1000 Sentences With "alkali" | Random Sentence Generator

So European languages are filled with alkali, algebra and the like.

Alkali, the next lease over, belongs to Charles, Marjorie, and Darwin Dunten.

Large-scale production of sulphuric acid and alkali were also developed here.

Canexus owns sodium chlorate and chlor-alkali plants in Canada and Brazil.

It works like this: An alkali, or salt derived from an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal (usually sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or a combination of the two), is combined with water in a specially made machine.

But to experience the truly bizarre, look for the scuba diving alkali flies.

An alkali fly creates a protective bubble in order to dive in Mono Lake.

Tronox's alkali business produces about 28 percent of the world's natural soda ash output.

"These young women don't want to suffer anymore," said the judge, Alkali Laouali Ismaël.

Underwater, the alkali flies feast on algae and lay eggs free from competition and predators.

If the alkali is sodium hydroxide, the result is a hard soap, relatively difficult to dissolve.

They can come from both alkaline earth metals and alkali metals, not alkaline earth metals alone.

Grains and legumes—like the alkali metals and halogens they correspond to—just sort of belong together.

It&aposs mixed with an alkali, which is sodium hydroxide for bar soaps and potassium hydroxide for liquids.

Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals & Fertilizers has used the technology at its plant in southern Tamil Nadu state since October.

But the alkali flies looked like they had taken a swim in some Rogaine, likely amplifying this protective effect.

These quarter-inch-long (6-mm) alkali flies possess specialized traits that let them conquer Mono Lake, scientists found.

So in the end, you&aposre left with glycerin, soap, and water left behind after the alkali has reacted.

There is no change in the color when exposed to high temperatures, water, and mildly acidic and alkali conditions.

MP Materials also plans to re-open the Mountain Pass chlor-alkali facility, which was built by Molycorp, Litinsky said.

Its widespread adoption could increase production at industrial chlor-alkali plants, which are known to emit mercury and other pollutants.

And the alkali mariposa lily and ash meadows blazing star are among the plants that grow only along this river.

Instead of using flame, green cremation uses heated water and an alkali solution to accelerate the natural decomposition of the body.

Second, if possible, choose natural cocoa over Dutch processed cocoa, which is treated with an alkali, a compound that neutralizes acid.

The company has transformed and gotten out of the alkali chemical business and has now become the eighth largest crop protection company.

In a process called saponification, an alkali is used to cause changes in animal or vegetable fats, leaving behind soap and glycerol.

That an explosion of alkali-processed cocoa and disintegrated corn might be accompanied by a flagship Google handset tumbling into your bowl?

The body is submerged in a solution of about 2300 percent water and 5 percent alkali—usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

With heat and pressure in the soap reactor, the alkali separates the fatty acids from the glycerin and converts them to soap.

It's still incredibly bright—the lakebed salts and alkali sediments are highly reflective, and it can be hard to distinguish surface patterns.

The chlor-alkali industry is the primary asbestos importer and user of raw asbestos for the manufacturing of industrial chlorine and caustic soda.

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the chlor-alkali industry imported 750 metric tons of raw asbestos from Brazil and Russia.

The cash portion of the deal is expected to be partly funded through the sale of the alkali business and other non-core assets.

Centuries of evaporation have transformed this ancient lake bed into a dry alkali flat, inhabited today by a migratory roost of 30,000 sandhill cranes.

The ground-nesting alkali bee, Nomia melanderi, also pollinates alfalfa, and the blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria, is effective for tree fruits and nuts.

It was formed by heating quartz sand, copper, an alkali, and lime (or lime-heavy sand) into calcium copper silicate, a highly stable chemical compound.

The army statement made no mention of casualties but Musa Alkali, a resident of the attacked area, Molai, told Reuters on Tuesday he saw four corpses.

It is in the Alkali Flat neighborhood, next to J. Neely Johnson Park and five blocks northwest of Sacramento City Hall and the heart of downtown.

Looking way closer at all the flies with a powerful microscope showed that the alkali flies differed from their tiny relatives in that they were extra hairy.

This amplified version of the normal insect waterproofing system has allowed alkali flies to exploit a predator-free environment for food and reproduction in strange, spectacular fashion.

NATIONAL An article on Friday about the liquefaction of human remains as an alternative to burials and cremations referred incorrectly to how alkali salts can be derived.

Along with Sodra, they were also part of a consortium that in 2014 shelved a project using cold alkali as solvent amid differing opinions about how to proceed.

Further, soap makers — 95 percent of whom are women — view the blending of alkali and oils as something they can do at home to supplement the family income.

Alkali flies (Ephydra hians) dive into a lake, feed on the bottom, and shoot back to the surface to fly away, staying drier than a saltine the whole time.

Canexus, which owns sodium chlorate and chlor-alkali plants in Canada and Brazil, will recommend its shareholders vote in favor of the transaction, it said in a separate statement.

The judge, Alkali Laouali Ismaël, told me he had noticed that in his city, Maradi, women and girls were taking control of their relationships in new and positive ways.

"You basically make an alkali solution at temperature and pressure, put the body in for a couple of hours, and it reduces the soft tissues to a liquid," he said.

The fortunes of the light alkali metal are becoming increasingly tied to consumer electronics, at a time when other commodities are seeing price slumps due to falling demand in China.

It also hosts enormous numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds—migratory and resident alike—many of which feed on one of the lake's more famous phenomena: vast, black clouds of alkali flies.

This waxy, exceptional fuzzy wuzziness makes the alkali fly's outer surface "superhydrophobic," pushing the lake's harsh water away as the insect enters the water, generating a nice, protective blanket of air.

Four years ago, PPG did the same when it carved out its chlor-alkali and derivatives business and merged it with a subsidiary of Georgia Gulf to create a new firm, Axiall.

Using the OSIRIS instrument on the Great Telescope of the Canary Islands (GTC),the researchers found a high concentration of alkali metals in the atmosphere of WASP-127b, including sodium, potassium and lithium.

One creature with this strange ability, the alkali flies found in Mono Lake, California, only recently had the source of its diving skills revealed thanks to researchers at the California Institute of Technology.

By taking alkali flies, gluing them individually to tungsten rods, and using a motor to raise and lower a container of water, the researchers were able to dip the flies at a controlled rate.

These alkali flies, whose scientific name is Ephydra hians, have magnified both traits to overcome the extreme conditions of Mono Lake, considered among the "wettest" water on Earth with a slippery, nearly oily feel.

The judge Alkali Laouali Ismaël showed Zalika Amadou where to sign her divorce papers as her husband, Noura Issa, center in blue, waited for his turn at a street-side court in Maradi, Niger.

With high speed cameras and a few calculations, Dr. Dickinson and his colleagues found it was their extra hair and body wax that allowed alkali flies to repel the water and form their bubbles.

The team also found that Mono Lake's water was particularly hard to escape from, with the alkali flies being "pushed" out of the water less with higher concentrations of the lake's water in a mixture.

The researchers identified the chemical components of the protective layer, and found that, compared to other flies, the alkali flies boosted the use of compounds well-suited to wicking off water full of carbonate ions.

She investigated the traits that emerge when carbon is interwoven with other materials: Stitch in some alkali metals, for example, and carbon can become a superconductor, in which an electric current meets virtually no resistance.

Oh well: bad news for us, but probably great news for the bacteria who'll be living in the alkali-clouds floating several hundred kilometres above the now-lifeless surface of the Earth 200 years from now.

In 1829 Johann Dobereiner, a German, noticed a curiosity about these trios (members of groups now known, respectively, as alkali metals, alkaline earths and halogens), and also another triplet that shared similar properties: sulphur, selenium and tellurium.

That's because they're living in the Diamond Alkali Superfund Site, where toxic leftovers from the manufacture of chemicals like DDT and the infamous Agent Orange oozed into surrounding waterways to be taken up by the animals that inhabited them.

They found that alkali flies have to exert forces up to 18 times their body weight to enter the water, hulking out and gripping the bottom with burly claws on their feet, pulling themselves along against the buoyancy of their bubble.

Among the most serious polluters, officials said, was the old Diamond Alkali Company's Newark plant, which produced the herbicide Agent Orange that was used to defoliate forests during the Vietnam War and produced particularly toxic sludge that drained into the river.

Gleaning inspiration from organisms for engineering purposes—"biomimicry"—is already a major input into applications for superhydrophobia (like improving raincoats by emulating the properties of duck feathers), so it's very possible the humble alkali fly's extreme waterproofing may contribute to human innovation.

Yet it was there, amid the alkali flats, whistling winds and triple-digit heat of the Mojave Desert, that Ms. Becket and her husband resettled and built the Amargosa Opera House, where she performed her ballets and pantomimes for the next 20053 years.

Researchers at the California Institute of Technology investigated just how they accomplish these feats, and their findings—published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences—suggest that the alkali fly's never-wetting superpowers come from an effective coupling of fly fuzz and god-tier waterproofing.

On February 1103th of the Julian calendar then in use in Russia (February 26th by the Gregorian calendar employed in most of the rest of Europe), having addressed halogens and alkali metals, he was racking his brains for an organising principle to act as a template for the rest.

The E.P.A. removed 40,000 cubic yards of the most highly contaminated sediment in the river near the Diamond Alkali plant in 2012, officials said, and in 2013 and 2014, the agency oversaw the removal of another 16,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment from a mud flat near Lyndhurst.

Puccinellia agrostidea Sorensen Bent alkali grass or tundra alkali grass Puccinellia ambigua Sorensen \- Alberta alkali grass Puccinellia americana Sorensen \- American alkali grass Puccinellia andersonii Swallen \- Anderson's alkali grass Puccinellia angustata (R.Br.) Rand & Redf. \- Narrow alkali grass Puccinellia arctica (Hook.) Fern. & Weath.

The spring is reported to contain lithium, though the surface of nearby Alkali Flat (Alkali Lake ) does not. In 2018, RAM Power held a geothermal leases near Alkali Hot Spring.

An acid–alkali reaction is a special case of an acid–base reaction, where the base used is also an alkali. When an acid reacts with an alkali salt (a metal hydroxide), the product is a metal salt and water. Acid–alkali reactions are also neutralization reactions. In general, acid–alkali reactions can be simplified to :(aq) \+ (aq) → by omitting spectator ions.

There is a song titled "Alkali Ike Rag". Baseball player Grover Cleveland Alexander was nicknamed Alkali Pete after one of the lead characters. Marvel's Earth 616 has a character named Alkali Ike.

The name Alkalibaculum derives from: Arabic noun al-qaliy, the ashes of saltwort; New Latin noun alkali, alkali; Latin neuter gender noun baculum, stick; New Latin neuter gender noun Alkalibaculum, alkali stick.

Alkali Lake State Airport , is a public airport located northeast of Alkali Lake in Lake County, Oregon, United States.

Depiction of the total alkali-silica diagram. Alkali basalts are generally located in the upper left corner of the basalt region (region B). Alkali basalt is chemically classified as a rock in region B (basalt) of the total alkali versus silica (TAS) diagram that contains nepheline in its CIPW norm. Basalts that do not contain normative nepheline are characterized as sub-alkali basalts, which include tholeiitic basalts and calc-alkaline basalts.

Phenoxyethanol is produced by the hydroxyethylation of phenol (Williamson synthesis), for example, in the presence of alkali-metal hydroxides or alkali- metal borohydrides.

Indeed, the polymer chemistry is radically different compared to the calcium hydrate or precipitate chemistry. Nevertheless, several cement scientists continue to promote the terminology related to alkali-activated materials or alkali- activated geopolymers. These cements, abbreviated AAM, encompass the specific fields of alkali-activated slags, alkali-activated coal fly ashes, and various blended cementing systems (see RILEM Technical committee 247-DTA).

Alkali hydroxides are formed in the reaction between alkali metals and water. A typical school demonstration demonstrates what happens when a piece of an alkali metal is introduced to a bowl of water. A vigorous reaction occurs, producing hydrogen gas and the specific alkali hydroxide. For example, if sodium is the alkali metal: :Sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas :2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2 Sodium hydroxide is an important industrial chemical, where it is produced by the chloralkali process.

The generic name Alkalibacterium derives from: Latin alkali (ashes of saltwort) alkali; and bacterium, a small rod, to give "a bacterium living under alkaline conditions".

This reagent reacts with toluene to form the red- orange compound benzyl potassium (KCH2C6H5). Evidence for the formation of heavy alkali metal-organic intermediates is provided by the equilibration of cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene catalysed by alkali metals. The isomerization is fast with lithium and sodium, but slow with the higher alkali metals. The higher alkali metals also favor the sterically congested conformation.

Alkali basalt is one of the rocks comprising the Pali-Aike volcanic field, in Argentina. Alkali basalt or alkali olivine basalt is a dark-colored, porphyritic volcanic rock usually found in oceanic and continental areas associated with volcanic activity, such as oceanic islands, continental rifts and volcanic fields. Alkali basalt is characterized by relatively high alkali (Na2O and K2O) content relative to other basalts and by the presence of olivine and titanium-rich augite in its groundmass and phenocrysts, and nepheline in its CIPW norm.

Alkali Ike's Auto is a 1911 American short comedy film directed by Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson. The film is one in the "Alkali Ike" series.

Juvenile hormone (JH) analog methoprene can serve as a possible limiting factor for alkali bees since female bees are more likely to reach reproductive maturity with JH. Alkali bees are also considered solitary bees because females have their individual nests and live alongside other female alkali bees.

The position of hydrogen in group 1 is reasonably well settled. Its usual oxidation state is +1 as is the case for its heavier alkali metal congeners. Like lithium, it has a significant covalent chemistry. It can stand in for alkali metals in typical alkali metal structures.

Fractured alkali feldspar filled with central quartz and myrmekite during Ca-metasomatism Here Ca-bearing fluids enter primary alkali feldspar through cracks and react with the alkali feldspar. Through this reaction cracks are filled with quartz and myrmekite. The replacement reactions can affect large portions (> 60%) of the primary alkali feldspar. An important distinctive feature of this type of myrmekite formation is the constant thickness of the vermicules, whereas in the K-metasomatism their thickness changes as a function of the Ca-content of the plagioclase and they also taper towards the alkali feldspar.

The Alkali Lakes are a series of three large playas located in the Surprise Valley of northeastern California, United States. From north to south they are known as Upper, Middle and Lower Alkali Lake. Upper Alkali Lake is often known simply as Upper Lake, and Lower Alkali Lake as Lower Lake. Although mostly located in Modoc County, California, the eastern edges of Middle and Lower Lakes touch Washoe County, Nevada.

The alkali metal hydroxides form white crystals that are hygroscopic and readily soluble in water, generating large amounts of heat upon dissolution. The solubility increases down the column as the alkali metal ions become larger and the lattice enthalpies decrease. All alkali metal hydroxides are strong bases, meaning that they dissociate completely in solution to give ions. As strong bases, alkali hydroxides are highly corrosive and are used in cleaning products.

Inorganic scintillators are usually crystals grown in high temperature furnaces, for example, alkali metal halides, often with a small amount of activator impurity. The most widely used is (thallium-doped sodium iodide); its scintillation light is blue. Other inorganic alkali halide crystals are: , , (pure), , , . Some non-alkali crystals include: , , , , , (), , .

Lithium fluoride (LiF) is the only alkali halide that is not soluble in water, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent.

Alkali Falls, is a multi-step waterfall of 6 tiers located in the east side of the Rogue–Umpqua Divide Wilderness, just west of Mount Bailey and Diamond Lake, on Oregon Route 230 in Douglas County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It totals 510 feet fall in six drops, the Upper Alkali and tallest drop is 130 feet, making it one of the tallest cascades in Oregon. The waters of Alkali Falls are located in the heart of Alkali Meadows. The waterfall is upstream of Alkali Creek, a narrow width creek that drains into Muir Creek, which in turn is a tributary of the Rogue River just south of Alkali Creek.

As shown in the QAPF diagram, alkali feldspar granite contains between 20% - 60% quartz. Less quartz content would lead to "quartz alkali feldspar syenite". More than 90% of the total feldspar content is in the form of alkali feldspar. Less than that amount would designate the rock as a granite.

Nevertheless, hydrogen can take on the same structural role as the alkali metals in some molecular crystals, and has a close relationship with the lightest alkali metals (especially lithium).

Founded in late 2014, the NRHL began its inaugural season on February 20, 2015. Four teams (Alkali Revive, Alkali Surge, Canfield Chiefs and Detroit Bordercats) played a 12-game regular season followed by playoffs. Following an undefeated regular season, the Detroit Bordercats needed three games to eliminate Alkali Revive to advance to the Commissioners Cup Finals where they swept the best-of three series against Alkali Surge. Kyle Siciliano was named playoffs MVP.

The Al2O3 content of alkali aluminosilicate glasses is typically 10-25% and the alkali content over 10%. The high alkali content prepares the glass for ion exchange with bigger alkali ions in order to improve the surface compressive strength. Due to this particular feature, this glass type is especially suitable for the use in touch displays, solar cells cover glass and laminated safety glass. High transformation temperatures and outstanding mechanical properties, e.g.

O'Brien, Thomas F.; Bommaraju, Tilak V. and Hine, Fumio (2005) Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, vol. 1. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Chapter 2: History of the Chlor-Alkali Industry, p. 34.

The alkali metals commonly used as MHD fluids react violently with water. Also, the chemical byproducts of heated, electrified alkali metals and channel ceramics may be poisonous and environmentally persistent.

Mount Rishiri is made up of alkali and non- alkali mafic volcanic rock dating from the Late Pleistocene, 130,000–18,000 years ago. Otherwise it is covered in Quaternary volcanic rock debris.

The Alkali Falls trailhead is USFS No 1055 that spins off Forest Road 6540-900 from Oregon Route 230.Alkali Creek Falls Trail #1055 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

Lithium and sodium are typically isolated through electrolysis from their liquid chlorides, with calcium chloride typically added to lower the melting point of the mixture. The heavier alkali metals, however, is more typically isolated in a different way, where a reducing agent (typically sodium for potassium and magnesium or calcium for the heaviest alkali metals) is used to reduce the alkali metal chloride. The liquid or gaseous product (the alkali metal) then undergoes fractional distillation for purification. Most routes to the pure alkali metals require the use of electrolysis due to their high reactivity; one of the few which does not is the pyrolysis of the corresponding alkali metal azide, which yields the metal for sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium and the nitride for lithium.

In 1907, Charles Krause identified the colour as being due to the presence of solvated electrons, which contribute to the high electrical conductivity of these solutions. At low concentrations (below 3 M), the solution is dark blue and has ten times the conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride; at higher concentrations (above 3 M), the solution is copper-coloured and has approximately the conductivity of liquid metals like mercury. In addition to the alkali metal amide salt and solvated electrons, such ammonia solutions also contain the alkali metal cation (M+), the neutral alkali metal atom (M), diatomic alkali metal molecules (M2) and alkali metal anions (M−). These are unstable and eventually become the more thermodynamically stable alkali metal amide and hydrogen gas.

This placed all major heavy industries which emitted smoke, grit, dust and fumes under the supervision of the Inspectorate. The 1863 Act was extended and expanded at least three times: first by the Alkali, &c.; Works Regulation Act 1881, thence by the Alkali, &c.; Works Regulation Act 1892, and subsequently by the Alkali, &c.

Alkali Lake is an unincorporated community in the Cariboo region of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located 40 kilometres south of the city of Williams Lake en route to Dog Creek and the Gang Ranch, at about 780 m (2560 ft) above sea level. The settlement, and the adjoining reserves of the Alkali Lake Indian Band, get their name from Alkali Lake, which gets its name from an outcrop of alkali on the hillside above it; the lake itself is not an alkali lake. The economy of the area is based on cattle ranching and small scale tourism, although in the past it was important as a way station on one of the various trails to the Cariboo goldfields farther north. Alkali Lake Indian Reserve No. 1, one of the main reserves of the Alkali Lake Indian Band, is located within the community.

Alkali Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Nevada. Alkali Lake was so named on account of it being a soda lake or "alkaline lake" (a lake with high alkalinity).

Alkali metal halides, or alkali halides, are the family of inorganic compounds with the chemical formula MX, where M is an alkali metal and X is a halogen. These compounds are the often commercially significant sources of these metals and halides. The best known of these compounds is sodium chloride, table salt.Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997).

Alkali metal oxides and copper are common promoters, but the formulation depends on the primary metal, iron vs cobalt. Alkali oxides on cobalt catalysts generally cause activity to drop severely even with very low alkali loadings. C≥5 and CO2 selectivity increase while methane and C2–C4 selectivity decrease. In addition, the alkene to alkane ratio increases.

Saltbush scrub is a Mojave Desert plant community and vegetation type, found above and beyond the alkali sink Shadscale scrub type. Halophyte plants must deal with salt in the soil, but in less high concentrations than are found in the alkali sink shadscale scrub zone.Mojave Desert Wildflowers, Pam Mackay, p 16 Alkali sink vegetation grades into saltbrush scrub.

Many other substances are similar to the alkali metals in their tendency to form monopositive cations. Analogously to the pseudohalogens, they have sometimes been called "pseudo-alkali metals". These substances include some elements and many more polyatomic ions; the polyatomic ions are especially similar to the alkali metals in their large size and weak polarising power.

The first type of glass used for fiber was soda lime glass or A-glass ("A" for the alkali it contains). It is not very resistant to alkali. A newer, alkali-free (<2%) type, E-glass, is an alumino-borosilicate glass. C-glass was developed to resist attack from chemicals, mostly acids that destroy E-glass.

Losh retired from the alkali business in 1831. In addition to being an alkali manufacturer he worked as a colliery agent and as consul for Prussia, the Scandinavian countries and, later, for Turkey.

Oxalic acid causes a precipitate of indium oxalate, In2(C2O4)3·10H2O. Alkali oxalates cause a precipitate of the alkali dioxalatoindate to form MIn(C2O4)2·3H2O, where M = Na, K or NH4.

Alkali was given the traditional title of Sarduana of Gumel.

Nb2O5 is attacked by HF and dissolves in fused alkali.

Performers from Alkali Ike's Wild West Show, Pay Streak, at the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exhibition in Seattle (1909) Another photo of the Alkali Ike show at the Exposition Alkali Ike is a series of short comedy films released during the silent film era. Gilbert M. Anderson was involved with producing them and directed several. Alkali Ike was portrayed by Augustus Carney and Harry Todd co-starred in the films as Mustang Pete. Margaret Joslin and Lily Branscombe also appeared in the series.

Under the British Alkali Act 1863, an alkali inspector and four subinspectors were appointed to curb discharge into the air of muriatic acid gas (gaseous hydrochloric acid) from Leblanc alkali works. In 1874, under the Alkali Act 1874, the Inspector became the Chief Inspector. The first Chief Inspector was Dr Robert Angus Smith, he was statutorily responsible for the standards set and maintained by the Inspectorate, and reported directly to the Permanent Secretary of his department. For the first sixty years of its existence, the Inspectorate was solely concerned with the heavy chemicals industry, but from the 1920s onwards, its responsibilities were expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958.

The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances, such as water. From their silicate ores, all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way: sulfuric acid is first used to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion and aluminium(III) ions from the ore (leaching), whereupon basic precipitation removes aluminium ions from the mixture by precipitating it as the hydroxide. The remaining insoluble alkali metal carbonate is then precipitated selectively; the salt is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid to produce the chloride. The result is then left to evaporate and the alkali metal can then be isolated.

Melonate anion . Alkali melonates are soluble in water without decomposition. Treatment of melonates with alkali gives salts of cyameluric acid. Potassium melonate pentahydrate has planar sheets of melonate anions with potassium cations between the layers.

In general, these are calc-alkali basalts, basaltic andesites, and andesites.

It is a common halophyte member of the alkali flat ecosystem.

Bird, Juliet F. (1978). "The Nineteenth-Century Soap Industry and its Exploitation of Intertidal Vegetation in Eastern Australia ," The Australian Geographer, Vol. 14, pp. 38-41. These types of plant-derived soda ash are impure alkali substances that contain widely varying amounts of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), some additional potassium carbonate (also an alkali), and a predominance of non-alkali impurities.

Azide salts can decompose with release of nitrogen gas. The decomposition temperatures of the alkali metal azides are: NaN3 (275 °C), KN3 (355 °C), RbN3 (395 °C), and CsN3 (390 °C). This method is used to produce ultrapure alkali metals.E. Dönges "Alkali Metals" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 475.

Alkali feldspar granites generally occur with other alkali-rich granitoids, such as monzogranite and syenogranite, forming part of the A-type granites. They are found in a wide range of tectonic settings and their origins remain uncertain.

The organo-alkali mechanism is supported by indirect evidence which shows that an organo-alkali intermediate actually forms during the reaction. This has been observed my many investigators. For example, ShoruguinSchoruigin: Ber. 41, 2711-7 (1908); ibid.

Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture, representing a period of transition from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle.

In medicine, milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by high blood calcium and metabolic alkalosis caused by taking in too much calcium and absorbable alkali; common sources of calcium and alkali are dietary supplements taken to prevent osteoporosis and antacids. If untreated, milk-alkali syndrome may lead to kidney failure or death. It was most common in the early 20th century, but since the 1990s, there has been an increase in the number of cases reported, linked to the increased use of calcium supplements to address or prevent osteoporosis.

Rubidium is the first element placed in period 5. It is an alkali metal, the most reactive group in the periodic table, having properties and similarities with both other alkali metals and other period 5 elements. For example, rubidium has 5 electron shells, a property found in all other period 5 elements, whereas its electron configuration's ending is similar to all other alkali metals: s1. Rubidium also follows the trend of increasing reactivity as the atomic number increases in the alkali metals, for it is more reactive than potassium, but less so than caesium.

This decision may have been due to pressure from Lamido. Alkali had not stated which party platform he would run on, but a spokesman for the Jigawa State chapter of the PDP said they would not endorse Alkali.

The name Alkalibacillus derives from: New Latin noun alkali (from Arabic article al, the; Arabic noun qaliy, ashes of saltwort), alkali; Latin masculine gender noun bacillus, rod; New Latin masculine gender noun Alkalibacillus, bacillus living under alkaline conditions.

It's been used interchangeably with the term alkali soil, which is used in two meanings: 1) a soil with a pH greater than 8.2, 2) a soil with an exchangeable sodium content in excess of 15% of exchange capacity. The term "alkali soil" is often, but not always, used for soils that meet both of these characteristics.Genesis and Management of Sodic (Alkali) Soils. (2017). (n.p.): Scientific Publishers.

The groundmass of alkali basalt is mainly composed of olivine, titanium-rich augite and plagioclase feldspar and may have alkali feldspar or feldspathoid interstitially, but is poor in silica minerals, such as hypersthene and quartz. Phenocrysts are ubiquitous in alkali basalt and, similarly to the groundmass, are usually made up of olivine and titanium-rich augite but can also have plagioclase and iron oxides with lower frequency.

In olivine, the M1 site holds the alkali metal while the M2 site holds the transition metal, whereas in maricite, the M1 site holds the transition metal and the M2 site holds the alkali metal (Ong, et al., 2011).

Other plants in the habitat may include creosotebush, tarbush, agave, and alkali sacaton.

The mountain is made up of non-alkali felsic rock and pyroclasitic flows.

It is produced by the methylation of hydroquinone using dimethylsulfate and an alkali.

It serves as a chelate for alkali metal cations, leaving anions more active.

The Library of Philadelphia has an advertisement for the "Alkali" Ike's Auto epidose.

Causticity is the ratio of NaOH to active alkali, expressed as a percentage.

Since the glass industry during the Late Bronze Age used plant ash as its source of alkali, a link in terms of the alkali used for Egyptian blue before and after the introduction of the glass industry might have been possible.

Wood ash is sometimes used in the process of nixtamalization, where corn is soaked and cooked in an alkali solution to improve nutritional content and decrease risk of mycotoxins. The alkali solution has historically been made from wood ash lye.

Biotite is rare, because in a syenite magma the formation of feldspar consumes nearly all the aluminium, however less Al rich phyllosilicates may be included such as annite. Other common accessory minerals are apatite, titanite, zircon and opaques. Most syenites are either peralkaline with high proportions of alkali elements relative to aluminum, or peraluminous with a higher concentration of aluminum relative to alkali and earth-alkali elements (predominantly K, Na, Ca).

Soda ash (sodium carbonate) and potash (potassium carbonate), collectively termed alkali, are vital chemicals in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. The traditional source of alkali in western Europe had been potash obtained from wood ashes. However, by the 13th century, deforestation had rendered this means of production uneconomical, and alkali had to be imported. Potash was imported from North America, Scandinavia, and Russia, where large forests still stood.

The airport's role in the system is primarily one of providing access to a remote, sparsely populated area. Alkali Lake State Airport is categorized as a level 5, non-NPIAS airport. There is no lodging near Alkali Lake State Airport; however airport camping is permitted. Campers are asked to remember that Alkali Lake is located in the dry Oregon high desert and to use care when staying at this location.

Since the alkali metal bead is consumed over time, it must be replaced regularly .

The fibers of these coarse spherulites are alkali feldspar (sanidine or anorthoclase) and tridymite.

28, 2012. Whereas the liquid fraction contains: C5 sugars, alkali chlorides and fermentation inhibitors.

Conductivity measurement will not determine the specific amount of alkali components, but it is a good indication on the amount of effective alkali (NaOH + Na2S as NaOH or Na2O) or active alkali (NaOH + Na2S as NaOH or Na2O) in the cooking liquor. The composition of the liquor varies between different stages of the cook. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a specific curve for each measurement point or to use commercially available products. The high pressure and temperature of cooking process, combined with high concentration of alkali components, put a heavy strain on conductivity sensors that are installed in process.

The mechanism by which ingesting too much calcium and alkali leads to milk- alkali syndrome is unclear, since the human body tightly regulates levels of calcium. Impaired kidney function is a risk factor but even people with healthy kidneys can develop the syndrome.

Umatilla Rock is a large basalt rock which resisted being eroded by the Great Floods. Its location is downstream of the falls and upstream of the main park and resort. Nearby lakes include Dry Falls, Perch, Red Alkali, Green Alkali, and Meadow.

Retrieved 9 July 2007. Gossage continued to experiment throughout the rest of his career and his patents totalled over 50. One of his patents was an attempt to make alkali by the ammonia-soda process and another to recover sulphur from alkali waste.

The formation of an alkali metal nitride would consume the ionisation energy of the alkali metal (forming M+ ions), the energy required to break the triple bond in N2 and the formation of N3− ions, and all the energy released from the formation of an alkali metal nitride is from the lattice energy of the alkali metal nitride. The lattice energy is maximised with small, highly charged ions; the alkali metals do not form highly charged ions, only forming ions with a charge of +1, so only lithium, the smallest alkali metal, can release enough lattice energy to make the reaction with nitrogen exothermic, forming lithium nitride. The reactions of the other alkali metals with nitrogen would not release enough lattice energy and would thus be endothermic, so they do not form nitrides at standard conditions. Sodium nitride (Na3N) and potassium nitride (K3N), while existing, are extremely unstable, being prone to decomposing back into their constituent elements, and cannot be produced by reacting the elements with each other at standard conditions.. 'Elusive Binary Compound Prepared' Chemical & Engineering News 80 No. 20 (20 May 2002) Steric hindrance forbids the existence of rubidium or caesium nitride.

Mount Teshio is composed offelsic non-alkali rock from 15 to 7 million years old.

When octyldodecanol is melted with an alkali it yields octyldodecanoic acid by a dehydrogenation reaction.

14 The epithet, limicola is in reference to the thallus growing on barren (alkali) soil.

The rare-earth element contents are transitional between Planchon-Peteroa and Patagonia alkali basalt signatures.

The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure (body-centred cubic) and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms, since density is defined as mass per unit volume. The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and thus the atomic radius, which increases going down the group; thus, the volume of an alkali metal atom increases going down the group. The mass of an alkali metal atom also increases going down the group. Thus, the trend for the densities of the alkali metals depends on their atomic weights and atomic radii; if figures for these two factors are known, the ratios between the densities of the alkali metals can then be calculated.

Reminiscent of the nickel arsenide structure, MCH3 (M = K, Rb, Cs) has six alkali metal centers bound to each methyl group. The methyl groups are pyramidal, as expected.E. Weiss, "Structures of Organo Alkali Metal Complexes and Related Compounds" Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 1993, volume 32, pages 1501–1523. A notable reagent that is based on a heavier alkali metal alkyl is Schlosser's base, a mixture of n-butyllithium and potassium tert-butoxide.

In quantities of more than about , caesium is shipped in hermetically sealed, stainless steel containers. The chemistry of caesium is similar to that of other alkali metals, in particular rubidium, the element above caesium in the periodic table. As expected for an alkali metal, the only common oxidation state is +1. Some small differences arise from the fact that it has a higher atomic mass and is more electropositive than other (nonradioactive) alkali metals.

In chemistry, an alkali (; from al-qaly "ashes of the saltwort") is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element. An alkali also can be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline is commonly, and alkalescent less often, used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water.

Alkali basalt can be found in areas associated with volcanic activity, such as oceanic islands (Hawaii, Madeira, Saint Helena, Ascension, etc.), continental rifts and volcanic fields. Continental alkali basalt can be found in every continent, with prominent examples being the Rio Grande Rift (USA), the East African Rift and the Pali-Aike volcanic field. The results from the gamma ray spectrometer on Venera 8 on Venus suggest it landed on alkali basalt.

It is insoluble in nitric acid, but dissolves in ammonia, alkali chlorides, alkali cyanides, aniline, pyridine, and potassium iodide by forming complexes. Concentrated hydrochloric acid decomposes it non-explosively with a hissing noise; thiosulfate also decomposes it non-explosively, and can be used for disposal.

An anode ray ion source typically is an anode coated with the halide salt of an alkali or alkaline earth metal. Application of a sufficiently high electrical potential creates alkali or alkaline earth ions and their emission is most brightly visible at the anode.

Rubidium hydride is the hydride of rubidium. It has the formula RbH and is an alkali metal hydride. It is synthesized using rubidium metal to react with hydrogen gas. As a hydride of an alkali metal, it is reactive towards even weak oxidizing agents.

Exposure to even small amounts may cause convulsions or death. LD50 orally in rats is reported as 25–50 mg/kg. The recommended method to deactivate cyanogen bromide is with bleach. The aqueous alkali hydroxide instantly hydrolyzes (CN)Br to alkali cyanide and bromide.

Lasthenia platycarpha is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name alkali goldfields. It is endemic to California, where it is known mainly from the Central Valley. It grows in alkali flats and other areas with alkaline soils.

However, alkali content—and the coarseness of the cuprorivaite crystals—contribute to the shade of blue in the frit.Lee and Quirke 2000, 109. High alkali content will yield “a large proportion of glass,” thereby diluting the cuprorivaite crystals and producing lighter shades of blue.

It is colorless but turns pink when exposed to alkali such as ammonia and bicarbonate soda.

Other forms of damage include alkali-silica reaction (ASR), chemical intrusion, and corrosion of steel reinforcements.

Pioneer plants such as Salicornia europaea and alkali grasses, grow on and stabilize the mud flats.

Formula of peros fat resolvent was enriched with non ionic active materials and alkali fat resolvents.

They were originally known under the names "soil silicate concretes" and "soil cements". Because Portland cement concretes can be affected by the deleterious Alkali-aggregate reaction, coined AAR or Alkali-silica reaction coined ASR (see for example the RILEM Committee 219-ACS Aggregate Reaction in Concrete Structures ), the wording alkali-activation has a negative impact on civil engineers. However, geopolymer cements do not in general show these deleterious reactions (see below in Properties), when an appropriate aggregate is selected - geopolymers can also work in acidic mediums, further disassociating them from AAM. In addition, alkali-activated materials are not polymers, so they cannot be called and mistaken for geopolymers.

Caesium, the heaviest of the alkali metals which can be collected in quantities sufficient for viewing, has a golden hue, whereas the other alkali metals are silver- white. However, relativistic effects are not very significant at Z = 55 for caesium (not far from Z = 47 for silver). The golden colour of caesium comes from the decreasing frequency of light required to excite electrons of the alkali metals as the group is descended. For lithium through rubidium this frequency is in the ultraviolet, but for caesium it enters the blue–violet end of the spectrum; in other words, the plasmonic frequency of the alkali metals becomes lower from lithium to caesium.

The alkali metals dissolve slowly in liquid ammonia, forming ammoniacal solutions of solvated metal cation M+ and solvated electron e−, which react to form hydrogen gas and the alkali metal amide (MNH2, where M represents an alkali metal): this was first noted by Humphry Davy in 1809 and rediscovered by W. Weyl in 1864. The process may be speeded up by a catalyst. Similar solutions are formed by the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, barium, as well as the divalent lanthanides, europium and ytterbium. The amide salt is quite insoluble and readily precipitates out of solution, leaving intensely coloured ammonia solutions of the alkali metals.

Dealkalization treatment hinders this process by removing alkali from the inside surface. Not only does this mean less extractable alkali in the glass surface directly contacting the product, but it also creates a barrier for the diffusion of alkali from the underlying bulk glass into the product.F. R. Bacon, "Chemical Durability of Silicate Glass"The Glass Industry(1968) The same logic applies in pharmaceutical glass items such as vials that are intended to hold medicinal products. While many of these items are composed of more durable borosilicate glass, they are also at times dealkalized in order to minimize the possibility of alkali leaching from the glass into the product.

The andesites described in the 1920s were mapped as early Tertiary age, long before Level Mountain formed. Hamilton recognized the four sequences of alkali basalt flows and tuffs in the lava plateau as well as the overlying bimodal package of alkali basalt and peralkaline lavas and tuffs.

Wilson served as a director of the American Cotton Oil Co., the Fourth National Bank, the Manhattan Trust Co., Castner Electrolytic Alkali Co., the National Surety Co., Union Trust Co., the United States Casualty Co. and the Mathheson Alkali Works. He retired from business around 1906.

Alkali basalts erupted after the cessation of subduction. These range in age from the tephrites at Mount Pinafore (5.5-7.6 Ma), to the basanites at Rothschild Island (5.5 Ma) and Hornpipe Heights (2.5 Ma), to the alkali and olivine basalts on Beethoven Peninsula (<1-2.5 Ma).

Perxenates are synthesized by the disproportionation of xenon trioxide when dissolved in strong alkali: :2 XeO3 (s) + 4 OH− (aq) → Xe (g) + (aq) + O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) When Ba(OH)2 is used as the alkali, barium perxenate can be crystallized from the resulting solution.

Knaupsholz granite is grey-red in colour and coarse-grained. It contains 33.5% quartz, 45.9% alkali feldspar, 15.1% plagioclase feldspar, 4.8% biotite and chlorite, 0.7% ore minerals, like magnetite, pyrite, hematite, and 0.7 others. The alkali feldspar crystals can be up to 18 mm across.Schwate, Werner (1993).

The chloride from the hydrochloric acid in sodium chloride does not hydrolyze, though, so sodium chloride is not basic. The difference between a basic salt and an alkali is that an alkali is the soluble hydroxide compound of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. A basic salt is any salt that hydrolyzes to form a basic solution. Another definition of a basic salt would be a salt that contains amounts of both hydroxide and other anions.

Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as syenites or monzonites, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as granodiorites or tonalites. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as alkali feldspar granites. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as quartzolite. True granites are further classified by the percentage of their total feldspar that is alkali feldspar.

Alkali metal alkoxides are often oligomeric or polymeric compounds, especially when the R group is small (Me, Et). The alkoxide anion is a good bridging ligand, thus many alkoxides feature M2O or M3O linkages. In solution, the alkali metal derivatives exhibit strong ion-pairing, as expected for the alkali metal derivative of a strongly basic anion. Structure of the Li4(OBu-t)4(thf)3 cluster, highlighting the tendency of alkoxides to aggregate and bind ether ligands.

Lithium metal floating on paraffin oil Lithium (Li) is an alkali metal with atomic number 3, occurring naturally in two isotopes: 6Li and 7Li. The two make up all natural occurrence of lithium on Earth, although further isotopes have been synthesized. In ionic compounds, lithium loses an electron to become positively charged, forming the cation Li+. Lithium is the first alkali metal in the periodic table,Hydrogen is occasionally referred to as an alkali metal, although this is rare.

Experimentally the collision cross section of metastable states of rare gases with the halogens is similar to that of alkali metals with halogens. Thus, an excited xenon has an electronic structure close to that of caesium, so that it can react with a chlorine donor in order to form . Significant differences between alkali metals and excited rare gases exist in their molecular symmetry. The number of states of rare gas halides is greater than that of alkali metal salts.

Empirical (Na–Cs, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Fr–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in angstroms Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered, there has been some theoretical work predicting the physical and chemical characteristics of hypothetical heavier alkali metals. Being the first period 8 element, the undiscovered element ununennium (element 119) is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties. Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium or rubidium instead of caesium or francium. This is unusual as periodic trends, ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium.

Oral alkali treatments can combat acidosis and anti-emetics may be required to manage nausea and vomiting.

Yttrium(III) hydroxide is an inorganic compound and an alkali with the chemical formula Y(OH)3.

It is insoluble in water, acids, alkali and aqua regia. Hardness is 7.5 on the Mohs scale.

Although treated as salts, alkali diphenylphosphides are highly aggregated in solution. They adopt polymeric structures as solids.

Large alkali metal cations in particular, very common throughout nature and in biological systems, remain unreliably characterized.

The purpose of an alkali is to saponify the oils and dislodge ordinary soil and other matter.

This is usually termed an "alkali bleed" and it breaks the recirculation cycle. It can also be of advantage for cement quality reasons, since it reduces the alkali content of the clinker. However, hot gas is run to waste so the process is inefficient and increases kiln fuel consumption.

Treatment involves having the person stop taking any calcium supplements and any other alkali agents they have been taking, and hydration.Scofield RH et al. for eMedicine. Updated: 12 Aug, 2014 eMedicine: Milk-Alkali Syndrome In severe cases, hospitalization may be required, in which case saline may be administered intravenously.

Upon treatment with an alkali metal base, chloroauric acid converts to an alkali metal salt of tetrachloridoaurate. The related thallium salt is poorly soluble in all nonreacting solvents. Salts of quaternary ammonium cations are known. Other complex salts include [Au(bipy)Cl2][AuCl4] and [Co(NH3)6][AuCl4]Cl2.

She has not only honed her talent, she continues to give the world excellent works that capture the complexities of ordinary human beings. Zaynab Alkali currently lives in Keffi. She was married to late Professor Nur Alkali. The marriage is blessed with six children and several grand children.

The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich oligoclase. Phenocrysts are usually alkali feldspar. Granitic rocks are classified according to the QAPF diagram for coarse grained plutonic rocks and are named according to the percentage of quartz, alkali feldspar (orthoclase, sanidine, or microcline) and plagioclase feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern petrologic convention) contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar.

However, due to the low concentration of alkali in Egyptian blue, which is a mere 4% or less, compared to glass, for example, which is at 10–20%, identifying the source is not always easy. The alkali source likely was natron, although the reasons for this assumption are unclear. However, analysis by Jaksch et al. of various samples of Egyptian blue identified variable amounts of phosphorus (up to 2 wt %), suggesting the alkali source used was in actuality plant ash and not natron.

Alkali Lake is a geographic sink in Lake County, Oregon, United States. It is in the Alkali Subbasin of the Summer Lake Basin watershed in southeastern Oregon,US Fish & Wildlife Service website located 26 miles east of Christmas Valley, Oregon, northeast of Lake Abert,McArthur, p. 10 to the immediate west of Abert Rim and Highway 395. Alkali Lake is thought to have reached a prehistoric maximum depth of 270.7 feet (82.5 meters) and covered about 1448.4 square miles (2,331 square kilometers).

The alkali metals also react similarly with hydrogen to form ionic alkali metal hydrides, where the hydride anion acts as a pseudohalide: these are often used as reducing agents, producing hydrides, complex metal hydrides, or hydrogen gas. Other pseudohalides are also known, notably the cyanides. These are isostructural to the respective halides except for lithium cyanide, indicating that the cyanide ions may rotate freely. Ternary alkali metal halide oxides, such as Na3ClO, K3BrO (yellow), Na4Br2O, Na4I2O, and K4Br2O, are also known.

By 1828 the alkali works had a large problem controlling emissions of hydrochloric acid fumes which devastated the neighbouring countryside. One solution was to build tall chimneys to drive the fumes further away and in 1833 the tallest chimney in England was built at the Friars Goose Alkali Works. The passing of the Alkali Act of 1863 in the UK Parliament brought about a further reduced pollution from these processes and was the first industrial environmental legislation to come into practice globally.

BiF5 also reacts with alkali metal fluorides, MF, to form hexafluorobismuthates, M[BiF6], containing the hexafluorobismuthate anion, [BiF6]−.

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be obtained by the alkali fusion of 3-sulfobenzoic acid between 210 – 220°C.

Mount Maru consists of non-alkali, mafic, volcanic rock. The andesitic volcano is topped with a lava dome.

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alkali Lake has a steppe climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Mount E consists of non-alkali, mafic, volcanic rock. The andesitic volcano is topped with a lava dome.

Alkali, torton, borax, alum, and glue were used as binding agents. All these substances were imported from Turkey.

Why a switch from the use of copper ores in earlier periods, to the use of bronze scrap during the Late Bronze Age is unclear as yet. The total alkali content in analyzed samples of Egyptian blue is greater than 1%, suggesting the alkali was introduced deliberately into the mixture and not as an impurity from other components. Sources of alkali either could have been natron from areas such as Wadi Natroun and El-Kab, or plant ash. By measuring the amounts of potash and magnesia in the samples of Egyptian blue, it is generally possible to identify which source of alkali had been used, since the plant ash contains higher amounts of potash and magnesia than the natron.

Similarly to the alkali metals, ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the salt ammonium chloride. The ammonium ion () has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals, acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium, and is often considered a close relative. For example, most alkali metal salts are soluble in water, a property which ammonium salts share. Ammonium is expected to behave stably as a metal ( ions in a sea of delocalised electrons) at very high pressures (though less than the typical pressure where transitions from insulating to metallic behaviour occur around, 100 GPa), and could possibly occur inside the ice giants Uranus and Neptune, which may have significant impacts on their interior magnetic fields.

Effective nuclear charge on an atomic electron The atomic radii of the alkali metals increase going down the group. Because of the shielding effect, when an atom has more than one electron shell, each electron feels electric repulsion from the other electrons as well as electric attraction from the nucleus. In the alkali metals, the outermost electron only feels a net charge of +1, as some of the nuclear charge (which is equal to the atomic number) is cancelled by the inner electrons; the number of inner electrons of an alkali metal is always one less than the nuclear charge. Therefore, the only factor which affects the atomic radius of the alkali metals is the number of electron shells.

The reactivities of the alkali metals increase going down the group. This is the result of a combination of two factors: the first ionisation energies and atomisation energies of the alkali metals. Because the first ionisation energy of the alkali metals decreases down the group, it is easier for the outermost electron to be removed from the atom and participate in chemical reactions, thus increasing reactivity down the group. The atomisation energy measures the strength of the metallic bond of an element, which falls down the group as the atoms increase in radius and thus the metallic bond must increase in length, making the delocalised electrons further away from the attraction of the nuclei of the heavier alkali metals.

Under controlled conditions, however, all the alkali metals, with the exception of francium, are known to form their oxides, peroxides, and superoxides. The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides are powerful oxidising agents. Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide react with carbon dioxide to form the alkali metal carbonate and oxygen gas, which allows them to be used in submarine air purifiers; the presence of water vapour, naturally present in breath, makes the removal of carbon dioxide by potassium superoxide even more efficient. All the stable alkali metals except lithium can form red ozonides (MO3) through low-temperature reaction of the powdered anhydrous hydroxide with ozone: the ozonides may be then extracted using liquid ammonia.

Friars Goose Alkali Works had the highest chimney in England to disperse hydrochloric acid fumes Before the industrial revolution alkali was mostly used to aid the bleaching process of cloth. As the industrial revolution took hold, increasing demand for alkali came from higher production of dyestuffs, and bleach. In 1798 John Losh and the Earl of Dundonald took out a lease for a rich supply of brine pumped from a nearby coal mine, the Walker pit, becoming the supplier of raw material for The Losh, Wilson & Bell Alkali works. The works were established at Walker-on- Tyne in 1807 and bleaching powder manufacture began there in 1830, Losh Brothers soon manufactured half the soda in England.

The element hydrogen, with one electron per neutral atom, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table for convenience, but hydrogen is not normally considered to be an alkali metal; when it is considered to be an alkali metal, it is because of its atomic properties and not its chemical properties. Under typical conditions, pure hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas consisting of two atoms per molecule (H2); however, the alkali metals only form diatomic molecules (such as dilithium, Li2) at high temperatures, when they are in the gaseous state.Winter, Mark J. (1994) Chemical Bonding, Oxford University Press, Hydrogen, like the alkali metals, has one valence electron and reacts easily with the halogens, but the similarities end there because of the small size of a bare proton H+ compared to the alkali metal cations. Its placement above lithium is primarily due to its electron configuration.

Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just +1 and their relatively large size; thus the Li+ ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less (though exceptions occur for weak complexes). Lithium in particular has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it exhibits coordination numbers from 1 to 12, although octahedral hexacoordination is its preferred mode. In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes ([M(H2O)6)]+), with the exception of the lithium ion, which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes ([Li(H2O)4)]+); the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules. Because of this, anhydrous salts containing alkali metal cations are often used as desiccants.

Zaynab Alkali was born into the Tura-Mazila family of Borno and Adamawa States. For secondary education, she attended Queen Elizabeth Secondary School, Ilorin. Zaynab Alkali went on to obtain both her first and second degrees from ABU/ABC, Zaria. At Bayero University Kano, she studied English to a doctorate level.

Reaction with base produces ammonia. It reacts with sulfates of alkaline-earth metals precipitating their carbonates: :CaSO4 \+ 2 NH4HCO3 → CaCO3 \+ (NH4)2SO4 \+ CO2 \+ H2O. It also reacts with alkali metal halides, giving alkali metal bicarbonate and ammonium halide: :NH4HCO3 \+ NaCl → NH4Cl + NaHCO3; :NH4HCO3 \+ KI → NH4I + KHCO3; :NH4HCO3 \+ NaBr → NH4Br + NaHCO3.

However, the addition of potassium bromide significantly increased the yield. Other alkali metal bromides also allow the reaction and the formation of filamentous carbon to occur. Such alkali metal bromides include cesium bromide. Filamentous carbon can also be synthesized by decomposing chromium carbide at 100 to 200 megapascals and to .

BP is not attacked by acids or boiling aqueous alkali water solutions. It is only attacked by molten alkalis.

It dissolves slightly in concentrated alkali, forming [Cu(OH)4]2−.Pauling, Linus (1970). General Chemistry. Dover Publications, Inc.

Ephydra hians, common name the alkali fly, is a species of fly in the family Ephydridae, the brine flies.

Since then, this method has been greatly improved and expanded to use with other noble gases and alkali metals.

Lomatium caruifolium, known by the common name alkali desertparsley, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family.

Effect of Certain Alkali Salts on Growth of Plants. With J. S. Burd and A. R. Davis. (20) Abstract.

1,4-Benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.

Symphyotrichum frondosum (formerly Aster frondosus) is a species of aster known by the common name short-rayed alkali aster.

The Alkali Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Oregon. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

Photomicrograph of perthitic texture in alkali-feldspar (center) from the Strathbogie Granite, Australia. (Cross polarized light). Sample CV-114.

Atomic magnetometer principle of operation, depicting alkali atoms polarized by a circularly polarized pump beam, precessing in the presence of a magnetic field and being detected by optical rotation of a linearly polarized probe beam. Alkali metal vapor of sufficient density is obtained by simply heating solid alkali metal inside the vapor cell. A typical SERF atomic magnetometer can take advantage of low noise diode lasers to polarize and monitor spin precession. Circularly polarized pumping light tuned to the D_1 spectral resonance line polarizes the atoms.

Alkali treatment is suitable for more complex collagen such as that found in bovine hides and requires more time, normally several weeks. The purpose of the alkali treatment is to destroy certain chemical crosslinks still present in collagen. Within the gelatin industry, the gelatin obtained from acid-treated raw material has been called type-A gelatin and the gelatin obtained from alkali-treated raw material is referred to as type-B gelatin. Advances are occurring to optimize the yield of gelatin using enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen.

Wigg was involved more widely in the chemical industry, including overseeing changes at an alkali factory at Weston Point. He tried to develop a plant for manufacturing alkali by the ammonia- soda process, and took out a patent for it, but it was unsuccessful. He was involved with the organisation of the chemical industry, including working with the Alkali Makers Association, and the Bleaching Powder Association. Charles Wigg died on 18 July 1899 at the age of 75, leaving an estate of £107,894 (equivalent to £ as of ).

Consequently, when the Alkali Inspectorate was established by the Alkali Act 1863, Smith's integrity made him the natural candidate. As Queen Victoria's Inspector of Alkali Works, he was the prototype of the scientific civil servant. He held the post until his death. He is buried in the graveyard of St Paul's Church on Kersal Moor, SalfordRetrieved on 10 June 2008 In 1872 Smith published the book Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology, which presents his studies of the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation.

The alkaline solution, which is often called lye (although the term "lye soap" refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide), brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combine with the alkali to form crude soap: a combination of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin). Saltwater soaps are potassium salts rather than sodium salts. Both sodium and potassium are alkali metals.

The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions, which well illustrate group trends. These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions. This description is most accurate for alkali halides and becomes less and less accurate as cationic and anionic charge increase, and as the anion becomes larger and more polarisable. For instance, ionic bonding gives way to metallic bonding along the series NaCl, Na2O, Na2S, Na3P, Na3As, Na3Sb, Na3Bi, Na.

Unit cell ball-and-stick model of lithium nitride. On the basis of size a tetrahedral structure would be expected, but that would be geometrically impossible: thus lithium nitride takes on this unique crystal structure. Lithium, the lightest of the alkali metals, is the only alkali metal which reacts with nitrogen at standard conditions, and its nitride is the only stable alkali metal nitride. Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking the strong triple bond in the dinitrogen molecule (N2) requires a lot of energy.

The alkali metals and their hydrides react with acidic hydrocarbons, for example cyclopentadienes and terminal alkynes, to give salts. Liquid ammonia, ether, or hydrocarbon solvents are used, the most common of which being tetrahydrofuran. The most important of these compounds is sodium cyclopentadienide, NaC5H5, an important precursor to many transition metal cyclopentadienyl derivatives. Similarly, the alkali metals react with cyclooctatetraene in tetrahydrofuran to give alkali metal cyclooctatetraenides; for example, dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide (K2C8H8) is an important precursor to many metal cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives, such as uranocene.

Glass fibers can be incorporated into a matrix either in continuous or discontinuous (chopped) lengths. Durability was poor with the original type of glass fibers since the alkalinity of cement reacts with its silica. In the 1970s alkali- resistant glass fibers were commercialized. Alkali resistance is achieved by adding zirconia to the glass.

Lithium (from ) is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3\. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in mineral oil.

Alkynylalanes are less commonly used because alkali metal acetylides can be used for many of the same transformations as alkynylalanes. However, alkynylalanes are useful for the coupling of tertiary halides and alkynes (a reaction difficult to effect with alkali metal alkynes)Negishi, E.-i.; Baba, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 7385.

The ammonium salt of difluorophosphate is formed from treating phosphorus pentoxide with ammonium fluoride. This was how the ion was first made by its discoverer, Willy Lange, in 1929. Alkali chlorides can react with dry difluorophosphoric acid to form alkali metal salts. :NaCl + HPO2F2 → NaPO2F2 \+ HCl (gas) Fluoridation of dichlorophosphates can produce difluorophosphates.

Chemist Walter Reppe pioneered catalytic, industrial-scale ethynylations using acetylene with alkali metal and copper(I) acetylides: :350px These reactions are used to manufacture propargyl alcohol and butynediol. Alkali metal acetylides, which are often more effective for ketone additions, are used to produce 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol from acetylene and acetone.

All-amine cryptands exhibit particularly high affinity for alkali metal cations, which has allowed the isolation of salts of K−.

Fullerenes are normally electrical insulators, but when crystallized with alkali metals, the resultant compound can be conducting or even superconducting.

Some species are important in the pollination of crops. Among these are the alkali bee, Lasioglossum vierecki and Lasioglossum leucozonium.

26; Beall, Joseph J. "Pseudo-Rhythmic Layering in the Square Butte Alkali-Gabbro Laccolith." American Mineralogist. 57 (1972): 1294-1302.

Among people hospitalized with high blood calcium, milk- alkali syndrome is the third most common cause, after hyperparathyroidism and cancer.

Following the alkali-silica reaction (ASR), an expansive gel can form, that creates extensive cracks and damage on structural members.

To the north of Lake Lucero are extensive alkali flats, which produce additional gypsum for wind deposition on the dunes.

KClO4 has the lowest solubility of the alkali metal perchlorates (1.5 g in 100 mL of water at 25 °C).

Such reagents are generally prepared from the methyl halides: :2 M + CH3X → MCH3 \+ MX where M is an alkali metal.

Tungsten trioxide can form intercalation compounds with alkali metals. These are known as bronzes; an example is sodium tungsten bronze.

The oils are noncorrosive to steel parts and can be readily cleaned by spray washing with mild alkali or water.

Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free elements. Caesium, the fifth alkali metal, is the most reactive of all the metals. All the alkali metals react with water, with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones. All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature as their compounds: in order of abundance, sodium is the most abundant, followed by potassium, lithium, rubidium, caesium, and finally francium, which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity; francium occurs only in minute traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains.

When the alkali metals react with the heavier elements in the carbon group (silicon, germanium, tin, and lead), ionic substances with cage- like structures are formed, such as the silicides M4Si4 (M = K, Rb, or Cs), which contains M+ and tetrahedral ions. The chemistry of alkali metal germanides, involving the germanide ion Ge4− and other cluster (Zintl) ions such as , , , and [(Ge9)2]6−, is largely analogous to that of the corresponding silicides. Alkali metal stannides are mostly ionic, sometimes with the stannide ion (Sn4−), and sometimes with more complex Zintl ions such as , which appears in tetrapotassium nonastannide (K4Sn9). The monatomic plumbide ion (Pb4−) is unknown, and indeed its formation is predicted to be energetically unfavourable; alkali metal plumbides have complex Zintl ions, such as .

In 1924 Brunner Mond acquired the Magadi Soda Company of Kenya and in 1926 Brunner Mond was one of the four main companies – along with British Dyestuffs Corporation, Nobel's Explosives Limited, and the United Alkali Company – which took part in the merger which created the massive industrial combine Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). Alfred Mond – son of Ludwig and Chairman of Brunner Mond – was a key figure along with Harry McGowan of Nobel's in bringing this merger about. The Brunner Mond business was absorbed into the Alkali Group of ICI, becoming one of the largest and most successful companies in the world (ICI acquired Crosfield and Gossage's chemicals business from Unilever in 1997.) The Alkali Group became the Alkali Division in 1951.

Trachyandesite is a member of the alkali magma series, in which alkaline basaltic magma experiences fractional crystallization while still underground. This process removes calcium, magnesium, and iron from the magma.Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 369-370 As a result, trachytandesite is common wherever alkali magma is erupted, including late eruptions of ocean islandsMacDonald 1983, pp.

It is an andesitic stratovolcano. The peak consists of non-alkali mafic rocks, dating from the Early Pleistocene overtop of non-alkali felsic rocks from the Late Miocene-Pliocene. Several smaller islets surround Ko Island, including Daihiyakushima, Shohiyakushima, Tenjinshima, and Sazaeshima. To provide refuge for fishing vessels, a small harbor has been put in place.

The slower cooled magma obtained granular texture. Carbonatitic magma was probably separated during the differentiation and crystallization of syenites and alkali basic rocks. The primary silicate magma was enriched with alkalies, carbon-dioxide, calcium and deficient with silica. During the alkali syenite crystallization, the carbonate portion of silicate magma was separated forming carbonatitic magma.

When the relatively fluid alkali gel continue to exude below the hardened superficial gel layer, it pushes the efflorescences out of the crack surface making them to appear in relief. Because the gel drying and carbonation reactions rates are faster than the gel exudation velocity (liquid gel expulsion rate through open cracks), in most of the cases, fresh liquid alkali exudates are not frequently encounterered at the surface of civil engineering concrete structures. Decompressed concrete cores can sometimes let observe fresh yellow liquid alkali exudations (viscous amber droplets) just after their drilling.

Alkali and alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium have proven to be great dehalogenation catalysts. During dehalogenation reaction, the metals act as a reducing agent to break down carbon-halogen bonds. Halogen can then leave as a leaving group. The generic way to synthesize alkanes using alkali and alkaline-earth metal is shown in scheme 2: Generic mechanism for dehalogenation using alkali or alkaline-earth metals Yus and his co-workers synthesized various lithium naphthalenide compounds that acts as a catalyst for lithiation of different functionalized halogenated arenes.

The mixed-alkali effect: If a glass contains more than one alkali oxide, some properties show non-additive behavior. The image shows, that the viscosity of a glass is significantly decreased.The Mixed-Alkali Effect for the Viscosity of Glasses Decreasing accuracy of modern glass literature data for the density at 20 °C in the binary system SiO2-Na2O.Overview, Measurement Errors of Glass Properties Schott and many scientists and engineers afterwards applied the additivity principle to experimental data measured in their own laboratory within sufficiently narrow composition ranges (local glass models).

Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat, fire, oxidising agents, acids, most organic compounds, halocarbons, plastics, and moisture. They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride, so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when used on alkali metal fires. Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are effective, depriving the fire of oxygen and cooling the alkali metal. Experiments are usually conducted using only small quantities of a few grams in a fume hood.

On thermal decomposition the alkali perchloratoborate salts form an alkali perchlorate, and boron trioxide as a solid residue, and gas containing dichlorine heptoxide, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and oxygen. :2 M[B(ClO4)4] → 2 MClO4 \+ B2O3 \+ (3 Cl2O7 or 6 ClO2 \+ O2 or 6 Cl2 \+ O2) When the alkali perchloratoborates first start to decompose at the lower temperatures, the reaction is endothermic, and dichlorine heptoxide is formed. However, if caesium perchloratoborate is heated the decomposition becomes exothermic above 90 °C, and at 100 °C it explodes exothermically forming chlorine and oxygen.

John Tomlinson Brunner (1842–1919) was born in Liverpool, and at the age of 15 started to work in an office in the city. In 1861 he moved to work in the office of the alkali factory of John Hutchinson in Widnes (then in Lancashire, now in Cheshire) where his older brother Henry was already working. In time John Brunner became the manager of the office. Hutchinson manufactured alkali by the Leblanc process, but this was an inefficient method for producing alkali, and was very damaging to the environment.

The most common members are (M = Nb, Ta), which adopt the Lindqvist structure. These octaanions form in strongly basic conditions from alkali melts of the extended metal oxides (M2O5), or in the case of Nb even from mixtures of niobic acid and alkali metal hydroxides in aqueous solution. The hexatantalate can also be prepared by condensation of peroxotantalate in alkaline media. These polyoxometalates display an anomalous aqueous solubility trend of their alkali metal salts inasmuch as their Cs+ and Rb+ salts are more soluble than their Na+ and Li+ salts.

By 1814 the Leblanc process of making alkali from common salt was introduced to Britain. Alkali works using this process opened at Tyne Dock 1822, Felling shore Tyneside 1826, Friars Goose Gateshead 1828 and again on Felling Shore in 1834. Such works also produced soda, alum and Epsom salts. The river frontage at South Shore of the River Tyne at Gateshead was one of the main locations for the chemical industry such that in the 19th century, which led to a cluster of iron, soap and alkali manufacturing.

Like all granites, the modal mineralogy of S-type granites are dominated by alkali- and plagioclase feldspars and quartz. Thus, S-type granites are silica over-saturated (contain quartz), and do not contain feldspathoids. An interesting feature of S-type granites, at the hand sample scale, is that alkali-feldspars are typically white in color (rather than pink) excluding samples that have been affected by weathering and alteration. A photomicrograph, taken in cross-polarized light, of alkali feldspar from the S-type Strathbogie Granite of Australia is shown in figure 1.

Alkali is a ghost town located in Esmeralda County, Nevada. Alkali is the site of Alkali Hot Spring, which was operated as a spa by Geni and Joe Guisti in the 1930s. During Goldfield's peak, the site included an indoor wooden swimming pool with a separate area for children and a large building containing a dining room, kitchen, dance hall and bar. In front of the dining room were tall tamarisk trees and a large picnic table where visitors could either order from the dining room or bring their own lunches.

The combined company became the third-largest chlor-alkali producer and the second-largest polyvinyl chloride (PVC) producer in North America.

They are hyaline in alkali, and 3.5–7 μm in diameter. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of all tissues.

This detector is mostly used with alkali atoms, having a low ionization potential, with applications in mass spectrometry and atomic clocks.

Currently, only Genesis Alkali (formerly Tronox, formerly FMC) in the Green River Wyoming basin has successfully commercially solution mined the product.

Springer . It dissolves in strong alkali to form a solution of the gallate ion, . With HCl, it forms gallium trichloride GaCl3.

Silicates of non- alkali cations, or with sheet and tridimensional polymeric anions, generally have negligible solubility in water at normal conditions.

Myosin light chain 3, skeletal muscle isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL1 gene. Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain expressed in fast skeletal muscle.

Some metal hydroxides, like alkali metal hydroxides, ionize completely when dissolved, so that is why they are known as strong bases. Their pH is above 7, labeling them as bases. Since ions conduct electricity, alkali hydroxides carry electricity very well when they are dissolved. Some metal hydroxides are weak electrolytes and dissolve only partially in aqueous solution.

The main minerals are alkali feldspar, nepheline, clinopyroxene (±), amphibole (±), and biotite (±). Nepheline is the main feldspathoid. Quartz and orthopyroxene are absent. According to the IUGS classification nomenclature (International Union of Geological Sciences, Streckeisen, 1978), nepheline syenite has 10% < F/(F + A + P) < 60% and P/(A + P) < 10% (where F – feldspathoids, A – alkali feldspar, and P – plagioclase volume fractions).

Level-crossing measurements of the lifetimes and hyperfine constants of the 2P3/2 states of the stable alkali atoms, R. W. Schmieder, A. Lurio, W. Happer, and A. Khadjavi, Phys. Rev. A2, 1216 (1970).Quadratic stark effect in the 2P3/2 states of the alkali atoms, R. W. Schmieder, A. Lurio, and W. Happer, Phys. Rev. A3, 1209 (1970).

The alkali bee, Nomia melanderi, is a ground-nesting bee native to deserts and semi-arid desert basins of the western United States. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1906. This bee nests in salt-saturated, or alkaline, soil. Like some other bees such as Megachile rotundata, alkali bees are an effective pollinator of alfalfa.

Cyanation reagents are highly toxic and should be handled with care. Most cyanating agents are commercially available, but a number of procedures are available for their preparation from alkali metal cyanides. Concentration, solvent, temperature, and time should all be optimized to minimize by-products. For alkali metal cyanide methods and methods employing acetone cyanohydrin, alcoholic solvents are commonly used.

In 1910 a group of glass manufacturers founded Diamond Alkali in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They wanted the company to produce soda ash, a key ingredient in glass production. A factory was built in Painesville, Ohio, in 1912 to produce soda ash. During the 1920s, TR Evans led Diamond Alkali, which under his leadership became an important chemical producer.

The island consists of mafic alkali and non-alkali volcanic rock, less than 18,000 years old. On the south side of the island at , there is a lighthouse and a heliport operated by Japan Coast Guard. Because of volcanic activity and nature conservation, landing on the island requires the approval of the Agency for Cultural Affairs.

CalFlora Database: Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis (Fish slough milk vetch). The Alkali Mariposa lily (Calochortus striatus) is also a rare plant found in the ACEC, and is a vulnerable species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. CNPS−California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants: Calochortus striatus (alkali mariposa lily) .

Organometallic compounds of the higher alkali metals are even more reactive than organosodium compounds and of limited utility. A notable reagent is Schlosser's base, a mixture of n-butyllithium and potassium tert-butoxide. This reagent reacts with propene to form the compound allylpotassium (KCH2CHCH2). cis-2-Butene and trans-2-butene equilibrate when in contact with alkali metals.

Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals exist as stable cations. Alkali metals readily form cations with stable valence shells, giving them different coordination behavior than lanthanides and transition metals. They are strongly effected by the counterion from the salt used in synthesis, which is difficult to avoid. The coordination polymers shown in Figure 3 are all group two metals.

One of these was the old grocery business of Crosfield & Fell, where he replaced his father after the latter's death. He continued to run the corn-mill from which he had bought the machinery.Musson, pp. 39–40. By the 1830s most soap makers were manufacturing their own alkali by the Leblanc process, rather than using alkali from vegetable sources.

Isocoma acradenia is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name alkali goldenbush. It is native to the Southwestern United States (California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona) and northwestern Mexico (Sonora, Baja California). It grows in arid, sandy areas, particularly mineral-rich areas such as alkali flats and gypsum soils.C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010.

Sporobolus airoides is a species of grass known by the common name alkali sacaton. It is native to western North America, including the Western United States west of the Mississippi River, British Columbia and Alberta in Canada, and northern and central Mexico. It grows in many types of habitat, often in alkali soils, such as in California desert regions.

Previously the system had relied on alkali and gypsum rich well water that damaged the steam engines' boilers and necessitated frequent repairs.

In 1890 Wigg Brothers and Steele became part of the United Alkali Company. Charles Wigg retired from the business the following year.

However, during the 1890s the chemical business in Widnes went into decline as more efficient methods of making alkali were developed elsewhere.

Rubidium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula RbNO3. This alkali metal nitrate salt is white and highly soluble in water.

The origins of Diamond Shamrock can be traced back to three foundation companies: Diamond Alkali, Shamrock Oil and Gas, and Sigmor Corporation.

These alkali metal germanides, stannides, and plumbides may be produced by reducing germanium, tin, and lead with sodium metal in liquid ammonia.

Trimerotropis salina, the alkali grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

Oxyhydrides all contain an alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth metal, which are needed in order to put electronic charge on hydrogen.

27 May 2014. The name Alcaligenes has its origin in Arabic and Greek and means "alkali-producing". It was named in 1919.

From such liquors it is precipitated in an impure state by an alkali, and brought into commerce under the name of quinoidine.

S.M. Kauzlarich, Encyclopedia of Inorganic chemistry, 1994, John Wiley & Sons, Boron is a special case, being the only nonmetal in group 13. The alkali metal borides tend to be boron-rich, involving appreciable boron–boron bonding involving deltahedral structures, and are thermally unstable due to the alkali metals having a very high vapour pressure at elevated temperatures. This makes direct synthesis problematic because the alkali metals do not react with boron below 700 °C, and thus this must be accomplished in sealed containers with the alkali metal in excess. Furthermore, exceptionally in this group, reactivity with boron decreases down the group: lithium reacts completely at 700 °C, but sodium at 900 °C and potassium not until 1200 °C, and the reaction is instantaneous for lithium but takes hours for potassium.

However, sodium and potassium form colourless azide salts involving the linear anion; due to the large size of the alkali metal cations, they are thermally stable enough to be able to melt before decomposing. All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M3Pn (where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen – phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth). This is due to the greater size of the P3− and As3− ions, so that less lattice energy needs to be released for the salts to form. These are not the only phosphides and arsenides of the alkali metals: for example, potassium has nine different known phosphides, with formulae K3P, K4P3, K5P4, KP, K4P6, K3P7, K3P11, KP10.3, and KP15.

This three-dimensional encapsulation mode confers some size-selectivity, enabling discrimination among alkali metal cations (e.g. Na+ vs. K+). Some cryptands are luminescent.

Soils are considered saline when the ECe > 4.L.A.Richards (Ed.), 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agricultural Handbook 60.

Caesium is the most electropositive chemical element. The caesium ion is also larger and less "hard" than those of the lighter alkali metals.

This mixture is higher in alkali and aluminium and typically lower in iron than felspars from pegmatites making it a good raw material.

Glycomyces tarimensis is a bacterium from the genus of Glycomyces which has been isolated from saline-alkali soil from Kalpin County in China.

The valley contains plants adapted to alkali flat habitat. One of these, the Owens Valley checkerbloom (Sidalcea covillei), is endemic to Owens Valley.

Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.

111 The values for barium and radium are almost exactly the same as those of the heavier alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and caesium.

Between all of these mountain ranges are vast grasslands, with scattered buttes and mesas. There are also some alkali flats in the region.

The stabilities of the alkali-ion pairs as function of the anion charge z by can be described by a more detailed equation.

When sufficient salt export is not taking place from a river basin to the sea in an attempt to harness the river water fully, it leads to river basin closer and the available water in downstream area of the river basin becomes saline and/ or alkaline water. Land irrigated with saline or alkaline water becomes gradually in to saline or alkali soils. The water percolation in alkali soils is very poor leading to waterlogging problems. Proliferation of alkali soils would compel the farmers to cultivate rice or grasses only as the soil productivity is poor with other crops and tree plantations.

A particular advantage of the air-separate precalciner is that a large proportion, or even 100%, of the alkali-laden kiln exhaust gas can be taken off as alkali bleed (see above). Because this accounts for only 40% of the system heat input, it can be done with lower heat wastage than in a simple suspension preheater bleed. Because of this, air-separate precalciners are now always prescribed when only high-alkali raw materials are available at a cement plant. The accompanying figures show the movement towards the use of the more efficient processes in North America (for which data is readily available).

This is the third type of quartz-feldspar intergrowth in metasomatic granitoids. Again this process depends on tectonically deformed crystals. In this particular case an irregular subtraction of Ca, Na and Al from deformed plagioclase happens which causes an imbalance in the relative amounts of residual Al and Si. More Si remains than can fit into the lattice structure of the alkali feldspar that replaces the plagioclase. The result is ghost myrmekite – either as tiny quartz ovoids in remnant albite islands in the alkali feldspar or as tiny quartz ovoids as clusters without albite hosts in the alkali feldspar (see illustration).

The Alkali Lake Indian Band, also known as the Esketemc First Nation, is a First Nations government of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) people, located at Alkali Lake in the Cariboo region of the Central Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It was created when the government of the then-Colony of British Columbia established an Indian Reserve system in the 1860s. It is one of three Secwepemc bands that is not a member of either the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council or the Northern Shuswap Tribal Council. In the Shuswap language, the people of Alkali Lake are the Esketemc ("people of Esket").

The alkali metals are among the most electropositive elements on the periodic table and thus tend to bond ionically to the most electronegative elements on the periodic table, the halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine), forming salts known as the alkali metal halides. The reaction is very vigorous and can sometimes result in explosions. All twenty stable alkali metal halides are known; the unstable ones are not known, with the exception of sodium astatide, because of the great instability and rarity of astatine and francium. The most well-known of the twenty is certainly sodium chloride, otherwise known as common salt.

Dealkalization is a process of surface modification applicable to glasses containing alkali ions, wherein a thin surface layer is created that has a lower concentration of alkali ions than is present in the underlying, bulk glass. This change in surface composition commonly alters the observed properties of the surface, most notably enhancing corrosion resistance. Many commercial glass products such as containers are made of soda-lime glass, and therefore have a substantial percentage of sodium ions in their internal structure. Since sodium is an alkali element, its selective removal from the surface results in a dealkalized surface.

When they are in a configuration belonging to metastable states np5(n+1)s1, (n = 5 for xenon), rare gases possess properties of polarizability and elastic scattering similar to those of alkali metals. The valence electron, s, of the excited rare gas has a bond energy close to that of the alkali metal that follows it in the periodic table. In older publications, this analogy that is applicable only for the heavier rare gases, is used to study the behavior of these gases with halogen donors. The alkali metals have good chemical affinity for halogens and should have affinity for excited rare gases.

In 1876 Muspratt was a witness giving evidence to the Royal Commission enquiring into the pollution caused by the Widnes factories. In 1890 many of the businesses using the Leblanc process combined to form the United Alkali Company to resist competition from factories making alkali by the ammonia–soda process. Muspratt became a director and later the president of this company.

Myosin light chain 6B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL6B gene. Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain expressed in both slow-twitch skeletal muscle and in nonmuscle tissue.

Granites whose feldspar is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar are syenogranites, while the feldspar in monzogranite is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites, as described below.

Myosin light polypeptide 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL6 gene. Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain that is expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle tissues.

First, a relatively soft alkali-borosilicate glass is melted and formed by typical glassworking techniques into the desired shape. This is heat-treated, which causes the material to separate into two intermingled "phases" with distinct chemical compositions. One phase is rich in alkali and boric oxide and can be easily dissolved in acid. The other phase is mostly silica, which is insoluble.

Treatment with sodium hydroxide destroys the spiral form of the cellulose with formation of alkali cellulose, which is changed to cellulose hydrate on washing out the alkali. Caustic soda concentrations of 20–26 % are used. Effective mercerization requires the use of wetting agents. The improved lustre of mercerised cotton is due to the production of nearly circular cotton fibres under tension.

Adding lead to the melt allows the formation of tin oxide more readily than in an alkali glaze: tin oxide precipitates into crystals in the glaze as it cools, creating its opacity. The use of lead glaze has several advantages over alkali glazes in addition to their greater optical refractivity. Lead compounds in suspension may be added directly to the ceramic body.

The Michigan Alkali Company had spread out along the Detroit River into both Ford City and Wyandotte. Each municipally assessed and taxed the chemical company differently. Certain necessary services and utilities readily available in Wyandotte were not available in Ford City. The Michigan Alkali Company had strongly sought tax relief and expanded utility services and suggested merging the two communities.

Hydrolysis of CN is very slow in a water solution, especially if alkali is added. CS is rapidly hydrolyzed in water solution (half-life at pH 7 is about 15 min. at room temperature) and extremely rapid when alkali is added (half-life at pH 9 is about 1 min.). CR is hydrolyzed only to a negligible extent in water solution.

Whereas isomerisation is fast with lithium and sodium, it is slow with the heavier alkali metals. The heavier alkali metals also favour the sterically congested conformation. Several crystal structures of organopotassium compounds have been reported, establishing that they, like the sodium compounds, are polymeric. Organosodium, organopotassium, organorubidium and organocaesium compounds are all mostly ionic and are insoluble (or nearly so) in nonpolar solvents.

To date, Zaynab Alkali has won over 40 awards. With literary success came professional development. Zaynab Alkali took up an appointment at the University of Maiduguri which she held for twenty-two years before joining the Civil Service as a Deputy Director at NPHCDA, Abuja in 2000. Four years later, she moved to Nasarawa State University, Keffi, as a full Professor of English.

The mouse bioassay developed for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) can be used to monitor tetrodotoxin in pufferfish and is the current method of choice. An HPLC method with post-column reaction with alkali and fluorescence has been developed to determine tetrodotoxin and its associated toxins. The alkali degradation products can be confirmed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

None of the sales were made under threat of eminent domain. As a result of these acquisitions, the lake subsequently dried up completely, leaving the present alkali flat which plagues the southern valley with alkali dust storms. In 1970, LADWP completed a second aqueduct from Owens Valley. More surface water was diverted and groundwater was pumped to feed the aqueduct.

It is soluble in ammonia solution, producing active compound of Tollens' reagent. A slurry of Ag2O is readily attacked by acids: :Ag2O + 2 HX → 2 AgX + H2O where HX = HF, HCl, HBr, HI, or CF3COOH. It will also react with solutions of alkali chlorides to precipitate silver chloride, leaving a solution of the corresponding alkali hydroxide.General Chemistry by Linus Pauling, 1970 Dover ed.

Calochortus striatus, known by the common name alkali mariposa lily, is a species of mariposa lily native to California and into Nevada.Jepson: Calochortus striatus CalFlora: Calochortus striatus It is a vulnerable species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. CNPS−California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants: Calochortus striatus (alkali mariposa lily) . accessed 1.1.2016.

Rocks dredged from the seamounts include lavas, pillow lavas and volcaniclastic rocks. Geochemically they are classified as alkali basalt, basalt, phonolite, tephriphonolite trachyandesite, trachybasalt and trachyte. Minerals contained in the rocks include alkali feldspar, apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene, iron and titanium oxides, olivine, plagioclase, sphene and spinel. Continental crust rocks dredged at the seamounts may be glacial dropstones, manganese have also been found.

9Andrew Popp, Governance at Points of Corporate Transition: Networks and the Formation of the United Alkali Company, 1890–1895 in Enterprise and Society Volume 7 issue 2 pp. 315-352 (2006) In 1890 Snape's became a constituent part of the United Alkali Company. Snape was a prominent member of the Methodist Free Church and a supporter of the temperance and peace movements.

When the alkali used is sodium hydroxide, so-called sodium diuranate, SDU, is produced. This can also be converted into an oxide. Another choice of alkali is magnesium oxide, making magnesium diuranate, known as MDU. Oxides and uranates of uranium(VI) have been used in the past as yellow ceramic glazes as in Fiesta and to make yellow-green uranium glass.

Upon heating or upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, it decomposes into potassium metal and nitrogen gas. The decomposition temperatures of the alkali metal azides are: NaN3 (275 °C), KN3 (355 °C), RbN3 (395 °C), CsN3 (390 °C).E. Dönges "Alkali Metals" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 475.

Spartina gracilis is a species of grass known by the common name alkali cordgrass. It is native to western North America from northwestern Canada through the western United States and eastern California, and into central Mexico. It grows in moist alkaline habitat, such as evaporating streams and shorelines, alkali flats, and inland marshes. It is a perennial grass growing from short rhizomes.

His last appearance as Alkali Ike was released in January 1914, The Awakening at Snakeville. When he asked for a higher salary and was refused, Carney left Essanay and went to work at Universal Film Manufacturing Company (now known as Universal Studios). There he created the character of "Universal Ike," which was identical to Alkali Ike, but that name was owned by Essanay.

Streptomyces canalis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from an alkali-removing canal in Xinjiang in China.

Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a transition metal as well as tin e.g. LiRh3Sn5 and MgRuSn4) have been investigated.

The spores are smooth. In temperate areas. Wide distribution. Mallocybe The cap is usually woolly-squamulose, the cap surface is conspicuously darkening with alkali.

Hawari, J. Regioselectivity of dechlorination: reductive dechlorination of polychlorobiphenyls by polymethylhydrosiloxane-alkali metal. J. Organomet. Chem. 1992, 437, 91-98.Mackenzie, K.; Kopinke, F.-D.

A number of processes have been proposed for the manufacture of alkali from various metals, the most common being the Leblanc and ammonia-soda processes.

Spotted Lake is a saline endorheic alkali lake located northwest of Osoyoos in the eastern Similkameen Valley of British Columbia, Canada, accessed via Highway 3.

Anconia integra, the alkali grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in Central America and North America.

The hydrated oxide (hydroxide), PdO.nH2O can be produced as a dark-yellow precipitate by adding alkali to a solution of palladium nitrate, Pd(NO3)2.

A pH neutral solution for emergency eyewash may also be chosen to reduce the danger from contaminants if strong acids or alkali chemicals are presented.

The concrete of the dam is affected by concrete swelling, caused by an alkali–silica reaction, that leads to tensions and cracks in the concrete.

Phacelia neglecta is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae. Its common names include alkali phaceliaPhacelia neglecta. USDA PLANTS. and neglected scorpionweed.

The salt solution (brine) is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. Diaphragm methods produce dilute and slightly impure alkali, but they are not burdened with the problem of mercury disposal and they are more energy efficient. Membrane cell electrolysis employs permeable membrane as an ion exchanger.

Surface of a concrete pillar with crack pattern of alkali–silica reaction Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non- crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of the concrete.

Frankenia salina, often called alkali heath or alkali seaheath, is a perennial herb native to California. Its range is limited, occasionally found also in Nevada and Mexico. It is uncommon even in the region where it is most likely to be found, just north of the San Francisco Bay Area. It is a squat flowering bush that forms a twiggy thicket near beaches and coastal salt marshes.

Although it is difficult to classify these oxides as acids, the property is manifest in reactions with bases. For example, carbon dioxide reacts with alkali. :CO2 \+ 2OH− HCO3− \+ OH− CO32− \+ H2O For this reason, alkali is kept in stoppered vessels to inhibit reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. In geochemistry complex silicates are often written as though they are the products of an acid-base reaction.

In 2008 AkzoNobel acquired British Imperial Chemical Industries plc for $15.8 billion. ICI can trace its history back to four British-based chemical companies; British Dyestuffs Corporation, Brunner, Mond & Company, Nobel Explosives, and the United Alkali Company. which merged in 1926, forming ICI. A year later, the newly merged entity employed over 33,000 employees in five main product areas: alkali products, explosives, metals, general chemicals, and dyestuffs.

The ashes of kelp also yield soda ash, and were the basis of an enormous 18th century industry in Scotland. Alkali was also mined from dry lakebeds in Egypt. By the late 18th century these sources were insufficient to meet Europe's burgeoning demand for alkali for soap, textile, and glass industries. Online version archived at WebCite from this original URL on 2008-03-12.

Valinomycin Electrodes specific for each alkali metal ion, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+ have been developed. The principle on which these electrodes are based is that the alkali metal ion is encapsulated in a molecular cavity whose size is matched to the size of the ion. For example, an electrode based on Valinomycin may be used for the determination of potassium ion concentration.

After extraction, the corn oil is then refined by degumming and/or alkali treatment, both of which remove phosphatides. Alkali treatment also neutralizes free fatty acids and removes color (bleaching). Final steps in refining include winterization (the removal of waxes), and deodorization by steam distillation of the oil at under a high vacuum. Some specialty oil producers manufacture unrefined, 100%-expeller-pressed corn oil.

The main use of hydrogen sulfide is as a precursor to elemental sulfur. Several organosulfur compounds are produced using hydrogen sulfide. These include methanethiol, ethanethiol, and thioglycolic acid. Upon combining with alkali metal bases, hydrogen sulfide converts to alkali hydrosulfides such as sodium hydrosulfide and sodium sulfide: :H2S + NaOH → NaSH + H2O :NaSH + NaOH → Na2S + H2O These compounds are used in the paper making industry.

The conditions required for alkali silica reaction are threefold: (1) aggregate containing an alkali- reactive constituent (amorphous silica), (2) sufficient availability of hydroxyl ions (OH−), and (3) sufficient moisture, above 75% relative humidity (RH) within the concrete. This phenomenon is sometimes popularly referred to as "concrete cancer". This reaction occurs independently of the presence of rebars; massive concrete structures such as dams can be affected.

Essexite can be considered as an alkali gabbro or monzodiorite primarily composed of nepheline, plagioclase, with lesser amounts of alkali feldspar, with mafic minerals composed of any of the following; titanium augite (pyroxene), hornblende and biotite. Trace mineralogy may include magnetite, ilmenite and accessory olivine (<5%). Essexite grades into a nepheline monzogabbro with a decrease in potassium feldspar and an increase in the feldspathoid minerals.

Cherts are subject to problems when used as concrete aggregates. Deeply weathered chert develops surface pop-outs when used in concrete that undergoes freezing and thawing because of the high porosity of weathered chert. The other concern is that certain cherts undergo an alkali-silica reaction with high-alkali cements. This reaction leads to cracking and expansion of concrete and ultimately to failure of the material.

In silicate glasses, dealkalized surfaces are also often considered "silica-rich" since the selective removal of alkali ions can be thought to leave behind a surface composed primarily of silica (SiO2). To be precise, dealkalization does not generally involve the outright removal of alkali from the glass, but rather its replacement with protons (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in the structure through the process of ion-exchange.

In 1913 there were 7,916 tons conveyed by rail. In 1920 the total was 53,416 tons. The United Alkali works required considerable volumes of coal, and 9,244 tons were brought in in the year 1911, rising to 24,135 tons in 1920. The Alkali works had a mineral railway system with a wharf on the river, and these tonnages may have had short transits by rail.

It can be made from nickel perchlorate. It is yellow and melts at 266 °C. Nickel carbonate NiCO3, hellyerite, crystallising with six water molecules, precipitates when an alkali bicarbonate is added to a Ni aqueous solution. Basic nickel carbonate, zaratite, with the formula Ni4CO3(OH)6(H2O)4, is produced when alkali carbonates are added to a nickel solution. Nickel phosphate, Ni3(PO4)2 is also insoluble.

An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution. The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke, grit, dust and fumes under supervision. The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812–1820. The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers.

The Warner Range is not part of the Sierra Nevada range or the Cascade Range, but part of the Great Basin Ranges. It is in the semi-arid, sparsely-populated northeastern corner of California and the south-central portion of Oregon. The range is a classic example of horst and graben (fault-block) topography with pluvial (ephemeral) lakes occupying the graben basins. The eastern escarpment of the range overlooks the Surprise Valley in California and Warner Valley in Oregon, enclosed basins that contain Upper Alkali Lake, Middle Alkali Lake, and Lower Alkali Lake along the California–Nevada border, and the Warner Lakes (Crump and Hart lakes) in Oregon.

However, to determine the alkali equivalent content (Na2Oeq) in cement, because the need to maintain electroneutrality in solids or in solution, one directly measures the contents of cement in Na and K elements and one conservatively considers that their counter ions are the hydroxide ions. As Na+ and K+ cations are hydrated species, they also contribute to retain water in alkali-silica reaction products. Osmotic processes (Chatterji et al., 1986, 1987, 1989) and the electrical double layer (EDL) play also a fundamental role in the transport of water towards the concentrated liquid alkali gel explaining their swelling behavior and the deleterious expansion of aggregates responsible of ASR damages in concrete.

Due to the basicity of the Se2− and Te2− ions, the alkali metal selenides and tellurides are alkaline in solution; when reacted directly with selenium and tellurium, alkali metal polyselenides and polytellurides are formed along with the selenides and tellurides with the and ions. They may be obtained directly from the elements in liquid ammonia or when air is not present, and are colourless, water-soluble compounds that air oxidises quickly back to selenium or tellurium. The alkali metal polonides are all ionic compounds containing the Po2− ion; they are very chemically stable and can be produced by direct reaction of the elements at around 300–400 °C.

All of the stable alkali metal halides have the formula MX where M is an alkali metal and X is a halogen. They are all white ionic crystalline solids that have high melting points. All the alkali metal halides are soluble in water except for lithium fluoride (LiF), which is insoluble in water due to its very high lattice enthalpy. The high lattice enthalpy of lithium fluoride is due to the small sizes of the Li+ and F− ions, causing the electrostatic interactions between them to be strong: a similar effect occurs for magnesium fluoride, consistent with the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium.

Superoxide forms salts with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The salts CsO2, RbO2, KO2, and NaO2 are prepared by the reaction of O2 with the respective alkali metal. The alkali salts of are orange-yellow in color and quite stable, if they are kept dry. Upon dissolution of these salts in water, however, the dissolved undergoes disproportionation (dismutation) extremely rapidly (in a pH- dependent manner): :4 + 2 H2O → 3 O2 \+ 4 OH− This reaction (with moisture and carbon dioxide in exhaled air) is the basis of the use of potassium superoxide as an oxygen source in chemical oxygen generators, such as those used on the space shuttle and on submarines.

In the Varrentrapp reaction certain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved in molten alkali, a reaction which was, at one point of time, relevant to structure elucidation.

The seal is vulnerable to mechanical shocks. Magnesium fluoride transmits ultraviolet down to 115 nm. Hygroscopic, though less than other alkali halides usable for UV windows.

They have largely been superseded by Overhauser effect magnetometers and alkali vapour (cesium, rubidium, and potassium) or helium magnetometers, which sample faster and are more sensitive.

The Crown later dropped the rape charge when O'Connor participated in a seven-hour healing circle in Alkali Lake, a small native village near Williams Lake.

NAMA Europe, located in Bern, Switzerland, NAMA Germany, NAMA Industrial Investment, Arabian Alkali Company (SODA) and Jubail Chemical Industries Company (JANA) are affiliate companies of NAMA.

The Kaliningrad K-5 (NATO reporting name AA-1 Alkali), also known as RS-1U or product ShM, was an early Soviet air-to-air missile.

Helmont described a process in which his alkahest (sal alkali) was applied to olive oil. The result was identified as a sweet oil, which was glycerol.

Birkenkopf granite contains 31.3% quartz, 42.6% alkali feldspar, 20.4% plagioclase feldspar, 5.4% biotite and chlorite as well as 0.3% ore minerals like magnetite, pyrite and hematite.

Soon afterward, a majority of chemists chose to classify these elements in group IB and remove them from group VIII for the resulting symmetry: this was the predominant classification until the rise of the modern medium-long 18-column periodic table, which separated the alkali metals and group 11 metals. The coinage metals were traditionally regarded as a subdivision of the alkali metal group, due to them sharing the characteristic s1 electron configuration of the alkali metals (group 1: p6s1; group 11: d10s1). However, the similarities are largely confined to the stoichiometries of the +1 compounds of both groups, and not their chemical properties. This stems from the filled d subshell providing a much weaker shielding effect on the outermost s electron than the filled p subshell, so that the coinage metals have much higher first ionisation energies and smaller ionic radii than do the corresponding alkali metals.

There are three potential metal binding groups on nucleic acids: phosphate, sugar, and base moieties. Solid-state structure of complexes with alkali metal ions have been reviewed.

Kosnarite is part of the alkali zirconium phosphates in which there are only two other known members of this group : gainsite, and a Cs analogue of gainesite.

Rubidium sulfide is an inorganic compound and a salt with the chemical formula Rb2S. It is a white solid with similar properties to other alkali metal sulfides.

It was sold to the United Alkali Company in 1891. After McKechnie's retirement his descendants continued to run factories bearing the name McKechnie into the 20th century.

Dibromine trioxide can be prepared by reacting a solution of bromine in dichloromethane with ozone at low temperatures. It disproportionates in alkali solutions to Br and BrO.

Salt Lake is a natural lake in South Dakota, in the United States. The lake water of Salt Lake has traces of alkali salts, hence the name.

Schubert, F.; Lang, K.; Burger, A. (1960) "Alkali metal borohydrides" (Bayer). German patent DE 1088930 19600915 (ChemAbs: 55:120851). Supplement to. to Ger. 1,067,005 (CA 55, 11778i).

The conjugate base is hypoiodite (IO−). Salts of this anion can be prepared by treating I2 with alkali hydroxides. They rapidly disproportionate to form iodides and iodates.

It is also associated with Arizona cottontop, alkali sacaton, and vine mesquite. It is sometimes used for revegetation efforts and roadside seeding.Pappophorum vaginatum. USDA NRCS Plant Guide.

These ligands encapsulate alkali metal cations (typically Na+ and K+), affording large lipophilic cations. These polyethers have a hydrophilic "interiors" containing the ion and a hydrophobic exterior.

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)-Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Chlor-Alkali Manufacturing industry, 2001 The structure of the Cell is described below.

The volcano has a volume of about and has a width of at its foot. Bounty has erupted rocks with compositions of alkali basalt, trachyandesite and trachyte.

However, inserting (intercalating) alkali metal atoms between the fullerene molecules provides extra electrons, which can be easily ionized from the metal atoms and make the material conductive.

Eco-Cement is able to incorporate a greater number of industrial waste products as aggregate than Portland cement as it is less alkaline. This reduces the incidence of alkali-aggregate reactions which cause damage to hardened concrete.Swamy, R: "The Alkali-silica Reaction in Concrete", page 46. Taylor & Francis, 1992, Eco-Cement also has the ability to be almost fully recycled back into cement, should a concrete structure become obsolete.

Granite () is a coarse-grained igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly solidifies underground. It is common in the Earth's continental crust, where it is found in bodies called plutons. These range in size from dikes only a few inches across to batholiths exposed over hundreds of square kilometers.

In 1910-1911, they were taken over by the Bruner-Mond company, alkali makers. During the Great War (1914-18) the company produced glycerine for the war effort. In peacetime, competition resumed. Brunner-Mond sold Gossages and other soap companies to Lever, under an agreement: they would exit the soap market, and Lever would not make his own alkali, instead buying it from Brunner-Mond at preferable rates.

Lithium reacts with water easily, but with noticeably less vigor than other alkali metals. The reaction forms hydrogen gas and lithium hydroxide in aqueous solution. Because of its reactivity with water, lithium is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant, often petroleum jelly. Though the heavier alkali metals can be stored in denser substances such as mineral oil, lithium is not dense enough to fully submerge itself in these liquids.

In 1902, the village was named in honor of Captain Ford, who at the time was President of the Michigan Alkali Company (now BASF Wyandotte) and prominent citizen in local affairs. All was not going well in Ford City during its years of growing. The Michigan Alkali Company had spread out along the Detroit River into both Ford City and Wyandotte. Each municipally assessed and taxed the chemical company differently.

Different plants use different pathways to different levels. Tomatoes take in a lot of K+ and accumulate salts in their vacuoles, castor reduces nitrate in the roots to a large extent and excretes the resulting alkali. Soy bean plants moves a large amount of malate to the roots where they convert it to alkali while the potassium is recirculated. Every nitrate ion reduced to ammonia produces one OH− ion.

The metal is not attacked by sulfuric or hydrochloric acids. It dissolves in nitric acid with the evolution of nitric oxide gas to form dissolved Pb(NO3)2. : 3 Pb + 8 H+ \+ 8 → 3 Pb2+ \+ 6 + 2 NO + 4 H2O When heated with nitrates of alkali metals, metallic lead oxidizes to form PbO (also known as litharge), leaving the corresponding alkali nitrite. PbO is representative of lead's +2 oxidation state.

The 1960s saw continued expansion of Diamond Alkali. A facility was opened in Delaware City, Delaware and additional chemical companies were purchased, including Chemical Process Company of Redwood City, California and the Nopco Chemical Company of New Jersey. In 1967 Diamond Alkali merged with Shamrock Oil and Gas of Amarillo. At the time of the merger the company produced about 20 percent oil and gas and 80 percent chemicals.

FID compatible carrier gasses include helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and argon. Alkali flame detector (AFD) or alkali flame ionization detector (AFID) has high sensitivity to nitrogen and phosphorus, similar to NPD. However, the alkaline metal ions are supplied with the hydrogen gas, rather than a bead above the flame. For this reason AFD does not suffer the "fatigue" of the NPD, but provides a constant sensitivity over long period of time.

Many dead animals were concentrated at and in these "bad" water springs—often preventing access to them. Water had to be pooled off and allowed to cool before it could be used by man or beast. The trail on the last the alkali flats gave way to soft alkali laden sand, six to ten inches (15–25 cm) deep and very hard for the animals to pull the wagons through.

The intermetallic compounds of the alkali metals with the heavier group 13 elements (aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium), such as NaTl, are poor conductors or semiconductors, unlike the normal alloys with the preceding elements, implying that the alkali metal involved has lost an electron to the Zintl anions involved.Sevov, S.C. "Zintl Phases", pp. 113–132 in Intermetallic Compounds, Principles and Practice: Progress, Vol. 3. Westbrook, J.H.; Freisher, R.L.: Eds.

The alkali salts of psyllic acid are precipitated when alcoholic solutions of the acid and an alkali hydroxide are mixed. The silver and barium salts can be obtained by adding aqueous alcoholic solutions of silver nitrate and barium chloride to alcoholic solutions of the acid. The following salts have been analyzed: C33H65O2Na, C66H130O4Ba, and C33H65O2Ag. Psylla wax is hydrolyzed by alcoholic potassium hydroxide as well as by hydrobromic acid.

Partially molten rubidium metal in an ampoule Rubidium is a very soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. It is the second most electropositive of the stable alkali metals and melts at a temperature of . Like other alkali metals, rubidium metal reacts violently with water. As with potassium (which is slightly less reactive) and caesium (which is slightly more reactive), this reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite the hydrogen gas it produces.

In association with Thomas Robinson, he invented a process for producing saltcake (sodium sulfate) from salt without the use of sulfuric acid. The Atlas Chemical Company was established in Widnes to use this Hargreaves-Robinson process. It was cheaper to produce alkali by this process than by the Leblanc process. The Atlas Chemical Company was absorbed by the United Alkali Company in 1890 but the process continued to operate until 1918.

Emi Koussi has erupted phonolite, trachyandesite and trachyte, as well as mafic rocks like basanite and tephrite. The erupted rocks define two alkaline suites. Phenocryst chemistry and content varies between the various rocks; among the minerals are alkali feldspar, amphibole, biotite, clinopyroxene, olivine, oxides and plagioclase. Alkali feldspar, apatite, clinopyroxene, olivine, magnetite, mica, nepheline, oxides, plagioclase, quartz, sodalite, titanite and zircon also form the groundmass of microliths in erupted rocks.

In 1909 beer was carried: 356 tons were conveyed, but that traffic too quickly declined. A buoyant traffic that transformed the fortunes of the branch line was salt. The United Alkali Company built a large works near Preesall: in its early period, in 1909 55 tons of salt were carried by the railway. In April 1912 United Alkali opened a branch railway siding miles long from near Knott End.

The volcano is composed of alkali feldspar granitic rock of the Robertson River Igneous Suite. This includes felsic complex material such as biotite, hornblende-biotite, magnetite, and alkali granitic rock including rhyolite on the eastern slopes of Battle Mountain and the adjacent (and geologically related) Little Battle Mountain (elevation 937 feet). Theorized original appearance of Battle Mountain at 704 million years ago by Woolman (2016). Elevation shown in meters.

A sample of sodium peroxide. The alkali metals react with oxygen to form several different compounds: suboxides, oxides, peroxides, superoxides, and ozonides. They all react violently with water.

The Rajmahal volcanics are predominantly tholeiitic basalt, quartz tholeiite, olivine tholeiite and alkali basalt. The Intertrappean Beds are composed of sedimentary rock such as siltstone, claystone and shale.

There are a few named lakes in the West Kootenai. Along West Kootenai Road is Tooley Lake and further down is Alkali Lake accessed via a dirt road.

In the preheater and the kiln, this SO2 reacts to form alkali sulfates, which are bound in the clinker, provided that oxidizing conditions are maintained in the kiln.

The disulfuric acid, which appears to be more widely used as its alkali metal salts, has the structure HO–S(O)2–O–O–S(O)2–OH.

To diagnose milk- alkali syndrome, primary hyperparathyroidism has to be excluded. Usually the PTH is suppressed. Phosphorus levels are usually decreased while creatinine and bicarbonate levels are elevated.

Sosne, G., et al., Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res, 2002. 74(2): p. 293-9.

Gaskell remained a director of the company until 1890 when it became part of the United Alkali Company. He became vice-president and later president of that company.

Their monopositive ions are paramagnetic and contribute no colour to their salts, like those of the alkali metals.Bailar, J. C. (1973) Comprehensive inorganic chemistry, vol. 3, p. 16.

Potassium perchloratoborate has density 2.18 g/cm3, and rubidium perchloratoborate has density 2.32 g/cm3. The three alkali perchloratoborates fume in moist air, are all crystalline and colourless.

Metastatic calcification involves a systemic calcium excess imbalance, which can be caused by hypercalcemia, kidney failure, milk-alkali syndrome, lack or excess of other minerals, or other causes.

The Walgren Lake Monster (also known as the Alkali Lake Monster and Giganticus Brutervious) is a cryptid of varying description reported in Walgren Lake near Hay Springs, Nebraska.

Lithium nitride is a compound with the formula Li3N. It is the only stable alkali metal nitride. The solid has a reddish-pink color and high melting point.

The term quantum defect refers to two concepts: energy loss in lasers and energy levels in alkali elements. Both deal with quantum systems where matter interacts with light.

The 1.75–1.68 Ga anorthosite-mangerite-alkali granitoid-rapakivi granite suite from the northern North China Craton: Magmatism related to a Paleoproterozoic orogen. Precambrian Research, 155, 287-312.

These protonolysis reactions are typical of a Group 2 alkaline earth metal and Group 1 alkali metal silicides. The early development of silicon hydrides relied on this reaction.

It is mainly used to remove sulfate impurities from feedstock of the chlor-alkali process. Otherwise it is a common precursor to barium-containing compounds such as ferrites.

Indeed, many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character, due to the involvement of the 7p3/2 electrons in the bonding. Empirical (Na–Fr, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Uue–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) ionisation energy of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in electron volts Not as much work has been done predicting the properties of the alkali metals beyond ununennium. Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table (by the aufbau principle) would put element 169, unhexennium, under ununennium, Dirac-Fock calculations predict that the next element after ununennium with alkali-metal-like properties may be element 165, unhexpentium, which is predicted to have the electron configuration [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p1/22 9s1. This element would be intermediate in properties between an alkali metal and a group 11 element, and while its physical and atomic properties would be closer to the former, its chemistry may be closer to that of the latter.

The maturation process of the fluid alkali silicagel found in exudations into less soluble solid products found in gel pastes or in efflorescences is described hereafter. Four distinct steps are considered in this progressive transformation. 1\. dissolution and formation (here, explicitly written in the ancient industrial metasilicate notation (based on the non-existing metasilicic acid, ) to also illustrate the frequent use of this later in the literature): :2 NaOH + -> · (young N-S-H gel) :this reaction is accompanied by hydration and swelling of the alkali gel leading to the expansion of the affected aggregates. The pH of the fresh alkali gel is very high and it has often a characteristic amber color.

In principle, any alkali metal can be used for SEOP, but rubidium is usually preferred due to its high vapor pressure, allowing experiments to be carried out at relatively low temperatures (80 °C-130 °C), decreasing the chance of damaging the glass cell. Additionally, laser technology for the alkali metal of choice has to exist and be developed enough get substantial polarization. Previously, the lasers available to excite the D1 cesium transition were not well-developed, but they are now becoming more powerful and less expensive. Preliminary studies even show that cesium may provide better results than rubidium, even though rubidium has been the go-to alkali metal of choice for SEOP.

Indeed, it is taken from [the vessels] that one formerly used for the roasting of washing powder concentrated from cinders: iron pots (pott in the dialect of Lower Saxony), for which roasting ovens have been substituted since then. Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of "plant alkali", "vegetable alkali", "potash", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying "mineral alkali", "soda", etc.) In 1807, Humphry Davy produced the element via electrolysis: in 1809, Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the name Kalium for Davy's "potassium". In 1814, the Swedish chemist Berzelius advocated the name kalium for potassium, with the chemical symbol "K".

They first accomplished this by replicating an experiment of Henry Cavendish's. They trapped a mixture of atmospheric air with additional oxygen in a test-tube (A) upside-down over a large quantity of dilute alkali solution (B), which in Canvendish's original experiment was potassium hydroxide, and conveyed a current through wires insulated by U-shaped glass tubes (CC) which sealed around the platinum wire electrodes, leaving the ends of the wires (DD) exposed to the gas and insulated from the alkali solution. The arc was powered by a battery of five Grove cells and a Ruhmkorff coil of medium size. The alkali absorbed the oxides of nitrogen produced by the arc and also carbon dioxide.

Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium (Uue), which is likely to be the next member of the group; none was successful. However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal, it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues. Most alkali metals have many different applications. One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of which caesium atomic clocks form the basis of the second.

A classic example of dealkalization is the treatment of glass containers, where a special process is used to create a dealkalized inside surface that is more resistant to interactions with liquid products put inside the container. However, the term dealkalization may also be generally applied to any process where a glass surface forms a thin surface layer that is depleted of alkali ions relative to the bulk. A common example is the initial stages of glass corrosion or weathering, where alkali ions are leached from the surface region by interactions with water, forming a dealkalized surface layer. A dealkalized surface may have either no alkali remaining or may just have less than the bulk.

She also appeared in a number of episodes of the short comedic film series Alkali Ike in 1911 and 1912. In 1900, she married Herbert Ashton in San Francisco.

This species occurs on alkali flats. The caterpillar of the species feeds on saltgrass (Distichlis spicata var. stricta). There is little other information about the biology of the species.

Alkali Nassara Club is a Nigerien football club based in Zinder, a town approximately 14 hours east of the capital Niamey. The team competes in the Niger Premier League.

Nemours-Nedroma is a volcanic field in Algeria. Part of the larger Oranie volcanic field, it has erupted alkali basalts, with one eruption date being 2.1 million years ago.

When rubidium perchloratoborate is reacted with extra perchloric acid, it forms RbBO(ClO4)2. In water, alkali perchloratoborates decompose exothermically to form boric acid, perchloric acid, and the perchlorate.

The large and very weakly polarising alkali metal cations can stabilise large, aromatic, polarisable radical anions, such as the dark-green sodium naphthalenide, Na+[C10H8•]−, a strong reducing agent.

The project had to be postponed in the 1980s because of increasing damage to the Deutsche Reichsbahn network as a result of alkali-damaged sleepers and limited construction capacity.

The volcano is known to have produced at least four types of lava, namely alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachyte and trachybasalt. These have been studied by scientists since the 1950s.

Status of Blepharidachne kingii (King's desertgrass) and Cleomella plocasperma (Alkali cleomella) in Idaho . Idaho Dept. of Fish & Game. It grows with other halophytic species such as saltgrass and greasewood.

An alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen.

Most ALF vapor cells use alkali metals because of their high vapor pressures; many alkali metals also have absorption lines and resonance in the desired spectra. Common vapor cell materials are sodium, potassium and caesium. Note that non- metallic vapors such as neon may be used. As the early quantum counters used solid state metal ions in crystals, it is conceivable that such a medium could be used in the ALFs of today.

Alkali salts or basic salts are salts that are the product of incomplete neutralization of a strong base and a weak acid. Rather than being neutral (as some other salts), alkali salts are bases as their name suggests. What makes these compounds basic is that the conjugate base from the weak acid hydrolyzes to form a basic solution. In sodium carbonate, for example, the carbonate from the carbonic acid hydrolyzes to form a basic solution.

To date this shift has not been well accepted by practitioners in the field of alkali activated cements who still tend to explain such reaction chemistry in Portland cement terminology. Indeed, geopolymer cement is sometimes mistaken for alkali-activated cement and concrete, developed more than 50 years ago by V.D. Glukhovsky in Ukraine, the former Soviet Union.Gluchovskij V.D.:"Gruntosilikaty" Gosstrojizdat Kiev 1959, Patent USSR 245 627 (1967), Patent USSR 449894 (Patent appl. 1958, granted 1974).

The alkali feldspars are most commonly in a series between potassium-rich orthoclase and sodium-rich albite; in the case of plagioclase, the most common series ranges from albite to calcium-rich anorthite. Crystal twinning is common in feldspars, especially polysynthetic twins in plagioclase and Carlsbad twins in alkali feldspars. If the latter subgroup cools slowly from a melt, it forms exsolution lamellae because the two components – orthoclase and albite – are unstable in solid solution.

The high pH of young alkali gel exudations often precludes the growth of mosses at the surface of concrete crack infilling. 2\. Maturation of the alkali gel: polymerisation and gelation by the sol–gel process. Condensation of silicate monomers or oligomers dispersed in a colloidal solution (sol) into a biphasic aqueous polymeric network of silicagel. divalent cations released by calcium hydroxide (portlandite) when the pH starts to slightly drop may influence the gelation process. 3\.

Alkali was PDP candidate for governorship of Jigawa State in the 2003 elections, sponsored by then Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sule Lamido. Lamido's decision to ignore the recommendations of a PDP screening committee gave rise to violent protests. He was defeated by Ibrahim Saminu Turaki of the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Alkali claimed that the ANPP had rigged the election and said he would challenge the result until "justice is seen to be done".

After the events at Alkali lake, Cyclops becomes increasingly angry in his grief over Jean Grey's death. Typically the most disciplined of Xavier's staff, Cyclops' behavior begins to worry Storm and Wolverine when he misses an advanced training session in the Danger Room. When Wolverine confronts him about his absence, Cyclops retorts bitterly that, "Not everyone heals as quickly as you do, Logan." Cyclops withdraws from the mansion and returns to Alkali Lake.

Atomic number plotted against atomic radius, excluding the noble gases. Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease along each period of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases; and increase down each group. The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period.

Alkali Lake Chemical Waste Dump is a hazardous waste disposal site near the southwest edge of Alkali Lake, a seasonally dry playa in Lake County, Oregon. It is in the Summer Lake watershed. The site has been the focus of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) efforts to remediate a complex mix of toxic chemicals. Problems were initially caused by the dumping of hazardous waste near the lakebed between 1969 and 1971.

The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other. For instance, when moving down the table, all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius, decreasing electronegativity, increasing reactivity, and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation. In general, their densities increase when moving down the table, with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium.

In 1979, Unit 1 was constructed with a dual-alkali scrubber to help reduce sulphur dioxide () emissions. In 1986, Unit 2 was completed and also uses a dual-alkali scrubber. From 2001 to 2005, Vectren installed four selective catalytic reduction (SCR) devices on all of the coal- fired units, which successfully cut nitrogen oxide () emissions by 80 percent. In 2004, Vectren replaced an existing electrostatic precipitator at Unit 1 with a fabric filter.

Electrons are emitted by the hot plate through thermionic emission, and ions are created through contact ionization of atoms of alkali metals that have low ionisation potentials. The hot plate is made of a metal that has a large work function and can withstand high temperatures, e.g. tungsten or rhenium. The alkali metal is boiled in an oven that is designed to direct a beam of alkaline metal vapour onto the hot plate.

The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction developed by English chemist William Henry Perkin that is used to make cinnamic acids. It gives an α,β-unsaturated aromatic acid by the aldol condensation of an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride, in the presence of an alkali salt of the acid. The alkali salt acts as a base catalyst, and other bases can be used instead. The Perkin reaction Several reviews have been written.

Chrome alum crystal Many trivalent metals are capable of forming alums. The general form of an alum is XM(SO4)2·nH2O, where X is an alkali metal or ammonium, M is a trivalent metal, and n often is 12. The most important example is chrome alum, , a dark violet crystalline double sulfate of chromium and potassium, was used in tanning. In general, alums are formed more easily when the alkali metal atom is larger.

In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called cullet glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial electrical application), is alkali free, and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation.

Alkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (> 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico- chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swellManaging irrigation water quality, Oregon State University, USA, Retrieved on 2012-10-04. and difficult to clarify/settle.

Trees / plants follow gravitropism. It is difficult to survive in alkali soils for the trees with deeper rooting system which can be more than 60 meters deep in good non-alkali soils. It will be important to refrain from irrigation (ground water or surface water) with poor quality water. In viticulture, adding naturally occurring chelating agents such as tartaric acid to irrigation water has been suggested, to solubilize calcium and magnesium carbonates in sodic soils.

These plants sequester the sodium carbonate they absorb from alkali soil into their tissues. The ash of these plants contains good quantity of sodium carbonate which can be commercially extracted and used in place of sodium carbonate derived from common salt which is highly energy intensive process. Thus alkali lands deterioration can be checked by cultivating barilla plants which can serve as food source, biomass fuel and raw material for soda ash and potash, etc.

In 1990, the safety of synthetic magnesium silicate was reviewed by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) together with that of silica and the other metal alkali silicates. The SCF noted that “the available data, including a number of short-term studies in two species, appear to substantiate the biological inertness of those compounds”. The SCF established a group Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) not specified for silicon dioxide and the alkali metal silicates.

In chemistry, plumbite is the oxyanion or hydrated forms, or any salt containing this anion. In these salts, lead is in the oxidation state +2. It is the traditional term for the IUPAC name plumbate(II). For example, lead(II) oxide (PbO) dissolves in alkali to form salts containing the anion: :PbO + → Lead(II) hydroxide also dissolves in excess alkali to form the anion: : + 4 → The plumbite ion is a weak reducing agent.

Gneiss, granulite, harzburgite, lherzolite and tholeiite xenoliths are found in the volcanic field and form the core of many lava bombs. Inclusions in xenoliths indicate that the gaseous components of the Mount Melbourne volcanic field magmas consist mainly of carbon dioxide. The trachytes and mugearites formed through magmatic differentiation in a crustal magma chamber from alkali basalts, defining an alkali basalt-trachyte differentiation series. Basalts were mainly erupted early in the history of the volcano.

Ezenwa-Ohaeto, "Shaking the Veil: Islam, Gender and Feminist Configurations in the Nigerian Novels of Hauwa Ali and Zaynab Alkali", Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 24(2–3) 1996.

Vegetation includes pickleweed, alkali-heath, salt grass, Jaumea, salt bush, ditch-grass, pondweed, tule, and cattails. The shrubs include willows and coyote brush. The trees are primarily southern coastal oak.

Caesium sulfide is an inorganic salt with a chemical formula Cs2S. It is a strong alkali in aqueous solution. In the air, caesium sulfide emits rotten egg smelling hydrogen sulfide.

A new series of alkali chelators based on the structure of norbadione A has been reported. The mushroom may have potential as a bioremediation agent to clean up contaminated sites.

Aqua regia gives the pentachloride SbCl5 and hot concentrated sulfuric acid results in the sulfate Sb2(SO4)3.Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 553 It is not affected by molten alkali.

Several synthesis routes exist, the most basic being the reaction between alkyl halides and alkali thiocyanate in aqueous media. Organic thiocyanates are hydrolyzed to thiocarbamates in the Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis.

Nomia nortoni, known as the Norton's nomium or Norton's alkali bee, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

This compound is often an alkali hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite) which also serves to preserve the thiosulphate. Less commonly it may also contain other additives e.g. for the hardening of gelatin.

Silica gel is also combined with alkali metals to form a M-SG reducing agent. (See SiGNa chemistry) Silica gel is not expected to biodegrade in either water or soil.

Rubidium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RbCl. This alkali metal halide is composed of rubidium and chlorine, and finds diverse uses ranging from electrochemistry to molecular biology.

Pegmatite with large quartz, huge perthitic alkali feldspar and mafic reaction seam Pegmatites do occur as well, mainly as dikes; in some places as amygdules with beautiful smoky quartz (rare).

The first post office at Eagleville opened in 1868. A 1913 book described Eagleville, Modoc County as being on one of the Alkali Lakes and having a population of 150.

The Rose Valley Borax Company processed about of crystallized borax annually from 1892 to 1902. Chinese workers collected alkali formed from evaporating spring water containing 80 parts per million (ppm) borate.

Crawford's model predicts this positron capture. However in the case of lithium hydride, sodium hydride and potassium hydride molecules, this adduct decomposes and positronium hydride and the alkali positive ion form.

Mercerised pulp is a bleached pulp that is treated with hot diluted alkali to get extra high bulk and high porosity. The pulp feels and looks similar to a cotton ball.

These impurities give rise to the variety of colors of beryl that can be found. Increasing alkali content within the silicate ring channels causes increases to the refractive indices and birefringence.

Due to this, and in order to reduce alkali content in the effluent, Bio-scouring is introduced in the scouring process in which biological agent is used, such as an enzyme.

Brevundimonas abyssalis is a Gram-negative, alkali tolerant, psychrotolerant, aerobic, dimorphic prosthecate and heterotrophic bacterium from the genus of Brevundimonas which has been isolated from deep-sea floor sediments from Japan.

Other types of semipermeable membranes are cation exchange membrane (CEM), charge mosaic membrane (CMM), bipolar membrane (BPM), anion exchange membrane (AEM) alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM) and proton exchange membrane (PEM).

This theory accounted for the interaction of electrons with phonons of all branches and wavelengths, and was applied to the theory of polaritons, F-centers, and excitons in alkali halide crystals.

They reach a thickness of . The volcano has erupted alkali basalts typical for rift zone volcanoes. Its composition has been characterized as hawaiite. Titanium dioxide contents of 3.81% have been measured.

The ancient wet manufacturing process of cement, consuming more energy (water evaporation) that the modern dry process, had the advantage to eliminate much of the soluble Na and K salts present in the raw material. As previously described in the two sections dealing respectively with ASR catalysis by alkali hydroxides and soda lime carbonation, soluble NaOH and KOH are continuously regenerated and released into solution when the soluble alkali silicate reacts with to precipitate insoluble calcium silicate. Therefore, portlandite is the main buffer of in the solid phase. As long as the stock of hydroxide in the solid phase is not exhausted, the alkali-silica reaction can continue to proceed until complete disparition of one of the reagents ( or ) involved in the pozzolanic reaction.

He returned to Stoke Prior in 1848 and in 1850 he moved to Widnes. Here he established an alkali works on the opposite side of the Sankey Canal from Hutchinson's No 1 factory near to Widnes Dock. Gossage's alkali production was on a small scale and he spent time in various experiments, including extracting sulphur from copper ores, extracting copper from iron pyrites, concentrating sulphuric acid and manufacturing caustic soda from the black ash liquor resulting from the Leblanc process. Following another experiment, consisting of adding sodium silicate to soda ash, he discovered he could produce soap at a much lower cost than by the methods existing at the time and in 1855 he gave up making alkali to set up his soap works.

ISL mines in the USA use an alkali leach due to the presence of significant quantities of acid-consuming minerals such as gypsum and limestone in the host aquifers. Any more than a few percent carbonate minerals means that alkali leach must be used in preference to the more efficient acid leach. The Australian government has published a best practice guide for in situ leach mining of uranium, which is being revised to take account of international differences.

In 1838 Harrison Grey Dyar and John Henmming patented an ammonia-soda process of making alkali. Deacon experimented with this process but had no success and Gaskell persuaded him to abandon this project. Between 1854 and 1876 Deacon, alone or in collaboration with others, filed at least 29 patents, all relating to alkali manufacture.Allen, J. Fenwick (1906) 'Chemical Classics; Some Founders of the Chemical industry – Henry Deacon, Part 2', London and Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes . Retrieved 8 July 2007.

He was born in Winwick, Lancashire, but his family soon moved to Cheshire and eventually settled in Runcorn. Thomas was involved in various business enterprises before establishing a soapery (soap manufacturing factory) on the north bank of the Bridgewater Canal on land between the canal and High Street in 1816. Originally the alkali necessary for making soap would have been obtained from vegetable sources, probably kelp. However, by 1830 he was making his own alkali by the Leblanc process.

However, relativistic effects may cause some of its properties to differ from those expected from a straight application of periodic trends. For example, ununennium is expected to be less reactive than caesium and francium and to be closer in behavior to potassium or rubidium, and while it should show the characteristic +1 oxidation state of the alkali metals, it is also predicted to show the +3 oxidation state, which is unknown in any other alkali metal.

In 1891, in common with most of the other factories using the Leblanc process, the firm became part of the United Alkali Company. The firm's soaps continued to win awards at various international exhibitions until in 1911 the business was sold to Lever Brothers. Soap and alkali making then ceased and the factory was taken over and used as a tannery (Camden Tannery). The trade name continued to be used by Lever Brothers until the 1930s.

From the late 1880s significant numbers arrived from Poland and Lithuania who were fleeing from persecution and poverty in their home countries. Immigrants also came from other areas, in particular Wales. In 1890 the chemical companies making alkali by the Leblanc process combined to form the United Alkali Company, later one of the constituent companies of ICI. This involved practically all of the chemical industries in Widnes, which was considered to be the principal centre of the new company.

Trachyandesite is characterized by a silica content near 58% and a total alkali oxide content near 9%. This places trachyandesite in the S3 field of the TAS diagram.. When it is possible to identify the minerals present, trachyandesite is characterized by a high content of sodic plagioclase, typically andesine, and contains at least 10% alkali feldspar. Common mafic accessory minerals are amphibole, biotite or pyroxene. Small amounts of nepheline may be present and apatite is a common accessory mineral.

Cummingtonite ( ) is a metamorphic amphibole with the chemical composition , magnesium iron silicate hydroxide. Monoclinic cummingtonite is compositionally similar and polymorphic with orthorhombic anthophyllite, which is a much more common form of magnesium-rich amphibole, the latter being metastable. Cummingtonite shares few compositional similarities with alkali amphiboles such as arfvedsonite, glaucophane-riebeckite. There is little solubility between these minerals due to different crystal habit and inability of substitution between alkali elements and ferro-magnesian elements within the amphibole structure.

LEIS systems consist of the following: General experimental setup for LEIS. # Ion Gun, used to direct a beam of ions at a target sample. An electron ionization ion source is typically used to ionize noble gas atoms such as He, Ne or Ar, while heating of wafers containing alkali atoms is used to create an alkali ion beam. The ions thus created hold a positive charge, typically +1, due to the ejection of electrons from the atoms.

It depends on the level of alkali added to the mixture, so with more alkali, more glass formed, and the more diluted the appearance. This type of Egyptian blue is especially evident during the eighteenth dynasty and later, and probably is associated with the surge in glass technology at this time. If certain conditions were not met, the Egyptian blue would not be satisfactorily produced. For example, if the temperatures were above 1050 °C, it would become unstable.

Plagiobothrys leptocladus is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common names finebranched popcornflower and alkali plagiobothrys. It is native to western North America from Alaska to the Dakotas to northern Mexico, where it can be found in varied types of wet habitat, including inundated alkali flats and vernal pools. It is an annual herb growing mostly decumbent with stems 10 to 30 centimeters long. It is hairless to roughly hairy in texture.

Ludwig Mond (1839–1909), who was born in Germany, became a chemical industrialist in England. He studied at the Universities of Marburg and Heidelberg and moved to England in 1862. He joined the alkali manufacturing business of John Hutchinson in Widnes (then in Lancashire, now in Cheshire). Hutchinson manufactured alkali by the Leblanc process, and Mond's earlier work for the company was to devise a method of recovering sulphur from the by-products of the process.

It is two electrons short of a full octet and readily takes electrons from other elements. It reacts violently with alkali metals and white phosphorus at room temperature and less violently with alkali earth metals heavier than magnesium. At higher temperatures it burns most other metals and many non-metals (including hydrogen, carbon, and sulfur). Many oxides are extremely stable substances difficult to decompose—like water, carbon dioxide, alumina, silica, and iron oxides (the latter often appearing as rust).

Flaveria campestris, common name alkali yellowtops, is a plant species native to the southwestern United States and to the southern Great Plains (Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma).Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map It is found on saline soils and on the margins of lakes, ponds and streams.Flora of North America, Flaveria campestris J. R. Johnston, 1903. Alkali yellowtops . Flaveria campestris is an annal herb up to 90 cm (3 feet) tall.

Epichlorohydrin is a versatile precursor in the synthesis of many organic compounds. For example, it is converted to glycidyl nitrate, an energetic binder used in explosive and propellant compositions.Gould, R.F. Advanced Propellant Chemistry, ACS Chemistry Series 54, 1966 The epichlorohydrin is reacted with an alkali nitrate, such as sodium nitrate, producing glycidyl nitrate and alkali chloride. It is used as a solvent for cellulose, resins, and paints, and it has found use as an insect fumigant.

With chemical doping, the electronic characteristics of peapods can be further adjusted. When carbon peapod is doped with alkali metal atoms like potassium, the dopants will react with the C60 molecules inside the SWNT. It forms a negatively charged C606− covalently bound, one-dimensional polymer chain with metallic conductivity. Overall, the doping of SWNTs and peapods by alkali metal atoms actively enhances the conductivity of the molecule since the charge is relocated from the metal ions to the nanotubes.

The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a deleterious chemical reaction between the alkali ( and , in fact dissolved NaOH and KOH) of the cement paste with reactive amorphous (non-crystalline) siliceous aggregates in the presence of moisture. This reaction produces a gel-like substance of sodium silicate ( • n ), also noted • n , or N-S-H (sodium silicate hydrate). This hygroscopic gel swells inside the affected reactive aggregates which expand and crack. In its turn, it causes concrete expansion.

The felsic shield-building stage ended with the post-explosive phase. This phase of activity created small volcanic plugs, lava flows, minor pyroclastic flows, channelized debris flows and a few glassy dikes at the summit of the shield volcano. These consist of alkali-feldspar porphyritic quartz-trachyte and trachyte. Alkali- feldspar quartz-trachyte plugs formed in rhyolites and trachytes of the pre- explosive phase, as well as pyroclastic deposits and feldspar trachyte lava flows of the explosive phase.

Old drawing of a chloralkali process plant (Edgewood, Maryland) The chloralkali process (also chlor-alkali and chlor alkali) is an industrial process for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. It is the technology used to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide (lye/caustic soda), which are commodity chemicals required by industry. 35 million tons of chlorine were prepared by this process in 1987. The chlorine and sodium hydroxide produced in this process are widely used in the chemical industry.

Helium-3 nuclei have an intrinsic nuclear spin of , and a relatively high magnetogyric ratio. Helium-3 can be hyperpolarized using non-equilibrium means such as spin-exchange optical pumping. During this process, circularly polarized infrared laser light, tuned to the appropriate wavelength, is used to excite electrons in an alkali metal, such as caesium or rubidium inside a sealed glass vessel. The angular momentum is transferred from the alkali metal electrons to the noble gas nuclei through collisions.

The natural reservation of alkali soil (95 ha), the valley of the Crișul Alb River and the church called "Buna Vestire" built in 1768 are the most attended sights of the commune.

William Losh (Carlisle 1770 - 4 August 1861, Ellison Place, Newcastle) was a chemist and industrialist who is credited with introducing the Leblanc process for the manufacture of alkali to the United Kingdom.

The treatment time is shorter than that required for alkali treatment, and results in almost complete conversion to the pure product. The physical properties of the final gelatin product are considered better.

A eutectic molten metal allows it to be cooled more. If liquid alkali metal is used as a flux to grow a hydridonitride crystal, excess metal can be removed using liquid ammonia.

"Recovery Plan for the Native Fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin" (PDF), Oregon State office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of Interior, Portland, Oregon, April 1998.

Glass producer Pilkington is the town's only remaining large industrial employer. Previously it was home to Beechams, the Gamble Alkali Works, Ravenhead glass, United Glass Bottles, Triplex, Daglish Foundry, and Greenall's brewery.

Further reaction of these compounds with alkali metal fluorides leads to nitrile sulfides, which undergo [3+2] cycloaddition in the presence of dipolarophiles.Grunwell, R.; Dye, L. Tetrahedron Lett., 1975, 1739. (10)File:SF4Scope5.

James Muspratt (12 August 1793 – 4 May 1886) was a British chemical manufacturer who was the first to make alkali by the Leblanc process on a large scale in the United Kingdom.

The community of Ford City was founded as a village in 1902. It was named for John B. Ford who ran the Michigan Alkali Company there. In 1922 it merged with Wyandotte.

While the state of Oregon allocated a special fund for abandoned waste sites in 1991, it specifically does not cover the Alkali Lake site, which comes from the regular budget for DEQ.

The tuff contains mostly quartz and alkali and plagioclase feldspar. Other minerals include apatite, magnetite, monazite and zircon. The Ma Wan granite is fine grained. It contains microcline, and few feldspar phenocrysts.

A council was held, and it was decided that this baby too should be abandoned. It was left in an alkali pit. But it lived, and grew to become , Monster Eagle.Zolbrod, p.

The Hays Canyon Range is a mountain range in northwest Washoe County, Nevada, adjacent the California border. The Surprise Valley with its alkali lakes and the Warner Mountains lie to the west.

Caesium oxalate can be prepared by passing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide over caesium carbonate at 380 °C: :Cs2CO3 \+ CO + CO2 → Cs2C2O4 \+ CO2 Other alkali carbonates do not undergo transformation to oxalate.

Owens-Corning is still the major glass-fiber producer in the market today. The most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is E-glass, which is alumino- borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass- reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are A-glass (Alkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass (Electrical/Chemical Resistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low Dielectric constant), R-glass (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as reinforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength). Pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass, but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures.

Merriam's kangaroo rat can be found in desert scrub, alkali scrub, sagebrush steppe, pinyon-juniper woodland, and Joshua tree habitat throughout the southwestern United States and Mexico.Zeiner, D. et al., 1990. California's Wildlife.

More precisely, they are generated by heating phosphoric acids to the extent that a condensation reaction occurs. Pyrophosphates are generally white or colorless. The alkali metal salts are water-soluble.C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Phosphate.

A short stem bears white or yellowish flowers that yield silicles. The alkali cusickiella,Cusickiella douglasii. Calflora 2013. Cusickiella douglasii, grows in the hills and mountains from California to Washington, Idaho, and Utah.

Cotton is mercerized under tension, and all alkali must be washed out before the tension is released or shrinkage will take place. Mercerizing can take place directly on grey cloth, or after bleaching.

They may have formed around hydrated or partially hydrated alkali and alkaline earth cations which act as a template. Relatively low-saline solutions promote paulingite framework. So it occurs in sub-alkaline rocks.

Phenocrysts include olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene. Alkali basalts have few vesicles and a gray colour. Basanites contain more olivine and less plagioclase/pyroxene phenocrysts. No non- basaltic magmas have been erupted at Longgang.

The potassium and rubidium salts of the monovalent hydrogenperoxocarbonate anion have also been obtained.Mimoza Gjikaj (2001), "Darstellung und strukturelle Charakterisierung neuer Alkali- bzw. Erdalkalimetallperoxide, -hydrogenperoxide, -peroxocarbonate und -peroxohydrate" . Doctoral Thesis, University of Köln.

Rubidium azide has been investigated for possible use in alkali vapor cells, which are components of atomic clocks, atomic magnetometers and atomic gyroscopes. Azides are desirable starting materials because they decompose into rubidium metal and nitrogen gas when exposed to UV light. According to one publication: > Among the different techniques used to fill microfabricated alkali vapor > cell , UV decomposition of rubidium azide (RbN3) into metallic Rb and > nitrogen in Al2O3 coated cells is a very promising approach for low-cost > wafer-level fabrication.

Later that year Deacon left Hutchinson and went into partnership with the younger of the Pilkington brothers, William, to establish their own alkali works in Widnes on land between the Sankey Canal and St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway. This partnership was dissolved in 1855. In a new partnership with his previous employer, Holbrook Gaskell who provided the capital, the firm of Gaskell, Deacon and Co was founded. At that time all factories manufacturing alkali were doing so by the Leblanc process.

The dissolved gas created liquid hydrochloric acid. The liquid acid was poured into the local rivers and canals, replacing the vast amounts of air pollution with vast amounts of water pollution. However, not all makers used the Gossage Tower; even Gossage himself may not have used it at his Widnes plant until all alkali makers were forced to use it by the Alkali Act of 1863. In the 1880s chlorine became a valuable resource, used in bleaching powder and other products.

A variety of trachybasalt from Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Russia, known there as enzorite Satellite image of Bayuda volcanic field in Sudan where nepheline-rich trachybasalt lavas have been erupted during the Holocene epoch Trachybasalt is a volcanic rock with a composition between trachyte and basalt. Minerals in trachybasalt include alkali feldspar, calcic plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene and likely very small amounts of leucite or analcime.Trachybasalt Trachybasalt is a basalt with high alkali content (5 to 7% Na2O + K2O, see TAS diagram).

Geologic map of Level Mountain showing the basal shield volcano and the stratovolcano cap Several rock types with varying chemical compositions make up Level Mountain. Ankaramites and alkali basalts are the primary volcanic rocks comprising the basal shield. Alkali basalts form columnar jointed lava flows, vesicular lava flows, dikes and scoria while ankaramites are present as dark-coloured lava flows with several columnar cooling units. Trachybasalts, phonolites, trachytes, peralkaline trachytes, pantellerites, comendites and rhyolites form the overlying stratovolcano and domes.

It reacts pseudoephedrine with liquid anhydrous ammonia and an alkali metal such as sodium or lithium. The reaction is allowed to stand until the ammonia evaporates. However, the Birch reduction is dangerous because the alkali metal and ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added. It has been the most popular method in Midwestern states of the U.S. because of the ready availability of liquid ammonia fertilizer in farming regions.

Perthite, image taken of part of a feldspar grain in thin section as viewed with a petrographic microscope and a first-order red plate. The K-feldspar host (orthoclase) appears orange, and albite exsolution lamellae appear yellow. Long dimension of field is 0.4 mm. Perthite is used to describe an intergrowth of two feldspars: a host grain of potassium-rich alkali feldspar (near K-feldspar, KAlSi3O8, in composition) includes exsolved lamellae or irregular intergrowths of sodic alkali feldspar (near albite, NaAlSi3O8, in composition).

In 1931, Brew was made director of the Peabody Museum’s Southeastern Utah Expedition to Alkali Ridge. His work in this location is what he is most known for. His report, The Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, Southeastern Utah, With a Review of the Prehistory of the Mesa Verde Division of the San Juan and Some Observations on Archaeological Systematics, was published in 1946 and "immediately became a landmark in southwestern archaeological literature".Woodbury, Richard B.(1990)Obituary: John Otis Brew, 1906–1988.

The alkali-saline area of the western Songnen Plain is one of China's most important alkali-saline areas and have been increasing in size by 20,000 square hm per year as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors, which is impeding economic development in the area. Efforts are being made to establish and protect shelterbelt forests, improve the management techniques used in the grasslands, to raise fish and reeds in the lakes of the region, and to improve the conditions of salinized lands.

The resultant trend is that the densities of the alkali metals increase down the table, with an exception at potassium. Due to having the lowest atomic weight and the largest atomic radius of all the elements in their periods, the alkali metals are the least dense metals in the periodic table. Lithium, sodium, and potassium are the only three metals in the periodic table that are less dense than water: in fact, lithium is the least dense known solid at room temperature.

Hard toilet soap with a pleasant smell was produced in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, when soap-making became an established industry. Recipes for soap- making are described by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854–925), who also gave a recipe for producing glycerine from olive oil. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of fatty oils and fats with alkali. In Syria, soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and lime.

Ad for Soapine, circa 1900, indicating that it is made of whale oil Until the Industrial Revolution, soapmaking was conducted on a small scale and the product was rough. In 1780, James Keir established a chemical works at Tipton, for the manufacture of alkali from the sulfates of potash and soda, to which he afterwards added a soap manufactory. The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. In 1790, Nicolas Leblanc discovered how to make alkali from common salt.

Triethanolamine is used primarily in making surfactants, such as for emulsifier. It is a common ingredient in formulations used for both industrial and consumer products. The triethanolamine neutralizes fatty acids, adjusts and buffers the pH, and solubilizes oils and other ingredients that are not completely soluble in water. Triethanolammonium salts in some cases are more soluble than salts of alkali metals that might be used otherwise, and results in less alkaline products than would from using alkali metal hydroxides to form the salt.

From west to east these zones are: the trachyte stratovolcano of the Sete Cidades Massif; a field of alkali-basalt cinder cones and lava flows with minor trachyte; the trachyte stratovolcano of the Água de Pau Massif; a field of alkali-basalt cinder cones and lava flows with minor trachyte and tristanite; the trachyte stratovolcano of Furnas; and the Nordeste shield, which includes the Povoação caldera and consists of alkali basalt, tristanite and trachyte.Richard B. Moore (1990), p.1 Dormancy ages for these regions include: 400 year for Sete Cidades, 145 for zone 2, 1150 for Água de Pau, and 370 for Furnas, while eruptions in the Nordeste have not occurred in the past 3000 years. Ginetes, situated in the westernmost part of the island, near the coast.

Wendland RT, Smith CH, Muraca R: Dibenzofuran-2-sulphonic acid: I. The free acid and its alkali salts. J Am Chem Soc 1949; 71: 1593-1595.Wendland RT: The 4-in-1 chem-mixer.

Many of the simple salts are hygroscopic, but less so than the corresponding salts of lighter alkali metals. The phosphate,Hogan, C. M. (2011). in Encyclopedia of Earth. Jorgensen, A. and Cleveland, C.J. (eds.).

Several outcrops of alkali basalt are present south of Kennicott Lake and the Tahltan River. These are comparable in age to the Level Mountain shield volcano and may represent erosional remnants of this structure.

The most common symptoms are poor appetite, dizziness, headache, confusion, psychosis, and dry mouth; laboratory tests may show that a person with milk-alkali syndrome has high blood calcium, kidney failure, and metabolic alkalosis.

Like other polycyclic aromatic compounds, perylene is reduced by alkali metals to give a deeply colored radical anion and a dianion. The diglyme solvates of these salts have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

Siliceous limestones can be very prone to the Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) and their use as aggregate is often the cause of premature concrete degradation and problems in civil engineering (concrete spalling, bridges failure, ...).

SAES Getters exploits solid-state chemistry to manage multiphase solid-state reactions among one or more solid phases. Evaporable getters, mercury dispensers, alkali metal dispensers are examples of products based on solid-state reactions.

Plant potash lent the name to the element potassium, which was first derived from caustic potash, and also gave potassium its chemical symbol K (from the German name Kalium), which ultimately derived from alkali.

Parent rocks for anzaite-(Ce) are silicocarbonatites of the Afrikanda alkali-ultramafic massif. These rocks underwent hydrothermal reworking, that beside anzaite-(Ce) produced also calcite, clinochlore, hibschite and titanite in expense of primary minerals.

With alkali metals, 1-methylnaphthalene forms radical anion salts such as sodium 1-methylnaphthalenide. Compared to its structural analog sodium naphthalenide, sodium 1-methylnaphthalenide is more soluble, which is useful for low-temperature reductions.

They also renamed the alkali lake to Baldwin Lake, after Elias Jackson "Lucky" Baldwin, who came to Big Bear and Holcomb Valley in 1876 when he purchased Gold Mountain Mine, later renamed Baldwin Mine.

This leads to exsolution where they will separate into two separate phases. In the case of the alkali feldspar minerals, thin white albite layers will alternate between typically pink microcline, resulting in a perthite texture.

Its name is derived from a visual effect, sheen or schiller (adularescence), caused by light diffraction within a micro-structure consisting of regular exsolution layers (lamellae) of different alkali feldspars (orthoclase and sodium-rich plagioclase).

Two salt metathesis reactions are popular for laboratory scale reactions. In the Kolbe nitrile synthesis, alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic aliphatic substitution with alkali metal cyanides . Aryl nitriles are prepared in the Rosenmund-von Braun synthesis.

With the calc-alkaline series, however, the precipitation of magnetite causes the iron-magnesium ratio to remain relatively constant, so the magma moves in a straight line towards the alkali corner on the AFM diagram.

It is also used as a base for perfumes, but on its own has a highly alcoholic aroma. Salts of butanol are chemical intermediates; for example, alkali metal salts of tert-butanol are tert-butoxides.

Aditya Birla Chemicals (India) (ABCIL) is a unit of the Aditya Birla Group. ABCIL has also acquired chlor-alkali and phosphoric acid division of Ballarpur Industries Ltd / Solaris Chemtech Industries Limited, based in Karwar, Karnataka.

Due to the content of alkali elements and alumina, they are very important ore for the glass industry. The iron-bearing minerals when present are strongly magnetic and can be removed through a magnetic field.

In 2009, Zurek et al. predicted that the alloy would be a stable metal at only one quarter of the pressure required to metallize hydrogen, and that similar effects should hold for alloys of type LiHn and possibly "other alkali high-hydride systems", i.e. alloys of type XHn where X is an alkali metal. This was later verified in AcH8 and LaH10 with Tc approaching 270K leading to speculation that other compounds may even be stable at mere MPa pressures with room temperature superconductivity.

Granite is a natural source of radiation, like most natural stones. Potassium-40 is a radioactive isotope of weak emission, and a constituent of alkali feldspar, which in turn is a common component of granitic rocks, more abundant in alkali feldspar granite and syenites. Some granites contain around 10 to 20 parts per million (ppm) of uranium. By contrast, more mafic rocks, such as tonalite, gabbro and diorite, have 1 to 5 ppm uranium, and limestones and sedimentary rocks usually have equally low amounts.

Beryllium nitride reacts with mineral acids producing ammonia and the corresponding salts of the acids: : Be3N2 \+ 6 HCl → 3 BeCl2 \+ 2 NH3 In strong alkali solutions, a beryllate forms, with evolution of ammonia: : Be3N2 \+ 6 NaOH → 3 Na2BeO2 \+ 2 NH3 Both the acid and alkali reactions are brisk and vigorous. Reaction with water, however, is very slow: : Be3N2 \+ 6 H2O → 3 Be(OH)2 \+ 2 NH3 Reactions with oxidizing agents are likely to be violent. It is oxidized when heated at 600 °C in air.

Nafion was the direct result of the chlor-alkali industry addressing these concerns; Nafion could tolerate the high temperatures, high electrical currents, and corrosive environment of the electrolytic cells. The figure to the right shows a chlor-alkali cell where Nafion functions as a membrane between half cells. The membrane allows sodium ions to transfer from one cell to the other with minimal electrical resistance. The membrane was also reinforced with additional membranes to prevent gas product mixing and minimize back transfer of Cl− and −OH ions.

Zintl compounds feature naked anionic clusters that are generated by reduction of heavy main group p elements, mostly metals or semimetals, with alkali metals, often as a solution in anhydrous liquid ammonia or ethylenediamine. Examples of Zintl anions are [Bi3]3−, [Sn9]4−, [Pb9]4−, and [Sb7]3−.Zintl Ions: Principles and Recent Developments, Book Series: Structure and Bonding. T. F. Fässler (Ed.), Volume 140, Springer, Heidelberg, 2011 Although these species are called "naked clusters," they are usually strongly associated with alkali metal cations.

Negishi, E.-i.; King, A. O.; Klima, W.; Patterson, W.; Silveira, Jr., A. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 2526. (10)File:AlaneScope6.png Alkynylalanes are primarily used in place of the corresponding alkali metal acetylides when the latter reagents are ineffective. The coupling of an acetylide and tertiary alkyl halide is an example of a reaction that cannot be accomplished with alkali metal acetylides, which displace halides in an SN2 fashion. The corresponding alkynylalanes are able to couple to tertiary halides via an SN1-like mechanism. (11)File:AlaneScope7.

John Hutchinson (1825 – 24 March 1865) was a chemist and industrialist who established the first chemical factory in Widnes, Lancashire, England. He moved from working in a chemical factory in St Helens and built his own chemical factory in 1847 in the Woodend area of Widnes near to Widnes Dock by the junction of the Sankey Canal and the River Mersey. In this factory he manufactured alkali by the Leblanc process. He later opened a second alkali factory nearby and developed a number of other business interests.

Puccinellia parishii is an uncommon species of grass known by the common names bog alkaligrass and Parish's alkali grass. It is native to the western United States, where it is known from a few locations in Arizona and New Mexico, and one occurrence each in California and Colorado. It grows in wet and seasonally wet habitat with alkali soils such as mineral springs. It is an annual bunchgrass with erect stems growing to in maximum height with very narrow, firm leaves around the bases.

For example, while beryllium in Group 2 is colored as an alkaline earth metal, it is amphoteric rather than alkaline in nature. The heavier members of group 3 are shown as a lanthanide and an actinide, yet both are also transition metals. The transition metals in group 3; the lanthanides; and the later actinides are alkalic in nature just like the alkali metals proper in Group 1. In this instance the alkali metals are so named as they represent the most alkaline of the alkalic metals.

In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium. In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process.

Statue of Sir John Brunner The Statue of Sir John Brunner stands outside the entrance to Mond House in Brunner Mond Works, Winnington, Cheshire, England. Sir John Brunner was an English industrialist, politician and local benefactor. He joined the alkali manufacturing company of John Hutchinson in Widnes in 1861, eventually becoming the office manager. While working there one of its chemists, Ludwig Mond decided to leave and build a factory to produce alkali by the ammonia-soda process, and Brunner joined him as a partner.

Another employee of Hutchinson was John Brunner, who had joined the company in 1861, and who became the manager of the office. The Leblanc process was an inefficient method for producing alkali, and was very damaging to the environment, so alternative processes were sought. The ammonia-soda process was an alternative process that promised to have advantages over the Leblanc process. By 1871 Mond had determined to build a factory to produce alkali by this process, and in this project he was joined by Brunner.

Dowex A-1 is produced from chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer via amination with aminodiacetic acid. Poly metal chelating resin has almost negligible affinity to both alkali and alkaline earth metals; small quantities of resin can be utilized to concentrate trace metals in natural water systems or biological fluids, in which there are three or four orders of magnitude greater alkali and alkaline earth metal concentration than the trace metal concentrations. Other functional groups bound to chelating resins are aminophosphonic acids, thiourea, and 2-picolylamine.

Mount Girnar is a major igneous plutonic complex which intruded into the basalts towards the close of the Deccan Trap period. The rock types identified in this complex are gabbros (tholeiitic and alkalic), diorites, lamprophyres, alkali-syenites and rhyolites. The parent gabbroic magma is shown to have given rise in sequence to diorites, lamprophyres and alkali-syenites. The rhyolite, though earlier considered a product of differentiation, is now believed to be an independent magma without any genetic link with the gabbro and its variants.

Archibald McFarland had originally dug a canal in West Weber in 1859 from one of the sloughs bordering the Weber River for irrigation purposes. The earlier settlers spent about $2500 to irrigate ten small farms in the area in 1860–61. In 1903, studies showed that beets having a purity average of 81.3 were raised on soil containing 1880 pounds of alkali within the surface acre- foot, and when the content of alkali was lowered to 376 pounds, the beet purity went up to 84.9.

Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) is the most stable oxide of gold. It is a red-brown, thermally unstable solid that decomposes at 160 °C. The hydrated form is weakly acidic and dissolves in concentrated alkali to form salts that are believed to contain the Au(OH)4− ion. Anhydrous AuO can be prepared by heating amorphous hydrated gold(III) oxide with perchloric acid and an alkali metal perchlorate in a sealed quartz tube at a temperature of around 250 °C and a pressure of around 30 MPa.

It was the first in England to use the Leblanc process. Dundonald left the partnership and the business continued as Walker Alkali Works. Losh, Wilson & Bell's first ironworks was founded in 1809 at Walker, beside the alkali works, carrying out a mixture of engineering work but not building steam engines.Tyne Tugs & Tug Builders: Engine Builders By 1818, George Stephenson's original wooden wagonway was completely relaid with cast-iron edge-rails made in collaboration between Stephenson, who owned the patent, and Losh, Wilson and Bell.

Often, the metal (such as aluminium, iron, or copper) must be powdered because many metals passivate by forming protective layers of the metal fluoride that resist further fluoridation. The alkali metals react with fluorine with a bang (small explosion), while the alkaline earth metals react not quite as aggressively. The noble metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, and gold react least readily, requiring pure fluorine gas at 300–450 °C (575–850 °F). Fluorine reacts explosively with hydrogen in a manner similar to that of alkali metals.

Lasthenia chrysantha is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name alkalisink goldfields. It is endemic to the California Central Valley, where it grows in vernal pools and alkali flats.

Lasthenia ferrisiae is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name Ferris' goldfields. It is endemic to the California Central Valley, where it grows in vernal pools and alkali flats.

Due to the presence of strongly electronegative chlorine substituents, the absorption spectrum is shifted from that of the parent copper phthalocyanine. Phthalo green is highly stable and resistant to alkali, acids, solvents, heat, and ultraviolet radiation.

The frequent association of this type with graphitic-schists and andalusite-schists makes this correlation in every way probable. Biotite is a common mineral in these rocks, which often contain also much quartz and alkali feldspar.

Kota Stone flakes; however, periodic polishing using polishing wax can eliminate this phenomenon. Since it is limestone, it is not resistant to acid and alkali. The stone is used throughout India, especially in government offices & institutions.

Neokochia americana is native to the western United States from California to Montana to Texas, where it grows in dry, alkaline soils such as alkali flats and desert washes. A closely related species is Neokochia californica.

The largest group is on Fifth Street, between Goddard and St. John Streets. The Alkali Company homes date back to the early 1890s and many still remain as a prominent architectural style residence in the community.

In some cases, the PCBs are combusted as a solution in kerosene. PCBs have also been destroyed by pyrolysis in the presence of alkali metal carbonates. Thermal desorption is highly effective at removing PCBs from soil.

This rule was first stated by Locke in 1902, who found that if a trivalent metal does not form a caesium alum, it neither will form an alum with any other alkali metal or with ammonium.

Tugtupite is a beryllium aluminium tectosilicate. It also contains sodium and chlorine and has the formula Na4AlBeSi4O12Cl. Tugtupite is a member of the silica-deficient feldspathoid mineral group. It occurs in high alkali intrusive igneous rocks.

SP Chemicals, a Singapore-based company, is one of the largest ion-membrane chlor-alkali producer and aniline producer in the PRC. It was listed on the Main Board of SGX-ST on 6 August 2003.

It is now generally accepted that the ionic species in alkali solutions of ZnO or Zn(OH)2 contain Zn(OH)42−. Earlier Raman studies had been interpreted as indicating the existence of linear ZnO22− ions.

Composition: the most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is E-glass, which is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are A-glass (Alkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass (Electrical/Chemical Resistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low Dielectric constant), R-glass (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as Reinforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength). Naming and use: pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e.

That is why the more correct geochemical notation referring to the orthosilicic acid really existing in dilute solution is preferred here. However, the main advantage of the now deprecated, but still often used, industrial notation referring to the metasilicate anion (), which also does not exist in aqueous solution, is its greater simplicity and its direct similitude in notation with the carbonate () system. One will also note that the NaOH and KOH species (alkali hydroxides, also often simply called alkali to refer to their strongly basic character) which catalyze and accelerate the silica dissolution in the alkali-silica reaction do not explicitly appear in this simplified representation of the ultimate reaction with portlandite, because they are continuously regenerated from the cation exchange reaction with portlandite. As a consequence, they disappear from the global mass balance equation of the catalyzed reaction.

Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid (pKa = 4.7) with alkali Buffer solutions achieve their resistance to pH change because of the presence of an equilibrium between the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A−: : HA H+ \+ A− When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, hydrogen ions (H+) are added, and the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Châtelier's principle. Because of this, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of strong acid added. Similarly, if strong alkali is added to the mixture, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of alkali added. The effect is illustrated by the simulated titration of a weak acid with pKa = 4.7.

All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers and they are not as common as the elements with even atomic numbers adjacent to them (the noble gases and the alkaline earth metals) in the Solar System. The heavier alkali metals are also less abundant than the lighter ones as the alkali metals from rubidium onward can only be synthesised in supernovae and not in stellar nucleosynthesis. Lithium is also much less abundant than sodium and potassium as it is poorly synthesised in both Big Bang nucleosynthesis and in stars: the Big Bang could only produce trace quantities of lithium, beryllium and boron due to the absence of a stable nucleus with 5 or 8 nucleons, and stellar nucleosynthesis could only pass this bottleneck by the triple-alpha process, fusing three helium nuclei to form carbon, and skipping over those three elements.

However, a calc- alkaline magma is oxidized enough to precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide magnetite, causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma. The difference between these two magma series can be seen on an AFM diagram, a ternary diagram showing the relative proportions of the oxides Na2O + K2O (A), FeO + Fe2O3 (F), and MgO (M). As magmas cool, they precipitate out significantly more iron and magnesium than alkali, causing the magmas to move towards the alkali corner as they cool. In the tholeiitic magma, magnesium-rich crystals are produced preferentially, the magnesium content of the magma plummets, causing the magma to move away from the magnesium corner until it runs low on magnesium and simply moves towards the alkali corner as it loses iron and any remaining magnesium.

Neptunium also forms a large number of oxide compounds with a wide variety of elements, although the neptunate oxides formed with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals have been by far the most studied. Ternary neptunium oxides are generally formed by reacting NpO2 with the oxide of another element or by precipitating from an alkaline solution. Li5NpO6 has been prepared by reacting Li2O and NpO2 at 400 °C for 16 hours or by reacting Li2O2 with NpO3 · H2O at 400 °C for 16 hours in a quartz tube and flowing oxygen. Alkali neptunate compounds K3NpO5, Cs3NpO5, and Rb3NpO5 are all created by a similar reaction: :NpO2 \+ 3 MO2 → M3NpO5 (M = K, Cs, Rb) The oxide compounds KNpO4, CsNpO4, and RbNpO4 are formed by reacting Np(VII) () with a compound of the alkali metal nitrate and ozone.

The annual herb is native to California as far north as the San Francisco Bay Area and south into Baja California. It occurs in dry coastal areas, particularly coastal sage scrub, foothill oak woodland, and alkali flats.

32: 'The metals include the alkali and alkaline earths, beryllium, magnesium, copper, silver, gold and the transition metals. These metals exhibit those characteristics generally associated with the metallic state. The B subgroups comprise the remaining metallic elements.

The higher the zirconia content the better the resistance to alkali attack. AR glass fibers should have a Zirconia content of more than 16% to be in compliance with internationally recognized specifications (EN, ASTM, PCI, GRCA, etc).

Charles Wigg retired from the business shortly after it was taken over by the United Alkali Company and died eight years later. The site of the factory has been developed into a nature reserve called Wigg Island.

"Competitive absorption of quaternary ammonium and alkali metal cations into a Nafion cation-exchange membrane." J. Membrane Sci. 215 103-114. The octanol-water partition coefficient of TEA iodide, Po-w was determined experimentally to be (or ).

Since then, its water level has varied, with a drying trend. Notable features include dissolved alkaline salts averaging 10% of total brine weight in its seasonal waters and a nearby chemical disaster, Alkali Lake Chemical Waste Dump.

As the mercury cell as used in the chlor-alkali industry (Castner–Kellner process) is being phased out over concerns over mercury emissions, the metallic mercury from these setups is converted into mercury sulfide for underground storage.

There are four chiefdoms in the Local Government Area, namely: # Akulu chiefdom, headed by the Agwom Akulu, Agwom Yohanna Sidi Kukah. Headquarters at Kamuru. # Anghan chiefdom, headed by Ngbiar Anghan, Ngbiar Adam Alkali. Headquarters at Fadan Kamantan.

It does not explode with impact. Alkali metal tetranitratoborates are unstable at room temperature and decompose. 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolimium tetranitratoborate was discovered in 2002. It is an ionic liquid that turns solid at −25 °C.

Alkali metals also readily form complexes with crown ethers (e.g. 12-crown-4 for Li+, 15-crown-5 for Na+, 18-crown-6 for K+, and 21-crown-7 for Rb+) and cryptands due to electrostatic attraction.

In contrast, alkali basalts are not typical of ocean ridges, but are erupted on some oceanic islands and on continents, as also is tholeiitic basalt. Because the Moon is extremely reduced, all of its basalts are tholeiitic.

It degrades in the presence of water and alkali, and produces toxic chloride fumes if exposed to acids or acidic fumes. Contact with metals, reducing agents, or sulfhydryls cause naled to release bromide and revert to dichlorvos.

Astragalus tener is a species of milkvetch known by the common name alkali milkvetch. It is endemic to California, where it grows in both coastal and inland areas such as the Central Valley, especially in moist places.

Inducing n-type doping within silicene requires an alkali metal dopant. Varying the amount adjusts the band gap. Maximum doping increases the band gap 0.5eV. Due to heavy doping, the supply voltage must also be c. 30V.

Halomonas alkaliphila is a Gram-negative halophilic Proteobacteria. Its specific epithet stems from the Arabic word alkali (al-qaliy), the ashes of saltwort and the Latin adjective philus -a -um, meaning "friend" or "loving": loving alkaline media.

The alkali denaturation test, also known as A or Apt test, is a medical test used to differentiate fetal or neonatal blood from maternal blood found in a newborn's stool or vomit, or from maternal vaginal blood.

The products that Paracelsus and Libavius found were all impure alkali arsenates. Scheele prepared a number of arsenates by the action of arsenic acid on the alkalies. One of the arsenates that he prepared, was arsenic pentoxide.

Semi Precious Stones Guide: List of Gemstone Phenomena This effect is most typically produced by adularia, from which the name derives.King, R. J. (1990). "Minerals explained 12: Alkali feldspar (Part 2)." Geology Today, 6 pp. 27-29.

Uzoma Dozie is the CEO. The other board of directors are Mrs. Caroline Anyanwu, Mrs. Chizoma Okoli, Mr. Chiugo Ndubisi, Mr. Kabir Alkali Mohammed, Mr. Damian Dolland, Mr. Dele Babade, Mr. Christopher Ubosi, and Mr. Idris Mohammed.

In 1922, W. S. Hughes showed that the alkali-silicate GE are similar to hydrogen electrode, reversible with respect to H+.W. S. Hughes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 44, 2860. 1922; J. Chem. Soc. Lond., 491, 2860.

In 1867 the Widnes Metal Company was formed with Muspratt as its chairman with the purpose of recovering metals, particularly copper and silver, from the burnt pyrites used for alkali manufacture. In 1860 when the governments of Britain and France formed a treaty to raise duties on materials made from salt, Muspratt was prominent in the establishment of an alkali manufacturers' association. Muspratt and Holbrook Gaskell went together to Paris to negotiate terms for the manufacturers. The association was more formally established two years later to deal with problems arising from pollution.

Lithium amides are the most important amides, as they are readily prepared from n-butyllithium and the appropriate amine, and they are more stable and soluble than the other alkali metal analogs. Potassium amides are prepared by transmetallation of lithium amides with potassium t-butoxide (see also Schlosser base) or by reaction of the amine with potassium, potassium hydride, n-butylpotassium, or benzylpotassium. The alkali metal amides, MNH2 (M = Li, Na, K) are commercially available. Sodium amide (also known as sodamide) is synthesized from sodium metal and ammonia with ferric nitrate catalyst.

A close-up of Pears soap Pears soap was made using a process entirely different from that for other soaps. A mixture of tallow and other fats was saponified by an alkali. Clearly, this is currently caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), since the ingredients list shows sodium salts of fatty acids, but a chemist reports that in the 1960s, caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) was used. It has not been possible to determine what was used in the early days of the product, as the writings of Francis Pears mention only alkali in industrial methylated spirits.

The aluminium oxide layer can be built to greater thickness by the process of electrolytic anodizing. So-called noble metals, such as gold and platinum, resist direct chemical combination with oxygen, and substances like gold(III) oxide () must be formed by an indirect route. The alkali metals and alkali earth metals all react spontaneously with oxygen when exposed to dry air to form oxides, and form hydroxides in the presence of oxygen and water. As a result, none of these elements is found in nature as a free metal.

For the sake of electroneutrality, (OH–) anions need to be accompanied by positively charged cations, Na+ or K+ in NaOH or KOH solutions respectively. Na and K both belong to the alkali metals column in the Mendeleev table. When speaking of alkali's, one systematically refers to NaOH and KOH basic hydroxides, or their corresponding oxides Na2O and K2O in cement. Therefore, it is the hydroxide, or the oxide, component of the salt which is the only relevant chemical species for silica dissolution, not the alkali metal in itself.

As long as portlandite, or the siliceous aggregates, has not become completely exhausted, the ASR reaction will continue. The alkali hydroxides are continuously regenerated by the reaction of the sodium silicate with portlandite and thus represent the transmission belt of the ASR reaction driving it to completeness. It is thus impossible to interrupt the ASR reaction. The only way to avoid ASR in the presence of siliceous aggregates and water is to maintain the concentration of soluble alkali (NaOH and KOH) at the lowest possible level in concrete, so that the catalysis mechanism becomes negligible.

When pH slowly drops due to the progress of the silica dissolution reaction, solubility of calcium hydroxide increases and the alkali gel reacts with ions. Its viscosity increases due to gelation process and its mobility (fluidity) strongly decreases when C-S-H phases start to precipitate after reaction with calcium hydroxide (portlandite). At this moment, the calcified gel becomes hard, hindering therefore the alkali gel transport in concrete. When the C-S-H gel is exposed to atmospheric carbon dioxide, it undergoes a rapid carbonation and white/yellow efflorescences appear at the surface of concrete.

Granite is typical of a larger family of granitic rocks that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase (the QAPF classification), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain mica or amphibole minerals, though a few (known as leucogranites) contain almost no dark minerals. A microscopic picture of granite Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough.

Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 119 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is a strong base, though it is not as strong as the hydroxides of strontium, barium or the alkali metals.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 121 All four dihalides of calcium are known.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 117 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) are particularly abundant minerals.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 122–5 Like strontium and barium, as well as the alkali metals and the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium, calcium metal dissolves directly in liquid ammonia to give a dark blue solution.

Apart from group 1 and 2 complexes, a general method for preparing metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides entails reactions of anhydrous metal chlorideMany metal chlorides may be dried by refluxing in thionyl chloride. See with an alkali metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides via a salt metathesis reaction: : MCl \+ Na(hmds) → M(hmds) \+ NaCl Alkali metal chloride formed as a by-product typically precipitates as a solid, allowing for its removal by filtration. The remaining metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is then often purified by distillation or sublimation. Space-filling model of Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2.

Other plants like the soybean balance most of their NO3− intake with the excretion of OH− or HCO3−. Plants that reduce nitrates in the shoots and excrete alkali from their roots need to transport the alkali in an inert form from the shoots to the roots. To achieve this they synthesize malic acid in the leaves from neutral precursors like carbohydrates. The potassium ions brought to the leaves along with the nitrate in the xylem are then sent along with the malate to the roots via the phloem.

Tetraorganozincates such as [Me4Zn]Li2 can be formed by mixing Me2Zn and MeLi in a 1:2 molar ratio of the rectants. Another example synthetic route to forming spriocyclic organozincates is shown below: Triorganozincates compounds are formed by treating a diorganozinc such as (Me3SiCH2)2Zn with an alkali metal (K), or an alkali earth metal (Ba, Sr, or Ca). One example is [(Me3SiCH2)3Zn]K. Triethylzincate degrades to sodium hydridoethylzincate(II) as a result of beta-hydride elimination: The product is an edge-shared bitetrahedral structure, with bridging hydride ligands.

Water contains hydrogen in the oxidation state +1 and oxygen in the oxidation state −2. It oxidizes chemicals such as hydrides, alkali metals, and some alkaline earth metals. One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is: :2 Na + 2 → + 2 + 2 Some other reactive metals, such as aluminum and beryllium, are oxidized by water as well, but their oxides adhere to the metal and form a passive protective layer. Note that the rusting of iron is a reaction between iron and oxygen that is dissolved in water, not between iron and water.

SiGNa chemistry is a type of chemistry in which alkali metals are encapsulated into porous oxides of silica gel in order to reduce their pyrophoric and highly combustible properties while preserving the desirable reduction reactivity of the metals (Dye, et al.). One can deconstruct the term "SiGNa" to derive Si (symbol for silicon), G (gel), and Na (symbol for sodium, a popular alkali metal). SiGNa chemistry was pioneered by Michael Lefenfeld, a PhD student at Columbia University with the help of Dr. James Dye of Michigan State University.

A sugar beet farm in Switzerland Worldwide sugar beet production The sugar beet, like sugarcane, needs a peculiar soil and a proper climate for its successful cultivation. The most important requirement is the soil must contain a large supply of nutrients, be rich in humus, and be able to contain a great deal of moisture. A certain amount of alkali is not necessarily detrimental, as sugar beets are not especially susceptible to injury by some alkali. The ground should be fairly level and well-drained, especially where irrigation is practiced.

The crossed molecular beam technique was developed by Dudley Herschbach and Yuan T. Lee, for which they were awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Nobel Foundation While the technique was demonstrated in 1953 by Taylor and Datz of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Herschbach and Lee refined the apparatus and began probing gas-phase reactions in unprecedented detail. Early crossed beam experiments investigated alkali metals such as potassium, rubidium, and cesium. When the scattered alkali metal atoms collided with a hot metal filament, they ionized, creating a small electric current.

Halogeton glomeratus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae known by the common names saltlover, Aral barilla, and halogeton. It is native to Russia, Central Asia and China, but the plant is probably better known in the western United States, where it is an introduced species and a notorious noxious weed.Forest Service Fire Ecology This annual herb is a hardy halophyte, thriving in soils far too saline to support many other plants. It also grows in alkali soils such as those on alkali flats and disturbed, barren habitat.

Those who took the south side would have to travel around a big bend in the Humboldt and then cross the usually dry alkali-laden Reese River sink. The two branches of the Trail rejoined at Humboldt Bar (sink). At the Humboldt Sink (about northeast of present-day Reno, Nevada) the Humboldt River disappeared into a marshy alkali laden lake that late in some years was a dry lake bed. Near the end of the Humboldt, one of the worst sections of the California Trail showed up, the Forty Mile Desert.

The Carson Trail branch (est. 1848) went roughly from today's I-80 and U.S. Highway 95 junction to modern day Fallon, Nevada, (near Rag Town) southwest across Forty Mile Desert to the Carson River. The Forty Mile Desert was a barren stretch of waterless alkali wasteland that stretched from Humboldt Bar to both the Carson and Truckee rivers and beyond. The desert covered an area of over by , forming a fire box: its loose, white, salt-covered sands and baked alkali clay wastes reflected the sun's heat onto the stumbling travelers and animals.

Lithium carbonate The bioinorganic chemistry of the alkali metal ions has been extensively reviewed. Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides, nucleic acid constituents, carbohydrates and ionophore complexes. Lithium naturally only occurs in traces in biological systems and has no known biological role, but does have effects on the body when ingested. Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabiliser in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams, although there are side-effects.

Since this number increases down the group, the atomic radius must also increase down the group. The ionic radii of the alkali metals are much smaller than their atomic radii. This is because the outermost electron of the alkali metals is in a different electron shell than the inner electrons, and thus when it is removed the resulting atom has one fewer electron shell and is smaller. Additionally, the effective nuclear charge has increased, and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases.

The hydroxides themselves are the most basic hydroxides known, reacting with acids to give salts and with alcohols to give oligomeric alkoxides. They easily react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates or bicarbonates, or with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfides or bisulfides, and may be used to separate thiols from petroleum. They react with amphoteric oxides: for example, the oxides of aluminium, zinc, tin, and lead react with the alkali metal hydroxides to give aluminates, zincates, stannates, and plumbates. Silicon dioxide is acidic, and thus the alkali metal hydroxides can also attack silicate glass.

NIST Ionizing Radiation Division 2001 – Technical Highlights. physics.nist.gov While the larger alkali metals (K, Rb, and Cs) initially form MC8, the smaller ones initially form MC6, and indeed they require reaction of the metals with graphite at high temperatures around 500 °C to form. Apart from this, the alkali metals are such strong reducing agents that they can even reduce buckminsterfullerene to produce solid fullerides MnC60; sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium can form fullerides where n = 2, 3, 4, or 6, and rubidium and caesium additionally can achieve n = 1.

The last of these may be heated under vacuum to generate Cs2O. The alkali metals can also react analogously with the heavier chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium), and all the alkali metal chalcogenides are known (with the exception of francium's). Reaction with an excess of the chalcogen can similarly result in lower chalcogenides, with chalcogen ions containing chains of the chalcogen atoms in question. For example, sodium can react with sulfur to form the sulfide (Na2S) and various polysulfides with the formula Na2Sx (x from 2 to 6), containing the ions.

She would later become Dean of the Faculty of Arts, and Dean of the School of Post-Graduate Studies. Between 2005 and 2009 Zaynab Alkali served as Deputy Vice Chancellor (Admin), briefly acting as a Vice Chancellor in 2006. Between 2015 and 2016, she occupied the post of Director, Gender Studies. Zaynab Alkali was honoured with the title of Icon of Hope (2000) by His Excellency, President Olusegun Obasanjo’s government. She received the Nigerian Woman of Distinction Award ( 29 September 2010) on the occasion of Nigeria’s Golden Jubilee, presented by His Excellency, President Goodluck Jonathan.

Flame photometer FP8800 for simultaneous determination of up to 4 alkali and alkali earth element concentrations in aqueous samples. Courtesy of A.KRÜSS OptronicA photoelectric flame photometer is a device used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions, among them sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium. Group 1 and Group 2 metals are quite sensitive to Flame Photometry due to their low excitation energies. Analysis of samples by Flame photometer In principle, it is a controlled flame test with the intensity of the flame color quantified by photoelectric circuitry.

Salt-like carbides are composed of highly electropositive elements such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and group 3 metals, including scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum. Aluminium from group 13 forms carbides, but gallium, indium, and thallium do not. These materials feature isolated carbon centers, often described as "C4−", in the methanides or methides; two-atom units, "", in the acetylides; and three-atom units, "", in the allylides. The graphite intercalation compound KC8, prepared from vapour of potassium and graphite, and the alkali metal derivatives of C60 are not usually classified as carbides.

Additional compounds have been produced by reacting NpO3 and water with solid alkali and alkaline peroxides at temperatures of 400 - 600 °C for 15–30 hours. Some of these include Ba3(NpO5)2, Ba2NaNpO6, and Ba2LiNpO6. Also, a considerable number of hexavelant neptunium oxides are formed by reacting solid-state NpO2 with various alkali or alkaline earth oxides in an environment of flowing oxygen. Many of the resulting compounds also have an equivalent compound that substitutes uranium for neptunium. Some compounds that have been characterized include Na2Np2O7, Na4NpO5, Na6NpO6, and Na2NpO4.

The introduction of the Solvay Process to make alkali in 1872 made the Tyneside alkali industry uneconomic but it was a real boost to Teesside industry which was invigorated by the discovery of further salt deposits at Port Clarence near Seal Sands by Bell Brothers in 1874. Salt extraction for human consumption had taken place at Seal Sands since Roman times through the use of panning. This continued throughout the 20th century and left caverns which are now used as liquid/gas strorage facilities for the process industry.

Deinandra bacigalupii (sometimes misspelled bacigalupi) is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae, known by the common names Livermore tarplant and Livermore moonshine. It is endemic to Alameda County, California, where there are only about five known occurrences around Livermore.California Native Plant Society Rare Plant ProfileCalflora taxon report, University of California, Deinandra bacigalupii B.G. Baldwin, Livermore moonshine, Livermore tarplant It grows in open areas with alkali soils, such as alkali sinks and meadows.Flora of North America This plant was previously included within Deinandra increscens ssp.

The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in a glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two positive charges and requirement for two non-bridging oxygen ions to compensate for their charge, are much less mobile themselves and hinder diffusion of other ions, especially the alkali's. The most common commercial glass types contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance.

Volcanic rocks dredged from Vesteris include basanite as the major component, phonotephrite and tephrite but also alkali basalt, mugearite and trachybasalt. Samples taken are porphyritic, rich in vesicles and contain phenocrysts of amphibole, clinopyroxene, kaersutite, olivine and plagioclase; these minerals also make up the groundmass of the rocks. These volcanic rocks define two separate geochemical suites, one formed by the basanites-tephrites and the other by the alkali basalts-mugearites. The formation of these two magma suites has been explained with fractional crystallization processes, mixing between different magmas and partial melting.

Much of the driving force behind research into reverse weathering stems from constraining the chemical mass balance between rivers and oceans. Prior to the discovery of reverse weathering, the model of the chemical mass balance of the ocean predicted higher alkali metal and bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentrations than was observed. The formation of authigenic clay minerals was initially thought to account for the entirety of this excess, but the discovery of hydrothermal vents challenged this, as removal of alkali-alkaline earth metals and HCO3− from the ocean occurs in these locations as well.

This quiescence was followed by a mafic capping stage between 2.2 and 0.8 million years ago, but renewed activity might have occurred in the last 340,000 years. Alkali olivine basalts of the mafic capping stage were derived from the fractionation of a clinopyroxene, olivine and oxide assemblage. However, the associated hawaiite lavas may have derived from an alkali olivine basalt parent by the fractionation of a clinopyroxene-dominated assemblage at higher pressures. As volcanic activity waned during the mafic capping stage, lava flows became more viscous and decreased in volume.

The volcanic field has produced rocks with composition ranging from alkali basalts over basalts, trachyandesite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachybasalt and trachyte to rhyolite. They define a calc-alkaline volcanic suite with some variation between the various volcanic centres; Los Volcanes is formed mainly by calc- alkaline magmas while Payun and Payún Matrú are more potassium-rich and shoshonitic. The volcanic rocks contain variable amounts of phenocrysts, including alkali feldspar, amphibole, apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and sanidine, but not all phenocryst phases can be found in every rock formation. Magma temperatures of have been inferred.

At the age of 24 he took out his first patent which was a portable alarm to attach to clocks and watches. The purpose of this was to wake his French tutor to begin his lessons early. After working for a time as manager at Ardwick Bridge in a factory owned by the Tennant Company, he set up his own business in Leamington trading in medicinal salts. In about 1830 he went into partnership with a Mr. Farndon making alkali at The British Alkali Works, Stoke Prior, Worcestershire.

The Foundation Seamounts are constructed by various types of alkalic magmas, including alkali basalt, trachyandesite and trachydacite. Dredge samples have found rocks consisting of aphyric basalt with plagioclase phenocrysts and olivine. Manganese crusts and palagonite are also found.

Heydari (, also Romanized as Ḩeydarī; also known as Heidari Alkali) is a village in Angali Rural District, in the Central District of Bushehr County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 88, in 25 families.

To obtain a pure sample of caesium, of mineral water had to be evaporated to yield of concentrated salt solution. The alkaline earth metals were precipitated either as sulfates or oxalates, leaving the alkali metal in the solution.

Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as zinc bromide solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs.

Eight to ten sequences of columnar jointed alkali basalt comprise this unit and have a total thickness of . All four sub- horizontal units of the mafic shield-building stage were deposited over a timespan of six million years.

Manganese tetrafluoride reacts violently with water and even with sodium-dried petroleum ether. It immediately decomposes on contact with moist air. Reaction with alkali metal fluorides or concentrated hydrofluoric acid gives the yellow hexafluoromanganate(IV) anion [MnF6]2−.

Its most notable foreign competitors were Du Pont and IG Farben. It became one of the four British chemical companies which merged in 1926 with Brunner Mond, Nobel Explosives and United Alkali Company to form Imperial Chemical Industries.

The hydrogen in these compounds can be replaced by alkali metals by treatment with solutions of the corresponding halides. Reactions are conducted in an autoclave at about 160 °C. :Crystals of K0.28MoO3, also called "potassium-molybdenum blue bronze".

Graphite oxide can be used as a cation exchange membrane for materials such as KCl, HCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, BaCl2 solutions. The membranes were permeable by large alkali ions as they are able to penetrate between graphene oxide layers.

They made alloy window sashes, and alkali, and the venture became a successful soap manufacturer. The business with Keir included a coal mine. Blair also set up a business making masts, and bought land in the Canadian Maritimes.

Alkali and acid washes can be used to remove humic acid and carbonate contamination, but care has to be taken to avoid removing the part of the sample that contains the carbon to be tested.Aitken1990, pp. 86–89.

The name Alkalilimnicola derives from alkali (from Arabic al- qalyi, the ashes of saltwort), soda ash; limnos, Greek, pool of standing water, lake; cola (from Latin incola) a dweller, inhabitant, to give Alcalilimnicola, a dweller of alkaline lakes.

Tetrafluoroammonium salts are extremely hygroscopic. The ion is readily hydrolysed into nitrogen trifluoride, , and oxygen gas: :2 + 2 → 2 + 2 + Some hydrogen peroxide () is also formed during this process. Reaction of with alkali metal nitrates yields fluorine nitrate, .

As with all yellowcake process the selection of this end product is dependent on the properties of the ore to be processed. The point of using magnesia is that you need an alkali and magnesia can be cheap.

The color index of S-type granites can vary from melanocratic to leucocratic. Higher color index correlate with higher plagioclase to alkali feldspar ratios. The most common high color index mineral in an S-type granite is biotite.

The sodium in this compound can be replaced by other alkali metals to form their tungsten bronzes, and by other metals such as tin and lead. Molybdenum bronzes also exist but are less stable than their tungsten counterparts.

Before then it was well known that there were polymolybdates of Mo(VI). Molybdenum(VI)oxide, MoO3, when dissolved in aqueous alkali forms the tetrahedral molybdate anion, . Dissolving molybdate salts in strong acid produces "molybdic acid", MoO3·2H2O.

The centre-cab locomotive had a Bo wheel arrangement, the two axles being driven by two traction motors, operating at 235 volts and powered by a 208 cell nickel-iron alkali type battery with a 435 amp-hour capacity.

Structure of thiosulfonate ester. Thiosulfonates are organosulfur compounds with the formula RSO2SR'. Thiosulfonate esters are produced by oxidation of disulfides or by the reaction or organosulfonyl halides with thiolates. Alkali metal thiosulfonates are the conjugate base of thiosulfuric acid.

Sodium atomic ions emitting light in a flame displays a brilliantly bright yellow emission at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers wavelength. A frequent application of the emission measurement with the flame is the regulation of alkali metals for pharmaceutical analytics.

Treatment is done to prepare the sample into a form ready for analysis by specified analytical equipment. Sample preparation could involve: crushing and dissolution, chemical digestion with acid or alkali, sample extraction, sample clean up and sample pre-concentration.

As with most bulk commodity salt products, trace amounts of other cations from the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (groups 1 and 2) and other anions from the halogens (group 17) typically occur, but the concentrations are trifling.

In industry, hydrochloric acid is used to perform this process, The remaining acid is then neutralized by mixing with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, which leaves behind table salt, which comprises up to 20% of the final product.

In 2014, Westlake made a significant expansion in their ethylene production facilities in Sulphur, Louisiana. In 2014, Westlake acquired the German polyvinyl chloride manufacturer Vinnolit. In 2016, Westlake acquired U.S. chlor-alkali producer Axiall Corporation for US$3.8 billion.

Reductive cleavage of [CpFe(CO)2]2 (formally an iron(I) complex) produces alkali metal derivatives formally derived from the cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl anion, [CpFe(CO)2]− or called Fp− (formally iron(0)), which is assumed to exist as a tight ion pair. A typical reductant is sodium metal or sodium amalgam; NaK alloy, potassium graphite (KC8), and alkali metal trialkylborohydrides have been used. [CpFe(CO)2]Na is a widely studied reagent since it is readily alkylated, acylated, or metalated by treatment with an appropriate electrophile. :[CpFe(CO)2]2 \+ 2 Na → 2 CpFe(CO)2Na :[CpFe(CO)2]2 \+ 2 KBH(C2H5)3 → 2 CpFe(CO)2K + H2 \+ 2 B(C2H5)3 Treatment of NaFp with an alkyl halide (RX, X = Br, I) produces FeR(η5-C5H5)(CO)2 :CpFe(CO)2K + CH3I → CpFe(CO)2CH3 \+ KI Fp2 can also be cleaved with alkali metals and by electrochemical reduction.

Fischer–Tropsch iron catalysts need alkali promotion to attain high activity and stability (e.g. 0.5 wt% ). Addition of Cu for reduction promotion, addition of , for structural promotion and maybe some manganese can be applied for selectivity control (e.g. high olefinicity).

Putting foreign molecules or atoms between hexagon graphite sheets leads to ordered structures and to superconductivity even if neither the foreign molecule or atom nor the graphite layers are metallic. Several stoichiometries have been synthesized using mainly alkali atoms as anions.

The rocks inside the vent were also changed by the contact, producing a sequence of alkali mafic igneous rocks as the magma assimilated the chalk, reducing the silica in the magma and leading to larger grain size near the contact.

One universal property of collagen is that it exhibits sudden shrinkage when heated in water, starting at 65°C. Prolonged exposure to alkali, like in parchment liming process, changes the amino acids, consequently dropping shrinkage temperatures as low as 55°C.

Disadvantages include difficulties associated with inspection and repair of a reactor immersed in opaque molten metal, and depending on the choice of metal, fire hazard risk (for alkali metals), corrosion and/or production of radioactive activation products may be an issue.

A bypass at the kiln inlet allows effective reduction of alkali chloride cycles and to diminish coating build-up problems. During the clinker burning process, gaseous inorganic chlorine compounds are either not emitted at all or in very small quantities only.

This mineral eventually presents resorption shape. The reaction rim constituted by amphibole and/or biotite is commonly observed. The amphibole is of high alkali, such as alkaline hornblende and riebeckite. The alkaline clinopyroxene and amphibole are characteristics of typical alkaline rocks.

Mahonia trifoliolata tolerates a variety of soil textures like Loam, Clay, clay-loam and Gravel. It usually grows very well in dry, well-drained soils. Usually, the plant occurs on soils derived from Limestone parent material and therefore tolerates Alkali soil.

Gordon Wings of Fame 1997, p. 136. ;MiG-19PM (NATO - "Farmer-E") :Variant with removed cannons, armed with four Kaliningrad K-5M (NATO: AA-1 "Alkali") beam-riding missiles. Entered production in 1957.Gordon Wings of Fame 1997, pp. 137–138.

From 31 December 2018 it was illegal to import, manufacture, sell, trade or use products made from asbestos. There are exemptions for its use in the chlor-alkali industry, the military, nuclear facilities and for magnesium extraction from asbestos mining residues.

He showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkali on sal-ammoniac (ammonium chloride), described the production of hydrochloric acid by acidifying brine of common salt (sodium chloride), and created oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid), among other achievements.

The town is situated just to the north of the site of the small lake for which it was named. Recent aerial photos appear to indicate that the lake is mostly dried-up, with only an alkali lake bed remaining.

Initiation can also involve the transfer of an electron from the alkali metal to the monomer to form an anion- radical. Initiation occurs on the surface of the metal, with the reversible transfer of an electron to the adsorbed monomer.

Certain necessary services and utilities readily available in Wyandotte were not available in Ford City. The Michigan Alkali Company had strongly sought tax relief and expanded utility services and suggested merging the two communities. Ford City and Wyandotte merged in 1922.

Succinylsulfathiazole (also known as sulfasuxidine) is a sulfonamide. It is also spelled as succinylsulphathiazole. It is a white or yellow-white crystalline powder. It dissolves in aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates but is very slightly soluble in water.

Their compositions range from alkali olivine basalt to basanitic. Lava flows from the northeast cone are the largest extending from the cone and expanding to a width of at the terminus. The volcanic complex was named by the nearby Alligator Lake.

On an industrial scale, base-promoted dehydrohalogenations as described above are disfavored. The disposal of the alkali halide salt is problematic. Instead thermally-induced dehydrohalogenations are preferred. One example is provided by the production of vinyl chloride by heating 1,2-dichloroethane:M.

Both the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company and Michigan Alkali Company were the principal industries in the subdivision. After an annexation vote of 30 yeas to 10 nays, the small unincorporated section became a part of Wyandotte on June 15, 1904.

' Bleeker's Ph.D. thesis was on measurements of emission and dispersion in the series spectra of alkali metals, and the printing office responsible for printing her thesis was owned by the father of her fellow student and life partner, Gerard Willemse.

The Nobel Prize in 2001 was awarded to Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensate in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.

He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1874. In May 1874, he proposed an amendment to the Alkali Act 1863 which had aimed to curb muriatic acid gas emissions from factories using the Leblanc Process.ALKALI ACT (1863) AMENDMENT BILL.

The alchemical works of Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) were translated into Latin around the 12th century. Several technical Arabic words from Arabic alchemical works, such as alkali, found their way into European languages and became part of scientific vocabulary.

This can lower the groundwater level of the surrounding area, making it unsuitable for agriculture. However a shallow water table lowered in desert arroyo valleys can reduce saline seeping and alkali deposits in the topsoil, making it suitable for irrigated farming.

Indeed, they have some metallic properties, and the alkali metal antimonides of stoichiometry MSb involve antimony atoms bonded in a spiral Zintl structure. Bismuthides are not even wholly ionic; they are intermetallic compounds containing partially metallic and partially ionic bonds.

After the death of his father in 1956, his elder brother Alkali Bashir Dalhatu became his guardian, while the late Maccido Dalhat CON (1932-2012) became his mentor, confidant and buffer. Cigarin Zazzau is blessed with 3 wives and 10 children.

A very common tracking dye is Bromophenol blue. This dye is coloured at alkali and neutral pH and is a small negatively charged molecule that moves towards the anode. Being a highly mobile molecule it moves ahead of most proteins.

Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides.

The immediately apparent trait of the grey-white Cathedral Peak Granodiorite is its porphyritic habit with very large megacrysts of alkali feldspar commonly reaching 10, occasionally even 20 centimeters. The grain size of the groundmass stays in the 5 millimeter range.

T-glass is a North American variant of C-glass. AR-glass is alkali-resistant glass. Most glass fibers have limited solubility in water but are very dependent on pH. Chloride ions will also attack and dissolve E-glass surfaces.

The name Alkaliflexus derives from: New Latin noun alkali (from Arabic al-qalyi, the ashes of saltwort), soda ash; Latin participle adjective flexus, bent; New Latin masculine gender noun Alkaliflexus, referring to life in basic surroundings and to bending/flexible cells.

When the molecule breaks up the positive charge is never on the helium atom. When there are many helium atoms around, alkali metal ions can attract shells of helium atoms. Clusters can be formed from absorbing metal into helium droplets.

Kanatzidis has proposed ideas and concepts for predictive synthesis. For example, he demonstrated that certain systems of A/M/M’/Q (A = alkali; M, M’ = main group, Q = chalcogen) are "infinitely adaptive" and can yield new compounds, for almost any stoichiometry.

Thulium(III) bromide is used as a reagent for the complexation of lanthanide bromides with aluminium bromide, and as a reactant for preparing alkali metal thulium bromides. It is also used to create discharge lamps that are free of mercury.

Isocoma acradenia. Encyclopedia of LifeBiota of North America Program 2014 county distribution mapCalflora taxon report, University of California, Isocoma acradenia (E. Greene) E. Greene, Desert isocoma, alkali goldenbush SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapterNesom, G.L. 1991. Taxonomy of Isocoma (Compositae: Astereae).

Baldwin Lake is a natural, intermittent, alkali lake in the of the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California. It is located east of Big Bear Lake reservoir and Big Bear City.Big Bear Frontier: "About Baldwin Lake" . accessed 4.1.2016.

Glauber uses two predicates: Reacts and Has-Quality, represented in Lisp lists as follows: :(Reacts Inputs {reactant1 reactant2 ...} Outputs {product1 product2 ...}) :(Has-Quality Object {substance} quality {value}) For their experiment the authors used the following facts: :(Reacts Inputs {HCl NaOH} Outputs {NaCl}) :(Reacts Inputs {HCl KOH} Outputs {KCl}) :(Reacts Inputs {HNO3 NaOH} Outputs {NaNO3}) :(Reacts Inputs {HNO3 KOH} Outputs {KNO3 }) :(Has-Quality Object {HCl} Tastes {Sour}) :(Has-Quality Object {HNO3} Tastes {Sour }) :(Has-Quality Object {NaOH} Tastes {Bitter}) :(Has-Quality Object {KOH} Tastes {Bitter}) :(Has-Quality Object {NaCl} Tastes {Salty}) :(Has-Quality Object {NaNO3} Tastes {Salty}) :(Has-Quality Object {KCl} Tastes {Salty}) :(Has-Quality Object {KNO3} Tastes {Salty}) Discovering the following law and equivalence classes: :Salts: {KNO3, KCl, NaNO3, NaCl} :Acids: {HCl, HNO3} :Alkalis: {NaOH, KOH} :∀ alkali ∀ acid ∃ salt (Reacts Inputs {acid, alkali} Outputs {salt}) :∀ salt (Has-Quality Object {salt} Tastes {Salty}) :∀ acid (Has-Quality Object {acid} Tastes {Sour}) :∀ alkali (Has-Quality Object {alkali} Tastes {Bitter}) The modern notation with strings like: NaOH, HCl, etc., is used just as short substance names. Here they do not mean the chemical structure of the substances, which was not known at the time of the discovery; the program works with any name used in the 17th century like aqua regia, muriatic acid, etc.

Sodium tetrachloropalladate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2PdCl4. This salt, and the analogous alkali metal salts of the form M2PdCl4, may be prepared simply by reacting palladium(II) chloride with the appropriate alkali metal chloride in aqueous solution. Palladium(II) chloride is insoluble in water, whereas the product dissolves: : PdCl2 \+ 2 MCl -> M2PdCl4 The compound crystallizes from water as trihydrate (Na2PdCl4 • 3H2O, reddish-brown powder with molar mass 348.22), which is the commercially available form.The compound's page in Strem Chemicals catalog This compound may further react with phosphines to give phosphine complexes of palladium.

Above 900 K (630 °C/1160 °F), carbon monoxide becomes the dominant carbon-carrying molecule in a gas giant's atmosphere (rather than methane). Furthermore, the abundance of alkali metals, such as sodium substantially increase, and spectral lines of sodium and potassium are predicted to be prominent in a gas giant's spectrum. These planets form cloud decks of silicates and iron deep in their atmospheres, but this is not predicted to affect their spectrum. The Bond albedo of a class IV planet around a Sun-like star is predicted to be very low, at 0.03 because of the strong absorption by alkali metals.

Thus, geopolymer structure is perceived as dense amorphous phase consisting of semi-crystalline 3-D alumino-silicate microstructure.' For alkali-cement scientistsFeng, Dingwu; Provis, John L. and van Deventer, Jannie S. J. (2012) (University of Melbourne, Australia), Thermal Activation of Albite for the Synthesis of One-Part Mix Geopolymers, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 95 [2] 565–572. :'... Geopolymers are framework structures produced by condensation of tetrahedral aluminosilicate units, with alkali metal ions balancing the charge associated with tetrahedral Al. Conventionally, geopolymers are synthesized from a two-part mix, consisting of an alkaline solution (often soluble silicate) and solid aluminosilicate materials.

Selenium and sulfur are chalcogens that share many chemical properties so the substitution of methionine with selenomethionine may have only a limited effect on protein structure and function. However, the incorporation of selenomethionine into tissue proteins and keratin in the cattle, birds and fish causes alkali disease. Alkali disease is characterized by emaciation, loss of hair, deformation and shedding of hooves, loss of vitality, and erosion of the joints of long bones. Incorporation of selenomethionine into proteins in place of methionine aids the structure elucidation of proteins by X-ray crystallography using single- or multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD or MAD).

The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes: actinides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, lanthanides, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, reactive nonmetals, and noble gases. In this system, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, as well as the lanthanides and the actinides, are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense. Similarly, the reactive nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense. In some presentations, the halogens are not distinguished, with astatine identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals.

Auvergne, France, used as building stone, forming part of the walls of Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral, France Trachyandesite is field S3 in the TAS diagram Trachyandesite is an extrusive igneous rock with a composition between trachyte and andesite. It has little or no free quartz, but is dominated by sodic plagioclase and alkali feldspar. It is formed from the cooling of lava enriched in alkali metals and with an intermediate content of silica. The term trachyandesite had begun to fall into disfavor by 1985 but was revived to describe extrusive igneous rocks falling into the S3 field of the TAS classification.

The first demonstration of the photoelectric effect was carried out in 1887 by Heinrich Hertz using ultraviolet light. Significant for practical applications, Elster and Geitel two years later demonstrated the same effect using visible light striking alkali metals (potassium and sodium). The addition of caesium, another alkali metal, has permitted the range of sensitive wavelengths to be extended towards longer wavelengths in the red portion of the visible spectrum. Historically, the photoelectric effect is associated with Albert Einstein, who relied upon the phenomenon to establish the fundamental principle of quantum mechanics in 1905, an accomplishment for which Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize.

In the context of a chemical reaction the term neutralization is used for a reaction between an acid and a base or alkali. Historically, this reaction was represented as :acid + base (alkali) → salt + water For example: :HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O The statement is still valid as long as it is understood that in an aqueous solution the substances involved are subject to dissociation, which changes the substances ionization state. The arrow sign, →, is used because the reaction is complete, that is, neutralization is a quantitative reaction. A more general definition is based on Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.

This may have been intentional; an increase in the alkali content results in the pigment containing more unreacted quartz embedded in a glass matrix, which in turn results in a harder texture. Lowering the alkali content (less than 1%), though, does not allow glass to form and the resultant Egyptian blue is softer, with a hardness of 1–2 Mohs. In addition to the way the different compositions influenced texture, the way Egyptian blue was processed also had an effect on its texture, in terms of coarseness and fineness. Following a number of experiments, Tite et al.

The Alkali Lake State Airport was originally constructed in the early 1940s by the Oregon State Highway Department for the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. The permit from the Bureau of Land Management for use of the land was transferred from Oregon State Highway Department to Oregon State Board of Aeronautics in 1956. The location of Alkali Lake State Airport is important to the State's airport system from a geographic coverage and access standpoint. The airport is located west of U.S. Route 395 in south central Oregon; approximately north of the Lake County Airport and east of the Christmas Valley Airport.

The plant is endemic to the Central Valley of California, where it is known from a few remaining occurrences in the rare alkali sink habitat type. The plant is limited to seasonally-flooded flats with saline and alkaline soils, where it grows with other halophytes such as iodine bush and alkali heath.CSU Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program It is a federally listed endangered species. The main threat to its existence is the destruction of its already naturally limited habitat, for agriculture and development uses, with other adverse effects from alteration in hydrology, off-road vehicles, and grazing of livestock.

ZLA: Prestolee Alkali Works, Little Lever The largest and longest lasting chemical works in Little Lever was in Church Street, located on land between the canal and Lever Hall Farm. It was established in 1868 by F.W. Graham, but failed and was rescued by a partnership of Crompton and Potter. Edmund Peel Potter became the sole owner and expanded the business, manufacturing acid and alkali for the cloth bleaching industry. However, it was the production of sodium and potassium bichromate that made Potter's a world leader and by about 1900 the firm had become a limited company.

Humphry Davy, the discover of several alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. English chemist Humphry Davy was a pioneer in the field of electrolysis, using Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile to split up common compounds and thus isolate a series of new elements. He went on to electrolyse molten salts and discovered several new metals, especially sodium and potassium, highly reactive elements known as the alkali metals. Potassium, the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis, was discovered in 1807 by Davy, who derived it from caustic potash (KOH).

The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the origins of the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian. rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Together with hydrogen they constitute group 1, which lies in the s-block of the periodic table. All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties.

Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised homologous behaviour. This family of elements is also known as the lithium family after its leading element. The alkali metals are all shiny, soft, highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge +1. They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen (and in the case of lithium, nitrogen).

Second, the heat generated by the first part of the reaction often ignites the hydrogen gas, causing it to burn explosively into the surrounding air. This secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces the visible flame above the bowl of water, lake or other body of water, not the initial reaction of the metal with water (which tends to happen mostly under water). The alkali metal hydroxides are the most basic known hydroxides. Recent research has suggested that the explosive behavior of alkali metals in water is driven by a Coulomb explosion rather than solely by rapid generation of hydrogen itself.

One of the chemists working in the company was Ludwig Mond, who had been attracted to a different process for making alkali, the ammonia-soda process. By 1871 Mond had determined to build a factory to produce alkali by this process, and in this project he was joined by Brunner. In 1873 Mond and Brunner bought the Winnington estate near Northwich in Cheshire, which included the country house, Winnington Hall. The two families moved into the hall, one family occupying each wing, and the factory which became the start of Brunner Mond and Company was built nearby.

The word "alkali" is derived from Arabic al qalīy (or alkali), meaning the calcined ashes (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), a far more strongly basic substance known as caustic potash (potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity.

Almutaster is a North American genus of plants in the aster family containing the single species Almutaster pauciflorus (formerly Aster pauciflorus), which is known by the common name alkali marsh aster. It is native to Canada (Northwest Territories and the 3 Prairie Provinces, the Western United States, and northern and central Mexico (as far south as Tlaxcala).Flora of North America, Almutaster pauciflorusCalflora taxon report, University of California, Almutaster pauciflorus (Nutt.) A. Löve & D. Löve alkali marsh aster Tropicos, specimen list for Aster pauciflorus Nutt. Almutaster pauciflorus grows in wet alkaline and saline soils such as inland salt marshes and salt flats.

Crowdsourcing has often been used in the past as a competition to discover a solution. The French government proposed several of these competitions, often rewarded with Montyon Prizes, created for poor Frenchmen who had done virtuous acts. These included the Leblanc process, or the Alkali prize, where a reward was provided for separating the salt from the alkali, and the Fourneyron's turbine, when the first hydraulic commercial turbine was developed. In response to a challenge from the French government, Nicolas Appert won a prize for inventing a new way of food preservation that involved sealing food in air-tight jars.

The highly boronated glasses used in fiberglass are E-glass (named for "Electrical" use, but now the most common fiberglass for general use). E-glass is alumino- borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass- reinforced plastics. Other common high-boron glasses include C-glass, an alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation, and D-glass, a borosilicate glass, named for its low Dielectric constant). Not all fiberglasses contain boron, but on a global scale, most of the fiberglass used does contain it.

Four magnetic stir bars next to a meter stick A magnetic stirrer consists of a magnetic bar placed within the liquid which provides the stirring action. The stir bar's motion is driven by another rotating magnet or assembly of electromagnets in the stirrer device, beneath the vessel containing the liquid. Stir bars are typically coated in PTFE, or, less often, in glass; the coatings are intended to be chemically inert, not contaminating or reacting with the reaction mixture they are in. Glass coatings are used for liquid alkali metals (except lye, which will eat through glass) and alkali metal solutions in ammonia.

Gyrolite is also mentioned as a rare calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phase in cement chemistry textbooks with a simplified formulation: Ca8(Si4O10)3(OH)4 · ~6 H2O, which is consistent with the general formulation given here above, but does not consider the isomorphic substitution of one silicon atom by one aluminum and one sodium atoms in its crystal lattice. Gyrolite may form at higher temperature in oilwell cement muds containing ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBFS) activated by alkali. It could also form in CEM III cement-based concrete exposed to alkali- silica reaction (ASR) at elevated temperature.

The Elephant Rocks, for which Elephant Rocks State Park is named, is a pile of residual boulders of weathered Graniteville Granite. It is a medium- to coarse-grained, muscovite- biotite alkali granite that, on the average, consists of 55 percent alkali feldspar, 40 percent quartz, and less than 5 percent mafic minerals. The Graniteville Granite is a pluton formed 1.4 billion years ago in the Proterozoic by the cooling of magma that intruded into the volcanic strata and country rock associated with a collapsed caldera. Nearly vertical fractures formed in the stone as it cooled, and uplift of the granite enhanced the fracturing.

Geopolymeric alkaline reagents belonging to this class may also be termed as User-friendly, although the irritant nature of the alkaline component and the potential inhalation risk of powders still require the selection and use of appropriate personal protective equipment, as in any situation where chemicals or powders are handled. The development of so-called alkali-activated-cements or alkali-activated geopolymers (the latter considered by some to be incorrect terminology), as well as several recipes found in the literature and on the Internet, especially those based on fly ashes, use alkali silicates with molar ratios SiO2:M2O below 1.20, or systems based on pure NaOH (8M or 12M). These conditions are not user-friendly for the ordinary labor force, and require careful consideration of personal protective equipment if employed in the field. Indeed, laws, regulations, and state directives push to enforce for more health protections and security protocols for workers’ safety.

The name "milk-alkali syndrome" derives from a reaction that arose to a treatment for gastric ulcers created in the early 1900s by Bertrand Sippy; Sippy prescribed his patients milk and alkali on the theory that ulcers were caused by excessive gastric acid. However within a few decades, an acute hypercalcemia syndrome with a relative good outcome was identified by Cuthbert Cope in 1936 (now called Cope syndrome), and in 1949 Charles H. Burnett identified a similar but more severe syndrome, with chronically high blood calcium levels and poor outcomes. When the true cause of most gastric ulcers was identified and drugs other than antacids were developed to treat heartburn – namely acid-reducing drugs like H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors – the incidence of milk-alkali syndrome greatly diminished. However, as a result of increased osteoporosis awareness and the routine use of calcium supplements to prevent it, the incidence has again increased.

Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated. The use of activated carbon is contraindicated when the ingested substance is an acid, an alkali, or a petroleum product.

Aside from NaOH and KOH, which enjoy very large scale applications, the hydroxides of the other alkali metals also are useful. Lithium hydroxide is a strong base, with a pKb of −0.36.Lew. Kristi., Acids and Bases (Essential Chemistry). Infobase Publishing (2009). p43.

In a chemical name, the term tosylate may either refer to the salts containing the anion of p-toluenesulfonic acid, TsO−M+ (M = alkali metal, NR4, PR4, etc), or it may refer to esters of p-toluenesulfonic acid, TsOR (R = organyl group).

The mountain is an andesitic volcano. The volcano had a minor mud eruption in January 1914. In October 1949 the summit crater produced an ash cloud. The rock of the mountain is non-alkali mafic rock produced in the last 18,000 years.

Bennett also mapped their route, some of which had never been mapped before. During the campaign, he participated in the Battle of Alkali Creek (Sept. 1), the Battle of Dry Creek (Sept. 8), and the Battle of the Little Powder River (Sept. 10).

The compounds are generally prepared by salt metathesis reactions of alkali-metal cyclopentadienyl compounds with transition metal chlorides. Sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCp) and lithium cyclopentadienide are commonly used. Trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene cyclopentadienylthallium (CpTl) are alternative sources. For the preparation of some particularly robust complexes, e.g.

Tungstic acid is obtained by the action of strong acids on solutions of alkali metallic tungstates. It may also be prepared from the reaction between hydrogen carbonate and sodium tungstate. It can also be obtained from pure tungsten by reaction with hydrogen peroxide.

Polyselenide anions are chains with the composition . Polyselenides also refer to salts of these anions. They are commonly synthesized by melting elements together in a quartz tube. Selenium and an alkali metal react to initially give white, sparingly soluble solids like monoselenides.

The field has erupted alkali basalt, basanite and hawaiite. Phenocrysts include clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase. There are also xenoliths including dunite, gabbro, granite, and notably ultramafic to mafic xenoliths. The rock composition has not changed much during the history of the Cima volcanoes.

Harney Lake is a shallow alkali lake basin located in southeast Oregon, United States, approximately south of the city of Burns. The lake lies within the boundary of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge and is the lowest point in the Blitzen Valley drainage.

The Fish Slough ACEC is located in the transition zone (ecotone) between the Mojave Desert and Great Basin biomes. Plant communities including wetlands, alkali meadows, and uplands. One plant, Fish Slough milk vetch (Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis), is endemic to the area.

Benzaldehyde undergoes disproportionation upon treatment with concentrated alkali (Cannizzaro reaction): one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to the benzyl alcohol and another molecule is simultaneously oxidized to benzoic acid. :Cannizzaro reaction With diols, including many sugars, benzaldehyde condenses to form benzylidene acetals.

This process is more generally known as a vinylcyclopropane rearrangement. Skattebøl rearrangementThe reaction is closely related to the earlier Doering- LaFlamme procedure (Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis), in which a gem- dibromocyclopropane is treated with an alkali metal to form the same cyclopropylidene intermediate.

It had almost no effects like this. However, a different study did find effects. Polymerisation of tetramethyl bisphenol F occurs with epichlorohydrin when heated between 40 and 70 °C using an alkali as a catalyst to form the resin used as a coating.

Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals.Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, 1996, Petrology, Freeman, . Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts. The quartz-feldspar abundances in andesite and other volcanic rocks are illustrated in QAPF diagrams.

The bacterium degrades urea, creating ammonia which increases the pH of the environment. Although A. faecalis is considered to be alkali-tolerant, it maintains a neutral pH in its cytosol to prevent the damaging or denaturing of its charged species and macromolecules.

Potassium telluride is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula K2Te. It is formed from potassium and tellurium, making it a telluride.Brigitte Eisenmann, Herbert Schäfer: K2Te3 : The First Binary Alkali-Metal Polytelluride with Te2−3-Ions. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English.

They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity. Sometimes these soils are also referred to as alkaline sodic soils. Alkaline soils are basic, but not all basic soils are alkaline.

The alkali salt crust on the surface of the lake is also often colored red or pink by the salt-loving microorganisms that live there. Salt marshes and freshwater wetlands around the edges of the lake do support a variety of plants.

Another method is fluorination of phosphates or polyphosphates. Trimethylsilyl difluorophosphate reacts with metal chlorides to give difluorophosphates. The anhydride phosphoryl difluoride oxide (P2O3F4) reacts with oxides such as UO3 to yield difuorophosphates. Phosphoryl difluoride oxide also reacts with alkali fluorides to yield difluorophosphates.

Thorium(IV) chloride is an intermediate in many different experiments. The first type of experiment is the purification of Thorium. 1\. Reduction of ThCl4 with alkali metals. 2\. Electrolysis of anhydrous thorium(IV) chloride in fused mixture of NaCl and KCl. 3\.

Pahoehoe lava and pillow lava has been found on these flows. The pyroclastic cones were formed during later alkali basalt volcanism. The youngest eruption occurred at Cerro Blanco, forming lava flows. Potassium- argon dating has yielded an age of 530,000 ± 200,000 years ago.

The plant is native to the western Great Plains and western North America.Flora of North America It occurs in many types of open habitat, including deserts, chaparral, foothills, rocky cliffs, sagebrush, and prairie. It prefers alkali- and gypsum-rich soils.Houk, Rose. (1987).

Some manufacturers create the brick by baking it for over a week. It has an average compressive strength of approximately 23,000 PSI. The ASTM specification C-279 creates specifications for acid brick properties. Acid brick is not resistant against hydrofluoric acid or strong alkali.

Color produced when lithium chloride is heated The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Mono-, tri-, and pentahydrates are known. The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the hydrates.

Philip Ostien, A Survey of the Muslims of Nigeria's North Central Geo-political Zone, Nigeria Research Network, Retrieved March 1, 2013.Muhammad Nur Alkali, Abubakar Kawu Monguno, Bellama Shettima Mustafa, Overview Of Islamic Actors In Northeastern Nigeria, Nigeria Research Network, Retrieved March 1, 2013.

Lithium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiNO3. It is the lithium salt of nitric acid (an alkali metal nitrate). The salt is deliquescent, absorbing water to form the hydrated form, lithium nitrate trihydrate. Its eutectics are of interest for heat transfer fluids.

Thomas Hazlehurst (27 February 1779 – 18 February 1842) was an English businessman who founded the soap and alkali manufacturing company of Hazlehurst & Sons in Runcorn, Cheshire. He was also a devoted Methodist and he played a large part in the civic matters of the town.

With the addition of alkali feldspar replacing or becoming more dominant than calcic plagioclase theralites grade into foidal syenite, including shonkinite. Properly theralite is only for a specific type of calcic foidal gabbro, those with essential nepheline and without essential analcime or sodic feldspar.

Xavier uses Cerebro to locate Rogue when she runs away, but is poisoned when he uses it later (as Mystique had tampered with it). At the end of the film, he recovers and advises Wolverine to search Alkali Lake for answers to his past.

Last his elaborations are nanostructured nonisocyanate polyurethanes, nanocellulose and nanocomposites based on epoxy-rubber and organic alkali soluble silicate binders. Novel nanotechnologies invented by Prof. O. Figovsky were the basis for establishing industrial production in the US, Canada, China, Mexico, Russia and Israel.A. Leykin.

Klein, Cornelis, B. Dutrow (2007) Manual of Mineral Science, 23rd ed.John Wiley and Sons The ions combine with similarly large but low valence and weakly polarized cations. The cations are mostly of the alkali metal group. Sylvite is a binary compound with the formula KCl.

Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff III, 154-157. Two large lakes are located in Harney Basin: the Malheur and Harney Lakes. Both lakes contain alkali and are nearly joined with sufficient rainfall. In 1845, Meek turned west and drove along the northern shores of these lakes.

It is formed as an evaporite from alkali lacustrine waters. It also occurs rarely as veinlets in alkalic igneous rocks. It was first described in 1826 for an occurrence in Lagunillas, Mérida, Venezuela. It was named for French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850).

This is the initial stage of K-metasomatism in cataclastically-deformed magmatic plutonic rocks. The breakage happens primarily along grain boundary seals and the K-metasomatism may locally replace rims of zoned plagioclase crystals to form interstitial alkali feldspar and rim myrmekite (see illustration).

The compound was discovered in the 1940s by H. I. Schlesinger, who led a team seeking volatile uranium compounds.Hermann I Schlesinger and Herbert C Brown (1945) "Preparation of alkali metal compounds". US Patent 2461661. Granted on 1949-02-15; expired on 1966-02-15.

The earliest eruption was at Bream Creek on the east coast at . From Weldborough it is but mostly eroded. In the south east, basalt from Sandy Bay dates from . Campania has an alkali basalt from but it also has younger flows of olivine tholeiites.

The isolated San Martin Tuxtla volcano is a shield volcano which rises above the Gulf of Mexico. It has had eruptions in historical times. It occurs in the Tuxtla volcanic field in Veracruz, Mexico. Lavas from San Martin vary between basanite and alkali basalt.

Alkali metal borohydrides were first described in 1940 by Hermann Irving Schlesinger and Herbert C. Brown. They synthesized lithium borohydride (LiBH4) from diborane (B2H6): :2 MH + B2H6 → 2 M[BH4] (M = Li, Na, K, etc.) Current methods involve reduction of trimethyl borate with sodium hydride.

By the early 20th century, the UK's production outstripped that of all other producers combined. Most of the British alkali works are situated in South Lancashire and the adjoining part of Cheshire, near the mouth of the Tyne and in the West of Scotland.

Fabrics containing water-soluble sizes can be desized by washing using hot water, perhaps containing wetting agents (surfactants) and a mild alkali. The water replaces the size on the outer surface of the fiber, and absorbs within the fiber to remove any fabric residue.

The indigenous people of Mono Lake are from a band of the Northern Paiute, called the Kutzadika'a. They speak the Northern Paiute language. The Kutzadika'a traditionally forage alkali fly pupae, called kutsavi in their language. Mono Lake was also referred to as Teniega Bah.

It was at Berlin that in 1883 he received his habilitation for work on the thermal expansion of alkali metals. He then worked as a "Privatdozent" (loosely, "pre-professor") of Physical Observational Methodology ("Physikalische Beobachtungsmethodik"), and later of Physiological Optics ("Physiologische Optik"). In 1884.

Enallagma clausum, the alkali bluet, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in North America. The IUCN conservation status of Enallagma clausum is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable.

Alkali Abdulkadir Jajere (born 15 October 1964) is a Nigerian journalist turned politician who was elected to the Senate for the Yobe South constituency of Yobe State, Nigeria in the April 2011 national elections. He was elected on the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP) platform.

Alkali burns, on the other hand, such as those resulting from exposure to ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5, will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to saponify and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment.

Riphean and Vendian deposits occupy the western and southwest parts of the Kazakh Uplands. In Ulutau, alkaline granitoids intruded volcanic rocks 650 million years ago. Lower Vendian rocks are up to 1.5 kilometers thick, including gray clastic rocks, acid tuff and alkali basalt flows.

The alkali lakes of the Little Cumania are found near Fülöpszállás and Szabadszállás. Their unique flora and fauna are of special value. Avocets, geese and black-winged stilts nest in the area. The lakes provide a temporary home for tens of thousands of migratory birds.

In other substitution reactions, it undergoes halogenation. Polychlorinated biphenyls were once popular pesticides. Lithium biphenyl contains the radical anion, which is highly reducing (-3.1 V vs Fc+/0). Several solvates of alkali metal salts of biphenyl anion have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

2Na + 2H2O ->2NaOH + H2 This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including sodium hydroxide.

General structure of Shibasaki catalysts Shibasaki catalysts are a class of hetero-bimetallic complexes with the general formula [Ln(binol)3(M)3] (M = alkali metal, Ln = lanthanide). They are named after Masakatsu Shibasaki, whose group first developed them, and are used as asymmetric catalysts.

The Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway is a National Scenic Byway to the west of the Big Horn Mountains in Wyoming in the United States. It connects Wyoming Highway 31 (WYO 31) in Hyattville with U.S. Route 14 (US 14) near Shell.

Pp. 227, 235, 237, 239. In Arabic, an alkali flat is called a sabkha (also spelled sabkhah, subkha or sebkha) or shott (chott). In Central Asia, a similar "cracked mud" salt flat is known as a takyr. In Iran salt flats are called kavir.

Svimming pool The thermal water comes from the nearby well which was drilled in 1967. It comes up from 1,344 meters deep and the outlet temperature is 64 °C. It has salinity, alkali chloride, iodine and bromine. It is for the treatment of rheumatic diseases.

Surface material is clayey, saline, alkaline, and poorly drained. Sand dunes and mud flats occur. This region is mostly barren; vegetation, where present, is sparse and composed of very salt-tolerant plants, such as alkali sacaton and black greasewood. The region covers in Oregon.

Phacelia neglecta. NatureServe. 2012. It is native to the deserts of the southwestern United States in Nevada, Arizona, and southeastern California, where it grows in varied desert habitat, including areas with alkali soils. It is likely that its distribution extends into Baja California.Phacelia neglecta.

In the laboratory, small amounts of HCN are produced by the addition of acids to cyanide salts of alkali metals: :H+ \+ NaCN → HCN + Na+ This reaction is sometimes the basis of accidental poisonings because the acid converts a nonvolatile cyanide salt into the gaseous HCN.

Under these conditions, the atoms exchange spin quickly compared to their magnetic precession frequency so that the average spin interacts with the field and is not destroyed by decoherence. A SERF magnetometer achieves very high magnetic field sensitivity by monitoring a high density vapor of alkali metal atoms precessing in a near- zero magnetic field. The sensitivity of SERF magnetometers improves upon traditional atomic magnetometers by eliminating the dominant cause of atomic spin decoherence caused by spin-exchange collisions among the alkali metal atoms. SERF magnetometers are among the most sensitive magnetic field sensors and in some cases exceed the performance of SQUID detectors of equivalent size.

However, later experiments found no evidence for mendelevium(I) and found that mendelevium behaved like divalent elements when reduced, not like the monovalent alkali metals. Nevertheless, the Russian team conducted further studies on the thermodynamics of cocrystallizing mendelevium with alkali metal chlorides, and concluded that mendelevium(I) had formed and could form mixed crystals with divalent elements, thus cocrystallizing with them. The status of the +1 oxidation state is still tentative. Although E°(Md4+→Md3+) was predicted in 1975 to be +5.4 V, suggesting that mendelevium(III) could be oxidized to mendelevium(IV), 1967 experiments with the strong oxidizing agent sodium bismuthate were unable to oxidize mendelevium(III) to mendelevium(IV).

By 1881 he had moved to a site to the southeast of the town, and was employing 70 workers. The business continued to grow, and at the Jubilee Exhibition in Manchester in 1887, they had a stand where they demonstrated their products, which included copper, silver, lead, iron oxide, sulphuric acid, and copper sulphate. The company had been the largest suppliers of copper sulphate to deal with the wine blight caused by the infestation of French vineyards by the fungus Phylloxera. In 1890 the United Alkali Company was formed to protect the interests of the chemical firms using the Leblanc process to manufacture alkali.

Glauber was named after Johann Rudolph Glauber, a 17th-century alchemist whose work helped to develop acid- base theory. Glauber (the method) rediscovers the law of acid-alkali reactions producing salts, given the qualities of substances and observed facts, the result of mixing substances. From that knowledge Glauber discovers that substances that taste bitter react with substances tasting sour, producing substances tasting salty. In few words, the law: : Acid + Alkali --> Salt Glauber was designed by Pat Langley as part of his work on discovery heuristics in an attempt to have a computer automatically review a host of values and characteristics and make independent analyses from them.

There is relatively little recorded on O'Fallons Bluff other than diary entries by American pioneers heading west to Oregon and California. The bluffs were close to the Platte River and, due to the terrain, the Oregon and California trails ran up and over the bluffs. Most sources indicate that the bluffs were named after Indian agent Benjamin O'Fallon, but the origin of the name may be unclear. The area around the bluffs were described as an "alkali belt" and alkali was found in both the water near O'Fallons Bluff as well as the soil rendering much of the area near the bluffs devoid of vegetation.

Lithium ingots with a thin layer of black nitride tarnish Like the other alkali metals, lithium has a single valence electron that is easily given up to form a cation. Because of this, lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element, though it is the least reactive of the alkali metals. Lithium's low reactivity is due to the proximity of its valence electron to its nucleus (the remaining two electrons are in the 1s orbital, much lower in energy, and do not participate in chemical bonds). However, molten lithium is significantly more reactive than its solid form.

Volcanic rocks erupted on the Markagunt Plateau range from alkali basalt over basalt and basaltic andesite to andesite and latite, and define calc-alkaline and tholeiitic suites which appear to become more silicic over time. Phenocrysts include clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase, with not all minerals present in all flows. Volcanic rocks at Markagunt Plateau are unusual for the common occurrence of subalkaline volcanics; most other recent volcanic centres in the Basin and Range Province have produced alkali basalts. Mixing between crustal melts and primitive magmas may explain this tendency, while the presence of tholeiite may indicate the occurrence of rifting processes in western Utah.

Metal thiolate complexes are commonly prepared by reactions of metal complexes with thiols (RSH), thiolates (RS−), and disulfides (R2S2). The salt metathesis reaction route is common. In this method, an alkali metal thiolate is treated with a transition metal halide to produce an alkali metal halide and the metal thiolate complex: :LiSC6H5 \+ CuI → Cu(SC6H5) + LiI The thiol ligand can also effect protonolysis of anionic ligands, as illustrated by the formation of an organonickel thiolate from nickelocene and ethanethiol: :2 HSC2H5 \+ 2 Ni(C5H5)2 → [Ni(SC2H5)(C5H5)]2 \+ 2 C5H6 Thiomersal, a disinfectant, is a metal thiolate complex, being derived from Hg(II) and thiosalicylic acid.

Woolley & Church 2005, Woolley & Kjarsgaard 2008a, 2008b Associated igneous rocks typically include ijolite, melteigite, teschenite, lamprophyres, phonolite, foyaite, shonkinite, silica undersaturated foid-bearing pyroxenite (essexite), and nepheline syenite. Carbonatites are typically associated with undersaturated (low silica) igneous rocks that are either alkali (Na2O and K2O), ferric iron (Fe2O3) and zirconium-rich agpaitic rocks or alkali-poor, FeO-CaO-MgO-rich and zirconium- poor miaskitic rocks. The Mount Weld carbonatite is unassociated with a belt or suite of alkaline igneous rocks, although calc-alkaline magmas are known in the region. The genesis of this Archaean carbonatite remains contentious as it is the sole example of an Archaean carbonatite in Australia.

Mono Lake ( ) is a saline soda lake in Mono County, California, formed at least 760,000 years ago as a terminal lake in an endorheic basin. The lack of an outlet causes high levels of salts to accumulate in the lake and make its water alkaline. The desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, which thrive in its waters, and provides critical habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and alkali flies (Ephydra hians). Historically, the native Kutzadika'a people ate the alkali flies' pupae, which live in the shallow waters around the edge of the lake.

Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explicable manner across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease rightward along each period (row) of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases; and increase down each group (column). The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period. These trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory.

This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron, increasing ununennium's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii; this effect is already seen for francium. This assumes that ununennium will behave chemically as an alkali metal, which, although likely, may not be true due to relativistic effects. The relativistic stabilisation of the 8s orbital also increases ununennium's electron affinity far beyond that of caesium and francium; indeed, ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it. Relativistic effects also cause a very large drop in the polarisability of ununennium.

Small quantities of lithium may be disposed of by reaction with cool water, but the heavier alkali metals should be dissolved in the less reactive isopropanol. The alkali metals must be stored under mineral oil or an inert atmosphere. The inert atmosphere used may be argon or nitrogen gas, except for lithium, which reacts with nitrogen. Rubidium and caesium must be kept away from air, even under oil, because even a small amount of air diffused into the oil may trigger formation of the dangerously explosive peroxide; for the same reason, potassium should not be stored under oil in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for longer than 6 months.

This effect becomes drastically weaker for the larger sodium and potassium, allowing them to form the less stable peroxides. Rubidium and caesium, at the bottom of the group, are so large that even the least stable superoxides can form. Because the superoxide releases the most energy when formed, the superoxide is preferentially formed for the larger alkali metals where the more complex anions are not polarised. (The oxides and peroxides for these alkali metals do exist, but do not form upon direct reaction of the metal with oxygen at standard conditions.) In addition, the small size of the Li+ and O2− ions contributes to their forming a stable ionic lattice structure.

The salt solution is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. As a result, diaphragm methods produce alkali that is quite dilute (about 12%) and of lower purity than do mercury cell methods. Diaphragm cells are not burdened with the problem of preventing mercury discharge into the environment; they also operate at a lower voltage, resulting in an energy savings over the mercury cell method, but large amounts of steam are required if the caustic has to be evaporated to the commercial concentration of 50%.

The white-backed stilt forages by probing and gleaning primarily in mudflats and lakeshores, but also in very shallow waters near shores; it seeks out a range of aquatic invertebrates - mainly crustaceans and other arthropods, and mollusks - and small fish, tadpoles and very rarely plant seeds. Its mainstay food varies according to availability; inland birds usually feed mainly on aquatic insects and their larvae, while coastal populations mostly eat other aquatic invertebrates. For feeding areas they prefer coastal estuaries, salt ponds, lakeshores, alkali flats and even flooded fields. For roosting and resting needs, this bird selects alkali flats (even flooded ones), lake shores, and islands surrounded by shallow water.

Newspapers often mentioned Alexander's full name when writing about him, in addition to just "Grover". He was also sometimes called "Alec", and on occasions when he succeeded in grand fashion (as with the 1926 World Series), they would call him "Alexander the Great". So dominant was he during the 1910s that many players and writers of his era referred to him as "the best pitcher to ever put on a pair of shoes". The nickname of "Old Pete" began as "Alkali Pete", which was in itself a pastiche, based on a series of early silent film westerns based around a characters named Alkali Ike and Mustang Pete.

1 "Glass Containers for Pharmaceutical Use" all with comparable methodologies. These tests evaluate the hydrolytic stability of the containers under more severe conditions, wherein containers, filled close to capacity with purified water, are covered and then heat-cycled in an autoclave at 121 °C for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the water is titrated with acid to evaluate the pH of the water, and therefore the equivalent amount of alkali extracted during the heat cycle. The alkali content of the rinse water can also be evaluated more directly by chemical analysis of the rinse water, as outlined in more recent versions of the European Pharmacopoeia.

Demolition of the bridge in April 2016 First stages of falsework looking west over the LA River During the construction of the viaduct in the 1930s, an onsite plant was used to supply the concrete for construction. However, the quality of the concrete turned out to have a high alkali content and led to an alkali-silica reaction (ASR) which created cracks in the concrete and sapped the strength of the structure. It is the only one of the historic LA River bridges to suffer from ASR. Estimates stated that the viaduct had a 70% probability of collapse due to a major earthquake within 50 years.

Chromium (IV) is also a candidate for electrokinetics removal although chromium (IV) migration is retarded in the presence of sulfur because it will break down into chromium (III). Other heavy metal species that are tested and reported to be treatable include; mercury, zinc, iron, lead, copper, and magnesium. Electrokinetics is also possible with alkali and alkaline earth metals which travel faster in most mediums than heavy metals. At tests between 20 and 30 volts, alkali metals were known to move between 50 and 60 cm per day per volts whereas heavy metal moved at velocities between 10 and 20 cm per day per volts.

Yonna is an unincorporated community in Klamath County, Oregon, United States. It lies east of Oregon Route 140 in Yonna Valley, northeast of Dairy and near the base of Short Lake Mountain. At one time known as Alkali Valley, the area is now known by its Klamath name, Yonna Valley. According to Oregon Geographic Names, the name may come from yana, meaning "below" as in the valley, or it may derived from yaina, meaning "mountain" There's also a local tradition that yonna in some tribal language means alkali, and so the change was made to avoid discouraging people who might otherwise want to settle there.

Lumbosacral malformations and spina bifida in a Peruvian preceramic child. Current Anthropology, 21(4), 515-516. Nightfire Modocs were prominent waterfowl hunters. While rainfall was not consistent, the alkali open marshes held in place by block-fault ridges provided a rich habitat for local and migratory waterfowl.

While he was there he invented an apparatus for the grinding and smoothing of glass. In 1851 he left to join John Hutchinson, alkali manufacturer, in Widnes. In 1853 Deacon, with Edmond Leyland, filed his first patent, which was for an improved manufacturing process for sulphuric acid.

Puccinellia nutkaensis is a species of grass known by the common names Nootka alkaligrass and Alaska alkali grass. It is native to North America from Alaska across northern Canada to Greenland and Nova Scotia, and down to Washington to Oregon to the Central Coast of California.

The high altitude limestones are associated with the Vindobonian Volcanic Complex, which includes trachyte, diabase and dolerite intrusions, along with pyroclastic flow sediments. Basalt is the most common rock type on Madeira and geologists have found a variety of different types including alkali-basalt, basanite and hawaiite.

Conjunctivitis due to chemicals is treated via irrigation with Ringer's lactate or saline solution. Chemical injuries, particularly alkali burns, are medical emergencies, as they can lead to severe scarring and intraocular damage. People with chemically induced conjunctivitis should not touch their eyes to avoid spreading the chemical.

Under increasing political pressure from the urban middle-class, the first large- scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain's Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous hydrochloric acid) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash.

Nepheline syenite is a holocrystalline plutonic rock that consists largely of nepheline and alkali feldspar. The rocks are mostly pale colored, grey or pink, and in general appearance they are not unlike granites, but dark green varieties are also known. Phonolite is the fine-grained extrusive equivalent.

The granites range in composition from syenogranite to alkali feldspar granite. The volcanic rocks are alkaline to peralkaline and they are represented by subaerial flows and eruptions and subvolcanic porphyry. Generally, the nature of the exposed rocks in Mount Sinai indicates that they originated from differing depths.

Senator Mohammed D. Alkali (born 17th January, 1950) was elected Senator for the Jigawa North West constituency of Jigawa State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He served from 29th May, 1999 until May 2003.

They had overcommitted themselves, and this led to their eventual bankruptcy. The business was floated as a public company in 1865, and was known as the Runcorn Soap and Alkali company. Wigg played a part in establishing this company and became the Company Secretary, holding 250 shares.

California Valley is on the Carrizo Plain, which is an arid grassland. Only limited drinkable groundwater is available. Nearby Soda Lake is an alkali lake and undrinkable. "The future development of California Valley is anticipated to be limited by water availability"—San Luis Obispo County General Plan.

This structure renders the polymers produced from it, very resistant to alkali degradation as there is no hydrogen (thus proton producing species) on the α-carbon. They have good resistance to degradation from ultraviolet light. The monomer has even been used to produce vibration dampening resins.

1951, 572, 23. and other carbonyl derivatives also undergo conjugative hydrocyanation. When alkali metal cyanides are used, at least partial neutralization of the reaction medium is usually necessary to provide desired products. Neutralization can be accomplished through an acidic group on the substate itself (internal neutralization).

The mixture consists of a high amount of alkali metals, halogens, acidic elements, and transition metals which might have negative impacts on the efficiency of the process. Thus, the choice of specific solvents and how to manage the solvent process should be carefully designed and operated.

Volcanic rocks dredged from Erimo Seamount include alkali basalt, brecciated basalts, silty sandstone, trachyandesites or trachytes. During the Cretaceous, carbonate rocks were emplaced at shallow depth on the seamount, which subsided by about . As the seamount has entered the trench, further subsidence of about has taken place.

However, the river's flow through this area is controlled by a system of weirs and canals that provide water to irrigate the pasture lands that have replaced the marsh. The marsh is surrounded by semi-desert country with strongly alkaline soil that support arid, alkali-tolerant plants.

Dredging has yielded basaltic rocks which define alkali basalt and basanite suites. The flows contain phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, iddingsite, olivine, plagioclase and sometimes spinel. Lava flows are covered by manganese crusts less than thick. They often display traces of alteration and formation of glasses such as palagonite.

Ternary metal hydrides have the formula AxMHn, where A+ is an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation, e.g. K+ and Mg2+. A celebrated example is K2ReH9, a salt containing two K+ ions and the ReH92− anion. Other homoleptic metal hydrides include the anions in Mg2FeH6 and Mg2NiH4.

Potassium acetate was originally used in the preparation of Cadet's fuming liquid, the first organometallic compound produced. Potassium acetate is used as a diuretic and urinary alkaliser and acts by changing the physical properties of the body fluids and by functioning as an alkali after absorption.

The alkali basalt has a silica (SiO2) volume percentage of 45–55%. The main minerals in the rock are plagioclase, augite and olivine. The hill cannot be called a kuppe because the top is covered with rock formations. Instead Mader Stein can considered a rocky hillock.

A number of chemists in the early 1900s, including Staudinger and Pfenninger (1916), as well as Delepine (1920) studied episulfides.Sander, M. Thiiranes. Chem. Rev. 1966, 66(3), 297-339. I 1934 Dachlauer and Jackel devised a general synthesis of episulfides from epoxides using alkali thiocyanates and thiourea.

For pH control, popular chemicals include calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. The selection of an appropriate neutralization chemical depends on the particular application. There are many uses of neutralization reactions that are acid-alkali reactions. A very common use is antacid tablets.

Phosphides arise by reaction of metals with red phosphorus. The alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals can form ionic compounds containing the phosphide ion, P3−. These compounds react with water to form phosphine. Other phosphides, for example Na3P7, are known for these reactive metals.

59 The original capital was £120,000, one-third of which was raised from local coal owners, salt-makers and Liverpool merchants.Diggle, p. 18 These included James Muspratt, soap and alkali manufacturer, and Peter Greenall, who had interests in the brewing, coal and glass manufacturing industries.Hardie, p.

When the water evaporates, it leaves behind increasing amounts of salts in the soil. Plants that tolerate the extreme salt concentrations are known as halophytes. It is generally below the saltbrush scrub vegetation type, which is typified by less salt tolerant species than alkali sink types.

In the Tiruttani taluk, a number of hillocks are found scattered. The soil of the district is mostly sandy, mixed with soda or other alkali or stony. Rocks found in and near the surface are in detached masses. Hence, the soil can't be termed as very fertile.

Calcium carbide. Several carbides are assumed to be salts of the acetylide anion C22– (also called percarbide), which has a triple bond between the two carbon atoms. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and lanthanoid metals form acetylides, e.g., sodium carbide Na2C2, calcium carbide CaC2, and LaC2.

Lead nitrate decomposes on heating, a property that has been used in pyrotechnics . It is soluble in water and dilute nitric acid. Basic nitrates are formed in when alkali is added to a solution. Pb2(OH)2(NO3)2 is the predominant species formed at low pH.

It requires vigorous reaction conditions and has a significant risk of fires, explaining its relative unpopularity. One modification involves encapsulating the alkali metal into a silica gel, which has a safety and yield profile similar to that of hydride reagents. Another modification uses a sodium dispersion.

Accessed 30 January 2012. It mentions the key ingredient, alkali, which later becomes crucial to modern chemistry, derived from al-qaly or "ashes". By the 13th century, the manufacture of soap in the Islamic world had become virtually industrialized, with sources in Nablus, Fes, Damascus, and Aleppo.

The People's Republic of China developed a copy under the designation PL-1, for use by their J-6B fighters. The difficulties associated with beam-riding guidance, particularly in a single-seat fighter aircraft, were substantial, making the 'Alkali' primarily a short-range anti- bomber missile.

The alkaline soil eroded adobe structures and caused many crops to fail. As the alkali in the soil concentrated, the residents of Desert Lake moved about away and founded the town of Victor. A few log homes make up what's left of the town of Desert Lake.

This oxide is used in silver- oxide batteries. In organic chemistry, silver oxide is used as a mild oxidizing agent. For example, it oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Such reactions often work best when the silver oxide is prepared in situ from silver nitrate and alkali hydroxide.

Tetrafluoromethane, like other fluorocarbons, is very stable due to the strength of its carbon–fluorine bonds. The bonds in tetrafluoromethane have a bonding energy of 515 kJ⋅mol−1. As a result, it is inert to acids and hydroxides. However, it reacts explosively with alkali metals.

Anhydrous tert-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Other methods include the use of 4 Å molecular sieves, aluminium tert- butylate, calcium hydride (CaH2), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.

Passenger trains still pass through the site, but these are now from Manchester Piccadilly via Stockport and Altrincham, thence via Northwich to Chester. Freight trains also operate through Baguley, including heavy block trains carrying limestone from quarries at Tunstead (near Buxton) to alkali works at Northwich.

The process of carrying salts by water to the sea or a land-locked lake from a river basin is called salt export. When adequate salt export is not occurring, the river basin area gradually converts into saline soils and/or alkali soils, particularly in lower reaches.

The normal pressure "sodium arsenide" phase is adopted by many alkali metal pnictides. At 3.6 gigapascals, Na3As adopts the Li3Bi structure, which is another archetypal structure. Sodium arsenide is a crystalline solid used as a semiconductor and in photo optic applications. Its IUPAC name is disodioarsanylsodium.

Sporobolus airoides is a facultative halophyte, able to grow in soils with high salt concentrations.US Forest Service Fire Ecology This grass germinates best in warm, sunny, wet conditions, and it can easily move into saline soils such as those in alkali flats when the substrate is wet.

Barium carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula BaCO3. Like most alkali metal carbonates, it is a white solid that is poorly soluble in water. It occurs as the mineral known as witherite. In a commercial sense, it is one of the most important barium compounds.

Very pure thallium pieces in a glass ampoule, stored under argon gas Thallium is the heaviest stable element in group 13 of the periodic table. At the bottom of the periodic table, the inert pair effect is quite strong, because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 6s orbital and the decreasing bond energy as the atoms increase in size so that the amount of energy released in forming two more bonds is not worth the high ionisation energies of the 6s electrons. It displays the +1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display, and thallium compounds with thallium in its +1 oxidation state closely resemble the corresponding potassium or silver compounds stoichiometrically due to the similar ionic radii of the Tl+ (164 pm), K+ (152 pm) and Ag+ (129 pm) ions. It was sometimes considered an alkali metal in continental Europe (but not in England) in the years immediately following its discovery, and was placed just after caesium as the sixth alkali metal in Dmitri Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table and Julius Lothar Meyer's 1868 periodic table.

The group 11 metals (or coinage metals), copper, silver, and gold, are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d-shells. Physically, they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metals. "The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu, Ag, and Au contribute to their high electrical and thermal conductivity. Transition metals to the left of group 11 experience interactions between s electrons and the partially filled d subshell that lower electron mobility."Russell AM & Lee KL (2005) Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals. Wiley-Interscience, New York. p. 302\. Chemically, the group 11 metals behave like main-group metals in their +1 valence states, and are hence somewhat related to the alkali metals: this is one reason for their previously being labelled as "group IB", paralleling the alkali metals' "group IA". They are occasionally classified as post-transition metals.Deming HG (1940) Fundamental Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 705–7 Their spectra are analogous to those of the alkali metals.

In the larger depressions, permanent lakes or ponds of water remain. Many of the lakes have a saline character, thus most shore vegetation has a high tolerance of salty soils. These lakes are known as alkali lakes. Wet meadows are flooded in the spring and dry by fall.

The other alkali metals also form dimers: dilithium Li2, Na2, K2, and Cs2. The rubidium trimer has also been observed on the surface of helium nanodroplets. The trimer, Rb3 has the shape of an equilateral triangle, bond length of 5.52 A˚ and a binding energy of 929 cm−1.

Due to the periodic trends, the unknown properties of any element can be partially known. Several exceptions, however, do exist, such as that of ionization energy in group 3, The electron affinity trend of group 17, the density trend of alkali metals aka group 1 elements and so on.

In April 1987, cracks in the south stand were discovered. The damage was caused by an alkali–silica reaction. PSV chairman Jacques Ruts decided to rebuild the stand, and simultaneously provide more space for business relations and sponsors. Up until then, the stadium only offered regular spectator seats.

Surface of a concrete pillar of the building of the National Gallery of Canada at Ottawa presenting the typical crack pattern of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Note the typical fatty aspect of the yellow silicagel exudations imbibing the concrete surface along the two sides of the cracks.

's chlor-alkali and derivatives business in 2013. In 2014, Axiall entered a joint venture with Shriram Polytech India, forming Shriram Axiall. The two companies partnered together "to provide a technological thrust to the PVC offering for different industries". Westlake Chemical Corporation acquired Axiall Corporation on August 31, 2016.

Granitic rocks in general are of interest to geologists, geochemists, etc., because they provide 'crystallized' telltale clues of their environment of formation. Alkali feldspar granite is used as construction material in the form of dimension stones, and polished slabs or tiles for building facades, pavements, and kitchen countertops.

The corrosive effect of the alkali was the immediate cause of death. The coroner documented the cause of death as "swallowing a caustic substance" and, later, "acute barbiturate intoxication." Her death was ruled a suicide. Roberts was cremated at the Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles.

Secondary phosphines are prepared analogously to the primary phosphines. They are also obtained by alkali-metal reductive cleavage of triarylphosphines followed by hydrolysis of the resulting phosphide salt. The latter route is employed to prepare diphenylphosphine (Ph2PH). Diorganophosphinic acids, R2P(O)OH, can also be reduced with diisobutylaluminium hydride.

The high alkalinity run off water from the ash dumps (some are located in the reservoir area) of these coal-fired power stations ultimately collects in this reservoir enhancing its water alkalinity and pH. Using high alkalinity water for irrigation converts the agriculture fields in to fallow Alkali soils.

The Wohl–Aue reaction is an organic reaction between an aromatic nitro compound and an aniline to form a phenazine in presence of an alkali base. An example is the reaction between nitrobenzene and aniline: The Wohl-Aue reaction The reaction is named after Alfred Wohl and W. Aue.

Chemical eye injury may result when an acidic or alkaline substance gets in the eye. Alkali burns are typically worse than acidic burns. Mild burns produce conjunctivitis, while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white. Litmus paper may be used to test for chemical causes.

Illinois physics professor Jakob Kunz suggested that Stebbins try a photoelectric cell. Kunz had been doing experimentation on an improved photoelectric cell which was alkali based. Kunz's cell was the predecessor of the modern day "electric eye." Stebbins left for a sabbatical in Europe in fall of 1912.

The alkaline feldspar is not potassic, but generally sodic-potassic, which is characterized by interlocking anorthoclase, called perthite. In the alkali feldspar almost pure albite domains are observed. Nepheline generally shows partial alteration into natrolite and cancrinite. The clinopyroxene is sodic whose composition varies from hedenbergite to aegirine-augite.

Arthrocnemum macrostachyum is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and parts of the Middle East, where it grows in coastal and inland salt marshes, alkali flats, and other habitats with saline soils.

Thallium(I) hydroxide, also called thallous hydroxide, TlOH, is a hydroxide of thallium, with thallium in oxidation state +1. Thallous hydroxide is a strong base; it is changed to thallous ion, Tl+, except in strongly basic conditions. Tl+ resembles an alkali metal ion, A+, such as Li+ or K+.

Indene readily polymerises. Oxidation of indene with acid dichromate yields homophthalic acid (o-carboxylphenylacetic acid). It condenses with diethyl oxalate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to form indene-oxalic ester, and with aldehydes or ketones in the presence of alkali to form benzofulvenes. The latter are highly coloured.

The amide byproducts of these reagents, however, are harder to separate from the desired products than aminosulfurane byproducts. Alkali and tetraalkylammonium fluorides can be used to displace sulfonate esters; however, these reactions require higher temperatures than aminosulfurane fluorination of the corresponding free alcohols.Pattison, M.; Millington, E. Can. J. Chem.

The steps are separated as follows: # Alkali ions (ex. Na+ and Ca2+) on the glass surface rapidly exchange with hydrogen ions or hydronium from surrounding bodily fluids. The reaction below shows this process, which causes hydrolysis of silica groups. As this occurs, the pH of the solution increases.

Zirconium silicate is used for manufacturing refractory materials for applications where resistance to corrosion by alkali materials is required. It is also used in production of some ceramics, enamels, and ceramic glazes. In enamels and glazes it serves as an opacifier. It can be also present in some cements.

Mohammed Lawal Uwais (born 12 June 1936) was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria from 1995 until 2006. Later he chaired a commission that published a controversial report on electoral reform. Uwais is the son of the Chief Alkali, and later Waziri of Zaria emirate.

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.} It has a chromosome count: 2n=44. In 1979, a study was carried out the seeds of Iris sogdiana, to find various chemical compounds including, alkali-soluble polysaccharides.

Muhlenbergia asperifolia is a species of grass known as alkali muhly and scratchgrass. It is native to much of North America, including most of southern Canada, most of the continental United States except for the southeastern region, and parts of northern Mexico. It also grows in South America.

Other sources such as cement production, consumer products waste, contaminated sites and chlor-alkali industry also contributes in relatively small percentages. Mercury enters the ocean in different ways. Atmospheric deposition is the largest source of mercury to the oceans. Atmospheric deposition introduces three types of mercury to the ocean.

Ammonia is commonly used in the illegal manufacture of methamphetamine through a Birch reduction. The Birch method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added.

Beall, Joseph J. "Pseudo-Rhythmic Layering in the Square Butte Alkali-Gabbro Laccolith." American Mineralogist. 57:7-8 (July–August 1972). The Adel Mountains Volcanic Field is a significant and abundant source of shonkinite, a very uncommon type of intrusive igneous rock found primarily in Montana, Ontario, and Timor.

Structure of hexagonal boron nitride intercalated with potassium (B4N4K) Similar to graphite, various molecules, such as NH3 or alkali metals, can be intercalated into hexagonal boron nitride, that is inserted between its layers. Both experiment and theory suggest the intercalation is much more difficult for BN than for graphite.

Augitite, potassic limburgite, pyroxene trachybasalts and trachyte-andesite are found in the Pliocene layers. Potassic basanite and limburgite are found in the Pleistocene layers. Holocene layers contain augitite, leucite basanite, potassic hawaiite and leucite tephrite. Horgo/Khorgo is constructed from phonolitic tephrite and its lavas range alkali basalt-basanite.

Alkali basalt and trachyte are the only forms of bedrock on the island and fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene played a key role in the formation of the rocks. Sediments on the island include sand and gravel from the Holocene and cemented conglomerate made of coral fragments.

Scouring is the first process carried out with or without chemicals, at room temperature or at suitable higher temperatures with the addition of suitable wetting agents, alkali and so on. Scouring removes all the waxes, pectins and makes the textile material hydrophilic or water absorbent. See also scouring wool.

A large number of additional alkali and alkaline neptunium oxide compounds such as Cs4Np5O17 and Cs2Np3O10 have been characterized with various production methods. Neptunium has also been observed to form ternary oxides with many additional elements in groups 3 through 7, although these compounds are much less well studied.

The firm merged in 1926 with Brunner, Mond & Company, the United Alkali Company, and the British Dyestuffs Corporation, forming Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), then one of Britain's largest firms. Nobel Industries continued as the ICI Nobel division of the company, however in 2002 Nobel Enterprises was sold to Inabata.

Recently synthesized antiperovskites with chemical formula Li3OBr and Li3OCl have demonstrated high lithium-ion conductivity. Known as LiRAPs, these are being investigated for use in solid-state batteries and fuel cells. In addition, other alkali-rich antiperovskites such as Na3OCl are also being investigated for their superionic conductivity.

The soap was made from olive oil fat mixed with alkali, sourced from the ashes of the kali plant which grew in the Jordan valley. The soap production became the most widely known industry which took place at the compound.Palestine: The Rebirth of an Ancient People, 1917, - Page 73.

Fragment of the solid-state structure of Na2S5. The chain is evident. The alkali metal polysulfides arise by treatment of a solution of sulfide, e.g. sodium sulfide, with elemental sulfur: : + n S → In some cases, these anions have been obtained as organic salts, which are soluble in organic solvents.

Cu+Ne2 is predicted to be linear. Cu+Ne3 is predicted to be planar T shaped with an Ne-Cu-Ne angle of 91°. Cu+Ne4 is predicted to be square planar (not tetrahedral) with D4h symmetry. For alkali and alkaline earth metals the M+Ne4 cluster is tetrahedral.

The Lab started its operations in 1947 at Riverside.USDA-ARS, History of the Salinity Lab. On line In 1954 one of the first all encompassing publications, the USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 60, has seen the light L. A. Richards, Editor, 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils.

Rayon production was by the viscose process. This started by taking Cellulose in the form of wood pulp and steeping in caustic soda solution. The caustic soda was then drained and the pulp sheets pressed to remove residual alkali. The product is sodium cellulose hydroxide at this stage.

A stock of nordmarkite (quartz-alkali syenite) of Triassic age, in the Gevanim Valley, Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel. In geology, a stock is an igneous intrusion that has a surface exposure of less than , Gabler, R.E. et al. (2009) Physical Geography (9th edition), Cengage Learning Inc., page 390.

Wyoming and basin big sagebrush, alkali sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, squirreltail, bluegrass, needle-and-thread, Indian ricegrass, and fourwing saltbush are present. Population density is greater than in the rangeland-dominated regions to the east and west. The region covers in the Twin Falls area of southern Idaho.

The company was opened in 1905 and produced chlor-alkali chemicals by electrolysis of salt with the Townsend cell using the hydro electric power of the nearby power plants. The company was located on Buffalo Avenue, Niagara Falls, New York. In 1968 it was bought by Occidental Petroleum Corporation.

Samples dredged from the Alexa Bank include basaltic rocks and have alkali basalt to tholeiitic composition. Isotope data display affinities to these from other Samoan volcanoes. Other rocks dredged from the seamount are argillite, breccia, shale and siltstone but they may not have originated on Alexa Bank proper.

Characteristic crack pattern associated with the alkali–silica reaction affecting a concrete step barrier on a US motorway. Note the typical fatty aspect of the silicagel exudations imbibing the concrete surface along the two sides of the cracks.The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as "concrete cancer", is a swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture. This reaction causes the expansion of the altered aggregate by the formation of a soluble and viscous gel of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3, also noted Na2H2SiO4, or N-S-H (sodium silicate hydrate), depending the adopted convention).

Where the components of the crystal lie at the centres of the polyhedra it forms one of the Frank–Kasper phases.. . Where the components of the crystal lie at the corners of the polyhedra, it is known as the "Type I clathrate structure". Gas hydrates formed by methane, propane and carbon dioxide at low temperatures have a structure in which water molecules lie at the nodes of the Weaire–Phelan structure and are hydrogen bonded together, and the larger gas molecules are trapped in the polyhedral cages. Some alkali metal silicides and germanides also form this structure (Si/Ge at nodes, alkali metals in cages), as does the silica mineral melanophlogite (silicon at nodes, linked by oxygen along edges).

The name "soda ash" is based on the principal historical method of obtaining alkali, which was by using water to extract it from the ashes of certain plants. Wood fires yielded potash and its predominant ingredient potassium carbonate (K2CO3), whereas the ashes from these special plants yielded "soda ash" and its predominant ingredient sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The word "soda" (from the Middle Latin) originally referred to certain plants that grow in salt solubles; it was discovered that the ashes of these plants yielded the useful alkali soda ash. The cultivation of such plants reached a particularly high state of development in the 18th century in Spain, where the plants are named barrilla; the English word is "barilla".

The third method involves fritting the lead compound with silica, powdering the mixture, and suspending and applying it. The method used on a particular vessel may be deduced by analysing the interaction layer between the glaze and the ceramic body microscopically. Tin- opacified glazes appear in Iraq in the eighth century AD. Originally containing 1–2% PbO; by the eleventh century high-lead glazes had developed, typically containing 20–40% PbO and 5–12% alkali. These were used throughout Europe and the Near East, especially in Iznik ware, and continue to be used today. Glazes with even-higher lead content occur in Spanish and Italian maiolica, with up to 55% PbO and as low as 3% alkali.

The modes of > formation are also entirely different and it is practically certain that the > Lonar salts are derived from an unknown source in the bed of the lake. It is > true that water is continually flowing into the lake and that except by > evaporation there is no loss. The main feeder stream could not however > supply this amount of alkali nor could the other smaller supplies coming in > during the rains, for on all sides of the lake vegetation is abundant, > particularly where the main stream flows in continuously. Were any quantity > of alkali present in this water, vegetation would suffer considerably and, > with exception of a few varieties of plants, eventually die out entirely.

Degassing of underlying volatile-rich alkali basalt may have transported enough alkali elements into the Amalia magma chamber to change the magma to a peralkaline composition. Fractional crystallization took place at an intermediate level of the crust before the final magma body formed at a relatively shallow level. Miocene lavas from the same region did not assimilate significant crust nor mix with primitive basalts, suggesting that these processes required large magma chambers fed by large flows of basaltic magma from the upper mantle. The Miocene magmas may reflect a time when the flow of basaltic magma had diminished or extensive faulting allowed the magma to erupt before it could pool in the subsurface.

Israel is underlain by igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rocks of the Arabian Craton formed during the Precambrian, although in places these rocks remain poorly studied. Precambrian rocks are only exposed in southern parts of the country, such as amphibolite at Makhtesh Gadol. Other Precambrian units include the Taba Gneiss, Roded and Elat schist, gneiss and migmatite, syenite, Duhayla Granodiorite, Darba Tonalite, Abu Saq'a Schist, Abu Barqa Metasedimens, Saramuj Conglomerate, Sammaniya Microgranite, Yutum Granite, Quani Diorite, Elat Conglomerate, rhyolite, gabbro and other basic rocks. Mantle-derived basalt magma ascended through rocks in the Timna Valley in southern Israel, providing the heat to form alkali granite, alkali rhyolite dikes and layered serptinized gabbro in the core of Har Timna.

Black-necked stilts foraging on Richardson Bay mudflats The black- necked stilt forages by probing and gleaning primarily in mudflats and lakeshores, but also in very shallow waters near shores; it seeks out a range of aquatic invertebrates - mainly crustaceans and other arthropods, and mollusks - and small fish, tadpoles and very rarely plant seeds. Its mainstay food varies according to availability; inland birds usually feed mainly on aquatic insects and their larvae, while coastal populations mostly eat other aquatic invertebrates. For feeding areas they prefer coastal estuaries, salt ponds, lakeshores, alkali flats and even flooded fields. For roosting and resting needs, this bird selects alkali flats (even flooded ones), lake shores, and islands surrounded by shallow water.

The Kyropoulos method, or Kyropoulos technique, is a method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals. It is named for , who proposed the technique in 1926 as a method to grow brittle alkali halide and alkali earth metal crystals for precision optics."Evolution and Application of the Kyropoulos Crystal Growth Method", David F. Bliss, in "50 Years of Progress in Crystal Growth: A Reprint Collection", Ed. Robert Feigelson, Elsevier, 2005 The largest application of the Kyropoulos method is to grow large boules of single crystal sapphire used to produce substrates for the manufacture gallium nitride-based LEDs, and as a durable optical material.Dobrovinskaya, Elena R., Leonid A. Lytvynov, and Valerian Pishchik.

Losh, Wilson and Bell, later Bells, Goodman, then Bells, Lightfoot and finally Bell Brothers, was a leading Northeast England manufacturing company, founded in 1809 by the partners William Losh, Thomas Wilson, and Thomas Bell. The firm was founded at Newcastle-upon-Tyne with an ironworks and an alkali works nearby at Walker. The alkali works was the first in England to make Soda using the Leblanc process; the ironworks was the first to use Cleveland Ironstone, presaging the 1850s boom in ironmaking on Teesside. The so-called discoverer of Cleveland Ironstone, the mining engineer John Vaughan, ran a rolling mill for the company before leaving to found the major rival firm Bolckow Vaughan.

In the solid state, croconic acid has a peculiar structure consisting of pleated strips, each "page" of the strip being a planar ring of 4 molecules of held together by hydrogen bonds. In dioxane it has a large dipole moment of 9–10 D, while the free molecule is estimated to have a dipole of 7–7.5 D. The solid is ferroelectric with a Curie point above , indeed the organic crystal with the highest spontaneous polarization (about 20 μC/cm2). This is due to proton transfer between adjacent molecules in each pleated sheet, rather than molecular rotation. In the solid alkali metal salts, the croconate anions and the alkali cations form parallel columns.

A later alchemist, Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont, picked up where Paracelsus had left off. In his major texts he also gave attention to transmutation of metals, to techniques for separating the pure from the impure parts of nature, and, of special significance, to a substance, called the liquor alkahest, which he accepted as one of the greatest secrets of Paracelsus and which he referred to as incorruptible dissolving water that could reduce any body into its first matter. Van Helmont's writings pointed to even earlier medieval descriptions of a substance called sal alkali. Sal alkali, in turn, appears to have been a solution of caustic potash in alcohol, which dissolves many substances.

A drum of yellowcake Yellowcake is produced in the separation of uranium from other elements, by adding alkali to a solution containing uranyl salts. When the alkali used is ammonia, so-called ammonium diuranate, known in the industry as ADU, is the main constituent of yellowcake. The exact composition of the precipitate depends to some extent on the conditions and anions that are present and the formula (NH4)2U2O7, is only an approximation. The precipitates obtained on addition of ammonia to uranyl nitrate solution under different conditions of temperature and final pH, when dried, were considered as loosely bound compounds with an ammonia/uranium ratio of 0.37 containing varying amounts of water and ammonium nitrate.

Edward Ford (also the builder of the Ford-Bacon House across the street) was the son of glass pioneer John Baptiste Ford and the founder of the Michigan Alkali Company in Wyandotte and the Ford Plate Glass Company in Toledo, Ohio, (later the Libbey–Owens–Ford Company). In 1896, Ford hired Malcomson & Higginbotham to design this home as wedding gift for his daughter Laura on her marriage to George P. MacNichol. MacNichol was a medical doctor, but was active in research and development work for both the Ford Plate Glass Company and the Michigan Alkali Company. The couple lived in the house for seven years before moving to Toledo to be closer to family.

The nature of NaCp depends strongly on its medium and for the purposes of planning syntheses, the reagent is often represented as a salt . Crystalline solvent-free NaCp, which is rarely encountered, is a "polydecker" sandwich complex, consisting of an infinite chain of alternating Na+ centers sandwiched between μ-η5:η5-C5H5 ligands. As a solution in donor solvents, NaCp is highly solvated, especially at the alkali metal as suggested by the isolability of the adduct Na(tmeda)Cp. In contrast to alkali metal cyclopentadienides, tetrabutylammonium cyclopentadienide (Bu4N+C5H5−) was found to be supported entirely by ionic bonding and its structure is representative of the structure of the cyclopentadienide anion (C5H5−, Cp−) in the solid state.

Band keratopathy has several causes. These causes include uveitis, interstitial keratitis, superficial keratitis, phthisis, sarcoidosis, trauma, intraocular silicone oil, systemic diseases (high levels of calcium in the blood, vitamin D intoxication, Fanconi's Syndrome, low levels of phosphorus in the blood, gout, milk-alkali syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and chronic mercury exposure).

Softened water (measured as residual sodium carbonate index) in which calcium and magnesium have been partly replaced by sodium is not suitable for irrigation use, as it tends to cause the development of alkali soils. Non-chemical devices are often used in place of traditional water softening for this application.

NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites, 8, 123-138, 1995. Kimura and Ikeda (1995) also suggest that hedenbergite formation may have been the result of the consumption of CaO and SiO2 as plagioclases decomposed into sodalite and nepheline as well as alkali-calcium exchange before the condrules' incorporation into the parent body.

Alvord Lake is a seasonal shallow alkali lake in Harney County of the U.S. state of Oregon. Its elevation is . It is located about southeast of Alvord Desert in the Alvord Basin and serves as terminus for all its streams. Its water level varies from dry to several feet deep.

Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate. It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter. It is a source of nitrogen, and nitrogen was named after niter.

As early as 1870, chemists thought that there should be an alkali metal beyond caesium, with an atomic number of 87. It was then referred to by the provisional name eka-caesium. Adloff, Jean-Pierre; Kaufman, George B. (September 25, 2005). Francium (Atomic Number 87), the Last Discovered Natural Element .

In 1852 with financial support from his father he set up a factory in Wood End, Widnes, manufacturing alkali by the Leblanc process. Frederic was frequently absent from the factory and in 1867 its management was taken over by his father until this was passed to Frederic's younger brother, Edmund.

O.W. Gibbs remarked about this: :"The alkali tungstates are numerous and unusually complex. Salts of essentially different formulae approach so closely in percentage composition, that the differences lie very near the unavoidable errors of analyses. The analyses are hardly sufficiently close to decide the question upon purely analytical grounds."J.

An organic superconductor is a synthetic organic compound that exhibits superconductivity at low temperatures. As of 2007 the highest achieved critical temperature for an organic superconductor at standard pressure is 33 kelvins, observed in the alkali-doped fullerene RbCs2C60.Lebed, A. G. (Ed.) (2008). The Physics of Organic Superconductors and Conductors.

This is a process of disbondment of protective coatings from the protected structure (cathode) due to the formation of hydrogen ions over the surface of the protected material (cathode).Roberge Sect. 11.4.1, p.886 Disbonding can be exacerbated by an increase in alkali ions and an increase in cathodic polarization.

Alkaline hydroxide solutions dissolve gallium, forming gallate salts (not to be confused with identically-named gallic acid salts) containing the anion. Gallium hydroxide, which is amphoteric, also dissolves in alkali to form gallate salts. Although earlier work suggested as another possible gallate anion, it was not found in later work.

Due to its short lifetime, establishing the chemistry of positronium hydride poses difficulties. Theoretical calculations can predict what can happen. One method of formation is through alkali metal hydrides reacting with positrons. Molecules with dipole moments greater than 1.625 debye are predicted to attract and hold positrons in a bound state.

However, in 1865 the Johnson brothers ran into financial difficulties, and their business was floated as a public company, known as the Runcorn Soap and Alkali company. McKechnie continued to work with this company, and during this time he gained experience in working with the extraction of copper from pyrites ash.

Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI). Caesium vapour is used in many common magnetometers. The element is used as an internal standard in spectrophotometry. Like other alkali metals, caesium has a great affinity for oxygen and is used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes.

In the impregnation, cooking liquor penetrates into the capillary structure of the chips and low temperature chemical reactions with the wood begin. A good impregnation is important to get a homogeneous cook and low rejects. About 40–60% of all alkali consumption, in the continuous process, occurs in the impregnation zone.

Saponification is a process that involves conversion of fat, oil, or lipid into soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali (e.g. NaOH). Soaps are salts of fatty acids and fatty acids are mono that have long carbon chains (at least 10) e.g. sodium palmitate.

Positive : Growth on the medium even without colour change will be considered as positive. A colour change in the medium would be observed if the test organism produces acid or alkali during its growth. The usual colour change observed is from green (neutral) to blue (alkaline). Negative : No growth observed.

Pascal Anicet (born March 27, 1983 in Niger) is a Nigerian football midfielder who plays for AS-FNIS in the Niger Premier League and formerly for Alkali Nassara Zinder. He is a member of the Niger national football team, he was member with the team by Tournoi de l'UEMOA 2007.

From near Hobart there is olivine basalt from . In north east Tasmania, there are many lava flows from middle Eocene to early Miocene. There are at least four types: alkali olivine basalt, quartz tholeiite , alkaline basalt, and olivine nephelinite. Lava flows in the north east flowed down valleys to the sea.

Mason and Tite 1994, 77. A ninth-century corpus of “proto-stoneware” from Baghdad has “relict glass fragments” in its fabric.Mason and Tite 1994, 79-80. The glass is alkali-lime-lead-silica and, when the paste was fired or cooled, wollastonite and diopside crystals formed within the glass fragments.

With the calc-alkaline series, however, the precipitation of magnetite causes the iron-magnesium ratio to remain relatively constant, so the magma moves in a straight line towards the alkali corner on the AFM diagram. Calc-alkaline magmas are typically hydrous, and also typically are more oxidized, with higher oxygen fugacities.

Tephriphonolite is a mafic to intermediate extrusive igneous rock in composition between phonotephrite and phonolite. It contains 9 to 14% alkali content and 48 to 57% silica content (see TAS diagram). Tephriphonolite has been found, for example, at Colli Albani volcano in Italy and in the Asunción Rift of Paraguay.

Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914 Adults are on wing from June to August. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on various grasses, including alkali grass species.

Originally a 22 match season, it was reduced to a 16 match as the Gambia's Real de Banjul FC and Niger's Alkali Nassara withdrew, in the quarterfinals, Liberia's Mighty Barolle withdrew. Neither clubs from Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania nor Ghana participated. From the quarterfinals, Bendel Insurance directly headed to the finals.

Thorpe Hay Meadow is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Staines-upon-Thames in Surrey. It is owned and managed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust. Its habitat is (acid-alkali) neutral grassland and it contains Cynosurus cristatus - Centaurea nigra grassland as a notified feature.Citation (justification) Natural England.

Many rifts are the sites of at least minor magmatic activity, particularly in the early stages of rifting. Alkali basalts and bimodal volcanism are common products of rift-related magmatism. Recent studies indicate that post-collisional granites in collisional orogens are the product of rifting magmatism at converged plate margins.

PCB removal systems use an alkali dispersion to strip the chlorine atoms from the other molecules in a chemical reaction. This forms PCB-free transformer oil and a PCB-free sludge. The two can then be separated via a centrifuge. The sludge can be disposed as regular non-PCB industrial waste.

Bridson, Thomas Ridgeway & Sons, operated the Lever Bank Bleach Works, (later becoming Smith, J. Junior & Company).Bolton Archive and Local Studies Service, Catalogue Ref. ZLB: Lever Bank Bleachworks, Little Lever Wilson Edward & Company operated the Prestolee Alkali Works between 1875 and 1884.Bolton Archive and Local Studies Service, Catalogue Ref.

The periodic abrupt decrease in ionization potential after rare gas atoms, for instance, indicates the emergence of a new shell in alkali metals. In addition, the local maximums in the ionization energy plot, moving from left to right in a row, are indicative of s, p, d, and f sub-shells.

The rate of alcohol fermentation is reduced under anaerobic conditions and stimulated by the presence atmospheric oxygen. The fermentation rate is also sensitive to alkali concentrations. A heavily potassium solution will increase the rate of fermentation while increasing sodium will slow the processes.Wilken, T. O., A.J.M. Verhaar, and W. A. Scheffers.

In addition to the hydrothermal, tenorite also occurs as a volcanic sublimate from Vesuvius, Campania, and Etna, Sicily, Italy. As a sublimate it occurs with copper chlorides, alkali chlorides and cotunnite. The Vesuvian sublimate occurrence was originally named melaconise or melaconite by F. S. Beudant in 1832.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).

Gas giants can, theoretically, be divided into five distinct classes according to their modeled physical atmospheric properties, and hence their appearance: ammonia clouds (I), water clouds (II), cloudless (III), alkali-metal clouds (IV), and silicate clouds (V). Jupiter and Saturn are both class I. Hot Jupiters are class IV or V.

The port also imported iron ore for use at area steel mills. The port continues operation at a more limited capacity. Later in the village's history, the Diamond Alkali Company operated from 1912 to 1976. In recent years Fairport Harbor has hosted the Lake County Perch FestLake County Perch Fest website.

Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in France (from which the element takes its name) in 1939. It was the last element discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis.

One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.McSween, etal. 2004. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater.

In water the H+ "cation" exists as an H13O6+ ion, with a delocalised proton in a central OHO group.Stoyanov et al. Nitrogen forms an N5+ pentazenium cation; bulk quantities of the salt N5+SbF6− can be prepared. Coincidentally, the NH4+ ammonium cation behaves in many respects as an alkali metal anion.

Alkali-rich granites with gold deposits intruded the converged plates. This revealed the partial melting of the oceanic crust. This also marked as the last subduction event following the post-collisional stage in Late- Carboniferous. Besides, Such intrusive rocks demonstrated that this was the last melting episode of oceanic crust.

To produce pulp, the straw was cooked in hot alkali. After separation of the fibre, the remaining liquid looked like black treacle. Upper Tovil Mill closed in the 1980s and the site was used for a housing estate. Tudeley and Frittenden in Kent are also said to have had treacle mines.

Another notable halophilic plant that was collected for the purpose was Salsola soda. Another was Halogeton sativus. Historically in the late medieval and early post-medieval centuries the word "Kali" could refer to any such plants. (The words "alkali" and "kali" come from the Arabic word for soda ash, al-qali).

Several hydrates of Iron(III) oxide exists. When alkali is added to solutions of soluble Fe(III) salts, a red- brown gelatinous precipitate forms. This is not Fe(OH)3, but Fe2O3·H2O (also written as Fe(O)OH). Several forms of the hydrated oxide of Fe(III) exist as well.

These felsic volcanics are understood to have been created by fractionation of mainly alkali basalt magma in crustal reservoirs. An area of continental rifting, such as the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, would aid the formation of high-level reservoirs of capable size and thermal activity to maintain long-lived fractionation.

The high alkalinity run off water from the ash dumps (some are located in the reservoir area) of these coal-fired power stations ultimately collects in this reservoir enhancing its water alkalinity and pH range. Using high alkalinity water for irrigation converts the agriculture fields in to fallow Alkali soils.

The only line currently in use is the line from Altrincham towards Stockport; this is used by the Chester to Manchester Piccadilly via Altrincham and Northwich service. Additionally various freight workings use the line including heavy block trains carrying limestone from quarries at Tunstead (near Buxton) to alkali works at Northwich.

Aji Chay or Talkheh Rud (, Talkheh Rud, both meaning "bitter river") is a river in Azerbaijan region of Iran. Most of it is in the East Azerbaijan Province. Its water is alkali due to passing from the lands with high mineralization. It is the largest river that discharges into Lake Urmia.

Ioah Guyot is a seamount in the Pacific Ocean, close to the Marshall Islands. Part of the Magellan Seamounts, it is a shield volcano that has erupted alkali basalt and hawaiite 87 million years ago, but may have continued erupting into the Miocene. During the Cretaceous, reefs developed on the guyot.

Potassium amide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KNH2. Like other alkali metal amides, it is a white solid that hydrolyzes readily. It is a strong base. :Traditionally KNH2 is viewed as a simple salt, but it is a covalent compound that is highly aggregated in ammonia solution.

A relaxer is a type of lotion or cream generally used by people with tight curls or very curly hair which makes hair easier to straighten by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls. The active agent is usually a strong alkali, although some formulations are based on ammonium thioglycolate or formaldehyde.

In four separate soil surveys about were mapped that first year. Cecil County, Maryland, and Connecticut Valley, Connecticut, concentrated on tobacco lands. Survey of the Salt Lake Valley of Utah and the Pecos River Valley of New Mexico concentrated on alkali soil areas where irrigation and land reclamation projects were planned.

Infrared spectra of and in argon and nitrogen matrices. Inorganic Chemistry, volume 23, pages 177-183. . The alkali metal carbonites obtained in the cryogenic experiments decomposed to the corresponding carbonate (with release of carbon monoxide) or oxalate. The carbonite ion is promptly converted to carbonate in the presence of oxygen.

The optical properties of PTs can be sensitive to many factors. PTs exhibit absorption shifts due to application of electric potentials (electrochromism), or to introduction of alkali ions (ionochromism). Soluble PATs exhibit both thermochromism and solvatochromism (see above) in chloroform and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran. Ionoselective PTs reported by Bäuerle (left) and Swager (right).

Potassium acetylenediolate is a pale yellow solid that reacts explosively with air, halogens, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, water, and any substance which possesses an acidic hydrogen.Charles Kenneth Taylor (1982), The Chemical Behavior of the Alkali Metal Acetylenediolates. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University; also Technical Memo A642321, Penn State University Park Applied Research Lab. 227 pages.

The first sample of baotite was found with galena, pyrite, albite, aegirine and alkali amphiboles in a quartz vein cutting quartzitePeng, C.J. (1959) The discovery of several new minerals of rare elements. Ti-Chin Ko-hsuch, 10 (in Chinese). Abs. in American Mineralogist, 45, 754, 1960. at the Bayan Obo Mine in China.

Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. The alkali feldspar in granites is typically orthoclase or microcline and is often perthitic.

Polycarboxylates are poorly biodegradable but have a low ecotoxicity. In the sewage treatment plant, the polymer remains largely in the sludge and is separated from the wastewater. Polyamino acids like polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid have better biodegradability but lower chelating performance than polyacrylates. They are also less stable towards heat and alkali.

The number of electrons donated or accepted in a redox reaction can be predicted from the electron configuration of the reactant element. Elements try to reach the low-energy noble gas configuration, and therefore alkali metals and halogens will donate and accept one electron respectively. Noble gases themselves are chemically inactive.Wiberg, pp.

H2SO5 has been used for a variety of disinfectant and cleaning applications, e.g., swimming pool treatment and denture cleaning. Alkali metal salts of H2SO5 show promise for the delignification of wood. It is also used in laboratories as a last resort in removing organic materials since H2SO5 can fully oxidize any organic materials.

CaH2 is a saline hydride, meaning that its structure is salt-like. The alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals heavier than beryllium all form saline hydrides. A well-known example is sodium hydride, which crystallizes in the NaCl motif. These species are insoluble in all solvents with which they do not react.

Adamellite intruded, named Mount Pearson Pluton and feeding the St Marys Porphyrite at . A second stage of adamellite came at and alkali-feldspar granite derived by fractional crystallisation followed at . Similar ages and sequences of types apply to the other batholiths. In the batholiths there are quartz-feldspar porphyry and dolerite dykes.

Rocks from the Cretaceous include syenite porphyry sills and dykes near Cygnet around . They intrude the Lower Parmeener Group rocks, and dolerite. There are two kinds of composition, one is high alkali, alumina, silicon and barium containing melanite garnet; the other is high in potassium with nepheline and hauyne. This rock is banatite.

Syenite-aplites consist mainly of alkali feldspar; the diorite-aplites of plagioclase; there are nepheline-bearing aplites which intersect some elaeolite-syenites. In all cases, they bear the same relation to the parent masses. By increase of quartz, aplites pass gradually, in a few localities, through highly quartzose modifications into quartz veins.

All the above kiln designs produce exhaust gas that carries an appreciable amount of dust. Lime dust is particularly corrosive. Equipment is installed to trap this dust, typically in the form of electrostatic precipitators or bag filters. The dust usually contains a high concentration of elements such as alkali metals, halogens and sulfur.

It occurs with natrolite in alkali pegmatites. It was discovered in 1972 in the Korgeredabinsh massif, Tuva, Russia and is named for its zirconium content and its relationship to astrophyllite. It is also known from the Mont Saint-Hilaire intrusive complex of Québec, Canada. Zircophyllite is radioactive, but the radioactivity is barely detectable.

Hardie, p.74. In the 1830s he had experimented in producing sodium carbonate alkali by the ammonia- soda process but was unsuccessful.Hardie, p.44. In 1834-1835, in conjunction with Charles Tennant, he purchased sulphur mines in Sicily, to provide the raw material for the sulphuric acid needed for the Leblanc process.

The creek is ephemeral and loses its flow to underground mines. Varying concentrations of many alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals occur in water in the creek's watershed. The watershed typically experiences relatively mild temperatures. It is mainly accessible via U.S. Route 11, Pennsylvania Route 239, and a local road.

This can happen in a teflon-coated pressure autoclave. The starting ingredients can be rare-earth fluorides and alkali carbonates. The high pressure is needed to keep the water liquid and the carbon dioxide under control, otherwise it would escape. If the fluoride levels are low, hydroxide can substitute for the fluoride.

Humic acids are precipitated from this solution by adjusting the pH to 1 with hydrochloric acid, leaving the fulvic acids in solution. This is the operational distinction between humic and fulvic acids. Humin is insoluble in dilute alkali. The alcohol-soluble portion of the humic fraction is, in general, named ulmic acid.

Characteristically, these glasses are free of alkali oxides and contain 15-25% Al2O3, 52-60% SiO2 and about 15% alkaline earths. Very high transformation temperatures and softening points are typical features. Main fields of application are glass bulbs for halogen lamps, high-temperature thermometers and thermally and electrically highly loadable film resistors.

Lake Lenore (a.k.a. Lenore Lake) is located in Grant County, Washington. It is a 1,670-acre (680 ha) lake formed by the Missoula Floods in the lower Coulee just north of the town of Soap Lake, Washington. It is situated between Alkali Lake to the north and Soap Lake to the south.

The hill is composed of basalt that fills the neck of a now-extinct volcano. The volcanic activity was during the Miocene (Neogene), that is it started and ended . This volcano was one of many in the West Hesse Depression. The alkali basalt has a silica (SiO2) volume percentage of 45-55%.

Since PDCPD is still a young material, the number of applications is quite limited. The major success story is in the field of body panels, mainly for tractors, construction equipment, trucks and buses. In the industrial applications, the main success story is components for chlor-alkali production (e.g. cell covers for electrolyzers).

The MPaF6 formula can be represented as a combination of MF and PaF5. These compounds can be obtained by evaporating a hydrofluoric acid solution containing these both complexes. For the small alkali cations like Na, the crystal structure is tetragonal, whereas it lowers to orthorphombic for larger cations K+, Rb+, Cs+ or NH4+.

Twinning at a microscopic scale simulates a much larger monoclinic C centered lattice (V′ = 6220 Å3, Z = 32).Volker Kahlenberg, Thomas Langreiter, and Erik Arroyabe (2010): "Na6Si2O7 – The Missing Structural Link among Alkali Pyrosilicates". Zeitschrift für anorganishe und allgemeine Chemie (Journal for Inorganic and General Chemistry), volume 636, issue 11, pages 1974-1979.

The crown ethers are often generated in the presence of an alkali metal cation, which organizes the condensing components by complexation. An illustrative macrocyclization is the synthesis of (−)-muscone from (+)-citronellal. The 15-membered ring is generated by ring-closing metathesis. :Synthesis of muscone via RCM Uroporphyrinogen III, biosynthetic precursor to porphyrins.

With alkali metals, naphthalene forms the dark blue-green radical anion salts such as sodium naphthalenide, Na+C10H. The naphthalenide salts are strong reducing agents. Naphthalene can be hydrogenated under high pressure in the presence of metal catalysts to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(), also known as tetralin. Further hydrogenation yields decahydronaphthalene or decalin ().

In the early 1900s there was so much water that travel to High River to the west was difficult. The lake dried out in the 1930s, 1940s, and the 1980s. In 1945 the lake was described as "a flat area of alkali dust". Flooding occurred in the 1950s and the mid 1970s.

Alkali was born in Tura-Wazila in Borno State in 1950. She graduated from Bayero University Kano with a BA in 1973.Margaret Busby, Daughters of Africa, London: Cape, 1992, p. 782. She obtained a doctorate in African Studies in the same university and became the principal of Shekara Girls' Boarding School.

Lake Otero was formed by heavy snowmelt and rains during the late Pleistocene. About 20,00 years ago the climate changed. As the temperatures rose Lake Otero began to evaporate. Parts of the ancient lake can be found in Lake Lucero, Alkali Flat playa and the gypsum dunes of White Sands National Park.

The plutonium was again re-precipitated using a bismuth phosphate carrier and a combination of lanthanum salts and fluoride added, forming a solid lanthanum fluoride carrier for the plutonium. Addition of an alkali produced an oxide. The combined lanthanum plutonium oxide was collected and extracted with nitric acid to form plutonium nitrate.

The light emitted from cavitation bubbles is termed sonoluminescence. Use of this technology has been tried successfully in alkali refining of vegetable oils. Hydrophobic chemicals are attracted underwater by cavitation as the pressure difference between the bubbles and the liquid water forces them to join together. This effect may assist in protein folding.

The canal was completed in the early 1900s by the Billings Bench Water Association and the Highland Ditch company. In the 1970s, the Alkali Siphon of the canal began to leak and was replaced in 1978. In 1986, the beams that supported the tunnel for the canal underneath the Rims were replaced.

This is only performed using E. cottonii or E. spinosum. The raw weed is first sorted and crude contaminants are removed by hand. The weed is then washed to remove salt and sand, and then cooked in hot alkali to increase the gel strength. The cooked weed is washed, dried, and milled.

Caesium nitrate or cesium nitrate is a salt with the chemical formula CsNO3. An alkali metal nitrate, it is used in pyrotechnic compositions, as a colorant and an oxidizer, e.g. in decoys and illumination flares. The caesium emissions are chiefly due to two powerful spectral lines at 852.113 nm and 894.347 nm.

Due to the different size and chemical nature of Te2− and O2− the ions occupy different positions in the crystal structure. Some of these structures are layered. Many of the crystal systems are tetragonal. One unusual structure has stacked tubes made from tellurium, with nested tubes of antimony oxide, which contain alkali metal.