The gelatin coating used to reproduce the venation of a leaf, for example, might start peeling because gelatin is sensitive to humidity.
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Venation is unicostate reticulate. (Venation is branched or divergent.) Free lateral stipules are present.
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The leaves are also narrower in shape. The venation in the leaves run in a reticulate venation where the midrib, which gives support to the leaf, and secondary (and even tertiary) veins are seen.
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The name refers to the dark, distinct venation of the posterior wings.
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They can be distinguished from similar genera (Hemipenthes) by their wing venation.
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In all these genera the wing venation was low compared with other mecopteroids and close to the hypothetical original venation of the Diptera (Hennig, 1973; Willmann, 1989).David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel. Evolution of the insects. Page 497.
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In Dlussky's original description, he considered the wing venation primitive and similar to that of Armaniidae genera with complete cells 1r+2r, 3r and 2rm. Perfilieva noted however that two different versions of the venation were presented by Dlussky.
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The hindwings are brownish grey, but cream towards the base, with brownish venation.
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Wing venation of Pebobs ipomoeae Pebobs species are very small to small moths in the family Cosmopterigidae. Forewing length of 2.9-4.3 mm. The external features are as in Cosmopterix. Wing venation with 12 veins in forewing and 7 veins in hindwing.
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In leaves with reticulate venation, veins form a scaffolding matrix imparting mechanical rigidity to leaves.
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C. antevippe, besides any dark venation. The larva feed on Boscia albitrunca and Capparis species.
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Leaves have parallel venation. Chromosome number is between 6-13, and are 1.5 to 6.5µmin length.
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The forewing markings and venation are similar to those of Crocanthes pancala, as are the hindwings.
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The fore-wings show a well developed pterostigma and venation that forms several fully closed cells.
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Leaves alternate or less often opposite or verticillate, with parallel or arcuate venation, usually with vaginate base.
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Pollen grains from species within the subfamily are often subprolate to subspherical. The leaf venation is largely camptodromous.
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The venation is characteristically flexuous to loosely anastomosed, and rather different from the more regularly anastomosed venation of the true gigantopterids (with which the Emplctopteridaceae fronds used to be confused). The stratigraphically older leaves tended to be twice pinnate (Emplectopteris), the later leaves once pinnate or entire (Gigantonoclea).Asama, K. 1962.
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There are sometimes thorns on the rachis. The leaf is arranged in alternate and is pinnately compound leaf venation. The leaves are shiny and have a strong smell. There are about 7 to 13 leaves on each pinnate venation and the leaves are 1–3 cm wide and 2–5 cm long.
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The venation in the leaf blade is pinnate. It has a single midrib and secondary veins branching off the midvein.
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Of these, angiosperms have the greatest diversity. Within these the major veins function as the support and distribution network for leaves and are correlated with leaf shape. For instance, the parallel venation found in most monocots correlates with their elongated leaf shape and wide leaf base, while reticulate venation is seen in simple entire leaves, while digitate leaves typically have venation in which three or more primary veins diverge radially from a single point. In evolutionary terms, early emerging taxa tend to have dichotomous branching with reticulate systems emerging later.
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Leaf lamina. The leaf architecture probably arose multiple times in the plant lineage Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of a plant. Based on their structure, they are classified into two types - microphylls, that lack complex venation patterns and megaphylls, that are large and with a complex venation. It has been proposed that these structures arose independently.
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Underside of S. praealtum leaf, showing reticulate venation Symphyotrichum praealtum is a perennial, herbaceous plant with long rhizomes. The thick, firm leaves have conspicuous reticulate venation below. Flowering occurs from August to November, by which time the lower leaves are often withered. The dense arrays of flower heads are present on the upper, branched portion of the stem.
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Nogodinidae is a family of planthoppers. They have membranous wings with delicate venation and can be confused with members of other Fulgoroid families such as the Issidae and Tropiduchidae. Some authors treat it as a subfamily of the Issidae. Some of their key features are a frons ("face") that is longer than wide and a reticulate wing venation.
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The trajectory of the mine is not angular and is independent of the leaf venation. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.
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The species is morphologically similar to the species Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri but differs by having a thick indumentum, raised venation and elliptical leaves.
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Later it is found in thick lumps. The trajectory of the mine is not angular, neither is it determined by the leaf venation.
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Castanopsis costata is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "ribbed", referring to the leaf venation.
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The forewings of males have venation that is incomplete, missing the mcu and rm cells while the hindwings do not have jugal lobes.
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It is not in all cases easy to trace the origin and true nature of the ascidium, as the venation is sometimes obscure.
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The wings also have an atypical shape and venation patterns adapted to escape the nest. The adults have black and white coloration on the wings, and the pattern is more prominent on the males. The males also are usually much paler and smaller than the females. The males have larger eyes and higher wing venation as compared to the females.
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The orders Raphidioptera and Neuroptera are grouped together as Neuropterida. The one family of putative Raphidiopteran clade (Sojanoraphidiidae) has been controversially placed as so. Although the group had a long ovipositor distinctive to this order and a series of short crossveins, however with a primitive wing venation. Early families of Plecoptera had wing venation consistent with the order and its recent descendants.
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It is not to be confused with its relative, the similarly named Labourdonnaisia glauca ("Bois de Natte a Grandes Feuilles"). Labourdonnaisia tree species can also sometimes be confused with the endemic trees of the genus Sideroxylon (S.puberulum and S.cinereum). However Labourdonnaisia species have parallel venation on their leaves, while the Sideroxylon species have densely netted leaf-venation and strong midribs under their leaves.
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Castanopsis oligoneura is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Greek meaning "few nerves", referring to the leaf venation.
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Castanopsis densinervia is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "dense nerves", referring to the leaf venation.
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The leaves have prominent venation and rough margins, while auricles are absent or elemental and the membranous ligule is very short with fine hairs.
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Schiner's system also was more especially applied to the brachycerous and muscid types, though he did attempt to homologize it with the nemocerous venation.
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Schiner's system also was more especially applied to the brachycerous and muscid types, though he did attempt to homologize it with the nemocerous venation.
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Leaf venation evident on both leaf sides. Three or four lateral leaf veins nearly at right angles to the midrib, ending in a sharp point.
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The dots are sparse and brownish. The markings are pale grey-brown with darker marginal dots. The hindwings are brownish cream, transparent with brownish venation.
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The leaves exhibit a scalariforme venation and supervolute vernation. Covering the leaves are tiny black glandular punctuates. The berries produced by the plant are white.
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Zingiberales are one of an ecologically and morphologically diverse and species rich order of monocots, with one of the most distinct floral morphology. They are large rhizomatous herbaceous plants but lacking an aerial stem, except when flowering. Leaves usually petiolate with distinct petiole and lamina, leaf arrangement distichous (spiral in Musaceae). Venation pinnate-parallelodromous, with midrib (midvein), S-shaped lateral veins and fine transverse venation.
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Meyrick described the species as follows: The wing venation of the adult moth differs depending on whether the larvae is reared from Weinmannia or Caldcluvia inflorescences.
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Lonchoptera is a genus of spear-winged flies (Lonchopteridae). Their common name refers to their subacute (pointed) wings, which have a distinct and sexually dimorphic venation.
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Leaf venation is evident above and below, but raised and more noticeable below. Net veins easily seen. Veins creamy green, contrasting with the darker leaf colour.
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Most Paleozoic insects are known only by their wing venation since wings are the least degradable parts of insects, so phylogenetic schemes will rely on venational characters.
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From this line are fainter lines radiating forwards and resembling the secondary venation of leaves. Part of it is achieved through markings, and part through the incorporation of the actual venation of the wing. The head and the antennae fit exactly into the curve of the closed upper wings so as not to interfere with the outline. The resulting minor irregularities themselves resemble the wrinkled edges of withered leaves.
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In some species, the basal leaves are shed before flowering. The leaf margins are most commonly entire, but often display heavier serration. Some leaves may display trinerved venation rather than the pinnate venation usual across Asteraceae. The flower heads are usually of the radiate type (typical daisy flower heads with distinct ray and disc florets) but sometimes discoid (with only disc florets of mixed, sterile, male and bisexual types).
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Venation of insect wings, based on the Comstock–Needham system In some very small insects, the venation may be greatly reduced. In Chalcidoidea (Chalcid wasps), for instance, only the subcosta and part of the radius are present. Conversely, an increase in venation may occur by the branching of existing veins to produce accessory veins or by the development of additional, intercalary veins between the original ones, as in the wings of Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets). Large numbers of cross-veins are present in some insects, and they may form a reticulum as in the wings of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and at the base of the forewings of Tettigonioidea and Acridoidea (katydids and grasshoppers respectively).
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A 2016 study showed the central cell reduction, on which placement of the genus was based, was shown to be derived several times in the subfamily and not specific to the tribe Leptomyrmecini. The study included the description of the species Leptomyrmex relictus from Brazil, and study of the micro- Leptomyrmex clade species. While the macro-Leptomyrmex species have a very reduced wing venation, the micro-Leptomyrmex clade is nested inside the macro species but have retained much of the vein structure unlike the macro-species. This mosaic of both retained wing venation and reduced wing venation within Leptomyrmex contradicted the gradual vein loss hypothesis that was proposed for an evolutionary grade of Usomyrma - Leptomyrmula - Leptomyrmex.
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Venation is pinnate. They have white to rusty complex hairs on the under surface. The petiole is less than a quarter the length of a blade. Stipules are present.
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Glossy green both sides, paler beneath. Five parallel veins on the leaf, venation more evident under the leaf. New leaves red. Leaf stalks 2 to 3 mm long, hairy.
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The leaf venation is parallel (with veins running parallel for the length of the leaf), pinnate (one mid-vein with smaller veins branching off laterally) to reticulate (feather-veined).
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The wing venation is exquisitely preserved, and even the patterns of color on the wings are clearly visible. Individual wing scales can be discerned in parts of the forewing.
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The suffusions, strigulae and venation in the posterior half of the wing are brownish and the markings are greyish brown. The hindwings are dirty cream with grey-brown strigulation.
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Assigned more than 2000 described species, the Halictini are the largest tribe of halictid bees, including considerable behavioral diversity. Lasioglossum, Mexalictus, and Patellapis sensu lato are notable genera. Most species belong to the genus Lasioglossum, which encompasses a variety of nocturnal and diurnal, socially parasitic, solitary, eusocial, and communal bees. Lasioglossum species are distinguished by a weakened outer wing venation, while species of Mexalictus resemble Lasioglossum in body shape, but possess strong wing venation.
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Fruit- A schizocarpic mericarp, seed 1 in each mericarp. Classification and Identification(Bentham and Hooker's system)- Class- Dicotyledonae I) Reticulate venation. II) Flower pentamerous. Sub Class- Polypetalae I) Petals free.
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The leaf margins are entire. The leaf venation is pinnate. The leaves are 10–15 cm long and 3–5 cm wide. The flowers are in clusters of 12-20.
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Leaves are not wavy edged, and drawn out to a blunt point. Venation is prominent on both surfaces. Midrib and four to six lateral veins raised, conspicuous and paler beneath.
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8 to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 cm broad. Shiny green above, bluish grey glaucous below. Leaf stalk 6 to 12 mm long. Leaf venation is distinct on both surfaces.
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The veins of a bramble leaf The veins are the vascular tissue of the leaf and are located in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. The pattern of the veins is called venation. In angiosperms the venation is typically parallel in monocotyledons and forms an interconnecting network in broad-leaved plants. They were once thought to be typical examples of pattern formation through ramification, but they may instead exemplify a pattern formed in a stress tensor field.
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Mastotermes darwiniensis or Darwin termite, is an extant species of Australian insect showing archedictyon wing venation. Archedictyon (from Greek Arche meaning first, original, ancient, primitive, or most basic Word Info: "arche-" and dictyo- meaning net or netlike, Word Info: dictyo- plural "archedictya") is a name given to a hypothetical scheme of wing venation proposed for the common ancestor of all winged insects. Jarmila Kukalová. Revisional Study of the Order Palaeodictyoptera in the Upper Carboniferous Shales of Commentry, France.
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Limnanthaceae are all herbaceous annuals. Leaves are alternate, simple or compound with pinnate venation. Flowers are produced singly in the axils of leaves. They have 3, 4 or 5 petals, mostly white.
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It is similar to Protea effusa, primarily differing in having conically-shaped receptacles within the inflorescence, and also to P. pendula, from which it differs by having wider leaves with indistinct venation.
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The ground colour of the forewings is cream with fine, dense brownish strigulation (fine streaks). There are two cream spots subapically. The markings are brown. The hindwings are cream brown with brown venation.
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These insects are parasitoids, with Acroceridae attacking spiders, and Nemestrinidae typically attacking Orthoptera. Both families have unusual and distinctive wing venation by which they can be easily recognized, in addition to other features.
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The wing venation shows a narrow costal cell and a thin stigma. The wing shows a reduced cubital vein, with a notable bend, and forming an elongated cubital cell with the median vein.
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It resembles Nyctimystes kuduki but has a snout that is distinctly truncate at the tip (angular in N. kuduki). The palpebral venation has many horizontal connections (other Nyctimystes have only vertically oriented veins).
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The Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies or pointed-wing flies) are a family of small (2–5 mm), slender, yellow to brownish-black Diptera, occurring all over the world. Their common name refers to their pointed wings, which have a distinct venation. Many are parthenogenic; males are very rare, however, at least in North American species, and have a somewhat different venation than do the females.Smith, K.G.V. (1969): Handbook for the Identification of British Insects 10(2ai: Diptera Lonchopteridae): 1–9.
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It shares its habitat with its sister-species, Sideroxylon cinereum ("Manglier vert"), a similar tree that can be distinguished by its more slender, divided trunks, and by the fact that its young leaves are hairless. It can also be confused with the trees of the endemic Labourdonnaisia ("Bois de Natte") genus - which occur in the same habitat. However the Labourdonnaisia trees have parallel venation on their leaves - while the Sideroxylon trees have densely-netted venation and a strong midrib under their leaves.
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They are simple leaf types with pinnate venation. The leaves are ovate and range in length from . The breadth of the leaves ranges from . The leaves are evergreen so they are present year round.
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Dicropsocus is a genus in the Epipsocidae family, with three described species, all endemic to New Guinea and the neighbouring islands. The genus is characterised by a peculiar wing venation, with many supernumerary cells.
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Leaf venation evident, with a raised midrib on both sides, and an intramarginal vein around the leaf edge. G. bidwillii.jpgseedlings White, scented flowers form between October and December. The fruit is a black berry.
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Pinnate leaves are typical of Rhytidanthera. The leaves are often coriaceous and conspicuously serrate. Stipules present, except Medusagyne. Venation often scalariform (ladder-like) in appearance, with parallel and closely spaced secondary and tertiary veins.
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The tip tapers to a point, the leaf base is oblique. Smooth and green both surfaces, slightly paler below. Leaf venation is obvious, with a raised midrib evident on both upper and lower sides.
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Leaf venation more evident below the leaf. 2 to 7 lateral veins from the midrib on each side. The green coloured leaf stem is 3 to 8 mm long. Leaves opposite on the stem.
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Insect pollinators such as bees and flies aid pollen exchange. It is capable of self- fertilization. The green leaves are cordate-shaped and have palmate venation. Leaf edges are serrated-jagged and resemble saw blades.
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Under good conditions the blind and wingless form predominates, but if their surroundings become too tough, they produce offspring which develop into winged adults with eyes. The wings are paddle shaped, and have reduced venation.
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The wing venation of A. rousei is similar to the modern species A. spicatum and its closely related species. The similarities indicate A. rousei as a possible ancestor to the members of the section Palmata.
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Archipsocidae is a family of Psocoptera belonging to the suborder Psocomorpha. Members of the family are characterised by their reduced wing venation. Some species are viviparous. The family includes about 80 species in five genera.
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2003 onwards. Tipulidae. British Insects: The Families of Diptera. Version: 1 January 2012. It’s also characterized by a V-shaped suture or groove on the back of the thorax (mesonotum) and by its wing venation.
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The leaves generally have an opposite arrangement, but sometimes are whorled or alternate. They are simple with smooth margins and pinnate venation. Stipules are typically reduced, appearing as a row of minute hairs, or absent.
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Owlflies are readily distinguished from dragonflies by their long, clubbed antennae; the latter have short, bristle-like antennae. The closely related antlions (family Myrmeleontidae) have short, weakly clubbed antennae, smaller eyes, and different wing venation. All but one species of Ascalaphidae have long antennae, easily distinguishing them. The sole exception is the Brazilian Albardia furcata, the only living member of the subfamily Albardiinae, which has short antennae, but these are strongly clubbed (compared to myrmeleontids), and its wing venation is reticulate, typical of ascalaphids.
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The wings are greyish, membranous and translucent, with pronounced dark venation. At rest they are held roof-like over their body. The flat larvae reach approximately . Macan, T. T. (1959) A guide to freshwater invertebrate animals.
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Sori follow the veins, forming a network in those species with netlike venation. The sori bear paraphyses (minute hairs) with spherical cells at the tip. Spores are monolete, unlike Antrophyum sensu stricto, which has trilete spores.
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Based on the shape and venation of the fossil wing, Scudder classified it as belonging to the subfamily Hesperiinae of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). Skipper butterflies belong to the superfamily Hesperioidea of the order Lepidoptera.
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Pouteria myrsinoides subsp. reticulata, commonly known as axe-handle wood, is a flowering plant in the sapodilla family, Sapotaceae. The subspecific epithet refers to the reticulate venation (network-like pattern of the veins) on the leaves.
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Particularly oblique at the base. Venation is prominent, the net veins more obvious under the leaf. Flowers are creamy green, flowering in November to January in Australia. The fruit is a samara, often forming in threes.
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Plants in the genus, Fontainea, are shrubs or small trees. They are monoecious or more often dioecious, and they exude a colored latex. The leaves are alternate, entire and have pinnate venation. The flowers have pedicels.
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It is orange to yellow in color when cut. The broadly ovate smooth (glabrous) leaves are opposite and around by in size. The upper surface is glossy green. The bottom side has raised prominent yellow venation.
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It is a rustic deciduous tree that defies hard, dry or poor soils. Therefore, its roots require well drained terrain. Its height ranges 6 to 12m. Leaves are opposite and petiolate, elliptic and lanceolate, with pinnate venation.
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Scea auriflamma is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Carl Geyer in 1827. It is found in[South America, including and possibly limited to Brazil. Wing venation Larvae have been recorded on Passiflora species.
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Pachytroctidae is a family of thick barklice in the order Psocoptera. There are about 15 genera and at least 90 described species in Pachytroctidae. Members of this family are small, often macropterous, with a distinct wing- venation.
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Posterior head margin is weakly concave. Mesosoma is marked with wing sclerites and dorsal sutures. Wing shape and venation is unknown (only dealate specimens available for examination). Propodeal spines are either absent or reduced to acute angles.
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They have a rough texture and a visible white venation. Solitary flowers with large, yellow petals of around 2-10 millimeters are randomly dispersed forming many seeded fruit with a variegated light green and dark green pattern.
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Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae. Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts. Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both stamens and pistils (perfect). A calyx with three to seven cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud.
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Hortus Mauritianus :ou enumeration des plantes, exotiques et indigenes, qui croissent a l'Ile Maurice, disposees d'apres la methode naturelle 199 The Labourdonnaisia tree species can also sometimes be confused with the Mascarene trees of the genus Sideroxylon. However the Labourdonnaisia species have parallel venation on their leaves, while the Sideroxylon species have densely netted leaf-venation and strong midribs under their leaves. ;species # Labourdonnaisia calophylloides Bojer ("Bois de Natte a Petites Feuilles") - Mauritius, Réunion # Labourdonnaisia glauca Bojer ("Bois de Natte a Grandes Feuilles") - Mauritius # Labourdonnaisia lecomtei Aubrév. \- Madagascar # Labourdonnaisia madagascariensis Pierre ex Baill.
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The Noctuoidea can be divided into two broad groups, those with a trifid forewing venation (Oenosandridae, Notodontidae and Doidae), and those with a quadrifid forewing venation (e.g., Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Nolidae, Noctuidae). What has emerged from these investigations is that the quadrifid Noctuoidea form a monophyletic group. In 2005, Fibiger and Lafontaine arranged the quadrifid (forewing) group into several families, including the quadrifine (hindwing) Erebidae and trifine (hindwing) Noctuidae, based on evidence that suggested that the trifine noctuid subfamilies were derived from within the quadrifine subfamilies, so the family Erebidae would not be strictly monophyletic.
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He spent much of his life looking for a rational way to classify plants that could be tested by empiricism. In the Stirpium of 1571, it is the form of the leaves and their venation that he favoured. In doing so he distinguished between grass-like plants with long straight parallel veins, while the majority had broad leaves with net-like venation. In doing so he was the first to recognise the fundamental difference between monocotyledons (grass-like) and dicotyledons, although he never suggested names to group these plants under.
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Within Corbiculata, Apini has a distinct wing marginal cell and Meliponini has very reduced wing venation, neither features seen in E. biesmeijeri. The wing venation of the species is closest to that seen in Euglossini, however the metatibia is not highly expanded as seen in Euglossini. As such Dehon et al did not give any placement in the clade, leaving Euglossopteryx as Corbiculata incertae sedis. E. biesmeijeri is one of four bee species described by Dehon and team in the PLOS ONE article, the others being Andrena antoinei, Bombus cerdanyensis, and Protohabropoda pauli.
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Leaf venation is more evident on the undersurface. Unlike in other species, the lateral veins do not terminate in leaf serrations. Flowers appear from September to May. Male flowers on spikes, female flowers on small clusters or spikes.
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Sisurcana pululahuana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Pichincha Province, Ecuador. The wingspan is about 20 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is brownish cream with brownish suffusions and venation.
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These eyespots are visible on both sides of the wing. The apex and outer margin of the forewing are darker than the basal region. The wing venation is similar to that of the Saturniidae. The wingspan ranges from .
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T. cocottensis closely resembles T. tetragona in certain aspects such as cauliflory, leaf size, -margin, -texture, -shape or -venation. However, unlike T. tetragona, T. cocottensis' stems and petioles are winged. There are also differences in the flower structure.
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Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India. They are annual or perennial, with decumbent or erect stems. The leaves are opposite or whorled, and sessile. The leaf blade is regular, round to linear, and the venation is palmate or pinnate.
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An elongated black area is present towards the end of the posterior edge of the wing. The venation is black. The wings are held spread at rest, as in dragonflies. This species is rather similar to Libelloides lacteus.
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Some are spiny. They almost always have urticating hairs, often on bumps in the epidermis. These are stiff, stinging trichomes with swollen bases. The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species.
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Marroqín, J.S. 1972. Berberidáceas de México I. Cuadernoes del Instituto de Investigación Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León 15:1-21. The evergreen leaflets are oval to oblong, long, shiny with conspicuous venation. Fruits are blue.
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Nannochoristid larvae, however, are elateriform, or shaped like wireworm or click beetle larvae. They are also the only entirely aquatic Mecoptera. Wing venation suggests a close relationship to dipterans. They are predatory, primarily on the larvae of aquatic Diptera.
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Alates also have compound eyes and ocelli, and more pigmentation. This polymorphism can be observed already as two forms of nymphs. Wingspan can be up to , and the wings can be shed spontaneously. When observed, wings have simple venation.
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Venation of the leaves may be palmate to reticulate. A pair of tendrils often appear near the base of the petiole. The inflorescence type for members of this family is an umbel. The flowers are inconspicuous, radial and unisexual.
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The wingspan is 29–30 mm. The forewings are light brown to brown, with the venation markedly dusted with black scales. The hindwings are silvery white, darkened at the front margin and apex.ŠUMPICH, J. (2013): Depressaria pyrenaella sp. n.
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Psittacanthus schiedeanus is a hemiparasite growing to with quadrangular stems which are flattened at the nodes. The haustorium is large. The bluish-green leaves are asymmetric and about long and wide, with stout petioles and pinnate venation. The inflorescence is terminal.
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Leaves opposite on the stem, smooth edged without leaf serrations. 2 to 10 cm long, 1 to 4 cm wide. Leaf venation not particularly obvious on the upper side of the leaf. Leaves sometimes show foveolae at the leaf axils.
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The waist is composed of a single segment, composed of a nodoform petiole showing a cylindrical frontal area and narrowed posterior area. The forewing venation shows a lack of closed cells formed by veins. The petiol and forewings are distinguishing characters.
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Oil dots are small though easily seen under a lens. They are translucent and two to three diameters apart. The leaf stems are red and about 3 mm long. Leaf venation is obscure, with the mid rib only being easily seen.
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In the form generic system of paleobotany Sapindopsis is used only for leaves, which are compound with three to six leaflets. Leaflets vary in distinctness or confluence with the midrib. The venation is pinnate, eucamptodromous to brochidodromus, with percurrent tertiary veins.
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The bottom of the leaf is glossy pale green, the top side is a dull dark green. Leaf venation is more evident under the leaf. Lateral veins not clear on the top surface. Mid rib raised both sides of the leaf.
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Carlephyton is a genus of three species in the family Araceae, all endemic to Madagascar. The three species in this genus are seasonally dormant tubers. The leaves are cordate with a sub-marginal collective vein. The fine venation is reticulate.
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Carpels 6–15 in an irregular whorl, free, each with 1 ovule; styles apical. Fruitlets achenial, longitudinally many-ribbed, with a short apical beak. 2n = 42. Floating water plantain Luronium natans showing stoloniferous habit Characteristic 'ladder' venation pattern of submerged leaves.
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Dissotis canescens Dissotis princeps plinerved leaf venation is typical of Melastomataceae Dissotis is a genus of plants in the family Melastomataceae. There are about 111 - 140 species, distributed across Africa. The Plant List, A Working List Of All Plant Species.
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Leaf venation is generally unclear apart from the midrib, being raised on both sides. However, the lateral veins are practically invisible. Net veins are not seen, although there is an indistinct intra- marginal vein around the edge of the leaf.
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Kozlov interpreted the incomplete venation in the sense of a micropterigid moth and has consequently transferred the species to genus Micropterix, although no traceable apomorphy in that specimen is known that would allow a certain assignment even to the Micropterigidae.
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Leaves: Dark green, linear and pointed 2–4 cm long. They have parallel venation and form false whorls, particularly towards the end of the stem. Undersides are distinctively glaucous. Flowers: numerous, mostly terminal flowers, solitary in axils of final whorl.
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The dorsa of the thorax is brown with grey pollinose. There appear to be no traces of any longitudinal stripes or lines upon it. The wings are colorless. Their membrane never folds nor crumples, but instead expands and displays intricate venation.
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The plant is perennial and caespitose with culms. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf- blades are flat and are broad, while their venation have 13 vascular bundles. The panicle is open, ovate, inflorescenced and is with pilose branches.
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The Liliales are a diverse order of predominantly perennial erect or twining herbaceous and climbing plants. Climbers, such as the herbaceous Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae), are common in the Americas in temperate and tropical zones, while most species of the subtropical and tropical genus Smilax (Smilacaceae) are herbaceous or woody climbers and comprise much of the vegetation within the Liliales range. They also include woody shrubs, which have fleshy stems and underground storage or perennating organs, mainly bulbous geophytes, sometimes rhizomatous or cormous. Leaves are elliptical and straplike with parallel venation or ovate with palmate veins and reticulate minor venation (Smilacaceae).
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Illustrations of cotyledons by John Ray 1682, after Malpighi The monocots are one of the major divisions of the flowering plants or angiosperms. They have been recognized as a natural group since the sixteenth century when Lobelius (1571), searching for a characteristic to group plants by, decided on leaf form and their venation. He observed that the majority had broad leaves with net-like venation, but a smaller group were grass-like plants with long straight parallel veins. In doing so he distinguished between the dicotyledons, and the latter (grass-like) monocotyledon group, although he had no formal names for the two groups.
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The female P. bolliana is distinguished from P. americana by its compact form, space between its compound eyes less than the space between its antennal sockets, its tegmina having few traces of venation, and its supra-anal plate weakly produced with its side edges converging to a broadly rounded apex, while the P. americana having a normal, less compact form, space between its compound eyes noticeably wider than the space between its antennal sockets, its tegmina have visible venation, its supra-anal plate is normally produced with its side edges converging to a sharply rounded apex.
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8 to 13 cm long by 4 to 5 cm broad. The yellowish venation is conspicuous, particularly on the underside. Cream flowers appear in summer. The fruit matures in winter, being purplish/black globular drupe, around 8 to 10 mm in diameter.
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Smooth but channelled on the upper side. The leaflet has around 15 pairs of lateral veins, ending in a leaf tooth. Leaf venation is more easily seen under the leaf. The midrib is sunken above the leaf, but raised under the leaf.
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The species' culms are prostrate and are long. The leaf-blades are ovate and are long and wide. It has an obscure cross veins venation. The species also has 3–4 unilateral racemes which are located along the central axis, and are long.
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This species has a wingspan of 36 to 44 mm. The forewings are pale brown with darker patches along the margins, usually with prominent markings at the base and tornus. The hindwings are grayish with darker venation. Melanic forms occur fairly frequently.
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Leaf venation is prominent on both sides of the leaf. Tiny green or cream colour flowers form from January to June. Male and female flowers grow on separate trees. The fruit is a black drupe, eaten by a variety of rainforest birds.
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Cephalanthera damasonium is a herbaceous plant, reaching a maximum height of about 60 cm. Leaves are ovate, becoming narrower higher up the stem, with parallel venation. It has white flowers which never fully open. Each shoot can carry up to 16 flowers.
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The wing venation is formed by approximately twenty veins that merge along the upper margin of the wing before acutely dichotomizing and anastomosing in the wing membrane. The shape of the nutlet suggested to Wolfe and Tanai placement into Acer section Eriocarpa.
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Its wingspan is around 17–22 mm. The hindwings of the male have slight tails at veins 4 and 7, and the venation is normal. In males, the antennae and vertex of the head are whitish. Head and thorax violaceous (violet) grey.
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The leaves are dark velvety green > above, traversed by straw-coloured veins: the under surface dark red with > the exception of a prominent venation. Well above the handsome leaves are > borne the bright yellow flowers, usually three in number, on slender scapes.
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However the numerous teeth and structure of the areolar venation are very similar to the modern species A. spicatum. Wolfe and Tanai note that the apparent two-lobed structure may be an aberration and A. alaskense may have typically been three-lobed.
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It is similar to Protea effusa, as well as P. sulphurea, from which it differs by having narrower leaves with more distinct venation. It is also somewhat similar to P. witzenbergiana, differing in that species having long, foliaceous, leaf-like, outer involucral bracts.
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A. infuscatus is about 10 mm in length and resemble the Arachnospila wasps with which they are often found in appearance and behaviour. The colouring of A. infuscatus is less red than orange and its wing venation also differs from all members of Arachnospila..
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The erect, perennial shrub grows 1.5 m to 2 m tall. The leaves are ovate to oblong with pinnate venation and wavy margins. It flowers from October to December. Each small, white pea-shaped flower is enclosed by a pair of reniform flower bracts.
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It has a dorsoventrally flattened head and body with prominent ribs and apparent venation, giving it the appearance of a leaf. Its colour variations are from deep brown to yellowish green according to the camouflage required for the situation. Males are usually more brightly coloured.
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They are soft with venation that is transparent against light, besides the numerous glands that dot each leaf.i.e. punctate with pellucid glands, or pellucid-punctate. The axillary flowers develop into spherical, clearly three-chambered capsules. The capsules are about in diameter, and may bear warts.
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Leaf margins are entire, minutely ciliolate, and flat to slightly recurved. Prominent venation can often be seen on the abaxial sides of the leaves (3- to 5-veined). ;Inflorescence: A solitary terminal raceme, with 8–16 flowers, ranging from 10–30 mm in length.
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12 to 20 cm long. Leaf venation is clearly seen above and below the leaf. Leaves are characteristic and easily identified as part of the Protea family. The ornamental flowers are bright red in umbels, in a circular formation, hence the name Firewheel Tree.
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It has small, thin leaves, with are narrow. The herbaceous, or semi-herbaceous leaves, are grey-green, glaucous, and can grow up to long, and between 1.5 cm wide. They are ensiform (sword shaped), crescent-shaped, or lanceolate (lance-shaped). They have parallel venation.
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Leaves are of a dull green colouration and lanceolate, or broad ovate, shaped. They are small, typically 5-15mm long and 2-5mm wide. The leaves are also without hairs and display clear reticulate venation underneath. Leaf margins are typically flat or slightly recurved.
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Illustration of genital structures. Scale bar: 1 mm (.04 in) The holotype is 32.7 mm from head to the tip of the genital bulb. The left forewing, abdominal segments and genitalia are well preserved, while the venation of both hind wings are only partially preserved.
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It differs from B. spinulosa var. spinulosa in having broader leaves 3–8 mm in width that have serrate margins. The leaf undersides have more prominent venation. Its flower spikes are usually gold, or sometimes gold with red styles, especially in New South Wales.
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Wing venation of Mydas sp. The Mydidae (sometimes misspelled as Mydaidae), or Mydas flies, are a cosmopolitan family of flies. It is a small family, with about 471 species described. They are generally large in size, including the largest known fly, Gauromydas heros (syn.
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Leaf venation includes a looping intermarginal vein, well removed from the leaf's edge. A second intermarginal leaf vein is present, closer to the leaf edge. The midrib vein is sunken on the lower surface, but slightly raised above. Flowers are white, small and numerous.
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Allium libani is deciduous. The simple leaves are basal. They are broadly linear with entire margins and parallel venation. The scape characteristic of the family is essentially absent, so the umbel appears to be formed at ground level The flowers of Allium libani are white.
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MacGinitie noticed that the venation patterns of Aralia angustiloba more closely resembled that of Platanus rather than Aralia, and reclassified Aralia angustiloba as Platanophyllum angustiloba. However, Wolfe & Wehr found that the genus Platanophyllum was problematic, and therefore made the new genus Macginitiea for these leaves.
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Upper surface smooth and glossy, underside usually greyish and finely hairy. Brown leaf stalks 3 to 8 mm long. Leaf venation is prominent, the raised midrib, lateral and net veins are covered with brown hairs, standing out conspicuously. Veins brownish/orange or yellow in colour.
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In addition, they are taper-pointed at the tip and wedge-shaped at the base with a short petiole of up to ¾ inches, or 2 centimeters. Furthermore, leaves are arranged in an alternative pattern. Leaves have pinnate venation. Moreover, stamens and carpels are spirally arranged.
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Pollen sulcate but often inaperturate (lacking apertures). Fruit capsular or schizocarp. Phytochemistry: Often containing raphides, Specific characteristics which help to distinguish this order include a herbaceous arborescent stem, distichous phyllotaxy, large petiolate leaves in which the petioles are often long, parallel and transverse venation diverging laterally from a prominent common midrib, and inflorescences of conspicuous colorful bracts (bracteate inflorescence) and the substitution of one to five rudimentary staminodia for fertile stamens. Leaf architecture is useful for distinguishing families within Zingiberales, based on vein pattern type, vein length per area, and other aspects of vein architecture such as angle of vein divergence, with three main types of venation recognised.
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The edges of the petals in each whorl touch one another. The exterior petals are oval with somewhat conspicuous venation. The interior petals have a basal claw with a vaulted blade. Their flowers have numerous oblong to wedge-shapted stamen with dorsally positioned bi-lobed anthers.
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The leaves are 6 to 9 inches in length, and 5 to 11 inches in width. The other characteristics of the leaves are that they have opposite leaf arrangement and netted venation. The leafstalk is 4 to 8 inches long, and it has puffs on it.
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Lilliodeae genera are relatively homogeneous and distinct from the other two Liliaceae subfamilies (Calochortoideae and Streptopoideae). They are perennial herbaceous flowering plants that are mainly bulbous (Lilieae) with contractile roots, but may be rhizomatous (Medeoleae). Stems unbranched, leaves with parallel venation. Flowers are large and showy.
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The inflorescence is composed by a narrow and elongated spike, with three to ten flowers. The relevant bracts are lanceolate and much longer than the tepals. Their color is red-purple, with darker longitudinal venation. The outer tepals are lanceolate and erect, forming an helmet-like structure.
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They are without petioles and are broadly clasped at the base. The leaf venation is parallel running longitudinal. The blue/green to dark green leaves is rather stiff with a waxy texture. The leaves of P. utilis have a spongy tissue with numerous fibers arranged in bundles.
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The bulk of the species are tropical, although there are a number of temperate species. These ferns typically have creeping rhizomes. The fronds are simply pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid. There is either no frond dimorphism or only mild dimorphism, either open venation or very simple anastomosing.
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The leaf base slowly tapers away with a thin beginning of the leaf. Leaf stalks 2 to 5 mm long. Leaf venation evident on both sides, 5 to 8 pairs of lateral veins. Leaflets with lenticels, slender and smooth in shape, dark reddish brown or grey.
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The flowers are arranged in compound panicles with 5 yellow petals, 5 sepals and 5 stamen (floral number is 5). The leaves are arranged alternately with a cordate shape. Venation is palmate. Unlike other wild grapes there are no tufts of hair present on the leaves.
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Adult males measure and adult females, based on a single specimen, about in snout–vent length. The tympanum is small but distinct; supratympanic fold is present. The canthus rostralis is distinct. The palpebral venation consists of oblique to near-vertical lines, with only few horizontal interconnections.
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The last segment of the labium is elongate. A median ocellus is usually present. The wings are always present in adults and the venation consists of a small number of veins and very few cross veins. There are two subfamilies currently considered valid Meenoplinae and Kermesiinae.
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The adults of Binodoxys communis are approximately 1.2 mm in length. This small braconid wasp has a brown head, antennae, legs, and thorax. The wing venation is brown and the wings are nearly hyaline. The first tergite, trochanters, and the base of the tibiae are yellow.
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Since their biology and appearance is so similar, the only reliable way to tell them apart is by their wing venation patterns.Evans, Howard E. "SPIDER WASPS OF COLORADO (HYMENOPTERA, POMPILIDAE): AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST." The Great Basin Naturalist 57.3 (1997): 189-97. JSTOR. Web. 25 Sept. 2014.
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The leaf blade is wavy and venation is conspicuous with several longitudinal veins. New growth is an attractive bronze-brown colour. The solitary inflorescence consists of 35–40 strongly scented cream-white flowers in clusters in the leaf axils. Each flower is on a smooth stalk long.
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Ripogonum album, known as the white supplejack, is a common rainforest vine, found in eastern Australia. The leaves are identified by the longitudinal venation. A stout climber, with stems up to 15 metres long. Flowers are greenish white, and the fruit is a round red berry.
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They are difficult to separate from other Chalcidoidea except by subtle features of the wing venation and other difficult characters, and the family appears to be paraphyletic, so is likely to be split up in the future (e.g., the Azotinae and Calesinae may become separate families).
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The leaf blade is simple, and sometimes has three pointed lobes, or rarely, five. It is thickly leathery and its margin is entire. The venation is palmate, with the secondary veins radiating from the apex of the petiole. The stipules are large and coherent; soon falling away.
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Larva As with other "wainscots", this species has buffish yellow forewings with prominent venation. The smoky wainscot has a dark basal streak with another shorter streak nearer to the costa and tornus. This species has grey hindwings with white margins. The wingspan is 31–38 mm.
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Archerieae: a New Tribe in the Epacridaceae. Australian Systematic Botany 11: 23-34. It does not contain any economically important taxa, but due to their attractive small tubular flowers, reticulate leaf venation, and limited distribution, the shrubs have a long history of being admired by Australasian naturalists.
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Calopsocidae is a family of Psocoptera (book lice) belonging to the suborder Psocomorpha. Members of the family often have a reticulate venation and coriaceous wings, and a head with a sharp vertex. Calopsocidae are especially diverse in New Guinea. This family is closely related to Pseudocaeciliidae.
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Needham published numerous scientific articles, educational papers, and textbooks but is best known for the Comstock-Needham system for describing insect wing venation. He was a Member of the Entomological Society of America, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Limnological Society of America.
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Spongy and solid, the leaves have parallel venation meeting in the middle and the extremities. The inflorescence is a raceme composed of large flowers whorled by threes. Usually divided into female flowers on the lower part and male on the upper, although dioecious individuals are also found.
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Sclerocactus sileri grows to about 25 cm tall and 12 cm wide. The cactus also shows a flower of diameter about , with whitish or yellowish petals that show venation in a purple color. Flowering occurs in the spring season. Sclerocactus sileri has both central and radial spines.
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The Malva pusilla flower consists of five petals of white, sometimes pale pink, color with pink venation. Petals and calyx are about the same length. It has many stamens and the filaments are fused. Flowering begins in June and July and ends in September and October.
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They are clearly triple-veined, with one central vein and two curved veins closely following the outline of the leaf. The net venation is visible on both sides. The leaves are downy underneath and have a greyish colour. The oil dots are transparent and visible with a hand lens.
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The midrib is paler than the leaf itself, venation is more evident under the leaf. Greenish flowers form on racemes in the months of October to November. Male and female flowers on separate plants, being dioecious. The fruit matures in January to March, being a purple/black capsule.
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Potoxylon melagangai is an evergreen tree with gray bark. Leaves are alternate, simple, leathery, with entire margins and pinnate venation. The inflorescences are grouped in axillary spikes. The flowers are bisexual and actinomorphic with six tepals in two whorls, 9 stamens in three whorls, the ovary superior and unilocular.
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Leaves are 5 to 20 cm long, and 2 to 8 cm wide. Ovate lanceolate in shape with coarse serrations on the leaf edge. Leaf venation conspicuous below the leaf, but sunken on the upper leaf surface. Yellow flowers without petals occur from October to November on panicles.
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The edges of the leaves are curled over and wavy. A mid green above, but a greyish fawny green underneath. The midrib is sunken on the top surface, but venation is prominent under the leaf. Near the wavy leaf edge, is an intramarginal vein, not always easily seen.
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Leaves are typically simple, green, glabrous, and lanceolate, with margins that are entire. They appear in an opposite arrangement and are deciduous. They display fine parallel venation off of a central midrib. The upper surface of the leaves are usually a darker shade of green than the lower surfaces.
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Nuphar pumila flowers typically have 4–6 petals, are actinomorphic, have many stamen and range from yellow to green depending on maturity. Its floating leaves are large and ovate, with pinnate venation, while the submerged leaves are smaller and round; the plant also has a thick creeping rhizome.
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The leaf blade is dorsiventral, medium-sized to large and disposed oppositely or in a whorl and with entire margin. The leaf venation is pinnate, with numerous veins ending in a marginal vein. Phyllotaxy is whorled i.e. two or more leaves arises at a node and form a whorl .
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Characteristic venation of many melastomes Osbeckia muralis in Kerala Melastomes Cultivation. The family Melastomataceae (alternatively Melastomaceae) is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 165 genera and c. 5115 known species.
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Reticulate venation seems to have appeared at least 26 times in monocots, and fleshy fruits have appeared 21 times (sometimes lost later); the two characteristics, though different, showed strong signs of a tendency to be good or bad in tandem, a phenomenon described as "concerted convergence" ("coordinated convergence").
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They also display parallel venation. The rhizome is creeping and the fronds appear to have random placement, originating at various points. The rhizome appears reddish- brown, and is a sweet licorice-flavored. The name glycyrrhiza refers to this flavor--glykys in Greek means sweet, with rhiza meaning root.
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The giant Upper Carboniferous dragonfly relative, Meganeura monyi, attained a wingspan of about . Museum of Toulouse. The forewings and hindwings are similar in venation (a primitive feature) except for the larger anal (rearwards) area in the hindwing. The forewing is usually more slender and slightly longer than the hindwing.
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They can be distinguished by their call song and forewing color pattern. G. rubens has a slower call song than G. firmus. Its forewings also have a pale lateral field with inconspicuous veins and crossveins. G. firmus has venation that is paler than the background of the lateral field.
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The wingspan is 6–9 mm. The resting position is flat, with the forewing hind margins against each other. The hindwing venation is bifid. The head, patagia and prothorax are blackish, while the rest of the thorax and ground colour of the forewing is unicolorous dark greyish brown.
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Goodyera tesselata can be differentiated by its dull green leaves with much paler veins, G. oblongifolia leaves only have one primary vein compared to the more dense network of veins of G. pubescens. All of the rattlesnake plantains (Goodyera) are described as such because their venation resembles snakeskin.
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The supra-tympanic fold is brown. The sides of thighs and ventral surface of legs are marbled with brown. The belly and throat are strongly reticulated with brown. The iris in adults is deep dark reddish brown or light with fine dark venation and a broad dark horizontal band.
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The wing membrane is almost entirely transparent (hyaline) and whitish, while the wing venation is mostly brown- yellow. The two antennae are exceptionally long compared to the rest of the body, measuring up to 12 mm. These antennae are black throughout their length. There are three pairs of legs.
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The wing membrane is almost entirely transparent (hyaline) and pale. Wing venation is mostly brown-yellow. The antennae are exceptionally long compared to the rest of the body, measuring up to 14 mm. A pair of compound eyes on the head are conspicuously coloured blue or dark-blue.
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Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).Ackery P.R. (1975) A guide to the genera and species of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae). Bull.
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Geometrically they take the shape of being ovate, shaped like an egg, to elliptic or narrowly elliptic at 3 to 5 times as long as wide. That measures at long by wide. At the apex, the blade is obtuse, having a blunt or rounded tip; to rounded; and cuneate, wedge-shaped or triangular; at the base; glabrous, smooth; and with impressed venation above; ciliolate--having minute hairs along the margin or edge of a structure. Beneath the blade is pubescent beneath, with 14 to 40 pairs of rather straight secondary veins forming an angle of 45-90° with the costa, with tertiary-- third level of --venation reticulate, composing or a pattern of a netting.
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Shrub 0.08-0.2 m tall, erect, bushy, rounded, with branches tortuous. Stems 2-lined when young, soon terete; bark greyish brown to whitish grey. Leaves sessile or with pseudopetiole up to c. 0.7 mm; lamina 6-15 x 3.5-9 mm, elliptic or oblong- elliptic to obovate, somewhat paler but not or scarcely glaucous beneath, midrib and reticulate venation prominent on both sides, chartaceous, deciduous during second year; apex obtuse or subapiculate to rounded, base cuneate to angustate or shortly pseudopetiolate; venation: 3-6 pairs of major and minor laterals, distinct from tertiary reticulation. Inflorescence l-3(-9)-flowered, from 1-2 nodes, rounded-corymbiform when several-flowered; pedicels 4-7 mm; bracteoles triangular-subulate, margin entire.
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They are most similar to the leaves of B. spinulosa, differing only in the absence of surface venation; a longer petiole; and the combination of narrow leaves with hairless undersides (all forms of B. spinulosa with leaves as narrow as those of B. strahanensis have hairy undersides). Because of these differences, the fossils are considered a separate species. The species is believed to represent an extinct lineage; it is unlikely to be an ancestor of any extant Banksia species, as the absence of leaf surface venation is thought to be an adaptation rather than a primitive state. Extinction was probably caused by the climatic and physical disruption of the Early Pleistocene Glaciations.
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Helinus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rhamnaceae. They are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, and may be trees, climbing shrubs or lianas. They are unarmed and the branches have coiled tendrils. The alternate leaves have entire margins, and pinnately arranged venation.
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The midrib is white or paler green, raised under the leaf. Leaf venation is more easily seen on the top of the leaf. Creamy green flowers form on stalks on umbels in the months of February to March. The fruit is a blue drupe, usually with two lobes, sometimes three.
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Oil dots seen in young growth, the thin elliptical leaves often have a prominent pointed tip. The mid-rib is raised on the lower leaf side, sunken on the top side. Lateral and net venation is clearly seen on both sides. White flowers form in panicles from November to December.
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For terms see Morphology of Diptera Wing venation Dixidae are small (body length not more than 5.0 mm) slender gnats with thin legs. The head is relatively broad. The antennae are thin and the flagellum has 14 segments. The proboscis is short and thick and the palpi are five-segmented.
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The plant adapts well to most soils, but thrives in moist, loamy soil. Solanum Mammosum flower and stem The plant has thin simple leaves occurring in alternating branching patterns with prominent venation. Hairy thorns cover the stem and branches of the plant. The inflorescence contains five to eight purple elongating buds.
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This species is based on several leaf fossils, all with triangular pinnate lobes cut all the way back to the midrib, and indistinct secondary venation. Stomata occur in areoles, and have very wrinkly subsidiary cells. Both leaf surfaces are covered in trichome bases, and the undersurface is covered in cuticular papillae.
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When comparing them to B. citrifolia, the elliptic leaves are broader and has more pronounced secondary venation and more marginal lateral veins. The Martinique plant has also often been confused with B. citrifolia, however, the Martinique plant has been found to have long capsule horns and bigger flowers than B. citrifolia.
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Unusually pale flower in which corolla venation highlighted to advantage by darker pigmentation of veins. As Plowman notes, there has been a measure of controversy concerning the colour range displayed by the flowers of Latua pubiflora.Scala, A.C. 1920, Contribución al Estudio Histológico de la Flora Chilena IV: Latua pubiflora ( Griseb. ) Phil.
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The forewings of this species share the pale buffish ground colour and prominent venation of other "wainscots" but has much stronger dark markings than most of its relatives, including a thick black basal streak which gives it its common name. The hindwings are dingy grey or brown with lighter fringes.
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They show prominent venation, particularly on the underside. Another identifying feature of this and other Elaeocarpus trees is the senescent red leaves. White flowers appear on paired racemes in November and December. The fruit is a black- or (immature) maroon-coloured drupe, 9 mm long, maturing from March to October.
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Diapriids show considerable diversity of form, with aptery (lack of wings) fairly common, sometimes in both sexes. Nearly all species exhibit noticeable sexual dimorphism, with males and females often mistaken for separate species. The wings, when present, show characteristically reduced venation, with the greatest reduction in the subfamilies Ambositrinae and Diapriinae.
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The morphology of the plant consists of a herb and its flower. The herb is erect, and the flowers have yellow sepals and multiple carpals. The herb has a green, oblong leaf with pinnate venation. These leaves are about 5–7 cm in length and 4–6 cm in width.
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Hemipenthes is a large genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee-flies). There are many described species, distributed throughout the Holarctic realm. These are small to large robust flies with a body length of 5–14 mm. They can be distinguished from similar genera (Villa) by their wing venation.
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The wingspan of the male and female are similar, at 32–38 mm. These butterflies present a sexual dimorphism. The male Mazarine blue's wings are a deep blue with a heavy venation and are slightly larger in diameter than the female's. The upperside of the wings shows black borders and white fringes.
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Most are slender, and the females of many species (particularly in the genus Megarhyssa) have extremely long ovipositors for laying eggs. The ichneumonid wasps may be more familiar to non-entomologists than braconids, as they are generally larger. The two families are distinguished from each other primarily by details of wing venation.
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The upper surfaces of the leaves are dark-green and the lower surfaces, pale-green. There are 13-15 lateral veins on each side of the midrib and between these, the venation is reticulate. Neither male inflorescences, nor male flowers have been seen. The endocarp surfaces between the sutures are smooth and convex.
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The sepals are covered in fine hairs and have distinct venation. Its flowers have 6 petals in two rows of three. The narrowly elliptical outer petals are 6-6.5 to 1.5-2 centimeters and sparsely covered in fine hairs on both surfaces. the outer petals have a distinct midrib and finer secondary veins.
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Leaf stalks are 6 to 25 mm long, with a bend at the junction of the leaf blade. Venation is prominent on both sides of the leaf. Cream flowers form from October to November, in singles or on short racemes. A woody capsule matures from February to June, 15 to 20 mm long.
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The second instar has wing pads and more segments in its antennae. The third instar is up to 2 cm long and the wing pads are triangular. The fourth instar has venation in its wing pads. The fifth instar is up to 3.5 cm long and the wing pads have changed position.
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401 The leaves are long, petiolated, alternate, tough and leathery, heart-shaped, with toothed and spiny margins. It is the monocot with reticulate type of venation. Also the midrib of the underside of the leaves are provided with spines. The flowers, very fragrant, are small, yellowish or greenish, gathered in axillary racemes.
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Sagenopteris trapialensis comprises palmately arranged leaves with 4 ovate to obovate leaflets with anastomosing venation. The central leaflets are almost symmetrical, whereas the lateral ones are markedly asymmetrical. Various types of anastomoses are present, and dichotomies are simple. Leaves of various sizes and forms were found, ranging from less than 5 mm.
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Pachypteris is represented by hypostomatic, bipinnate or unipinnate leaves, with alethopteridian venation (midvein and secondary veins divided once or twice before reaching the pinnule margin), pinnules with entire margins and rounded apices. The stomata are haplocheilic, monocyclic or dicyclic, usually depressed, with the guard cells occurring in the lowermost part of the stoma.
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Inclusion of Testulea in Sauvagesieae renders that tribe paraphyletic over Luxemburgieae. Testulea consists of a single species, Testulea gabonensis, that is endemic to Gabon. It is unique in Ochnoideae in that its leaves have a brochidodromous pattern of venation and its flowers are tetramerous. In addition, only one of the stamens is fertile.
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Rhodochiton atrosanguineus is a herbaceous perennial vine native to Mexico. Its dangling flowers have a pink, bell-shaped calyx of sepals surrounding a protruding, tubular corolla of purple-black petals. It has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since at least 1836. It has somewhat hairy, heart-shaped leaves, often with purple venation.
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Calyx teeth 1.5–3.5 mm long, lanceolate to (narrow) triangulate, erect to reflexed. Corolla 1.5–3 cm long, whitish cream to pale yellow, rarely dull orange-brown with conspicuous green venation, lobes 0.9–2 cm. Stamens 3, reduced to staminodia in female flowers. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head.
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Using the Comstock–Needham system for describing insect venation patterns, the Elektrithone CuP (cubitus posterior, the "rear elbow") venation is similar to members of the neuropteran families Brongniartiellidae and Osmylopsychopidae, in that the CuP in both families is short and not comb like. However, both families have wings with an anal area that has at least one or two highly branched anal veins, a character that is not seen in Elektrithone. The broad costal area of Elektrithone along with the strongly curved humeral veinlet, comb like MP (medial posterior) and CuA (cubitus anterior) veins and the series structure of the radial crossveins are all features seen in Ithonidae. The features found in Elektrithone are a mosaic of characters found in several genera of Ithonids.
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Based on interpretation of the wing venation in the U. mirabilis, Dlussky et al suggested the genus was a member of the Dolichoderinae tribe Leptomyrmecini along with the living Leptomyrmex "spider ants" and the Sicilian amber genus Leptomyrmula. They noted that an unsubscribed male Leptomyrmex male in Dominican amber was distinct enough from the Dominican amber species Leptomyrmex neotropicus to possibly warrant being placed into a new genus, but a full description of the male had not taken place as of 2014. Dlussky et al thought U. mirabilis represented an ancestral wing venation for the tribe, with a progression in vein reduction being present in Leptomyrmula. The Leptomyrmex was treated as a descendant genus of the ancestral form Usomyrma in the classification suggested by Dlussky et al.
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Note. The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Xenasteiidae is a family of flies. The flies are smaller than 2 mm long and are identified by the wing venation. The wings have two breaks in the costal vein and M1 is reduced becoming thinner in the medial region and not reaching the wing margin. The alula is well developed with a long fringe.
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After study by Bernard Hyland, the southern Queensland and New South Wales populations of what was known as this plant have been renamed Litsea australis. Leaves are elliptical in shape, alternate on the stem. 8 to 13 cm long with a blunt tip. Leaf venation is prominent and attractive on both sides of the leaf.
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Leaves are smooth, simple, petiolated, ovate to oblong-ovate, long, wide, with obtuse apex, entire margin, symmetrical but tapering base, and reticulate venation. The texture of the leaf is extremely smooth due to the presence of numerous hairs.BP Pimple, AN Patel, PV Kadam, MJ Patil. Microscopic evaluation and physicochemical analysis of Origanum majorana Linn leaves.
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Pollen Library/ The leaves on the shrub are arranged in an alternate pattern with petioles 8 mm in length and covered in a white waxy coating known as glaucose.Encyclopedia of Life In addition, leaves are thin and smooth and ovate in structure. A seemingly random venation pattern is visible on the underside of the leaves.
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The discovered clades did not agree well with traditional characteristics used to classify living and fossil Zygoptera such as wing venation, so fossil taxa will need to be revisited. The 18 extant traditional families are provisionally rearranged as follows (the 3 paraphyletic families disappearing, and many details not resolved): Dashed lines indicate unresolved relationships.
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Sinopieris is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae. The genus occurs in Gansu, Nepal, Nanshan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan. All six species were originally included in Pieris and subsequently in Pontia. From Pieris, this genus is most easily (though not entirely reliably) by the venation in the apical area of the forewing.
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The Stenophlebiidae is an extinct family of medium-sized to large fossil odonates from the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous period that belongs to the damsel-dragonfly grade ("anisozygopteres") within the stem group of Anisoptera. They are characterized by their long and slender wings, and the transverse shape of the discoidal triangles in their wing venation.
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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The wings are clear or tinged only rarely with markings. They have a characteristic reduced wing venation. The strong, well developed radial (R) veins end in the costa about halfway along the wing. The other veins (branches of the medius) are weaker and usually follow a diagonal course and are often parallel to each other.
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Leaf venation is prominent on both sides, with a raised midrib. Cream flowers form in panicles from October to November, the flowers have an unpleasant scent. The fruit ripens December to July, being a black egg shaped drupe with a scented green oily aril. 20 to 30 mm long with a single seed inside.
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see P.R. Ackery (1975).
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Note. The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see P.R. Ackery (1975).
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. At first, the larvae creates a narrow corridor which runs parallel to the leaf venation, although it may change direction two to three times. Later, this gallery abruptly changes into an elongate blotch, generally destroying the original gallery. Larvae may vacate the mine and restart elsewhere.
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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In both sexes the tip of the genitalia usually extends past the wing tips. Wings are clear or uniformly tinted, with tints varying from transparent brown to dark black. Venation includes a recurrent vein on R1, narrow cell r4, R4 extending roughly parallel to R5 or converging moderately with R5 towards the wing tip.
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The Micronoctuini are a tribe of moths in the family Erebidae that includes about 400 described species. Typical species in the tribe have bifine hindwing venation (unlike most of the related subfamily Hypenodinae) and are smaller than those in other noctuoid moths. Micronoctua karsholti is the smallest of all species in the superfamily Noctuoidea.
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The genus Goodyera is also colloquially called the rattlesnake plantain. This is because of the snake-like venation pattern that this genus has on the leaves. Goodyera pubescens was first defined in 1813 in the Hortus Kewensis 2nd edition volume 5. Goodyera pubescens is the accepted name of this species, and the only legitimate name.
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Myopsocidae is a family of mouse-like barklice, belonging to the infraorder Psocetae of the order Psocoptera. This family is closely related to Psocidae, with which it shares similar wing-venation, but from which it is distinguished by three-segmented tarsi. There are about 8 genera and at least 180 described species in Myopsocidae.
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Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Members of this genus are shrubs or dwarf shrubs that occupy mountainous habitats. Their leaves are oppositely arranged, small, sessile or sub-sessile, and possess inconspicuous secondary venation. Flowers are tetra- or pentamerous, with the stamens adnate to the white or pink funnelform or salverform corolla. The fruit is a capsule with septicidal dehiscence.
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Colias is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae. They are often called clouded yellows; the North American name "sulphurs" is elsewhere used for Coliadinae in general. The closest living relative is the genus Zerene, which is sometimes included in Colias. Wing venation This genus occurs throughout the Holarctic, including the arctic regions.
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Malva pusilla stems can grow to a height of 4-20 inches. Malva pusilla leaves are attached alternately to the stem. Leaves have orbicular shape (widely triangular) with palmate venation and serrate margins. In the past, mallows were often referred to as cheesepants because the carpel is shaped similarly to a triangular wedge of cheese.
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Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 72, 716 793. A few analyses favour alternative links with Ginkgoales, Cordaitales and Pinales. Glossopteris should strictly be used to refer to the distinctive spathulate fossil leaves with reticulate venation, however, the term has also been used to refer to the parent plant as a whole.Gould, R.E., Delevoryas, T., 1977.
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Leaf venation is easily noticed, particularly on the underside. Net veins are not clearly evident above the leaf, better seen under the leaf. The paler coloured midrib is sunken on the top leaf surface, and raised under the leaf. The leaf stalk is 10 to 15 mm long, flattened on the top side and but rounded underneath.
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Heterostylum is a genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee- flies). There are 14 described species, distributed throughout the Americas. These are robust and very hairy flies with a body length of 10–15 mm. They can be distinguished from similar genera by an indentation in the hind margin of the eye and unique wing venation.
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General Morphology Verbascum phoeniceum is a dicot plant that begins with rosette growth in late spring and into summer. The initial lower rosette shows whorled basal leaves with pinnate venation and as growth continues, simple leaves grow in an alternating fashion on the stem.The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc.
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Cadra species can usually be recognized by their reduced forewing venation: veins 4, 7 and 9 are missing, making for a total of nine veins in the forewing. Some members of this genus are significant pests of dry plant produce, such as seeds and nuts. The almond moth (C. cautella) is a well-known example of these.
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The thorax is slightly convex. The wing veins are without scales (with scales in the closely related family Culicidae. The subcosta is fused with the costa at the level of the base of Rs or slightly proximal to this. The wing venation exhibits radial, medial, and cubital forks (R 4 branched, M 2 branched, Cu 2 branched).
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The most common and widespread part found fossilized are leaves of Sagenopteris (Fig. 3). These are compound leaves consisting of, usually, 4 leaflets arrayed in a palmate manner. The individual leaflets are up to 6 cm in length. The leaflets have anastomosing veins, like those of some ferns, but lacking orders of venation found in angiosperm leaves.
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The dustywings, Coniopterygidae, are a family of Pterygota (winged insects) of the net-winged insect order (Neuroptera). About 460 living species are known.Engel & Grimaldi (2007) These tiny insects can usually be determined to genus with a hand lens according to their wing venation, but to distinguish species, examination of the genitals by microscope is usually necessary.
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Nature printed leaf, showing shape and venation Ficus sur is a fast-growing, deciduous or evergreen tree. It usually grows from in height, but may attain a height of . Large specimens develop a massive spreading crown, fluted trunks, and buttress roots. The large, alternate and spirally arranged leaves are ovate to elliptic with irregularly serrated margins.
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The branchlets are covered in short to long brown densely matted woolly hairs. The leaves are 3-4 whorled, but are sometimes opposite. The leaf blade varies from 1.5-13.5 x 0.6- 5.8 cm, and is 1.8-4.8 x as long as wide. It has 4-8 pairs of lateral nerves and its tertiary venation is reticulate.
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Hakea undulata is an erect and often straggly shrub, growing to between high and does not form a lignotuber. The smaller branches are smooth by flowering. The leaves are elliptic to egg-shaped, stiff, prickly, scalloped edges, long, wide. The green-grey leaves have distinctive venation above and below and taper on long stalks to the leaf base .
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These are large robust flies with massive eyes that often show colored patterns. Antennae are characteristic with three dissimilar segments projecting forward from head. Wings are large and strong with complex venation, and often with complex patterns of brown on clear background.Austen, E.E. (1909) Illustrations of African Blood-sucking Flies other than Mosquitoes and Tsetse-flies.
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The filiform, stylate or aristate antennae correlate with the Nematocera, Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha taxa respectively. It displays substantial morphological uniformity in lower taxa, especially at the level of genus or species. The configuration of integumental bristles is of fundamental importance in their taxonomy, as is wing venation. It displays a complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa, adult), or holometabolous development.
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Douglasiidae is a small Lepidopteran family including around 28 species of micromoth whose adults are collectively called Douglas moths. The largest genus in the family is Tinagma. They are primarily found in the Palearctic (20 spp.) and Nearctic realms. The adults have a 6 to 15 mm wingspan, with a reduced hindwing venation and long fringes.
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The leaf blade is wide compared to its length and the secondary venation is subpalmate. In Parnassia, the leaves are crowded into a basal rosette with a few cauline leaves above. The leaves are all cauline in Lepuropetalon. In both genera, the lower cauline leaves are pseudosessile, which means that the petioles are adnate to the stems.
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Eugenia petrikensis is a shrub growing up to 3 m with characteristic emerald green, slightly glossy foliage and beautiful, dense clusters of small magenta flowers. The green leaves are coriaceous and evenly distributed along branchlets. The leaf venation is brochidodromous. The branchlets are moderately to densely sericeous on emergence but becoming sparsely so to nearly glabrous.
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The nares are slightly projecting towards the side of the body. The widest upper eyelid is narrower than interorbital distance. The upper eyelid is shagreen with 1–2 enlarged tubercles on each eyelid. The colour of iris varies from silver or greenish silver to bronze, with dark-brown venation, is ill-defined, and with broad horizontal brownish stripe.
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It has been identified as an insect that collects pollen from the cycad Cycas media. They are also known for their small body size, reduced wing venation, and highly developed social structure comparable to honey bees. T. carbonaria forms honeycombs in their nests. The bee produces an edible honey; the whole nest is sometimes eaten by Indigenous Australians.
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The leathery leaves are broadly elliptic, simple, opposite and erect, with prominent venation on both surfaces. Flowers are fragrant, about 40mm diameter, brilliant white when open and pinkish in bud. The round fruit are up to 50mm in diameter, khaki-green when immature, turning bright orange or yellow when ripe. The skin is thick, soft, brittle, and easily peeled.
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The leaves have reticulated venation and lack a basal meristem. The laminae are generally dorsiventral and lack secretory cavities. The stomata are generally confined to one of a leaf's two sides; they are rarely found on both sides. The flowers are generally hermaphrodites, although some are monoecious, andromonoecious, or dioecious species (such as some Solanum or Symonanthus).
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They are a small dragonfly with a wingspan of 40–60 mm, and predominantly red in colour. The wings have less venation than larger dragonflies, and few antenodal cross-veins. Adults may be found at some distance from water. The hindwing has a brown mark at the base which is squarish in shape, leading to its common name.
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The pods split longitudinally when mature and release the seeds. It can be distinguished from the similar T. oreades, which generally has larger leaves and often grows with a tree-like habit. The leaves of the latter species tend to have less venation. Telopea oreades flowers around a month earlier than T. mongaensis in areas where they co-occur.
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Nannotrigona testaceicornis bees are black and generally have grey hairs with a coarse and wrinkled thorax. Along with the rest of the genus Nannotrigonis, they are about 3 to 5 millimeters long. There is much variation within the species genotype, leading to variation in the venation of the wings. Colonies consist of about 2000 to 3000 individuals.
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Nannotrigona testaceicornis is a neotropical eusocial bee that has a large geographic distribution, primarily throughout Brazil. It can occupy various different biomes, including urban areas. Due to this variability, different genomes can occur within the species according to the conditions of the biome. This can be seen mostly in the N. testaceicornis patterns of wing venation.
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Borror, D.J.; Triplehorn, C.A. & Johnson, N.A. (1989): An Introduction to the Study of Insects (6th edition). Saunders College Publishing. wing venation (male) Spear-winged flies are common in moist, shady, grassy areas, where the larvae are found within decaying vegetation. One species, Lonchoptera bifurcata, is cosmopolitan in distribution, and may have been transported via shipments of vegetables.
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The plant has an alternate, compound leaf arrangement, with mostly three, but sometimes five leaflets per leaf. The margins of the leaves are serrated and the leaves show a palmate venation. Each leaflet is ovate, approximately three inches (75 mm) long and one inch (25 mm) wide. The leaflets are green on top, but pale green on the underside.
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Many species, including the noted Hawaiian picture-wings, have distinct black patterns on the wings. The plumose (feathery) arista, bristling of the head and thorax, and wing venation are characters used to diagnose the family. Most are small, about 2–4 mm long, but some, especially many of the Hawaiian species, are larger than a house fly.
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The fossil species Neurosymploca? oligocenica is known from Lower Stampian, (Early Oligocene) aged deposits in Céreste, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence France, belonging to the subfamily Zygaeninae, Lepidopterans with preserved structural coloration from the Eocene (~47 Ma) aged shales in Messel Pit, Germany are suggested to be zygaenids, and more specifically procridiines due to wing venation patterns.
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There are no complex hairs, nor stinging hairs. The leaves are arranged spirally up the branchle. They are, compound, not winged and have a petiole and have mostly up to six leaflets. The leaflets are broadest below the middle, and 11.0-14.5 cm by 4.5-5.5 cm and are slightly asymmetric and alternate, with pinnate venation.
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Like most monocots, orchids generally have simple leaves with parallel veins, although some Vanilloideae have reticulate venation. Leaves may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate, and very variable in size on the individual plant. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally alternate on the stem, often folded lengthwise along the centre ("plicate"), and have no stipules.
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It is a geoxylic plant, sometimes called an "underground tree", that produces annual stems, some 50 to 60 cm long. It has glabrous, leathery, trifoliolate leaves with large leaflets. The rachis and main leaf venation, which are prominently raised below, are armed with recurved spines on both leaf surfaces. The petioles and stems are likewise armed to discourage browsers.
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Trichadenotecnum sexpunctatum Trichadenotecnum sexpunctatum Psocidae is a family of barklice in the order Psocoptera. Members of this family are recognised by their wing-venation, where the areola postica is fused to the M-vein, giving rise to the so-called discoidal cell. This family is closely related to Myopsocidae. The family is widespread, including New Zealand.
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Wings are clear. Females have a long ovipositor. The gaster of males and females differs slightly with the female having a dorsal central black band while the gaster of the male has a dark brown to black dorsal posterior. Three cryptic species have been identified within D. longicaudata based on genetic analysis and geometric differences in wing venation.
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Peter Northcott mentioned 1860-2380m in 1988 but Stephen Butler discovered larvae on Shivapuri at 1800m. Venation of E. superstes The larvae grow for five to six years, which is believed to be the longest for any odonate. Specimens may emerge after nine years in many cases. Stephen Butler notes that the larvae stridulate when disturbed.
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The branching is usually horizontal and tiered, arising regularly in whorls of three to seven branches or alternating in widely separated pairs. The leaves can be small, needle- like, and curved, or they can be large, broadly ovate, and flattened. They are spirally arranged, persistent, and usually have parallel venation. Like other conifers, they produce cones.
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Adult males of the smallest known species (in the Mymaridae) are only 0.11 mm long. Most are dark-coloured wasps, typically black or brown, but often metallic blue or green, with complex sculpturing on the body. They are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation, similar to that seen in other superfamilies of parasitoid wasps.
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Based on the observable external character of the wing venation, E. obscurotrimaculatus to the modern species Tubuliferola josephinae, Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Himmacia huachucella, Psilocorsis quercicella and Inga sparsiciliella. Skalski notes that the species Tubuliferola josephinae and Hofmannophila pseudospretella both have a very similar color patterning of spots on the fore wings as that seen on E. obscurotrimaculatus.
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24(1): 11–20. Zamia furfuracea leaves The genus comprises deciduous shrubs with aerial or subterranean circular stems, often superficially resembling palms. They produce spirally arranged, pinnate leaves which are pubescent, at least when young, having branched and simple, transparent and coloured hairs. The articulated leaflets lack a midrib, and are broad with subparallel dichotomous venation.
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The hindwing is a very thin membrane that expands like a fan, radiating from one point folded under the forewing. Even though most earwigs have wings and are capable of flight, they are rarely seen in flight. These wings are unique in venation and in the pattern of folding that requires the use of the cerci.
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Forewing venation of Sisyra nigra In general appearance, the adults resemble some brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae). The forewings of spongillaflies have a span of 4–10 millimetres. The greyish or brownish wings have few cross veins except in the costal field, and most of these are not forked. The subcostal (Sc) and radial (R1) veins are fused near the wingtip.
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These sclerotized abdominal ridges form a crescent-like row, and their exact number has some value in distinguishing between taxa. In species without an inflated body, these characters are only vestigial. The wings of males have a primitive morphology, and are not suited to producing sound. Their wing venation is in fact the simplest of all the Acridoidea.
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The wings have reduced venation with just 4 anal veins. A few fossil genera have been described including Palaeohelota from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Yixian Formation in China, Burmahelota, Metahelotella and Trihelota from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Burmese amber of Northern Myanmar. Another fossil genus Laodiscis placed in this family originally is now considered of uncertain taxonomic position.
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This relationship is indicated by several synapomorphies, such as: adult wing venation with costal brace (absent in other winged insects), larvae with 7 pairs of abdominal gills (compared to still 9 pairs in Permoplectoptera like Protereisma larvae), and with single- segmented tarsus with unpaired claw (compared to 3-segmented tarsus with paired claw in Permoplectoptera like Protereisma larvae). Together with mayflies and dragonflies they belong to the clade Palaeoptera, which is characterized by a derived wing articulation with fused sclerites, a vertical resting position of the wings in the groundplan, and a wing venation with intercalary veins between the main longitudinal veins (esp. IR1+ between RP1- and RP2-, and IR2+ between RP2- and RP3/4-). Because of some very primitive character states, the Coxoplectoptera rather looked like early Paleozoic ancestors of mayflies, e.g.
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Gladiolus palustris reaches on average of height. The stem is erect, glabrous and unbranched, the bulbus is spherical with cross-linked fibers at the top. The leaves are shorter than the stem, simple, with a parallel venation, sword- shaped, long. The inflorescence is composed of three to six hermaphroditic flowers, trifoliate, with a rosy violet or magenta perigonium, about long.
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Two other maple species found in the Allenby Formation, A. princetonense and A. stockeyae are similar in size to A. stonebergae. The reticulate wing venation, and morphology of the nutlet on A. princetonense separates it from A. stonebergae, while the elliptical shape of the nutlet and only 5 veins coalescing along the upper margin of the wing separates A. stockeyae.
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The wing venation of forewings and hindwings differs. The forewing has 12 veins altogether, with two anal veins - vein 1b and 1c, the former of which forks proximally - and a distally complete tubular vein (1c). The transverse vein is complete, and the discal cell has no tubular vein running through its middle. By contrast, the hindwings have seven or eight veins.
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The plant is an evergreen, erect shrub, growing to tall and wide. Bartlettina sordida has reddish-purple branches clothed in slightly rough, dark green leaves with prominent venation and paler undersides. The leaves are very large, up to 10 inches (25 cm) longs and 8 inches (20 cm) wide. The inflorescence is a terminal corymbose panicle, 20–30 cm across.
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The base of the leaf is rigid and nearly sessile, attached to the stem with a short and flat petiole. Dimensions are roughly 25–40 mm long and 8–12 mm wide. Leaf margins are entire, and flat to slightly recurved. Prominent venation can be seen on the abaxial sides of some leaves (3-5 veined), but this is indistinct on others.
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The Stizini are a tribe of small to large-sized sand wasps, similar to those in the tribe Bembicini, distinguished primarily by features of wing venation. Members of the genus Stizus are large, and superficially resemble cicada- killer wasps (genus Sphecius, in the related tribe Gorytini), and members of the genus Stizoides are cleptoparasites in the nests of other Crabronids.
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All but the darkest individuals usually have an obvious black mark close to the dorsum and a pale zigzag subterminal line. The hindwings are whitish with darker venation and a dark shaded band at the margin. The larva is dull whitish grey or dark grey; dorsal line pale: lateral line broadly pale; tubercles large and black; head and thoracic plate brown black.
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This moth has a wingspan of 36 to 42 mm. The forewings are brown with mostly indistinct markings except for the narrow black mark at the base of the wing which gives the species its common name. The hindwings are greyish brown, darker towards the margins, with prominent dark venation. This moth flies at night and is attracted to light and sugar.
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Anisoptera costata is an endangered species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The name costata is derived from Latin (costatus = ribbed) and describes the prominent venation of the leaf blade. A huge emergent tree up to 65 m high, it is found in evergreen and semi-evergreen lowland tropical seasonal forests of Indo-Burma and in mixed dipterocarp forests of Malesia.
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Parashorea lucida (also called white meranti) is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The name lucida is derived from Latin (lucidus = clear) and refers to the venation on the leaf. It is a tall emergent tree, up to 60 m tall, found in mixed dipterocarp forest on clay and clay soils. It is found in Sumatra and Borneo.
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The oral parts are reduced. The palpi are four- to five-segmented. Wings have an ocellus. Wing-venation: The subcostal vein merges into the anterior alar margin near its midpoint; radial vein 1 reaches the distal quarter of wings, there usually fused with radial vein 2+3; radial vein 4 is branched proximal to the anterior crossvein of the wing.
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The wing venation is almost exactly the same as that seen in the modern genera Schlettererius and Megischus. The hind legs show a typical crown wasp structure, having an inflated tibia, and a lengthened tarsus that is divided into three segments. There is no definable male genitalia on the type specimen; rather, there is a probable ovipositor indicating the specimen is female.
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The elliptic shaped leaves are alternate and not toothed, 8 to 10 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide. Leaf venation is prominent on both sides, with a raised midrib and prominent intramarginal vein. Cream flowers form in panicles from August to October. The fruit is a black round drupe with a glaucous bloom, 12 mm long with a single seed inside.
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Hoya leaves vary in size, texture, colour and venation. In size, leaves range from as small as 5 mm in length and 2 to 4 mm in width (Hoya engleriana Hosseus) to as large as 25 cm by 35 cm. (Hoya latifolia G. Don). Hoya coriacea Blume, has been reported to have leaves as long as two feet in length.
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Onobrychis venosa, veined sainfoin is a perennial, spreading or suberect herb 10–25 cm high, with a short stem. Leaves alternate, compound, imparipinnate, leaflets ovoid to suborbicular 10-40 x 5–30 mm with characteristic bronze venation (hence venosa), hairy only along margins. Zygomorphic flowers with yellow petals with conspicuous dark-red nerves in axillary racemes. Flowers from February to May.
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Little is known about the dichotomous venation, the only other genera of palms to naturally exhibit this trait are the Dypsis, Korthalsia and Laccosperma. The leaves are medium to large sized palmate or fan shaped and emerge at the top of the tree in small crowns. The spiny leaf stalks and the fruit develop at the base of these crowns.
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The largest species in its genus, it is 59–65 mm long with a wingspan of 64–72 mm. Males and females are similar; the thorax and abdomen are metallic-green aging to coppery brown. The thorax has yellow or bronze antehumeral stripes. Both sexes can be distinguished from other malachites by their long (>2.5 mm), uniformly coloured pterostigmas and wing venation.
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The forewing anatomy of Miriholcorpa bears similarities to members of the Holcorpidae, yet the venation of the hindwings are not fully preserved, and cannot be used to definitively assign it to the family. As such, the describers placed Miriholcorpa as incertae sedis (uncertain placement) within Mecoptera pending further discoveries. Miriholcorpa was described along with another Mecopteran, Fortiholcorpa paradoxa, also unassigned to any family.
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Leaves of circular shape (7 cm in diameter) and have a winged venation and a leaf margin. The blade is covered by a dark annular area, more or less visible depending on the variety. The zoned geraniums are very floriferous plants, not quite demanding when it comes to water. Flowering occurs without interruption from spring until the last days of autumn.
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Midribs are medium becoming less visible close to the apex. Secondary veins are thin, generally indistinct; Veins: often 6 to 10 pairs, indifferently opposite, subopposite, and alternate, camptodrome. Venation branches from the midrib at different angles, which may vary from 12° to 70°. The basal veins are very ascending in some plants: the angle of divergence may be close to 45°.
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Litsea bindoniana, known as the big-leaved bollywood is a rainforest tree in the laurel family. A small to medium-sized bushy tree endemic to the rainforests of tropical Queensland, Australia. It features large leaves with attractive yellow venation, 25 cm (10 in) long by 10 cm (4 in) wide. They are dark green above, and paler and somewhat hairy below.
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Shorea atrinervosa is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The species name is derived from Latin (ater = dull black and nervosus = nerved) and refers to leaf venation which is black in herbarium specimens. It is an emergent tree, up to , found in mixed dipterocarp forest on clay-rich soils. S. atrinervosa is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo.
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The species is endemic to Australia. M. eucalyptoides is pendulous in habit, unlike other Muellerina species, but has the long epicortical runners of all Muellerina species. The leaves are opposite with indistinct venation. Mainly flowering in summer, the inflorescence is terminal, racemose with usually 3–4 opposite pairs of triads of flowers, with the central flower sessile, and the lateral flowers having pedicels.
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The wingspan is 9–12 mm. The resting position is flat, with the forewing hind margins against each other. The hindwing venation is bifid. The head, patagia, prothorax and costal part of the basal area are blackish, while the rest of the thorax and ground colour of the forewing is unicolorous yellowish, except for the dark grey terminal area and the fringes.
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Hemipepsis is a genus of large pepsine spider wasps found throughout the tropics. They are commonly known as tarantula hawks. Hemipepsis wasps are morphologically similar to the related genera Pepsis and Entypus, but distinguishable by the pattern of wing venation. In South Africa 18 plant species from three plant families, the Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, and Asparagaceae subfamily Scilloideae are pollinated exclusively by Hemipepsis wasps.
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The two pair of dragonfly-like wings are similar in size, with a primitive venation pattern, a thickened leading edge, and a coloured wingspot, the pterostigma. Inocelliids lack a cross vein in the pterostigma that is present in raphidiids. The females in both families typically have a long ovipositor, which they use to deposit their eggs into crevices or under bark.
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Psychopsidae is a family of winged insects of the order Neuroptera. They are commonly called silky lacewings. The silky lacewings are distinguishable in their adult stage by their spectacularly patterned and pubescent wings, broad wing shape, dense venation, and the presence of a vena triplica (the apical fusion of three veins in the hindwing).Grimaldi, D. and M. S. Engel. 2005.
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Mature plants form erect, bushy shrubs, with small, densely-packed, ovate to elliptic leaves (2–4 mm long). Leaves are dark green, slightly lighter green on the underside, with parallel venation - a distinguishing characteristic of the family Ericaceae. Flowers possess 5 lobes, range from pink to red, and are 4mm in length. Inflorescences form dense, drooping terminal spikes 1.5 cm long.
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Branching veins on underside of taro leaf The venation within the bract of a lime tree Micrograph of a leaf skeleton Veins (sometimes referred to as nerves) constitute one of the more visible leaf traits or characteristics. The veins in a leaf represent the vascular structure of the organ, extending into the leaf via the petiole and providing transportation of water and nutrients between leaf and stem, and play a crucial role in the maintenance of leaf water status and photosynthetic capacity.They also play a role in the mechanical support of the leaf. Within the lamina of the leaf, while some vascular plants possess only a single vein, in most this vasculature generally divides (ramifies) according to a variety of patterns (venation) and form cylindrical bundles, usually lying in the median plane of the mesophyll, between the two layers of epidermis.
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The thick trunk of Brachychiton rupestris accumulates moisture as a means of survival of droughts, and presents a marked example of a ' . This Curio articulatus is ' in that it has a disproportionately thick stem. A maple (Acer platanoides) leaf has ' venation, as its veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand. The of Agave americana is a giant '.
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They are tiny flies with a wing length of 0.6-2.5 mm. The wing venation is similar to Culicidae (R 4 branched, M 2 branched, Cu 2 branched) with branches of Rs and M nearly parallel. R1 is, however, closer to Sc or almost midway between Sc and R2. They were, from 1962 until 1989, placed as a tribe Corethrellini within the Chaoborinae, a subfamily of Culicidae.
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In South America, Rhamnus diffusus is a small shrub native to the Valdivian temperate rain forests of Chile. Buckthorns may be confused with dogwoods, which share the curved leaf venation; indeed, "dogwood" is a local name for R. prinoides in southern Africa. The two plants are easy to distinguish by slowly pulling a leaf apart; dogwoods will exude thin, white latex strings, while buckthorns will not.
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A rounded, evergreen foliage, arranged alternatively. The leaf type is odd-pinnately compound with pinnate leaf venation and 4–15 pairs of leaflets each growing up to be 7.5 cm. The leaves are green and yellow in color and remains as so year around. The leaf blades grow between 2–4 inches long and experience a circadian rhythm or nyctinasty, closing at night and opening at dawn.
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The nutlet venation of A. whitebirdense is similar to the living North American species A. saccharinum, but the two species differ in the leaves. Following the Acer taxonomy structure defined by Japanese botanist Ken Ogata, they placed the species and related fossils into the Acer section Eriocarpa. Later work on the systematics of the genus resulted in section Eriocarpa being included into section Rubra.
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The blade is coriaceous, leathery, and medium green. It has a midrib that is above pale green and shiny and beneath pale and glaucous, smooth without hairs. The pale green midrib and dark green reticulate venation is visible when the blade is fresh. When dried, the blade is papery, ovate to obovate or narrowly so, and 1.4 to 3 times as long as it is wide.
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This information is not available from fossil specimens, and the palaentological taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings. The Caelifera includes some 2,400 valid genera and about 11,000 known species. Many undescribed species probably exist, especially in tropical wet forests. The Caelifera have a predominantly tropical distribution with fewer species known from temperate zones, but most of the superfamilies have representatives worldwide.
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Chaoboridae, commonly known as phantom midges or glassworms, is a family of fairly common midges with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are closely related to the Corethrellidae and Chironomidae; the adults are differentiated through peculiarities in wing venation. Male of a species in the family Chaoboridae Larva of a species of Chaoborus. Note the raptorial antennae Chaoborus punctipennis If they eat at all, the adults feed on nectar.
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Berberis koreana in spring, showing flowers Berberis koreana Individuals of this species are deciduous shrubs with berries that are purple to red in color. The leaf margins are dentate and have inflorescences in racemes on reddish branchlets. The leaves are simple, alternating, are either elliptical or oval shape and are dark to medium-green in color. They show pinnate venation with smooth edges that are in length.
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3-4 x ovary, narrowly curved-ascending; stigmas narrow. Capsule (immature) ovoid. Seeds not seen. H. vacciniifolium is closely related to the Libano-Syrian H. nanum, differing essentially from it in the thinner leaves with prominent venation and angustate to pseudopetiolate base and the smaller number of stamens, and usually in the fewer (often only 1) -flowered inflorescence and relatively broader, less acute sepals.
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Leaves are opposite, not toothed, 4 to 9 cm long, relatively thick and broad, with a blunt point at the tip, which contrasts with the prominent drip tip on the Lilly Pilly. The underside of the leaf is dull, sometimes glaucous. Leaf venation is more evident on the upper surface, oil dots few in number. Cream flowers form on panicles in the months of October to January.
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For terms see Morphology of Diptera Phora wing venation Phorid flies are minute or small – 0.5–6 mm (– in) in length. When viewed from the side, a pronounced hump to the thorax is seen. Their colours range from usually black or brown to more rarely yellow, orange, pale grey, and pale white. The head is usually rounded and in some species narrowed towards the vertex.
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Cypripedium arietinum is a small lady's slipper which typically has 3, but sometimes 4-5, leaves. This species has a single flower on each stem having divided lateral sepals and a unique hairy pouch shaped like an funnel. The purplish-red flower has light venation and is white at the lip. Cypripedium arietinum plants in the wild The plant grows to , and the flowers may reach .
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True to its name, P. succulentum is characterised by its sturdy water-holding swallowed-stem base. Thin, near-straight shoots grow from this base to a height of around 1.6 feet and are covered in 0.8 inch thorns that come in pairs. Leaves are found on the upper parts of the shoots and are narrow, dark green, lanceolate and feature venation. Flowers are pink or white.
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Alternate glossy leaves are bunched together at the ends of branches. Margins (edges of the leaf) bluntly toothed in the leaf's upper half, though sometimes not toothed at all. Leaves of varying shapes, often obovate, 6 to 13 cm long with a long tip and is commonly 2 to 4 cm wide. Leaf venation is conspicuous and raised on both the upper and lower surface.
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Wing venation is reduced in both sexes. All species are diurnal, with the exception of H. nocticola. Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark. This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior.
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This structure is called the perigynium or utricle, a modified prophyll. It is typically extended into a "rostrum" or beak, which is often divided at the tip (bifid) into two teeth. The shape, venation, and vestiture (hairs) of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing Carex species. The fruit of Carex is a dry, one- seeded indehiscent achene or nut which grows within the perigynium.
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These are usually small-sized damselflies and their wings are narrow and mostly transparent, with simple venation. The males tend to be colourful and many have a red, orange, yellow or blue thorax and a black abdomen. Others have a black thorax and brightly coloured abdomen and others are entirely dark. Their usual habitats are the verges of rivers and streams and the margins of large lakes.
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Gymnostachys is a monotypic genus, of the monocotyledon plant family Araceae. The sole known species Gymnostachys anceps, commonly named settler's twine or boorgay, grows naturally in rainforests and humid Eucalypt forests of eastern New South Wales and eastern Queensland, Australia. Gymnostachys is kept to its own subfamily Gymnostachydoideae due to its unique characteristics that include an unusually structured flowering shoot and linear leaves with parallel venation.
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The coco, also cochucho or smelly sauco, is usually found either in isolated groups or standing alone, from a small to medium-sized tree, ranging 6 to 8 metres in height . The foliage is abundant, evergreen with imparipinnate leaves that present paired spines presumably in the place of leaflets. Punctations, in pairs, on the leaflets are quite distinctive. Leaves have serrated margins and pinnate venation.
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Lysiana is a genus of aerial shrubs, which are parasitic on the stems of their hosts. They are erect to pendulous, smooth and with no epicortical runners. The leaves are opposite, and sometimes clustered on shortened axes, and flat with pinnate venation or compressed or terete. The inflorescence is axillary, and may be either a pedunculate or sessile two- flowered umbel or a single flower.
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P. smintheus in William Jacob Holland's The Butterfly Book Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
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Modern classifications put all the species in a single genus Nymphomyia. Based on larval morphology, the family has been suggested to be close to the Deuterophlebiidae while others place them in a separate infraorder, the Nymphomyiomorpha. Nymphomyiidae are neotenic, retaining various larval features. They have strap-like wings with a very reduced venation, and the wing margins have long fringes like those of the Thysanoptera.
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140px A fast-growing, attractively-shaped tree distinguished by its small pale-green leaves with bright venation and a slight blue-grey color distinction from ‘Vegeta’. The leaf shape is typically elliptic, with a short acuminate apex.noordplant.nl, 'Commelin' leaves The leaves are sparsely arranged and fall significantly later than those of 'Vegeta'. The thicker branches have a slight sinusoid form compared to ‘Vegeta’, with straight branches.
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The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an operculum on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of the abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged ovipositor. In males, the abdomen is largely hollow and used as a resonating chamber.
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Monotoca glauca is an evergreen, densely branched shrub or small tree with slender branches, often 2–3 m tall. Leaves are similar to Cyathodes glauca, however are not in whorls. Venation tends to be spreading or palmate, characteristic of the genus. Leaves are elliptic with a point, and are usually 1.5 cm long, with a yellowish- green, glabrous adaxial surface, and glaucous abaxial surface.
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Elattostachys nervosa, known as the green tamarind or beetroot tree is a common rainforest tree of eastern Australia. Found in all types of rainforest, growing from Paterson, New South Wales (32° S) in the south to Gympie (27° S) in south east Queensland. The name Elattostachys refers to "little spikes", a flower feature of other plants in this genus. Nervosa refers to the prominent leaf venation.
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M. proavita belongs to the family Permochoristidae (formerly Mesochoristidae) of the scorpionflies (order Mecoptera). E.F. Riek synonymized Eoses triassica with M. proavita in 1955, regarding it as a second specimen. In doing so, he identified the fossil as a mecopteran rather than a lepidopteran as it was originally described as. Citing morphological differences in wing venation and publishing errors, Norman B. Tindale challenged this conclusion in 1980.
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Adults are easily recognizable due to their impressive body size with 69–80 mm length, the leaf-shaped flaps on the bottom side of the abdomen tip which are unique in European species, and wing venation. The flaps give the narrow and long abdomen club-shaped appearance. Basic color is pale yellow with dark brown or black markings of variable size. The pterostigma is also similarly colored.
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Contrary to other "Symphyta", the antennae insert near the lower edge of the compound eyes and close to the mandible. The mandibles are orthognathous and lack evident teeth. The number of palpomeres of the maxilla and the labium varies and is used as a taxonomic character. On the wings, some cross-veins are reduced in comparison with the more complete venation of other basal Hymenoptera.
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Under similar circumstances, the female raises its tegmina vertically and extends its wings laterally. This exposes the bright red underside of the tegmina in a "startle" display. The wings are translucent and dark brown, with black venation, and produce metallic reflections in sunlight. While holding the tegmina open, the wings move rapidly forwards and backwards, rubbing against the tegmina and producing a stridulatory sound.
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It is similar to the Wonderboom fig, which has a broadly overlapping range and occurs in comparable habitat. They differ with respect to leaf shape, venation and colour, besides the size and colour of the figs. The Wonderboom is always a tree, and has elliptic-oblong leaves with a rounded bases, that are never bright red-brown. Its figs are much smaller and mature to yellow-red.
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Individuals of P. tsus-simense are herbaceous with no persistent woody stem above ground. A mature plant can range from 20 to 50 cm tall and approximately 40 cm wide with evergreen foliage. As vascular land plants, they contain four or more bundles in an arc. They have dark green bipinnate fronds, which include crenate blades with pinnate venation within the pinnately arranged fronds.
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The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma. Leaves are deciduous or evergreen, usually alternate (rarely opposite),Northern United States (1897), page 25 estipulate (without stipule) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflats (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate). Leaf architecture is very diverse. Primary venation is pinnate (rarely palmate).
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As well, underneath the leaf, the midrib and secondary veins are very prominent. The secondary veins are in 15 to 30 pairs, straight, upcurved at the apex, and forming an angle of 45–90° with the costa--the rib, ridge, or especially the mid-rib, for instance, of a leaf. The tertiary, or third level of venation is reticulate, netted or showing a net like structure or pattern.
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Cladostemon kirki has leaves that are trifoliolate with obovate leaflets that are glabrous with a thin texture and a common petiole up to 200 mm long. Twigs and branches are flexible and herbaceous. The fragrant inflorescences are terminal or axillary, greenish at first, then white with pink venation, and finally turn yellow with age. The individual flowers are asymmetric, the two upper petals being much larger than the lower.
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The phyllotaxy is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not pinnate, like most other jasmines). They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the venation on the base of the leaf. The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches. They are strongly scented, with a white corolla in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes.
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This pattern is often specific to taxa, and of which angiosperms possess two main types, parallel and reticulate (net like). In general, parallel venation is typical of monocots, while reticulate is more typical of eudicots and magnoliids ("dicots"), though there are many exceptions. The vein or veins entering the leaf from the petiole are called primary or first-order veins. The veins branching from these are secondary or second-order veins.
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Spur shoots are common. The wood has a light coloring and a straight grain. The leaves are 7–20 cm long with a glossy, dark green upper side and glaucous, light grey-green underside; larger leaves, up to 30 cm long, may be produced on stump sprouts and very vigorous young trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptical with a crenate margin and an acute tip, and reticulate venation (see leaf terminology).
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Anthurium scherzerianum inflorescence Like other aroids, many species of Anthurium can be grown as houseplants, or outdoors in mild climates in shady spots. They include Anthurium species such as Anthurium crystallinum and Anthurium clarinervium with its large, velvety, dark green leaves and silvery white venation. Many hybrids are derived from Anthurium andraeanum or Anthurium scherzerianum because of their colorful spathes. They thrive in moist soils with high organic matter.
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The petals are shaped much like the leaves and curve outward. They have a visible venation, though this is nowhere near as marked as on the leaves. Their overlapping bases and curve give the flower a distinctive funnel shape. Between the veined petals, three acuminate (ending with a long point) sepals are visible; they are usually a paler shade of green than the leaves, and are sometimes streaked with maroon.
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The genus was first described by Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836, separating it from Pteris sensu Bory. He named it Haplopteris, from the Greek words for "simple" and "fern", in token of the simple fronds typical of the genus. He placed it in tribe Adiantaceae rather than Vittariaceae, although he recognized the similarity of the venation to Vittaria. Presl transferred Bory's Pteris scolopendrina to the genus as the type species.
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The genus Hubera was resolved to be sister to Miliusa, with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified. This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Hubera's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia, distinguish Hubera on the generic level.
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Zieria tenuis is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and endemic to the northern inland of Queensland. It is an open, straggly shrub with wiry branches, three-part leaves and groups of nine to twelve flowers with four white or pinkish petals and four stamens. It is similar to Z. collina but has larger petals, and to Z. cytisoides which has different leaf venation and differently shaped leaflets.
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Palaeovespa is most similar to the extant genus Vespa, with which it shares many similar features such as a broad rounded thorax with a sessile abdomen that is broad at the base. The genus however possesses wing venation that is closer to the more primitive genus Polistes. Despite naming P. florissantia as the type species Cockerell noted that not all features of the genus were discernible in the P. forissantia holotype.
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The insect fossils were first studied by Oswald Heer, then a professor with the University of Zürich, who placed the fossils in four new ant species in two different genera, "Formica imhoffii", "Formica schmidtii", "Ponera fuliginosa radobojana", and "Ponera affinis". Based on the petiole structure and wing venation, Heer subsequently moved the four species to the new genus "Poneropsis" in 1867 as "Poneropsis affinis", "P. fuliginosa", "P. imhoffii", and "P. schmidtii".
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Like most other vittarioid ferns, members of the genus have simple, straplike leaves. Most species lack a costa (midrib), although a few have a partial one, and the leaves are generally more than wide. The leaves have netlike venation, with three or more rows of areolae ("gaps" in the net of veins) on either side of the midline. Linear sori are borne along the veins throughout the underside of the leaf.
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Cryptocarya foveolata, known as the mountain walnut is a rainforest tree growing at high altitude in eastern Australia. Despite the common name, it belongs to the laurel family. Fallen leaves from this tree may be identified by the two glands at the base of the leaf, and by the compact leaf shape and venation. The group of Cryptocarya trees are mostly from the tropics or warmer temperate areas.
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Babiana stricta, the baboon flower or blue freesia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, native to Cape Province, South Africa and naturalized in Australia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Growing tall by broad, it is a cormous perennial with hairy leaves long. The leaves show linear venation. There are many hybrids and cultivars with different colored flowers, usually blue or pink with white additions.
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Neuranethes spodopterodes lateral aspect Pupa of Neuranethes spodopterodes Neuranethes spodopterodes larva in tunnel Neuranethes spodopterodes wing venation Adult Neuranethes spodopterodes have vestigial mouthparts Neuranethes spodopterodes is a moth in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Hadeninae.Hampson, G.F. 1908. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, Volume 7. Taylor & Francis, London Although it was described at the start of the 20th century, the moth and its habits were little known.
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Leaves may be opposite, sub-opposite or rarely alternate. The slender petiole is 1.5 to 2 mm long, and the leaves measure up to 5 x 1.5 cm. The leaf veins are clear and transparent against light, unlike the opaque venation of Wild olive trees. Leaves may also resemble those of the Natal guarri, a species of generally lower altitudes, but the latter's leaves have a finely hairy stalk.
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The oldest true beetle would have features that include 11-segmented antennae, regular longitudinal ribbing on the elytra, and having genitalia that are internal. The earliest beetle-like species had pointed, leather like forewings with cells and pits. Hemiptera, or true bugs had appeared in the form of Arctiniscytina and Paraknightia. The later had expanded parapronotal lobes, a large ovipositor, and forewings with unusual venation, possibly diverging from Blattoptera.
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The leaves are roughly erect, and 4.5–6.5 cm long by 17–24 mm wide. They have an obtuse apex and a lamina which is yellowish green or pale green. Their venation is obscure and they are thick and leathery on petioles of about 1 cm. The fragrant flowers are few to many, in dense cymose panicles to 2.6 cm long and 1.5–4.0 cm across, with 23–39 flowers.
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A small malachite; 38–47 mm long with a wingspan of 46–52 mm. Some males develop a whitish pruinose-blue bloom on the upper thorax, and smoky-black wing bands. Non-pruinose males and females have a metallic-green or brown thorax and abdomen; the thorax has yellow antehumeral stripes. Both sexes can be distinguished from other malachites by their small size, uniformly coloured pterostigmas and wing venation.
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It is a deciduous shrub growing to tall. The bark is gray and rough and has a scaly texture. The stems arch and are very dense, and the twigs are a reddish-brown color. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, long and broad, with a rounded base and serrated margins; they are superficially similar to many maple leaves, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation.
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With a hand lens, translucent glands may be seen in the leaves. The base of the leaf is often oblique, that is of unequal length on either side of the leaf stem. Leaf venation is more evident under the leaf. An identifying feature is the intramarginal leaf vein, which starts at the leaf base and travels on either edge of the leaf, a distance of ¼ to ½ the length of the leaf.
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The proboscis is usually short and soft, only rarely with elongated sclerotized labella. The margin of the mouth is extended with elongation of proboscis and the vibrissal corner is raised beyond the margin of the eye. The wings usually developed, only sometimes slightly shortened, rarely reduced to small disks (plates), with reduced venation. Sometimes femora 3 rarely femora 1 thickened; in the latter case the corresponding (1) tibia is usually curved.
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Epipactis palustris is a perennial herbaceous plant. This species has a stem growing to 60 cm high with as many as ten erect leaves up to 12 cm long and up to 4cm wide, with parallel venation. It persists as an underground horizontal stem called a rhizome, from which new roots and stems grow each year. The aerial part of the stem is upright and has a cylindrical section.
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The basal secondary venation branches from a point near the base of the main vein and becomes parallel with the leaf margin, with the distance of 1 millimeter to 2 millimeters from the edges. Margins are usually toothed or undulating. The remaining secondary veins lay at regular intervals with flowers usually growing at the branches’ ends. The flowers are yellow to orange-red and produced in panicles about in length.
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Choristotanyderus, despite being closely related to Diptera, retained four wings, with the hind wings being about one third as long as the forewings. These wings show the characteristic kink at the base of the R vein which is diagnostic of Diptera, but other venation patterns were more characteristic of Mecoptera . The third thorax segment was also reduced, which has been considered another intermediate feature between the Mecoptera and the Diptera .
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Besides Trichoceridae, there are very few insects that appear in adult form during winter months. They are usually seen in the fall or early spring and can be seen on mild winter days. Adult Trichoceridae are medium-sized flies that are hard to distinguish in the field. Aside from the presence of ocelli, they have a V-shaped suture on the mesonotum and distinct wing venation (if present).
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They are elliptic and length rarely exceeding twice the breadth, upper surface dark green, shining while under surface is very glaucous and reticulate. Both surfaces have venation; 0.4-1.4 cm long and 0.2-0.6 cm broad. Flowers are solitary, axillary; pedicel bracteate ar the base, ~0.7 cm long and peduncle not visible. Four bracts that are brown, imbricate, rigid and the external ones are ovate, acute and 1–1.5 mm long.
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The ground colour of the hindwing and much of the medial and dorsal area of the forewing are largely obscured by areas of mauve grey within which the orbicular of the forewing and the discal mark of the hindwing are conspicuous. The ground colour is restricted to the basal zone and an extensive apical rectangle on the forewing, these areas being finely fasciated in darker brown that also delineates the venation.
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The larvae appear like those of the Anisoptera but are unable to use the Anisopteran jet-propulsion mode of escape; instead they must walk. Venation of E. laidlawi The adult flight is slow and rather uncoordinated. The discoidal cell in the forewing is uncrossed and four sided and in the hindwing the crossvein is long making the cell distally wide. The arculus is situated between the primary antenodals.
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Males of some species of carpenter bees have a white or yellow face, unlike bumblebees, while females lack the bare corbicula of bumblebees; the hind leg is entirely hairy. The wing venation is characteristic; the marginal cell in the front wing is narrow and elongated, and its apex bends away from the costa. The front wing has small stigma. When closed, the bee's short mandibles conceal the labrum.
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Mature males, however, have a bright pruinose-blue colouring on the collar, between the wings and on the last two segments of the abdomen. Both sexes can be distinguished from malachites of the genus Chlorolestes by their wing venation. This damselfly lives in shady forest habitat on fern-lined streambanks. Loss of this natural forest habitat is a potential threat to the species, but populations are currently thought to be stable.
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The phylloxeran species are very small to minute insects. Besides, there is a high polymorphism in the family Phylloxeridae making it at times difficult to identify its members. Also, they can pretty easily be confused to related insects such as Adelgids and true Aphids. The most important features used to tell them apart from their relatives and from other insects are the wings’ venation, the ovipositor and some characteristics of their antennae.
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The most distinctive feature of the subfamily is a tymbal organ on the metathorax. This organ has membranes which are vibrated to produce ultrasonic sounds. They also have thoracic tympanal organs for hearing, a trait which has a fairly broad distribution in the Lepidoptera, but the location and structure is distinctive to the subfamily. Other distinctive traits are particular setae ('hairs') on the larvae, wing venation, and a pair of glands near the ovipositor.
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Mammillaria morganiana is a spherical or slightly cylindrical cactus, reaching a diameter of about 8 inches. This plant is pale blue-green, densely covered by woolly whitish tubercles. The 4-5 central spines are straight, about 1 foot long, while the 40 to 50 radial spines are very thin or hairlike and reach about 1.2 inches. The funnel-shaped flowers are creamy white to pink, with central red venation, about 1.5 inches long and wide.
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Anoplotettix fuscovenosus can reach a length of about . Basic color is brownish or yellowish, with characteristic black spots on the front head near the compound eyes and a dark venation of the wings (hence the Latin name fuscovenosus of the species). These insects are polyphagous, larvae and nymphs live on various wild herbaceous plants, while adults live on bushy plants and on broadleaf trees. Adults mainly feed on fruits, especially grapevine (Vitis vinifera).
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The Nymphaeaceae are aquatic, rhizomatous herbs. The family is further characterized by scattered vascular bundles in the stems, and frequent presence of latex, usually with distinct, stellate- branched sclereids projecting into the air canals. Hairs are simple, usually producing mucilage (slime). Leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or occasionally whorled, simple, peltate or nearly so, entire to toothed or dissected, short to long petiolate), with blade submerged, floating or emergent, with palmate to pinnate venation.
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Bossiaea decumbens is a prostrate shrub growing to about high, occasionally forming a mat-like appearance. The stems are needle-shaped with scant, flattened or spreading hairs. The leaves are arranged alternately, elliptic to egg-shaped or broad, long, wide, sometimes heart-shaped at base, upper and lower leaf surface a different shade of green. The leaf lower surface is smooth with mostly obvious venation and the edges curved, on a short petiole.
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This deciduous dioecious tree's silvery-green alternate or whorled, simple, discolorous leaves show distinctive parallel secondary venation, and are silky-tomentose on the under-surface. Drooping creamy-white panicles of fragrant flowers are produced at the ends of new shoots. The fruits which are initially light-green in colour and borne on salmon-pink peduncles, become speckled with reddish-brown and later turn completely black and wrinkled. Broken shoots may exude a milky latex.
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While most damselflies rest with their wings folded together, most members of the family Lestidae hold them at an angle away from their bodies. The pterostigma (a single dark spot in the meshwork of the leading edge near the tip of each wing) is noticeably elongated. The quadrilateral (a part of the wing venation, close to the body) has an acute angle at the end. The body has a greenish, metallic shine.
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A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade (lamina) is divided. A simple leaf has an undivided blade. However, the leaf may be dissected to form lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein. A compound leaf has a fully subdivided blade, each leaflet of the blade being separated along a main or secondary vein.
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Mickelia scandens was resurrected from Mickelia guianensis, which had previously been in Lomagramma because of its venation pattern. These two had been treated as a single species since the time when they were both in the genus Acrostichum. For this reason, the most recent species name that had been applied to Mickelia scandens was Acrostichum scandens. The species that had been in Bolbitis were described in a monograph of that genus in 1977.
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The habit of this plant can be a small tree or a shrub up to 15 feet tall, and the flowers are hermaphroditic. These white trumpet shaped flowers can grow to about 6 inches long, and are followed by woody oval-shaped fruit 2–3 cm long with a dry appearance (Tucker 2010). The large leaves are dark green with a pinnate venation, and have an opposite arrangement on the plant stem.
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The color may fade with age, and can be deposited equally or in patterns such as longitudinal stripes. The leaves of adult Cecropia species are large and peltate, almost circular in circumference. The lamina is attached to the petiole, the venation is radiate, and the lamina is radially incised between the radiating main veins. Variation is high in the number of lobes or leaf segments, ranging from five to more than 20.
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Even later would appear the muscles to move these crude wings. This model implies a progressive increase in the effectiveness of the wings, starting with parachuting, then gliding and finally active flight. Still, lack of substantial fossil evidence of the development of the wing joints and muscles poses a major difficulty to the theory, as does the seemingly spontaneous development of articulation and venation, and it has been largely rejected by experts in the field.
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Just behind the head, the anterior spiracle is black in color, as is the thoracic posterior spiracle. The meron, just below the wing, is bristled. The venation of the wings is “incomplete” in that it does not reach the wing edge. The basicosta of the wing, or the “shoulder” area, is yellow in coloration, and the calypters—the scale-like structures just below the wing base—are white and of unequal size.
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The legs are extremely long and gracile, and are covered by numerous circular pubescence. Up to eight segments of the abdomen are preserved, but the terminal ones are missing making it impossible to determine the sex. The most important diagnostic features are the wings, the branches and venation of which are strikingly similar to those of the ginkgoean leaves. The resemblance is further augmented by specific patterns of spots and stripes on the wings.
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This species has a wingspan of 45–52 mm and the forewings are very distinctively shaped with a sharply pointed apex. The common name is derived from the characteristic markings on the forewings: the base colour is buffish, brown towards the termen, and is marked with a bold V-shaped pink-and-green marking. Despite this bright colouring, the angular markings provide excellent disruptive patterning camouflage. The hindwings are whitish with darker venation.
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The leaf venation is highly visible, and the leaf stalk is a strong red color. In the beginning of spring, the tree sheds the old cohort, which is used as a carbohydrate source to form the new leaves and flowers.Prado, C. & Damascos, M. (2001). Gas exchange and leaf specific mass of different foliar cohorts of the wintergreen shrub Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz (Eleocarpaceae) fifteen days before the flowering and the fall of the old cohort.
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II. Univ. Hawaii Press Primitive forms of dragonflies (Odonata) were the dominant aerial predators and probably dominated terrestrial insect predation as well. True Odonata appeared in the Permian,Grzimek HC Bernhard (1975) Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 22 Insects. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. NY.Riek EF Kukalova-Peck J (1984) "A new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based on early Upper Carboniferous fossils from Argentina (Insecta: Odonatoida and basic character states in Pterygote wings.)" Can.
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Tacca integrifolia is a herb growing from a thick, cylindrical rhizome. The leaf blades are borne on long stems and are oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, some , with tapering bases and slender pointed tips. The flower scape is about long and is topped with a pair of involucral bracts, broad and erect, white with mauve venation. Among the individual nodding flowers, which are arranged in an umbel, are further long, filiform (thread-like) bracts.
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Gryllus firmus is very similar in appearance to other crickets found in the southeastern United States, the southeastern field cricket (Gryllus rubens) and the Texas field cricket (Gryllus texensis). It has a black head and prothorax, and a brown abdomen. It can be distinguished from these two species by the coloration and venation of the forewing, but more particularly, by its call. Males of this species chirp while males of the other two species trill.
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Specimen of a female from the Amur region It is similar to Parnassius phoebus but smaller and with wing veins almost indistinct against the ground color. The hindwing has a red basal spot. Note: The wing pattern in Parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable.
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Monocot apomorphies (characteristics derived during radiation rather than inherited from an ancestral form) include herbaceous habit, leaves with parallel venation and sheathed base, an embryo with a single cotyledon, an atactostele, numerous adventitious roots, sympodial growth, and trimerous (3 parts per whorl) flowers that are pentacyclic (5 whorled) with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 2 whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels. In contrast, monosulcate pollen is considered an ancestral trait, probably plesiomorphic.
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Profile of the Lalitha Mahal is provided by This palace has now been converted into a five-star hotel belonging to the Ashok Group of Hotels. The interior of this palace contains venation marble floors, rosewood furniture and a stately balustrade staircase. The central hall in the palace contains life size portraits of the royalty, lithographs, motifs, a Belgian glass dome and carved wood shutters. An ancient elevator, still in working condition, is also present.
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The leaves can be described as having pinnate venation with obtuse or rounded leaf blade bases, rounded leaf apices, sub-entire blade margins, and glabrous surface. A leaf's abaxial surface is dull, pale and its adaxial surface is shiny, dark green with a leathery feeling upon touch. There is also sometimes white tissue that borders larger veins adaxially. The plant is evergreen and its leaves are persistent throughout all seasons unlike deciduous plants.
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A. koschevnikovi is very long-tongued (5.870 mm) and slender, with narrow tomenta. Apis koschevnikovi is larger than its sympatric A. cerana, consistently being 10 to 15% larger linearly. Apis koschevnikovi also has two distinct characteristics which are species specific – its drones have a secondary sex characteristic of a hairy fringe on the margin of the tibia of the hind leg, and worker bee forewing venation shows a cubital index which is large and varied.
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The plants are shrubs, rarely exceeding 1.50 m in height, with thick branches, scattered and few. They have pseudo- whorled leaves (5-10 x 0, 20-0, 60 cm), more or less toothed or lobed at the apex, cuneate at the base, leathery, venation slightly prominent, petiole short and robust. Flowers are small, white or pinkish in terminal panicles from 20 to 50 cm. The fruits are small and hairy, containing a single seed.
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When he erected the genus in 1841, George Bentham originally described two species in Plathymenia – Plathymenia foliolosa and Plathymenia reticulata. Following work by Warwick and Lewis published in 2003, these are now considered synonymous, and Plathymenia is considered to contain a single species. The name Plathymenia derives from the Ancient Greek roots (', meaning "flat") and (', meaning "membrane"), in reference to the winged seeds. The specific epithet ' refers to the reticulate (net-like) leaf venation.
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After 1967, D. zuberi now unites four species previously categorized in the genus Zuberia, namely Z. sahnii, Z. barrealensis, Z. zuberi, and Z. feistmanteli. This combination was suggested by Sergio Archangelsky due to the lack of differences in size, shape, and venation of pinnules. These four species were described by Frenguelli in 1943 and 1944, and were originally united as a single species in the genus Dicroidium as D. feistmanteli by Bonetti in 1966.
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After germination, the seedling produces two cotyledons which grow to in length, and have reticulate venation. Subsequently, two foliage leaves are produced at the edge of a woody bilobed crown. The permanent leaves are opposite (at right angles to the cotyledons), amphistomatic (producing stomata on both sides of the leaf), parallel-veined and ribbon-shaped. Shortly after the appearance of the foliage leaves, the apical meristem dies and meristematic activity is transferred to the periphery of the crown.
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The leaves have five primary veins, five to seven secondary veins that diverge from the most apical primary veins and six to eight medial secondary vein pairs. The third order veins are spaced between apart and the fourth order venation form a pattern of irregular polygons. The fifth order veins forking from the fourth order veins form quadrangular areoles. The fruits are a samara with the nutlet at the base and a wing extending up from the nutlet.
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Cercidiphyllum magnificum is a small deciduous tree, growing to no more than 10 m in height and pyramidal to broadly conical in shape. The tree has a smooth bark. The twigs bear leaves that are dimorphic with both short and long shoots. The short shoots bear large cordate (heart-shape) or reniform (kidney shaped) leaves with palmate venation and crenate margins, while the long shoots have leaves that are elliptic to broadly ovate with entire or finely serrate margins.
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Unlike the elms, the branchlets are never corky or winged. The leaves are alternate, with serrated margins, and (unlike the related elms) a symmetrical base to the leaf blade. The leaves are in two distinct rows; they have pinnate venation and each vein extends to the leaf margin, where it terminates in a tooth. There are two stipules at each node, though these are caducous (shed early), leaving a pair of scars at the leaf base.
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Meganeura is a genus of extinct insects from the Carboniferous period (approximately 300 million years ago), which resembled and are related to the present-day dragonflies. With wingspans ranging from to over , M. monyi is one of the largest-known flying insect species. Meganeura were predatory, with their diet mainly consisting of other insects. Wing venation of Meganeura monyi, redrawn after Brongniart (1893, Pl. XLI) Fossils were discovered in the French Stephanian Coal Measures of Commentry in 1880.
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In 2008 she published a revision of the taxonomy, identifying not one, but two spurs on the 5th tibia. This, and other morphological traits such as the pattern of wing venation, led her to classify the species in the genus Dicallomera. Because D. pumila was also the type species for this subgenus Dasorgyia, this move also required the negation of the subgenus, with the remainder of the species transferred by her to the hitherto monotypic genus Lachana.
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Circoxena ditrocha by George Vernon This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1916 using a specimen collected by George Hudson at Wainuiomata in December. Hudson discussed and illustrated the species in his 1928 publication The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. In 1973 John S. Dugdale discussed the species and illustrated the wing venation as well as the genitalia of both the male and female. The holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London.
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The forewings of the winged aquatic bugs are modified into hemelytra (singular, hemelytron), in which the basal part is thickened and leathery and the apical part is membranous. The thickened region is divided into a corium and clavus. The membranous region has veins and the venation is of taxonomic importance. However, in many families, the distinction between the leathery and membranous regions of the hemelytron is not pronounced, and the wing tends to be more fully sclerotized (e.g.
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There are no more than two veins across the costal field, and few cross-veins in general - unique among the living net-winged insects, dustywings do not actually have the "net-winged" venation. Some Coniopterygidae, like the genus Conwentzia, have only vestigial hindwings; others, like Helicoconis females, are completely wingless. Dustywings are strongly associated with woody plants, on and around which they usually spend their entire lives. Females deposit their eggs singly on bark or leaves.
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Their 2015 type description of the new genus and species was published in the journal Canadian Entomologist. The genus name Ulteramus was coined by the researchers as a combination of the Latin ramus meaning "branch" and ulter meaning "on the further side". The specific epithet republicensis is a reference to the type locality of the species in Republic, Washington. Areas of the Ulteramus wing venation are similar to members of the pamphiliid subfamilies Pamphiliinae and Cephalciinae.
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The tegula (Shown here ) is the most proximal plate at the base of the costal margin (also termed the costal plate or epaulet). Next to it (distal) is the basicosta. The system of venation is simplified but is representative of the Comstock–Needham system, which was conceived in the late nineteenth century to define precisely the terminology of the wing morphology of insects. In Diptera are the wing- veins are costa, subcosta, radial, medial and cubital.
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M. bidwillii is an erect to spreading plant, the branches and leaves of which are smooth (or having a few scattered hairs on the inflorescence axes). The leaves are linear to oblanceolate and rounded at the tip. The leaf blade is from 1.5 to 3 cm long and 1.5 to 3 mm wide, with obscure venation and an obscure petiole. The inflorescence a 2-flowered simple umbel on a peduncle which is from 3 to 6 mm long.
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Wing venation of Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga nodosa feeding on decaying flesh Sarcophagid showing basally plumose arista Members of the subfamily Sarcophaginae are small to large flies with black and gray longitudinal stripes on the thorax and checkering on the abdomen. Other key features include red eyes and a bristled abdomen. Abdominal sternites II and III are free and cover the margins of tergites. The posthumeral bristles are one or two in number, with the outermost pair missing.
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Nature printed leaf, showing shape and venation Ficus religiosa is a large dry season-deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to tall and with a trunk diameter of up to . The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended drip tip; they are long and broad, with a petiole. The fruits are small figs in diameter, green ripening to purple. F. religiosa has a very long lifespan, ranging on average between 900 and 1,500 years.
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Members of Tibouchina sensu lato are diagnosed by a number of traits including pentamerous flowers with anthers having developed pedoconnectives (the connective tissue below the anther locules) and anther appendages that are ventrally bi-lobed. These traits are likely plesiomorphic in the core Melastomeae. The magenta or purple flowers are often showy, and the stamens may be dimorphic. Members of Tibouchina have simple leaves that lack stipules with the conspicuous ladder-like venation that is characteristic of most melastomes.
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This dating places Ororaphidia and Styporaphidia as the oldest raphidiopterans known from China. Excluding the ovipositor which is short and does not pass the wingtips, Ororaphidia is and has a forewing length of . The head is longer than it is wide and is slightly longer than the prothorax. Ororaphidia has wing venation which while superficially similar to some Mesoraphidia genera, it can be distinguished by a number of differences including a pterostigmal cross vein and the noticeably short ovipositor.
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Most can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of the adult mouthparts. The characteristics of adults depend on the palps, wing venation and genitalia of both sexes. The latter two characters have undergone such extensive differentiation among the different superfamilies that the differences between the suborders is not clear-cut. The larvae of Annulipalpians are campodeiform (free-living, well sclerotized, long legged predators with dorso-ventrally flattened bodies and protruding mouthparts).
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The leaf margin can be toothed or entire and sometimes may be slightly lobed. They can be distinguished from common look alike genera such as Catalpa and Cercis by secondary and tertiary venation. The leaves are late to come in on the tree and late to fall from the typically deciduous Paulownia, however in tropical areas the tree can become evergreen. The leaves are often preceded by pale violet to purple shaded tubular flowers similar to a foxglove.
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Trigona corvina belong to Trigona, the largest genus of stingless bees, with over 80 species. T. corvina was once classified as a variety of Melipona ruficrus based on worker appearance. Fossil records of the Meliponini tribe have been discovered and it is now understood that they differentiated from other related wasps in the Late Cretaceous period. The tribe is distinct with regards to their reduced wing venation and their reduced sting, which led to their development as stingless bees.
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The family has characteristics associated with the Nematocera as well as the Brachycera. The antennae are shortened as in the Brachycera and these flies are long, having a snout with vestigeal mouthparts, non-differentiated abdominal segments with large cerci. The wings are narrow and hair-fringed and have very weak venation. They are known to form cloud-like swarms in summer and the short-lived non-feeding adults have wings that fracture at the base shortly after mating.
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In general, females are easily identifiable by the lack of scopa, reduced body hair, thick exoskeleton, and mandibles. Separation of this genus from other Nomadinae can be difficult; details of the wing venation, and the nature of the patch of silvery setae at the tip of the female metasoma are the best distinguishing features. Species of Nomada exhibit an unusual behavior where adult bees are observed to be sleeping by using only their mandibles to hold onto plants.
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Neoperla darlingi is a species of insect in the family Perlidae. It is endemic to Borneo and is only known from an adult male specimen collected at Gunung Palung National Park. It has a yellow brown colour and a uniformly pale brown head; its wings are composed of a transparent membrane with brown venation and no distinctive markings. It was named after D.C. Darling, a curator of the Royal Ontario Museum who collected the holotype of this species.
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The general shape of the A. republicense nutlet is elliptic with a pair of raised flanges which run the length of the slightly inflated nutlet forming a medial ridge. The overall length of the samara is approximately and a wing width of . The paired samaras of the species have a 50° attachment angle. The wing venation is formed by five veins that merge along the upper margin of the wing before acutely dichotomizing and anastomosing in the wing membrane.
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Within Corbiculata, Apini has a distinct wing marginal cell and Meliponini has very reduced wing venation, neither features seen in B. cerdanyensis. The overall sizes of both pterostigma and prestigma are different then seen in members of Electrobombini, while the apical area is papillate, showing small bumps, as seen in Bombini. B. cerdanyensis is one of four bee species described by Dehon and team in the PLOS One article, the others being Andrena antoinei, Euglossopteryx biesmeijeri, and Protohabropoda pauli.
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Leaf venation is of the striate type, mainly arcuate-striate or longitudinally striate (parallel), less often palmate-striate or pinnate-striate with the leaf veins emerging at the leaf base and then running together at the apices. There is usually only one leaf per node because the leaf base encompasses more than half the circumference. The evolution of this monocot characteristic has been attributed to developmental differences in early zonal differentiation rather than meristem activity (leaf base theory).
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The leaves are simple, and 3–8 cm broad, light green to glaucous, oval to cordate, with pinnate leaf venation, a mucronate apex, and an entire margin. They are arranged in opposite pairs or occasionally in whorls of three. The flowers have a tubular base to the corolla 6–10 mm long with an open four-lobed apex 5–8 mm across, usually lilac to mauve, occasionally white. They are arranged in dense, terminal panicles long.
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T. angustula is an exceptionally small bee, about 4-5 mm. Along with all other bees in the tribe Meliponini, it is stingless and has a reduced wing venation and penicilla (bristles on the leg). The subspecies T. angustula fiebrigi has a light yellow mesepisternum, while T. angustula angustula has black. Guard bees, which make up about 1-6% of each hive, weigh more than foragers by about 30% and have smaller heads, as well as longer hind legs.
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The wings are clear or partially tinged and, in some species, with a stigma spot, or with a distinct pattern. Radial vein R4+5 is often forked and the discal-medial cell (dm) is almost always present. The costa ends at or just beyond R4+5, or continues along the wing margin, and can be used as a characteristic to distinguish it from other families. The venation of the wings in minute species is often simplified.
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The apomorphies (derived characteristics common to a taxonomic group) are considered to be specialised isomorphic root hair cells, penni-parallel leaf venation, supervolute ptyxis (left and right halves of immature leaf lamina rolled into each other), diaphragmed air chambers in leaves and stem, presence of intracellular silica bodies, epigynous flowers and an inferior ovary, pollen grains without distinctive aperture but with a reduced exine layer and an elaborated intine layer, nuclear endosperm development, and arillate seeds.
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The preserved sections of the legs are slender and attached to the long prothorax. The long forewings are a dark brown coloring with area and spots that are a slightly darkener tone, possibly preserved color patterning. There are small trichosors present along the apical rear edges of the forewings, and as typical for the family, nygmata are not present on any of the wings. The forewings and hindwings are preserved overlapping each other, obscuring detail of the hindwing venation.
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The wing venation is also distinctive: the radial vein R originates near the r-m crossvein and gently curves 90° to the wing's margin. The radial veins R and R both lack an appendix, or spur-vein, at their base. The anal cell, or cell cup, is closed, typically with a short stalk. The basal portion of the wing is an opaque dark brown; this can cover one-third to four-fifths of each wing's area.
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Makarkin et al coined the specific epithet wehri in honor of Wesley Wehr for his work on the paleontology of the Republic site. Subsequently, Makarkin, Wedmann & Weiterschan (2016) transferred C. wehri to the genus Proneuronema. At the time of the species description, placement of Cretomerobius within Hemerobiidae was uncertain. The overall venation of the wings did exclude the genus from a majority of the currently defined subfamilies; specifically Adelphohemerobiinae, Berothimerobiinae, Carobiinae, Notiobiellinae, Sympherobiinae, Psychobiellinae, Hemerobiinae, and Microminae.
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It is an aeria,l stem-parasitic shrub, with short epicortical runners. The leaves, which are usually opposite, are elliptic to obovate, and about 5.5-11 cm by 3-8 cm, with no obvious venation. They sometimes occur in whorls of 3 to 4, on short stalks which are 0.4-0.8 cm long. The flowers occur in umbels. The primary stalk of the inflorescence is about 12-20 mm long, with the stalks in the umbels being about 5-10 mm long.
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There are five petals present, which are at first spreading but later somewhat reflexed, and are long inverted egg-shaped or lanceolate with the widest point towards the tip, usually long and wide. Their color varies from white to pale yellow, with a pink venation or entirely purple. The three anterior petals have a narrow basal half (a so-called claw) and a wider top half (or plate). The ten stamens are fused at their foot for 1¾–3½ mm (0.07–0.14 in).
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The elliptical Tetracentron hopkinsii type specimen leaves have a length to width ratio of 1.3:1, being up to in length and up to . The venation is palmate with one thin midvein and two to three sets of lateral primaries which curve upwards towards the apex. The outermost set of lateral primaries are thin, branching off from the midvein at a 90° angle. Conversely the inter one to two sets of lateral primaries are thicker and arch towards the leaf apex.
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Like most other vittarioid ferns, members of the genus have simple, straplike leaves. The rhizome has a distinct upper and lower side, lacking radial symmetry. Leaves are borne in two ranks in a single plane and lack a costa (midrib), unlike Scoliosorus. The leaves have netlike venation, with three or more rows of areolae ("gaps" in the net of veins) on either side of the midline, with the exception of A. bivittata, which has two to three freely branching veins.
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Torch Song Trilogy is a 1988 American comedy-drama film adapted by Harvey Fierstein from his play of the same name. The film was directed by Paul Bogart and stars Fierstein as Arnold, Anne Bancroft as Ma Beckoff, Matthew Broderick as Alan, Brian Kerwin as Ed, and Eddie Castrodad as David. Executive Producer Ronald K. Fierstein is Harvey Fierstein's brother. Wanting to highlight the work of female impersonator Charles Pierce, Fierstein created the role of Bertha Venation specifically for him.
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Plant- Undershrub, with mucilaginous juice, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, green. Leaves- Alternate, simple, lanceolate to linear, rarely ovate to oblong, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, coarsely and remotely serrate; petiole much shorter than the blade; stipulate, stipules free-lateral, unequally paired at the node, reticulate venation. Inflorescence- Cymose Flower- Small, axillary, 2-3 in a cluster; pedicels jointed at the middle, epicalyx absent, complete, bisexual, regular, actinomorphic, hypogynus, pentamerous, yellow. Calyx- Sepals 5, gamosepalous, campanulate, slightly accrescent, persistent, valvate.
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Although they somewhat resemble dragonflies or damselflies, they belong to a different infraclass of winged insects. Antlion adults are easily distinguished from damselflies by their prominent, apically clubbed antennae which are about as long as the head and thorax combined. Also, the pattern of wing venation differs, and compared to damselflies, the adults are very feeble fliers and are normally found fluttering about at night in search of a mate. Adult antlions are typically nocturnal, and rarely seen by day.
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Fossil leaves were found at the Newvale Mine, Waimumu Coalfield, Southland District, South Island, New Zealand (), in a thin leaf litter bed located in a seam of the middle Gore Lignite Measures. B. novae- zelandiae was first published in 2010. The specific epithet refers to New Zealand, where the fossils were found. The fossils are assigned to Banksieae based on several structural grounds, including brachyparacytic stomata, a trichome base architecture unique to Banksieae, "banksioid" venation, and the pinnate leaf lobes.
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Datura innoxia is a tuberous-rooted, subshrub that typically reaches a height of 0.6 to 1.5 metres. Its stems and leaves are covered with short and soft grayish hairs, giving the whole plant a grayish appearance. It has elliptic smooth-edged leaves with pinnate venation. All parts of the plant emit a foul odor similar to rancid peanut butter when crushed or bruised, although most people find the fragrance of the flowers to be quite pleasant when they bloom at night.
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The leaves lack stipules and can be sessile or shortly petiolar, though long petioles exist in sections Adenosepalum and Hypericum. Basal articulation can be present, in which case leaves are deciduous above the articulation, or absent, in which case the leaves are persistent. Some species in sections Campylosporus and Brathys have an auricle-like, reflexed leaf base, whereas true auricles only exist in sections Drosocarpium, Thasia, and Crossophyllum. Laminar venation is highly variable, being dichotomous to pinnate to densely reticulate.
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The wings have the most elementary venation of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins. The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight. They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels.
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Matsuda R (1970) Morphology and evolution of the insect thorax. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 76; 1-431. Fossils suggest they may have possessed many modern attributes even by the late Carboniferous, and it is possible that they captured small vertebrates, for at least one species had a wing span of .Riek EF Kukalova-Peck J (1984) A new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based on early Upper Carboniferous fossils from Argentina (Insecta: Odonatoida and basic character states in Pterygote wings.) Can.
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Miomoptera is an extinct order of insects. Although it is thought to be a common ancestor of all holometabolous insects, because no smooth transition between Miomoptera and other holometabolous insect orders is known, it is considered to be in a separate order unto itself. The Miomopterans were small insects, with unspecialised chewing mandibles and short abdominal cerci. They had four wings of equal size, with a relatively simple venation, similar to that of the more primitive living holometabolous insects, such as lacewings.
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The wings are folded at rest and the moth appears brown on the sides with a broad, pale, longitudinal stripe down the middle of the back. The hindwing of the male is most unusual. Not only is the venation much reduced, but there is a singular, bladderlike, thorn-bearing protuberance near the middle of the hind margin of the cell near the wing margin. Part of this organ projects above the dorsal wing surface, but the greatest protuberance is from the ventral surface.
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Morphologically, P. subnuda bees express all the features constituted in the Meliponini tribe. This includes reduction of wing venation, stiff setae or penicillum located on the anterior portion of the hind tibia and reduction of the stinger. As a member of the Meliponini tribe, P. subnuda bees also express distinctive dorsal vessel phenotypes. This includes an arch formed by the dorsal vessels between the thorax longitudinal muscles, creating a forward migrated position of the abdominal ganglia and extended digestive tract.
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When mature they were more like flowering plant leaves with reticulate venation arranged in a frond. Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia for example is named thus because each of its leaflets resembles a tobacco leaf in shape. They grew at least over 20 cm (around 10 in), probably over 50 cm (20 in) tall, depending on whether it grew as a scrambling vine (the initial assumption) or erect (nowadays considered more likely). Some apparently preferred wetlands, while others throve in rather arid habitat.
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Wernham describes the vine as being close to S. venosa, but differing in its leaf-venation, its inflorescence and its longer calyx lobes. It has leaves which are about 8 cm by 4 cm, on stalks from 1 cm to more than 3 cm long. The stipules are about 5 mm long and 4 mm wide at the base. The peduncles are about 6 mm and the bracts 5 mm by 1.2 mm, with flowers on pedicels nearly 3 mm long.
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Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer (several volumes, 1843–1856), and Edward Meyrick (1895) based their classifications primarily on wing venation. Sir George Francis Hampson worked on the microlepidoptera during this period and Philipp Christoph Zeller published The Natural History of the Tineinae also on microlepidoptera (1855). Among the first entomologists to study fossil insects and their evolution was Samuel Hubbard Scudder (1837–1911), who worked on butterflies. He published a study of the Florissant deposits of Colorado, including the exceptionally preserved Prodryas persephone.
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The sucking mouthparts which form the rostrum or beak reaches between the hind femur or the tip of the abdomen and has a long segment at the tip. The pronotum is short and wider than the head. The wings have transparent membranes and the forewings long and parallel sided. The venation consists of claval veins that join near the apex without any granulation (more accurately termed as sensory pits, a character that is used to separate them from the closely related Meenoplidae).
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Two populations of C. brunneus have females that have an additional instar inserted between instar II and III termed instar IIa. Morphological characteristics of instar IIa are a mixture of instars II and III. Females are of an intermediate size and length between instars II and III. Wing buds closely resemble the wing buds of instar II but have more venation than the typical wing buds of instar II. Genitalia development is closer to the development of instar III development.
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Archaeolepis mane is the earliest known named Lepidopteran fossil. It dates from the Lower Jurassic (ca ) and according to Grimaldi & Engel (2005) a recent re-examination of the specimen has given additional support to its ordinal placement. The fossil consists of a pair of wings with scales that are characteristically similar to the wing venation pattern found in Trichoptera (caddisflies). The fossil was found in the Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Dorset, United Kingdom by J. F. Jackson (1894-1966), of Charmouth.
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Randomly conducting networks of wires or metal meshes obtained from templates are new generation transparent electrodes. In these electrodes, nanowire or metal mesh network is charge collector, while the voids between them are transparent to light. These are obtained from the deposition of silver or copper nanowires, or by depositing metals in templates such as hierarchical patterns of random cracks, leaves venation and grain boundaries etc. These metal networks can be made on flexible substrates and can act as flexible transparent electrodes.
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Heteroneura is a natural group (or clade) in the insect order Lepidoptera that comprises over 99% of all butterflies and moths. This is the sister group of the infraorder Exoporia (swift moths and their relatives), and is characterised by wing venation which is not similar or homoneurous in both pairs of wings. Though basal groups within the Heteroneura cannot be identified with much confidence, one major subgroup is the leaf-mining Nepticuloidea. Species in this subgroup include some of the smallest lepidoterans identified.
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Rothmannia leaf with extensively ' venation Androgynous flower of Sandersonia aurantiaca cut open longitudinally to show the ', which comprises the s surrounding the green central . ' of Lilium in a state of anthesis', and releasing A Neea species, family Nyctaginaceae, presents an example of an ': the and remain around the ripening fruit. ' flowers of oaks such as Quercus robur, being , have no need of being conspicuous to pollinating animals. ' bud of a poplar shoot The apparently separate nuts of Ochrosia borbonica actually are ' s, two from each flower.
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Ginkgo leaves in summer Ginkgo leaves in autumn The leaves are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting), but never anastomosing to form a network. Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation. The leaves are usually , but sometimes up to long. The old popular name "maidenhair tree" is because the leaves resemble some of the pinnae of the maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris.
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The mid sized species is known from a single fossil, with a body length of , making it the second largest of the species, only being smaller than P. magna. The species name is from the Latin "sepultus" meaning buried, but the authors did not elaborate on the reason for the choice. While wings are preserved with the gyne, there is little detail visible of the wing venation. The head capsule is flat along the rear margin and the corners of the rear margin are rounded.
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Morphologically the subfamily is characterised by having 6 tepals and 6 stamens with a superior ovary, a characteristic which placed them within the older order of Liliales in many older classification systems, such as the Cronquist system, but they now separate from them within the Asparagales order. They have also been included in the family Liliaceae. Roots: contractile and mucilaginous. Leaves: fleshy and mucilaginous arranged in a basal rosette, alternate and spiral, simple, margin entire, with parallel venation, sheathing at the base, without stipules and hair simple.
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The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound leaves; with an ovate shape and a pinnate venation, they have a green color which turns yellow in fall, leavelets measuring between 5–10 cm long. The flowers are small and yellow with a touch of red at the base, with four petals, produced in large branched panicles that are 20–50 cm long. They are showy and have a pleasant fragrance. They flower in the summer from July to August, more northerly, in middle Europe, in September.
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Fagaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes beeches and oaks, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species. The Fagaceae are deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like (cupule) nuts. Their leaves are often lobed and both petioles and stipules are generally present. Leaf characteristics of Fagaceae can be very similar to those of Rosaceae and other rose motif families.
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It is threatened by habitat loss. Leaves alternate, petioles 2–7 mm long, aovate, base subcordate, both faces with glands giving to them harsh texture, glaucous above, undulate margins, irregularly serrate; lamina twisted 5–9 cm, notorious pinate venation. Flowers unisexual, small; male solitary, pedicels up to 1 cm, 50 stamens; female flowers in 3 in inflorescences. Fruit cupule with 4 narrow valves, with three yellowish nuts 12–20 mm long, pilose, the two lower triangular, tri-winged, and the internal flat and bi-winged.
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Lysiana murrayi (or Mulga mistletoe) is an erect or spreading hemi-parasitic shrub in the Loranthaceae (a mistletoe family) which occurs in all mainland states of Australia except Victoria. It has flat narrow leaves (which may sometimes be semi-terete with a channel on the upper surface). The leaves are 2.5–6 cm long, 1–3.5 mm wide, do not have a distinct petiole, and the venation is not visible. The inflorescence is a solitary flower or pair of flowers without a common peduncle.
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Its petioles are 2-8 by 1-2.5 millimeters and covered in dense light-colored to brown hairs. Its elliptical to lance-shaped, leathery leaves are 7.2-25 by 2.5-8.5 centimeters with tapering tips that end in a blunt point and bases that are varyingly heat-shaped, rounded or wedge- shaped. The upper surfaces of the leaves are glossy, grey, hairless and sometimes have a puckered appearance from their venation. The undersides of the leaves are covered in sparse brown hairs that are 0.3 millimeters long.
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The palpebral venation consists of largely oblique lines, with only few horizontal interconnections, or are partly networked. The fingers are lightly webbed (basal webbing on the outer fingers), whereas the toes are more webbed, but without the webbing reaching the base of the discs. Skin is slightly roughened to rugose dorsally and coarsely granulated ventrally. Colouration of living specimens is variable but usually they are light golden brown with green or brown blotches, or plain or greyish olive with bold dark spots, or entirely darker brown.
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While it may reach a height of 4–5 m, rarely 6 m in ideal, protected locations, D. reflexa is usually much smaller, especially when grown as a houseplant. It is slow-growing and upright in habit, tending to an oval shape with an open crown. The lanceolate leaves are simple, spirally arranged, 5–20 cm long and 1.5–5 cm broad at the base, with a parallel venation and entire margin; they grow in tight whorls and are a uniform dark green.Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
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This book became the standard work on Australasian entomology for some fifty years. He published widely and authoritatively on Odonata, Plecoptera, Neuroptera, and other orders, and on fossil insects, the wing venation of insects, and the phylogeny of insects. In this year he was awarded the Trueman Wood medal of the Royal Society of Arts and Science, London, and was appointed assistant-director of the Cawthron Institute. He returned to Australia in 1928 to become chief Commonwealth entomologist under the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
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Here, the genus is treated in the wide circumscription (sensu lato) adopted by many authors today, and representing the presumed core group of the Erechthiinae. Delimited thus, Erechthias includes several other genera, some of which have occasionally been treated as independent even by fairly recent authors. They are still rather similar and contain moths that are (at least overwhelmingly) very closely related. Still, they differ in details such as the wing venation - with Erechthias sensu stricto having all veins separate (as opposed to e.g.
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While the placement and structure of the gonocoxites on the females abdomen and the general wing venation are most similar to genera of Sisyridae, a number of characters distinguish Pa. groehni. Most notably the mouthparts are fused and modified into an extremely elongated siphon-like tube. All the other described genera in Sisyridae have adults with mandible structured mouthparts used for chewing or biting. There are several raised dome like calluses that are covered in setae and unlike other member of Sisyridae, the pronotum sclerite is present.
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Phylogenetic hypothesis of major lepidopteran lineages superimposed on the geologic time scale. Radiation of angiosperms spans from their earliest forms to domination of vegetation. Lepidoptera and Trichoptera (caddisflies) are sister groups, sharing many similarities that are lacking in others; for example the females of both orders are heterogametic, meaning they have two different sex chromosomes, whereas in most species the males are heterogametic and the females have two identical sex chromosomes. The adults in both orders display a particular wing venation pattern on their forewings.
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Meigen's first attempts to identify his collection which was mainly of Diptera were made with a two-volume work by Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller a German translation of Linnaeus's Natursystem published in the Netherlands by Houttyn. He soon made his first discovery. The Linnean genera were too inclusive and a better classification could be arrived at using wing venation. This conclusion had already occurred to both Moses Harris in England and Louis Jurine in Geneva but at the time Meigen was unaware of this.
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Similar to members of the Sarebasa+ group of genera in Lophopidae, such as Serida and Pyrilla, Ordralfabetix is separated from the other genera by the several characters. The distinct shape of the shallowly concave fore-wing with an elongated postclaval margin, called the tornus, and a rounded wing tip. The venation of the wing tip has distinct oblique subapical line of veinlets. The narrow costal area of the wing has veinlets running almost the entire length, excluding the base region, and is longer than the clavus.
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Tetramorium atratulum is a rare workerless socially parasitic ant from the Palaearctic region, which has even been introduced together with its host in North America. This extreme inquiline is represented only by female and pupoid type male individuals, whose morphology and anatomy indicate a highly specialized level of parasitism. The body of males is depigmentated, the cuticle is thin, the petiole and postpetiole are widely connected, and degenerate mandibles, palps, and antennae are observed. Female wing venation is reduced and the occipital region is narrowed.
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Cissifolia in the size of the areoles, the shape of the margin teeth, and the morphology of the leaflet bases. The fruits of A. lincolnense are also closer to A. sect. Cissifolia, being notably curved along the upper margin of the wing, but the undulating wing venation is not seen in either section, rather is most often seen in Acer section Indivisa. Wolfe and Tanai noted they were uncertain of the section placement for A. lincolnense, but had inferred an ancestor of both A. sect.
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Spreading to shrub, glabrous; no external runners. Leaves flat or compressed when very narrow, linear to narrow-oblong, sessile or the wider leaves shortly petiolate, 3–15 cm long, 1–10 mm wide, apex is usually rounded, base attenuate - contracted, venation is obscure; shortly petiolate. Inflorescence pedunculate usually a 2-flowered umbel; peduncle usually 0.5–2 mm in length; pedicels 2–5 mm long; bracts 1–1.5 mm long. Corolla 25–50 mm long, is usually red, rarely yellow, can also be tipped with green or black.
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This is a large damselfly with a total length of up to 50 mm. Unlike most other Calopteryx damselflies, the wings are unbanded in both sexes although the male has metallic venation that produce a distinctive blue flash on each wing beat when the insect is flying in the sun. The males in this species tend to be territorial and when the females lay their eggs in patches of plants the males guard the plants. This species is known for having a partial bivoltine life cycle.
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Fossil Ginkgo huttonii leaves from the Jurassic of EnglandGinkgo huttonii is known largely by compression fossils of its leaves. Similar to other members of the Ginkgoites, the fossil leaves of G. huttonii are simple, four-lobed, and have dense, radially disposed venation. G. huttonii fossil seeds are frequently found as well as at least a few fossilized male catkins. G. huttonii wood has yet to be described but it is likely the plant was similar to the extant, G. biloba, with wood akin to that of modern day conifers.
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Charles Darwin's book Fertilisation of Orchids included an illustration of the head of a moth with its proboscis laden with several pairs of pollinia from Orchis pyramidalis This hardy plant reaches on average of height, with a maximum of . The stem is erect and unbranched. The basal leaves are linear-lanceolate with parallel venation, up to long, the cauline ones are shorter and barely visible on the stem. The arrangement of hermaphroditic flowers in a compact pyramidal shape is very distinctive and gives the orchid its common name.
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Simple, vascularized leaves (microphylls), such as those of the early Devonian lycopsid Baragwanathia, first evolved as enations, extensions of the stem. True leaves or euphylls of larger size and with more complex venation did not become widespread in other groups until the Devonian period, by which time the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere had dropped significantly. This occurred independently in several separate lineages of vascular plants, in progymnosperms like Archaeopteris, in Sphenopsida, ferns and later in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. Euphylls are also referred to as macrophylls or megaphylls (large leaves).
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Minor veins are more typical of angiosperms, which may have as many as four higher orders. In contrast, leaves with reticulate venation there is a single (sometimes more) primary vein in the centre of the leaf, referred to as the midrib or costa and is continuous with the vasculature of the petiole more proximally. The midrib then branches to a number of smaller secondary veins, also known as second order veins, that extend toward the leaf margins. These often terminate in a hydathode, a secretory organ, at the margin.
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The type leaf of Tilia johnsoni is palmate in venation with an overall orbicular shape, cordate blade base and acute blade tip. The central primary vein is flanked by three pairs of lateral primary veins and the margin of the leaf has evenly spaced, distinctly shaped teeth with rounded sinuses separating them. The inner most set of lateral primary veins run parallel to the median secondary veins, broadly curving upwards and with three secondary veins branching off the exterior side. The branched secondaries run parallel to the next lateral primary vein.
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The Heptageniidae (synonym: Ecdyonuridae) are a family of mayflies with over 500 described species mainly distributed in the Holarctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical regions, and also present in the Central American Tropics and extreme northern South America. These are generally rather small mayflies with three long tails. The wings are usually clear with prominent venation although species with variegated wings are known. As in most mayflies, the males have large compound eyes, but not divided into upper and lower parts (the group is sometimes referred to as flat-headed mayflies).
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Paleoleishmania neotropicum amastigotes in proboscis of L. adiketis A number of features in the female fly indicate its placement in the moth fly subfamily Phlebotominae. The specimen lacks an eye bridge and has antenna segments, flagellomeres, with a fusiform shape. The wing venation includes a four branched Rs vein and two longitudinal veins present between the radial and medial forks. Though a number of characters are similar to both the Lutzomyia subgenera Lutzomyia and Pintomyia, it lacks the diagnostic row of spines that are found on the femur in Pintomyia species.
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This much-branched evergreen tree varies in size from high. The leaves have an opposite, decussate arrangement, and are entire, long and wide; the apex is acute with a small hook or point, and the base is attenuate to cuneate. Leaf margins are entire and recurved, the upper surface is grey- green and glossy, and the lower surface has a dense covering of silvery, golden or brown scales. Domatia are absent; venation is obvious on the upper surface and obscure on the lower surface; the petiole is up to long.
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Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 62 (4): 462-467. This subfamily, with this same rank, has been previously grouped with the pollen wasps and treated together as the family "Masaridae". Now, the Euparagiinae are considered an independent subfamily and the sister group of the remainder of the Vespidae. Their wing venation is unique and differs from all other Vespidae; they also characteristically have a single small pale spot at the posterior edge of the mesonotum, and the femora and trochanters of the male front legs are modified in species-specific shapes.
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Hoya meliflua has stiff succulent leaves with a very clean look to them with no venation. The flowers are reddish orange and have nectaries near the base of the central column from which a dark sap is produced that stains very easily. In fact, its name is derived from the word "mellis" meaning honeydew and the word "fluo" meaning flow, referring to the dark nectar of the plant that stains the flowers. The plant flowers in June in the Philippines and each flower cluster comes with 10-20 flowers.
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Though described as a single species, Pigg et al noted the wide grade of variation in the involucre morphology, ranging from simple to ones with extensive spines. The involucres also show a spectrum from thin, leafy lobes that display distinct veins to thick lobes with no distinct venation. As specimens of C johnsonii have a full morphology range between the three involucre types, the possibility of multiple species is hard to prove or disprove. However the authors chose to name a single species because of the continuous gradation present between the distinct morphologies.
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The hypothetical primitive wing venation pattern is often used as a basis for describing the pattern in modern insects. In extant insects, the term implies a retention of primitive characteristics but not necessarily a simplicity of design in comparison to the veinous network of other modern insect wings. Contemporary insects with wings to which the term archedictyon has been applied include the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis from Australia (illustration) and the praying mantis Orthodera novaezealandiae Purkayastha, M. 1999, Orthodera novaezealandiae, University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 27, 2008 from New Zealand.
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The Cynipoidea are a moderate-sized hymenopteran superfamily that presently includes five modern families and three extinct families, though others have been recognized in the past. The most familiar members of the group are phytophagous, especially as gall-formers, though the actual majority of included species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids. They are typically glossy, dark, smooth wasps with somewhat compressed bodies and somewhat reduced wing venation. It is common for various metasomal segments to be fused in various ways (often diagnostic for families or subfamilies), and the petiole is very short, when present.
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Longitudinal veins: C: costa; Sc: subcosta; R: radius; M: media; Cu: cubitus; A: anal. Crossveins: h: humeral; r-m: radio-medial; m-m: medial; m-cu: medio-cubital.Cells: d: discal; br: 1st basal; bm: 2nd basal; r1: marginal; r3: 1st submarginal; r4: 2nd submarginal; r5: 1st posterior; m1: 2nd posterior; m2: 3rd posterior; m3: 4th posterior; cup: cell cup The wing venation is relatively complex but without a particular conformation to distinguish the Therevidae from other families of Asiloidea. The radius is divided into four branches, with R 2 +3 undivided.
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Volucella bombylans is larger than most hoverflies, reaching a body length of 11 to 17 mm. and a wingspan length of 8–14 mm.J.K. Lindsey Commanster They look something like a bumblebee with a furry black, yellow and/or white body, but they are given away by their heads, plumed antennae,Nature Spot large eyes and the particular wing venation, which make them quite easy to identify as a true fly, like a blowfly. The mesonotum bears black or yellow hairs on the sides, while the scutellum is brownish or yellowish.
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Their arrangement has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae is divided into five subfamilies, with Banksia placed in subfamily Grevilleoideae because the individual flowers in its inflorescence occur in pairs. On the basis of certain characters of the leaf venation, hairs and pollen, it is grouped with three other genera in the tribe Banksieae. Two small genera, Austromuellera and Musgravea, both of which occur only in the rainforests of Queensland, are placed in subtribe Musgraveinae.
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Mythimna pallens, the common wainscot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae distributed throughout the Palearctic realm from Ireland in the west, through Europe (all of Russia) to Central Asia and Amur to the Kuriles in the east. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. As with other "wainscots", this species has buffish-yellow forewings with prominent venation. The common wainscot, as the specific name suggests, is very pale, lacking the darker markings shown by most of its relatives.
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The adult leaves are stalked, broad- lanceolate, to long by wide, and are dark green above, and paler below. Venation is fine and at 40° – 60° to the midline. Developing from small cylindrical or club-shaped (clavate) buds, the white flowers appear from January to April, and are arranged in groups of six to eleven in umbellasters. The woody fruits, or gumnuts, are ovoid or cylindrical in shape, and measure between 7–12 mm long and 4–6 mm wide, with the valve near the rim or enclosed.
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Young plants and coppice regrowth have glossy green, egg-shaped leaves that are held horizontally, long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, the same shade of glossy green on both sides, lance-shaped to broadly lance- shaped or sickle-shaped, long and wide, tapering to a reddish petiole long. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are dotted with numerous tiny, circular or irregularly-shaped oil glands. Secondary leaf veins arise at an acute angle from the midvein and tertiary venation is sparse.
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Solanidine and solanthrene alkaloids have been isolated from some Fritillaria species. Tulipa contains tulipanin, an anthocyanin. (see also: Toxicology) Characteristics often vary by habitat, between shade-dwelling genera (such as Prosartes, Tricyrtis, Cardiocrinum, Clintonia, Medeola, Prosartes, and Scoliopus) and sun loving genera. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits (berries) with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes, and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers.
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The thorax bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. The wings are long, veined, and membranous, narrower at the tip and wider at the base. The hindwings are broader than the forewings and the venation is different at the base. The veins carry haemolymph, which is analogous to blood in vertebrates and carries out many similar functions, but which also serves a hydraulic function to expand the body between nymphal stages (instars) and to expand and stiffen the wings after the adult emerges from the final nymphal stage.
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The legs are slender and attached to the long prothorax, with all the legs showing distinct apical spurs on the tibia. The long forewings are a hyaline with a brown pterostigma and brown venation, but no color patterning. There are small trichosors present along the apical rear edges of the forewings, but unlike the modern genus Gumilla, nygmata are not present on any of the wings. The Rs vein of all four wings have six distinct branches and the positioning of the first branch is near the center point of the wing.
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Ceratina are commonly dark, shining, even metallic bees, with fairly sparse body hairs and a weak scopa on the hind tibia. Most species have some yellow markings, most often restricted to the face, but often elsewhere on the body. They are very commonly mistaken for "sweat bees" (family Halictidae), due to their small size, metallic coloration, and some similarity in wing venation; they can be easily separated from halictids by the mouthparts (with a long glossa) and the hindwings (with a tiny jugal lobe).Small carpenter bees, Ceratina spp.
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Gonepteryx cleopatra is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of about 50–70 mm (2.0-2.8 in). It is a sexually dimorphic species - the female has pale yellow or greenish wings, the male is darker yellow with an orange patch on the forewing. Both sexes have a forewing apical hook and brown dots in the center of each wing, and the underside of wings is light greenish yellow. The greenish color, the shape and the pronounced venation on the hindwings give to these butterflies a good camouflage, making them resemble just leaves.
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The L. tacanae type specimen is a male that has an approximately long body, and is long with the wings included. The original coloration of the individual is not clear due to the amber, however the color patterning of light and dark is well preserved. The venation on the hemelytra has the typical thickening, and four of the cross veins in the costal area show a distinct darkened color tone. The flattened extensions along both the hemelytra and the abdomen are edged with small spines, each of which bear short, upright setae.
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In the past these three families mentioned above have been placed together in the same superfamily Aphidoidea. Generally, Phylloxeridae is placed together with Adelgidae in the superfamily Phylloxeroidea. In fact, bionomical similarity such as the oviparous parthenogenetic females observed in these two groups and morphological characters such as the reduction of forewing venation, and reduction of antennal segments have been used in the study of their phylogeny suggesting that they are closely related and leading to their placing as sister groups in Phylloxeroidea. Phylloxeridae together with Adelgidae form the oviparous aphids group which is monophyletic and is sister group to Aphidoidea (other aphids).
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The earliest beetle-like species during the Permian had pointed, leather like forewings with cells and pits. Hemiptera, or true bugs had appeared in the form of Arctiniscytina and Paraknightia having forewings with unusual venation, possibly diverging from Blattoptera. A single large wing from a species of Diptera in the Triassic (10 mm instead of usual 2–6 mm) was found in Australia (Mt. Crosby).This family Tilliardipteridae, despite of the numerous 'tipuloid' features, should be included in Psychodomorpha sensu Hennig on account of loss of the convex distal 1A reaching wing margin and formation of the anal loop.
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In most modern insects the media anterior has been lost, and the usual "media" is the four-branched media posterior with the common basal stem. In the Ephemerida, according to present interpretations of the wing venation, both branches of the media are retained, while in Odonata the persisting media is the primitive anterior branch. The stem of the media is often united with the radius, but when it occurs as a distinct vein its base is associated with the distal median plate (m') or is continuously sclerotized with the latter. The cubitus, the sixth vein of the wing, is primarily two branched.
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The leaves of Pachypodium bicolor are subsessile, very much stalkless and attached directly at the base of the leaf, and confined to the apices of the branchlets. The leaves can be petiole, having a stalk by which a leaf is attached to a stem, at 0 mm to 2 mm (up to 0.08 in) long; meaning they have a very short stalk to the leave, if at all. Pubescent --hairy--the leaf blade is medium green with a pale green midrib above and a pale green below along with reticulate venation beneath when fresh. When the leaves are dried they are papery.
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Weevils and dryopoids were always his main passion, although his area of interests extended far beyond that. He produced over 20 scientific papers, including an outstanding comparative study of the hindwing venation of the superfamily Curculionoidea published in co-authorship with Vladimir Zherikhin. Being a keen field researcher, he participated in numerous expeditions to the Maritime Province and Sakhalin Island, Kuznetskii Alatau, Novosibirsk Region, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Turkmenia, and Ukraine. The material he collected on his trip to the Drakensberg and Zululand in 2005 inspired him to commence a new project on Afrotropical Elmidae and Anthribidae.
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Veins appeared in the Permian period (299–252 mya), prior to the appearance of angiosperms in the Triassic (252–201 mya), during which vein hierarchy appeared enabling higher function, larger leaf size and adaption to a wider variety of climatic conditions. Although it is the more complex pattern, branching veins appear to be plesiomorphic and in some form were present in ancient seed plants as long as 250 million years ago. A pseudo- reticulate venation that is actually a highly modified penniparallel one is an autapomorphy of some Melanthiaceae, which are monocots; e.g., Paris quadrifolia (True-lover's Knot).
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Symphyta are the more primitive group, with comparatively complete venation, larvae that are largely phytophagous, and without a "wasp-waist", a symplesiomorphic feature. Together, the Symphyta make up less than 10% of hymenopteran species. While the terms sawfly and Symphyta have been used synonymously, the Symphyta have also been divided into three groups, true sawflies (phyllophaga), woodwasps or xylophaga (Siricidae), and Orussidae. The three groupings have been distinguished by the true sawflies' ventral serrated or saw-like ovipositor for sawing holes in vegetation to deposit eggs, while the woodwasp ovipositor penetrates wood and the Orussidae behave as external parasitoids of wood-boring beetles.
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The species has often been confused with Vatica odorata, being distinguished by leaves narrowing gradually to a blunt point (instead of being acuminate), the relatively longer petioles, and the less raised main venation. The young twigs and petioles are furthermore covered in pale-greyish scruff as opposed to reddish-brown scruff. According to King in his original 1893 description of this taxon, it is most similar to V. curtisii (now synonymised with V. odorata), especially in its fruit, but he distinguishes the taxa on the basis of this taxon having leaves with fewer and less prominent nerves.
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Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco is a biophysicist and a professor at The Rockefeller University. He is known for his work on thermal ratchets as models of biological motors, auditory biophysics, bailout embeddings,Julyan H. E. Cartwright, Marcelo O. Magnasco, and Oreste Piro "Bailout embeddings, targeting of invariant tori, and the control of Hamiltonian chaos", Phys. Rev. E 65, 045203(R) (2002)., neural coding, other studies of biological networks such as leaf venation, and for placing the date of the solar eclipse mentioned in the Odyssey on April 16, 1178 B.C. together with Constantino Baikouzis of the National University of La Plata.
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Myosotidium is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. This genus is represented by the single species Myosotidium hortensia, the giant forget-me-not or Chatham Islands forget-me-not, which is endemic to the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. The biogeography is yet unresolved, but its ancestors may have originated from the American continent, as Myosotidium hortensia was found to be sister to the South American plant genus Selkirkia and both genera being sister to the North American genus Mimophytum. Myosotidium hortensia is a fleshy herb with large orbicular somewhat fleshy leaves and appearingly parallel leaf venation.
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The tree's bark is grey-brown, with conspicuous lenticels on young stems, and shallowly fissured on old trunks. The leaves are 1.5–5 cm long, 1–4 cm. wide, alternate, clustered at the end of alternately arranged twigs, ovate to cordate, pointed, have serrate edges, longitudinal venation and are glabrous and green. The petiole is 5–20 mm, and may or may not have two glands. The flowers are fragrant, pure white, small, 8–20 mm diameter, with an 8–15 mm pedicel; they are arranged 3-10 together on a 3–4 cm long raceme.
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These leaves also have the highest vein order of four to five, in a combination of brochidodromous (where secondary veins do not terminate at leaf margin, and instead form joined arches along the margin) and craspedodomous (where secondary veins terminate at leaf margins) venations. The structures on leaf margins of Ascarina share general shape, size and with the other genera of Chloranthaceae. They differ from the other genera in the festooned craspedodomous venation, which is a unique feature of Ascarina. The pollen of Ascarina plants are a wind distributed pollen with some notable differences from the rest of the genera.
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Most intriguing is the morphology of the antenna which bears a long and thick third article followed by a number of shorter and more slender antennomeres. This so-called synantennomere 3 is the product from the ontogenetic fusion of several antennal articles, and it is unique among the extant Hymenoptera species. In Pleroneura, Xyelecia and most species of Xyela the maxillary palps are strongly enlarged and bear specialized setae on the distal articles. The wing venation is the most complete among Hymenoptera: Only in Xyelidae the radial sector Rs furcates into the veins Rs1 and Rs2, while in other Hymenoptera Rs1 is absent.
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There are typically one or two teeth on the outside margins of the outside lobes, one tooth at most on the inside of the lobes, and one or two teeth on each side of the middle lobe. The leaves have an overall size range of approximately to an estimated , and widths ranging between . The leaves have three to five secondary veins that diverge from the most apical primary veins and three to five medial secondary vein pairs running between lobes. The third order veins are spaced between apart and the fourth order venation form a pattern of irregular polygons.
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Common three-seeded mercury is an annual herbaceous plant. It grows from a taproot, reaching 1/2–2 feet (15–61 cm) tall, and is usually without branches. The central stem can be either covered with fine white hairs or hairless. The lanceolate to lanceolate-rhombic acute leaves are alternate with slightly hairy petioles about 1.5 inches (4 cm) long, bluntly serrated margins, and pinnate venation. Leaves are deep green and somewhat shiny above, light green and mostly hairless below and can be up to 2.75 inches (7 cm) long and 1.5 inches (4 cm) wide.
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Sensing an important step forward he secured the works of Fabricius and from that time concentrated on Diptera. He soon found that wing venation alone was not enough to classify the Dipera correctly and he began to make drawings of the antennae viewed under a 20-power wooden-framed microscope purchased at the fair in Aachen, This, a lens of about 6-power, and his own very sharp eyesight and visual memory led him to the next important conclusion, that the Diptera could only be classified using character combinations; what is now known as an eclectic system.
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Frank Morton Carpenter (September 6, 1902 – January 18, 1994) received his PhD from Harvard University, and was curator of fossil insects at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology for 60 years. He studied the Permian fossil insects of Elmo, Kansas, and compared the North American fossil insect fauna with Paleozoic taxa known from elsewhere in the world. A careful and methodical worker, he used venation and mouthparts to determine the relationships of fossil taxa, and was author of the Treatise volume on Insects. He reduced the number of extinct insect orders then described from about fifty to nine.
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The group diversified during the Triassic and have remained important plant-eaters from that time to now. The first modern families such as the Eumastacidae, Tetrigidae and Tridactylidae appeared in the Cretaceous, though some insects that might belong to the last two of these groups are found in the early Jurassic. Morphological classification is difficult because many taxa have converged towards a common habitat type; recent taxonomists have concentrated on the internal genitalia, especially those of the male. This information is not available from fossil specimens, and the palaentological taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings.
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These include the first explanation of the unusual construction of the "flower" (actually a pseudanthium) of Euphorbia; an explanation of the construction of the flowers of Eucalyptus; and observations on the venation of the petals of Asteraceae. He also expands on previous remarks on the fruits of conifers, and explains in detail his previous decision to separate the Poaceae into what are now Pooideae and Panicoideae. The paper concludes with comments on the vegetation and floristics of Australia, including comparisons with other continents. There is an interesting historical footnote in Brown's use of the term Australian throughout the paper.
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Research on genome expression in the mayfly Cloeon dipterum, has provided ideas on the evolution of the insect wing and giving support to the so-called gill theory which suggests that the ancestral insect wing may have evolved from larval gills of aquatic insects like mayflies. Mayfly larvae do not survive in polluted aquatic habitats and, thus, have been chosen as bioindicators, markers of water quality in ecological assessments. In marketing, Nike produced a line of running shoes in 2003 titled "Mayfly". The shoes were designed with a wing venation pattern like the mayfly and were also said to have a finite lifetime.
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The plant fruits from August to October and the fruit has a brown capsule of three chambers which has three seeds that are shiny, grayish-tan, stippled with black, and oval-shaped. In terms of the seedling, it stems underneath the cotyledons which are mostly cased with hairs that give off a star-shaped look. The cotyledons tend to be 5 to 7 mm long by 7 to 10 mm wide, dense, heart-shaped, and have three distinguishing veins that come from the same place, also known as palmate venation. Additionally, the first true leaves that emerged are toothed and egg-shaped.
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The arrangement of the veins in a leaf (venation) can be absent or very hard to see; the leaf blades are 5–10 cm (2-4 in.) long. K. blossfeldiana flowers in late autumn to early winter; each flower has four petals and can be one of a wide variety of colours, from the dark reds and pinks to oranges, golds and whites. The ovary is tetracarpellary and apocarpous while stamens are four in number and are epipetalous. The inflorescences are born by peduncles which are higher up than the leaves and are terminal in nature.
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Burmacoccus is one of three Burmese amber coccid genera that Koteja described in the same paper, the other two being Albicoccus, monotypic to the family Albicoccidae, and the incertae sedis genus Marmyan. He placed Burmacoccus into the monotypic family Burmacoccidae based on the combination of characters that indicate a relationship to the archaeococcoid group scale insects, but are not found in any one particular family. Koteja noted the scutellum shape indicates a possible relationship to the family Monophlebidae, however the wing venation is very different between the two families. Another similar family, known from New Jersey amber is Grimaldiidae.
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Adders-tongues are so-called because the spore-bearing stalk is thought to resemble a snake's tongue. Each plant typically sends up a small, undivided leaf blade with netted venation, and the spore stalk forks from the leaf stalk, terminating in sporangia which are partially concealed within a structure with slit sides. When the leaf blade is present, there is not always a spore stalk present, and the plants do not always send up a leaf, sometimes going for a year to a period of years living only under the soil, nourished by association with soil fungi. The plant grows from a central, budding, fleshy structure with fleshy, radiating roots.
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Trillium grandiflorum is a perennial that grows from a short rhizome and produces a single, showy white flower atop a whorl of three leaves. These leaves are often called bracts as the "stem" is then considered a peduncle (the rhizome is the stem proper, aboveground shoots of a rhizome are branches or peduncles); the distinction between bracts (found on pedicels or peduncles) and leaves (borne on stems). A single rootstock will often form clonal colonies, which can become very large and dense. Detail of a leafy bract showing engraved venation The erect, odorless flowers are large, especially compared to other species of Trillium, with long petals, depending on age and vigor.
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All species are shrubs, though some can grow quite large; for example P. tomentosus may become, at up to 3 m high, a small tree. Like the closely related serrurias they have divided leaves, though a distinctive feature of the genus is that individual plants of some species can bear both normal leaves and ones that are only minimally or even undivided. Other strange features of the leaves are that they do not have distinct upper and lower surfaces and their venation is primitive. The flowerheads are spike-like inflorescences in which the flowers are grouped into fours, with each group of four carried beneath a leathery bract.
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A. hesperistis has strongly clubbed or hooked antennae, like a butterfly, giving it a skipper-like appearance (Shields and Dvorak, 1979), hence the species name. The hindwing is not tailed, unlike Sematurinae which have the veins "M2" and "M3" in the hindwing bearing tails (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The adult male moth has a pair of hair-pencils at the base of the abdomen. On the head (in contrast to Sematurinae) the ocelli are absent and the compound eyes are not hairy; the wing venation differs between subfamilies and the forewing "M1" vein is "free" as opposed to sharing a "stalk" with vein "R1" in Sematurinae (Minet and Scoble, 1999).
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Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. NY. and all are amphibian. Their prototypes are the oldest winged fossils, go back to the Devonian, and are different from other wings in every way. Their prototypes may have had the beginnings of many modern attributes even by late Carboniferous and it is possible that they even captured small vertebrates, for some species had a wing span of 71 cm. The oldest known insect that resembles species of Coleoptera date back to the Lower Permian (), though they instead have 13-segmented antennae, elytra with more fully developed venation and more irregular longitudinal ribbing, and an abdomen and ovipositor extending beyond the apex of the elytra.
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P. remota is a small bee, roughly about 3–6 mm in length. It shows characteristics of bees in the genus Plebeia which include whitish or yellow stripes on the face and thorax. Like other species in Meliponini, it exhibits a trigoniform body structure, sparse hair and reduced wing venation. The nests of P. remota normally consist of a small, propolis entrance that is only as large as the head of the worker bee, a pile of 8-10 horizontal combs away from the entrance, honey pots and pollen pots that are located close to the combs and entrance respectively, and sites for resin storage and waste materials.
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The holotype is composed of a single fully complete adult forewing of in length with distinct macrotrichiae on both the C vein and parts of the R vein. The overall vein structure displayed by the specimen is most similar to that seen in the family Mesoraphidiidae, being distinctly simpler in structure then venation seen in the family Baissopteridae. Several features of the wing are used to distinguish Iberoraphidia from other Mesoraphidiidae genera. The wing possesses a fork of the MA and MP veins that is closer to the wing base then seen in most other genera, with only the genus Ororaphidia having a similar shift.
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In the past, taxa which had petiolate leaves with reticulate venation were considered "primitive" within the monocots, because of the superficial resemblance to the leaves of dicotyledons. Recent work suggests that while these taxa are sparse in the phylogenetic tree of monocots, such as fleshy fruited taxa (excluding taxa with aril seeds dispersed by ants), the two features would be adapted to conditions that evolved together regardless. Among the taxa involved were Smilax, Trillium (Liliales), Dioscorea (Dioscoreales), etc. A number of these plants are vines that tend to live in shaded habitats for at least part of their lives, and this fact may also relate to their shapeless stomata.
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Even more remarkably, some of the larvae are larger than the others and act in a similar way to the "soldiers" of eusocial insects, attacking any other wasp larvae already in the body of the host, and dying without reproducing ("altruism"). Wasps in this family are relatively easy to separate from other Chalcidoidea by features of the wing venation, the migration of the cerci forwards on the metasoma (and accompanying distortion of the tergites), and a greatly enlarged mesopleuron with anteriorly positioned mesocoxae. Encyrtid thorax; "h" is the mesopleuron An extinct genus Archencyrtus has been described from the Middle Eocene age Sakhalin amber in Eastern Russia.
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Male blue ringtail (Austrolestes annulosus), a damselfly (Zygoptera: Lestidae) Dragonfly (top) and damselfly (bottom) wing shape and venation These insects characteristically have large rounded heads covered mostly by well-developed, compound eyes, legs that facilitate catching prey (other insects) in flight, two pairs of long, transparent wings that move independently, and elongated abdomens. They have three ocelli and short antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include simple chewing mandibles in the adult. Flight in the Odonata is direct, with flight muscles attaching directly to the wings; rather than indirect, with flight muscles attaching to the thorax, as is found in the Neoptera.
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The Paleocene fossil leaf species Platanus nobilis was established as a species intermediate between Macginitiea and modern Platanus. However, differences between P. nobilis and Macginitiea were later considered too minor to justify placing P. nobilis in a different genus, particularly since P. nobilis was associated with Macginicarpa inflorescences. As such, P. nobilis was reassigned to Macginitiea nobilis. The “Joffre Plane” as a whole plant reconstruction includes leaves from Macginitiea nobilis, pistillate inflorescences and infructescences from Macginicarpa manchesteri, and staminate inflorescences of Platananthus speirsae. Macginitiea nobilis is set apart from other Macginitiea species by its fewer number of lobes (usually 3, instead of 5-9) and less distinct “chevron” venation pattern.
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The first pair of leaves usually have a single leaflet, the number gradually increasing up to a maximum of about thirteen leaflets per leaf (usually seven or nine), depending on variety and growing conditions. At the top of a flowering plant, this number again diminishes to a single leaflet per leaf. The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite leaf arrangement and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant. The leaves have a peculiar and diagnostic venation pattern that enables persons poorly familiar with the plant to distinguish a cannabis leaf from unrelated species that have confusingly similar leaves (see illustration).
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The leaves, which emerge from the shoot, are specialised structures that carry out photosynthesis, and gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and water exchange. They are sheathed by an outer layer or epidermis that is coated with a waxy waterproof protective layer, which is punctuated by specialised pores, known as stomata, which regulate gas and water exchange. The leaves also possess vascular bundles, which are generally visible as veins, whose patterns are called venation. Leaves tend to have a shorter life span than the stems or branches that bear them, and when they fall, an area at the attachment zone, called the abscission zone leaves a scar on the stem.
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This is the largest orchid species in Europe, growing to 60 cm tallKew Science - Cypripedium calceolus with flowers as wide as 9 cm.Nature Gate - Ladys Slipper Before it flowers, it is distinguished from other orchids by the large size and width of its ovate leaves (as big as 18 cm long, 9 cm wide), which like other orchids exhibit parallel venation. Each shoot has up to four leaves and a small number (1-2) of flowers, which have long often twisted petals varying from red-brown to black (rarely green) and a slipper-shaped yellow labellum, within which red dots are visible. It is a long-lived perennial and spreads using horizontal stems (rhizomes).
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Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. PDF fulltext As in other cuckoo bees, females can be easily distinguished from those of their hosts by the lack of scopae and other pollen-collecting adaptations, as well as lacking prepygidial fimbria and basitibial plates. Their body hair is rather short and on the abdomen lies flat against the exoskeleton. They may, therefore, be difficult at first glance to distinguish from the Nomadinae, but the details of their wing venation are characteristic: the marginal cell is shorter than the first two submarginal cells, and the second abscissa of vein M+Cu is extremely short, with the cells it connects being almost adjacent to each other.
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These small moths come in a diverse range of more or less subdued colors and in their natural range can usually be distinguished by their wing venation: In the forewings, vein 1b is forked and vein 1c missing; veins 2 and 3 neither run parallel nor approach at the end, and vein 5 does not emerge from a common stalk with veins 6-8. In addition, like in some related moths the scape is short and bears a comb. The male genitals are generally similar to those of cosmet moths, but this may be a symplesiomorphy. The vinculum is variously developed and the valvae thus attach variously far from the tegumen, though often quite closely.
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Flowers (left) and fruit Viburnum opulus is a deciduous shrub growing to tall. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, long and broad, with a rounded base and coarsely serrated margins; they are superficially similar to the leaves of some maples, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green, with valvate bud scales. The hermaphrodite flowers are white, produced in corymbs in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers 1.5–2 cm in diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small (5 mm), fertile flowers; the flowers are produced in early summer, and pollinated by insects.
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The upper surfaces of the leaves are dark- green and the lower surfaces, pale-green. There are 8-14 lateral veins on each side of the midrib and between these the venation is reticulate. This plant is very like Fontainea picrosperma, but differs in that it has no glands in the leaf lamina; the disk is irregularly lobed and not as high as that of F. picrosperma (c 0.6 mm high vs 0.7-1 mm); the calyx of the male flower has four lobes (versus 2-3 lobes); the male calyx lobes are ovate/broadly ovate versus triangular ovate; and the stamens are joined for 1–1.5 mm versus 0.5 mm for F. picrosperma..
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These are medium to large flies of compact structure, with clear wings of complex venation. Antennae are highly characteristic with antennae consisting of several compact segments that lie in a deep groove between the eyes; the outermost segment of each antenna bears a feather like structure, the arista, which projects forwards. Species within Musca, Hydrotaea, and similar genera have mouthparts adapted for sponging nutritious liquids with their labellar lobes (see photograph of Calliphora mouthparts which also have this sponge structure). Some species of this type, such as Musca vestustissima (Australian bush-fly) also have, as part of this sponge structure, small teeth that can scrape at host's skin down to superficial capillaries to feed on blood.
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In his original description, Lederer compares it to Crassa tinctella, of which it is about the same size. In his re-analysis Hering compares it to Scythris cuspidella, considering the genus Scythris the most closely resembling group to this odd moth, but remarks on the very different wing venation, the fore-wings having more and more pronounced veins, the hind-wings somewhat less but more pronounced veins, as well as differences in the genitalia. Meyrick mentions a resemblance to the genus Promalactis. The adults can be found with similar moths in the genus Pleurota in May in Turkey, but are said to be easily distinguished by the "naked and curved palpus labialis".
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The insect fossils were first studied by Oswald Heer, then a professor with the University of Zürich, who placed the fossils in a new genus Attopsis. The genus was based on the perceived structuring of the petiole as having two segments and the wing venation having an open mcu cell. Along with A. longipennis, Heer described three other species, A. anthracina, A. longipes, and A. nigra. The genus and many of the type specimens were reexamined and redescribed in 2014 by paleoentomologists Gennady Dlussky and Tatyana Putyatina, who determined that only the type specimen for A. longipennis matched a revised description of the genus, while all other fossils from the four species were redescibed as members of different genera.
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Reginald Punnett suggested 28 species of this peculiar facies are known, though some are excessively rare. The majority are ithomiines, but two species of the Danaine genus Lycorea, the pierine Dismorphia orise the swallow-tail Parides hahneli, and several species of diurnal moths belonging to different families also enter into the combination. Identification of adult ithomiines relies on hindwing venation and male androconial scales (sex brushes located on the hindwing costa). The group has repeatedly been proposed as biological indicators of ecological conditions or biological diversity within neotropical forests, but individual sites harbor between 10 and 50 species, for the most part, and beta diversity is often great, even over relatively short distances.
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After that, morphological and anatomical character analysis of the Melastomataceae and their traditional allies by Renner identified two major lineages (Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae), and in that classification, Memecylon was placed in the Memecylaceae. Synapomorphies used in this phylogenetic analysis were anther connective and dehiscence, dorsal glands on stamen connectives, endothecium, placentation, locules, seeds, leaf venation, terminal leaf sclereids, paracytic stomata, stomata shape, leaf sclereids, indumentum, ant and mite domatia, wood and growth form characters, which excluded Memecylaceae from Melastomataceae. However, in Memecylon some characters such as seasonal flowering and small size of flowers contributed to the difficulty of assessing relationships based on the morphology. Later, several groups have been either included in broadly defined Memecylaceae or segregated from it.
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Six to eight veins extend into the wing, running along the proximal edge and the forking veins running from the vascular group fork at angles between 10° and 30°. The wings are between long with a straight upper margin that broadly curves towards the wing apex, and the distal margin forming a wide v-shaped sulcus. Chaney & Axelrod suggested the fruits belonged to a Acer section Saccharina species, but Wolfe and Tanai note the lack of reticulated venation on the nutlet excludes that placement, and placed the fruits into Acer section Rubra. Many of the fruits show irregular folds on the nutlet, that Wolfe and Tanai suggested were the result of a thin endocarp.
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Adults of this family can usually be separated from other small flies by the strongly humped thorax, well-developed coxae, and often spinose legs, but identification within the family between genera and species generally requires close study of microscopic features such as subtle differences in wing venation and variation in chaetotaxy and genitalia. The terrestrial larvae usually feed on fungi, especially the fruiting bodies, but also spores and hyphae, but some species have been recorded on mosses and liverworts. The larvae of some species, while still being associated with fungi, are at least partly predatory. Some species are attracted to the fungus smell of Jack-in-the-Pulpit, fall into their inflorescences and accomplish their pollination.
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Both head and thorax are clad in short hairs, but no bristles are on the body. The membranous forewings are clear, uniformly shaded grey or brown, or patterned in some species; they have a basal lobe (or calypter) that covers the modified knob-like hindwings or halteres. The tips of the legs have two lobes on the sides (pulvilli) and a central lobe or empodium in addition to two claws that enable them to grip surfaces. Species recognition is based on details of head structures (antennae, frons, and maxillae), the wing venation and the body patterning; minute variations of surface structure cause subtle alterations of the overlying hairs which alters the appearance of the body.
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The forewings are pale ochreous, shaded with reddish brown, and streaked on the brown shades with dark steely greyish fuscous. The markings consist of an elongate costal shade, from the base nearly to the middle, in which the grey streaks predominate. There is a small patch between this and the fold, at one-fourth, with a short streak a little beyond it on the cell and a strong shade along the dorsal third, from the base to tornus, connected with a broad fascia beyond the middle, through which the dark fuscous streaks follow the venation and are faintly indicated in the pale ochreous space beyond, especially toward the tornus. The hindwings are greyish fuscous.
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Helophytes, rarely rheophytes, with thick creeping rhizome; leaf blade simple, ovate to almost linear, fine venation transverse-reticulate; spathe tube with connate margins; spadix entirely enclosed in spathe tube; flowers unisexual, perigone absent. Differs from Cryptocoryne in having female flowers spirally arranged (pseudo- whorl in Lagenandra nairii, whorled in Lagenandra gomezii) and free; spathe tube "kettle" with connate margins (containing spadix) occupying entire spathe tube; spathe blade usually opening only slightly by a straight or twisted slit; berries free, opening from base; leaf ptyxis involute.Simon J. Mayo, Josef Bogner, Peter C. Boyce: The Genera of Araceae. 1. published, Royal Botanic Gardens/ Kew Publishing, London 1997, (Full-text as PDF-file; Continental Printing, Belgium 1997).
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The genus Mickoleitia and family Mickoleitiidae was named in honor of German zoologist Gerhard Mickoleit from the University of Tübingen, who was among the first proponents of Willi Hennig's "Phylogenetic Systematics". The scientific name of the order Coxoplectoptera refers to the prolonged coxal segment of the larval and adult legs, and the old scientific name Plectoptera for mayflies (not to be confused with Plecoptera for stoneflies). The common name "chimera wings" was coined in reference to the strange combination of characters in the morphology of the adult animal, which looks like a kind of chimera built from unrelated insects, with their oblique thorax and broad hind wing shape like a dragonfly, their wing venation like a primitive mayfly ancestor, and their raptorial forelegs like a mantis.
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The larvae feed on Amelanchier ovalis, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Cotoneaster multiflorus, Crataegus azarolus, Crataegus chrysocarpa, Crataegus coccinea, Crataegus crus-galli, Crataegus douglasii, Crataegus laciniata, Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus x lavalleei, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus pentagyna, Crataegus punctata, Crataegus rivularis, Crataegus spathulata, Crataemespilus arnieresi, Crataemespilus grandiflora, Cydonia oblonga, Malus angustifolia, Malus x astracanica, Malus baccata, Malus coronaria, Malus domestica, Malus floribunda, Malus fusca, Malus parviflora, Malus ringo, Malus sylvestris, Mespilus germanica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Pyrus betulaefolia, Pyrus communis, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, Sorbus aucuparia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a long corridor, that widens only little, and winds freely through the leaf, not influenced by the venation. In thick, sun-exposed leaves the mine may be significantly shorter.
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Reference sources are most important, and Denys uses a body-live, pinned or pickled, to work from, as pinned and set specimens can be misleading due to shrinkage, discoloration or loss of parts. He does use photographs although these vary enormously in terms of color bias. He uses textbook or specialist handbooks to confirm details of mouth parts, wing venation and other identification features.' Denys Ovenden began his studies at Hornsey College of Art in 1938, with a five-year break from 1942 to December 1946 in the Royal Engineers, most of which was spent in North Africa and Italy. In 1950 he began working as a freelance illustrator, for London Zoo, The Radio Times, Crawfords Advertising Agency and Collins.
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Their wing venation is variable, the most common type being that found in the genus Caecilius (rounded, free areola postica, thickened, free pterostigma, r+s two-branched, m three-branched). Additional veins are found in some families and genera (Dicropsocus and Goja in Epipsocidae, many Calopsocidae, etc.) Psocomorpha is the largest suborder of the Psocoptera sensu stricto (i.e. excluding Phthiraptera), with about 3,600 species in 24 families, ranging from the species-poor Bryopsocidae (2 spp.) to the speciose Psocidae (about 900 spp). Psocomorpha comprises Infraorder Epipsocetae (families Cladiopsocidae, Dolabellopsocidae, Epipsocidae, Neurostigmatidae and Ptiloneuridae), Infraorder Caeciliusetae (families Amphipsocidae, Asiopsocidae, Caeciliusidae, Dasydemellidae and Stenopsocidae), Infraorder Homilopsocidea (families Archipsocidae, Bryopsocidae, Calopsocidae, Ectopsocidae, Elipsocidae, Lachesillidae, Mesopsocidae, Peripsocidae, Philotarsidae, Pseudocaeciliidae and Trichopsocidae) and Infraorder Psocetae (families Hemipsocidae, Myopsocidae, Psilopsocidae and Psocidae).
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The Ceraphronoidea are a small hymenopteran superfamily that includes only two families, and a total of some 800 species, though a great many species are still undescribed. It is a poorly known group as a whole, and most are believed to be parasitoid or hyperparasitoids. The two families are unified by several characters, the most visible of which is their wing venation is greatly reduced in a very specific and unique way; the costal and radial veins have fused so no costal cell is present, a short break occurs at the stigma, and the only vein in the wing membrane itself is the radial sector, which is short and curved, arising from the stigma. The taxon was erected by Alexander Henry Haliday.
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The name Eucalyptus calophylla was first published in 1831 by Robert Brown in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, but without a description it was deemed to be a nomen nudum. Brown used a specimen grown at Kew to include the species in the family as Myrtaceae. He did not give a reason for the specific epithet (calophylla), however Ferdinand von Mueller noted in 1879 that Brown "bestowed the specific name on this tree seemingly for a double reason, because the foliage is more beautiful than that of many other Eucalypts, and also because the venation of the leaves reminds of that of the tropical genus Calophyllum in the plants- order of Guttiferae." The first formal description of E. calophylla was published in 1841 by John Lindley in Edwards Botanical Register.
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The habits of this moth have enabled it to be distributed far and wide by the native peoples of the Pacific. These people use the leaves of the moth's food plant Pandanus for the making of mats, baskets, and other items which for generations have accompanied voyaging islanders, and the moth has thus been widely dispersed by man. Like many related cosmet moths, this species has a short scape which bears a comb of hairs. They can be distinguished except from closely related species by their wing venation: in the forewings, vein 1b is not forked and veins 2–4 are separate, while veins 6–8 are not; the 6th and 7th veins branch off from the stalk of the 8th, while in some related genera the 7th and 8th share a single stalk.
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Guthriea capensis is an acaulescent perennial herb endemic to South Africa and occurring in cool and damp sites facing south or east in the mountains of the Cape Province, Lesotho and KwaZulu-Natal. Guthriea is monotypic and was named after the botanist and mathematician Francis Guthrie by his friend the botanist Harry Bolus. This ground-hugging species with a rhizome and fleshy roots forms a compact rosette of some 20-30 broadly elliptic or cordate discolorous leaves with crenate margins, measuring about 50 x 75 mm, glossy above with deeply indented venation hiding creamy-green flowers which are solitary and stalked. Guthriea belongs to the family Achariaceae, a family which now includes various species previously placed in the Flacourtiaceae, such as Kiggelaria africana, Rawsonia lucida and Xylotheca kraussiana.
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Paraneoptera or AcercariaHu Li et al., Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences, Hu Li Ren, fu Shao, Nan Song, Fan Song, Pei Jiang, Zhihong Li & Wanzhi Cai, Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 8527 (2015) is a monophyletic superorder of insects which includes four orders, the bark lice, true lice, thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. All of the insects classified here exhibit various “reductions” or “simplifications” from the primitive body-plan found in typical polyneopterans. Cerci, for example, are entirely absent in all living paraneopterans (Acercaria meaning without cerci). Other “reductions” occur in wing venation, in the number of tarsal segments (not more than three), in the number of Malpighian tubules (not more than six), and in the number of ganglia present in the ventral nerve cord (not more than five).
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This pushes back the fossil record and origin of glossatan lepidopterans by about 70 million years, supporting molecular estimates of a Norian (ca 212 million years) divergence of glossatan and non-glossatan lepidopterans. The findings were reported in 2018 in the journal Science Advances. The authors of the study proposed that lepidopterans evolved a proboscis as an adaptation to drink from droplets and thin films of water for maintaining their fluid balance in the hot and arid climate of the Triassic. The earliest named lepidopteran taxon is Archaeolepis mane, a primitive moth-like species from the Early Jurassic, dated back to around , and known only from three wings found in the Charmouth Mudstone of Dorset, UK. The wings show scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with Trichoptera (caddisflies).
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John Smith did not feel that this character was sufficient to segregate it from the rest of Asplenium, but placed it in the genus Antigramma, another Asplenium segregate, on the basis of its reticulate venation, to the convolutions of which he attributed the soral arrangement. It was commonly placed either in Asplenium and Camptosorus by later authors, but phylogenetic studies have shown that Camptosorus is nested within Asplenium and its species should be treated as part of that genus. The name Asplenium rhizophyllum has also been applied to two other species; in current botanical practice, these are illegitimate later homonyms of Linnaeus' name of 1753. The first of these homonyms was created by Linnaeus himself in 1763, when he accidentally used the name twice, applying it first to his original taxon and again to a species from the West Indies which also proliferates at the leaf tips.
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Celosia floribunda is a smallish tree or shrub with greyish- green striated upper branches which are smooth below the inflorescence. The leaves grow in lines and are very variable in size and shape with the width varying from 0.5 cm to 11 cm and the length from shape being oblong subhastate or triangularly oval tapering to a point, wedge shaped or rounded at the base with a prominent network of veins with a rough pubescent underside and hairless above. The petioles are 8–40 mm long and frequently have a thin flange of tissue along their length. The abundant flower are sessile and arranged in long, slender loose spikes which are aggregated in dense panicles up to 30 cm in length, the sepals of the flowers are 2 mm long, papery white or straw coloured with faint venation and include 5 stamens, The stigma are round and brown in colour.
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Hindwing: white with a dull pinkish tinge all over; the whole surface irrorated with black scales that form a broad elongate patch on posterior half of the wing and an obscure curved macular discal band beyond the cell; discocellulars defined with black. Venation of Baltia species and comparison of hindwings of B. butleri and B. shawi The female differs from the male as follows: Upperside: somewhat thickly irrorated all over with black scales. Forewing with the discocellular black spot and terminal series of inwardly-pointed triangular black spots as in the male, but the latter more complete, extends from apex to tornus, the spots are larger and there is no pre-apical bar, out a complete, outwardly dentate, curved discal black band that crosses the wing from costa to dorsum. Hindwing: the irroration of black scales very dense in a broad patch posteriorly, and so arranged as to form a curved macular discal band.
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Underside: ground colour and markings similar, more clearly defined, and on the forewing generally broader and whiter, except that the anterior one or two streaks or spots of the discal and subterminal series, like all the markings on the hindwing, are strongly suffused with bright yellow; in addition the precostal area on the hindwing is bright chrome yellow. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black; abdomen beneath white, the anterior legs with one or two white spots. Venation Variety caphusa Moore (Sikkim; Kumaon; Mussoorie to Simla and the Kangra region) differs from A. agathon both on the upper and under sides in the much greater width and extension of the greenish-white markings in the discoidal cells and interspaces of the wings. On the upperside the streak in interspace 1 of the forewing shows no sign of any black dividing line, and it, as well as the short streaks of the discal series, show a tendency to coalesce with the subterminal elongate spots.
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From N. Robson's original description of the species: > Shrub 0-6-2 m tall, with branches erect to ascending. Stems orange, 4-angled > and ancipitous in first year (or longer), then terete; internodes 10-50 mm > long, shorter than to exceeding leaves; bark grey-brown. Leaves broadly > petiolate, with petiole 0.5-1(1.5) mm, long; lamina 18-42(-60) x 6-15(-20) > mm, oblong or elliptic-oblong to narrowly elliptic (sometimes lanceolate > towards apex ef shoot and oblanceolate towards base), obtuse (rarely > subacute) or apiculate to rounded, margin plane, ± recurved, base cuneate, > markedly paler to glaucous beneath, chartaceous to subcoriaceous; venation: > 1-2 pairs main laterals (the upper forming distinct, often ± straight > intramarginal vein), with midrib rather obscurely branched distally, with > rather dense but very obscure or invisible tertiary reticulum; laminar > glands ± small dots and sometimes short streaks, ventral glands sparse to > rather dense. Inflorescence l-3(-6)-flowered, from apical node, > subcorymbiform; pedicels 7-17 mm long; bracts foliar to lanceolate, > persistent.
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The common name "lip fern" comes from the position of the sporangia at the edge or lip of the leaf, typical of the genus, while "woolly" refers to the presence of woolly, matted hairs on the underside of the leaf, also described by the specific epithet tomentosa. The species was first described in 1833, based on Mexican material, by J. H. F. Link, who named it Cheilanthes tomentosa. Early generic classifications, including that of Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836 placed the species in a broadly circumscribed Cheilanthes, a treatment followed by most authors until the 21st century. However, some pteridologists adopted a more narrow concept of Cheilanthes and placed C. tomentosa in other genera. In 1841, John Smith moved the species to Notholaena as N. tomentosa, recognizing the genus as separate from Cheilanthes based on venation and soral placement; however, this name was illegitimate, having already been used by Desvaux in 1813.
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The archedictyon is the name given to a hypothetical scheme of wing venation proposed for the very first winged insect. It is based on a combination of speculation and fossil data. Since all winged insects are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, the archedictyon represents the "template" that has been modified (and streamlined) by natural selection for 200 million years. According to current dogma, the archedictyon contained 6–8 longitudinal veins. These veins (and their branches) are named according to a system devised by John Comstock and George Needham—the Comstock–Needham system: :Costa (C) – the leading edge of the wing :Subcosta (Sc) – second longitudinal vein (behind the costa), typically unbranched :Radius (R) – third longitudinal vein, one to five branches reach the wing margin :Media (M) – fourth longitudinal vein, one to four branches reach the wing margin :Cubitus (Cu) – fifth longitudinal vein, one to three branches reach the wing margin :Anal veins (A1, A2, A3) – unbranched veins behind the cubitus The costa (C) is the leading marginal vein on most insects.
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The largest species Turanophlebia sinica reached a wingspan of about , while the smallest species Tarsophlebia minor reached only a wingspan of about . Tarsophlebia minor, Upper Jurassic, Solnhofen Plattenkalk, hindwing of holotype, scale 10 mm The wing venation is characterized by the following features: wings hyaline, slender, and not stalked; discoidal cell basally open in both pairs of wings, so that the arculus is incomplete; forewing discoidal cell very acute; large and acute subdiscoidal cell in hindwing; primary antenodal braces Ax1 and Ax2 stronger than the secondary antenodal crossveins; nodus in distal position at 44-47% of wing length; nodus with terminal kink of CP and a strong nodal furrow; pterostigma elongate (covering several cells) and with oblique brace vein; one lestine oblique vein 'O' present between RP2 and IR2; in all wings there are pairs of secondary longitudinal concave intercalary veins anterior and posterior of the convex veins CuA, MA, and IR2, and closely parallel to them (the postero-intercalaries are always longer than the associated antero-intercalaries); hindwings without vein CuAb; crossvein-like remnant of vein CuP is curved and rather looks like a branch of AA.
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Herbs, slightly woody to woody at base, few- to many-branched, 20–40 cm tall. Stems moderately to densely pubescent with multicelled unbranched erect glandular hairs ca. 0.3–0.5 mm long, these mixed with less frequent slightly longer 1–3-celled unbranched eglandular hairs. Sympodial units defoliate, solitary or more commonly geminate, the smaller leaves up to half the size of the larger ones. Leaves simple, the blades 1–4 × 1–3 cm, ovate-elliptic to cordiform, chartaceous to membranaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent on both sides with 1–2-celled unbranched erect eglandular hairs, these denser on the primary and secondary veins; venation camptodromous, with the primary and one pair of secondary veins emerging from the leaf base (sometimes just one, in the case of an asymmetric base), the primary and secondary veins barely visible to the naked eye, slightly prominent abaxially and less visible adaxially; base attenuate to cordate, slightly decurrent into petiole; margins entire, ciliate with hairs like those of the blade; apex acute to attenuate; petioles 0.5–2.2 cm long, with pubescence similar to that of the stems but with fewer eglandular hairs.
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Delias hyparete hierta This species closely resembles Delias eucharis but can be distinguished as follows: Male upper forewing has the black margins to the veins more diffuse; the transverse postdiscal band diffuse, ill-defined, oblique, not parallel to termen in its lower portion but terminated at apex of vein 2; the apical portion of the wing beyond the fascia more or less so thickly shaded with black scales as to leave the white lanceolate (lance- shaped) spaces between the veins (so prominent in D. eucharis) ill-defined and obscure. Hindwing white, the black venation and terminal narrow black border as well as the sub-terminal vermilion-red spots between the veins on the underside show through by transparency. Underside: forewing as in D. eucharis, but the black margins to the veins much broader and the postdiscal transverse fascia as on the upperside oblique but broader. Hindwing differs from that of D. eucharis in the much deeper chrome-yellow tint of the ground colour, the postdiscal black curved band that in D. eucharis separates the yellow from the subterminal vermilion-red spots entirely wanting, the red spots themselves pointed inwardly, not subcordate, they conspicuously increase in size posteriorly.
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