The virus is typically transmitted by a biting midge, Culicoides paraensis, that ranges from Argentina to as far north as Wisconsin.
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Dr. McAlister herself hates chocolate, but she is fond of the kind of flies that pollinate the cacao plant — a variety of biting midge.
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Potthastia pastoris is a non-biting midge species in the genus Potthastia.
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Potthastia gaedii is a non-biting midge species in the genus Potthastia.
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Potthastia montium is a non-biting midge species in the genus Potthastia.
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Potthastia longimana is a non-biting midge species in the genus Potthastia.
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Potthastia iberica is a non-biting midge species in the genus Potthastia.
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Culicoides crepuscularis is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae.
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Nilobezzia mallochi is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae.
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Culicoides villosipennis is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae.
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Phaenobezzia opaca is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae.
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Podonominae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Diamesinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Diamesini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Protanypini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Corethrella brakeleyi is a species of frog-biting midge in the family Corethrellidae.
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Chironominae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Chironomini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Pseudochironomini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Tanytarsini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Prodiamesinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Compteromesa is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Monodiamesa is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Odontomesa is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Prodiamesa is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Anatopyniini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Telmatogetoninae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Telmatogeton is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Thalassomya is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Procladiini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Tanypodini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Macropelopiini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Pentaneurini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Natarsiini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Krenopelopia is a Holarctic genus of the subfamily Tanypodinae of the non- biting midge family Chironomidae.
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Metriocnemus picipes. Cricotopus sp., male on grass. Orthocladiinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae).
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Leptoconops fortipalpus is a species of biting midge belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. It occurs in the Damodar River valley, Jarkhand state, India.
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Leptoconops brevistylus is a species of biting midge belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. It occurs in the Damodar River valley, Jarkhand state, India.
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Allantocystis is a genus in the family Allantocystidae. Its only species is Allantocystis dasyhelei, a gregarine parasite of the larval biting midge Dasyhelea obscura.
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The earliest known fossil is of a Haemoproteus like organism (Paleohaemoproteus burmacis) was found in the abdominal cavity of a female biting midge trapped 100 million years ago in amber found in Myanmar.
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The increased amount of standing water and flood-affected ground caused a summer-long increased population of biting midge gnats (sand flies), fungus gnats, flies, and mosquitoes, with the above-mentioned public health concerns.
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Clinotanypodini is a tribe of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae). It was traditionally known as Coelotanypodini Fittkau, 1962, but sources such as Fauna Europaea now recognize Clinotanypi Lipina, 1928 as having priority.
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Forcipomyia squamipennis is a biting midge species in the genus Forcipomyia. It is an important pollinator of cacao trees (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana, and other related midges pollinate the tree in other parts of the tropics.
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Culicoides variipennis is a long biting midge. It is a part of the subgenus Monoculicoides and has many subspecies. Found in North America, C. variipennis transmits Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, akabane virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease.
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Tanypodinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae). The larvae are generally carnivorous and their mouthparts are adapted for predation on small invertebrates (including other chironomid larvae) although 1st and 2nd instar larvae also feed on algae.
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Chironomus zealandicus, commonly known as the New Zealand midge, common midge, or non-biting midge, is an insect of the Chironomidae family. The worm like larvae known to fisherman and a common name as blood worm due to its red color and elongated blood gills.
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The ponds also support a diverse aquatic invertebrate assemblage including, water boatman, pond skater, great diving beetle, water beetle, stonefly larvae, mayfly larvae, damselfly larvae dragonfly larvae, caddisfly larvae, non-biting midge larvae, blackfly larvae, cranefly larvae, midge larvae, water louse, freshwater shrimp and freshwater snail.
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Paleohaemoproteus is an extinct genus of Haemoproteus like organisms. The type species and only known example is that of an isolate found in the abdominal cavity of a female biting midge trapped 100 million years ago in amber found in Myanmar. The amber has been dated to the Early Cretaceous epoch.
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Platysmittia is a genus of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae). Only two species are known. P. fimbriata is recorded from Tennessee and North Carolina. P. bilyji is known from Pennsylvania and Maryland, Larvae of the two species can be told apart by the longer 4th antennal segment in P. bilyji.
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Clunio marinus is a non-biting midge of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae). It is found in the intertidal zone of the European Atlantic Coast from Spain to Iceland. The species is a long-standing model system in Chronobiology, particularly for circalunar clocks and the evolution of biological clocks. Its genome has been sequenced.
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Chironomus riparius, also known as Chironomus thummi and commonly known as the harlequin fly, is a species of non-biting midge. Their larvae are known by the common name of blood worm due to their red colouration. It is common in both North America and Europe. The species was described in 1804 by Johann Wilhelm Meigen.
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M. ozzardi is transmitted by two types of arthropods that feed on the blood of humans: biting midges (genus Culicoides) and blackflies (genus Simulium). In the Caribbean, M. ozzardi uses the biting midge as its intermediate host. The black fly serves as the intermediate host for the filariae parasite in the Amazon Basin and mainland South America.
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Chironomus annularius (commonly known as bayflies or muffleheads) is a species of non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae. It is usually found in regions with bodies of fresh water but can be found in almost every environment. It tends to form "hotspots" around specific areas. The species is distinguished by the size of its chromosomes and the lack of a proboscis.
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Leptoconops gravesi is an extinct species of biting midge belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. This species was described from fossilized remains preserved in Late Cretaceous amber from Vendée, France. The piece of amber containing the holotype specimen also preserved a scelionine wasp and an earwig nymph. This species was named in honor of Didier Graves, the collector of the holotype specimen.
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Biting midge The biting midges are small flies that breed on sandy beaches near the sea. Some species also lay their eggs on decaying leaf litter, humus, manure, and partially rotten vegetation, in tree holes, and the cut stumps of banana trees. They feed on the blood of mammals, birds, reptiles, and humans. Their short mouthparts prohibit them from biting through clothing.
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More recently, outbreaks have been reported in the Iberian Peninsula and Thailand. AHS has never been reported in the Americas, eastern Asia, or Australasia. Epidemiology is dependent on host-vector interaction, where cyclic disease outbreaks coincide with high numbers of competent vectors. The most important vector for AHS in endemic areas is the biting midge Culicoides imicola, which prefers warm, humid conditions.
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Chironomus annularius (commonly known as bayfly or mufflehead) is a species of non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae. It is usually found in regions with bodies of fresh water but can be found in almost every environment. It tends to form "hotspots" around specific areas. The species is distinguished by the size of its chromosomes and the lack of a proboscis.
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It seems to favour smaller water bodies and apparently tolerates poor water quality, including turbid water, reasonably well. In spite of this, blunt-leaved pondweed does not usually proliferate in eutrophic lakes. It is possible that this species is rather sensitive to wind action. In cultivation, P. obtusifolius leaves were eaten by three different species of chironomid (non-biting midge) larvae.
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The distribution of EHD depends greatly on the distribution and abundance of the biting midge (Culicoides variipennis), the level of existing immunity in deer, and the genetic variations in susceptibility. EHD is found in North America, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Seropositive animals have also been found in South America. It occurs most often in the southern United States, although its distribution is not uniform.
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Leptoconops albiventris, the white nono, nono blanc des plages or nono purutia, is a midge species in the genus Leptoconops found in French Polynesia.Ecology of the biting midge Leptoconops albiventris in French Polynesia. I. Biting cycle and influence of climatic factors. Jean-Philippe Aussel, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Volume 7, Issue 1, pages 73–79, January 1993 It was accidentally introduced in the Marquesas archipelago in 1914.
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Once the species emerge from their cocoons and out of the water, their diets change dramatically. The most noticeable change is that the individuals no longer feed on submerged organic particles. They transition to feeding on surface algae, secretions of aphids, and other plant material. Although the species resembles its close relative the mosquito, it is a non- biting midge and does not consume blood.
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Leptoconops amplificatus is an extinct species of biting midge belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae. This species was described from fossilized remains preserved in Lower Cretaceous amber from Lebanon. The species name amplificatus (enlarged, extended) was given in reference to the presence of 13 flagellomeres in the female antennae. L. amplificatus is the only species of Ceratopogonidae to possess this many antennal flagellomeres as well as an elongate, slender cercus.
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In North America, the common vector is the biting midge (Culicoides variipennis). The first identified outbreak of EHDV in the United States in 1955 caused several hundred white-tailed deer to die in New Jersey and Michigan. Cases of EHDV-like die-offs have been reported prior to 1955 (as far back as 1890), but EHDV was not identified in these cases, as its existence was not yet known.
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Non-biting midge flies are a common minor nuisance around man-made bodies of water. One type of midge (a type of fly in the family Dipteran) is a major pollinator of Theobroma cacao (cocoa tree) because of its unique morphological and behavioral characteristics. Having natural pollinators has beneficial effects in both agricultural and biological products because it increases Theobroma cacao crop yield and also density of predators of the midges (still beneficial to all parties).
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For example, Chironomidae (the non- biting midge) are widely distributed in both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Their richness and abundance make them important for ecological processes and networks, and they are one of many invertebrate groups used in biomonitoring. Invertebrate samples can contain as many as 100 species of chironomids which often make up as much as 50% of a sample. Despite this, they are usually not identified below the family level because of the taxonomic expertise and time required.
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It was theorised that TBT disrupts endocrine system by inhibiting cytochrome P450 molecule. Among its myriad functions, P450 converts androgen, which has male-hormone properties, into oestrogen, which has female hormone properties. It was theorised that the high concentration of androgen lead to the masculinization of females. Another indicator species is Chironomus riparius, a species of non-biting midge, which has been used to test the effects of TBT on development and reproduction at sublethal concentrations found in marine environments.
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Zoological Science. 33 (5): 527–536. ISSN 0289-0003. doi:10.2108/zs150173Kvifte, Gunnar Mikalsen; Bernal, Ximena E. (5 de novembro de 2018). «A new species of frog-biting midge from Papua New Guinea with a key to the described Corethrellidae of the Australopapuan region (Diptera, Corethrellidae, Corethrella)». ZooKeys (795): 39–48. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 6232238. PMID 30429656. doi:10.3897/zookeys.795.28543Baranov, Viktor; Kvifte, Gunnar M.; Müller, Patrick; Bernal, Ximena E. (1 de setembro de 2019). «A new species of fossil Corethrella (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from mid- Cretaceous Burmese amber». Cretaceous Research (em inglês).
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Blood from a chicken infected with a male gametocyte (left) and a female gametocyte (right). Parasites in the genus Leucocytozoon have a life cycle that involves both a bird host, and a black fly (with the exception of Leucocytozoon caulleryi which cycles between a bird host and a biting midge). Parasites enter the bird host in a form called a sporozoite through the bite of the blood-sucking black fly. The sporozoites invade host cells in the liver where they undergo asexual replication, forming numerous daughter cells called merozoites within 4–5 days.
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G. lacustris is a predatory insect. The species hunts on or below water surface for insects and other small invertebrates using their strong forelegs which end with claws. They also have piercing and sucking mouthparts in order to consume other small insects that fall into the water surface and to feed on live and dead insects such as culiseta annulata, non-biting midge, and other water invertebrates. With their front pair of legs they’re able to detect ripples and sense vibrations in the surface film from struggling insects and handle or grasp their prey.
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Mordue's research has looked at why humans have different attractiveness to insects such as biting midges Culicoides impunctatus, later research showed that taller people were more likely to be bitten. Mordue researched the sex pheromone n-heptadecane of the biting midge Culicoides nubeculosus, this could be used to make a trap to lure the insects away from livestock and humans. She has also researched the DNA of the several Culicoides species of midges that transmit bluetongue, a disease of livestock. In 2002 Mordue was awarded the Lampitt Medal for outstanding services to the Society of Chemical Industry.
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Bats were abundant on the island as well but the brightly-lit screen attracted these small birds whose stiff- winged flight was easily distinguishable from the flutter of a bat. Birds hunt using superior eyesight and the projector provided welcome light for them in the darkened theater while bats who depend on echo-location do not need it and were seen only incidentally. But both served as first-class controls on the persistent infestation of mosquitoes (and Mimis, an almost invisible biting midge with a most painful bite) encountered everywhere on the island. The base equestrian stables were across from the golf course aka:Lake Bundy.
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The golden topminnow was observed feeding on small proportions of Macrophytes (aquatic vegetation) and a much wider array of aquatic invertebrates, including Gastropoda (snails/slugs), large quantities of Ostracoda (seed shrimp), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Coleoptera (water-beetles), and Chironomidae (non- biting midge flies). The golden topminnow's diet does not include vertebrate prey, and the most common food sources are seed shrimp and midge larvae with water beetles and mayflies as minor contributors to its diet.Killgore, Jack K. 1991. Habitat Value of Aquatic Plants For Fishes. Environmental Laboratory Department of the Army Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6 and University of Maryland Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies.
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