haverhill in Suffolk. This ancient wood has coppiced ash and hornbeam, together with maple, hazel and oak. Flora include dog’s mercury, sanicle and the uncommon sweet woodruff. The site is private land with no public access.
Other isolated woods within the parish of Hockley are as follows. Betts Wood (Ordnance Survey Reference TQ834929), 2.17 hectares, is a rectangular wood principally comprising coppiced Hornbeam and standard Oak with Ash, Hazel and Elm. Ground vegetation consists mainly of brambles. The wood is a public open space bordered by housing, a school and a community centre car park.
Many of the smaller villages in the area probably date from the Middle Ages, and much of this expansion was probably associated with the early iron industry. The medieval iron industry consumed large quantities of charcoal and much of the woodland was coppiced for this purpose. Trellech was one of the largest communities in Wales during this period.
Biogas can be harvested from the human waste and the remainder still used as humanure. Some of the simplest forms of humanure use include a composting toilet or an outhouse or dry bog surrounded by trees that are heavy feeders which can be coppiced for wood fuel. This process eliminates the use of a standard toilet with plumbing.
Gawdyhall Big Wood, Harleston is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Harleston in Norfolk. This ancient wood on poorly drained chalky boulder clay has coppiced hornbeam, ash and hazel with oak standards. The ground flora is especially diverse around the hornbeams and on wet rides. The site is private land with no public access.
Woodland sites in Kent and Essex are actively managed (coppiced) for the conservation of this species. It has been a "high priority" species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan since 1995 and has its own Species Action Plan. Heath fritillary is also on the "Red List" in Germany. However, the species is considered of "least concern" on a European scale.
Kendal Park or Hullbridge Foreshore is a 2.8 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Hullbridge in Essex. It is owned by Rochford District Council and managed by Hullbridge Parish Council. The site has a wildflower meadow, coppiced woodland, grassland and a pond. Flowers in the meadow include hoary cress, charlock and ox-eye daisy, and there are many species of butterflies.
Hot water passes through the burn chamber and is stored in a buffer tank in the Cruck Barn. The well-insulated water can stay hot for a week. The water travels along the pipes to the buildings where the thermostatic controls have been switched on. The logs are sourced from local coppiced woods that are currently being restored by Small Woods volunteers.
300px Stocking Springs Wood is a 1.1 hectare nature reserve between Ayot St Lawrence and Ayot St Peter in Welwyn Hatfield district in Hertfordshire. It is managed by the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust. The site is hornbeam woodland, and it is divided into sections which are coppiced every sixteen years. Older trees are gnarled in shape as a result.
Long Copse in the south of the parish. A small area in the south of the village bears woodland centuries old that is still coppiced and carpeted with bluebells. It is open to the public subject to informal permission. The north of Aldworth is traversed by one of the National Trails, The Ridgeway, a pre-Roman Britain footpath 87 miles long.
Foal Hurst Wood is a Local Nature Reserve on the south-western outskirts of Paddock Wood in Kent. It is owned by Tunbridge Wells Borough Council and managed by Paddock Wood Town Council. This site is mainly coppiced woodland and there is grassland at the northern end. Birds include green and great spotted woodpeckers, and there are flora such as orchids.
Millennium Wood is a 3.8 hectare Local Nature Reserve on the southern outskirts of Ipswich in Suffolk. It is owned by Suffolk County Council and managed by the Greenways Project. New saplings have been planted on the edge of this ancient, semi-natural wood of hornbeam and coppiced lime. There are many flowers in the spring such as bluebells, wild garlic and archangel.
It is a multipurpose legume tree that can improve the soil by fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere. It is easily grown from seed; growth is slow at first but speeds up after the first year. It is used for reforestation, provides soil stabilisation on sloping sites, and provides useful high quality fodder for livestock. It can be regularly coppiced to provide firewood.
Bullock Wood is a 23.3 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Colchester in Essex. The site is mature coppice with a wide variety of trees. The main woodland type is hazel and sessile oak, which is rare nationally. The understorey is mainly coppiced hazel, and the ground flora is dominated by bramble and bracken.
It was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1926 by Frank Morey. He had purchased it a few years earlier to preserve it for wildlife. Subsequent additions have added to the land and it now covers a total of . There are some ancient oaks, and a distinctive grove of beech trees which stand amongst glades of coppiced sweet chestnut and hazel.
Xyticus ulmi is usually found on low vegetation and in the ground layer in damp places, especially in wetlands and rough grassland, but in it can also occur in ditches alongside arable fields, hedges, roadside verges and woodland especially where the canopy is not closed, such as coppiced areas. In Europe it is found from the lowlands up to alpine regions.
The reserve is divided into three compartments by wire fences. The chalk grassland is maintained through annual grazing by Highland cattle and Konik ponies from September to December and scrub cutting in winter. This prevents tall and vigorous species from dominating, thus creating the species rich grassland characteristic of chalk downland. The woodland is regularly coppiced to provide a range of habitats for insects and birds.
Sandylay and Moat Woods is a 7.5 hectare nature reserve east of Great Leighs in Essex. It is owned and managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. These adjacent woods are mainly coppiced small-leaved lime, with a small stream and many flowering plants, including wood anemones, sweet violets, spurge laurel, stinking iris and early purple orchid. There is access by a footpath from Mill Lane.
Honeypot Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Dereham in Norfolk. It is managed by the Norfolk Wildlife Trust This is an ancient coppiced wood on calcareous soil. It has a rich ground layer, which is dominated by dog's mercury, and other flora include greater butterfly-orchid and broad-leaved helleborine. A total of 208 plant species have been recorded.
Parsonage Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Cranbrook in Kent. It is owned and managed by the Kent Wildlife Trust. This is an example of a woodland ghyll in the High Weald. The trees are mainly coppiced, but some of the ground flora are species which are indicative of ancient woods, such as butcher's broom, violet helleborine and pendulous sedge.
The council maintains the volunteer-run Ruislip Woodlands Centre in the grounds of Ruislip Lido, a reservoir within Park Wood. Ruislip Woods received the Green Flag Award in 2006. The woods were coppiced on rotation throughout the years with the timber being sold to local tanneries. By the time King's College took ownership of the manor, the woods were let out for pheasant shooting.
The dairy products are sold even to high-class hotels. As of 2007, there were 671 dairy cattle (dairy cows and buffalos) and 251 sheep as livestock. In addition to diverse vegetables to meet the needs of the villagers, plants such as common bean, wheat and corn are grown. A coppiced forest of mostly oak trees covering provides firewood and trade goods for the villagers.
Most of these have been allowed to revert to woodland. The wood was coppiced until 1917. This site compromises a wide range of habitats which include ancient and secondary semi-natural broadleaved woodland, unimproved neutral grassland, and a complex mosaic of calcareous grassland and acidic dry dwarf-shrub heath. Cheddar Wood is one of only a few English stations for starved wood-sedge (Carex depauperata).
Anopterus shrub Anopterus glandulosus usually grows as small understorey shrub ranging from in height and in width, however, can be grow as a small canopy tree up to . In shaded understorey conditions its growth habit is often straggly with branches forming layers resulting in coppiced growth. Leaves are large, in length and in width. Leaves are thick, dark green with a glabrous surface and glossy appearance.
Horningtoft Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south of Fakenham in Norfolk. This ancient coppice with standards wood on boulder clay has exceptionally diverse ground flora with several rare species. There are scattered mature oaks and the main coppiced species are hazel, ash and maple. The ground flora is dominated by dog's mercury on heavy soils and bramble on lighter ones.
Lannea welwitschii is fast-growing and can be coppiced or pollarded, and can be made into a living fence. An orange or reddish-brown dye can be extracted from the bark, and the fibres can be made into ropes and sandals. The heartwood of the timber is cream-coloured and light, but not durable. It is used for making household utensils, boxes, crates, veneers and plywood.
The tree yields a strong, dense and durable dark brown hardwood timber. It is resistant to termites and is used for construction, furniture, joinery, panelling, floors and boats. The tree can be used in the control of erosion, and for providing shade as a roadside tree in urban areas. It grows rapidly, can be coppiced and is ready for cutting after about fifty years.
Steven's Croft is a wood-fired power station near Lockerbie in Scotland. It started energy production in 2008. It is operated by E.ON and is the largest biomass power station in the UK. It produces 44 MW of electricity, and burns 60% waste from timber production, 20% coppiced wood, and 20% recycled fibre. It claims to save 140,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year.
During the nineteenth century its lower fringes were grubbed out to make strawberry fields, most of which have reverted to woodland. It was coppiced until 1917. This site comprises a range of habitats which includes ancient and secondary semi-natural broadleaved woodland, unimproved neutral grassland and a mosaic of calcareous grassland and acidic dry dwarf-shrub heath. Two nationally rare plant species are present.
Crowsheath Wood (or Thrift Wood) is an 8.1 hectare nature reserve in Downham, between Billericay and South Woodham Ferrers in Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. The wood has many mature oak trees, with coppiced areas mainly of hornbeam, together with other trees such as ash and field maple. There are ponds in the centre of the site where lesser spearwort grows.
Typically a coppiced woodland is harvested in sections or coupsCoup (French coup, "cut") is pronounced in this context. on a rotation. In this way, a crop is available each year somewhere in the woodland. Coppicing has the effect of providing a rich variety of habitats, as the woodland always has a range of different-aged coppice growing in it, which is beneficial for biodiversity.
The Hauberg is an oak-birch coppiced woodland, in which other trees are occasionally scattered. With a cycle of from 16 to 20 years the Hauberg undergoes clearcutting or coppicing, leaving the stumps in the ground to begin growing again. Only in the year after clearfelling is the land used for grain. In years when there is a lot mast, pigs are kept in the Hauberg.
Rede Wood is a 7.5 hectare Local Nature Reserve east of Claydon in Suffolk, England. It was formerly owned by Suffolk County Council, which sold it to a private owner in 2012. It is managed under an agreement between the owner and the council. This semi-natural wood on boulder clay is mainly pedunculate oak and ash, with a coppiced understorey mainly of hazel.
Sturt Copse is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-west of Oxford in Oxfordshire. This wood has many giant stools of coppiced of ash and wych elm trees, together with oaks, some of them pollarded. Most of the ground layer is dominated by dog's mercury, and there are uncommon plants such as yellow star-of-Bethlehem, Lathraea squamaria and hard shield-fern.
Broom Hill, Hadleigh is a 9.6 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Hadleigh in Suffolk. It is owned and managed by Babergh District Council. This former quarry is now covered with woodland, grassland and scrub. There are many ancient trees, together with pollarded oaks and small-leaved limes, which had high branches removed, and coppiced hazel and lime trees, which were cut at ground level.
Ancient woodland on the Wyndcliff Like nearby Black Cliff, the crag is formed from strata of the Black Rock Limestone Subgroup (traditionally referred to as the 'Lower Dolomite'). It sits atop the less competent strata of the Avon Group (traditionally the 'Lower Limestone Shale') which have collapsed under the loading. The broad landslipped mass extends to the riverbank. The area is largely covered by formerly coppiced but ancient woodland.
Mining, particularly of copper, lead (often associated with quantities of silver), baryte, graphite and slate, was historically a major Lakeland industry, mainly from the 16th to 19th centuries. Coppiced woodland was used extensively to provide charcoal for smelting. Some mining still takes place today; for example, slate mining continues at the Honister Mines, at the top of Honister Pass. Abandoned mine workings can be found on fellsides throughout the district.
Ashridge Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-west of Compton in Berkshire. It is in the North Wessex Downs, which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The wood is a surviving section of a once larger ancient coppiced woodland, although part was planted with conifers during the 20th century. It has many flowering woodland plants, including an abundance of Spiked Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum pyrenaicum.
The District Scout Associations of Leatherhead and Epsom and Ewell own a campsite, located between Box Hill village and Headley Heath. There are 11 areas for pitching groups of tents, set within coppiced chestnut woodland. Washing, toilet facilities and a kitchen are available. Use of Boidier Hurst is restricted to members of The Scout Association, The Guide Association and to local school groups on Duke of Edinburgh's Award expeditions.
Timber in the Sweet Track in Somerset (built in the winter of 3807 and 3806 BCE) has been identified as coppiced lime. Originally, the silvicultural system now called coppicing was practiced solely for small wood production. In German this is called Niederwald, which translates as low forest. Later on in Mediaeval times farmers encouraged pigs to feed from acorns, and so some trees were allowed to grow bigger.
Ditchers were employed to build it and thorns and trees were purchased to plant on it. The word fence is used as well as dyke in regards of the construction method. Part of the march dyke is still clearly indicated by a large coppiced beech and we know that this coppicing or pollarding was done because such 'marker' trees will live considerably longer than trees which have been left untouched.
Frogs, toads and newts breed in the turlough lake and nearby caves are home to bats, including the rare greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinium). Dormice are present in the coppiced woodland. There are several species of butterfly here as well as a great variety of insect life. The soils provide an unusual combination of habitats to exist side by side, including ash woods, species-rich grassland, heathland and open water.
Elsworth Wood is a 6.9 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Cambourne and Elsworth in Cambridgeshire. This site has three different uncommon types of woodland. It is mainly coppiced field maple, with a varied shrub layer and the ground flora is mainly dog's mercury and bluebells, together with a considerable population of oxlips. There are several nationally uncommon beetles, such as the rove beetle Stichoglossa semirufa.
The reserve contains two distinct habitats: broadleaf woodland and chalk downland. The broadleaf, coppiced woodland lies on the northern slopes of the Purbeck Ridge, which is steep in places, where primroses and ramsons thrive and toothwort grows around the base of hazel trees in spring. The ridge itself is primarily chalk downland, comprising rough pasture with some scrub. Here, there are numerous downland flowers including Horseshoe vetch and Carline thistle.
The building is used for science and geographical studies leased from the National Trust. It is an 18th-century country house on the east slopes of Mickleham in the deep Mole Gap. It is 500m from the foot of Box Hill and centred from London. The varying contours of the slopes provide habitats and environments for study including unimproved chalk grassland, coppiced woodlands, heathland and freshwater (rivers, streams and springs).
There is a wide coppiced open area inside the wood, created as a butterfly feature as part of the reserve management work, called "The Ride". Butterflies such as the orange tip, speckled wood and purple hairstreak can be seen in the area in summer. The birds commonly seen, include woodpecker, nuthatch, and tawny owl. Bats also roost in the trees, and the presence of many setts indicates a large badger population.
The tree is used to provide shade in plantations, and can be pollarded and coppiced. The greenish flesh of the fruits can be eaten raw, and an edible oil can be extracted from the seeds. In traditional medicine, the tree's bark has been used to treat stomach problems and the fruit, to expel tape worms, but when used for this purpose it is rather slow-acting and moderately toxic.
The protected heath fritillary butterfly is common on the site. Hockley Woods continue to be coppiced and used for timber. It is also the location for Hockley Woods parkrun, a free, weekly, timed 5km running event held every Saturday at 9am. Access to the wooded areas is unrestricted; there is a bus stop on Main Road (SS5 4RN), and also a car park, the site has public toilets.
The agricultural viability of a chitemene region is limited to a few years, until the soil pH declines. After the yield declines, a new area is cleared for chitemene, and the initial site is left to lie fallow. Typically, the regrowth of branches and natural leaf litter from the coppiced or pollarded stumps will restore soil fertility in 20 to 25 years, at which point the chitemene process is repeated.
P. 261. Aerial photographs and observations on the ground show the Chapelholms woodlands still contain the ditch, dyke and coppiced trees that may have formed the boundary between the two baronies of Fergushill and Eglinton.Eglinton Country Park archive. Townhead of Fulwood belonged to James Fergushill, disposed to him by Alexander Dunlop of that Ilk in 1687; this remained within the family until about 1750, when it was acquired by William Mackie of Mosside.
The shingle beach has sandy soil and rocks for dragonflies to breed and butterflies to bask. The carr is a waterlogged woodland dominated by alder, which tolerates submerged roots in wet ground. There is also dead wood in the area, providing habitats for invertebrates. Willow in the park is coppiced on a regular basis and stocked up as mulch to lie on the ground to retain moisture and prevent grass from growing.
A treebog is simply a controlled compost heap whose function has been enhanced by use of moisture or nutrient-hungry trees. They use no water, purify waste as they create a biomass resource, and also contain the organic waste material, thus preventing the spread of disease. The main requirement is that the planted species should be nutrient-hungry. It is a bonus if they can be harvested or coppiced for productive uses, e.g.
23, No. 1, Winter 2009, p.1 Archaeologists disagree whether the plant was introduced by Uto-Aztecan migrants from Mesoamerica or spread either northward or southward from other groups by cultural borrowing. In Baja California, fishing and hunting provided food, as did harvesting acorns, nopal, pine nuts, and other native plants. Historically, people of Aridoamerica coppiced willows, that is, tree trunks were cut to a stump to encourage the growth of slender shoots.
The Trust is continuing the tradition by planting more osiers. An Osier bed is where historically willows were planted and coppiced to produce withies which were used for basket making, fish-traps, and other purposes. The willow species salix viminalis was typically grown for this purpose. Willow rods (cuttings) would be planted, which root easily in moist ground, and the growth of the willow withies would be cut every one or two years.
The woods have a diverse range of trees, including oak, beech, hazel and some conifer stands. The hazel will have been coppiced in previous times, but are now completely neglected. All of the ancient woods are surrounded by deep ditches, a common indicator of their great age and importance in the Medieval period. There is a Site of Special Scientific Interest or SSSI near Hazelborough wood which hosts rare marsh plants including orchids.
Ancient pollarded beech tree. Epping Forest, Essex, England A recently coppiced alder stool. Hampshire, England Most ancient woodland in the UK has been managed in some way by humans for hundreds (in some cases probably thousands) of years. Two traditional techniques are coppicing (harvesting wood by cutting trees back to ground level) and pollarding (harvesting wood at about human head height to prevent new shoots being eaten by grazing species such as deer).
A Sussex trug A Sussex trug is a wooden basket. It is made from a handle and rim of coppiced sweet chestnut wood which is hand-cleft then shaved using a drawknife. The body of the trug is made of five or seven thin boards of cricket bat willow, also hand-shaved with a drawknife. They may have originated in Sussex because of the abundance of chestnut coppice and willows found on the marshes.
With the support of Eustace Jones of the University of Oxford Forestry department, the only such reserve that was established in the UK was at Lady Park Wood. The reserve was established in 1944, and has been surveyed on a regular basis since then. In 1945, the wood consisted of old stands that had been coppiced in 1870 and thinned in 1902 and the 1920s. All were then allowed to grow unmanaged.
Bluebells and coppiced hazel in Garston Wood Sixpenny Handley or Handley is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sixpenny Handley and Pentridge, in north east Dorset, England, situated on Cranborne Chase ten miles (16 km) north east of Blandford Forum. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 1,233. The civil parish was abolished on 1 April 2015 and merged with Pentridge to form Sixpenny Handley and Pentridge.
Kingston Wood and Outliers is a 47.4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-west of Kingston in Cambridgeshire. The site comprises Kingston Wood itself, Pincote Wood, Hawk's Wood and Lady Pastures Spinney. This ancient woodland is ash and field maple on chalky clay, and it is described by Natural England as one of the oldest and most intact coppiced woodlands in the county. Ground flora include dog's mercury and the nationally restricted oxlip.
Bark contains strong fibres known as bast, and there is a long tradition in northern Europe of using bark from coppiced young branches of the small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) to produce cordage and rope, used for example in the rigging of Viking Age longships. Among the commercial products made from bark are cork, cinnamon, quinineDuran-Reynals, Marie Louise de Ayala. 1946. The Fever Bark Tree; the Pageant of Quinine. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
When the site was no longer a working quarry its floor and walls were soon colonised by a mass of the more common species such as ash, bramble and wild clematis (known as old man's beard). The damp walls support moss and hart's-tongue fern. The presence of small-leaved lime indicates that the quarry was once part of the adjoining Coleman's Wood which is ancient woodland. Traditionally the limes were coppiced.
The garden is about in size. Within this area it encompasses various borders, several ponds and a stream, a formal garden, a heather garden, a wildflower meadow, coppiced woodland, and a walled garden. Adjoining the gardens to the north are the university's experimental grounds and several ranges of glasshouses. The garden is a hotspot for butterflies and also features primulas, pansies and palm trees, as well as being home to a national collection of digitalis.
Combwell Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Tunbridge Wells in Kent. The wood is part of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is divided into 36 sections owned by different people. Much of this ancient wood has traditionally been coppiced, but there has probably been undisturbed woodland on steep slopes, and uncommon bryophytes here are thought to be survivors from the Atlantic warm period around 5,000 years ago.
It now occurs throughout the British Isles, having been introduced in the 16th century. Sycamores make new growth from the stump or roots if cut down and can therefore be coppiced to produce poles and other types of small timber. Its coppice stools grow comparatively rapidly, reaching up to in diameter in 450 years. It is grown as a species for medium to large bonsai in many areas of Europe where some fine specimens can be found.
Oak standards would have yielded timber for ship construction at the Royal Dockyard at Deptford, established in 1513, whilst the oak bark was taken to Bermondsey for leather making. Here it was boiled to extract tannins for use in the tanning process. Oak and hornbeam were coppiced every 10-20 years to provide wood for charcoal. The charcoal burning took place in conical kilns in the wood, overseen by colliers, who then traded their products in markets.
From early summer, the Enz is home to dense communities of river water crowfoot and watermilfoil. Some rare and endangered species live all year round on the Enz, which is an important resting stop for many migratory birds. These include, inter alia, kingfisher, sandpiper, goosander, grey wagtail, moorhen and dipper. Other guests and residents of the coppiced willows and the trees lining the banks of the river are white wagtail, Icterine warbler, spotted flycatcher, nightingale and golden oriole.
This is upland, semi-natural woodland. The clean air and high rainfall have made it a habitat for flora and fauna which is less commonly found in lowland woodland. However, beneficial previous and present management of this woodland has protected it from overgrazing, allowing plants and animals to proliferate. Where appropriate, woodland may be protected from livestock by fencing, it may be partially coppiced to let in light, or trees may be allowed to grow and die naturally.
Owned by Exmoor National Park Authority, Tarr Steps Woodland National Nature Reserve covers 33 hectares of the River Barle valley. This is mainly sessile oak (Quercus petraea) woodland, with beech (Fagus), ash, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), hazel (Corylus), blackberry (Rubus), bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) and honeysuckle (Lonicera). It is internationally significant for the mosses, liverworts and lichens which flourish in the cool damp conditions. Much of the woodland was once coppiced, primarily to provide charcoal for the local iron smelting industry.
During 1979, a fire in the area was initially thought to have killed the small population of Northern Sandalwood in the Warby Range, however fire affected individuals coppiced from dormant buds, and suckered from root systems. In 1980, nine individual plants were identified, and in 1990 the population covered an area of 1.5 hectares and numbered 65 individual plants, half of which are less than 2m tall.[6] The majority of the current plants have originated from suckers from the oldest trees.
The Birley Spa Bath House, a Grade II listed building, was restored with a Heritage Lottery Fund grant in 2001. Also within the reserve is Wickfield Plantation, one of the few remaining areas of lowland heath and coppiced oak woodland inside Sheffield. The reserve contains Carr Forge Dam which is fed by a stream from Birley Spa and is a location for wildlife. New ponds were created in the same area to mark the centenary of the City of Sheffield.
Rowridge Valley provides the best example on the Isle of Wight of an ancient, semi-natural woodland on a chalk substrate. The site comprises a dry valley with woodland on both flanks and some areas of chalk grassland, bracken and scrub. The woodland canopy is formed by scattered large trees, ash, pedunculate oak, and silver birch. The understorey, which has been coppiced in the past, consists of hazel, field maple and hawthorn, with wayfaring tree and elder near the woodland edge.
Baynes Wood (itself comprising Great Wood and Parklodge Gully) is at the south-eastern end of the reserve, and may have been part of Chamberhouse Park. It is shown as woodland on 16th century maps, and was probably coppiced until 1798 when the Tull family bought it. It remained in their family until 1939 when Baynes timber Co acquired it, and promptly felled a considerable proportion of the trees. Following natural regeneration, a further spate of felling occurred in 1981.
The woods are dominated by ash, small-leaved lime, wych elm and gean, with an understorey of hazel. The site is coppiced In order to keep a reasonably open canopy allowing plenty of light onto the woodland floor, to benefit plants which grow beneath the trees. The woods grow on the tops and slopes of the limestone hills in the vicinity of Newport. This type of habitat is increasingly rare in the UK, as are the plants which grow within it.
Veneer of common ash wood Replica of the body frame from the Volvo ÖV 4 car, made primarily from ash wood The resilience and rapid growth made it an important resource for smallholders and farmers. It was probably the most versatile wood in the countryside with wide-ranging uses. Until World War II, the trees were often coppiced on a 10-year cycle to provide a sustainable source of timber for fuel and poles for building and woodworking.Mabey, R. (1996).
The woods on the nature reserve were used predominantly as sources of timber, although the original Sherbourne's Brake copse may have been used as a covert. Webb's Wood particularly supplied coppiced timber and Savage's hornbeam and oak. Savage's Wood was preserved during the 1940s and '50s as a nature reserve by the owner of Little Stoke Farm, Howard Davis, who, as the largest local farmer, owned the land up to and including the wood. Davis was also one of the founders of the Wildfowl Trust at Slimbridge.
In general the spinney has been left to its own devices, but maintained in such a way to allow safe access. A quarter of the spinney has been coppiced to allow for natural regeneration and replanted with trees typical of this part of Northamptonshire. The pond, which is popular with breeding amphibians is kept as natural as possible. Butterflies including Speckled Wood, Fungi including Jew's ear, Stag's horn and Shaggy Parasol and two nationally rare beetles: Magdalis barbicornis and Kissophagus hederae have been identified in the park.
Allt y Wern's main feature is the semi- natural broadleaved woodland, but the diversity of habitats make the site important for red kites (Milvus milvus), thin-spiked wood-sedge (Carex strigosa), and mosses and lichens.. The site was managed by coppice-with- standards but the practice lapsed around 1950. Coppice-with-standards is a coppicing method where older trees that have not been coppiced before are felled, opening the tree canopy for new trees, which was an unusual practice in this part of Wales.
The area of the site is . Woodlands in North Dorset are scarce, and Piddles Wood is one of only a handful of such sites. Due to the heavy neutral and lighter acid soil types—caused by the underlying Kimmeridge Clay and Plateau Gravels—the site has a varying woodland flora, containing broadleaved, mixed and yew lowland. However, it is dominated by oak and coppiced hazel—for which reason the site was listed as an SSSI—and its flora and fauna is typical of oak woodland in Dorset.
Nova Meadow is damp area containing moisture loving plants including lady's smock, common tussock grass, meadowsweet, ragged robin and yellow flag iris. A pond was created in 2003 to attract wildlife and the southern part of the meadow has reverted to scrubland creating a habitat for yellowhammers and linnets. In autumn it attracts thrushes, fieldfares and redwings which feed on the hawthorn berries. Much of Nova Wood was coppiced for pit props for Gomersal Colliery but the trees have regrown to produce multi-stemmed sessile oaks and birch.
The Tamar Otter and Wildlife Centre has European and Asian short-clawed otters and a medium-sized duck pond, a nature trail including snowy and barn owls and other birds along it. It has a fish pond, a restaurant area and a gift shop. The nature trail is full of wildlife such as fallow and muntjac deer, peacocks and the not quite so English wallabies. As well as this the nature trail has a waterfall falling down from the top of an old quarry and every few years different segments of the woodlands are coppiced.
Draper's Osier Bed Stream is a small stream in southern England, in the county of Berkshire. It is formed at a weir on a section of the River Kennet running alongside the Kennet and Avon Canal, and travels east for a while, before merging with the Kennet upstream of the head of the Holy Brook stream. An Osier bed is where historically willows were planted and coppiced to produce withies which were used for basket making, fish-traps, and other purposes. The willow species salix viminalis was typically grown for this purpose.
At the end of the 16th century Beeley Wood was one of eleven coppice woods in Sheffield which were mentioned in a document drawn up for Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury. The River Don flowing through Beeley Wood. By the 1890s the coppicing of Beeley Wood along with the other coppice woods in Sheffield was coming to an end because of reduced profits and woodland management problems. The wood was allowed to become a "high forest" with the strongest growth of a coppiced tree allowed to grow into a fully grown standard tree.
Ancient sycamore maiden at Auchans Castle in the old paddocks The Aught Woods and Collennan Reservoir Dundonald Woods (NS363343) are one of the most extensive areas of elm-dominated woodlands in Ayrshire. Ash, oak and sycamore are also abundant; much of the policies are composed of derelict-coppiced-type growth from trees felled in the Second World War. Some conifer plantations are present. Wetland habitats are also present, with springs, an old reservoir near Collennan and a very eutrophic water body, Merklands Loch, all contributing to the high biodiversity of the site.
Around three- quarters of Taynish NNR is wooded, dominated by ancient sessile oak woodland, with smaller areas of birch, alder and ash. During the nineteenth century the woodland was managed for charcoal production and to produce oak bark for the tanning industry. Trees were coppiced, and the woods were managed to favour the growth of oak over other species. The warm, wet climate, along with the humid woodland environment, provides ideal conditions for ferns, mosses and liverworts to thrive, with over 250 species of mosses and liverworts recorded at the reserve.
Wain Wood's name has been associated with a site of pagan worship but it may, more prosaically, derive from the old word for a wagon and refer to a wagon way which passed through the area. It was used by Quaker families from Hitchin for recreation, mainly the enjoyment of nature. Hornbeam was coppiced here and the bark of the trees was collected for use in tanning. The author and Baptist preacher John Bunyan preached in Wain Wood, sometimes the congregations in the wood would number into the thousands.
In the old riverbed of the Deûle/Souchez river (long-since drained by the creation of the Lens canal) and on the former mining area, the local authorities have created a landscape whose objective is to supplement the wastewater treatment leaving the sewage treatment plant at Fouquières by biological methods to eliminate pathogens and phosphates. Five successive treatments are employed, involving filtration by coppiced willow, tanks planted with reeds, iris, bulrush etc., oxygenation and exposure to sunlight. The energy needed for pumping the water provided by four wind turbines.
The woodland at Glen Nant was coppiced during the 18th and 19th centuries to maximise production of bark for the tanning industry and charcoal for iron smelting, with charcoal being supplied to iron furnace at Bonawe. Oak was the favoured species for both purposes, leading to a dominance of oak trees in the area. Other tree species remained mostly in areas that were difficult to manage, such as along the river. During the 1970s the Forestry Commission (predecessor body of FLS) planted areas with commercial conifer species such as Sitka spruce.
Hodgemoor Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire. It is in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and most of it is leased by Buckinghamshire County Council to the Forestry Commission. The site is a large area of semi-natural broad-leaved woodland on unusually varied soil types of mottled clays, sands and gravels, and it has a similarly wide range of structure, including ancient coppiced oak, beech and hornbeam. The core of the site is ancient woodland, with records going back to the thirteenth century.
The shoots (or suckers) may be used either in their young state for interweaving in wattle fencing (as is the practice with coppiced willows and hazel), or the new shoots may be allowed to grow into large poles, as was often the custom with trees such as oaks or ashes. This creates long, straight poles which do not have the bends and forks of naturally grown trees. Coppicing may be practiced to encourage specific growth patterns, as with cinnamon trees which are grown for their bark. Another, more complicated system is called compound coppice.
Over one hundred species of indigenous woodland plants have been recorded on the site, and a similar number of mosses and other non-vascular plants live there. Some parts of the woodland, which has been in existence since the Middle Ages, are coppiced in order to encourage the growth of wildflowers that need more light, but other parts are managed on a 'minimal intervention' basis and left largely alone. Some rare species found here include mezereon (Daphne mezereum), toothwort (Lathraea squamaria), lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) and herb paris (Paris quadrifolia).
Nance Wood, to the south east of the village, is a narrow stip of semi-natural woodland on a steep north-facing slope which was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest for its biological characteristics. Most of the woodland is a high, wind-pruned, sessile oak (Quercus petraea) last coppiced in the first half of the 20th century. The woods are one of only two sites in Britain to contain Irish spurge (Euphorbia hyberna), which is listed in the Red Data Book of rare and endangered plant species.
On the calcareous soils of the dunes the spindle tree, hawthorn, sea buckthorn, buckthorn and barberry are growing. When the shrubs have berries in autumn, they attract various birds. ; The coppice The coppice is a low woodland, with trees that are regularly coppiced ; The pond The pond lies in the centre of Thijsse's Hof, and plays an important role, from the point of view of garden architecture, as well as from the point of view of the ecological value. It attracts many bird species and insects, like dragonflies.
It is also a Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive, listed in Annex I of the Directive. As part of the management of the wood, grazing livestock have been removed from the area, allowing a natural regeneration of the trees such as rowan and oak. During the winter months, small horses are grazed there in keeping with local tradition to eat rushes, grasses and sedges to open up ground for tree saplings to grow. The hazel trees are coppiced, and non-native trees are being removed from the site.
Nance Wood Site of Special Scientific Interest is a narrow strip of semi-natural woodland, on a steep north-facing slope, which was designated as a SSSI for its biological characteristics. The wood's eastern boundary is beside the hamlet of Bridge and the western boundary is at the inland edge of Portreath. Also included are the Illogan Woods, a small side valley on the western side of the SSSI. Most of the woodland trees are high, wind-pruned, sessile oak (Quercus petraea) which were last coppiced in the first half of the 20th century.
Most of the woodland is almost pure sessile oak which was last coppiced in the first part of the 20th-century. Being close to the coast has resulted in a low, wind-pruned canopy between 4 m and 6 m high. The shrub layer is mainly of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), hazel (Corylus avellana), and holly (Ilex aquifolium), while the ground flora consists of bluebell (Hyacinthoides non- scripta), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), bramble (Rubus fruticosus) and honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). Scattered stands of greater woodrush (Luzula sylvatica) is found on the steeper slopes.
Monks Wood is a 157 hectare National Nature Reserve north-west of Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire, and a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. A slightly more extensive area of 169.3 hectares is the Monks Wood and The Odd Quarter biological Site of Special Scientific Interest. The site is described by Natural England as one of Britain's most essential lowland woods. It is mainly of the wet ash-maple type, with a creamy shrub layer that was formerly coppiced. Trees include the rare wild service tree, particularly in The Odd Quarter.
Ham Home-cum-Hamgreen Woods is a 23.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in KIngswood near Grendon Underwood in Buckinghamshire. It is composed of two separate areas, Ham Home Wood and Hamgreen Wood, and is a small part of the formerly extensive Bernwood Forest. The site is woodland on clay, and although most of it has been coppiced at different times, it has a varied structure, and rich variety of flora and invertebrates. These factors, together with the presence of wild service trees, show that the woods are ancient.
These include siskins - a bird that comes in the winter months to feed on alder seeds. Areas of the reserve have been left to mature and reach old age, with plenty of dead wood habitat for fungi and insects. In contrast, other sections see the trees are coppiced to create open areas and denser woodland with its own community of plants and animals. The reserve further includes five lakes and a mixed habitat of ponds, seasonally flooded pools, and reedbed; and the combination of wetland and woodland enables the reserve to support a diverse community of plants, fungi and animals.
The spider lives in dry litter and bark in sunny coppiced areas or clearings in woods, on stony chalk grassland with a short sward, on burnt heathland (up to approximately four years after the heath has been burnt) or bare patches of ground in older heathland. X. nemoralis has occurred in large numbers in sparsely vegetated man-made sites, such as railway ballast, almost to the exclusion of other wolf-spiders. In mainland Europe, it can be found on the sunny edges of coniferous forest up to 1800 m above sea level. Female Xerolycosa nemoralis are known to excavate shallow depressions in soil.
There was a large-scale felling of oak trees at Ross Island in 1803, Glena in around 1804 and Tomies in 1805. Tomies was then replanted with three-year-old oak and Glena was coppiced. These activities have increased the relative abundance of oak in the park in the past 200 years. As most of the oak trees in the woods today are around 200 years old, it is likely that the majority of them were planted, and the oakwoods that have never been disturbed by humans are restricted to a few isolated pockets in remote areas such as mountain valleys.
Finally, it came into the ownership of King's College, Cambridge, in which it remained for 500 years. In 1984, the Woodland Trust—with the assistance of the Countryside Commission and local councils—acquired the site from the Forestry Commission as part of their offloading process. The woodland was traditionally coppiced until at least the 1930s, with a broad mix of native broadleaf trees—oak, ash, and hazel. During the 1960–70s, the woods were largely felled and replanted—predominantly with Norway spruce (Picea abies) and oak, with lesser amounts of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and beech.
Photo of house in Lortallo The municipal area is located on a large plateau overlooking the eastern shore of Lake Orta. The village is surrounded by coppiced woods, and is a popular destination for summer holidays with numerous houses located along the road running between the mountain and the lake. The territory has an elevation ranging from 380 to 788 meters. This measurement includes the hills that divide Lake Orta from the Agogna Valley and the capital in the center and further down into the region of Vacciago, with its small villages of Vacciaghetto and Lortallo.
Sword-leaved Helleborine usually grows in damp woodland places (mainly oak and beech), forest edges and rocky slopes. These plants prefer calcareous soils and in well exposed places, at an altitude of above sea level. This species was once abundant, when forests were used for grazing livestock and trees were coppiced, but is now threatened by overgrowth of larger plants. As the flower spikes are eaten by deer, the sword-leaved helleborine is also threatened by the increase of deer populations following extirpation of large predators like wolf and brown bear in many parts of Europe.
The terrain is undulating with low hills; the high point of is in the south-east corner of the parish, and there is a trig point at near Manor Farm, just to the north of Blakenhall village.Cheshire Wildlife Trust, p. 7 There are several areas of woodland, including Mill Covert, Robin Knight's Rough and Ash Coppice by Forge and Checkley Brooks, as well as Blakenhall Moss. Some is ancient woodland: Ash Coppice has hazel, which was historically coppiced, together with some alder, with bluebells among the vegetation; Robin Knight's Rough has alder, with vegetation including bluebells, spindle and alternate-leaved golden saxifrage.
G. sepium trees are used for intercropping in part because they fix nitrogen in the soil and tolerate low soil fertility, so when they are interplanted with crops they can boost crop yields significantly, without the need of chemical fertilizers. G. Sepium tolerates being cut back to crop height, and can even be coppiced, year after year. When the trees are cut back, they enter a temporary dormant state during which their root systems do not compete for nutrients needed by the crops, so the crops can establish themselves. These properties also enable G. Sepium to be used as green manure.
Juniper Hall Field Centre Juniper Hall FSC Field Centre, leased from the National Trust, is an 18th-century country house on the east slopes of Mickleham in the deep Mole Gap of the North Downs in Surrey, England. It is 500m from the foot of Box Hill and centred from London. The varying contours of the slopes provide habitats and environments for study including unimproved chalk grassland, coppiced woodlands, heathland and freshwater (rivers, streams and springs). Opened as a field centre in 1947, Juniper Hall was one of the original four opened by the Field Studies Council.
Sembcorp operate a 30 MW biomass power plant known as Wilton 10 using both waste wood and coppiced wood, which is integrated into the existing chemical processes on the Wilton Chemical Site. A number of other biomass and waste to energy plants are in development within the Cluster such as Wilton 11 and MGT Power are building their Teesport Renewable Energy Plant. SITA already operate an energy from waste unit in Middlesbrough. Many of the Cluster companies working on Renewables and Bioresources projects to develop a lower carbon future for the sector collaborate through the NEPIC Clusters Bioresources Collaborative Thrust Team.
Deer parks were created in an area of the manor not under cultivation, hayfields or coppiced woods."Deer Park"; The ancient oaks of England. accessed 10 July 2020 In the early twelfth century, around 1140, Norman d’Arcy’s son Robert granted the church at Nocton to the Benedictines of St Mary's Abbey, York and some land to the Carthusians of Kirkstead Abbey. He also founded Nocton Park Priory, which stood about a mile east of the village on a hill overlooking Car Dyke, in or near the existing deer park, for the canons of the Augustinian Order who arrived in England from 1108.
Stour and Copperas Woods, Ramsey is a 77.1 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Wrabness and Ramsey in Essex. It is two separate areas, Stour Wood, which is owned by the Woodland Trust and managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and Copperas Wood, which is owned and managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. It is in the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is ancient coppiced woodland on the southern shore of Stour Estuary, and is the only area in the county where woodland and coastal habitats meet.
Ash is an important constituent of wood pasture, a European management system in which open woodland provided shelter and forage for grazing animals. Ash was coppiced and pollarded, often in hedgerows, and evidence in the form of some huge boles with multiple trunks emerging at head height can still be seen in parts of Britain. The Glen Lyon ash is a notable example of a pollarded ash which at about 400–500 years of age achieved a girth of 6 m. In Northumberland, crab and lobster pots (traps) sometimes known as 'creeves' by local people are still made from ash sticks.
Derwent Gorge and Horsleyhope Ravine is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Derwentside district of north County Durham and the Tynedale district of south Northumberland, England. It consists of two separate areas of woodland, one in the gorge of the River Derwent and the other in the ravine of its tributary, the Horsleyhope Burn, south-east of the village of Muggleswick. On the dry acidic soils of the upper slopes, the woodland is dominated by sessile oak, Quercus petraea. Some areas have been coppiced in the past but where the slopes are steepest, and least accessible, there appears to have been no human interference.
Mercurialis perennis (commonly known as dog's mercury), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), common bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) make up most of the understorey. Hazel (Corylus) has been regularly coppiced here over the years — this ancient practice still continues (although on a much smaller scale than previously), chiefly to preserve the existing habitat. In the past, the tenants of Fifehead would have been required to pay duty to the lord of the manor in numerous different ways. Maintenance and upkeep of the ditches and enclosures within the immediate area was the responsibility of those that inhabited it, and a steady supply of brushwood and timber from the wood was demanded.
The watercourse along the valley, which discharges directly into the sea, at Marsland Mouth, is called Marsland Water.Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 190 Bude & Clovelly The land was donated by the late Christopher Cadbury (former President of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation 1962-1986) to the county Trusts. Roe deer and purple hairstreak butterflies can both be seen here, as well as the extremely rare pearl-bordered fritillary and the small pearl-bordered fritillary.Moths seen at Marsland On the south-facing wooded slope towards Gooseham Mill the trees are coppiced to create clearings, and vegetation thinned to keep it low so that flowers and insects can flourish.
In 2011 the Forestry Commission approved funding for a five-year plan to improve the unmanaged habitat of the wood; under the scheme an area of will be coppiced and a further will be thinned to allow more light and warmth into the wood and therefore improve conditions for wild flowers, insects and birds.information board at site. Gives details of modern day coppicing and thinning. In February 2016 the Environment Agency removed the middle two-thirds of Beeley Wood Lower Weir on the River Don as part of a scheme to allow the free migration of fish and let the river return to a more natural form.
A view of the grazing in Chillingham Park To many visitors, the most striking element of the historic habitat at Chillingham is the widespread occurrence of large oak trees amongst grassland (wood pasture), providing a glimpse of Britain as many think it appeared in medieval times. However, most of these trees were only planted in the 1780s - early 19th century,Hall, SJG (2010) Caring for the legend of the wild bull: an interpretation of the Georgian landscape of Chillingham Park, Northumberland. Garden History 38,213-230. and the truly ancient trees of the park are the streamside alder trees, which were probably coppiced in the mid-18th century.
28 It received Grade B listed status as an Anglican church in 1950, corresponding as Grade II. Under the ownership of the Bec Abbey, timber from the woods around Ruislip – Park Wood, Mad Bess Wood and Copse Wood – was used in the construction of the Tower of London in 1339, Windsor Castle in 1344, the Palace of Westminster in 1346 and the manor of the Black Prince in Kennington.Bowlt 1994, p.25 The woods were coppiced on rotation throughout the years with the timber sold to local tanneries. By the time King's College took ownership of the manor, the woods were let for sport, with pheasants kept for shooting.
Irish Hill Copse is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Kintbury in Berkshire. This site of coppiced ancient woodland includes an extensive area of calcareous ash/wych elm coppice on the hill sides, merging into wet ash/maple and acid oak/ash/hazel woodland with aspen, on the higher parts of the site. The lower slopes are dominated by Dog's Mercury (Mercurialis perennis), with abundant Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia), Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria), Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multiflorum), Twayblade and Early Purple Orchids (Listera ovata) and Orchis mascula and, locally, Wild Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). The site is private land with no public access.
Wisentgehege Springe game park near Springe, Hanover, Germany. Fruit and nut and silvopasture systems covered large portions of central Europe until the 20th century, and are still- widespread in some areas. Wood pasture, one of the oldest land-use practices in human history, is a historical European land management system in which open woodland provided shelter and forage for grazing animals, particularly sheep and cattle, as well as woodland products such as timber for construction and fuel, coppiced stems for wattle and charcoal making and pollarded poles. Since Roman times, pigs have been released into beech and oak woodlands to feed on the acorn and beech mast, and into fruit orchards to eat fallen fruit.
Gillies Hill is home to many fine specimens of both broadleaf and coniferous trees, but two in particular stand out: a Scots Pine nicknamed "The Big Pine," which has a girth of over 5.5 meters which makes it the fifth largest pine of this species in Britain – and the largest south of Perthshire; and a coppiced rowan of immense lower girth. These two trees, plus 16 additional trees on Gillies Hill are currently listed as Veteran Trees with the Woodland Trust's Ancient Tree Hunt Project. Also worth visiting is a row of massive, hollow but living, Sycamores that line the old road to the former site of Murrayshall west of the quarry.The Woodland Trust Ancient Tree Hunt Project www.
While it may naturally live to an age of a few centuries, many of the oldest trees are pollarded or coppiced, both pruning techniques that extend the tree's potential lifespan, if not its health. Two individuals of notable longevity are the Stelmužė Oak in Lithuania and the Granit Oak in Bulgaria, which are believed to be more than 1500 years old, possibly making them the oldest oaks in Europe; another specimen, called the 'Kongeegen' ('Kings Oak'), estimated to be about 1200 years old, grows in Jaegerspris, Denmark. Yet another can be found in Kvilleken, Sweden, that is over 1000 years old and around. Of maiden (not pollarded) specimens, one of the oldest is the great oak of Ivenack, Germany.
In France, the system of regional nature parks preserves biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Regional nature parks include farms and villages as well as forests, heathlands and wetlands. Regional nature parks in the Atlantic mixed forests include Armorique, Brenne, Boucles de la Seine normande, Caps et Marais d'Opale, Causses du Quercy, Gâtinais français, Haute Vallée de Chevreuse, Landes de Gascogne, Loire-Anjou- Touraine, Marais Du Cotentin Et Du Bessin, Marais poitevin, Montagne de Reims, Oise-Pays de France, Perche, Vallée de la Scarpe et de l'Escaut avesnois, and Vexin français. Lüneburg Heath (Lüneburger Heide) in northern Germany includes area of heathland, bog, and downy oak forest, as well as coppiced woodlands and pine plantations.
In winter (October to November), the hazel dormouse will hibernate in nests on the ground, in the base of old coppiced trees or hazel stools, under piles of leaves or under log piles as these situations are not subject to extreme variations in either temperature or humidity. Dormice are almost completely arboreal in habit but much less reluctant to cross open ground than was thought even recently. When it wakes up in spring (late April or early May), it builds woven nests of shredded honeysuckle bark, fresh leaves and grasses in the undergrowth. If the weather is cold and wet, and food scarce, it saves energy by going into torpor; it curls up into a ball and goes to sleep.
There are plants typical of ancient woodland: common bluebell, dog's mercury, yellow archangel, wood millet and wood anemone. Potton Wood has large areas of broadleaved woodland, some dating back to at least 1601, but also had commercially planted, non-native conifers which were removed in 2004 as part of a long-term project to restore the coppiced ancient woodland. Mammals found in the wood include fallow deer, grey squirrel, red fox, European hare and European mole; there are birds such as common nightingale, common chiffchaff, blackcap, common whitethroat and European turtle dove, and white admiral and purple hairstreak butterflies. On 18 September 1945, a B-24 Liberator bomber based at No. 466 Squadron RAAF at Bassingbourn, Cambridgeshire, crashed on the southern edge of Potton Wood.
The higher parts of the woodlands have a more acidic soil, and are home to species such as oak, birch, hazel, Scots pine and occasional stands of aspen. The woodlands are considered representative of a type of habitat known as lime-sycamore forest; however Scotland is too far north for lime, and so their place is taken by elms. Many of the elm, hazel and oak trees at the northern edge of Cleghorn Glen were coppiced between the early 19th and mid-20th centuries to provide wood for a variety of purposes including charcoal, pit props and products such as clogs and bobbins for the cotton mills at New Lanark.The Story of Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve. p. 11.
For much of its route, the Downs Link follows the course of two dismantled railways - the Cranleigh Line and the Steyning Line - both of which closed in the 1960s as a result of the Beeching Axe. Between 1965 and 1970 the track was lifted and much of the track ballast was removed. The coppiced woodland along many of the cuttings and embankment sides remained unmanaged until 2 April 1970 when ownership of much of the track was sold by the British Railways Board to Surrey County Council and Hambleton Rural District Council (which became Waverley Borough Council in 1974) for £17,500. The local authorities managed the land until 1984, clearing scrub to allow the general public to use it as a recreational facility.
The origins of the village of Birdwell date back to the time of the English Civil War, around 1642, when the village name is first mentioned. In the years following the Second World War, open cast mining took place on much of the land to the northern end of Birdwell, and in some areas the remains of the quarries can still be found. Much of the land was subsequently restored to agriculture, mainly pasture with a little low key arable production and since the 1970s was owned by a local farming company. A small pocket of woodland called Parkinson Spring survived the mining activity and whilst little is known of its history, the name 'spring' could infer it was coppiced for the production of spring wood.
This is completely false, but rather the government in the 16th and 17th centuries was opposed to the conversion of timber woodland to coppice woodland for strategic reasons (building ships needed good timber) and what it called "wasted woods" were those lacking timber trees.Straker 1931 p115 A large wood was coppiced by successively cutting compartments (called "cants") defined by ditched banks, pollard trees or both. The present Worth Forest contains the ghost of a grid system of cants with pollards and banks associated with Worth Furnace, but the 2011 survey of Tilgate Forest only turned up one oak pollard (TQ28783396).Butler 2011 p 56 Despite this, it is certain that much of the Forest was under managed coppice in the 17th century especially the flat area called "Furnace Plain" (now the golf course).
This site of coppiced ancient woodland includes an extensive area of calcareous ash/wych elm coppice on the hill sides, merging into wet ash/maple and acid oak/ash/hazel woodland with aspen, on the higher parts of the site. The lower slopes are dominated by dog's mercury (Mercurialis perennis), with abundant herb paris (Paris quadrifolia), toothwort (Lathraea squamaria), Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multiflorum), twayblade and early purple orchids (Listera ovata) and Orchis mascula and, locally, wild daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). A wooden bridge was built over the Kennet at Newbury in 1726, replaced in stone between 1769 and 1772 by James Clarke, and now known as the Town Bridge or Water Bridge. As there is no tow path, a line to haul the barge had to be floated under the bridge and then re-attached to the horse where the tow path resumed.
A field study in an ancient broadleaved woodland in England showed that of five Armillaria species present in the woods, A. gallica was consistently the first to colonize tree stumps that had been coppiced the previous year. Fractal geometry has been used to model the branching patterns of the hyphae of various Armillaria species. Compared to a strongly pathogenic species like A. solidipes, A. gallica has a relatively sparse branching pattern that is thought to be "consistent with a foraging strategy in which acceptable food bases may be encountered at any distance, and which favours broad and divisive distribution of potential inoculum." Because the rhizomorphs form regular networks, mathematical concepts of graph theory have been employed to describe fungal growth and interpret ecological strategies, suggesting that the specific patterns of network attachments allow the fungus "to respond opportunistically to spatially and temporally changing environments".
Natural England described Odell Great Wood as "in many respects the best example in Bedfordshire" of wet ash-maple woodland, having notified the site under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 in 1970 and under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in 1984. The wood is dominated by oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees, which grow over a well-developed layer of shrub plants, including privet (Ligustrum vulgare), dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), field maple (Acer campestre) and coppiced hazel (Corylus avellana). A high diversity of woodland species exists, which mirrors the variation in soil types across the wood, with the northern areas of the site growing on a neutral boulder clay, as well as more calcareous soils derived from the Great Oolite being found in the rest of the wood. This diverse ground flora includes species that are considered rare in Odell Great Wood's locality, such as herb paris (Paris quadrifolia) and wild daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus).
Diagram showing a cross section of the Sweet Track A replica of the Sweet Track Digital reconstruction of the Sweet Track, southern end Built in 3807 or 3806 BC, the track was a walkway consisting mainly of planks of oak laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of ash, oak, and lime, driven into the underlying peat. The planks, which were up to wide, long and less than thick, were cut from trees up to 400 years old and in diameter, felled and split using only stone axes, wooden wedges, and mallets. The length, straightness, and lack of forks or branches in the pegs suggest that they were taken from coppiced woodland. Longitudinal log rails up to long and in diameter, made of mostly hazel and alder, were laid down and held in place with the pegs, which were driven at an angle across the rails and into the peat base of the bog.

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