She rejected wooings from leading dealers, remaining loyal to the low-profile uptown David McKee Gallery, until it closed, in 2015.
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The French and Scots abandoned their siege of Haddington and retired to Edinburgh and Leith.Merriman, Marcus, Rough Wooings, (2000), 321.
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Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooing, Tuckwell, (2000), 364. In July 1549 with English losses in France the assurance system ceased.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell, (2000), 342.
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279 no. 959. In April 1548, Henry II offered Françoise, daughter of the Duke of Montpensier, as a bride for Arran.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 301–302.
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Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), 140. The exiled Countess of Northumberland stayed at Ferniehirst Castle in January 1570.Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and her Times, vol. 1 (London, 1838), p. 351.
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He praised Cameron for her "stunning" edition of the Scottish correspondence of Mary of Guise, "placing in the hands of the researcher something formidably useful."Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), pp. xix, 102.
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Artillery and hand guns were sent from Edinburgh Castle.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 141: Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 8, 271-76, 282-285, 293-294. Bothwell Castle was taken first on 8 March.
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Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 346. As part of the treaty, Mary's brother Claude, Marquis de Mayenne, was one of six French hostages sent to England.Jordan, W.K., Chronicle of Edward VI, London (1966), 22, 24, 26, 27, 29.
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He and Ralph Eure commanded an English invasion of Scotland during the War of the Rough Wooing in February 1545. He later was killed at the Battle of Ancrum Moor.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), p.359: Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, vol.
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He returned to Paris in triumph with seven captured English banners in July and presented them to Henry II of France.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), pp. 309, 321, 337, 341: Calendar State Papers Spain: 1547-1549, vol. 9 (London, 1912), p.
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Paterson, pp. 182–184 Scotland was included in the Treaty of Camp, or Treaty of Ardres, of 6 June 1546, which concluded the Italian War of 1542–1546. This brought 18 months of peace between England and Scotland.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 163, 195–201.
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The English strategy was for the siege of Haddington to consume Scottish and French resources.Merriman, Marcus, Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 313–314. The soldiers built the fortifications alongside labourers from England who were called 'pioneers.' Timber was brought from the woods of Broun of Colstoun.
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Coventry, Martin (2001) The Castles of Scotland. Goblinshead. p.188 Further re-fortifications in 1548 were directed by Piero Strozzi and Migliorino Ubaldini.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), 327–330. Regent Arran ordered a mason John Arthur to come from Haddington to work on the castle.
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Phillips, p. 193 A highly detailed and illustrated English account of the battle and campaign authored by an eyewitness William Patten was published in London as propaganda four months after the battle.Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551 (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), pp. 7–8.
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Elton, England Under the Tudors, 195; Gairdner and Brodie, Letters & Papers, 508; Knecht, Renaissance Warrior, 503; Phillips, "Testing the 'Mystery'", 52; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, 409. This gave Scotland a respite from the War of the Rough Wooing, but the fighting would recommence 18 months later.Merriman, Rough Wooings, 163, 195–201.
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He notes that the capture of so many Scottish nobles at the time of the birth and accession of Mary, Queen of Scots did not affect Henry's policy or the Scottish lords' subsequent rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich in December 1543.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), 81–82.
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Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 465. During 1542, the Mary Willoughby, the Lion, and the Salamander attacked merchants and fishermen off Whitby under the command of John Barton, son of Robert Barton, the 'Skipper from Leith'.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), p.
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Presumably the lands reverted to her parents, her mother being Alison Cranstoun. They both died in the second half of 1567 leaving only young grandchildren as heirs. During the war with England called the 'Rough Wooings' the site had been occupied by a large English artillery fort and garrison.Marcus Merriman in Howard Colvin ed.
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Before they left Adam complained he had not enough money and horses to get to Musselburgh (a town close to Edinburgh). While they were waiting to see Henry the other diplomats were delighted to see them arguing.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 220. In March 1547, three of his servants were allowed to return to Scotland.
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Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 114–5. Viscount Lisle, the Lord Warden of the Border, heard that George was welcomed in Scotland, and stayed with Arran till midnight on 15 January 1543 at Holyroodhouse. The next day he met David Beaton and they embraced. Arran declared that the Douglases would be restored to their lands.
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The English retained a fort they had established at Langholm in the Scottish borders. Unable to secure its return by diplomatic leverage, Regent Arran reduced it by force on 17 July 1547 following an unsuccessful attempt in June. At the same time, a French naval force took St Andrews Castle from the Castilians.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 221–229.
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It is not known if George defied Arran at Stirling. The brothers were duly summoned for treason by Arran's parliament of 6 November 1544. The issues were quickly reconciled, and the Douglas brothers were pardoned by a parliament on 12 December 1544 for recent and previous treasons before 1542.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), pp. 157–8.
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92, 162. At first at St Andrews, according to Pitscottie, the garrison harassed the countryside roundabout, raising fires and "using their bodies in lechery with fair women."quoted, Merriman, Marcus, Rough Wooings, (2000), 215 (here modernised) Regent Arran made preparations for a long siege. Monasteries in Scotland were ordered to pay a tax of £6000 towards the costs of recovering the castle.
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Queen Mary was sent to France in August 1548. James went with her or shortly earlier in July.Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), p. 309. Though only a boy of 16, he was appointed captain of the royal Garde Écossaise (Scots Guard),Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1912), p. 269. and in 1557 distinguished himself in the defence of St. Quentin.
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Marcus Merriman sees the initial Scottish field encampment as the most sophisticated ever erected in Scotland, let down by their cavalry numbers.Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), p. 236. Gervase Phillips maintains the defeat may be considered due to a crisis of morale after the English cavalry charge, and notes William Patten's praise of the Earl of Angus's pikemen.Gervase Phillips, 'Tactics', Scottish Historical Review (Oct.
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During the Rough Wooing in 1542, the Mary Willoughby, the Lion, and the Salamander under the command of John Barton, son of Robert Barton, attacked merchants and fishermen off Whitby. They later blockaded a London merchant ship called the Antony of Bruges in a creek on the coast of Brittany.M. Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Edinburgh: Tuckwell, 2000), , p. 181. In 1544 Edinburgh was attacked by an English marine force and burnt.
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Like his father, Earl Henry held many offices. As Warden of the Scottish Marches he reprieved the town of Haddington in June 1549, and recaptured Ferniehirst Castle.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 340. Whilst anxious to return home on account of his mother's ill- health in November 1549, he was required to investigate the activities of Thomas Wyndham a sailor who had captured merchant vessels in the Forth.
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402: Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 347. The hostages at both courts were well entertained and most had returned home by August 1550.Jordan, W.K., Chronicle and Papers of Edward VI, London (1966), 21–22, 45, (Jordan and other sources assumed Mayenne was Francis, not Claude: Acts of the Privy Council, vol. 2 (London, 1890), 420–421. In France, Henry II organised a triumphal entry to Rouen on 1 October 1550.
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Regent Arran brought four cannon from Edinburgh Castle at the end of February and captured the houses of the three Lothian lairds. The lairds of Brunstane and Ormiston were declared traitors and the Scottish Privy Council ordered the demolition of Brunstane, Gilberstoun, and Ormiston.HMC 11th Report, part VI, Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton (London 1887), p. 39: Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, East Lothian, 2000), pp. 154, 209, 305-6.
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The long-awaited Anglo-French Treaty of Ardres (or Campe) was concluded on 7 June 1546, and required a ratification from Scotland to be finalised.Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), pp. 195-201. Although the Scottish Parliament had continued to summon Alexander Crichton for treason, the action was abandoned for unspecified reasons on 4 August.see Records of Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, website by St Andrews University: Thomson, Thomas, ed.
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An English invasion to support the Castilians never came, but Balnaves secured the services of two Italian military engineers in Henry's service, Guillaume de Rosetti and Angelo Arcano.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, (East Linton, 2000), 227. After Henry's death on 27 January 1547 his son Edward VI did not send an armed force. The Castilians continued to sue for aid at the English court, and were able to travel in person to England by sea.
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The Earl of Lennox and William Cunningham, Earl of Glencairn continued to show support for the marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots after the Parliament of Scotland had rejected this English marriage proposal. The rejection, a breach of the Treaty of Greenwich, resulted in the declaration of war, the war now called the Rough Wooing.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 134-142. Lennox and Glencairn were thus caught offside and technically traitors.
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1998), pp. 172–173. Merriman regards Somerset's failure to press on and capture Edinburgh and Leith as a loss of "a magnificent opportunity" and "a massive blunder" which cost him the war.Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), pp. 236–237. In 1548, the Scottish Master of Artillery, Lord Methven, gave his opinion that the battle was lost due to growing support in Scotland for English policy, and the mis-order and great haste of the Scottish army on the day.
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The cycle consists of stories of the births, early lives and training, wooings, battles, feastings, and deaths of the heroes and reflects a warrior society in which warfare consists mainly of single combats and wealth is measured mainly in cattle. These stories are written mainly in prose. The centrepiece of the Ulster Cycle is the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Other important Ulster Cycle tales include The Tragic Death of Aife's only Son, Bricriu's Feast, and The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel.
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Cleutin later wrote of his own embassy to England in peacetime, meaning perhaps February 1552 when his mission concerned the Debatable Lands, when John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland had criticised his role as ambassador of Scotland to his Scottish colleagues; > Don't you know to manage your own affairs without the help of French > ambassadors? You're making a big mistake to by putting yourself under their > care, and you won't be welcome with us.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, > (East Linton, 2000), p.383 quoting Teulet, Alexandre, ed.
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Early Irish writers though of tales in terms of genre's such as Aided (Death-tales), Aislinge (Visions), Cath (Battle-tales), Echtra (Adventures), Immram (Voyages), Táin Bó (Cattle Raids), Tochmarc (Wooings) and Togail (Destructions). As well as Irish mythology there were also adaptations into Middle Irish of Classical mythological tales such as Togail Troí (The Destruction of Troy, adapted from Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia, purportedly by Dares Phrygius), Togail na Tebe (The Destruction of Thebes, from Statius' Thebaid) and Imtheachta Æniasa (from Virgil's Aeneid).
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The Pilgrims' Holiday (1920), Wooings and Witches: A Shakespearean Medley (1925), A Masque of the Seventeenth Century (1927)Vida Ravenscroft, A Masque of the Seventeenth Century (Womans Press 1927). and The Mantle of the Virgin (1921)Vida Ravenscroft Sutton, "The Mantle of the Virgin: A Miracle Play," The Drama 12(3)(December 1921): 71-79. She also co-wrote at least one play set in China, with Kyung Shien Sung (The Betrothal of Mai Tsung)."Church Enacts Chinese Play," Salem News (July 25, 1940): 1.
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2, 3, 7, 8, and 9, appeared under different names in The Wonder of a Kingdom (1636), attributed to Thomas Dekker. The Parliament of Bees is a series of dialogues on the subject of "the doings, the births, the wars, the wooings" of bees. The bees hold a parliament under Prorex, the Master Bee, and various complaints are preferred against the humble-bee, the wasp, the drone and other offenders. This satirical allegory of affairs ends with a Royal Progress by Oberon, who distributes justice to all.
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Mary of Guise was triumphant, writing that, "the English had left nothing behind but the plague."Marcus, Merriman, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2002), 337-339, 344-345, "ny ont laisse que la peste derriere eulx." De Thermes led the successful assault on the English fort at Broughty Castle on Wednesday 6 February 1550. Following a recommendation by Mary of Guise on 30 September 1549,Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection pour servir a l'Histoire de France, vol 6 (1839), 12 he was made a knight of the Order of St Michael for his service in Scotland.
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Sire, voyez ceste Ysle de Chevaulx, Voyez > aussy le fort chasteau de Fargues, O quants assaulx, escarmouches & cargues, > Voila aussi le fort pres de Donglass, Et plus deca ou est assis ce bourg, > Est le chasteau conquis de Rossebourg. Here are Dundee, Haddington, Broughty > Craig, Where de Thermes, with d'Essé, became knights of your order. Sire, > see Inchkeith, Also see strong Fast Castle, So much assault, skirmish and > hassle, Here also close to Dunglass, Further the side where sits the burgh > the castle conquered is Roxburgh.from Merriman, Marcus, Rough Wooings, > (2000), 34–36: citing Deduction (Rouen, 1551).
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117 Angus learned that Eure had been granted some of his lands in the Scottish borders by Henry VIII, and he declared that he would witness the title deeds with a sharp pen and red ink. Internal Scottish politics were set aside, Arran and his rival for power Mary of Guise were reconciled with the Earl of Angus and his brother George Douglas of Pittendreich at the Parliament of Scotland in December 1544, when the Douglases were pardoned for their previous treasons with England.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), pp.157-8 The Scottish army consisted initially of between 300 and 1,000Warner, p.
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It marked a shift in design as it was crafted specifically to carry a main armament of heavy artillery. Barbary ship and two galleys in Tripoli in 1676 During the Rough Wooing, the attempt to force a marriage between James V's heir Mary, Queen of Scots and Henry VIII's son, the future Edward VI, in 1542, Mary Willoughby, Lion, and Salamander under the command of John Barton, son of Robert Barton, attacked merchants and fishermen off Whitby. They later blockaded a London merchant ship called Antony of Bruges in a creek on the coast of Brittany.M. Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 181.
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New military architecture in the trace Italienne style was brought by Italian military engineers during the war of the Rough Wooing and the regency of Mary of Guise including Migliorino Ubaldini who worked at Edinburgh Castle, Camillo Marini who designed forts, and Lorenzo Pomarelli who worked for Mary of Guise during the rebuilding of forts at Inchkeith and Eyemouth.Amadio Ronchini, 'Lorenzo Pomarelli' in Atti e memorie delle RR. Deputazioni di storia patria per le provincie Modenesi e Parmensi (Modena, 1868), pp. 264-5, 271: Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (East Linton, 2000), pp. 324-330: David Potter, Renaissance France at war: armies, culture and society, c.
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19, 20: Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, vol. 19 part 1 (1903), preface, identifies Penven as Angus's chaplain. Henry's Privy Council issued his instructions for the invasion force on 10 April 1544, and they were to: > Put all to fire and sword, burn Edinburgh, so razed and defaced when you > have sacked and gotten what ye can of it, as there may remain forever a > perpetual memory of the vengeance of God lightened upon [them] for their > falsehood and disloyalty.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, > 2000), 144: Hamilton Papers, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 326 Letters & > Papers, vol. 19 part 1, no. 314. Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, at this time called Lord Hertford was the King's Lieutenant of this Army Royal.
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It is known from Beaton's financial records that he had prepared gabions (baskets filled with gravel for gun emplacements) and bought new cannons in anticipation of an English invasion. Other commentators, such as Marcus Merriman have seen the failure of the Scottish forces to take the newly equipped castle as indicative of inadequate technology of Arran's army.Merriman, Marcus, Rough Wooings, (2000), 218 The Castilians themselves attributed Arran's failure to continue his artillery battery to the losses they had inflicted on Arran's gunners. Henry Stewart, Lord Methven, the master of the royal artillery, thought the castle could have been won with Arran's own "sobir artalyerij" and pointed out the ease and efficiency of the French captains who "ordourlie persewit" their short assault.
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A. Thomas, "The Renaissance", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), , pp. 201–2. alt=A stone church with a tower in a church yard with grave markers, which is partially covered with snow. New military architecture and the trace Italienne style was brought by Italian architects and military engineers during the war of the Rough Wooing and the regency of Mary of Guise including Migliorino Ubaldini who worked at Edinburgh Castle, Camillo Marini who designed forts on the borders, and Lorenzo Pomarelli who worked for Mary of Guise.Amadio Ronchini, 'Lorenzo Pomarelli' in Atti e memorie delle RR. Deputazioni di storia patria per le provincie Modenesi e Parmensi (Modena, 1868), pp. 264-5, 271: Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (East Linton, 2000), pp.
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24 (February 1856), 167 The phrase appears to derive from a famous remark attributed to George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly by Patrick Abercromby in his edition of Jean de Beaugué's history of the war: "We liked not the manner of the wooing, and we could not stoop to being bullied into love", or, as William Patten reported, "I lyke not thys wooyng."Beaugué, Jean de, History of the campaigns in Scotland, (1707), lii: from Robert Gordon's manuscript History of the House of Sutherland, according to Crawford's Lives and Characters of the Officers of State, (1726), p.84 footnote (f). The historian William Ferguson contrasted this jocular nickname with the savagery and devastation of the war: More recently, Marcus Merriman titled his book The Rough Wooings to emphasise the division of the conflict into two or three distinct phases.
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The Scottish ambassador Adam Otterburn recorded their presence in London. English ships brought arms and supplies, but St Andrews was blockaded by the Scottish navy: in March 1547 Admiral Elmes and Andrew Dudley were ordered to sail from Lindisfarne with a convoy that had been repulsed. Dudley brought a contract for the garrison with terms for continued English support, in return for their continued promotion of the English royal marriage plan, and eventual surrender of the castle to an English relieving force.Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 3, no. 8: Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), 226 The Castilians had also suggested that Henry should write to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to persuade the Pope not to grant the absolution. This would prolong the siege, giving more time for Henry (and now his son) to send an army, and effect their goals.
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The Pinkie campaign was described by William Patten in The Expedition into Scotland of the most worthy Prince, Edward Duke of Somerset. A Welshman, Nicholas Bodrugan, added his Epitome of the title of the kynges majestie of Englande, which looks back to Geoffrey of Monmouth to justify English claims and seeks to reassure Scottish fears that the civil law of England was harsher than Scots law.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 265–291: These English pamphlets were reprinted in the EETS edition of the Complaynt of Scotlande, (1872) David Lindsay's poem The Tragedy of the Cardinal was published in London with an account of the death of George Wishart, with a preface encouraging religious reform by Robert Burrant.The Tragical Death of Dauid Beaton, Bishoppe of Sainct Andrewes in Scotland: whereunto is joyned the martyrdom of Maister George Wyseharte, John Day & William Seres, London (1548) In October 1548, Sir John Mason and other clerks were rewarded £20 for their archival researches into "records of matters of Scotland" for these tracts.
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At this time, the dedication of the Scottish book, The Complaynt of Scotland, recalled Mary of Guise's descent from Godfrey de Bouillon and claimed her courage and virtue exceeded those of the ancient heroines Tomyris, Semiramis and Penthesilea.Murray, James AH. ed.,The Complaynt of Scotland, 1549, EETS (1872), 2. After negotiating on Christmas Day 1549 at Stirling Castle for more French guns for the siege of Broughty Castle, she showed more prudence in February 1550 by watching the successful assault from across the Tay.Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des memoirs pour server a l’histoire de France, vol. 6 (1839) 6–7. The English troops abandoned their occupation of Haddington in September 1549 and Paul de Thermes and Arran walked in. Mary of Guise was triumphant, writing that "the English had left nothing behind but the plague."Marcus, Merriman,The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2002), 337–339, 344–345, "ny ont laisse que la peste derriere eulx." The peace process began and Scotland was included in the Treaty of Boulogne of 24 March 1550.
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