Below, I've included a heat map summarizing the co-occurrence of the five hashtags with the top 10 emojis (Figure 6).
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Co-occurrence statistics are then used to carve out substructures from the text data that basically represent meaning at levels beyond single words.
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"I would describe my career as a wonderful co-occurrence of pioneering and perseverance with just the right amount of opportunity," Hart, 32, told Insider.
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"We just concluded a two-year project bringing together specialists who either published in this are or working with this co-occurrence to produce a set of guidelines," he said.
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"So there was a pretty heavy co-occurrence, or overlap, between high concentration of whales, and high concentrations of gear," Justin Viezbicke, the California stranding coordinator for NOAA, told The Verge.
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In veterinarian Gary J. Patronek's study "Co-occurrence of Potentially Preventable Factors in 256 Dog Bite-Related Fatalities in the United States," 256 fatal dog attacks were examined for co-occurrent factors.
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It works by taking text (such as a news article) and analyzing it for the co-occurrence of words, or the frequency that groups of words will appear next to each other.
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And "The Matrix" might be available in France but not in the US. Our recommendation models rely heavily on learning patterns from play data, particularly involving co-occurrence or sequences of plays between videos.
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The co-occurrence of these crises suggested that the Media Lab had, in a general way, lost its moral bearings in pursuit of money and public adulation, and amid the pressure to produce civilization-shaping new ideas.
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It is important to know about borderline personality disorder because of its frequent co-occurrence with depression and the fact that, when both are present, efforts to treat the depression without treating the borderline personality disorder do not work.
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The "co-occurrence of harmine, abundant in yage (Banisteriopsis caapi), and dimethyltryptamine, found in vilca and chacruna (Psychotria viridis), suggests that multiple plants may have been used to make ayahuasca, which can induce vivid hallucinogenic trips," noted the press release.
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A co-occurrence matrix or co-occurrence distribution (also referred to as : gray-level co-occurrence matrices GLCMs) is a matrix that is defined over an image to be the distribution of co-occurring pixel values (grayscale values, or colors) at a given offset. It is used as an approach to texture analysis with various applications especially in medical image analysis.
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Another article may contain terms B and C. Linking A to B and B to C creates a co-occurrence network of these three terms. Rules to define co-occurrence within a text corpus can be set according to desired criteria. For example, a more stringent criteria for co-occurrence may require a pair of terms to appear in the same sentence.
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A co-occurrence network created with KH Coder Co-occurrence networks are generally used to provide a graphic visualization of potential relationships between people, organizations, concepts, biological organisms like bacteria or other entities represented within written material. The generation and visualization of co-occurrence networks has become practical with the advent of electronically stored text compliant to text mining. By way of definition, co-occurrence networks are the collective interconnection of terms based on their paired presence within a specified unit of text. Networks are generated by connecting pairs of terms using a set of criteria defining co-occurrence. For example, terms A and B may be said to “co-occur” if they both appear in a particular article.
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One case of which has shown a co-occurrence with autism- spectrum disorder.
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Analysis of these restrictions can lead to discoveries about the structure and development of a language. Co- occurrence can be seen an extension of word counting in higher dimensions. Co- occurrence can be quantitatively described using measures like correlation or mutual information.
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The co- occurrence of biota that are normally distinct can result in unusual ecological relationships.
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The intended meaning is thus derived from the Co-occurrence determiner (in this case, "some-" or "a-").
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The disjunctive normal form of a (positive) read-once function is not generally itself read-once. Nevertheless, it carries important information about the function. In particular, if one forms a co-occurrence graph in which the vertices represent variables, and edges connect pairs of variables that both occur in the same clause of the conjunctive normal form, then the co-occurrence graph of a read-once function is necessarily a cograph. More precisely, a positive Boolean function is read- once if and only if its co-occurrence graph is a cograph, and in addition every maximal clique of the co-occurrence graph forms one of the conjunctions (prime implicants) of the disjunctive normal form.
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To approximate this, the co-occurrence matrices corresponding to the same relation, but rotated at various regular angles (e.g. 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees), are often calculated and summed. Texture measures like the co-occurrence matrix, wavelet transforms, and model fitting have found application in medical image analysis in particular.
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Consequently, the association between the category or list and the specific instance, often influences frequency judgement. Frequency of co-occurrence strongly relates to Frequency of repetition, such that the more an item-pair is repeated, the stronger the association between the two items becomes, leading to a bias when estimating frequency of co-occurrence. Due to the phenomena of frequency of co- occurrence, illusory correlations also often play a big role. Another factor that affects the availability heuristic in frequency and probability is exemplars.
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The main hypothesis of co-occurrence graphs assumes that the semantics of a word can be represented by means of a co-occurrence graph, whose vertices are co-occurrences and edges are co-occurrence relations. These approaches are related to word clustering methods, where co-occurrences between words can be obtained on the basis of grammatical or collocational relations. HyperLex is the successful approaches of a graph algorithm, based on the identification of hubs in co-occurrence graphs, which have to cope with the need to tune a large number of parameters. To deal with this issue several graph-based algorithms have been proposed, which are based on simple graph patterns, namely Curvature Clustering, Squares, Triangles and Diamonds (SquaT++), and Balanced Maximum Spanning Tree Clustering (B-MST).
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In linguistics, co-occurrence or cooccurrence is an above-chance frequency of occurrence of two terms (also known as coincidence or concurrence) from a text corpus alongside each other in a certain order. Co-occurrence in this linguistic sense can be interpreted as an indicator of semantic proximity or an idiomatic expression. Corpus linguistics and its statistic analyses reveal patterns of co-occurrences within a language and enable to work out typical collocations for its lexical items. A co-occurrence restriction is identified when linguistic elements never occur together.
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Similarly, when rates of kleptomania have been examined in subjects with OCD, a relatively low co-occurrence was found (2.2%-5.9%).
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Many random indexing methods primarily generate similarity from co-occurrence of items in a corpus. Reflexive Random Indexing (RRI) Cohen T., Schvaneveldt Roger & Widdows Dominic (2009) Reflective Random Indexing and indirect inference: a scalable method for discovery of implicit connections, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 43(2):240-56. generates similarity from co- occurrence and from shared occurrence with other items.
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Candidate instances and patterns are filtered to maintain high precision, and to avoid extremely specific patterns. An instance is only considered for assessment if it co- occurs with at least two promoted patterns in the text corpus, and if its co- occurrence count with all promoted patterns is at least three times greater than its co-occurrence count with negative patterns.
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The patterns aim at identifying meanings using the local structural properties of the co- occurrence graph. A randomized algorithm which partitions the graph vertices by iteratively transferring the mainstream message (i.e. word sense) to neighboring vertices is Chinese Whispers. By applying co-occurrence graphs approaches have been shown to achieve the state-of-the-art performance in standard evaluation tasks.
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Bereavement outcomes as causal systems: A network analysis of the co-occurrence of complicated grief and posttraumatic growth. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 797-809.
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It explores such areas as "[species'] competitive abilities, patterns of species co-occurrence, community assembly, and the role of different traits on ecosystem functioning".
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The specific name (a noun) is from Latin (contubernalis = a companion or comrade) and refers to its co-occurrence with P. vascellum on Mycteroperca phenax.
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Statistical analysis of the linguistic property of digram co-occurrence in textual material leads to a new, more effective simultaneous digram and trigram encoding technique.
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Despite the common co-occurrence with other causative agents, S. kunkelii is the most prevalent in the subtropics as the causative agent of Corn Stunt disease and can be quite devastating.
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Whether considering the intensity or grayscale values of the image or various dimensions of color, the co-occurrence matrix can measure the texture of the image. Because co-occurrence matrices are typically large and sparse, various metrics of the matrix are often taken to get a more useful set of features. Features generated using this technique are usually called Haralick features, after Robert Haralick. Texture analysis is often concerned with detecting aspects of an image that are rotationally invariant.
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Co-occurrence matrices aren't only for images, they're also used for words processing in NLP (Natural language processing).[Francois Chaubard, Rohit Mundra, Richard Socher. CS 224D: Deep Learning for NLP. Lecture Notes.
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When mapped against NCBI Taxonomy, if the pathogen was not an exact match, it is then mapped to the parent class. PathoPhenoDB employs NPMI in order to filter pairs based on their co-occurrence statistics.
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Gray level co-occurrence matrix provides an important basis for SCM construction. SCM based on discrete wavelet frame transformation make use of both correlations and feature information so that it combines structural and statistical benefits.
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For example, networks may be drawn such that the number of neighbors connecting to each term is limited. The criteria for limiting neighbors might be based on the absolute number of co-occurrences or more subtle criteria such as “probability” of co-occurrence or the presence of an intervening descriptive term. Quantitative aspects of the underlying structure of a co-occurrence network might also be informative, such as the overall number of connections between entities, clustering of entities representing sub-domains, detecting synonyms, etc.
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However, its close affinities with teiids from Gondwana and its co-occurrence with paramacellodid and borioteiioid lizards from Euramerica suggests that Haţeg Island was colonized by lizards multiple times from many different areas of the world.
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Edges show the similarity of stances. The Co-occurrence network depends on user engagements. User's authored posts related to the same news articles were counted. The friendship network shows the structure between followers and followee's related tweets.
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It is thought that due to the co-occurrence of these two disorders they may have a common etiology. As a feature of GLHS one case study has shown GLHS to co-occur with autism spectrum disorder.
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They can be assigned with confidence to a small caseid. However, their assignment to Arisierpeton is tentative and based on co-occurrence and size, and there are no recognizable diagnostic features on the centra below the family level.
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Previously known as the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, the name of the biozone refers to Daptocephalus, a medium-sized dicynodont therapsid. It is characterized by the presence of this species in co-occurrence with Theriognathus microps, and Dicynodon lacerticeps.
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100 deg. C/km, and with ca. 5% water contents, the drop of the solidus of basalt at relatively low pressure would enable the co-occurrence of serpentinites and peridotites, the abundant rock-types in oceanic core complexes.
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These symptoms may be implicated in numerous disorders, thus delaying diagnosis. Misdiagnosis with tuberculosis meningitis is also a common occurrence when patients are tested for tuberculosis, since the two forms of tuberculosis have high rates of co- occurrence.
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Harris (1951:1). Early work on transformations used paraphrase as a heuristic, but in keeping with the methodological principles noted above in the section on metalanguage issues and earlier, there is also a formal criterion for transformational analysis. In the 1957 "Co-Occurrence and Transformation" paper this criterion was that inter-word co-occurrence restrictions should be preserved under the mapping; that is, if two sentence-forms are transforms, then acceptable word choices for one also obtain for the other. Even while the 1957 publication was in press it was clear that preservation of word co-occurrence could not resolve certain problems, and in the 1965 "Transformational Theory" this criterion was refined, so that if a difference of acceptability is found between a pair of sentences that satisfy one sentence-form, the corresponding satisfiers of the other sentence-form are likewise differentiated (though in some contexts, e.g.
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Possible explanations for the high level of co-occurrence between addiction and mental illness in the DTES include the vulnerability of the mentally ill to drug dealers, and a recent rise in crystal methamphetamine use, which can cause permanent psychosis.
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One lab tested the co-occurrence of these behavior in social settings and found that there was not significant overlap. This is not to suggest that there is no relationship, but that the two are distinct constructs that must be measured independently.
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Automatic methods of musical similarity detection, based on data mining and co-occurrence analysis, have been developed to classify music titles for electronic music distribution.François Pachet, Geert Westermann, Damien Laigre. "Musical Data Mining for Electronic Music Distribution" . Proceedings of the 1st WedelMusic Conference sou, pp.
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In computational linguistics, second-order co-occurrence pointwise mutual information is a semantic similarity measure. To assess the degree of association between two given words, it uses pointwise mutual information (PMI) to sort lists of important neighbor words of the two target words from a large corpus.
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Unlike the flat-headed peccary, the long-nosed peccary was probably a solitary animal and did not frequent caves.Tankersley, Kenneth B. 2011. Evaluating the Co-occurrence of Platygonus compressus and Mylohyus nasutus at Sheriden Cave, Wyandot County, Ohio. Current Research in the Pleistocene 28:173-175.
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A mutational deficiency in MBD4 causes down-regulation, at the protein level, of MMR proteins Mlh1, Msh2, Pms2, and Msh6 by 5.8-, 5.6-, 2.6-, and 2.7-fold, respectively. In colorectal cancers with mutations in MMR genes, co-occurrence of MBD4 mutations were found in 27% of cancers.
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Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites 2005:316; Bryce locates Nairi north or northeast of modern Diyarbakir. However, its co-occurrence with Nihriya within a single text may argue against this.M. Salvini "Nairi, Na'iri" Reallexikon der Assyriologie 9. Edited by Erich Ebeling and Bruno Meissner.
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InQuery is a concept search engine that uses noun phrases, parts of speech and other co-occurrence relationships in overlapping passages of text rather than single term inverted indexes of single words in documents. Open Text's portfolio has grown to include Hummingbird Content Management, and has always included BASIS.
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The species Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, Cynometra alexandri, and Julbernardia seretii are pronounced as exclusive dominants in their individual forests in equatorial Africa.Hart, T. B., Hart, J. A., & Murphy, P. G. (1989). Monodominant and species-rich forests of the humid tropics: causes for their co-occurrence. American Naturalist, 613-633.
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Simple collocations (i.e. the co-occurrence of certain words) demonstrate well the catena concept. The idiosyncratic nature of particle verb collocations provide the first group of examples: take after, take in, take on, take over, take up, etc. In its purest form, the verb take means 'seize, grab, possess'.
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The typical distribution of MCC in sun exposed regions and its co-occurrence with other skin cancers also indicate that UV exposure is a contributing factor to MCC development. It is unclear whether this is through direct mutational impact, immune down-regulation, or some combination of the two.
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Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21, 1–15. The courtship disorder model offers an underlying common cause for these paraphilias in men to explain this co-occurrence. Courtship disorder is widely cited by sexologists and forensic scientists as one of the predominant models of the paraphilias.Maea, M., & Coccaro, E. F. (1998).
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Cognitive behaviour therapy, 36(4), 193-209. Eye gaze avoidance is another major trait, as it typically signals that the individual is not a threat.Bulley, A., Miloyan, B., Brilot, B., Gullo, M. J., & Suddendorf, T. (2016). An Evolutionary Perspective on the Co-occurrence of Social Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder.
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Thus, some linguistic knowledge comes into play in this step. Edges are created based on word co-occurrence in this application of TextRank. Two vertices are connected by an edge if the unigrams appear within a window of size N in the original text. N is typically around 2–10.
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Dozens of Arabic words occur in Interlingua, frequently because their co-occurrence in such languages as English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese can be used to verify their internationality. Many of these words entered Interlingua's vocabulary through Spanish. Arabic words in Interlingua include "algebra", "alcohol", "cifra" (cypher), "magazin", "sucro" (sugar), "zenit", and "zero".
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Some efforts have been made to extract systematically interaction networks directly from the scientific literature. Such approaches range in terms of complexity from simple co-occurrence statistics of entities that are mentioned together in the same context (e.g. sentence) to sophisticated natural language processing and machine learning methods for detecting interaction relationships.
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This deficit should be distinguished from color anomia, where semantic information about color is retained, but the name of a color cannot be retrieved, though co- occurrence is common. Both disorders linked to damage in the occipito-temporal cortex, especially in the left hemisphere, which is believed to play a significant role in color memory.
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N. tuberculata is found in most habitats but generally prefers open areas. N. tuberculata is a diurnal (active in daylight/sunshine) insect so would be most benefited by areas with large amounts of sunlight.Pearson, D.L. & Juliano, S.A. (1993). Evidence for the influence of historical process in co-occurrence and diversity of Tiger beetle species.
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This species was described from the Myotis nigricans complex in 2011,Moratelli, R., Peracchi, A. L., Dias, D., & de Oliveira, J. A. 2011 based on museum collections from 3 localities in northeastern Brazil. Later on, additional studies confirmed Myotis lavali as a species, and highlight the co-occurrence with M. nigricans in several locations.
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Thromboembolism is a well-described complication of IBD, with a clinical incidence of up to 6% and a three-fold higher risk of disease, and the Factor V Leiden mutation further increases the risk of venous thrombosis. Recent studies describe the co-occurrence between coeliac disease, in which IBD is common in venous thrombosis.
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The shared features of languages which belong to the same typological class type may have arisen completely independently. Their co-occurrence might be due to universal laws governing the structure of natural languages, "language universals", or they might be the result of languages evolving convergent solutions to the recurring communicative problems that humans use language to solve.
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Biarmosuchian fossils are rare, with only thirty specimens currently discovered. Of 3,755 fossils found from the Cistecephalus AZ, only four are biarmosuchians. Due to the lack of stratigraphic co-occurrence, burnetiamorphs most likely have a wide distribution on Pangea. Evidence of this wide distribution is supported by the findings in collecting areas in Russia and South Africa.
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Bart Jr., H.L., Piller, K.R., Tipton, J.A. Geomorphic disturbance and its impact on darter (Teleostomi: Percidae) distribution and abundance in the Pearl River drainage, Mississippi. Hydrobiologia 527: 49–61, 2004.Carlson, R.L., Near, T.J., Wainwright, P.C. Relationship between species co‐occurrence and rate of morphological change in Percina darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Evolution 63-3: 767–777.
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Later, participants estimated the frequency with which each diagnosis had been accompanied by various features of the drawing. The subjects vastly overestimated the frequency of this co-occurrence (such as suspiciousness and peculiar eyes). This effect was labeled the illusory correlation. Tversky and Kahneman suggested that availability provides a natural account for the illusory-correlation effect.
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Available evidence suggests that vacant niches are more common in some groups than in others. Using SES values (standardized effect sizes) for various groups, which can be used as approximate predictors of the filling of niche space, Gotelli and Rohde (2002)Gotelli, N.J. and Rohde, K. (2002). Co-occurrence of ectoparasites of marine fishes: null-model analysis. Ecology Letters 5, 86-94.
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Percina sciera is considered both a wide-ranging and geographically restricted species that inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats including creeks, streams, rivers as well as lakes and reservoirs in the Mississippi River drainage.Carlson, R.L., P.C. Wainwright, and T.J. Near. 2010. Relationship between species co-occurrence and rate of morphological change in Percina darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). Evolution 63:767-778.
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Data mining techniques, and in particular co-occurrence analysis, has been used to discover relevant similarities among music corpora (radio lists, CD databases) for purposes including classifying music into genres in a more objective manner.Pachet, François; Westermann, Gert; and Laigre, Damien; Musical Data Mining for Electronic Music Distribution , Proceedings of the 1st WedelMusic Conference, Firenze, Italy, 2001, pp. 101–106.
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This makes collocation an interesting area for language teaching. Corpus linguists specify a key word in context (KWIC) and identify the words immediately surrounding them. This gives an idea of the way words are used. The processing of collocations involves a number of parameters, the most important of which is the measure of association, which evaluates whether the co-occurrence is purely by chance or statistically significant.
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Co-occurrence networks can be created for any given list of terms (any dictionary) in relation to any collection of texts (any text corpus). Co- occurring pairs of terms can be called “neighbors” and these often group into “neighborhoods” based on their interconnections. Individual terms may have several neighbors. Neighborhoods may connect to one another through at least one individual term or may remain unconnected.
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Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, or certain personality disorders. It also commonly occurs with personality traits such as neuroticism. This observed co-occurrence is partly due to genetic and environmental influences shared between these traits and anxiety. Anxiety is often experienced by those with obsessive–compulsive disorder and is an acute presence in panic disorder.
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The presence of large numbers of cave bear and brown bear remains and sparse stone artifacts at the site indicates that Darband primarily represents a bear den. The co-occurrence of artifacts and bear bones does not imply human predation or scavenging. Because there are no clear cut marks, except a few burning signs on the bear bones, they probably accumulated through natural processes.
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Chapman (1967) described a bias in the judgment of the frequency with which two events co-occur. This demonstration showed that the co-occurrence of paired stimuli resulted in participants overestimating the frequency of the pairings. To test this idea, participants were given information about several hypothetical mental patients. The data for each patient consisted of a clinical diagnosis and a drawing made by the patient.
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On the contrary, non-hermaphroditic plants are self- incompatible. Research has shown that a species can be either gynodioecious or self-incompatible, but very rarely is there a co-occurrence between the two. Therefore, gynodioecy and self-incompatibility tend to prevent each other’s maintenance. Self-incompatibility of plants helps maintain androdioecy in plants, since males are in competition with only hermaphrodites to sire ovules.
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The calculation of the Semantic Brand Score requires that the analyzed texts are preliminarily transformed into networks of words, i.e. graphs in which each node represents a word. Links between words are given by their co- occurrence within a given range, or within a sentence. A pre-processing of natural language is advisable to clean up texts, for example by removing stopwords and word affixes (stemming).
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Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained. In the field of computer vision, image histograms can be useful tools for thresholding. Because the information contained in the graph is a representation of pixel distribution as a function of tonal variation, image histograms can be analyzed for peaks and/or valleys. This threshold value can then be used for edge detection, image segmentation, and co-occurrence matrices.
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PubGene AS is a bioinformatics company located in Oslo, Norway and is the daughter company of PubGene Inc. In 2001, PubGene founders demonstrated one of the first applications of text mining to research in biomedicine (i.e., biomedical text mining). They went on to create the PubGene public search engine, exemplifying the approach they pioneered by presenting biomedical terms as graphical networks based on their co-occurrence in MEDLINE texts.
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Rather than select a single definition, GledhillGledhill C. (2000): Collocations in Science Writing, Narr, Tübingen proposes that collocation involves at least three different perspectives: (i) co-occurrence, a statistical view, which sees collocation as the recurrent appearance in a text of a node and its collocates,Firth J.R. (1957): Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Sinclair J. (1996): "The Search for Units of Meaning", in Textus, IX, 75–106.
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It is identified on the basis of automatic detection of the likelihood of term co-occurrence. A lexical word may occur in several topics with a different probability, however, with a different typical set of neighboring words in each topic. Each document is assumed to be characterized by a particular set of topics. This is similar to the standard bag of words model assumption, and makes the individual words exchangeable.
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First, co-occurrence of two protein families often represents recent common ancestry of two species rather than a conserved functional relationship; disambiguating these two sources of correlation may require improved statistical methods. Second, proteins grouped as homologs may differ in function, or proteins conserved in function may fail to register as homologs; improved methods for tailoring the size of each protein family to reflect functional conservation will lead to improved results.
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Hui and McGeoch (2008) resolve the Harte–Maddux debate by demonstrating that the problems identified by Maddux result from an assumption that the probability of occurrence of a species at one scale is independent of its probability of occurrence at the next, and further illustrate the importance of considering patterns of species co-occurrence, and the way in which species occupancy patterns change with scale, when modeling species distributions.
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The co-occurrence of the two mating types is significant due to the possibility of sexual recombination and formation of oospores, which can survive the winter. Only in Mexico and Scandinavia, however, is oospore formation thought to play a role in overwintering.Lehtinen A, Hannukkala A. (2004) Oospores of Phytophthora infestans in soil provide an important new source of primary inoculum in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science 13:399–410.
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It is not initially clear why applying PageRank to a co-occurrence graph would produce useful keyphrases. One way to think about it is the following. A word that appears multiple times throughout a text may have many different co- occurring neighbors. For example, in a text about machine learning, the unigram "learning" might co-occur with "machine", "supervised", "un- supervised", and "semi-supervised" in four different sentences.
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In a national study of Sweden it was found that 7.7% of the population (both men and women) had engaged in voyeurism at some point. It is also believed that voyeurism occurs up to 150 times more frequently than police reports indicate. This same study also indicates that there are high levels of co-occurrence between voyeurism and exhibitionism, finding that 63% of voyeurs also report exhibitionist behaviour.
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He is also Director of Co-occurrence, a digital agency based in the West End of Glasgow which creates web presence, graphics and photography for small businesses and public agencies. He talked about his photography at the Edinburgh Pecha Kucha held during the Edinburgh Festival in August 2012 and won a commendation for his work in the Jon-Marc Creaney Photography Competition organised by the Glasgow Institute of Architects in 2012.
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The term twice exceptional, often abbreviated as 2e, entered educators' lexicons in mid 1990s and refers to gifted students who have some form of disability. These students are considered exceptional both because of their giftedness (e.g., intellectual, creative, perceptual, motor etc.) and because of their special needs (e.g., specific learning disability, neurodevelopmental disability etc.). Ronksley-Pavia (2015) presents a useful conceptual model of the co-occurrence of disability and giftedness.
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Pilibhit tiger reserve is an important habitat for tiger owing to its connection with several tiger habitats within the State and outside. The important linkages are: # Surahi range- Terai East Division Uttarkhand # Lagga-Bagga - Shuklaphanta National Park (Nepal) # Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary – Dudhwa The corridor linkages are used by the tiger and other wild animals and require monitoring and restoration by fostering a co- occurrence agenda with local people.
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Disease co-occurrence, with or without interactions, is known as comorbidity and coinfection. The difference between "comorbid" and "syndemic" is per Mustanski et al. (2008:40) "comorbidity research tends to focus on the nosological issues of boundaries and overlap of diagnoses, while syndemic research focuses on communities experiencing co-occurring epidemics that additively increase negative health consequences." It is possible for two afflictions to be comorbid, but not syndemic i.e.
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The PubGene search engine has since been discontinued and incorporated into a commercial product. Co-occurrence networks provide a visual overview of possible relationships between terms and facilitate medical literature retrieval for relevant sets of articles implied by the network display. Commercial applications of the technology are available.PubGene - Find connections, speed discovery Original development of PubGene technologies was undertaken in collaboration between the Norwegian Cancer Hospital (Radiumhospitalet) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
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The name "mycofactocin" is derived from three words, the genus name "Mycobacterium" (across which it is nearly universal), "cofactor" because its presence in a genome predicts the co- occurrence of certain families of enzymes as if it is a cofactor they require, and "bacteriocin" because a radical SAM enzyme critical to its biosynthesis, MftC, is closely related to the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of subtilosin A, a bacteriocin, from its precursor peptide.
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Citrinin often occurs together with other mycotoxins like ochratoxin A or aflatoxin B1, because they are produced by the same fungi species. The combination which is observed most often is citrinin with ochratoxin A and this is also the most studied combination. The effects of co-occurrence of these mycotoxins are either additive or synergistic. The nephrotoxic effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin, for example, are increased synergistic when exposure to both takes place.
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The literature states that inquiry requires multiple cognitive processes and variables, such as causality and co- occurrence that enrich with age and experience. Kuhn, et al. (2000) used explicit training workshops to teach children in grades six to eight in the United States how to inquire through a quantitative study. By completing an inquiry-based task at the end of the study, the participants demonstrated enhanced mental models by applying different inquiry strategies.
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From the fossil record, it is known that many, or perhaps all, dinosaurs laid eggs. Paleontologists have identified a number of features that allow them to distinguish a nesting site from a random clustering of eggs. Those include regular clustering patterns, the co-occurrence of whole eggs with broken eggs and/or hatchlings, and the occurrence of physical features such as evidence of excavation. Maiasaura probably exhibited great amounts of parental care.
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It produces purple-pink flowers in the summer, from June to September. Liatris hirsuta is similar to Liatris squarrosa, and some authors classify it with varietal status (Liatris squarrosa var. hirsuta). Liatris hirsuta is typically found to the west of the range over Liatris squarrosa, but there are regions of co-occurrence. Liatris hirsuta can be distinguished from Liatris squarrosa by its short-tapering involucral bracts, and its comparatively straighter and more spreading hairs.
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GloVe, coined from Global Vectors, is a model for distributed word representation. The model is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words. This is achieved by mapping words into a meaningful space where the distance between words is related to semantic similarity. Training is performed on aggregated global word-word co-occurrence statistics from a corpus, and the resulting representations showcase interesting linear substructures of the word vector space.
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Today, we are able to barcode bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protists in their natural habitats, e.g., by targeting their 16S and 18S rRNA genes, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), or, alternatively, specific functional regions of genes coding for specific enzymes.Uksa, M., Schloter, M., Endesfelder, D., Kublik, S., Engel, M., Kautz, T., Köpke, U. and Fischer, D. (2015) "Prokaryotes in subsoil—evidence for a strong spatial separation of different phyla by analysing co-occurrence networks". Frontiers in microbiology, 6: 1269. .
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SAD shows a high degree of co-occurrence with other psychiatric disorders. In fact, a population-based study found that 66% of those with SAD had one or more additional mental health disorders. SAD often occurs alongside low self- esteem and most commonly clinical depression, perhaps due to a lack of personal relationships and long periods of isolation related to social avoidance. Clinical depression is 1.49 to 3.5 times more likely to occur in those with SAD.
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Wilson et al. demonstrated the co-occurrence of malvalic acid and the corresponding cyclopropane acids in several types of seeds. He suggested that methylene addition to oleic acid gave rise to dihydrosterculic acid, which was desaturated to sterculic acid, and that 8-heptadecenoic acid was similarly the precursor of dihydromalvalic acid and malvalic acid. Smith and Bu'Lock showed that in Hibiscus seedlings the chains of sterculic and malvalic acids, but not the ring methylene carbon, were derived from acetate.
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A simple, cost-effective way of overcoming the above limitation is to embed the centroid terms with the highest weight in a graph structure that provides a context for their interpretation and selection.Francois Role, Moahmed Nadif. Beyond cluster labeling: Semantic interpretation of clusters’ contents using a graph representation. Knowledge-Based Systems, Volume 56, January, 2014: 141-155 In this approach, a term-term co-occurrence matrix referred as T_k is first built for each cluster S_k.
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In ENA, logfiles from learning activities are coded for the presence of key elements in a target domain, such as engineering or journalism. For any two elements of the target domain, the strength of their association in an epistemic network is computed based on the frequency of their co-occurrence the logfile data. The model of linkages between elements over time quantifies the development of a network. These models can be projected into a high-dimensional space.
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Hence, when PC is attenuated, listener hypocorrection may be effected. An example would be it is predicted that liquid dissimilation is largely originated from listener hypercorrection of liquid coarticulations. Liquid dissimilation is a co-occurrence restriction on identical features within a phonological domain (typically a word). In an experiment conducted by Abrego- Collier, the listener PC patterns for co-occurring liquids is tested for by examining the listener's identification of targets along an /r/-/l/ continuum.
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Thomas C. Jerdon first described this species in an annotation to his 1845 treatment of the jungle nightjar (C. indicus) in the Illustrations of Indian ornithology. Subsequently, it was sometimes lumped again with C. macrurus, but the co-occurrence of this form and large-tailed nightjar C. macrurus without interbreeding in the northeast of the Indian peninsula was noted in 1987 suggesting their distinctness. It has since been reaffirmed as a full species based on studies on vocalization.
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Although the Beaufort Group is now semi-desert, it has been hypothesized to have had forests historically and been cold since it was near the arctic in the time of Pangea. The Beaufort group is known for dicynodontia fossils and there are many co-occurrences of burnetiamorphs found near other dicynodonts. The co-occurrence of the two burnetiamorphs appeared in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone. In 1838, Andrew Geddes Bain was first to discover fossil reptiles in the Beaufort Zone.
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Dionysius Thrax calls consonants (, 'pronounced with') because they can only be pronounced with a vowel. He divides them into two subcategories: , semivowels (, 'half-pronounced'), which correspond to continuants, not semivowels, and , mute or silent consonants (, 'without sound'), which correspond to stops, not voiceless consonants. This description does not apply to some human languages, such as the Salishan languages, in which stops sometimes occur without vowels (see Nuxalk), and the modern conception of consonant does not require co-occurrence with vowels.
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Dinoflagellate cysts described in the literature have been linked to a particular motile stage through morphological similarities and/or co-occurrence in the same population/culture or through the technique of establishing the so-called cyst-theca relation by incubation of the cysts. Geologists use a cyst-based taxonomy, whilst biologists use a motile-stage based taxonomy. Therefore cysts can have different names than the corresponding motile stages. Living cysts can be easily isolated from the sediment using sodium polytungstate, a heavy liquid.
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In the scientific literature on networks, there is some ambiguity associated with the term "small world". In addition to referring to the size of the diameter of the network, it can also refer to the co-occurrence of a small diameter and a high clustering coefficient. The clustering coefficient is a metric that represents the density of triangles in the network. For instance, sparse random graphs have a vanishingly small clustering coefficient while real world networks often have a coefficient significantly larger.
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The resultant seedlings have been recorded flowering two or three years after bushfires, although records are few. No pollinators were recorded during observations for the Banksia Atlas, although banksia flowerheads in general play host to a variety of birds, mammals and insects. The region between Geraldton and Gingin is a rich one for Abietinae banksias, and nine species occur there. Despite this, there is little overlap in range and habitat; Banksia scabrella is unusual in its co-occurrence with B. leptophylla.
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Segmenting the text into topics or discourse turns might be useful in some natural processing tasks: it can improve information retrieval or speech recognition significantly (by indexing/recognizing documents more precisely or by giving the specific part of a document corresponding to the query as a result). It is also needed in topic detection and tracking systems and text summarizing problems. Many different approaches have been tried: e.g. HMM, lexical chains, passage similarity using word co- occurrence, clustering, topic modeling, etc.
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Psychosis, confusion, and organic brain syndrome may be caused by alcohol misuse, which can lead to a misdiagnosis such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop or worsen as a direct result of long-term alcohol misuse. The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with comorbid occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that remit with alcohol abstinence ("substance-induced"), and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence ("independent" episodes).
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In the original Tversky and Kahneman (1973) research, three major factors that are discussed are the frequency of repetition, frequency of co-occurrence, and illusory correlation. The use of frequency of repetition aids in the retrieval of relevant instances. The idea behind this phenomenon, is that the more an instance is repeated within a category or list, the stronger the link between the two instances becomes. Individuals then use the strong association between the instances to determine the frequency of an instance.
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The resulting matrix has a fixed number of lines equal to N, the number of gray levels, and a dynamic number of columns, determined by the size of the largest zone as well as the size quantization. The more homogeneous the texture, the wider and flatter the matrix. SZM does not required computation in several directions, contrary to RLM and co- occurrence matrix (COM). However, it has been empirically proved that the degree of gray level quantization still has an important impact on the texture classification performance.
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Kleptomania is frequently thought of as being a part of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), since the irresistible and uncontrollable actions are similar to the frequently excessive, unnecessary, and unwanted rituals of OCD. Some individuals with kleptomania demonstrate hoarding symptoms that resemble those with OCD. Prevalence rates between the two disorders do not demonstrate a strong relationship. Studies examining the comorbidity of OCD in subjects with kleptomania have inconsistent results, with some showing a relatively high co- occurrence (45%-60%) while others demonstrate low rates (0%-6.5%).
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Cycads are an ancient group of plants that have considerable evolutionary significance. Two hundred and twenty-two species of birds and twenty-three species of bats have been recorded in the place, which represents thirty-two percent and thirty- five percent, respectively, of the total number of Australian species. Two species of sheath-tail bats and four species of wattled bats exemplify the unusually high degree of species co-occurrence that occurs within the place. The place also has comparatively high mammal, macropod and reptile diversity.
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Aslin studies infant perception and language development using eye tracking and neuroimaging methods. Some of his early work concerned how infants learn the speech categories of their native language based on the noisy input of speech around them. He also studied how this process of forming speech categories interacts with word learning in young pre-verbal infants. Later work, with collaborators Jenny Saffran and Elissa L. Newport addressed how infants segment words from continuous speech by tracking the co-occurrence statistics of the syllables.
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The Face-splitting product and the Block Face-splitting product used in the tensor-matrix theory of digital antenna arrays. These operations used also in Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning systems to minimization of convolution and tensor sketch operations, in a popular Natural Language Processing models, and hypergraph models of similarityBryan Bischof. Higher order co-occurrence tensors for hypergraphs via face-splitting. Published 15 February, 2020, Mathematics, Computer Science, ArXiv, Generalized linear array model in statistics and two- and multidimensional P-spline approximation of data.
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Complications of late Parkinson's disease may include a range of impulse-control disorders, including eating, buying, compulsive gambling, sexual behavior, and related behaviors (punding, hobbyism and walkabout). Prevalence studies suggest that ICDs occur in 13.6–36.0% of Parkinson's patients exhibited at least one form of ICD. There is a significant co-occurrence of pathological gambling and personality disorder, and is suggested to be caused partly by their common "genetic vulnerability". The degree of heritability to ICD is similar to other psychiatric disorders including substance abuse disorder.
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It was soon apparent, however, that a generative component composed solely of P-rules could not generate a wide variety of commonly occurring sentence types. In response to this dilemma, we find Harris proposing an explanation: > Some of the cruces in descriptive linguistics have been due to the search > for a constituent analysis in sentence types where this does not exist > because the sentences are transformationally derived from each other > [boldface added]Harris, Zellig S. (1981). "Co-occurrence and > transformation." In Papers in Syntax.
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If it ends up with a high rank, it will be selected as one of the top T unigrams, along with "learning" and probably "classification". In the final post-processing step, we would then end up with keyphrases "supervised learning" and "supervised classification". In short, the co- occurrence graph will contain densely connected regions for terms that appear often and in different contexts. A random walk on this graph will have a stationary distribution that assigns large probabilities to the terms in the centers of the clusters.
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Gwyneddichnium was originally tentatively suggested as being created by small pseudosuchians. The discovery of the small tanystropheid archosauromorph Tanytrachelos provided a more specific and well-supported trackmaker for Gwyneddichnium. Tanytrachelos and other tanystropheids have an unusual metatarsal-like phalange in the fifth toe which points forwards (like that of Gwyneddichnium) rather than curves back like other reptiles. Tanytrachelos in particular is the most likely trackmaker due to its wide gait, small size, co- occurrence with the tracks, and feet with a fourth digit shorter than the third.
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Reiss is one of the world’s leading scientific authorities on “dual diagnosis” or the co-occurrence of mental illness and intellectual disabilities. About one million Americans have a dual diagnosis, but in severe form the prevalence is closer to about 200,000 people, many of whom also have autism. In 1980 Reiss founded an outpatient clinic for dual diagnosis in the Chicago metropolitan area,Reiss, S. & Trenn, E. (1984). Consumer demand for outpatient mental health services for mentally retarded people. Mental Retardation, 22, 112-115.
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Narcolepsy is often mistaken for depression, epilepsy, the side effects of medications, poor sleeping habits, recreational drug use, or laziness, making misdiagnosis likely. While narcolepsy symptoms are often confused with depression, there is a link between the two disorders. Research studies have mixed results on co-occurrence of depression in people with narcolepsy, as the numbers quoted by different studies are anywhere between 6% and 50%. Narcolepsy can occur in both men and women at any age, although typical symptom onset occurs in adolescence and young adulthood.
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Restoration of Buriolestes schultzi The shape of the teeth of Buriolestes suggest that it was a carnivore which fed on small vertebrates and invertebrates, which provides evidence that sauropodomorphs - and likely all saurischians and dinosaurs as a whole - were ancestrally carnivorous, and that sauropodomorphs, ornithischians, and various groups of theropods independently became herbivorous. The co-occurrence of Buriolestes and Ixalerpeton parallels the simultaneous presence of dinosaurs and non-dinosaur dinosauromorphs at other sites (such as the Ischigualasto and Chinle Formations), suggesting that, after their initial evolutionary radiation, dinosaurs did not rapidly replace their dinosauromorph precursors.
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In the theory of sign phenomena, adapted from that of Charles Sanders Peirce, which forms the basis for much contemporary work in linguistic anthropology, the concept of context is integral to the definition of the index, one of the three classes of signs comprising Peirce's second trichotomy. An index is a sign which signifies by virtue of "pointing to" some component in its context, or in other words an indexical sign is related to its object by virtue of their co-occurrence within some kind of contextual frame.
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The process repeats, each new classifier being trained on a successively larger training corpus, until the whole corpus is consumed, or until a given maximum number of iterations is reached. Other semi-supervised techniques use large quantities of untagged corpora to provide co-occurrence information that supplements the tagged corpora. These techniques have the potential to help in the adaptation of supervised models to different domains. Also, an ambiguous word in one language is often translated into different words in a second language depending on the sense of the word.
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Confounding has traditionally been defined as bias arising from the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors, referred to as confounders, with the main effect(s) of interest. A more recent definition of confounding invokes the notion of counterfactual effects. According to this view, when one observes an outcome of interest, say Y=1 (as opposed to Y=0), in a given population A which is entirely exposed (i.e. exposure X = 1 for every unit of the population) the risk of this event will be RA1.
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Collostructional analysis requires frequencies of words and constructions and is similar to a wide variety of collocation statistics. It differs from raw frequency counts by providing not only observed co-occurrence frequencies of words and constructions, but also (i) a comparison of the observed frequency to the one expected by chance; thus, collostructional analysis can distinguish attraction and repulsion of words and constructions; (ii) a measure of the strength of the attraction or repulsion; this is usually the log-transformed p-value of a Fisher-Yates exact test.
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Externalizing disorders are frequently comorbid or co-occurring with other disorders. Individuals who have the co-occurrence of more than one externalizing disorder have homotypic comorbidity, whereas individuals who have co-occurring externalizing and internalizing disorders have heterotypic comorbidity. It is not uncommon for children with early externalizing problems to develop both internalizing and further externalizing problems across the lifespan. Additionally, the complex interplay between externalizing and internalizing symptoms across development could explain the association between these problems and other risk behaviors, that typically initiate in adolescence (such as antisocial behaviors and substance use).
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The Feature- based Morphometry (FBM) technique uses extrema in a difference of Gaussian scale-space to analyze and classify 3D magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the human brain. FBM models the image probabilistically as a collage of independent features, conditional on image geometry and group labels, e.g. healthy subjects and subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Features are first extracted in individual images from a 4D difference of Gaussian scale- space, then modeled in terms of their appearance, geometry and group co- occurrence statistics across a set of images.
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Keyword Search Search the database using a superfamily, family, or species name plus a sequence, SCOP, PDB, or HMM ID's. A successful search yields the class, folds, superfamilies, families, and individual proteins matching the query. Domain Assignments The database has domain assignments, alignments, and architectures for completely sequence eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, plus sequence collections. Comparative Genomics Tools Browse unusual (over- and under-represented) superfamilies and families, adjacent domain pair lists and graphs, unique domain pairs, domain combinations, domain architecture co-occurrence networks, and domain distribution across taxonomic kingdoms for each organism.
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Collectively, chloroviruses are able to mediate global biogeochemical cycles through phytoplankton turnover. Chlorella, in co-occurrence with other types of microscopic algae like Microcystis aeruginosa, are known to cause toxic algal blooms that typically last from February to June in the Northern hemisphere, resulting in oxygen depletion and deaths of larger organisms in freshwater habitats. Lytic infection of unicellular algae by chloroviruses results in termination of algal blooms and the subsequent release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus trapped in the cells, transporting them to lower trophic levels and, ultimately, fueling the food chain.
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A 1991 report documented the cases of nine patients with both Becker's nevus and malignant melanoma. Of the nine melanomas, five were in the same body area as the Becker's nevus, with only one occurring within the nevus itself. As this was apparently the first documented co-occurrence of the two diseases, there is so far no evidence of higher malignancy rates in Becker's nevi versus normal skin. Nonetheless, as with any abnormal skin growth, the nevus should be monitored regularly and any sudden changes in appearance brought to the attention of one's doctor.
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These cannot be conceptualized as separate entities but rather as a mapping from significant differences in sound to potential (correct) differential denotation. The Saussurean sign exists only at the level of the synchronic system, in which signs are defined by their relative and hierarchical privileges of co- occurrence. It is thus a common misreading of Saussure to take signifiers to be anything one could speak, and signifieds as things in the world. In fact, the relationship of language to parole (or speech-in-context) is and always has been a theoretical problem for linguistics (cf.
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Studies implicate that biological disturbances in the pathways downstream of these candidate genes can lead to the development of achalasia. It is suggested that the disease has roots in neurological dysfunction due to the co-occurrence of microcephaly, the progressive narrowing of the oesophagus in the early stages of life and intellectual disability. Whole-exosome and whole-genome sequencing is proposed for the discovery of the underlying genetic cause of achalasia microcephaly. The familial trend of disease manifestation between siblings along with consanguinity in majority of cases is consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance.
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The human protein apolipoprotein A-1 binding precursor (APOA1BP) was predicted to be a binding partner for CARKD. This prediction is based on co-occurrence across genomes and co- expression. In addition to these data, the orthologs of CARKD in E. coli contain a domain similar to APOA1BP. This indicates that the two proteins are likely to have originated from a common evolutionary ancestor and, according to Rosetta stone analysis theory, are likely interaction partners even in species such as humans where the two proteins are not produced as a single polypeptide.
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Some of these criteria have turned out to be inconsistent, leading to conflict. For example, the Chadronian Land Mammal Age in the late Eocene was defined by the boundaries of the Chadron Formation in Nebraska as well as the co-occurrence of Mesohippus, an early horse, and titanotheres, a family of rhinoceros-like animals. Titanotheres have since been found above the Chadron Formation, leaving the definition of the age uncertain. Since NAMLs are not tied to stratigraphic sections, they are not true chronostratigraphic stages, so some authors place quotes around "Ages".
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Fresh or frozen tumors may be analyzed and categorized with respect to SCNAs, SNVs, and rearrangements quite well using whole genome DNAS approaches. Cancer scDNAseq is particularly useful for examining the depth of complexity and compound mutations present in amplified therapeutic targets such as receptor tyrosine kinase genes (EGFR, PDGFRA etc.) where conventional population-level approaches of the bulk tumor are not able to resolve the co-occurrence patterns of these mutations within single cells of the tumor. Such overlap may provide redundancy of pathway activation and tumor cell resistance.
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The degree to which items evoke one another—either by virtue of their shared context or their co-occurrence—is an indication of the items' semantic relatedness. In an updated version of SAM, pre-existing semantic associations are accounted for using a semantic matrix. During the experiment, semantic associations remain fixed showing the assumption that semantic associations are not significantly impacted by the episodic experience of one experiment. The two measures used to measure semantic relatedness in this model are the Latent semantic analysis (LSA) and the Word association spaces (WAS).
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This is what Tversky and Kahneman referred to as the "conjunction fallacy". To understand this notion via probability theory, think of two mutually unrelated events. The theory assumes that the likelihood of the co-occurrence of the two events is lower than that of the occurrence of either, ignoring the fact that the two events are actually unrelated to one another. To understand this with regards to lavender linguistics, just because two individuals are both self-identified bisexual males does not necessarily mean that they must engage in the same linguistic patterns and social styles.
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This automates the approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis,Quantitative Narrative Analysis; Roberto Franzosi; Emory University © 2010 whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object. Narrative network of US Elections 2012 In other approaches, textual analysis is carried out considering the network of words co-occurring in a text (see for example the Semantic Brand Score). In these networks, nodes are words and links among them are weighted based on their frequency of co-occurrence (within a specific maximum range).
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These differences are furthermore linked to the well-known patterns of under and overgeneralization in infant word learning. Research has also shown that the frequency in co-occurrence of referents is tracked as well, which helps create associations and dispel ambiguities in object-referent models. The ability to appropriately generalize to whole classes of yet unseen words, coupled with the abilities to parse continuous speech and keep track of word-ordering regularities, may be the critical skills necessary to develop proficiency with and knowledge of syntax and grammar.
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The Self-Organizing Map. SOMs have been helpful to researchers in identifying and investigating the constraints and variables of interest in a number of acquisition processes, and in exploring the consequences of these findings on linguistic and cognitive theories. By identifying working memory as an important constraint both for language learners and for current computational models, researchers have been able to show that manipulation of this variable allows for syntactic bootstrapping, drawing not just categorical but actual content meaning from words' positional co-occurrence in sentences.Li, P., Burgess, C., & Lund, K. (2000).
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N. Bluthgen, N.E. Stork, and K. Fiedler, "Bottom-up control and co- occurrence in complex communities: honeydew and nectar determine a rainforest ant mosaic," Oikos, vol. 106, 2004, pp. 344-358. Most myrmecophilous associations are opportunistic, unspecialized, and facultative (meaning both species are capable of surviving without the interaction), though obligate mutualisms (those in which one or both species are dependent on the interaction for survival) have also been observed for many species.B. Stadler and T. Dixon, Mutualism: Ants and their insect partners, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Scale co-occurrence matrix (SCM) is a method for image feature extraction within scale space after wavelet transformation, proposed by Wu Jun and Zhao Zhongming (Institute of Remote Sensing Application, China). In practice, we first do discrete wavelet transformation for one gray image and get sub images with different scales. Then we construct a series of scale based concurrent matrices, every matrix describing the gray level variation between two adjacent scales. Last we use selected functions (such as Harris statistical approach) to calculate measurements with SCM and do feature extraction and classification.
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The most striking sign of Timothy syndrome is the co-occurrence of both syndactyly (about 0.03% of births) and long QT syndrome (1% per year) in a single patient. Other common symptoms include cardiac arrhythmia (94%), heart malformations (59%), and autism or an autism spectrum disorder (80% who survive long enough for evaluation). Facial dysmorphologies such as flattened noses also occur in about half of patients. Children with this disorder have small teeth, which due to poor enamel coating, are prone to dental cavities and often require removal.
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Chitinozoa may have been immature graptolites. The graptolites are colonial organic walled fossils which also occurred from the Ordovician to the Devonian; only part of their life cycle is known and it is not clear how they reproduced. It has been suggested that the Chitinozoa may represent the pre-sicula stages of graptolites - the period between the colony's sexual reproduction, and the formation of a new colony. This hypothesis appears to be supported by the co- occurrence of graptolite and chitinozoan fossils, whose abundances appear to mirror one another.
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The similar chemical composition of the fossils has been seized by both sides of the argument. Proponents suggest that the use of the same chemical framework is an indicator that the two may be related. However, this factor means that situations favouring the preservation of one will also tend to preserve the other - and the preparation techniques used to extract the fossils will also favour or disfavour the two groups equally. Therefore, the apparent co-occurrence of the two fossils may merely be an artifact of their similar composition.
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Renewable energy devices depend on non-renewable resources such as mined metals and use vast amounts of land due to their small surface power density. Manufacturing of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and batteries requires significant amounts of rare-earth elements and increases mining operations, which have significant social and environmental impact. Due to co-occurrence of rare-earth and radioactive elements (thorium, uranium and radium), rare- earth mining results in production of low-level radioactive waste. Solar panels change the albedo of the surface what increases their contribution to global warming.
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The DSM-IV criteria stated that an individual cannot receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder if their symptoms are better accounted for by one of the autism spectrum disorders such as autism and Asperger syndrome. Because of its close relationship and overlapping symptoms, treating people with social phobia may help understand the underlying connections to other mental disorders. Social anxiety disorder is often linked to bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and some believe that they share an underlying cyclothymic-anxious- sensitive disposition. The co-occurrence of ADHD and social phobia is very high, especially when SCT symptoms are present.
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This is sometimes attributed to vascular disruption shared between cleft palate and other forms of cleft defects occurring together with ABS; this co-occurrence suggests an "intrinsic" defect of the blood circulation. The second theory postulates the involvement of an intrauterine disruption during pregnancy followed by a cascade of events involving amniotic rupture. When spontaneous rupture of the amnion occurs early in the second trimester, the separation of amnion from chorion produces many small, thin strands that can become entangled within digits and toes. Later, as the fetus grows but the bands do not, the bands become constricting.
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There is no concentration above which toxicity will occur and below which toxicity will not occur. This fact may be overlooked by some users of ERL/ERM's, and do so could mislead the decisionmaking process. The derivation of ERL and ERM can also cause further misconceptions - since only effects data is used in determining an ERL/ERM, there are also overlapping concentrations where there is no co-occurrence of toxicity. Concentrations that did not elicit a significant effect are left out of the calculation when determining the 10th and 50th percentile values (ERL and ERM respectively).
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Small-world properties are found in many real-world phenomena, including websites with navigation menus, food webs, electric power grids, metabolite processing networks, networks of brain neurons, voter networks, telephone call graphs, airport networks, and social influence networks. Cultural networks , semantic networks and word co-occurrence networks have also been shown to be small- world networks. Networks of connected proteins have small world properties such as power-law obeying degree distributions. Similarly transcriptional networks, in which the nodes are genes, and they are linked if one gene has an up or down-regulatory genetic influence on the other, have small world network properties.
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After the segmentation, many features can be extracted and the relative net change from longitudinal images (delta- radiomics) can be computed. Radiomic features can be divided into five groups: size and shape based–features, descriptors of the image intensity histogram, descriptors of the relationships between image voxels (e.g. gray-level co- occurrence matrix (GLCM), run length matrix (RLM), size zone matrix (SZM), and neighborhood gray tone difference matrix (NGTDM) derived textures, textures extracted from filtered images, and fractal features. The mathematical definitions of these features are independent of imaging modality and can be found in the literature.
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Moisei Uritsky Despite her refusal to name any accomplices, in the official announcement of the assassination attempt, Sverdlov blamed the Right SRs, although they themselves denied any involvement. Moisei Uritsky, People's Commissar for Internal Affairs in the Northern Region and head of the Cheka in Petrograd, had been assassinated nearly two weeks prior to the attack on Lenin. While the Cheka did not find any evidence linking the two events, their co-occurrence appeared significant in the overall context of the intensifying civil war. The Bolshevik reaction was an abrupt escalation in the persecution of their opponents.
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The Duc de Luynes in his 1835 study noted the co-occurrence of the symbol with the eagle, the cockerel, the head of Medusa, Perseus, three crescent moons, three ears of corn, and three grains of corn. From this, he reconstructed feminine divine triad which he identified with the "triple goddess" Hecate. The triskeles was adopted as emblem by the rulers of Syracuse. It is possible that this usage is related with the Greek name of the island of Sicily, Trinacria (Τρινακρία "having three headlands").Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon (A Lexicon Abridged from), Oxford, 1944, p.
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Affinity analysis is a data analysis and data mining technique that discovers co-occurrence relationships among activities performed by (or recorded about) specific individuals or groups. In general, this can be applied to any process where agents can be uniquely identified and information about their activities can be recorded. In retail, affinity analysis is used to perform market basket analysis, in which retailers seek to understand the purchase behavior of customers. This information can then be used for purposes of cross-selling and up-selling, in addition to influencing sales promotions, loyalty programs, store design, and discount plans.
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Deborah M. Capaldi was born in Leeds, England, and holds dual citizenship with the United States and the European Union. She attended the University of York and obtained a Bachelor of the Arts in Sociology in 1970. Capaldi continued her education at the University of Oregon, where she completed a Masters of Science in Industrial/Organizational Psychology in 1983 and a PhD in Developmental Psychology in 1991. Her dissertation, conducted under the supervision of Gerald Patterson, was titled The co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: A longitudinal study of general adjustment and familial factors.
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Evaluative conditioning is defined as a change in the valence of a stimulus that is due to the pairing of that stimulus with another positive or negative stimulus. The first stimulus is often referred to as the conditioned stimulus and the second stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus becomes more positive when it has been paired with a positive unconditioned stimulus and more negative when it has been paired with a negative unconditioned stimulus. Evaluative conditioning thus refers to attitude formation or change toward an object due to that object's mere co-occurrence with another object.
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There is documented "co-occurrence of gamasoidosis and various immunosuppressive disorders" and physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients, Despite this, while immunosuppression can "increase susceptibility, it is not necessarily a pre-requisite for infestation". Dermatoscopy can help to exclude the diagnosis of delusional parasitosis. Pets such as canaries, cats, dogs and gerbils can be infested also, diagnosis can be made by examining their feathers or fur for mites and is best carried out by a veterinary professional.
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"Information Retrieval systems rank documents according to statistical similarity measures based on the co-occurrence of terms in queries and documents". The MLIR system was created and optimised in such a way that facilitates dictionary based translation of queries. This is because of the fact that queries tend to be short, a couple of words, which, despite not providing a lot of context it is a more feasible than translating whole documents, due to practical reasons. Despite all this, the MLIR system is highly dependent on a lot of resources such as automated language detection software.
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Information retrieval systems incorporating this approach count the number of times that groups of terms appear together (co-occur) within a sliding window of terms or sentences (for example, ± 5 sentences or ± 50 words) within a document. It is based on the idea that words that occur together in similar contexts have similar meanings. It is local in the sense that the sliding window of terms and sentences used to determine the co-occurrence of terms is relatively small. This approach is simple, but it captures only a small portion of the semantic information contained in a collection of text.
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Other users can then browse through tags; a click on a tag connects a user to similarly tagged materials. Tags furthermore enable tag clouds, which graphically represent the popularity of tags, demonstrating co-occurrence relations between tags and thus jump from one tag to another. Dcog has also been used to understand learning and communication in clinical settings and to obtain an integrated view of clinical workplace learning. It has been observed how medical actors use and connect gestural practices, along with visual and haptic structures of their own bodies and of artifacts such as technological instruments and computational devices.
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As reflected by at least 31 therizinosaurid footprints at the Cantwell Formation of Alaska, some species formed small herds, which is consistent with the complex brain and ear structure in these theropods. The co-occurrence with hadrosaurids on this area may also indicate that these very different dinosaurs benefited from an ecological interaction, just as some animals today congregate together for mutual beneficial reasons, such as augmented resource acquisition or lesser predation pressure. It is also possible that a herd of hadrosaurids and therizinosaurids walked across this terrain at different times and did not encounter each another. Regardless of these explanations, the therizinosaurid trackway reflects a gregarious behaviour in these theropods.
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This is also confirmed by the occurrence of unstable biomolecules in the coal samples, including Labdanoic Acid, Ferruginol, Sugiol, Oxototarol, Sitosterol and Cholesterol. These coals are generally dominated by Vitrain macerals, with exceptions where there is a great percentage of Inertinite. This led to interpretation as a result of wildfire or peat fire activity, confirmed by the co-occurrence of charcoal fragments. Sesquiterpenoids and Diterpenoids were also recovered from the coal, common in Conifers as well as in other plants such as angiosperms and bryophytes.RYBICKI, M., MARYNOWSKI, L., & SIMONEIT, B. R. (2015): Sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids from Lower Jurassic sub-bituminous coal from the “Blanowice Formation”, southern Poland.
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The process can be augmented through NLP (natural language processing) algorithms that interrogate segments of text for possible alternatives such as word order, spacing and hyphenation. NLP can also be used to identify sentence structure and categorize text strings according to grammar (for example, categorizing a string of text as a noun based on a preceding string of text known to be an article). Graphic representation of co-occurrence networks allow them to be visualized and inferences drawn regarding relationships between entities in the domain represented by the dictionary of terms applied to the text corpus. Meaningful visualization normally requires simplifications of the network.
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There are at least two basic directions for embedding term to term relatedness, other than exact keyword matching, into a retrieval model: # compute semantic correlations between terms # compute frequency co-occurrence statistics from large corpora Recently Tsatsaronis focused on the first approach. They measure semantic relatedness (SR) using a thesaurus (O) like WordNet. It considers the path length, captured by compactness (SCM), and the path depth, captured by semantic path elaboration (SPE). They estimate the t_i \cdot t_j inner product by: t_i \cdot t_j = SR((t_i, t_j), (s_i, s_j), O) where si and sj are senses of terms ti and tj respectively, maximizing SCM \cdot SPE.
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There are several inscriptions that seem to contain forms that point to the merging of ẓ and ṭ in Dadanitic. Other examples of linguistic variation attested in the Dadanitic corpus seem to further support the idea that there was a difference between the written and spoken languages at Dadan. The co-occurrence of the ʾ- and h-causatives in two inscriptions suggest that variant forms were available alongside each other at the oasis. If ẓ merged with ṭ this seems to indicate that the reflex of ẓ was voiceless in Dadanitic, similar to its realization in Old Arabic and probably Pre-Hilalian Maghrebian dialects.
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Each word-referent pair was presented 6 times over the course of the training trials; after the completion of the training trials, participants completed a forced-alternative test in which they were asked to choose the correct referent that matched a nonsense word they were given. Participants were able to choose the correct item more often than would happen by chance, indicating, according to the authors, that they were using statistical learning mechanisms to track co-occurrence probabilities across training trials. An alternative hypothesis is that learners in this type of task may be using a “propose-but-verify” mechanism rather than a statistical learning mechanism. Medina et al.
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A process called methanogenesis can also occur around whale falls. Archaea that produce methane can be abundant in anoxic sediment, but are typically not found in co-occurrence with the sulfur reducing bacteria found at whale falls. Whale falls do however support both sulfur reducing bacteria and methane producing archaea, leading to the conclusion that the area is not electron donor limited, and/or there is minimal or no competition for suitable substrate. Concentration gradients of both sulfide and methane can be found around whale falls, with the highest concentration coming within one meter of the carcass, which is several orders of magnitude higher than the surrounding sediment concentrations.
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Apis laboriosa, the Himalayan giant honey bee, is the world’s largest honey bee; single adults can measure up to in length. Before 1980, Apis laboriosa was considered to be a subspecies of the widespread Apis dorsata, the giant honey bee, but in 1980 and for almost 20 years thereafter it was elevated to the rank of a separate species. It was classified once again as a subspecies of Apis dorsata by Engel in 1999, but was confirmed as a full species in 2020 on the basis of co-occurrence with Apis dorsata at many sites with no sign of interbreeding. It is highly adapted to its highland habitat in behavior.
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In fluorescence microscopy, colocalization refers to observation of the spatial overlap between two (or more) different fluorescent labels, each having a separate emission wavelength, to see if the different "targets" are located in the same area of the cell or very near to one another. The definition can be split into two different phenomena, co-occurrence, which refers to the presence of two (possibly unrelated) fluorophores in the same pixel, and correlation, a much more significant statistical relationship between the fluorophores indicative of a biological interaction. This technique is important to many cell biological and physiological studies during the demonstration of a relationship between pairs of bio-molecules.
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Graph cut optimization is a popular tool in computer vision, especially in earlier image segmentation applications. As an extension of regular graph cuts, multi-level hypergraph cut is proposed to account for more complex high order correspondences among video groups beyond typical pairwise correlations. With such hypergraph extension, multiple modalities of correspondences, including low-level appearance, saliency, coherent motion and high level features such as object regions, could be seamlessly incorporated in the hyperedge computation. In addition, as an core advantage over co- occurrence based approach, hypergraph implicitly retains more complex correspondences among its vertices, with the hyperedge weights conveniently computed by eigenvalue decomposition of Laplacian matrices.
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Woodley is primarily known for his research on secular trends in human intelligence. He first gained widespread attention in 2013, when he authored a study reporting that average general intelligence () had decreased by about 1.16 intelligence quotient (IQ) points per decade, possibly due to dysgenic selection, since the Victorian era. This was based on a meta-analysis of studies measuring simple visual reaction time, starting in the late 19th century. Woodley's co-occurrence model predicts that cognitive measures which serve as stable and highly heritable measures of should decline with time due to genetic changes, the Flynn effect being restricted to narrower and less- heritable abilities and skills that rise over time due to environmental improvements.
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The output stream may be a plain text stream or file of characters, but more sophisticated OCR systems can preserve the original layout of the page and produce, for example, an annotated PDF that includes both the original image of the page and a searchable textual representation. "Near- neighbor analysis" can make use of co-occurrence frequencies to correct errors, by noting that certain words are often seen together. For example, "Washington, D.C." is generally far more common in English than "Washington DOC". Knowledge of the grammar of the language being scanned can also help determine if a word is likely to be a verb or a noun, for example, allowing greater accuracy.
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In their 1999 study, Chiappe and colleagues discussed the possibility that individuals might lack tail feathers because they died during molting. Although direct evidence for molting in early birds is missing, the lack of feather abrasion in Confuciusornis specimens suggests that the plumage got periodically renewed. As in modern birds, molting individuals may have been present alongside non-molting individuals, and males and females may have molted at different times during the year, possibly explaining the co-occurrence of specimens with and without long tail feathers. Peters and Petters, on the other hand, suggested that Confuciusornis may have shed the feathers as a defense mechanism, a method used by several extant species.
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They had immediate utility to enhance the regularity of repetition patterns in texts (discourse analysis). By 1946 he had already done extensive transformational analysis in diverse languages such as Kota, Hidatsa, and Cherokee, and of course Hebrew (ancient and modern), as well as English, but he did not feel this was ready for publication until his "Culture and Style" and "Discourse Analysis" papers in 1952. A later series of papers beginning with "Co-occurrence and Transformations in Linguistic Structure" (1957) developed a more general theory of syntax. Harris argued, following Sapir and Bloomfield, that semantics is included in grammar, not separate from it, form and information being two faces of the same coin.
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Constraints are specified in Schematron using an XPath-based language that can be deployed as XSLT code, making it practical for applications such as the following: ; Adjunct to Structural Validation: By testing for co- occurrence constraints, non-regular constraints, and inter-document constraints, Schematron can extend the validations that can be expressed in languages such as DTDs, RELAX NG or XML Schema. ; Lightweight Business Rules Engine: Schematron is not a comprehensive, Rete rules engine, but it can be used to express rules about complex structures with an XML document. ; XML Editor Syntax Highlighting Rules: Some XML editors use Schematron rules to conditionally highlight XML files for errors. Not all XML editors support Schematron.
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An example of such algorithm is adjusting the mean and the standard deviation of Lab channels of the two images.Color Transfer between Images A common algorithm for computing the color mapping when the pixel correspondence is given is building the joint- histogram (see also co-occurrence matrix) of the two images and finding the mapping by using dynamic programming based on the joint-histogram values.Inter-Camera Color Calibration using Cross-Correlation Model Function When the pixel correspondence is not given and the image contents are different (due to different point of view), the statistics of the image corresponding regions can be used as an input to statistics-based algorithms, such as histogram matching. The corresponding regions can be found by detecting the corresponding features.
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The story of the Davidson family and the killer whales was dramatised by Tom Mead in the book Killers of Eden.Tom Mead (1961) Killers of Eden, Angus and Robertson In 2004, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation produced a documentary, Killers in Eden,YouTube, Killers in Eden based on a book of the same name.Danielle Clode (2002) Killers in Eden, Allen and Unwin The documentary featured numerous period photographs taken by C.E. Wellings and W.T. Hall of the phenomenon and also featured interviews with elderly eyewitnesses. While co-operative hunting between humans and wild cetaceans exists in other parts of the world, the relationship between whalers and killer whales in Eden appears to be unique, despite the widespread co- occurrence of whalers and killer whales elsewhere.
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Overnutrition has been associated with obesity, which the USDAUSDA (2005) and McEwen and SeemanMcEwen and Seeman (1999) correlate with increased risk of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Overnutrition is also often associated with the co-occurrence of caloric sufficiency (or over- sufficiency) and micronutrient deficiency, as is often the case where processed foods that are high in calories, but low in most nutrients, increase in dietary prominence.Evans (1986) Leatherman and Goodman and Guest and JonesGuest and Jones (2005) discuss the growing coincidence of stunting and other symptoms of MMM and obesity within developing nations, sometimes within the same community. This trend can be linked to changing economies and food practices in much of the World under contemporary economic globalization.
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There are a number of prognostic factors in ovarian cancer. Positive prognostic factors - those indicating better chances of survival - include no residual disease after surgery (stage III/IV), complete macroscopic resection (stage IV), BRCA2 mutations, young age (under 45 years), nonserous type, low histologic grade, early stage, co-occurrence with endometrial cancer, and low CA-125 levels. There is conflicting evidence for BRCA1 as a prognostic factor. Conversely, negative prognostic factors - those that indicate a worse chance of survival - include rupture of the ovarian capsule during surgery, older age (over 45 years), mucinous type, stage IV, high histologic grade, clear cell type, upper abdominal involvement, high CA-125 levels, the presence of tumor cells in the blood, and elevated cyclooxygenase-2.
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Life restoration of the mosasaur Hainosaurus feeding on a cephalopod This timeline of mosasaur research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, and taxonomic revisions of mosasaurs, a group of giant marine lizards that lived during the Late Cretaceous Epoch. Although mosasaurs went extinct millions of years before humans evolved, humans have coexisted with mosasaur fossils for millennia. Before the development of paleontology as a formal science, these remains would have been interpreted through a mythological lens. Myths about warfare between serpentine water monsters and aerial thunderbirds told by the Native Americans of the modern western United States may have been influenced by observations of mosasaur fossils and their co-occurrence with creatures like Pteranodon and Hesperornis.
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Smaller crocodilian teeth are also present, with two distinct morphotypes: an ovoid form bearing ridges, which has been referred to two different species of Bernissartia; and a compressed, triangular form bearing heavy ornamentation, which has been attributed to the Atoposauridae. However, given the uniform small size of these teeth, and the co-occurrence of these morphotypes in some crocodilians, they may belong to the same species. Skeleton of the co-existing nodosaurid Animantarx Larger Eolambia would have been vulnerable to the large neovenatorid theropod Siats, which was discovered by expeditions from the FMNH. A variety of smaller maniraptoran theropods are also present in the Mussentuchit, which would have functioned as scavengers; their remains include teeth attributed to the Dromaeosauridae, Paronychodon, and Richardoestesia.
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Recently, fossils of plant sporangia have been found in Oman with cryptospores showing concentric lamellae in their walls, similar to liverworts. The earliest known cryptospores are from Middle Ordovician (Dapingian) strata of Argentina. Spores from the Lindegård Mudstone (late Katian–early Hirnantian) represent the earliest record of early land plant spores from Sweden and possibly also from Baltica and implies that land plants had migrated to the palaeocontinent Baltica by at least the Late Ordovician. This discovery reinforces the earlier suggestion that the migration of land plants from northern Gondwana to Baltica in the Late Ordovician was facilitated by the northward migration of Avalonia, which is evidenced by the co-occurrence of reworked, Early–Middle Ordovician acritarchs, possibly suggesting an Avalonian provenance in a foreland basin system.
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Both findings may indicate that therizinosaurids were far more disperse than previously thought. The idea of a land bridge is even more supported by the multiple co-occurrence of hadrosaurid and therizinosaurid footprints at the lower Cantwell Formation of the Denali National Park, which reflects an important faunal exchange between landmasses. These tracks show the dominant presence of hadrosaurids and a reduced concentration of therizinosaurids in the same location at potentially the same time. As indicated by the discovery of a waterlily-like impression representing a single fossil leaf from the same site, the trackway was made by the dinosaurs as they crossed a shallow body of water away from the main river channels, which is curious given that during the Late Cretaceous this part of North America was a semi-arid habitat.
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Maxwell (2000) and other researchers have found substantial evidence that there is strong co-occurrence between prostitution, drug use, drug selling, and involvement in non-drug crimes, particularly property crime. Because the activity is considered criminal in many jurisdictions, its substantial revenues are not contributing to the tax revenues of the state, and its workers are not routinely screened for sexually transmitted diseases which is dangerous in cultures favouring unprotected sex and leads to significant expenditure in the health services. According to the Estimates of the costs of crime in Australia, there is an "estimated $96 million loss of taxation revenue from undeclared earnings of prostitution". On top of these physical issues, it is also argued that there are psychological issues that prostitutes face from certain experiences and through the duration or repetition.
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Similarly, it is important to select a self-report sexual risk measure which meets the study's assessment needs. Dichotomous (yes/no) evaluation of engagement in risk behaviors (risk screening), assessing the level of risk via frequency of engagement in risk behaviors (risk assessments) and detailed event-level data related to the co- occurrence of other factors (e.g., alcohol use or primary versus secondary partners) that may facilitate engaging in risk behaviors (risk-event data) are unequivocal, serving very distinct functions in evaluating self-reported risk behavior. Attention should also be paid to the period of time over which self- reported risk measures ask individuals to recall the occurrence and frequency of engaging in risk behavior; generally, recalling frequency of risk behaviors over a period of approximately three months supports recall accuracy.
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These thunderbirds were said to have warred with water monsters, which agrees well with the co-occurrence of Pteranodon and the ancient marine reptiles of the seaway over which it flew. The formal study of pterosaurs began in the late 18th century when naturalist Cosimo Alessandro Collini of Mannheim, Germany published a description of an unusual animal with long arms, each bearing an elongated finger. He recognized that this long finger could support a membrane like that of a bat wing, but because the unnamed creature was found in deposits that preserve marine life he concluded that these strange arms were used as flippers. The creature was restudied again in the very early 19th century by French anatomist Georges Cuvier, who recognized both that the creature was a reptile and that its "flippers" were wings.
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Orthacanthus and Triodus have a predator-prey relationship where specifically there is predation of Orthacanthus on Triodus. Cranial remains of specimens of both Orthacanthus and Triodus were from the Upper Carboniferous in Puertollano basin, Spain, and give evidence of this predator-prey relationship. Numerous and well preserved cephalic elements of Triodus were associated with the cranial remains of Orthacanthus, and is explained by the inclusion of occipital spines of Triodus in the buccal cavity of Orthacanthus. Additional evidence is the co-occurrence of one Orthacanthus spine with many Triodus spines, which likely penetrated the soft tissue and cartilage of the mouth of Orthacanthus, similarly to modern sharks that feed on stingrays where the spines of stingrays have been found within and around the buccal cavities of Carcharhinus, Galeocerdo, Negaprion and Sphyrna.
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It is also worth noting that Southern and Southwestern British immigrants traveled to the American colonies as well and their dialects would have been used as a model to blacks, leading to a drawback, the introduction, and subsequent loss of habitual do (be) in America, which was also the problem with the first expansion of the diffusion hypothesis. Another hypothesis for the origins of habitual be in NWBE and afterwards into AAE is the most logical and the strongest of the lot. The decreolization theory for the emergence of habitual be in AAE is the most likely and most supported of the theories of its origin. It involves the decreolization process of Caribbean English creole, with the loss of does (be), which itself is a decreolization of a previous creole habitual marker and its co-occurrence with be.
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Connectionism These findings also relate to Connectionism. Connectionism attempts to model the cognitive language processing of the human brain, using computer architectures that make associations between elements of language, based on frequency of co-occurrence in the language input.. Frequency has been found to be a factor in various linguistic domains of language learning.. Connectionism posits that learners form mental connections between items that co-occur, using exemplars found in language input. From this input, learners extract the rules of the language through cognitive processes common to other areas of cognitive skill acquisition. Since connectionism denies both innate rules and the existence of any innate language-learning module, L2 input is of greater importance than it is in processing models based on innate approaches, since, in connectionism, input is the source of both the units and the rules of language.
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This gives a framework for the control structure required in high-level vision problems. He has also extended the forward-checking tree search technique to propositional logic.An Approximate Linear Time Propagate and Divide Theorem Prover for Propositional Logic, with S.H. Wu, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1987, pp. 141-155 In the low-and mid- level areas, Haralick has worked in image texture analysis using spatial gray tone co-occurrence texture features.Textural Features for Image Classification, with S. Shamnugam, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, Vol SMC-3, No. 2,1973Statistical and Structural Approaches to Texture, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 67, No. 5, May, 1979, pp. 786-804 These features have been used with success on biological cell images, x-ray images, satellite images, aerial images and many other kinds of images taken at small and large scales.
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The rare bee Andrena lauracea is known only from these two surveys (one bee specimen each) and from two specimens from Texas. Biologists from Washington University in St Louis are currently studying changes in pollinator activity by comparing these older data sets to new data. Study was published in Science, February 2013, Plant- Pollinator Interactions over 120 Years: Loss of Species, Co-Occurrence and Function by Laura A. Burkle1, John C. Marlin, Tiffany M. Knight.[5] ITIS records citing taxon author "Robertson, 1903" ITIS Kingdom Animalia Bombus auricomus (Robertson, 1903) Megachile campanulae (Robertson, 1903) Nomada cuneata (Robertson, 1903) Nomada dentariae (Robertson, 1903) Nomada ovata (Robertson, 1903) Sphecodes cressonii (Robertson, 1903) Sphecodes illinoensis (Robertson, 1903) Triepeolus micropygius Robertson, 1903 Triepeolus micropygius micropygius Robertson, 1903 Triepeolus simplex Robertson, 1903 Publications Robertson, C. 1896: Notes on bees of the genus Prosopis, with descriptions of new species.
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To Thomsen the find circumstances were the key to dating. In 1821 he wrote in a letter to fellow prehistorian Schröder: > nothing is more important than to point out that hitherto we have not paid > enough attention to what was found together. and in 1822: > we still do not know enough about most of the antiquities either; ... only > future archaeologists may be able to decide, but they will never be able to > do so if they do not observe what things are found together and our > collections are not brought to a greater degree of perfection. This analysis emphasizing co-occurrence and systematic attention to archaeological context allowed Thomsen to build a chronological framework of the materials in the collection and to classify new finds in relation to the established chronology, even without much knowledge of their provenience.
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These assemblages are marked by high abundances of taxa such as Betula, the co- occurrence of now allopatric species such as Fraxinus and Picea, and the low abundance of taxa that are now modernly abundant, such as Pinus. These associations are evident across Alaska, eastern North America, Europe and the southwestern US. The environmental conditions during the Pleistocene offered a climate that was more productive for plant species than climate conditions that exist today. This is evident through extensive records of high abundances of broadleaved trees Ulmus, Ostrya, Fraxinus and Quercus mixed with boreal conifers such as Picea and Larix during the late Holocene. New evidence states that deglacial temperatures are now hypothesized to be a major contributor to the formation of no-analog plant communities in the Midwestern US. Christensen bog fauna during this time period also represent a significant example of no- analog assemblages from the Pleistocene.
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Given a database in which each entry has multiple attributes (viewed as a 0–1 matrix with a row per database entry and a column per attribute) they use MinHash-based approximations to the Jaccard index to identify candidate pairs of attributes that frequently co-occur, and then compute the exact value of the index for only those pairs to determine the ones whose frequencies of co-occurrence are below a given strict threshold.. The MinHash algorithm has been adapted for bioinformatics, where the problem of comparing genome sequences has a similar theoretical underpinning to that of comparing documents on the web. MinHash-based tools allow rapid comparison of whole genome sequencing data with reference genomes (around 3 minutes to compare one genome with the 90000 reference genomes in RefSeq), and are suitable for speciation and maybe a limited degree of microbial sub-typing. There are also applications for metagenomics and the use of MinHash derived algorithms for genome alignment and genome assembly.
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Associative neural network models of language acquisition are one of the oldest types of cognitive model, using distributed representations and changes in the weights of the connections between the nodes that make up these representations to simulate learning in a manner reminiscent of the plasticity-based neuronal reorganization that forms the basis of human learning and memory. Associative models represent a break with classical cognitive models, characterized by discrete and context-free symbols, in favor of a dynamical systems approach to language better capable of handling temporal considerations. A precursor to this approach, and one of the first model types to account for the dimension of time in linguistic comprehension and production was Elman's simple recurrent network (SRN). By making use of a feedback network to represent the system's past states, SRNs were able in a word-prediction task to cluster input into self-organized grammatical categories based solely on statistical co-occurrence patterns.
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With Richard N. Aslin and Jenny Saffran, Newport introduced statistical learning to the study of natural language acquisition: the hypothesis that infants, young children, and adults acquire the structure of languages by computing the statistics of the co-occurrence of elements - which elements of the sound stream occur most frequently, and which elements occur consistently together or predictively - and using these statistics to find the words, phrases, and sentence structures of their languages. They suggested that this process is implicit (therefore related to the more general notion of implicit learning) and can be done rapidly and online during language listening. Newport and Aslin have gone on from their initial study of word segmentation to reveal the statistical computations done by children and adults in forming word categories, verb argument structure and phrase structure and also have shown that this type of computation is not unique to language but appears to be a widespread computational ability that appears in other modalities and domains as well.
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The basic word order (constituent order) is SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), or, in the different formulation used by some, AVO (A = subject of transitive verb or ‘agent’, V = verb, O = object of transitive verb), though other orders are possible in less neutral contexts. It also has the basic orders GN (Genitive-Noun, that is, possessor-possessed), NA (Noun- Adjective), and NP-Rel (Head Noun-Relative Clause). It has few adpositions (prepositions or postpositions); rather these relational and locative functions are signaled by a rich set of suffixes and clitics attached primarily to verbs, but also to other parts of speech; it also has some relational nouns (possessed noun constructions that function as adpositions). The co-occurrence in a language of the orders SVO, NA, GN, and NP-Rel is somewhat unusual for a language with SVO basic word order typology, where NG (Noun + Genitive) would be the expected order, rather than Nivaclé’s GN. SVO languages also tend to have Preposition-Noun order, too, though prepositions are mostly lacking in this language.
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Simpler, clearer, and more usable definitions of the diagnosis were supported by certain members of the DSM-5 workgroup (see next paragraph); these were debated but deemed premature, because more "research [is] needed to establish a new classification system of equal or greater validity" to the existing system. Because of DSM-5's continuing problematic categorical foundation, schizoaffective disorder's conceptual and diagnostic validity remains doubtful. After enough research is completed and data exists, future diagnostic advances will need to either eliminate and replace, or soften and bridge, the hard categorical separation of mood disorders from schizophrenia; most likely using a spectrum or dimensional approach to diagnosis. More parsimonious definitions than the current one were considered by Carpenter and the DSM-5 workgroup: > One option for the DSM-5 would have been to remove the schizoaffective > disorder category and to add affective [or mood] symptoms [that is, mania, > hypomania, mixed episode, or depression] as a dimension to schizophrenia and > schizophreniform disorder or to define a single category for the co- > occurrence of psychosis and mood symptoms.
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Thomsen was the first to use the terms Stone Age, Bronze Age and the Iron Age. When detractors asked rhetorically why there was no ”glass age,” Thomsen responded that glass beads were found in all three periods, but bowls of glass only in the Iron Age. To Thomsen the find circumstances were the key to dating. As early as 1821, he wrote in a letter to fellow antiquarian Schröder that, ”[n]othing is more important than to point out that hitherto we have not paid enough attention to what was found together,” and, the next year, that ”[we] still do not know enough about most of the antiquities either … only future archaeologists may be able to decide, but they will never be able to do so if they do not observe what things are found together and our collections are not brought to a greater degree of perfection.”Gräslund 1987:23 This analysis emphasizing co-occurrence and systematic attention to archaeological context allowed Thomsen to build a chronological framework of the materials in the collection and to classify new finds in relation to the established chronology, even without much knowledge of its provenience.
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