Those old, partially or completely amortized plants are producing extremely cheap power.
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It was not clear why Cemex amortized more than it had previously contemplated.
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Research and development dollars need to be amortized across a fleet of rockets.
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Amortized over the four-year limit on this perk, you're getting $25 of value each year.
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We basically went down and developed a pathway for the technology that would be amortized across four movies.
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"We requested that the net effective rent be amortized over the course of the lease," Ms. Krueger said.
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Of course, it's important to factor in closing costs, which would be amortized over the length of the loan.
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But with the energy and water savings, it continues to have energy savings even after you amortized the cost.
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The developed technology will be amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of 803 months.
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The company said the deal resulted in a gain of about $30 million, which would be amortized over 20 years.
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Historically, the capital and operational costs of this large equipment have required centralized facilities to be amortized over many samples.
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GRUPO EMPRESARIAL SAN JOSE Grupo San Jose said on Thursday it has amortized loans worth 177 million euros and 100 million euros.
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Unfortunately those great artists are few, and heavy investment goes into a production which needs to be amortized over many consumers (1->n).
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Most businesses want their eligible capital expenditures right away instead of waiting for it to be amortized, or spread out over multiple years.
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This includes making mortgage loans to homeowners based on their ability to pay just an initial "teaser" rate, not the fully-amortized rate.
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Congress should put in place laws or mechanisms to allow for the high costs of developing these drugs to be amortized or otherwise defrayed.
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Plus, the R&D costs of those components can be amortized not just against iPhones, but all other devices using the technology as well.
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It's cheaper to be on the ground there, so airfare gets amortized across several nights, and offset by savings on hotel, meals and activities.
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As a result, human capital would be reflected in the accounting reports to be amortized over time just as physical capital is depreciated over time.
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But any spending above $50,000 (and up to $55,000 maximum) will reduce your deduction, and remaining costs must be amortized over 15 years, he said.
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Snel said in answer to questions from lawmaker Pieter Omtzigt that "in general" intangible assets could be amortized in the Netherlands, offsetting profits earned there.
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It will force Oregon ratepayers to pay more for alternative sources rather than buy cheap, fully amortized coal power that's going to be used anyway.
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Brazil's tax authority Receita Federal said BM&FBOVESPA improperly amortized goodwill created during the merger to generate tax credits, BM&FBOVESPA said in a securities filing.
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It's not a brand new invention that's going to be amortized in terms of research and development," the consumer advocate said on "Squawk on the Street.
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But, as the energy calculator points out, the high upfront cost can be amortized out — plus, there's a $27,000 tax credit to help sweeten the deal.
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Amortized over the next 50 to 100 years, the next several generations of humanity, the cost of transition are a screaming deal at almost any price.
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Typically, business equipment is amortized over a multiyear schedule, which is calculated based on how long the equipment might last, a formula known as useful life.
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The company is now going to capitalize the production costs of all original content, rather than just some of it, so the expenses will be amortized over time.
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No matter what the length of the fixed-rate term, they are all amortized over 30 years, so the payments will be relatively comparable to fixed-rate loans.
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In 2026, research and experimental expenditures would have to be written off gradually, or amortized, rather than immediately deducted, which reduces the revenue hit to the federal budget.
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Even if you&aposre a fast writer and crank out a book every two years, that still means every advance has to be amortized over at least 24 months.
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We outsourced the work to our own partners, then amortized our cost over the year by charging startups monthly for the service, which made it easier for them to pay.
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And by extension, the idea that, because viewership can be amortized over lengthy periods of time, it doesn't really matter if the Twin Peaks premiere only drew 500,000 live viewers.
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The early renewal left power transmission companies with a credit because investments they had made in their operations were not fully amortized since licenses were terminated before the expected time.
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"Then the loan converts to an installment loan amortized over 10 or 15 more years," he said, adding that some lenders require a minimum draw when the loan is taken out.
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Now the justification is that, for that building we have energy and water savings, and we calculate it's about 70 cents per square foot, and that is amortized over eight years.
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This upfront payment is being amortized on a straight-line basis, and presented as revenue, over a period from 8 April 2014 through 30 September 2018, the end of the agreement term.
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Companies can negotiate the return of "problematic" concessions and be compensated for non-amortized investments, but they will not be able to bid again for the assets they have returned, he said.
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It also increased the target of amortized mortgage loans to 45 percent of all applicable loans by end-2016, and 50 percent by end-2017, from 39.5 percent as of end-March.
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Amortized bonds, in which the principal on the debt is paid down regularly along with its interest expense over the life of the securities, have caught on among institutions such as banks in China.
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Revenue related to this upfront fee is deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the contract period, as that is the period over which the Company provides its integrated service activities to ONO.
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MEXICO CITY, July 14 (Reuters) - Mexican cement maker Cemex said on Thursday it had amortized debt worth $352.95 million that was due to expire in 2022, as part of its refinancing strategy to lower costs.
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Secondly, the core economics of all technology are that significant up-front engineering costs need to be amortized across large markets in order to deliver cost-effective prices – hence many of these products remain expensive.
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One enormous challenge in this market, however, is that growing seasons mean that the robotic machinery has a lot of downtime and the cost of equipment isn't as easily amortized in other markets with higher utilization.
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MEXICO CITY, May 9 (Reuters) - Mexican cement maker Cemex said on Monday it had amortized debt worth $397.4 million that was due to expire in 2018 and 2019, as part of its refinancing strategy to lower costs.
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The initial costs for localizing supplies and creating storage areas will be amortized over the shelf life of the supplies themselves, which today can be as much as 10 years for bottled water and meals ready to eat.
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SHANGHAI, Jan 13 (Reuters) - China's securities watchdog has tightened its grip on the issuance of so-called amortized bond funds, popular instruments used by investors including banks to legitimately evade taxes, according to two people with knowledge of the situation.
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Regulators, which have previously limited the number of such funds to a maximum of two for each mutual fund house, recently also set a cap of 8 billion yuan ($1.16 billion) for each amortized bond fund at launch, said the sources.
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Retail leases are extremely complicated, and include large amounts for tenant improvement amortized over the lease, a cut of sales revenue for the landlord, and nestled clauses related to sales targets that can drastically affect the financial terms and length of the lease.
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Here are some of the main factors that may affect Swiss stocks: The Swiss-listed eye care company posted a second-quarter loss, as it paid more in taxes, amortized intangible assets and took charges linked to its spin-off from former parent company Novartis.
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They describe the level of attention devoted to every detail, the willingness to search the earth for the right materials, and the obstacles overcome to achieve perfection, all of which would make sense for an actual Apple consumer product, where production expenses could be amortized over millions of units.
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"The bigger question will still be when content costs can fall, and we do not expect that to happen in 2019 as shows purchased last year were still expensive, and costs will be amortized this year," David Dai, senior analyst at Bernstein, and his team said in a May 6 report.
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The company issued USD7533 billion term loans through a five-year USD300 million term loan A and a USD955 million seven-year term loan B, to fully pay off its USD856 million credit facility loans, which were originally scheduled to be amortized from March 2018 on a semi-annual basis until March 2019.
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In an effort to avoid bond downgrades and technical defaults, Navient has sought to exercise its option to accelerate the purchase of remaining pools of loans held within its more fully amortized FFELP trusts, as well as obtain investor approval to extend the maturity dates of the trusts under review for rating actions.
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Under the agreement, creditors will be offered two options: to be paid in full in eight years, four of which will have a grace period and the other four, fully amortized; or to take a reduction and get paid up to 110 million reais once Triunfo's legal team and a commercial court validate the restructuring, Bucione said.
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Certain financial instruments may be recorded at historical cost. Any initial issue premium or discount is amortized to interest over time, and the resulting value is often described as amortized cost.
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For the Fibonacci heap, the find- minimum operation takes constant (O(1)) amortized time. Third edition p. 518. The insert and decrease key operations also work in constant amortized time. Deleting an element (most often used in the special case of deleting the minimum element) works in O(log n) amortized time, where n is the size of the heap.
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The potential function method is commonly used to analyze Fibonacci heaps, a form of priority queue in which removing an item takes logarithmic amortized time, and all other operations take constant amortized time.Cormen et al., Chapter 20, "Fibonacci Heaps", pp. 476–497. It may also be used to analyze splay trees, a self-adjusting form of binary search tree with logarithmic amortized time per operation.
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Thus, we can perform a sequence of n dequeue operations in only time, which implies that the amortized time of each dequeue operation is . Alternatively, we can charge the cost of copying any item from the input array to the output array to the earlier enqueue operation for that item. This charging scheme doubles the amortized time for enqueue but reduces the amortized time for dequeue to .
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Time and space for modifications require amortized analysis. A modification takes O(1) amortized space, and O(1) amortized time. To see why, use a potential function ϕ, where ϕ(T) is the number of full live nodes in T . The live nodes of T are just the nodes that are reachable from the current root at the current time (that is, after the last modification).
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Therefore, deleting a key/value pair takes O(log log M) amortized time.
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Finally, inserting and deleting the three representatives takes O(log M) time. However, since one splits the tree at most once every O(log M) insertions and deletions, this takes constant amortized time. Therefore, inserting a new key/value pair takes O(log log M) amortized time.
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If x is in tree T, then the amortized cost is not modified. The delete operation is O(1) amortized 2–4 tree. Since x was removed from the tree, h_v and c_v pointers may need updating. At most, there will be O(lgq(x)) updates.
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Amortized analysis initially emerged from a method called aggregate analysis, which is now subsumed by amortized analysis. The technique was first formally introduced by Robert Tarjan in his 1985 paper Amortized Computational Complexity, which addressed the need for a more useful form of analysis than the common probabilistic methods used. Amortization was initially used for very specific types of algorithms, particularly those involving binary trees and union operations. However, it is now ubiquitous and comes into play when analyzing many other algorithms as well.
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In computer science, amortized analysis is a method for analyzing a given algorithm's complexity, or how much of a resource, especially time or memory, it takes to execute. The motivation for amortized analysis is that looking at the worst-case run time per operation, rather than per algorithm, can be too pessimistic. While certain operations for a given algorithm may have a significant cost in resources, other operations may not be as costly. The amortized analysis considers both the costly and less costly operations together over the whole series of operations of the algorithm.
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This method uses about 3 comparisons and 1.5 swaps per permutation, amortized over the whole sequence, not counting the initial sort.
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For U.S. federal income tax purposes, DFC are generally amortized over the life of the debt using the straight-line method.
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Typically, amortized analysis is used in combination with a worst case assumption about the input sequence. With this assumption, if X is a type of operation that may be performed by the data structure, and n is an integer defining the size of the given data structure (for instance, the number of items that it contains), then the amortized time for operations of type X is defined to be the maximum, among all possible sequences of operations on data structures of size n and all operations oi of type X within the sequence, of the amortized time for operation oi. With this definition, the time to perform a sequence of operations may be estimated by multiplying the amortized time for each type of operation in the sequence by the number of operations of that type.
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Amortized queues are composed of two singly-linked lists: the front and the reversed rear. Elements are added to the rear list and are removed from the front list. Furthermore, whenever the front queue is empty, the rear queue is reversed and becomes the front, while the rear queue becomes empty. The amortized time complexity of each operation is constant.
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The carriages were single axle with elastic strut and bracing on the main nodes of the fuselage. The rear wheel was amortized and adjustable.
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There are three main ways repayment may be structured: the entire principal balance may be due at the maturity of the loan; the entire principal balance may be amortized over the term of the loan; or the loan may be partially amortized during its term, with the remaining principal due as a "balloon payment" at maturity. Amortization structures are common in mortgages and credit cards.
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In particular, Ctries have an O(1) iterator creation operation, O(1) clear operation, O(1) duplicate operation and an amortized O(logn) size retrieval operation.
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A Queap Q with k = 6 and n = 9 In computer science, a queap is a priority queue data structure. The data structure allows insertions and deletions of arbitrary elements, as well as retrieval of the highest-priority element. Each deletion takes amortized time logarithmic in the number of items that have been in the structure for a longer time than the removed item. Insertions take constant amortized time.
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In computer science, finger search trees are a type of binary search tree that keeps pointers to interior nodes, called fingers. The fingers speed up searches, insertions, and deletions for elements close to the fingers, giving amortized O(log n) lookups, and amortized O(1) insertions and deletions. It should not be confused with a finger tree nor a splay tree, although both can be used to implement finger search trees. Guibas et al.
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The combination of path compression, splitting, or halving, with union by size or by rank, reduces the running time for operations of any type, up to of which are MakeSet operations, to \Theta(m\alpha(n)). This makes the amortized running time of each operation \Theta(\alpha(n)). This is asymptotically optimal, meaning that every disjoint set data structure must use \Omega(\alpha(n)) amortized time per operation. Here, the function \alpha(n) is the inverse Ackermann function.
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Finding an arbitrary element takes O(n) time. This can be reduced to amortized O(1) time if we have a hash table mapping heap elements to heap indices or element pointers.
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Then, according to the invariants, the bucket boundaries are redefined and the elements removed b[i] to the newly formed buckets; running time O(1) (amortized). If displayed, the field bNum is updated.
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For this reason Fibonacci heaps and other amortized data structures may not be appropriate for real-time systems. It is possible to create a data structure which has the same worst- case performance as the Fibonacci heap has amortized performance. One such structure, the Brodal queue, is, in the words of the creator, "quite complicated" and "[not] applicable in practice." Created in 2012, the strict Fibonacci heap is a simpler (compared to Brodal's) structure with the same worst-case bounds.
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Top trees have been implemented in a variety of ways, some of them include implementation using a Multilevel Partition (Top-trees and dynamic graph algorithms Jacob Holm and Kristian de Lichtenberg. Technical Report), and even by using Sleator-Tarjan s-t trees (typically with amortized time bounds), Frederickson's Topology Trees (with worst case time bounds) (Alstrup et al. Maintaining Information in Fully Dynamic Trees with Top Trees). Amortized implementations are more simple, and with small multiplicative factors in time complexity.
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Dietzfelbinger et al. present a dynamic dictionary algorithm that, when a set of n items is incrementally added to the dictionary, membership queries always run in constant time and therefore O(1) worst-case time, the total storage required is O(n) (linear), and O(1) expected amortized insertion and deletion time (amortized constant time). In the dynamic case, when a key is inserted into the hash table, if its entry in its respective subtable is occupied, then a collision is said to occur and the subtable is rebuilt based on its new total entry count and randomly selected hash function. Because the load factor of the second-level table is kept low (1/k), rebuilding is infrequent, and the amortized expected cost of insertions is O(1).
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In almost all cases, the merging of skew heaps has better performance. However merging leftist heaps has worst-case O(log n) complexity while merging skew heaps has only amortized O(log n) complexity.
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This is repeated until no more swaps are necessary or the root is reached. Variants of the weak heap structure allow constant amortized time insertions and decrease-keys, matching the time for Fibonacci heaps..
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Splay trees are self adjusting search trees introduced by Sleator and Tarjan in 1985. Using restructuring heuristic, splay trees are able to achieve insert and delete operations in O(\log n) amortized time, without storing any balance information at the nodes. Moreover, the Working Set Theorem for splay trees states that the cost to access an element in a splay tree is O(\log w(x)) amortized. Iacono's workings set structure obtains the same running time for search, insert and delete in the worst-case.
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In the United States, a five- or ten-year interest-only period is typical. After this time, the principal balance is amortized for the remaining term. In other words, if a borrower had a thirty-year mortgage loan and the first ten years were interest only, at the end of the first ten years, the principal balance would be amortized for the remaining period of twenty years. The practical result is that the early payments (in the interest-only period) are substantially lower than the later payments.
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This amortized worst-case cost can be much closer to the average case cost, while still providing a guaranteed upper limit on the running time. The worst-case analysis is related to the worst-case complexity.
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However, when an increase-size operation causes a resize, the potential value of n decreases to zero after the resize. Allocating a new internal array A and copying all of the values from the old internal array to the new one takes O(n) actual time, but (with an appropriate choice of the constant of proportionality C) this is entirely cancelled by the decrease in the potential function, leaving again a constant total amortized time for the operation. The other operations of the data structure (reading and writing array cells without changing the array size) do not cause the potential function to change and have the same constant amortized time as their actual time. Therefore, with this choice of resizing strategy and potential function, the potential method shows that all dynamic array operations take constant amortized time.
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The interest on loans and mortgages that are amortized—that is, have a smooth monthly payment until the loan has been paid off—is often compounded monthly. The formula for payments is found from the following argument.
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For some implementations these are per-operation time bounds, while for others they are amortized bounds over a sequence of operations. These times are asymptotically optimal among all data structures that manipulate the key only through comparisons.
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A portrait of Pablo de Olavide by Juan Moreno Tejada, painted before 1805. Officials attributed the struggles of Spanish agriculture during the Ancien Régime to the amount of amortized property held by the "mortmains" (primarily the Church and municipalities). These lands were generally poorly cultivated and remained outside the market because they were inalienable—that is, they could not be sold, mortgaged or given away. This led to an increase in the price of "free" land, and the amortized property was not taxable because of the privileges of its owners.
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The use of powers of two enables faster physical addressing through bit operations instead of arithmetic operations of quotient and remainder and ensures the O(1) amortized performance of append operation in the presence of occasional global array copy while expanding.
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The size of the stack is simply the size of the dynamic array, which is a very efficient implementation of a stack since adding items to or removing items from the end of a dynamic array requires amortized O(1) time.
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Unlike a C++ vector, the push_back/pop_back functions are not amortized and are strictly O(1) in time complexity. Because the block list is never reallocated or resized, it maintains strictly O(1) non-amortized worst case performance. Unlike C++'s deque, the O(1) performance guarantee includes the time complexity of working with the block list, whereas the C++ standard only guarantees the deque to be O(1) in terms of operations on the underlying value type. The monoque consists of a size variable and a fixed size block list of blocks with exponentially increasing sizes.
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Each edge whose level is decreased, takes O(\lg n) time to find (using the ET tree operations). In total, each inserted edge takes O(\lg^2 n) time until it is deleted, so the amortized time for deletion is O(\lg^2 n). The remaining part of delete also takes O(\lg^2 n) time, since we have to delete the edge from at most O(\lg n) levels, and deleting from each level takes O(\lg n) (again using the ET operations). In total, the amortized time per update is O(\lg^2 n).
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Negative amortization (also called deferred interest) occurs if the payments made do not cover the interest due. The remaining interest owed is added to the outstanding loan balance, making it larger than the original loan amount. If the repayment model for a loan is "fully amortized", then the last payment (which, if the schedule was calculated correctly, should be equal to all others) pays off all remaining principal and interest on the loan. If the repayment model on a loan is not fully amortized, then the last payment due may be a large balloon payment of all remaining principal and interest.
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IFRS 9 retained most of the measurement guidance for liabilities from IAS 39, meaning most financial liabilities are held at amortized cost, the only change relating to liabilities that utilize the fair value option. For those liabilities, the change in fair value related to the entity's own credit standing is reported in other comprehensive income rather than profit and loss. IFRS 9 retained the concept of fair value option from IAS 39, but revised the criteria for financial assets. Under a fair value option, an asset or liability that would otherwise be reported at amortized cost or FVOCI can use FVPL instead.
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IFRS 9 requires an impairment allowance against the amortized cost of financial assets held at amortized cost or FVOCI. The change in this allowance is reported in profit and loss. For most such assets, when the asset is acquired the impairment allowance is measured as the present value of credit losses from default events projected over the next 12 months. The allowance will continue to be based on the expected losses from defaults on the receivables recognised at the balance sheet date in the next 12 months following, unless there is a significant increase in credit risk ("SICR").
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Hence, the total memory requirement is . The query time is O(polylog(n)) in the worst case. This is in contrast to The Level structure, in which the query time is O(polylog(n)) amortized, but the worst-case time is O(n).
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Finger trees also make efficient deques. Whether the structure is persistent or not, all operations take Θ(1) amortized time. The analysis can be compared to Okasaki's implicit deques, the only difference being that the FingerTree type stores Nodes instead of pairs.
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In computational complexity theory, the potential method is a method used to analyze the amortized time and space complexity of a data structure, a measure of its performance over sequences of operations that smooths out the cost of infrequent but expensive operations..
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It often includes cosmetic updates such as new paint, flooring, tile, countertops, and kitchen appliances. The investor then finds a tenant and becomes a landlord receiving rent, usually on a monthly basis. The property is then refinanced, typically to a fully amortized 30-year loan.
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In the field of analysis of algorithms in computer science, the accounting method is a method of amortized analysis based on accounting. The accounting method often gives a more intuitive account of the amortized cost of an operation than either aggregate analysis or the potential method. Note, however, that this does not guarantee such analysis will be immediately obvious; often, choosing the correct parameters for the accounting method requires as much knowledge of the problem and the complexity bounds one is attempting to prove as the other two methods. The accounting method is most naturally suited for proving an O(1) bound on time.
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In addition to creating significant divergence with FASB, the lack of a FVOCI category would have been inconsistent with the accounting model being developed by the IASB for insurance contracts. There were also concerns that the criteria for qualifying for the amortized cost category were overly stringent and would force many financial instruments to be reported at fair value even though they could be appropriately accounted for at amortized cost. To address these concerns, IASB issued an exposure draft in 2012 proposing limited amendments to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. Meanwhile, IASB and FASB worked together to develop a model for impairment of financial assets.
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In the example above, the part in quantities of 10 could cost 7–10X the cost in quantities of 100. Typically, the law of diminishing returns presents itself at volumes of 100–300 because set-up times, custom tooling and fixturing can be amortized into the noise.
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The loans are made at market interest rates, but are subsidized with an interest credit subsidy that brings the effective rate of the loan to 1%. Loans are amortized for up to 50 years and have terms of 30 to 50 years depending on when the loan was made.
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In both cases, the employee must recognize income for AMT purposes on the bargain or compensation element, the employer is granted a deduction for this, and the employee has basis in the shares received. Circulation and research expenses must be capitalized and amortized.26 USC 56(b)(2).
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Let us say that the cost of creating a table of size n is n. Does this new cost present a difficulty? Not really; it turns out we use the same method to show the amortized O(1) bounds. All we have to do is change the payment.
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Given the EDG over time, by creating a kinetic tournament tree over the edges of the EDG, one can easily maintain the closest pair. This closest pair KDS is efficient, amortized responsive, and compact, but in general is not local. The following approach presents a local KDS for maintenance of the closest pair.
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ERISA established minimum funding requirements for pension plans, which includes defined benefit plans and money purchase plans but not profit sharing or stock bonus plans. Before the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA), a defined benefit plan maintained a funding standard account, which was charged annually for the cost of benefits earned during the year and credited for employer contributions. Increases in the plan's liabilities due to benefit improvements, changes in actuarial assumptions, and any other reasons were amortized and charged to the account; decreases in the plan's liabilities were amortized and credited to the account. Every year, the employer was required to contribute the amount necessary to keep the funding standard account from falling below $0 at year-end.
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On 26 June 2010, after Inter failed to agree a price with Ternana for the remain 50% registration rights, the rights went to auction and Ternana won, for €3.177 million. made Inter profited €5.277 million in accounting (amortization approach). It is because Inter had over-amortized Jiménez's transfer fee (Inter amortized €8.4 million but only cost Inter €6.3 million only, €2.1M exceed) and €3.177 million. (Inter presented the profit as €2.154 million (market price €3.177 × 2 – contract residual value €4.2M) + €3.123 million financial income (value of Inter unpaid half €6.3 million – actual value €3.177M) ) Since Ternana would play at 2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione, he did not attend the training of Ternana and Ternana sought a new buyer to sign him.
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Insurance companies incur large expenses when acquiring new business, but to ensure that they comply with GAAP's matching principle they need to spread out these costs over the period in which revenues are earned. The DAC is treated as an asset on the Balance Sheet and amortized over the life of the insurance contract.
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A forest can be represented using a collection of either Link-cut trees or Euler tour trees. Then the dynamic connectivity problem can be solved easily, as for every two nodes x,y, x is connected to y if and only if FindRoot(x)=FindRoot(y). The amortized update time and query time are both O(log(n)).
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In the U.S. a partial amortization or balloon loan is one where the amount of monthly payments due are calculated (amortized) over a certain term, but the outstanding balance on the principal is due at some point short of that term. In the UK, a partial repayment mortgage is quite common, especially where the original mortgage was investment-backed.
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In particular, initializing a disjoint-set forest with nodes requires time. In practice, MakeSet must be preceded by an operation that allocates memory to hold . As long as memory allocation is an amortized constant-time operation, as it is for a good dynamic array implementation, it does not change the asymptotic performance of the random- set forest.
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The join operation was first defined by Tarjan on red-black trees, which runs in worst-case logarithmic time. Later Sleator and Tarjan described a join algorithm for splay trees which runs in amortized logarithmic time. Later Adams . extended join to weight-balanced trees and used it for fast set-set functions including union, intersection and set difference.
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While it uses more memory (n2 slots for n entries, in the worst case and n × k slots in the average case), this variant has guaranteed constant worst-case lookup time, and low amortized time for insertion. It is also possible to use a fusion tree for each bucket, achieving constant time for all operations with high probability..
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This algorithm can offer near-optimal performance, but not on the first run of a program, and only if the program's memory reference pattern is relatively consistent each time it runs. Analysis of the paging problem has also been done in the field of online algorithms. Efficiency of randomized online algorithms for the paging problem is measured using amortized analysis.
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Additionally, after finding a node for insertion and deletion, the amortized complexity of the tree restructuring operations is constant. Adding or deleting the node itself is constant time, the amount of rotations is always at most constant and it can be shown that the total amount of rank changes in the nodes is linear in the number of both insertions and deletions.
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In accounting, tangible assets were depreciated and intangible assets amortized. At that time, Italian clubs had broken the world transfer record several times. Most clubs relied on player profit as a revenue source, with cash-plus-player deals the most popular method of increasing profit. For example, Juventus signed Gianluigi Buffon and Lilian Thuram for a total of 180 billion lire (€92.96 million).
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For members affected by unforeseen calamity like flood, fire, tropical cyclones/ typhoons, volcanic eruption and other similar cases. Members can borrow up to 80% of their Total Accumulated Value (TAV) subject to the terms and conditions of the program. Calamity Loan Interest rate is 5.95% per annum. The loan is amortized over 24 months, with a grace period of 3 months.
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The splay tree is a form of binary search tree invented in 1985 by Daniel Sleator and Robert Tarjan on which the standard searchtree operations run in O(\log(n)) amortized time. It is conjectured to be dynamically optimal in the required sense. That is, a splay tree is believed to perform any sufficiently long access sequence X in time O(OPT(X)).
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The Brewers' financial officer decided to retain the $10.2 million allocation. Selig then amortized that cost over the players' five-year useful lives under Section 167(a) of the Internal Revenue Code. The IRS disallowed the entire $10.2 million allocation, arguing that the players' contracts had zero value. Selig paid the deficiency amount assessed by the IRS, but subsequently filed a lawsuit.
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Once a node has been found in an AVL tree, the next or previous node can be accessed in amortized constant time. Some instances of exploring these "nearby" nodes require traversing up to links (particularly when navigating from the rightmost leaf of the root's left subtree to the root or from the root to the leftmost leaf of the root's right subtree; in the AVL tree of figure 1, moving from node P to the next but one node Q takes 3 steps). However, exploring all nodes of the tree in this manner would visit each link exactly twice: one downward visit to enter the subtree rooted by that node, another visit upward to leave that node's subtree after having explored it. And since there are links in any tree, the amortized cost is , or approximately 2.
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To delete an item, it is replaced by the merge of its left and right sub-trees. Both these operations take O(log n) time. For insertions, this is slower than Fibonacci heaps, which support insertion in O(1) (constant) amortized time, and O(log n) worst-case. Leftist trees are advantageous because of their ability to merge quickly, compared to binary heaps which take Θ(n).
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In computer science, a skew binomial heap (or skew binomial queue) is a variant of the binomial heap that supports constant-time insertion operations in the worst case, rather than the logarithmic worst case and constant amortized time of the original binomial heap. Just as binomial heaps are based on the binary number system, skew binary heaps are based on the skew binary number system.
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This unit of time can be used later to link this tree with another tree at amortized time 0. Also, each marked node has two units of time stored. One can be used to cut the node from its parent. If this happens, the node becomes a root and the second unit of time will remain stored in it as in any other root.
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Cut and link have O(1) cost, plus that of the access. FindRoot has an O(log n) amortized upper bound, plus the cost of the access. The data structure can be augmented with additional information (such as the min or max valued node in its subtrees, or the sum), depending on the implementation. Thus Path can return this information in constant time plus the access bound.
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So it remains to bound the access to find our running time. Access makes use of splaying, which we know has an O(log n) amortized upper bound. So the remaining analysis deals with the number of times we need to splay. This is equal to the number of preferred child changes (the number of edges changed in the preferred path) as we traverse up the tree.
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4-8 In order to show the true rate underlying a flat rate, it is necessary to use the declining balance amortization schedule, dividing the total cost to the borrower by the average amount outstanding. In the first three examples on the right the borrower is quoted 1% a month. These are loans of $1,200 each, amortized with level payments over 4, 12 and 24 months.
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Under §197 most acquired intangible assets are to be amortized ratably over a fifteen-year period.House Report No. 103-111. This is not the best treatment of an intangible whose actual life is much shorter than fifteen years. Furthermore, if an intangible is not eligible for amortization under § 197, the taxpayer can depreciate the asset if there is a showing of the assets useful life.
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If edges can only be added, then the dynamic connectivity problem can be solved by a Disjoint-set data structure. Each set represents a connected component; there is a path between x and y if and only if they belong to the same set. The amortized time per operation is \Theta(\alpha(n)), where n is the number of vertices and α is the inverse Ackermann function.
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The running time is O(1) (amortized). The extract-min operation removes an element from bucket b[0] and returns it. If the bucket b[0] is not yet empty, the operation is terminated. If, however, it is empty, the next larger non-empty bucket is searched, its smallest element k tracked and u[0] is set to k (monotonicity is required for this).
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It is often necessary to create a table before it is known how much space is needed. One possible strategy is to double the size of the table when it is full. Here we will use the accounting method to show that the amortized cost of an insertion operation in such a table is O(1). Before looking at the procedure in detail, we need some definitions.
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Merging and possibly splitting the balanced binary search trees takes O(log log M) time. Finally, deleting the old representatives and inserting the new representatives into the x-fast trie takes O(log M) time. Merging and possibly splitting the balanced binary search tree, however, is done at most once for every O(log M) insertions and deletions. Hence, it takes constant amortized time.
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A conc-tree Prokopec, A. et al. (2015) Conc-Trees for Functional and Parallel Programming. Research Paper, 2015Prokopec A. (2014) Data Structures and Algorithms for Data-Parallel Computing in a Managed Runtime. Doctoral Thesis, 2014 is a data-structure that stores element sequences, and provides amortized O(1) time append and prepend operations, O(log n) time insert and remove operations and O(log n) time concatenation.
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Similarly, the amortized expected cost of deletions is O(1). Additionally, the ultimate sizes of the top-level table or any of the subtables is unknowable in the dynamic case. One method for maintaining expected O(n) space of the table is to prompt a full reconstruction when a sufficient number of insertions and deletions have occurred. By results due to Dietzfelbinger et al.
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Costs which are expensed in a particular month simply appear on the financial statement as a cost incurred that month. Costs that are capitalized, however, are amortized or depreciated over multiple years. Capitalized expenditures show up on the balance sheet. Most ordinary business costs are either expensable or capitalizable, but some costs could be treated either way, according to the preference of the company.
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Strawberry Bridge was owned by the taxpayer and, after it was discovered that the bridge needed significant repairs, the taxpayer gave the bridge to the City of Philadelphia in exchange for a 10-year extension of the taxpayer's railway franchise in Fairmount Park which was owned by the City of Philadelphia. Since the 10-year extension had no market value, the taxpayer used the depreciating bridge as his new basis, then proceeded to claim overpayment of tax due to his failure to claim any depreciation. The Internal Revenue Service disagreed with the taxpayer's reasoning, and disallowed his claim for a larger depreciation deduction. Initially, a disagreement also arose out of the fact that the Commissioner amortized the original cost of the franchise over the period beginning on the date the franchise was granted, while the taxpayer amortized it over the period beginning on the date the railway began operating.
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Another way of stating this is that (after logarithmic overhead for the first insertion in a sequence) each successive insert has an amortized time of O(1) (i.e. constant) per insertion. A variant of the binomial heap, the skew binomial heap, achieves constant worst case insertion time by using forests whose tree sizes are based on the skew binary number system rather than on the binary number system.
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One reason Congress enacted ERISA was "to prevent the 'great personal tragedy' suffered by employees whose vested benefits are not paid when pension plans are terminated."Nachman Corp. v. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation . When a defined benefit plan is properly funded by its sponsor, its assets should be approximately equal to its liability, and any shortfall (including benefit improvements) should be amortized in a relatively short period of time.
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The algorithm processes decryption as fast as Rabin and RSA, however it has much slower encryption since the sender must compute a full exponentiation. Since encryption uses a fixed known exponent an addition chain may be used to optimize the encryption process. The cost of producing an optimal addition chain can be amortized over the life of the public key, that is, it need only be computed once and cached.
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The effort of rewriting a piece of code generically needs to be amortized against the estimated future benefits of an abstraction. A rule of thumb governing this was devised by Martin Fowler, and popularized as the rule of three. It states that if a piece of code is copied more than twice, i.e. it would end up having three or more copies, then it needs to be abstracted out.
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Shorter term bonds generally pay interest only until maturity; longer term bonds generally are amortized through annual principal payments. Longer and shorter term bonds are often combined together in a single issue that requires the issuer to make approximately level annual payments of interest and principal. Certain bonds, known as zero coupon or capital appreciation bonds, accrue interest until maturity at which time both interest and principal become due.
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Prosper verifies borrowers' identities and select personal data before funding loans and manages all stages of loan servicing. Prosper's unsecured personal loans are fully amortized over a period of three or five years, with no pre-payment penalties. Prosper generates revenue by collecting a one-time fee on funded loans from borrowers and assessing an annual loan servicing fee to investors. From 2006 to 2009 Prosper operated a variable rate model.
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With using fat node method, it requires O(1) space for every modification: just store the new data. Each modification takes O(1) additional time to store the modification at the end of the modification history. This is an amortized time bound, assuming modification history is stored in a growable array. At access time, the right version at each node must be found as the structure is traversed.
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An interest-only loan is a loan in which the borrower pays only the interest for some or all of the term, with the principal balance unchanged during the interest-only period. At the end of the interest-only term the borrower must renegotiate another interest-only mortgage, pay the principal, or, if previously agreed, convert the loan to a principal-and-interest payment (amortized) loan at the borrower's option.
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The Lerdo Law did not directly expropriate ecclesiastical property or peasant communities but were to be sold to those renting the properties and the price to be amortized over 20 years. Properties not being rented or claimed could be auctioned. The church and indigenous communities were to receive the proceeds of the sale and the state would receive a transaction tax payment.Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution, p. 260.
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In the case where elements are deleted or inserted at the end, a sorted dynamic array can do this in amortized O(1) time while a self-balancing binary search tree always operates at O(log n). Elements in a sorted array can be looked up by their index (random access) at O(1) time, an operation taking O(log n) or O(n) time for more complex data structures.
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Stricter rules apply to severely underfunded plans (called "at-risk status"). The PPA has different funding requirements for multiemployer pension plans, which preserve most of the pre-PPA funding rules, including the funding standard account. Under PPA, increases and decreases in the plan's liabilities are amortized, but the amortization period for benefit improvements adopted after 2007 are shortened. As with single-employer plans, multiemployer pension plans that are significantly underfunded are subject to restrictions.
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But it makes future Find operations faster, not only for the nodes between the query node and the root, but also for their descendants. This updating is an important part of the disjoint-set forest's amortized performance guarantee. There are several algorithms for Find that achieve the asymptotically optimal time complexity. One family of algorithms, known as path compression, makes every node between the query node and the root point to the root.
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On the other hand, PIR requires communication sublinear in n, whereas 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer has no such requirement. 1-n oblivious transfer protocols were proposed, e.g., by Moni Naor and Benny Pinkas, William Aiello, Yuval Ishai and Omer Reingold, Sven Laur and Helger Lipmaa.. In 2017, Kolesnikov et al., proposed an efficient 1-n oblivious transfer protocol which requires roughly 4x the cost of 1-2 oblivious transfer in amortized setting.
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In addition, the wide fuselage behind the cockpit allowed a wide stowage of materials. The pointer was placed in front of a large glazed window under the seats of the two pilots. The central engine was placed at the front of the fuselage, which ended with adjustable tail empennage. The two wheels equipped with brakes were placed on amortized carriages placed under the side engines that were fixed to the wings at the front.
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Edges are considered in increasing order of weight; their endpoint pixels are merged into a region if this doesn't cause a cycle in the graph, and if the pixels are 'similar' to the existing regions' pixels. Detecting cycles is possible in near-constant time with the aid of a disjoint- set data structure.G. Harfst, E. Reingold: A Potential-Based Amortized Analysis of the Union-Find Data Structure. SIGACT 31 (September 2000) pp.
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Indirection is a technique used in data structures in which a problem is split into multiple levels of a data structure in order to improve efficiency. Typically, a problem of size n is split into n/\log n problems of size \log n. For example, this technique is used in y-fast tries. This strategy also works to improve the insertion and deletion performance of the data structure described above to constant amortized time.
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In fact, this strategy works for any solution of the list-labeling problem with O(\log n) amortized insertion and deletion time. The order-maintenance data structure with indirection. The total order elements are stored in O(N/\log N) contiguous sublists of size O(\log N), each of which has a representative in the scapegoat tree. The new data structure is completely rebuilt whenever it grows too large or too small.
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Derivative freighters have most of their development costs already amortized, and lead time before production is shorter than all new aircraft. Converted cargo aircraft use older technology; their direct operating costs are higher than what might be achieved with current technology. Since they have not been designed specifically for air cargo, loading and unloading is not optimized; the aircraft may be pressurized more than necessary, and there may be unnecessary apparatus for passenger safety.
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Such an intervention requires a huge investment that can be amortized only in a long period of time. Therefore, to meet the increasing demand, countries are forced to drastically increase the productivity of the land they dispose. This is where induced innovation steps in. In order to best explain how Hicks’s theory works, consider a situation in which the demand for agricultural derived products increases as a result of either population growth or increased household income.
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Cases of non-transparent public deals and corruption allegedly occurred at the time, given the lack of democratic checks and balances and the absence of a free press. One such event is associated with the regime's tourism minister, Ioannis Ladas. During his administration, several low-interest loans, amortized over a twenty-year period, were issued for tourist development. This fostered the erection of a multitude of hotels, sometimes in non-tourist areas, and with no underlying business rationale.
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For example, for U.S.-registered open-ended funds, investments are commonly valued each day the New York Stock Exchange is open, using closing prices (meant to represent fair value),AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide - Investment Companies May 1, 2007. typically 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. For U.S.-registered money market funds, investments are often carried or valued at "amortized cost" as opposed to market value for expedience and other purposes, provided various requirements are continually met.
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The principal balance, in regard to a mortgage or other debt instrument, is the amount due and owing to satisfy the payoff of the underlying obligation, less interest or other charges. Amortized mortgage loans automatically pay a portion of each monthly payment to the principal balance, with the rest being paid as interest. An interest-only loan does not require any money to be paid toward the principal balance each month, but such payment is allowable.
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During its first two seasons, JK Welco Elekter constantly changed its home grounds. Both Tamme staadion artificial turf and Põllu tn stadium natural grass pitch served as home grounds. In the beginning of 2010 season, JK Welco Elekter moved its home ground to Annelinna kunstmuruväljak, mainly due to renovation of Tamme artificial turf. In the beginning of 2013, the turf was so amortized that club decided to move back to the first home ground Tamme staadioni kunstmuruväljak.
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One such condition involves a side-test calculation of the NAV that uses the market value of the fund's investments. The fund's published, amortized value may not exceed this market value by more than 1/2 cent per share, a comparison that is generally made weekly. If the variance does exceed $0.005 per share, the fund could be considered to have broken the buck, and regulators may force it into liquidation. Breaking the buck has rarely happened.
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The co-ownership deals were renewed in June 2013. In January 2014 De Falco was signed by S.S. Juve Stabia in a temporary deal. In March 2014 the liquidator of Bari valued the 50% registration rights of De Falco was €161,540.4, instead of the purchase price in 2012 (€1.4 million) nor any partial amortized value. In June 2014 Bari signed De Falco outright, for another €400,000, with Idriz Toskić moved to Chievo also for another €400,000.
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To strike the balance between reliability and relevance, some scholars propose a double-disclosure—fair-value measurement backed up by historical cost figures: "The best way to ensure that regulators, investors, and the market at large have a full understanding of banks’ true financial conditions is to include changes in the value of financial instruments over time in financial statements, along with historical cost figures." In fact, FASB is not planning to abandon historical cost accounting for financial instruments held for collection or payment of contractual cash flows, because it provides useful information about the potential cash flows associated with these financial instruments. Indeed, the difference between amortized cost and fair value captures the expected impact of current economic conditions on existing financial instruments. FASB is recommending for financial instruments held for collection or payment of contractual cash flows that amortized cost and fair value information be given equal prominence on the financial statements and, thus, that both measures be made available for these financial instruments in public releases of financial reporting information.
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Because fixed costs must be paid regardless of whether a firm operates they should not be considered in deciding whether to produce or shut down.This version of the rule implicitly assumes that the firm has incurred sunk costs which are being amortized and treated as fixed costs, or that fixed costs equal sunk costs. This assumption does not always hold. Sunk costs may have been incurred and paid for, or the cost of fixed inputs may be partially recoverable, through sale and salvage.
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Due to the Algo Centre situation, and the tremendous social and economic impact it had on Elliot Lake as a small city with few other major retail outlets, the project was funded almost entirely by the provincial and federal governments."Site prep underway for Elliot Lake plaza". Northern Ontario Business, June 13, 2013. The Government of Ontario and the Government of Canada each provided $1 million in funding, with the remaining $1.5 million being provided via an amortized loan from Infrastructure Ontario.
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In computer science, a Fibonacci heap is a data structure for priority queue operations, consisting of a collection of heap-ordered trees. It has a better amortized running time than many other priority queue data structures including the binary heap and binomial heap. Michael L. Fredman and Robert E. Tarjan developed Fibonacci heaps in 1984 and published them in a scientific journal in 1987. Fibonacci heaps are named after the Fibonacci numbers, which are used in their running time analysis.
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As a result of a relaxed structure, some operations can take a long time while others are done very quickly. For the amortized running time analysis we use the potential method, in that we pretend that very fast operations take a little bit longer than they actually do. This additional time is then later combined and subtracted from the actual running time of slow operations. The amount of time saved for later use is measured at any given moment by a potential function.
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Haig–Simons income or Schanz–Haig–Simons income is an income measure used by public finance economists to analyze economic well-being which defines income as consumption plus change in net worth. It is represented by the mathematical formula: :I = C + ΔNW where C = consumption and ΔNW = change in net worth. Consumption refers to the money spent on goods and services of any kind. From a perfect theory view, consumption does not include capital expenditures and the full spending would be amortized.
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It established the Federal Home Loan Bank and associated Federal Home Loan Bank Board to assist other banks in providing funding to offer long term, amortized loans for home purchases. The idea was to get banks involved in lending, not insurance companies, and to provide realistic loans which people could repay and gain full ownership of their homes. Savings and loan associations sprang up all across the United States because there was low-cost funding available through the Federal Home Loan Bank Act.
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Most locals had used the office phone at the mill for making calls. In 1992, the referendum for a telephone service, financed by an additional $175 in property tax each year, was approved.Prince George Citizen: 22 & 28 Feb 1992 The following year, the RDFFG installed the system.Prince George Citizen: 19 Dec 1992 & 4 Jan 1994 In 1984, the referendum for an electricity supply, at a cost of $214,100 for the community after government subsidies, amortized to property taxes over 20 years, was approved.
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Such a table is a hash table of each of the positions analyzed so far up to a certain depth. On encountering a new position, the program checks the table to see whether the position has already been analyzed; this can be done quickly, in amortized constant time. If so, the table contains the value that was previously assigned to this position; this value is used directly. If not, the value is computed, and the new position is entered into the hash table.
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Weaker forms of randomness are used in hash algorithms and in creating amortized searching and sorting algorithms. Some applications which appear at first sight to be suitable for randomization are in fact not quite so simple. For instance, a system that "randomly" selects music tracks for a background music system must only appear random, and may even have ways to control the selection of music: a true random system would have no restriction on the same item appearing two or three times in succession.
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Random numbers are also used in situations where "fairness" is approximated by randomization, such as selecting jurors and military draft lotteries. In the Book of Numbers (33:54), Moses commands the Israelites to apportion the land by lot. Other examples include selecting, or generating, a "Random Quote of the Day" for a website, or determining which way a villain might move in a computer game. Weaker forms of randomness are also closely associated with hash algorithms and in creating amortized searching and sorting algorithms.
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See also: Last mile "Last mile" was originally used in the telecommunications industry to describe the difficulty of connecting end user's homes and businesses to the main telecommunication network. This last "mile" of cable or wire is only used by one customer. Therefore the cost of installing and maintaining this infrastructure can only be amortized over one subscriber, compared to many customers in the main "trunks" of the network. In supply chain management last mile describes a similar problem for both transporting people and freight.
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In 2007, soon after its coming into power, the new management of Municipality of Burgas started subsidizing Burgasbus, so that the company could afford to buy new and comfortable buses and trolleybuses. By now the firm possesses around 200 buses and 20 trolley buses, but still the majority of them are amortized. An important contribution to renewing the rolling stock has the former mayor of Burgas Mr. Ioan Kostadinov. In 1996 a great purchase was made with 30 brand-new Chavdar buses, made in Bulgaria.
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ACM, 2010.. The insertion operation in a bag takes O(logn) time in the worst-case, whereas it takes only constant amortized time which is as fast as FIFO. Furthermore, union of two bags takes Θ(lgn) time where n is the number of elements in the smaller bag. The bag-split operation also takes Θ(lgn) time. With the help of bag- structure, a certain number of vertexes(according to granularity parameter) are stored in one bag and the bag-structure becomes the basic parallel entity.
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Money from the new financing is generally used to "take out" (i.e. to pay back) the bridge loan, as well as other capitalization needs. Bridge loans are typically more expensive than conventional financing, to compensate for the additional risk. Bridge loans typically have a higher interest rate, points (points are essentially fees, 1 point equals 1% of loan amount), and other costs that are amortized over a shorter period, and various fees and other "sweeteners" (such as equity participation by the lender in some loans).
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It provides operations for adding new sets, merging sets (replacing them by their union), and finding a representative member of a set. The last operation allows to find out efficiently if any two elements are in the same or different sets. While there are several ways of implementing disjoint-set data structures, in practice they are often identified with a particular implementation called a disjoint- set forest. This is a specialized type of forest which performs unions and finds in near constant amortized time.
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Finger tree used as a simple queue with amortized O(1) put & get operations. Integers 1 to 21 are inserted to the right & extracted from the left. Square blocks represent values, "Digit" (sky blue) can have 1-4 children, "Node" (dark blue) can have 2-3 children, white circle is for "Empty", red node represents "Single" value & green nodes represent "Deep" values. Note that for each step we take down the spine, single values & digit children get nested with a new level of nodes.
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Joe learns of this and comes to London to look after Pip until Pip is able to walk on his own. While recuperating, he finds a receipt stating that his outstanding debt was amortized by Joe and Biddy. A few days after Joe leaves, Pip goes home to find that Biddy has married Joe that very day (Pip's sister having died from being hurt in a burglary, then succumbing to her injuries years later). Without income or training for any profession, he is at loose ends.
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Given a sublist node X to be deleted, `delete(X)` simply removes X from its sublist in constant time. If this leaves the sublist empty, then we need to remove the representative of the sublist from the tree. Since at least \Omega(\log N) elements were deleted from the sublist since it was first built we can afford to spend the O(\log N) time it takes to remove the representative without affecting the amortized cost of deletion by any more than a constant.
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Unlike corporate bonds, most securitizations are amortized, meaning that the principal amount borrowed is paid back gradually over the specified term of the loan rather than in one lump sum at the maturity of the loan. Fully amortizing securitizations are generally collateralized by fully amortizing assets such as home equity loans, auto loans, and student loans. Prepayment uncertainty is an important concern with fully amortizing ABS. The possible rate of prepayment varies widely with the type of underlying asset pool, so many prepayment models have been developed in an attempt to define common prepayment activity.
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To the asset is added any initial direct costs and subtracted any lease incentives (such as a tenant improvement allowance). The liability is amortized using the interest method (like a mortgage). If the lease has the same rent over its life, the net asset at any point is equal to the liability, plus the unamortized balance of initial direct costs and lease incentives. If the rents change during the lease term, the difference between the cash rent and average rent is added to or subtracted from the asset as well.
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Tamara has received a mostly-negative response from critics. Aggregated across 28 reviewers, the film holds a 32% on Rotten Tomatoes, with a consensus stating, "Resolutely misguided without ever really crossing into 'so bad it's good' territory, Tamara lacks even the cheap thrills promised by its premise". This reception is mirrored on Metacritic, where a similar result of 34/100, amortized over 10 critics, materialized, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews". Nathan Lee of The New York Times noted its low budget and its "even lower ambitions", but acknowledged that it had "one genuine, if unintentional, surprise".
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Today, all such technologies, from entirely manual harvesting to entirely mechanized, are still in use to some degree, as appropriate to each farm's needs, although the thoroughly mechanized versions predominate, as they offer the lowest unit costs when scaled to large farm operations. For small farms, their unit cost can be too high, as their higher fixed cost cannot be amortized over as many units. Before World War II, most maize in North America was harvested by hand. This involved a large numbers of workers and associated social events (husking or shucking bees).
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The company was also known for paying its actors high salaries, a practice which made it unpopular with other theatre producers (who, unlike Livent, typically negotiated actors' compensation through the League of American Theaters and Producers). As early as 1994, commentators noted Livent's unusual accounting practices. Livent amortized the pre-production costs of its musicals over a five year period (as long as the production continued to run), rather than reporting them immediately. This was a legal accounting practice, but aroused suspicion from insiders because it was "unheard of" in the theatre industry.
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Graduated payment mortgage loans have increasing costs over time and are geared to young borrowers who expect wage increases over time. Balloon payment mortgages have only partial amortization, meaning that amount of monthly payments due are calculated (amortized) over a certain term, but the outstanding principal balance is due at some point short of that term, and at the end of the term a balloon payment is due. When interest rates are high relative to the rate on an existing seller's loan, the buyer can consider assuming the seller's mortgage.Are Mortgage Assumptions a Good Deal?.
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Initial capital cost is also higher, however turbine power augmentation and efficiency is maximized, and the extra-cost is amortized due to increased output power. The majority of such systems involve more than one chiller unit and the configuration of the chillers can have a great bearing on the system parasitic power consumption. The series counterflow configuration can reduce the compressor work needed on each chiller, improving the overall chiller system by as much as 8%. Other options such a steam driven compression are also used in industry.
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In computer science, a finger tree is a purely functional data structure that can be used to efficiently implement other functional data structures. A finger tree gives amortized constant time access to the "fingers" (leaves) of the tree, which is where data is stored, and concatenation and splitting logarithmic time in the size of the smaller piece. It also stores in each internal node the result of applying some associative operation to its descendants. This "summary" data stored in the internal nodes can be used to provide the functionality of data structures other than trees.
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Finger trees can be used to build other trees. For example, a priority queue can be implemented by labeling the internal nodes by the minimum priority of its children in the tree, or an indexed list/array can be implemented with a labeling of nodes by the count of the leaves in their children. Other applications are random-access sequences, described below, ordered sequences, and interval trees. Finger trees can provide amortized O(1) pushing, reversing, popping, O(log n) append and split; and can be adapted to be indexed or ordered sequences.
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In banking and finance, an amortizing loan is a loan where the principal of the loan is paid down over the life of the loan (that is, amortized) according to an amortization schedule, typically through equal payments. Similarly, an amortizing bond is a bond that repays part of the principal (face value) along with the coupon payments. Compare with a sinking fund, which amortizes the total debt outstanding by repurchasing some bonds. Each payment to the lender will consist of a portion of interest and a portion of principal.
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With five votes against one, they rejected introducing buses, pointing out that Hovdenak had too optimistic numbers for bus operation. The company was debt- free, and investments in the Singsaker Line would be a natural next step; amortized over 30 years, the upgrade would only cost NOK 59,000 annually. Overhead costs were going to be reduced by 500,000 with the last payment on the debt the same year. On the other hand, buses would inflict an immediate expense of 500,000, while there were sufficient trams to operate the route.
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Because these architectures share core hardware over large numbers of peripherals, large and expensive computing capabilities in terms of both hardware and software may be supplied. These centralized architectures excel in solving the problems of complexity for large scale applications since the investment in hardware and software may be amortized across a great many users. However the same virtue of large scale sharing prevents these architectures from providing any significant degree of customization to the preferences of the individual user. The most that can be supplied is a degree of parameterization of service operation.
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Unlike corporate bonds, most securitizations are amortized, meaning that the principal amount borrowed is paid back gradually over the specified term of the loan, rather than in one lump sum at the maturity of the loan. Fully amortizing securitizations are generally collateralised by fully amortizing assets, such as home equity loans, auto loans, and student loans. Prepayment uncertainty is an important concern with fully amortizing ABS. The possible rate of prepayment varies widely with the type of underlying asset pool, so many prepayment models have been developed to try to define common prepayment activity.
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The business of lending and borrowing money has evolved qualitatively in the post–World War II era. It was not until that era that the FHA and the VA (through the G.I. Bill) led the creation of a mass market in 30-year, fixed-rate, amortized mortgages. It was not until the 1970s that the average working person carried credit card balances (more information at Credit card#History). Thus the typical DTI limit in use in the 1970s was PITI<25%, with no codified limit for the second DTI ratio (the one including credit cards).
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Daniel Dominic Kaplan Sleator (born 10 December 1953) is a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States. In 1999, he won the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award (jointly with Robert Tarjan) for the splay tree data structure.Citation for Sleator and Tarjan Kanellakis Award He was one of the pioneers in amortized analysis of algorithms, early examples of which were the analyses of the move-to-front heuristic, and splay trees. He invented many data structures with Robert Tarjan, such as splay trees, link/cut trees, and skew heaps.
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Dynamic binary translation (DBT) looks at a short sequence of code—typically on the order of a single basic block—then translates it and caches the resulting sequence. Code is only translated as it is discovered and when possible, and branch instructions are made to point to already translated and saved code (memoization). Dynamic binary translation differs from simple emulation (eliminating the emulator's main read-decode-execute loop—a major performance bottleneck), paying for this by large overhead during translation time. This overhead is hopefully amortized as translated code sequences are executed multiple times.
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Cash spent on marketing is not expensed: it is converted into another asset ("subscriber acquisition assets, net") on a company's balance sheet. This presentation of net income is prohibited by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, arbiters of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) in the United States. In GAAP, marketing expenses may be accrued in some situations as prepaid expenses, but only amortized in special cases. Deferred acquisition costs are typically only allowed for amortizing the acquisition costs of customers in businesses like insurance, where the amortization occurs over the well-defined duration of a contract.
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Among the amendments to classification and measurement made in the 2014 update, de minimis and "non-genuine" features can be disregarded from the test, meaning that a de minimis feature would not preclude an instrument from being reported at amortized cost or FVOCI. However, equity instruments, derivatives and instruments that contain other than de minimis embedded derivatives would have to be reported at FVPL. If the asset passes the contractual cash flows test, the business model assessment determines how the instrument is classified. If the instrument is being held to collect contractual cash flows, i.e.
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For tax purposes, capex is a cost that cannot be deducted in the year in which it is paid or incurred and must be capitalized. The general rule is that if the acquired property's useful life is longer than the taxable year, then the cost must be capitalized. The capital expenditure costs are then amortized or depreciated over the life of the asset in question. Further to the above, capex creates or adds basis to the asset or property, which once adjusted, will determine tax liability in the event of sale or transfer.
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B-trees have substantial advantages over alternative implementations when the time to access the data of a node greatly exceeds the time spent processing that data, because then the cost of accessing the node may be amortized over multiple operations within the node. This usually occurs when the node data are in secondary storage such as disk drives. By maximizing the number of keys within each internal node, the height of the tree decreases and the number of expensive node accesses is reduced. In addition, rebalancing of the tree occurs less often.
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For implementing associative arrays, hash tables, a data structure that maps keys to records using a hash function, are generally faster than binary search on a sorted array of records. Most hash table implementations require only amortized constant time on average. However, hashing is not useful for approximate matches, such as computing the next-smallest, next-largest, and nearest key, as the only information given on a failed search is that the target is not present in any record. Binary search is ideal for such matches, performing them in logarithmic time.
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The bank is a greenfield start-up that received a banking license from the Bank of Tanzania in July 2017. The establishment of the bank is a joint effort by Azania Bank Limited, a commercial bank in Tanzania together with two deep-pocketed private Tanzanian investors and two international corporations, the International Finance Corporation and India's mortgage conglomerate, Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited. The new lender plans to start with four mortgage products (a) home purchase loans (b) home improvement loans (c) home expansion mortgages. The financial products will be amortized for up to twenty five years.
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More specifically, the cost would have needed to be amortized over hundreds of manufactured models. At the time the trend was "away from conventional bombers" that the Avro Arrow could intercept and "towards atmospheric weapons like intercontinental ballistic missiles", according to Global News. As a result, the foreign demand for the Avro Arrow had declined substantially. Canada's alternative to the Arrow was to purchase some American McDonnell F-101 Voodoo interceptors and Bomarc B missiles. The decision immediately put 14,528 Avro employees, as well as nearly 15,000 other employees in the Avro supply chain of outside suppliers, out of work.
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The 4 PS ushered in Germany's age of mass motorisation, and was attractively priced on launch at 4,500 Marks. By 1930 Opel had produced 100,000 of these cars: initial investment costs had presumably by now been amortized, since the selling price had come down to 1,990 Marks. This was a deflationary period for the major European economies, but even in real money terms, the Laubfrosch became substantially cheaper during its production run. Germany's first mass- produced car could be priced to sell in the volumes that had, by 1930, established Opel, as Germany's leading volume auto producer.
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In the healthcare space, and in particular in companies that leverage the power of Artificial Intelligence, the design of business models is particularly challenging as there are a multitude of value creation mechanisms and a multitude of possible stakeholders. An emerging categorization has identified seven archetypes. The concept of a business model has been incorporated into certain accounting standards. For example, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) utilizes an "entity's business model for managing the financial assets" as a criterion for determining whether such assets should be measured at amortized cost or at fair value in its financial instruments accounting standard, IFRS 9.
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Current-generation commercial nuclear power plants (so-called "Gen III" plants) typically produce electricity at a busbar cost of 2-3 cents per kilowatt-hr after the initial capital cost of the plant is amortized. The typical amortization period for a commercial nuclear power plant is twenty years. Thus a Centurion Reactor could theoretically produce electricity at a cost of a few cents per kilowatt-hr for eighty years or longer after the initial plant investment is recovered. The press to extend the operating lifetime of commercial power plants is driven by fundamental investment economics, land use considerations, and social justice considerations.
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In dry arid climates with relative humidity below 45% (about 40% of the continental U.S.) indirect evaporative coolers can achieve a SEER above 20, and up to SEER 40. A indirect evaporative cooler would only need enough photovoltaic power for the circulation fan (plus a water supply). A less-expensive partial-power photovoltaic system can reduce (but not eliminate) the monthly amount of electricity purchased from the power grid for air conditioning (and other uses). With American state government subsidies of $2.50 to US$5.00 per photovoltaic watt, the amortized cost of PV-generated electricity can be below $0.15 per kWh.
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In theory, hydrogen fuel mined from asteroids costs significantly less than fuel from Earth due to high costs of escaping Earth's gravity. If successful, investment in "space infrastructure" and economies of scale could reduce operational costs to levels significantly below NASA's ongoing (OSIRIS-REx) mission. This investment would have to be amortized through the sale of commodities, delaying any return to investors. There are also some indications that Planetary Resources expects government to fund infrastructure development, as was exemplified by its recent request for $700,000 from NASA to fund the first of the telescopes described above.
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This allowed the mainline railway between Kirkenes and Bjørnevatn to be electrified in 1920.Sør-Varanger Historielag (2001): 68 By 1919 the company was still not back in production. SS Sydvaranger and several locomotives were sold to raise capital, and the share capital was depreciated by fifty percent to NOK 11.5 million, new shares were sold for this amount and bonds were issued for NOK 10 million. This was not sufficient to save the company's finances, and after negotiations with the creditors, Sydvaranger amortized its shares to NOK 3.45 million and sold new shares worth NOK 21.55 million.
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Combining this with the inequality relating amortized time and actual time over sequences of operations, this shows that any sequence of n dynamic array operations takes O(n) actual time in the worst case, despite the fact that some of the individual operations may themselves take a linear amount of time. When the dynamic array includes operations that decrease the array size as well as increasing it, the potential function must be modified to prevent it from becoming negative. One way to do this is to replace the formula above for Φ by its absolute value.
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Linked-lists and sets, on the other hand, do not support random access or pointer arithmetic. The vector data structure is able to quickly and easily allocate the necessary memory needed for specific data storage, and it is able to do so in amortized constant time. This is particularly useful for storing data in lists whose length may not be known prior to setting up the list but where removal (other than, perhaps, at the end) is rare. Erasing elements from a vector or even clearing the vector entirely does not necessarily free any of the memory associated with that element.
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In a talk at the YAPC::Europe 2005 conference and subsequent article "A Timely Start," Jean- Louis Leroy found that his Perl programs took much longer to run than expected because the perl interpreter spent significant time finding modules within his over-large include path. Unlike Java, Python, and Ruby, Perl has only experimental support for pre-compiling. Therefore, Perl programs pay this overhead penalty on every execution. The run phase of typical programs is long enough that amortized startup time is not substantial, but benchmarks that measure very short execution times are likely to be skewed due to this overhead.
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Static arrays have a size that is fixed when they are created and consequently do not allow elements to be inserted or removed. However, by allocating a new array and copying the contents of the old array to it, it is possible to effectively implement a dynamic version of an array; see dynamic array. If this operation is done infrequently, insertions at the end of the array require only amortized constant time. Some array data structures do not reallocate storage, but do store a count of the number of elements of the array in use, called the count or size.
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Ukrainian Railway (RAILUA) has the potential to increase its debt by US$1 billion, indicating a possible Eurobond issue. Recall, Ukrainian Railway's existing US$500 million Eurobond will be amortized by US$150M both in March and September 2019 and then by US$50M semi-annually between March 2020 and September 2021. He also confirmed that Ukrainian Railway is now considering a Eurobond issue, on which he can further comment as soon as the government publishes a respective resolution (on its parameters). Kravtsov also highlighted that it's important for investors to have a clear understanding on how the borrowing will be serviced.
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The Day–Stout–Warren (DSW) algorithm is a method for efficiently balancing binary search trees that is, decreasing their height to O(log n) nodes, where n is the total number of nodes. Unlike a self-balancing binary search tree, it does not do this incrementally during each operation, but periodically, so that its cost can be amortized over many operations. The algorithm was designed by Quentin F. Stout and Bette Warren in a 1986 CACM paper, based on work done by Colin Day in 1976. The algorithm requires linear (O(n)) time and is in-place.
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It has been shown that any solution to the list-labeling problem with a universe polynomial in the number of elements will have insertion and deletion performance no better than \Omega(\log n).. Then, for list-labeling, the above solution is asymptotically optimal. Incidentally, this also proves an \Omega(\log n) lower bound on the amortized rebalancing time of an insertion or deletion in a scapegoat tree. However, this lower bound does not apply to the order-maintenance problem and, as stated above, there are data structures that give worst-case constant time performance on all order-maintenance operations.
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In the first half of 1947, 340 American films were shown compared to 40 French ones. Many American films had already amortized their costs during the period when they were banned in France and were thus able to be sold cheaply abroad for more profit. The French film industry responded to the challenge with new vigor.Laurent Le Forestier, "L'accueil en France des films américains de réalisateurs français à l'époque des accords Blum-Byrnes." ["The reception in France of American films by French directors during the Blum-Byrnes agreements"] Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 4 (2004): 78-97.
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The typical HOLC loan before 1940 was an amortized 15-year loan, compared with the 3–6 year mortgages offered by commercial banks and the 10–12 year loans offered by Building and Loans in the 1920s. The interest rate on the original HOLC loans was 5 percent at a time when most mortgage loans were being offered at an interest rate of 6 to 8 percent. In 1939 the corporation lowered the interest rate to 4 1/2 percent for a large group of borrowers. The HOLC loans were typically amortizing, so that there were equal payments each month on the loan.
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In 2010, IASB issued another portion of IFRS 9, primarily covering classification and measurement of financial liabilities and also addressing aspects of applying fair value option and bifurcating embedded derivatives. Certain elements of IFRS 9 as issued were criticized by some key IASB constituents. The model for classifying debt instrument assets permitted only two approaches, fair value with all changes in fair value reported in profit and loss (FVPL), or amortized cost. This represented a significant deviation from FASB decisions, which would also have a category of fair value with certain changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (FVOCI).
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Such collisions are typically accommodated in some way. In a well- dimensioned hash table, the average cost (number of instructions) for each lookup is independent of the number of elements stored in the table. Many hash table designs also allow arbitrary insertions and deletions of key-value pairs, at (amortizedCharles E. Leiserson, Amortized Algorithms, Table Doubling, Potential Method Lecture 13, course MIT 6.046J/18.410J Introduction to Algorithms—Fall 2005 ) constant average cost per operation. In many situations, hash tables turn out to be on average more efficient than search trees or any other table lookup structure.
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Another alternative open-addressing solution is cuckoo hashing, which ensures constant lookup and deletion time in the worst case, and constant amortized time for insertions (with low probability that the worst-case will be encountered). It uses two or more hash functions, which means any key/value pair could be in two or more locations. For lookup, the first hash function is used; if the key/value is not found, then the second hash function is used, and so on. If a collision happens during insertion, then the key is re-hashed with the second hash function to map it to another bucket.
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Consequently, these units were built when labor costs were significantly less than in the 1990s, and they avoided major investments in pollution control equipment. In the 1990s, these units were often among the least expensive of any operated by their respective owners, in terms of cost per megawatt-hour of energy produced. Compared to other plants on a utility company system, these units provided incentives for their owners to maximize operating time, minimize downtime for repairs or retrofit, and minimize further capital investments in them. Because capital in such plants is typically amortized over 20–30 years, investments in most of them were fully recovered by 1995.
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As the advent of television threatened the success of cinema, countries were faced with the problem of reviving movie-going. The French cinema market, and more generally the French-speaking market, is smaller than the English-speaking market; one reason being that some major markets, including prominently the United States, are reluctant to generally accept foreign films, especially foreign-language and subtitled productions. As a consequence, French movies have to be amortized on a relatively small market and thus generally have budgets far lower than their American counterparts, ruling out expensive settings and special effects. The French government has implemented various measures aimed at supporting local film production and movie theaters.
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Borrowers typically have no knowledge of any lender-paid MI, in fact most "No MI Required" loans actually have lender-paid MI, which is funded through a higher interest rate that the borrower pays. Sometimes lenders will require that LMI be paid for a fixed period (for example, 2 or 3 years), even if the principal reaches 80% sooner than that. Legally, there is no obligation to allow the cancellation of MI until the loan has amortized to a 78% LTV ratio (based on the original purchase price). The cancellation request must come from the Servicer of the mortgage to the PMI company who issued the insurance.
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The number of heavy edges becoming preferred can be for any given operation, but it is amortized. Over a series of executions we can have n-1 heavy edges become preferred (as there are at most n-1 heavy edges total in the represented tree), but from then on the number of heavy edges that become preferred is equal to the number of heavy edges that became unpreferred on a previous step. For every heavy edge that becomes unpreferred a light edge must become preferred. We have seen already that the number of light edges that can become preferred is at most log n.
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In June 2008, Milan bought back Ceccarelli from Internazionale for a nominal fee, Inter made a profit of (€2.49 million) as the club no longer needed to pay for the residual half of the registration rights which already amortized. At the same time Milan write down €2.58 million for the residual value of the player's contract, as the revenue (and profit if any) of sold in was already treated as full registration rights in 2002 and the retained half was treated as a special asset called "co-ownership asset" with a value of €2.58 million. He was then sold to Serie C1 team Hellas Verona on 1 September.
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Now what are these benefits consists of: a) less raw material price b) less manufacturing cost c) overheads amortized over larger population And one does pass on all these benefits to the customer. All of these factors are covered in total cost. Since glass cost is less and one is not taking any benefit of it and charging customer the same cost what we got from supplier. Due to learning curve effect, company is taking less time to produce same number of objects and hence it is estimating fewer hours for the job (again passing on the benefit of reduced process cost to customer).
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1955 saw the appearance of the Maico 500 with the 452 cc Heinkel 18 PS engine. The car retailed for just DM 3,665, but it is not clear whether the reduced price resulted from reductions in production costs or from ever more heroic assumptions as to the volume sales over which fixed costs could be amortized. Bodies were by now being built by Bauer of Stuttgart. 1957 saw further reworking of the chassis, but driving characteristics remained fussy: the competition had also moved on and the now aging design fell short of market expectations in terms of detailed finish and the high level of interior noise.
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The coupling of this broad distribution pattern with the movie's then even rarer national television marketing campaign yielded a release method virtually unheard-of at the time. (A month earlier, Columbia Pictures had done something similar with a Charles Bronson thriller, Breakout, though that film's prospects for an extended run were much slimmer.) Universal president Sid Sheinberg reasoned that nationwide marketing costs would be amortized at a more favorable rate per print relative to a slow, scaled release. Building on the film's success, the release was subsequently expanded on July 25 to nearly 700 theaters, and on August 15 to more than 950. This, the most detailed source, gives contradictory figures.
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The United States Federal Housing Administration (FHA) helped develop and standardize the fixed rate mortgage as an alternative to the balloon payment mortgage by insuring them and by doing so helped the mortgage design garner usage. Because of the large payment at the end of the older, balloon-payment loan, refinancing risk resulted in widespread foreclosures. The fixed-rate mortgage was the first mortgage loan that was fully amortized (fully paid at the end of the loan) precluding successive loans, and had fixed interest rates and payments. Fixed-rate mortgages are the most classic form of loan for home and product purchasing in the United States.
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Platform of 58th Station On January 9, 1994, 58th closed along with the other Green Line stations so the line could be rebuilt. However, 58th did not reopen with the rest of the Green Line on May 12, 1996, because of its close proximity to Garfield and the CTA's desire to cut operating costs after the renovation. The station remained abandoned, but the platform and stairs remained for 18 years after closure. Because federal funds were used in the station's renovation, the CTA was required to keep 58th in operable condition and could not demolish what remained of the station until the federal grant amount had amortized.
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The payment is intended to cover the cost of elementary operations needed to complete this particular operation, with some of the payment left over, placed in a pool to be used later. The difficulty with problems that require amortized analysis is that, in general, some of the operations will require greater than constant cost. This means that no constant payment will be enough to cover the worst case cost of an operation, in and of itself. With proper selection of payment, however, this is no longer a difficulty; the expensive operations will only occur when there is sufficient payment in the pool to cover their costs.
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Although originally they would have been open, they were blinded after their construction, perhaps to protect the parishioners who congregated in the atrium from the cold. The space of the portico behind the opening on the right was used as liturgical storage from some time after its erection until its restoration in 2012, when this storage was amortized. These works were focused on the recovery of the portico roof, cleaning of the interior facade and replacement of the adobe wall of the East enclosure by a thermo-clay wall. During the foundation of this wall, remains of skulls from bodies buried outside the church were found.
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Money market funds seek a stable net asset value, or NAV per share (which is generally $1.00 in the United States); they aim to never lose money. The $1.00 is maintained through the declaration of dividends to shareholders, typically daily, at an amount equal to the fund's net income. If a fund's NAV drops below $1.00, it is said that the fund "broke the buck". For SEC registered money funds, maintaining the $1.00 flat NAV is usually accomplished under a provision under Rule 2a-7 of the 40 Act that allows a fund to value its investments at amortized cost rather than market value, provided that certain conditions are maintained.
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In a usual dynamic array geometric expansion scheme, the array is reallocated as a whole sequential chunk of memory with the new size a double of its current size (and the whole data is then moved to the new location). This ensures O(1) amortized operations at a cost of O(n) wasted space, as the enlarged array is filled to the half of its new capacity. When a hashed array tree is full, its directory and leaves must be restructured to twice their prior size to accommodate additional append operations. The data held in old structure is then moved into the new locations.
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If not, a new instance is created, placed into the member variable, and returned to the caller just- in-time for its first use. If objects have properties that are rarely used, this can improve startup speed. Mean average program performance may be slightly worse in terms of memory (for the condition variables) and execution cycles (to check them), but the impact of object instantiation is spread in time ("amortized") rather than concentrated in the startup phase of a system, and thus median response times can be greatly improved. In multithreaded code, access to lazy-initialized objects/state must be synchronized to guard against race conditions.
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APR is dependent on the time period for which the loan is calculated. That is, the APR for a 30-year loan cannot be compared to the APR for a 20-year loan. APR can be used to show the relative impact of different payment schedules (such as balloon payments or biweekly payments instead of straight monthly payments), but most standard APR calculators have difficulty with those calculations. Furthermore, most APR calculators assume that an individual will keep a particular loan until the end of the defined repayment period, resulting in the up-front fixed closing costs being amortized over the full term of the loan.
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The CalPLUS loan programs feature a CalHFA fixed interest rate first mortgage, insured either through FHA or on the conventional market. This loan is fully amortized for a 30-year term and is combined with the CalHFA Zero Interest Program (ZIP) for down payment assistance. The Cal EEM + Grant combines an FHA Energy Efficient Mortgage with an additional 4% grant to help homebuyers improve their home with energy-efficient upgrades. The California Homebuyer’s Downpayment Assistance Program (CHDAP) offers a deferred-payment subordinate loan amount of (3%) of the purchase price of appraised value, whichever is less, to be used for down payment and/or closing costs.
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Bungie's COO Pete Parsons clarified that the game's development cost is not even close to $500 million, saying, "For marketing you'd have to ask Activision people, but for development costs, not anything close to $500 million." Activision subsequently confirmed the $500 million figure, stating that marketing, up-front infrastructure costs, and investment in the game's engine were included, and could be amortized over the life of the IP. Bungie would earn an additional $2.5 million bonus payout if the first game achieved a Metacritic score of 90 or above. By mid-2013, most of the ground work for Destiny had been completed including lore, game engine, and many environments and missions, tracking for a September 2013 release.
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This means that starting from an empty data structure, any sequence of a insert and decrease key operations and b delete operations would take O(a + b log n) worst case time, where n is the maximum heap size. In a binary or binomial heap such a sequence of operations would take O((a + b) log n) time. A Fibonacci heap is thus better than a binary or binomial heap when b is smaller than a by a non-constant factor. It is also possible to merge two Fibonacci heaps in constant amortized time, improving on the logarithmic merge time of a binomial heap, and improving on binary heaps which cannot handle merges efficiently.
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The potential of a Fibonacci heap is given by :Potential = t + 2m where t is the number of trees in the Fibonacci heap, and m is the number of marked nodes. A node is marked if at least one of its children was cut since this node was made a child of another node (all roots are unmarked). The amortized time for an operation is given by the sum of the actual time and c times the difference in potential, where c is a constant (chosen to match the constant factors in the O notation for the actual time). Thus, the root of each tree in a heap has one unit of time stored.
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The repayment included $38 million of mezzanine loans with a 15% interest rate that were held by Vornado Realty Trust. In May 2008, hotelier Kirk Kerkorian and investment company Dubai World reportedly considered purchasing the site for $200 million in addition to assuming the existing debt on the property. The bank sued in August 2008 to begin foreclosure on the loan (which had amortized down to $482 million at the time) and take control of the development site. Deutsche Bank had divided the loan into 21 tranches and sold much of the debt to ten different investors including Highland Capital Management and Sorin Capital Management, earning tens of millions of dollars in fees.
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Construction-related expense items, such as tools, materials, and wages to construction workers are treated as part of the cost of acquisition of a capital asset. Reasonable wages paid in carrying on of a trade or business qualify as a deduction from gross income, but when wages are paid in connection with construction or acquisition of a capital asset they must be capitalized and are then entitled to be amortized over the life of the capital asset so acquired. § 263(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code denies a deduction for any amount paid out for construction or permanent improvement of facilities. This extends to the cost of acquisition, construction, or erection of buildings. Treas. Reg.
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Roma also swapped their backup players and even youth players for inflated price with other clubs, in order to gain false "profit". As both club got value added on the players they sell, which gave "profit" by selling players, but they were false "profit" because they turned all the revenue they sell to buy registration rights from opposite side also with inflated price, but as the cost was amortized proportionally during the player contract (usually multi- year), which still appeared profit in the first fiscal year balance sheet. Roma finally fined €60,000 by Criminal Court of Rome for irregularity on youth players transfers only on 30 October 2007. But the Chairman of both clubs acquitted the false accounting.
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As OTC instruments, cross- currency swaps (XCSs) can be customised in a number of ways and can be structured to meet the specific needs of the counterparties. For example; payment dates could be irregular, the notional of the swap could be amortized over time, reset dates (or fixing dates) of the floating rate could be irregular, mandatory break clauses may be inserted into the contract, FX notional payments and FX rates may be manually specified etc. Additionally it is not a requirement for swaps to have two floating legs. This leads to the naming convention of different types of XCS: # (Floating v Floating) Cross- Currency Swaps: are the normal, interbank traded products.
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In October 2009, S.L. Benfica SAD invested €6 million to the fund, accounted for 15% of total units. The club then sold more players to the fund, made the subscription, in turn became an injection of asset instead of cash. After the sale of David Luiz in January and Fábio Coentrão in summer 2011, the fund acquired five players from Benfica instead of keeping cash for €6.135 million. As an asset, the rights were amortized proportionally according to the length of contract (between players and club). Moreover, the fund also bore the admission fee related to player transaction, tax arose, agent fee and FIFA solidarity mechanism (5% of transfer fee distributed to youth clubs) proportionality to the ownership ratio.
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In June 2012, Parma made swap deals with other clubs again, which saw Manuel Coppola (€1.6 million), Galuppo (€1.7M), Abdou Doumbia (€0.5M) and Dellafiore (€1.8M) moved to Siena; Andrea Rossi (€1.8M), Alessandro Iacobucci (€1.7M), Gonçalo Brandão (€1.6M) and Giuseppe Pacini (€0.5M) to Parma. The move meant Parma did not have any cost generated from Galuppo in the 2011–12 financial year as the amortization of his transfer fee was totally outweighed by the profit. However it created another transfer fee to be amortized in 2012–13 accounts and beyond. Both clubs did not announced the deal in their website and Galuppo, along with Doumbia and Parma teammate Diego Mella, left for San Marino Calcio in another temporary deal.
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Critics have long argued against emissions testing, however the cost of equipment purchased to perform emissions tests in 1998/1999 would not be fully amortized until 2014 and therefore the program has been continued despite calls for its cancellation. Ontario is now the only province in Canada requiring emissions testing on its vehicles, with British Columbia phasing out their program December 31, 2014. In 2012, Ontario's Auditor General determined that the Drive Clean program, which was supposed to be revenue neutral had a surplus and was expected to have a surplus of $50M by 2018. As a result, the Government of Ontario reduced the price of emissions testing from $35 CAD to $30 CAD.
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Insertion adds new text at the end of the first segment; deletion deletes it. Text in a gap buffer is represented as two strings, which take very little extra space and which can be searched and displayed very quickly, compared to more sophisticated data structures such as linked lists. However, operations at different locations in the text and ones that fill the gap (requiring a new gap to be created) may require copying most of the text, which is especially inefficient for large files. The use of gap buffers is based on the assumption that such recopying occurs rarely enough that its cost can be amortized over the more common cheap operations.
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In computer science, a scapegoat tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, invented by Arne Andersson and again by Igal Galperin and Ronald L. Rivest. It provides worst-case O(log n) lookup time, and O(log n) amortized insertion and deletion time. Unlike most other self-balancing binary search trees which provide worst case O(log n) lookup time, scapegoat trees have no additional per-node memory overhead compared to a regular binary search tree: a node stores only a key and two pointers to the child nodes. This makes scapegoat trees easier to implement and, due to data structure alignment, can reduce node overhead by up to one-third.
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Deferred financing costs or debt issuance costs is an accounting concept meaning costs associated with issuing debt (loans and bonds), such as various fees and commissions paid to investment banks, law firms, auditors, regulators, and so on. Since these payments do not generate future benefits, they are treated as a contra debt account. The costs are capitalized, reflected in the balance sheet as a contra long-term liability, and amortized using the effective interest method or over the finite life of the underlying debt instrument, if below de minimus. Deferred financing costs The unamortized amounts are included in the long-term debt, as a reduction of the total debt (hence contra debt) in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
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In some situations it may be necessary to use a pessimistic analysis in order to guarantee safety. Often however, a pessimistic analysis may be too pessimistic, so an analysis that gets closer to the real value but may be optimistic (perhaps with some known low probability of failure) can be a much more practical approach. One modern approach in academic theory to bridge the gap between worst-case and average-case analysis is called smoothed analysis. When analyzing algorithms which often take a small time to complete, but periodically require a much larger time, amortized analysis can be used to determine the worst-case running time over a (possibly infinite) series of operations.
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If the table size increases or decreases by a fixed percentage at each expansion, the total cost of these resizings, amortized over all insert and delete operations, is still a constant, independent of the number of entries n and of the number m of operations performed. For example, consider a table that was created with the minimum possible size and is doubled each time the load ratio exceeds some threshold. If m elements are inserted into that table, the total number of extra re-insertions that occur in all dynamic resizings of the table is at most m − 1\. In other words, dynamic resizing roughly doubles the cost of each insert or delete operation.
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In although they did not received real money of selling player, the acquire cost was to amortized proportionality during the player contract (usually multi-year), overall it still appeared a profit in the first year fiscal report, in although most of the nominal value of the registration rights of new signings, were far higher than the fair value. Thus like took drug to enhance the economic situation. That led to an investigation by prosecutor of Rome for a suspected false accounting in 2004. But Roma was fined €60,000 on 30 October 2007 by Criminal Court of Rome for irregularity on youth players transfer only, as cross trading and inflating the price itself is not illegal, prosecutor failed to prove the purpose behind is illegal against the clubs.
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In although they did not received real money of selling player, the acquire cost was to amortized proportionality during the player contract (usually multi-year), overall it still appeared a profit in the first year fiscal report, in although most of the nominal value of the registration rights of new signings, were far higher than the fair value. Thus like took drug to enhance the economic situation. That led to an investigation by prosecutor of Rome for a suspected false accounting in 2004. But Roma was fined €60,000 on 30 October 2007 by Criminal Court of Rome for irregularity on youth players transfer only, as cross trading and inflating the price itself is not illegal, prosecutor failed to prove the purpose behind is illegal against the clubs.
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Both club enjoy a false capital gains on footballers, which only in terms of intangible asset increased. He was remained at Torino youth team until June 2004, which Roma gave up their remain 50% rights of Martinetti, Frezza and Fontana for free; Torino sold the remain rights of Panarelli, Paoletti and Schettino for just €60,000 in total. The club also corrected the asset table of the club by setting up a special 10-year amortize fund in 2002–03 season, which Schettino's contract value had write-down (more correctly moved to the special fund) €3.08 million, and would amortize in 10-year period. The rest of €120,000 had been amortized ca 2002–03 season, made Schettino worth for nothing in main accounting table of the players.
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Ralf Hinze and Ross Paterson state a finger tree is a functional representation of persistent sequences that can access the ends in amortized constant time. Concatenation and splitting can be done in logarithmic time in the size of the smaller piece. The structure can also be made into a general purpose data structure by defining the split operation in a general form, allowing it to act as a sequence, priority queue, search tree, or priority search queue, among other varieties of abstract data types.. A finger is a point where one can access part of a data structure; in imperative languages, this is called a pointer. In a finger tree, the fingers are structures that point to the ends of a sequence, or the leaf nodes.
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There are three partners in an SBA 504 loan—the borrower, a bank or other regulated lender, and a CDC. Typically the borrower must contribute 10% of the total project cost; their bank lends 50% at their own rate and term (as long as the term is at least 10 years), and has a first lien on the assets being financed; and the CDC lends 40%, with a second lien. If the financing is for real estate, as most 504 loans are, the CDC's loan is for twenty years at a fixed rate of interest. The fully amortized rate for loans funding in August 2010 was 4.931% (the number changes based on the rate for current 5-year and 10-year U.S. Treasury issues).
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Some states allow amortization of the nonconforming use whereby the nonconforming use's immediate value is amortized over the course of a set period and once the value of the nonconforming reaches zero the nonconforming use ends. Normally such an ordinance is upheld unless it is arbitrary or discriminatory or unreasonable, and it is usually limited to certain uses and outside of those uses it may be an unreasonable exercise of police power. A reasonable exercise of an amortization end of the nonconforming use allows for a complete return on the investment. Many property-rights advocacy groups are critical of amortization, because it forces property owners to cease a previously lawful use without providing them with any compensation.. In some states, amortization of a nonconforming use is unconstitutional.
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Amortized analysis of the push operation for a dynamic array Consider a dynamic array that grows in size as more elements are added to it, such as in Java or in C++. If we started out with a dynamic array of size 4, we could push 4 elements onto it, and each operation would take constant time. Yet pushing a fifth element onto that array would take longer as the array would have to create a new array of double the current size (8), copy the old elements onto the new array, and then add the new element. The next three push operations would similarly take constant time, and then the subsequent addition would require another slow doubling of the array size.
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The Emperor amortized 415,000 of this sum and in return granted the Fugger company the silver and copper mining operations of Tyrol. During the Imperial Diet of 1523 in Nuremberg it was debated whether to restrict trade capital and the number of trade establishments companies were allowed to maintain. Jakob Fugger intervened and reminded the Emperor that "It is known that your imperial majesty could not have claimed the Roman crown without my help,..." ()Franz Herre: Die Fugger in ihrer Zeit, Augsburg, 2000 The added demand of repayment of all debts eventually led to all discussions of trade restrictions and limits to monopolies being dropped. In addition to this Jakob Fugger was granted a concession to mine quicksilver and cinnabar in Almadén.
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The most common way of describing a balloon loan uses the terminology X due in Y, where X is the number of years over which the loan is amortized, and Y is the year in which the principal balance is due. An example of a balloon payment mortgage is the seven-year Fannie Mae Balloon, which features monthly payments based on a thirty-year amortization.seven-year Balloon Mortgages At A Glance (PDF) In the United States, the amount of the balloon payment must be stated in the contract if Truth-in-Lending provisions apply to the loan. Because borrowers may not have the resources to make the balloon payment at the end of the loan term, a "two-step" mortgage plan may be used with balloon payment mortgages.
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This amortization schedule is based on the following assumptions: First, it should be known that rounding errors occur and, depending on how the lender accumulates these errors, the blended payment (principal plus interest) may vary slightly some months to keep these errors from accumulating; or, the accumulated errors are adjusted for at the end of each year or at the final loan payment. There are a few crucial points worth noting when mortgaging a home with an amortized loan. First, there is substantial disparate allocation of the monthly payments toward the interest, especially during the first 18 years of a 30-year mortgage. In the example below, payment 1 allocates about 80-90% of the total payment towards interest and only $67.09 (or 10-20%) toward the principal balance.
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The borrower may find themselves unable to afford the higher regularly amortized payments at the end of the interest-only period, unable to refinance due to lack of equity, and unable to sell if demand for housing has weakened. Due to the speculative aspects of relying on home appreciation which may or may not happen, many financial experts such as Suze Orman advise against interest-only loans for which a borrower would not otherwise qualify."Yahoo Finance - Loser Loans" The types of interest-only loans that rely on home appreciation would be negative amortization loans, which most financial institutions discontinued in mid-2008. A recent study published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago verified that most Americans can benefit from funding tax-deferred accounts rather than paying down mortgage balances.
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Then we can afford to spend a linear amount of time in the size of the sublist to rebuild it and possibly split it into smaller sublists without affecting the amortized cost of insertion by any more than a constant. If the sublist has size k then we split it into O(k/\log N) contiguous sublists of size O(\log N), locally labeling each new sublist as described above and pointing each element of a sublist to a new representative node to be inserted into the tree. It takes O(k) time to construct the sublists. Since we do not allow empty sublists, there are at most n\le 2N of them and so a representative can be inserted into the tree in O(\log N) time.
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In 2012, the Community Baseball Club of Central New York (Syracuse Chiefs) signed an 11-year lease of the stadium with Onondaga County, starting at $126,000 per year, and increasing two percent per year through 2022, when it would pay $153,576. The Chiefs and County share maintenance, utility and other costs, with the former contributing about $500,000 per year to stadium upkeep. In its prior, 15-year lease, the Baseball Club paid no rent, but its $4 million contribution to the construction of the stadium was amortized over the term of the lease, in lieu of rent, amounting to about $22,222 per month ($266,664 per year). The Community Baseball Club had an "option to buy" the stadium from Onondaga County "by the end of 2013", at a price of $3.05 million.
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The stored key of L is possibly larger than its correct key (if L was corrupted), and even this larger value is smaller than all the stored keys of the remaining elements in the heap (as we were removing minimums). Therefore, the correct key of L is smaller than the remaining n/3 uncorrupted elements in the soft heap. Thus, L divides the elements somewhere between 33%/66% and 66%/33%. We then partition the set about L using the partition algorithm from quicksort and apply the same algorithm again to either the set of numbers less than L or the set of numbers greater than L, neither of which can exceed 2n/3 elements. Since each insertion and deletion requires O(1) amortized time, the total deterministic time is T(n) = T(2n/3) + O(n).
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By this point, the L-bodies were consolidated into a single-trim "America" line in the interest of improved quality control and reduced costs. Despite the P-body Dodge Shadow and Plymouth Sundance effectively superseding the Omni/Horizon in 1987, the cars were kept in production for another three years since their tooling had been amortized and each one sold turned a profit. Chrysler invested in a number of significant changes that ended up being used for only one year; the cars gained larger exterior rear-view mirrors (borrowed from the departed M-body sedans), a driver's side airbag and a mildly redesigned instrument panel, complete with HVAC controls moved to the center. The Omni and the Horizon ended production in 1990, and were replaced by the Dodge Shadow/Plymouth Sundance, which were both introduced for 1987.
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Let be a table, an element to insert, num(T) the number of elements in , and size(T) the allocated size of . We assume the existence of operations create_table(n), which creates an empty table of size , for now assumed to be free, and elementary_insert(T,E), which inserts element into a table that already has space allocated, with a cost of 1. The following pseudocode illustrates the table insertion procedure: function table_insert(T, E) if num(T) = size(T) U := create_table(2 × size(T)) for each F in T elementary_insert(U, F) T := U elementary_insert(T, E) Without amortized analysis, the best bound we can show for n insert operations is O(n) -- this is due to the loop at line 4 that performs num(T) elementary insertions. For analysis using the accounting method, we assign a payment of 3 to each table insertion.
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Retained interest (also colloquially known as a payout penalty) is future, currently unpaid, interest that some lenders add to the remaining principal of a loan to determine a payout figure in the event that the loan is terminated before the completion of the original term. When two parties enter into a loan agreement, the amount of interest payable over the term of the loan is calculated and then amortized across the loan repayments. Thus, each repayment can be considered to include two parts: one part repaying some of the principal of the loan, and the other paying interest. In the situation that a loan is terminated early, a portion of the interest originally calculated for that loan has not yet been paid, as this interest would have been included in the interest portion of future repayments that are no longer going to be made.
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ACSOI can be a useful internal metric for businesses to determine financial performance and to make strategic management decisions, if they believe their subscriber acquisition costs are an up-front cash outlay that truly builds long-term customer assets commensurate with that outlay. A main argument for not using this metric in GAAP accounting is that there is a key difference between subscribers and customers: customers make purchases and generate revenue for the business; it may be faulty to assume that all subscriber acquisition costs can be amortized as assets if only an unknown portion of the acquired subscribers will actually convert to customers. The use of ACSOI came under scrutiny in August 2011, when it was revealed the company Groupon used the metric to present a net gain in operating income in their IPO filing. Without the ACSOI metric, Groupon would have stated a net loss.
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Edward IV amortized a portion of his debt, but these reductions were soon rendered less helpful (but not negated outright) by fresh loans and sales of silk. By the spring of 1469, Tani had finished repairing the London branch's operations to his own satisfaction, and returned to Italy. His work would be undone by the unhelpfulness of the other branch managers and the fecklessness of the London branch manager Canigiani. The fatal blow was the Wars of the Roses, which rendered Edward IV unable to repay the loans (the best he could do in way of repayment was to lift all tariffs on the Medici exporting English wool until such time as the debt was repaid), and the branch had loaned far too much to the Lancastrian rebels (and not to a number of Yorkist loyalists), who would never repay their loans after their deaths and defeats.
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The federal government's health insurance plan would have been financed entirely by premiums without subsidy from the Federal government,Why We Need a Public Health-Care Plan Robert Reich The Wall Street Journal although some plans called for government seed money to get the programs started.e.g. House Bill H.R.3962 Section 322 (b)2(B) "AMORTIZATION OF START-UP FUNDING- The Secretary shall provide for the repayment of the startup funding provided under subparagraph (A) to the Treasury in an amortized manner over the 10-year period beginning with Y1". The Senate HLP Committee bill contains a similar clause in § 3106 "A Health Benefit Plan Start-up Fund will be created to provide loans for initial operations, which the plan will be required to pay back no later than 10 years after the payment is made." President Barack Obama promoted the idea of the public option while running for election in 2008.
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A queap is a priority queue that inserts elements in O(1) amortized time, and removes the minimum element in O(log(k + 2)) if there are k items that have been in the heap for a longer time than the element to be extracted. The queap has a property called the queueish property: the time to search for element x is O(lg q(x)) where q(x) is equal to n − 1 − w(x) and w(x) is the number of distinct items that has been accessed by operations such as searching, inserting, or deleting. q(x) is defined as how many elements have not been accessed since x's last access. Indeed, the queueish property is the complement of the splay tree working set property: the time to search for element x is O(lg w(x)). A queap can be represented by two data structures: a doubly linked list and a modified version of 2–4 tree.
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A "new structure could be erected more quickly by two men than the [European-style] heavy timber frame by twenty...[so that] many poorly paid immigrant groups had homeownership rates as high [as] white Americans."Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 125-126 "For the first time in the history of the world, middle class families in the late nineteenth century could reasonably expect to buy a detached home on an accessible lot... the real price of shelter in the United States was lower than in the Old World."Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 136 Intended to spur housing construction after the Great Depression, President Roosevelt's Federal Housing Administration established minimum standards for home constructionJackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 204 and low down-payment amounts, and home loans amortized for the full-term of 20 to 30 years. Before that, "first mortgages were limited to one-of or two-thirds of the appraised value of the property",Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 204 and loans had to be renewed every five years and interest rates were subject to revision every renewal.
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As it was from where the mass was officiated, (therefore the most sacred area) and also closer to the urban centre, it can be deduced that it could be the oldest part from which Juan de la Cuesta enlarged the rest of the building View of the original bell tower before its demolition and later recomposition View of the stoned soil on the portico of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Church Villamelendro. After the remodeling in 2012 where the liturgical warehouse is amortized, the rest of the cobbled floor that was already in front of the door appears Sillar recovered as a shoe in one of the buttresses of the South side with Renaissance grooves Restoration process of the entrance gate of the Church of La Asunción in Villamelendro de Valdavia. The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción is a temple of worship under the Catholic Church and predominantly designed with a baroque style located in Villamelendro de Valdavia, belonging to the municipality of Villasila de Valdavia, in the province of Palencia, under the autonomous community of Castilla y León, Spain.
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Based on the amortized analysis of splay trees, the worst case running time of splaysort, on an input with n data items, is O(n log n), matching the time bounds for efficient non-adaptive algorithms such as quicksort, heap sort, and merge sort. For an input sequence in which most items are placed close to their predecessor in the sorted order, or are out of order with only a small number of other items, splaysort can be faster than O(n log n), showing that it is an adaptive sort. To quantify this, let dx be the number of positions in the input that separate x from its predecessor, and let ix be the number of items that appear on one side of x in the input and on the other side of x in the output (the number of inversions that involve x). Then it follows from the dynamic finger theorem for splay trees that the total time for splaysort is bounded by :\sum_x \log d_x and by :\sum_x \log i_x.. Splaysort can also be shown to be adaptive to the entropy of the input sequence..
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Signing of the Boxer Protocol. Left, from left to right: F.M Knobel from Netherland (only see his hands); K. Jutaro from Japan; G. S. Raggi from Italy; Joostens from Belgium; C. von Walhborn from Austria-Hungary; B. J. Cologán from Spain; M. von Giers from Russia; A. Mumm for German Empire; E. M. Satow from Britain; W. W. Rockhill from US; P. Beau from France; I-Kuang; Li Hongzhang; Prince Qing The Eight-Nation Alliance during a celebration ceremony inside the Forbidden City after the signing of the Boxer Protocol. Immediately identifiable flags in picture: Italy, France, Germany, Russia and Japan, 1901. 450 million taels of fine silver (around 18,000 tonnes, worth approx. US$333 million or £67 million at the exchange rates of the time) were to be paid as indemnity over a course of 39 years to the eight nations involved. The Chinese paid the indemnity in gold on a rising scale with a 4% interest charge until the debt was amortized on December 31, 1940. After 39 years, the amount was almost 1 billion taels (precisely 982,238,150), or ≈ at 1.2 ozt/tael. The sum was to be distributed as follows: Russia 28.97%, Germany 20.02%, France 15.75%, Britain 11.25%, Japan 7.73%, United States 7.32%, Italy 7.32%, Belgium 1.89%, Austria- Hungary 0.89%, Netherlands 0.17%, Spain 0.03%, Portugal 0.021%, Sweden and Norway 0.014%.
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