Interpreting it requires judgment about what is reasonable -- an inevitably value-laden question -- and such value-laden judgment is necessary whether trying to determine what the framers thought was unreasonable or what is recognized as unreasonable today.
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These value-laden stances speak to the very nature and purpose of schooling.
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Much of Trump's support came from voters who were reacting to value-laden cultural themes.
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Decisions about when and how to use AI systems throughout society are value-laden and impactful.
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"It's been reasonably criticized as a value-laden term and it's a good idea to stay away from it," he said.
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One persistent criticism of QALYs is they create an illusion of technical specificity on what is, in the end, a subjective, value-laden guesstimate.
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It's been difficult to answer those questions, in part because they are value-laden and incredibly complex, but also due to a paucity of research.
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"Courts simply do not have any business making value-laden judgments about how much politics is too much in a process that will never be free of politics," he said.
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"With fun driving dynamics and a value-laden collection of luxury, safety, performance, and technology smarts even in the base models, the Q3 is the new recommendable king of extra-small luxury SUVs," KBB wrote in a prepared statement.
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They should consult philosophers not only to avoid their practices getting them into trouble, but also to help them understand the nature of their innovations and the ways in which technology is often not simply a neutral tool, but inherently political and value-laden.
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Politicians and bureaucrats construct these policies not only on the basis of strong or weak constituencies, but also in relation to "value-laden, emotional, and powerful positive and negative social constructions with which they are associated," according to Anne Schneider and Helen Ingram of Arizona State University.
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It would be an ironic but welcome turn of events if the timing of Scalia's death led to a more honest discussion of the reality that Supreme Court justices legitimately make value-laden decisions and that a discussion of those values and approaches is a necessary and appropriate subject for public debate.
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Rather, it is a reflection of value-laden socializations of what we find to be desirable, which in this case includes racial "preferences" and racist sexualizations as well as our understanding of sex as the site where aspirations for power—whether confined to fetish and sexual roleplay or existing beyond that—can be actualized.
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A regional center of excellence in science and technology, math, and research education that develops productive and value laden members of the society who are equipped with 21st century skills.
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Flor, Alexander G. (2007). Development Communication Praxis, Los Banos, Laguna: University of the Philippines Open University. Jamias articulated the philosophy of development communication which is anchored on three main ideas. Their three main ideas are: purposive, value-laden, and pragmatic.
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Focus must be inclusive for all, not just the leaders but each and every citizen of that community. While building a community, beliefs are at the base of that community. Some foundational beliefs are functional, ethical, value-laden, social, cultural, spiritual, economic, political, rights-oriented, and valuing of diversity.
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Nietzsche, for instance, argued that immaculate perception is mere fiction because it ignores the intimate connection between the perceiver and the external world. According to the philosopher, perception is value-laden and ruled by interest. In particular, it denies the important role that the will and desires of the perceiver have on every perception.Metcalfe, Michael. A Dancer’s Virtue: Human Life in Light of Nietzsche’s Eternal Recurrence.
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Traditionally, historians have made limited use of many captivity narratives. They regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. As a result of new scholarly approaches since the late 20th century, historians with a more certain grasp of Native American cultures are distinguishing between plausible statements of fact and value-laden judgments in order to study the narratives as rare sources from "inside" Native societies.Neal Salisbury.
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Of > course any assumption can be questioned, but there are no signs that > MacDonald has taken on the burden of proof of showing that the majority view > is wrong. > 3\. MacDonald's various theses, even if worthy of scientific debate > individually, collectively add up to a consistently invidious portrayal of > Jews, couched in value-laden, disparaging language. It is impossible to > avoid the impression that this is not an ordinary scientific hypothesis.
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Geographical factors can lead to both cultural and genetic isolation from larger human societies. Groups which settle remote habitats and intermarry over generations will acquire distinctive cultural and genetic traits, evolving from cultural continuity and through interaction with their unique environmental circumstances. Ethnogenesis in these circumstances typically results in an identity that is less value-laden than one forged in contradistinction to competing populations. Particularly in pastoral mountain peoples, social organization tends to hinge primarily on familial identification, not a wider collective identity.
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In various books and papers he argued that science, technology and medicine—far from being value-neutral—are the embodiment of values in theories, things and therapies, in facts and artefacts, in procedures and programs. Succinctly put, all facts are theory-laden, all theories are value- laden, and all values occur within an ideology or world view. Scientists and technologists pursue agendas; they have philosophies of nature, world views, usually tacitly held. In studies extending across a broad spectrum of disciplines he has argued that our culture is disastrously riven.
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For Flor & Smith (1997), this value-laden or normative approach of Transformational Communication paradigm makes it more effective than other modes in addressing the highly unstable or chaotic biogeopysical components of the environment system. The Butterfly Effect for example shows that just a little stimuli (flapping of a butterfly wings) can suddenly make a fine weather turbulent. In the area of communication, this chaotic field is populated with numerous friendly and unfriendly behaviors toward the environment. Interventions for each behavior may not be feasible, and solutions for only a few might also be fragmented.
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Rather than dismissing the scientific project outright, postpositivists seek to transform and amend it, though the exact extent of their affinity for science varies vastly. For example, some postpositivists accept the critique that observation is always value-laden, but argue that the best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science: skepticism, rigor, and modesty. Just as some critical theorists see their position as a moral commitment to egalitarian values, these postpositivists see their methods as driven by a moral commitment to these scientific values. Such scholars may see themselves as either positivists or antipositivists.Tittle, Charles. 2004.
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Regional districts in the province of British Columbia are one example of a regional scale at which some planning processes are undertaken in Canada. Planning culture in Canada is inherently value-laden, and cultural and moral values are important aspects of this practice. Canadian planning culture has been influenced by the planning practices of Great Britain, who partly settled Canada, and by the United States, Canada's neighbour to the South. The culture of planning in Canada has retained its unique identity by focusing on community planning, while Great Britain focuses on town planning, and the United States on urban planning.
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In a scholarly review Neil Caplan N. Caplan, Review, The Historical Journal 44(4), 2001, p. 1083-97 is very critical: "Sternhell insists on viewing the history of Zionism as an unhappy one determined by wrong-headed 'conscious ideological choices' made by the labour-Zionist elites, and decidedly not 'due to any objective conditions' or to circumstances beyond the movement's control." He does think the book offers some "refreshing comparative perspectives", but spots "a number of problematic tendencies on the author's part". He mentions "overstatements", "sweeping generalizations", "oversimplification", "inappropriate comparisons", "simplistic dichotomies" and "the use of popular buzz-words [...] as value- laden denigrations rather than as neutral descriptive labels".
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Prejudice can also refer to unfounded or pigeonholed beliefsWilliam James wrote: "A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices." Quotable Quotes – Courtesy of The Freeman Institute and it may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence". Gordon Allport defined prejudice as a "feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience". Auestad (2015) defines prejudice as characterized by 'symbolic transfer', transfer of a value-laden meaning content onto a socially formed category and then on to individuals who are taken to belong to that category, resistance to change, and overgeneralization.
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SFSCs are considered the most appropriate channels for organic and locally specific products and for small farmers. In fact, a closer relation between producers and consumers gives producers the opportunity to develop a richer communication, and to identify market niches. Ilbery and Maye state, “the crucial characteristic of SFSCs is that foods which reach the final consumer have been transmitted through an SC that is 'embedded' with value-laden information concerning the mode of production, provenance, and distinctive quality assets of the product”.Renting H., Marsden T. , Banks J. (2003) Understanding alternative food networks: exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development.
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MacDonald, 108, 108n1 The first performance outside the USSR took place at the 1962 Edinburgh Festival with the Philharmonia Orchestra under Gennady Rozhdestvensky on 7 September 1962.Edinburgh International Festival, 1926, in DSCH Journal No 37 Soviet critics were excited at the prospect of finding a major missing link in Shostakovich's creative output, yet refrained from value-laden comparisons. They generally placed the Fourth Symphony firmly in its chronological context and explored its significance as a way-station on the road to the more conventional Fifth Symphony. Western critics were more overtly judgmental, especially since the Fourth was premiered just three days after the Twelfth Symphony in Edinburgh.
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Noyes uses similar vocabulary to define [folk] group as "the ongoing play and tension between, on the one hand, the fluid networks of relationship we constantly both produce and negotiate in everyday life and, on the other, the imagined communities we also create and enact but that serve as forces of stabilizing allegiance." This thinking only becomes problematic in light of the theoretical work done on binary opposition, which exposes the values intrinsic to any binary pair. Typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over the other. The categorization of binary oppositions is "often value-laden and ethnocentric", imbuing them with illusory order and superficial meaning.
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Moreover, independent of the hoax, as a pseudoscientific opus, the article "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" is described as an exemplar "pastiche of left-wing cant, fawning references, grandiose quotations, and outright nonsense, centered on the claim that physical reality is merely a social construct." Similarly to whataboutism, obscurantism is used by elevating the readers prejudices to a grandiose value-laden assumption, belief, principle(s) or pseudoscience that does not deconstruct opposing claims and is stalling a priori and/or asserting confusing jargon or technical speak to describe events, which may deny the real world existence of physical properties.
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As with many other late classical poets, newer scholarship has avoided the value-laden judgments of 19th-century scholars and attempted to reassess and rehabilitate Nonnus' works. There are two main focuses of Nonnian scholarship today: mythology and structure. Nonnus' compendious accounts of Dionysiac legend and his use of variant traditions and lost sources have encouraged scholars to use him as a channel to recover lost Hellenistic poetry and mythic traditions. The edition of Nonnus in the Loeb Classical Library includes a "mythological introduction" which charts the "decline" of Dionysiac mythology in the poem and implies that the work's only value is as a repository of lost mythology.Rose, H. J. Nonnus' Dionysiaca (London, 1940) pp.
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Reform gained traction in August 2015, when the Palaszczuk government announced that it would consider a proposal to equalise age of consent laws relating to sexual intercourse. On 16 June 2016, the Minister for Health and Ambulance Services, Cameron Dick, introduced to the parliament the Health and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2016. Among other things, the legislation amended the state Criminal Code to standardise the age of consent for all forms of sexual intercourse to 16 years and replaced "anachronistic, value-laden" and stigmatising references to "sodomy" with the neutral term "anal intercourse". The bill was reviewed by the Legal Affairs and Community Safety Committee, which tabled its report to parliament on 1 September 2016.
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Although Stace's work on mysticism received a positive response, it has also been criticised in the 1970s and 1980s, for its lack of methodological rigour and its perennialist pre-assumptions.Jerome Gellman, Mysticism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Major criticism came from Steven T. Katz in his influential series of publications on mysticism and philosophy, and from Wayne Proudfoot in his Religious experience (1985). As early as 1961 the Times Literary Supplement was critical of Stace's scholarship: Moore (1973) gives an overview of criticisms of Stace. He notes that the positing of a "phenomenological identity in mystical experiences" is problematic, which leads to either non-descriptive statements, or to value-laden statements on mystical experiences.
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I think > it is clear that the case neither said nor meant any such thing…. > …Of course even if the implication of the dictum in Gerstein were what the > Court says, that would be poor reason for keeping a wrongfully arrested > citizen in jail contrary to the clear dictates of the Fourth Amendment. What > is most revealing of the frailty of today's opinion is that it relies upon > nothing but that implication from a dictum, plus its own (quite irrefutable > because entirely value laden) "balancing" of the competing demands of the > individual and the State. With respect to the point at issue here, different > times and different places — even highly liberal times and places — have > struck that balance in different ways.
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Use of the term 'genetic pollution' and similar phrases such as genetic deterioration, genetic swamping, genetic takeover, and genetic aggression, are being debated by scientists as many do not find it scientifically appropriate. Rhymer and Simberloff argue that these types of terms: > "...imply either that hybrids are less fit than the parentals, which need > not be the case, or that there is an inherent value in "pure" gene > pools."[1] They recommend that gene flow from invasive species be termed genetic mixing since: > " "Mixing" need not be value-laden, and we use it here to denote mixing of > gene pools whether or not associated with a decline in fitness."[1] Patrick Moore has questioned whether the term "genetic pollution" is more political than scientific.
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Man, on > the other hand, denotes not the specific name of the group ("Yue") but the > general southern location of this specific derogatory other. In the literary > tradition, the four directions (north, south, east, west) are linked with > four general categories of identification denoting a derogatory other (di, > man, yi, rong). (2003:29) In the end, Brindley concludes that, > Much scholarship dealing with the relationship between self and other in > Chinese history assumes a simple bifurcation between civilized Chinese or > Han peoples and the barbarian other. In this analysis of the concepts of the > Yue and Yue ethnicity, I show that such a simple and value-laden > categorization did not always exist, and that some early authors > differentiated between themselves and others in a much more complicated and, > sometimes, conflicted manner.
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Apart from the deontic nature of medical-practical knowledge referred to above, a second reason why Sadegh-Zadeh classifies medicine as a deontic field is his view that according to his prototype resemblance theory of disease, the concept of disease is inherently value-laden. This is so because prototype diseases upon which nosology is based are, as phenomena, disvalued by human beings and are therefore considered to be something "that ought not to be". That means that they are, and consequently all other diseases as their resemblants are, deontic entities.For the notion of "deontic entity" (deontic thing), see page 602 of the Handbook The deonticity of medicine and of disease as its basic concept necessitates, according to Sadegh-Zadeh, a specific inquiry by means of suitable tools and methods, i.e.
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" Lynch argued that Homosexualities was in part an attempt by its authors to overcome statistical weaknesses in the work of Kinsey and his colleagues, and that as a result they had put more effort into "data processing" than into "understanding the premises and conclusions of the study." He suggested that they were "sometimes silently at odds" with Kinsey and his colleagues, and that they had limited their accomplishments by beginning with an attempt to test negative stereotypes about gay people. He criticized them for using language that contained implied value judgments, and suggested that their division of homosexuals into five different "types" was a value-laden classification. He disagreed with what he considered their attempt to "demote the sense of unified or shared experience among gays", and criticized their failure to "attempt to delineate the experience we all share.
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David Carter writes: As a value-laden rather than neutral descriptive term, "Australian literature" is more likely to b e contentious than consensual; ironically it has often been contentious precisely because it has functioned to represent one version of consensus against another. Not only do definitions of Australian literature shift over time, at any one time different and potentially conflicting definitions will be operating across the various sites and layers of the culture. The idea of Australian literature is better understood, then, in one of the telling, if excessively self-dramatising phrases of recent criticism, as a "site of struggle" where these different definitions or institutional effects are given social and material form. It is political, therefore, because much more are at stake than competing individual literary tastes, or at least there may be under certain social and institutional conditions.
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MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization of employing racial "techniques of scapegoating [that] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism, but the similarities [to which] are far from remote." Steven Pinker, the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, wrote that MacDonald's work fails "basic tests of scientific credibility." Pinker, while acknowledging that he had "not plowed through MacDonald's trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments, and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology", states that MacDonald's theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval, and contain a "consistently invidious portrayal of Jews, couched in value-laden, disparaging language"."Slate Magazine Dialogue On: How To Deal With Fringe Academics" , Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California Santa Barbara website; retrieved December 5, 2011.
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Altman's contributions to electoral districting and redistricting have been both theoretical and implementational. He established that the computational complexity of the districting problem is NP-hard and hence optimal redistricting is likely to be intractable. The undesirable implications of this result are that redistricting cannot be fully automated in practice and the choice of constraints and manual selection of the winning, "optimal" plan from a group of auto-generated plans, reintroduce value-laden and politically biased decision making back into the redistricting process (something that the use of "objective" computer programs was hoped to avoid), while potentially also legitimizing such undercover gerrymandering for the less knowledgeable public. Further, computational simulations that he performed showed also that even the constraints that have been traditionally considered politically non-preferential, such as the overall compactness of the district, are not necessarily non-preferential because compactness requirements have different effects on political groups if the groups are distributed in geographically different ways.
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K. Fulford, A. Smirnov, and E. Snow state: "An important vulnerability factor, therefore, for the abuse of psychiatry, is the subjective nature of the observations on which psychiatric diagnosis currently depends." The concerns about political abuse of psychiatry as a tactic of controlling dissent have been regularly voiced by American psychiatrist Thomas Szasz,; and he mentioned that these authors, who correctly emphasized the value-laden nature of psychiatric diagnoses and the subjective character of psychiatric classifications, failed to accept the role of psychiatric power. Musicologists, drama critics, art historians, and many other scholars also create their own subjective classifications; however, lacking state-legitimated power over persons, their classifications do not lead to anyone's being deprived of property, liberty, or life. For instance, plastic surgeon's classification of beauty is subjective, but the plastic surgeon cannot treat his or her patient without the patient's consent, therefore, there cannot be any political abuse of plastic surgery.
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