Vallum feared reprisals from other Latin Kings members if they found out he was in a consensual sexual relationship with a transgender woman, the Justice Department said, citing statements Vallum made as part of his guilty plea.
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The man, Joshua Vallum, 29, killed Mercedes Williamson in May 2015, after the end of their relationship, because a friend learned that she was transgender, a fact Mr. Vallum kept hidden from friends and family while they dated.
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Prosecutors said that Vallum had planned Williamson's murder after a friend had discovered she was transgender.
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"To me, I didn't think that anything was wrong with him," she said of Mr. Vallum.
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Vallum had previously been sentenced to life in prison in a state court for the same murder.
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In a jailhouse interview with The Sun Herald, Mr. Vallum said he felt remorse for the killing.
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Joshua Vallum, 29, was convicted of murdering his 17-year-old ex-girlfriend Mercedes Williamson in May 2015.
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The two broke up in 2014 and had no contact until May 2015, when Vallum decided to kill her.
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If Vallum hoped to get his bail reduced by cooperating via confession, Rodgers sees that technique as highly ineffective.
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After learning his ex-grilfriend, Mercedes WIlliamson, was transgender, Vallum repeatedly stabbed her and hit her with a hammer.
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" The News and Observer reported that "prosecutors believe Vallum killed Williamson to cover up his sexual relationship with her.
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Guirola also fined Vallum $20,20173, but declined to give him a life sentence, citing abuse he suffered as a child.
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Guirola also fined Vallum $20,000, but declined to give him a life sentence, citing abuse he suffered as a child.
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Vallum previously pleaded guilty in state court to murdering Williamson in George County, Mississippi, and was sentenced to life in prison.
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Vallum knew Mercedes Williamson was a transgender teenage girl when they began dating, but kept her gender identity secret, prosecutors said.
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Vallum had previously pleaded guilty in state court to murder charges in George County, Mississippi, and was sentenced to life in prison.
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Joshua Vallum, 29, knew Mercedes Williamson was a transgender teenage girl when they began dating, the US Justice Department's Civil Rights Division said.
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A consensual relationship turns deadly Vallum, a member of the Almighty Latin Kings and Queens Nation crime gang, kept her gender identity a secret.
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In May 2017, Joshua Vallum of Lucedale, Mississippi, became the first person prosecuted under the hate crimes act for violence against a transgender victim.
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Joshua Vallum pleaded guilty last December to the 2015 murder of his former romantic partner, 17-year-old Mercedes Williamson because she was transgender.
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They broke up in 2014 but Vallum decided to kill her in May 2015 because a friend had discovered she was transgender, the Justice Department said.
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Joshua Vallum had already pleaded guilty in state court, but federal hate crime charges were filed because Mississippi doesn't have a hate crime law for gender. 4.
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Williamson's friends said she had openly talked about how she and Vallum would be killed if his fellow Latin Kings street gang members found out about his homosexual activity.
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Vallum, a member of the Almighty Latin Kings and Queens Nation crime gang, feared reprisals from gang members if they found out about the relationship, the Justice Department said.
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In a press release distributed by the Department of Justice, Attorney General Loretta Lynch explained why the federal government believed it was important to charge Vallum under hate crime law.
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Vallum, a member of the Latin Kings street gang, believed to the largest Hispanic gang in the United States, secretly dated Williamson during the summer of 2014, according to prosecutors.
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Joshua Vallum, 29, of Lucedale is the first person prosecuted for a federal hate crime in which the victim was targeted for being transgender, the Justice Department said in a news release.
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After luring his former lover to his father's home in Mississippi, in the United States' Deep South, Vallum shocked Williamson with a stun gun before stabbing her repeatedly with a pocket knife.
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In December, Mr. Vallum pleaded guilty to one count of violating the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a federal hate crime statute signed into law in 2009.
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Vallum was prosecuted under the Matthew Shepard, James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which was signed into law in 2009 and expanded existing federal hate crimes law to protect LGBTQ and disabled people.
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As part of his guilty plea, Mr. Vallum admitted that he had known her gender identity during their relationship and that he would not have decided to murder her had she not been transgender.
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Vallum killed her because she was transgender, making him eligible for prosecution under the 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act, named for two of the country's most infamous hate crimes.
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As reported by The Advocate, 28-year-old Josh Vallum, thought to be a member of the Latin Kings gang, was charged with Williamson's murder in the days following the discovery of her partially decomposed body.
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" With his confession, prosecuting Vallum will be far easier: "The defense will have to undermine the confession somehow at trial, and will likely spend a great deal of its time working on this aspect of the case.
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Vallum was a member of the Latin Kings gang, and testified he was scared that gang members would kill him if they discovered he had dated a transgender woman, according to a statement from the Justice Department.
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When Mr. Vallum found out that a friend had learned Ms. Williamson's gender identity, he went to her home in Alabama and persuaded her to get in his car and ride with him to Mississippi, the Justice Department said.
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According to Alabama local news, Vallum reportedly told the court that he used a stun gun on teenage Williamson, stabbed her multiple times, and then beat her to death with a claw hammer after finding out that she was transgender.
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Now, according to an affidavit recently obtained by the Sun Herald, Vallum has confessed to beating Williamson to death with a hammer while the two—who were reportedly dating—sat in a car together on his father's property in George County, Alabama.
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Mr. Vallum also lied to law enforcement about the murder, telling the police at first that he had killed Ms. Williamson in a state of panic and rage after learning for the first time that she was transgender, according to the Justice Department.
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Mr. Vallum is a member of the Latin Kings gang and decided to kill Ms. Williamson because he "believed he would be in danger" if other gang members learned that he had once dated a woman he knew to be transgender, the Justice Department said in a statement.
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The vallum ditch and south mound divert to the south to accommodate the milecastle. The north vallum mound (absent from Milecastle 49 westwards), restarts at Milecastle 50TW's west rampart. A stone- revetted causeway was constructed across the vallum ditch, with a corresponding gap in the south mound. This was later replaced with a wider crossing.
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A break in the north mound of the vallum and causeway over the vallum ditch (offset to the east) is also present. There is also disputable evidence of a causeway over the wall ditch opposite the milecastle's north gate.
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The vallum survives as a feature visible on the ground to the southwest of the milecastle.
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To the west of Turret 18A an excavation of the Vallum was undertaken in 1980–81 in advance of construction works for a pipeline. The Vallum was discovered to be 8m wide and 2.29m deep at this point. The mounds beside the Vallum had been breached during the Antonine period to allow a metalled causeway to be laid across. Plough marks were discovered beneath the mounds, indicating the presence of farming in this area prior to the Vallum's construction.
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Milecastle 42 (Cawfields) The Vallum is a huge earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall in England. Unique on any Roman frontier, it runs practically from coast to coast to the south of the wall. The earliest surviving mention of the earthwork is by Bede (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, I.12), who refers to a vallum, or earthen rampart, as distinct from the wall, or murus; the term is still used despite the fact that the essential element is a ditch, or fossa. It was long thought that the Vallum predated the stone wall, whose most elaborate phasing was presented in 1801 by William Hutton, who thought, wrongly, that the south vallum mound and the marginal mound, with a ditch between, were the work of Agricola, that the vallum ditch and north mound were added by Hadrian, and that the stone wall was the work of Severus.
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A longtime program manager with the Canadian International Development Agency, some of his writing has been inspired by his international travels with the organization."Reading Pakistan". Vallum 9:1, Winter 2012. In 2012 he was guest editor of an issue of the Canadian poetry magazine Vallum dedicated to poets from Pakistan.
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Some parts of this section of the wall survive to a height of . Immediately south of the wall, a large ditch was dug, with adjoining parallel mounds, one on either side. This is known today as the Vallum, even though the word vallum in Latin is the origin of the English word wall, and does not refer to a ditch. In many places – for example Limestone Corner – the Vallum is better preserved than the wall, which has been robbed of much of its stone.
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The line of the Vallum (National Monument number 26122) of Hadrians Wall, dating from 128AD-130AD runs through the village. No trace of the vallum is now visible within the village itself, however its earthworks are clearly visible in the fields to the east. A sandstone building stone inscribed "Legions II Aug Coh III" was found in the vicinity of Glasson in the 18th century. The earliest map from the mid-eighteenth century shows a rural hamlet aligned along the course of the old vallum and made up of 21 dwellings.
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Around the inside periphery of the vallum was a clear space, the intervallum, which served to catch enemy missiles, as an access route to the vallum and as a storage space for cattle (capita) and plunder (praeda). Legionaries were quartered in a peripheral zone inside the intervallum, which they could rapidly cross to take up position on the vallum. Inside of the legionary quarters was a peripheral road, the Via Sagularis, probably a type of "service road", as the sagum, a kind of cloak, was the garment of soldiers.
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The vallum at this point is relatively complete. The vallum ditch has been successfully cut through the same rock (for a distance of about ) as that through which the wall ditch passes. Secondary crossings are apparent at intervals, though many are incomplete. The marginal mound is apparent in this area, containing large quantities of whinstone, as do both mounds.
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There are occasional large whinstone rocks present on the north and south berms, having been cut from the vallum ditch and deposited whole.
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Coin depicting Numonius storming the vallum. Gaius Numonius Vala is known only from coins, from which it appears that he had obtained renown by storming a vallum, and had hence obtained the surname of Vala, which, according to the usual custom, became hereditary in his family. The coins were struck by one of his descendants in commemoration of the exploit. The one pictured here has on the obverse the head of Numonius, with the inscription C. NVMONIVS VAALA, and on the reverse a man storming the vallum of a camp, which is defended by two others, with the inscription VAALA.
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Constantine's Wall in green Brazda lui Novac is a Roman limes in present-day Romania, known also as Constantine's Wall. It is believed by some historians like Alexandru Madgearu to border Ripa Gothica. The vallum of Brazda lui Novac starts from Drobeta, nowadays it is visible to Ploiești. There is some evidence that the vallum eastern limit was the Siret River.
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The ditch at the point corresponding to the milecastle's north gate undergoes a slight change in profile in the bottom. Also, there is an gap in the upcast mound at the same point. These features indicate the existence of a causeway, later removed. There was also evidence of an equivalent causeway across the vallum, and gaps in the vallum mounds (also removed).
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Hermann von dem Busche (also Hermannus Buschius or Pasiphilus; 1468–1534) was a German humanist writer, known for his Vallum humanitatis (1518). He was a pupil of Rudolph von Langen.Miriam A. Drake, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (2003), p. 2500. Vallum humanitatis, sive Humaniorum litterarum contra obrectatores vindiciae (1518) was in effect a manifesto for the humanist movement of the time.
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Her poetry won the Prism International Poetry Prize, the Vallum Magazine Poetry Prize, and has appeared in literary magazines in Canada and the U.S.
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The Military Way runs along the top of the north mound of the Vallum in many places, and elsewhere runs between the Vallum and the curtain wall. At the river crossings at Chesters Bridge and at Willowford Bridge near Birdoswald Roman fort, the bridges were widened in the early 3rd century to take the road, as opposed to just the walkway as was previously the case.
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The distance of the Vallum from the Wall varies. In general there was a preference for the earthwork to run close to the rear of the Wall where topography allowed. In the central sector the Wall runs along the top of the crags of the Whin Sill, while the Vallum, laid out in long straight stretches, lies in the valley below to the south, as much as away.
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The traces of a broad ditch could be seen at one time on the northern side; suggesting that a regular vallum (rampart) and fosse (ditch) had once surrounded the building.
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The Vallum comprises a ditch, nominally wide and deep, with a flat bottom, flanked by two mounds about 6 metres wide and high, set back some from the ditch edges. For a great deal of its length a third lower mound, the so-called marginal mound occupies the south berm (flat area between mound and ditch), right on the southern lip of the ditch.Heywood, B. (1966). "The Vallum—Its Problems Restated", in M. G. Jarrett and B. Dobson, eds.
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The vallum shows signs of reconstruction. The last vallum to be built, the Stone Dyke, is also made of earth, but has a stone wall on its crest. It is 59 km in length, extending from south of Axiopolis to the Black Sea coast, at a point 75 m south of the little earth wall. The agger is about 1.5 m in height, while the stone wall on top has an average height of 2 m.
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Where Bede got it wrong was in attributing the Vallum to Septimius Severus, and saying that it predated the Wall. In fact the Vallum was the work of Hadrian, and slightly post-dated the Wall. Evidence has also been found that challenges the accepted date of the construction of Offa's Dyke. In December 1999, Shropshire County Council archaeologists uncovered the remains of a hearth or fire on the original ground surface beneath Wat's Dyke near Oswestry, England.
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At various times some of the portals have been blocked up and both portals of the west gate were blocked almost at once. There were towers at each corner of the fort, and also on either side of the main gates. It is believed that the fort was built between 122 AD and 126 AD. The Vallum passed some short distance south of the fort, and was crossed by a road leading from the south gate to vicus just south of the Vallum.
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Sometime in the 2nd century AD, the Vallum was "slighted" – that is, the ramparts were broken through and the ditch filled in at fairly regular intervals along its length. Archaeologists and historians have speculated that either the Vallum was then deemed unnecessary, or that it was proving to be a hindrance to military and authorised civilian traffic. Some have suggested that this coincided with the building of the Antonine Wall in Scotland and the temporary abandonment of Hadrian's Wall. It is worth noticing at this point that the Antonine Wall was a less formidable barrier than Hadrian's Wall, for two main reasons: firstly, because it was built out of turf rather than stone; and secondly, because it had no equivalent ditch system like the Vallum behind the Wall.
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There are possible traces of a milecastle ditch to the south, but no traces of a spur from the Military Way despite evidence of causeways over both the ditch and vallum ditch at this point.
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The Roman fort of Vindolanda is a couple of miles away to the south-east. The Roman earthwork known as the Vallum runs right past Once Brewed, adjoining and also overlain by the Military Road.
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Vallum, Cutthroat, Slant Magazine, Illumen, Oxford Magazine, Janus Head,Jampole, Marc. "These Are a Few," "Divine Amnesia," "A Brother's Funeral." Janus Head #74 "Addiction 2". 2004. Only the Sea Keeps (2005 Bayeaux Arts Press),Jampole, Marc.
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The term valli da pesca (sing. valle), or just valli/valle, translates into "fishing valleys." It refers to fish farms. Although in Italian valle means valley, the term originates from the Latin word vallum, which means rampant.
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UK: The Hadrianic Society In 2017 the society published a Gedenkschrift in celebration of Dr. Dobson's career.Parker, A. (ed.) 2017. Ad Vallum: Papers on the Roman Army and Frontier in Celebration of Dr Brian Dobson (BAR British Series 631).
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The course of the Military Way, seen here near Milecastle 42, ran between the southside of Hadrian's Wall and the Vallum. The Military Way is the modern name given to a Roman road constructed immediately to the south of Hadrian's Wall.
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Castrum at Masada. Note the classical "playing-card" layout. The Castrum's special structure also defended from attacks. The base (munimentum, "fortification") was placed entirely within the vallum ("wall"), which could be constructed under the protection of the legion in battle formation if necessary.
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There was also a south-facing gate that led to a causeway that crossed the vallum. The causeway had a gateway, halfway across which was closed by doors. The fort contained a commandant's house, headquarters, two granaries, workshops, barracks, stables and a hospital.
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The name Ponter's Ball is said to be derived from "pontis vallum", Latin meaning "the bridge over the ditch." In the early 19th century it was called Ponting's Ball and by 1876 Fronter's Ball. An alternative of Portarius after a family who owned land at Havyatt.
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Milecastle 78 lies halfway between the villages of Glasson and Port Carlisle. It is northwest of an access road to a caravan park. There are no remains visible above ground. The vallum ditch can be traced in this area as a depression up to 0.8 metres deep.
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The only distinct family of the Numonia gens bore the surname Vala, also spelled Vaala, apparently obtained by an ancestor of the family who had stormed a vallum. A coin of the gens depicts this feat.Eckhel, vol. v. p. 263.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The building had several rooms, which were probably the hot and cold rooms and dressing rooms normally found in such bathhouses. Just south of the vallum causeway, a third building was found. This was a large domestic building, believed to be a mansio, or resthouse for official travellers.
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The Vallum was not constructed behind this extra length of the wall, indeed it did not apparently even reach the fort at Newcastle; instead it seems it stopped in the western Newcastle suburb of Elswick. This was probably because from here on the Vallum's function as a southern barrier to the wall was performed by the River Tyne. Although there is no definitive historical evidence as to why the Roman army built this unusual barrier, modern archaeological opinion is that the Vallum established the southern boundary of an exclusion zone bounded on the north by the wall itself.Bidwell, P. T. (2005). "The System of Obstacles on Hadrian’s Wall: Their Extent, Date and Purpose".
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The fort was approximately square, measuring about and covering approximately . It faces roughly north-west by south-east and overlooks the gorge of the Cambeck. Erosion of the gorge has destroyed the north-west face of the fort. The fort lies within the Vallum, but is not adjacent to the Wall.
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Retrieved 25 July 2008. The vallum Aelii as the Roman's called it, may have taken six years to construct. Small guard posts called milecastles were built at mile intervals with an additional two fortified observation points between them. The wall was wide enough to allow for a walkway along the top.
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The term lingual is derived from the Latin word lingua meaning "tongue" or "speech". Papilla is from Latin, meaning "nipple". Vallate (pronounced \ˈva-ˌlāt\\) is from the Latin word vallum (rampart, wall), and means "having a raised edge surrounding a depression". This refers to the circular mucosal elevation which surrounds the circumvallate papillae.
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Milecastle 46 is located just west of the Vallum deviation, north of Carvoran Roman Fort (Magnis).MILECASTLE 46, Pastscape, retrieved 3 December 2013 There are no visible remains of the milecastle, but its site can be distinguished by a slight, turf-covered platform. The site is visible as earthworks on aerial photographs.
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The vallum was quadrangular aligned on the cardinal points of the compass. The construction crews dug a trench (fossa), throwing the excavated material inward, to be formed into the rampart (agger). On top of this a palisade of stakes (sudes or valli) was erected. The soldiers had to carry these stakes on the march.
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The Vallum is known to have been constructed some time after the wall was completed, as it deviates to the south around several wall-forts which were either completed or under construction when the wall was nearing completion.Simpson, F. G.; Richmond, I. A. (1937). "The Fort on Hadrian's Wall at Halton". Archaeologia Aeliana. 4 (14): 151–71.
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Simonburn lies to the north of Hadrian's Wall, the most noted Roman monument in Britain. The history of that wall as well as the Roman Stanegate forms the earliest recorded history of the Simonburn vicinity. The length of Hadrian's Wall is 117 kilometres, spanning the width of Britain; the wall incorporates the Vallum,C.Michael Hogan (2007) Hadrian's Wall, ed.
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There were milecastles with two turrets in between. There was a fort about every five Roman miles. From north to south, the wall comprised a ditch, wall, military way and vallum, another ditch with adjoining mounds. It is thought the milecastles were staffed with static garrisons, whereas the forts had fighting garrisons of infantry and cavalry.
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Bindloss died on 30 December 1945 at Chertsey Hill Nursing Home in Carlisle, England. He had been living at Vallum, Burgh-by-Sands in Cumbria. His estate was valued at £24,774 0s. 9d. His wife had died at home on 2 November 1945, and he was granted probate, as her executor just a fortnight before he died.
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Another possibility is the identical word vold meaning rampart (from Low German wal and Latin vallum), but there are no traces of such a fortification in the area. On maps from the 18th century the name Wolfs Mose occurs (literally, 'bog of wolves'). These maps wore often edited by foreign cartographers and have many erratic German-influenced spelling forms.
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Valu lui Traian (historical name: Hasancea, ) is a commune in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. The commune was established in 1897, under the name Hasancea. In 1925 it was renamed Valu lui Traian (Trajan's Wall), after the vallum located nearby. In 1967, the village of Valea Seacă (historical name: Omurcea, ) was merged into Valu lui Traian, now the commune's only village.
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Burials were discovered inside the chancel and to the south and west of the structure. In 2011, the site was determined to have had a series of large concentric oval enclosures centered on the chapel. The largest of these measured 200 x 110 meters and is believed to have been the vallum (wall) or sanctuary of the eighth-century monastery.
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The height of the vallum was 3 metres and the ditch was 2 metres deep. It is believed that the wall was raised during Tiberius Plautius Aelianus. Some historians such as Ioan Donat date the wall during the 1st century AD, others date the wall to 322 during Constantine I.Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275-376.
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This feature has been interpreted as indicating construction by a population living to the north of the earthwork, in order to protect itself from an enemy in the South."The protobulgarians on the northern and the western Black Sea coast", p.187, D.Dimitrov, 1987. The second vallum, the Large Earthen Dyke, 54 km in length, overlaps the smaller one on some sections.
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At the highest point of the structure, there are fourteen cut stones per horizontal row. The internal measurements of the turret are by and it is of a type thought to have been built by the Legio XX Valeria Victrix. The entrance is wide, and located in the east side of the south wall. On the south side, the vallum is still visible.
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AD128-133, during the construction of the Vallum, in order to help control the water level of the area, it is likely after this it became associated with Coventina with the height of the cult being in the late 2nd to early 3rd centuries when the Batavians were stationed at the fort. No remains of the nymphaeum or well are now visible.
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The Hadrianic Society is a British historical society focused upon Hadrian's Wall and Roman Britain as well as the Antonine Wall, the Gask Ridge, and other Roman Frontier systems. It was founded in 1971 under the leadership of Brian Dobson, David Breeze, and Valerie Maxfield.Parker, A. (ed) 2017. Ad Vallum: Papers on the Roman Army and Frontiers in Celebration of Dr Brian Dobson (BAR British Series 631).
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This fort, on the top of the cliff, is an example of an old ráth or ring fort. It is protected on one side by a precipice and on the others by a single ditch, in depth and in width; a vallum of large dimensions. The enclosed area is nearly level. The flat top of the fort is from north to south, and from east to west.
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There is evidence that a village, or vicus, grew up around the fort, lying to the north and south of the vallum. The remains of three notable buildings were found near the fort. Temple of Antenociticus A number of altar- stones have been found at the site, dedicated to various gods. Three of the altars were dedicated to Antenociticus, who is believed to be a Celtic deity.
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"weall," an Old English word for 'wall' The term wall comes from Latin vallum meaning "...an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades, a row or line of stakes, a wall, a rampart, fortification..." while the Latin word murus means a defensive stone wall."Wall". Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. The Century dictionary and cyclopedia, vol. 8. New York: Century Co., 1901. 6,809. Print.
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Before the middle of the 19th century, the Vallum was most commonly known as Agricola's Ditch, since antiquarians wrongly thought that it had been constructed during the period when Agricola was Governor of Britannia, the Roman province spanning what is now England, Wales and southern Scotland. After John Hodgson published the final portion of his History of Northumberland in 1840,John Hodgson (1840). A History of Northumberland. Newcastle: E. Walker.
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Bol is a municipality on the south of the island of Brač in the Split-Dalmatia County of Croatia, population 1,630 (2011). Bol (its name is derived from the Latin word "vallum") is renowned for its most popular beach, the Zlatni Rat ("Golden cape").Croatia by Jeanne Oliver.page 215Walking in Croatia by Rudolf Abraham It is a promontory composed mostly of pebble rock that visibly shifts with the tidal movement.
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It has a moat on its northern side and 26 fortifications, the distance between them varying from 1 to 4 km. The commune Valu lui Traian (formerly Hasancea) is named after the vallum. In the Northern part of Dobrogea, on South bank of Danube there was a wall, probably built by Trajan. The wall was constructed between today Tulcea and ancient town of Halmyris (60 km) on the East.
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On the other side was the forum, a small duplicate of an urban forum, where public business could be conducted. Along the Via Principalis were the homes or tents of the several tribunes in front of the barracks of the units they commanded. The Via Principalis went through the vallum in the Porta Principalis Dextra ("right principal gate") and Porta Principalis Sinistra ("left, etc."), which were gates fortified with turres ("towers").
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It is believed that this omission is because Magnis was not actually on the Wall but was south of the Vallum, having been originally built to guard the Stanegate. The patera is 56mm high, with a diameter of 100mm; the handle length is 90mm. Below the inscription a red, crenellated, line depicts (figuratively) a wall and seven towers. The base is decorated with rectangles, possibly depicting masonry foundations, coloured in blue and green enamel.
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Itinerary II is called "the route from the Vallum to the port of Rutupiae". It describes the route between Hadrian's Wall in northern England and Richborough on the Kent coast. The station Condate is listed 18 miles from Mamucium (now Manchester) and 20 miles from Deva Victrix (now Chester). Itinerary X is called "the route from Glannoventa to Mediolanum" and details the route between Ravenglass fort, Cumbria and Mediolanum (now Whitchurch, Shropshire).
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It was built in the form of three separate sections, constructed in tiers above each other. The ramparts were up to wide, and had bastions, vallum fortifications and moats. However, building activity exhausted the Švihovský family's finances and the fortifications remained incomplete. Rabí Castle in 1708 Many alchemical experiences took place during Půta's time as well; a German alchemist who failed to transform lead into gold was then imprisoned in the castle's massive prismatic tower.
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The vallum surrounding the circle has three semi-lunar projections facing towards the northwest, northeast and east. It has been completely obliterated to the south. Aubrey Burl suggested that from the location of the central stone, when upright, alignments with these bulges in the outer bank mark Mayday sunset, Equinox sunrise and the major northern moonrise. He also suggested that the post holes may have been attempts to establish accurate backsights for alignments.
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A map of Newecastle (sic), drawn in 1610 by William Matthew, described it as "Severus' Wall", mistakenly giving it the name ascribed by Bede to the Vallum. The maps for Cumberland and Northumberland not only show the wall as a major feature, but are ornamented with drawings of Roman finds, together with, in the case of the Cumberland map, a cartouche in which he sets out a description of the wall itself.
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Crowley believed that several women in his life occupied the office of Scarlet Woman, for which see the list below. Babalon's consort is Chaos, called the "Father of Life" in the Gnostic Mass, being the male form of the Creative Principle. Chaos appears in The Vision and the Voice and later in Liber Cheth vel Vallum Abiegni. Separate from her relationship with her consort, Babalon is usually depicted as riding the Beast.
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A more ancient church dedicated to St Peter had been located at this spot, in the incline (ad vallum) between the old Roman town and the coast. The location gave the church an original name that changed into in valle. The present church was erected by the Oratorians, who called on Giovanni Battista Cavagna from Naples to design the church just after 1608 until his death in 1613. The church was consecrated in 1617.
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A branch road from the Stanegate entered by the south gate. The Vallum passed some short distance south of the fort, and was crossed by a road leading from the south gate to the Stanegate. A vicus lay to the south and east of the fort, and several tombstones have been found there. The fort was supplied by water from an aqueduct, which wound six miles (10 km) from the head of the Haltwhistle Burn, north of the Wall.
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English Heritage Interpretation Board Several occupation layers were located prior to a stone flag floor being laid. A small cottage, still occupied in living memory, once stood close by on the opposite side of the existing road, and robbing also took place to supply material for the drystone dyking and the farm of Leahill. The Roman ditch in front of the Wall is clearly defined in this area, except at Leahill Farm; as is the Vallum.
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249 Most of the available evidence relates to legionary construction. The several construction-scenes on Trajan's Column show only legionaries working, with auxiliaries standing guard around them.Cichorius plates On Hadrian's Wall, legionary stamps only have been found on building-materials, with no evidence of auxiliary involvement. Birley suggests that auxiliaries may have been used to excavate the vallum, a large ditch which runs parallel to the Wall, and thus would not have left stamps on building-materials.
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First recorded by this name during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I the circle has been described by William Lukis as "the most interesting and remarkable monument in the county". It is surrounded by a circular ditch and vallum that forms a level platform in diameter. The circle is in diameter with four granite standing stones and several fallen. In the centre is a giant fallen menhir approximately long and at the widest point, split in three places.
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Access to Hadrian's Wall, the wall ditch, and the trig pillar is only via the Hadrian's Wall Path. There is no access from the B6318 Military Road. The nearest parking is at Brocolitia Roman fort (also known as Carrawburgh) to the west, from where the Hadrian's Wall Path can be accessed. The vallum and Roman camp are on private land, as is Milecastle 30, though it is possible to view the site of the milecastle from the Hadrian's Wall Path.
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Nothing of Petriana has survived, the largest visible remains in Cumbria now belong to the fort at Birdoswald - very little of the Wall itself can be seen in Cumbria. Running to the north of the Wall was a ditch, and to the south an earthwork (the Vallum). Initially, forts were maintained on the Stanegate line, but in around 124 AD - 125 AD the decision was taken to build forts on the Wall itself, and the Stanegate ones were closed down.
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20-25 m long sides), surrounded by a vallum (ditch). The walls were thick and the foundation piles were necessary due to the marshy conditions near the river. Several pieces of bricks with stamps were recovered providing proof that the watchtower was built in 374-374 by Frigeridus dux, the military commander of Pannonia Valeria under Valentinian I. The inscription on the stamps read: FRIGERIDUS V(ir) P(erfectissimus) DUX AP(paratu) L(uci) LUPI. His predecessor, Terentius dux was also named on a brick stamp.
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After driving the wedges into the hole, water was poured onto the wedges, causing expansion. No conclusive reason has emerged as to the incomplete nature of the wall ditch at this point. It is possible that the rock became too hard at this point, though the vallum was cut (presumably at a later date) through the same stone. The unfinished section has provided evidence that this section of the ditch was completed from west to east, whereas other exposures have shown work commencing in the other direction.
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Trees are growing throughout the remains of the Castle, and due to its listing as a scheduled monument, the site is not maintained. However, the collection of trees that cover the earthworks stand out from the surrounding fields, allowing this hilltop site (elevation ~600m) to be clearly seen from many miles away. The castle itself is circular and relatively small, some 60 ft in diameter, with an inner and an outer bailey, the latter protected by a very tall vallum wall.Scott-Garrett, pp.48-9.
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The eponychium is a small band of living cells (epithelium) that extends from the posterior nail wall onto the base of the nail. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula. The nail wall (vallum unguis) is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail.
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Celtic cross at the centre. The churchyard is surrounded by the remains of a pre-Christian fosse and vallum about in diameter. This area also incorporates some surrounding buildings such as St Giles' School: the churchyard does not cover the whole extent of the pagan site. It was extended in 1925, and in 1937 nearly 250 ancient gravestones were re-erected by the incumbent rector. Many of the gravestones date from the 17th and 18th centuries, including two gigantic stone slabs that were moved from the demolished south chapel to the wall outside the chancel.
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A detail of officers (a military tribune and several centurions), known as the mensores ("measurers"), would be charged with surveying the area and determining the best location for the praetorium (the commander's tent), planting a standard on the spot.Polybius VI.41 Measured from this spot, a square perimeter would be marked out. Along the perimeter, a ditch (fossa) would be excavated, and the spoil used to build an earthen rampart (agger) on the inside of the ditch. On top of the rampart was erected a palisade (vallum) of cross-hatched wooden stakes with sharpened points.
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St. Cuthbert's Grammar School was opened in Westmorland Road, Elswick, on 16 August 1881, largely due to the efforts of Bishop James Chadwick and his successor Bishop John Bewick building upon the foundations of the Catholic Collegiate School established in 1870 in Eldon Square. Shortly afterward the School moved to larger premises in Bath Lane in the centre of the city. In 1922 the School transferred to the present site on Benwell Hill. Part of the school (1922 Block – now demolished) was built directly over the Vallum (rear ditch) of Hadrian's Wall.
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Few aquilifers are recorded individually in history. An exception to this is Lucius Petrosidius, who is mentioned by Caesar in Commentarii de Bello Gallico, his first hand account of the Gallic Wars. The Latin text says "Ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum proiecit; ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur" , which translates to "From which Lucius Petrosidius, an Eagle-bearer, although hard pressed by a great multitude, threw the eagle behind the wall. He was killed most bravely fighting for the camp" (; ).
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The son of Albert and Winifred Kamara, he has an elder brother and a half-sister, as well as a twin-brother Michael, who is the lead singer of funk band Nexus. Kamara himself is something of a soul singer, having taken the mic at a charity concert in January 2005. He had an odd ritual of watching Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory before every game in order to calm his nerves. Kamara entered the energy industry after retiring as a player, and in 2016 co- launched recruitment, consultancy and coaching consultancy firm Vallum Associates.
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Chesterton was the site of a Roman fort, built on an area now occupied by Chesterton Community Sports College. There is little indication of how long the fort was in use but it is believed to have been constructed in the late 1st Century AD. A vicus was built at nearby Holditch, where it is believed that some inhabitants may have mined for coal. There have been various excavations at the site. Excavations in 1895 revealed the fort's vallum, fosse (moat) and parts of the east and west defensive structures.
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Babalon (also known as the Scarlet Woman, Great Mother or Mother of Abominations) is a goddess found in the occult system of Thelema, which was established in 1904 with the writing of The Book of the Law by English author and occultist Aleister Crowley. The spelling of the name as 'Babalon' was revealed to Crowley in The Vision and the Voice. Her name and imagery feature prominently in Crowley's Liber Cheth vel Vallum Abiegni. In her most abstract form, Babalon represents the female sexual impulse and the liberated woman.
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Late in 2016, an injunction was issued against a federal regulation created to prevent health care discrimination on the basis of gender identity (as well as abortion). In 2016, for the first time the Justice Department used the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act to bring criminal charges against a person for selecting a victim because of their gender identity. In that case Joshua Brandon Vallum pled guilty to murdering Mercedes Williamson in 2015 because she was transgender, in violation of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
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Close to Buckland Rings is another earthwork enclosure known as Ampress Camp (or Ampress Hole) (). It lies 360 metres east of Buckland Rings alongside Lymington River, and about 200 metres north of Lymington New Forest Hospital. Ampress Camp was noted by Thomas Wright in 1744, who described it as "upon a lower Ground, close by a River (which defends it on one Side), with a Ditch and Vallum half round, and a kind of Morass on the other." The outer rampart depicted by Wright has long since been flattened, and the ditches have been filled in.
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The wall was constructed from orthostats – standing stone slabs – which enclosed rubble. A parapet would have made the wall's height about thirteen feet in total – comparable with a standard Roman vallum. The construction of the walls and huts is not Roman in pattern and R. G. Collingwood suggested that this was an example of the castella Brigantum (forts of the Brigantes), which appear in the work of Juvenal. The substantial wall, elevation and surrounding stone pavement made the settlement well-fortified and better protected than other comparable settlements, which only aimed to deter light raids and thefts of stock.
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Hadrian's Wall was known in the Roman period as the vallum (wall) and the discovery of the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan in Staffordshire in 2003 has thrown further light on its name. This copper alloy pan (trulla), dating to the 2nd century, is inscribed with a series of names of Roman forts along the western sector of the wall: [Bowness-on-Solway] [Drumburgh] [Stanwix] [Castlesteads]. This is followed by . Hadrian's family name was Aelius, and the most likely reading of the inscription is Valli Aelii (genitive), Hadrian's Wall, suggesting that the wall was called by the same name by contemporaries.
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Monkhill is a small village in the civil parish of Beaumont, in City of Carlisle District, in the county of Cumbria, England. Nearby settlements include the small city of Carlisle and the villages of Burgh by Sands and Kirkandrews-on-Eden. Monkhill has a pub called the Drovers Rest Inn and a Methodist Chapel with adjoining School Room which holds local village events. The village is situated on the course of a vallum associated with Hadrian's Wall and is near the narrowest point of the River Eden, the site was a crossing point for Roman troops, Scottish border raiders, and cattle drovers.
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There was one main gate on the north wall of the fort, and the east and west main gates opened on the north side of the Roman Wall. This left a single main gate on the south wall of the fort, and two smaller gates which probably gave access to a military way running along the south side of the Wall. There were towers at each corner of the fort, and also on either side of the main gates. The Vallum passed about south of the fort, and there was a vicus south and south west of the fort.
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Whilst no longer active, Swinbank's notes from her survey of the vallum have been used by researchers at Newcastle University as part of WallCAP to undertake further research at Heddon-on-the-Wall. TrowelBlazers, an organisation dedicated to increasing the representation of women in archaeology, including through publishing biographies on their website, have included Swinback as a notable figure for her contributions to the study of Hadrian's Wall and York Minster. It is noted, however, Swinbank was hindered by her inability to focus more on archaeology, and her work has ultimately not received much recognition beyond those specialising in Hadrian's Wall.
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The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. The extent of Hadrian's Wall was , spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was built primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.Stephen Johnson (2004) Hadrian's Wall, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century.
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The line of Hadrian's Wall is said to have been confirmed in an excavation close to the site of the milecastle. To the south, at Braelees (), many squared dressed stones are said to have been dug out of the garden by the gardener and used for a rockery. To the north, two fragments of what are thought to be the Wall ditch are visible either side of Monkhill Beck (), where it survives to a depth of 2 metres, having been used over time as a farm track. To the southwest, a short section of the Vallum ditch, 110 metres in length ( to ), is visible as a slight earthwork on air photographs.
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There are some 12 ancient burial mounds (barrows) on the hill dating from 1800 BC, and a large Iron Age hillfort called White Sheet Camp. The site was excavated by Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet in the early 19th century: > Immediately on ascending the hill called Whitesheet, we find ourselves > surrounded by British antiquities. The road intersects an ancient earthen > work, of a circular form, and which, from the slightness of its vallum, > appears to have been of high antiquity. Adjoining it is a large barrow, > which we opened in October 1807, and found it had contained a skeleton, and > had been investigated before.
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The vallum had been defaced, and the site of the camp was used for growing corn. However, it was noted that "some of the old inhabitants remember part of the wall standing." By inference, the last remaining part of the Roman wall at Mawbray had collapsed or been removed during the latter part of the 18th century – over 1,600 years after it was built. An inscribed stone was also discovered in the Roman camp near Mawbray, and historians in the 19th century believed that the stone showed that it was likely that Roman soldiers from Hispania built the wall or edifice which contained it.
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This made her the third British woman to be awarded a PhD for a thesis on the archaeology of Britain. Swinbank also excavated sections of the Vallum including at Cawfields and Great Chesters as part of her research, as well as Bewcastle, the Carrawburgh Mithraeum with Ian Richmond, Castell Collen with Leslie Alcock, and Penydarren. In 1956, Swinbank began a two-year assistant lectureship at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, covering the history of Europe from the Classical Period to the Dark Ages. In 1958, she featured alongside Eric Birley, John Gillam and Kate Hodgson in a BBC Home Service broadcast marking 1,800 years' study of Hadrian's Wall.
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A common term for both is barrier, which is convenient for structures that are partly wall and partly fence—for example the Berlin Wall. Another kind of wall-fence ambiguity is the ha-ha—which is set below ground level to protect a view, yet acts as a barrier (to cattle, for example). An old Italian wall surrounded by flowers Before the invention of artillery, many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had defensive or protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" derives from Latin vallum—a type of fortification wall.
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Thus, Bulgarian historiography considers the fortifications were built by the First Bulgarian Empire as a defence against the various nomad groups roaming the North-Pontic steppes. On the other hand, several Romanian historians have tried to attribute at least part of the walls to the Byzantine Empire under emperors John I Tzimisces and Basil II, which controlled the region in the second part of the 10th century and throughout the 11th. The oldest and smallest vallum, the Small Earthen Dyke, is 61 km in length, extending from Cetatea Pătulului on the Danube to Constanţa on the sea coast. Entirely made of earth, it has no defensive constructions built on it, but has a moat on its southern side.
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Condercum was a Roman fort on the site of the modern-day Condercum Estate in Benwell, a suburb of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It was the third fort on Hadrian's Wall, after Segedunum (Wallsend) and Pons Aelius (Newcastle), and was situated on a hilltop to the west of the city. Today, nothing can be seen of the fort or its adjoining wall, as the site is covered by a modern reservoir and housing estate, bisected by the A186 Newcastle to Carlisle road, which follows the line of Hadrian's Wall. The remains of a small temple dedicated to Antenociticus, a local deity, can be seen nearby, and the original causeway over the vallum, or rear ditch, can also be seen.
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In 1974, she joined in the post-excavation processing of the great mass of archaeological materials unearthed during the stabilization of York Minster. In the words of her biographer, these consisted of "rooms full of documents, soil samples, pieces of pottery and bone, 3,000 photographs, chunks of carved stonework and even one large block of dirt weighing several tonnes." She brought these to publication as the first volume of the York Minster materials and also, in 1992, became a director of The Yorkshire Architectural & York Archaeological Society. After this Swinbank returned to her former interests on the vallum of Hadrian's Wall, which, with the assistance of David Breeze, she published in the late 2000s.
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Circumvallate papilla in vertical section, showing arrangement of the taste-buds and nerves The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from 8 to 12. They are situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline. Each papilla consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane; the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa.
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Significant remains of ancient history are close to Kirkbride including the Kirkbride Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall some miles to the north. Hadrian's Wall in this western reach and the Kirkbride fort were originally of turf and timber construction due to the paucity of available stone in this part of England around the Solway Plain; the Wall was later rebuilt in stone. The earliest recorded history of Kirkbride derives from the Roman occupation period; in 122 AD, the Romans constructed Hadrian's Wall, which incorporated the Vallum earthwork, and was initially made chiefly of turf and timber in the western reaches such as near Kirkbride. It is thought that Kirkbride Fort predates Hadrian's Wall and was built as part of the Stanegate frontier.
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Along the perimeter, a ditch (fossa) would be excavated, and the spoil used to build an earthen rampart (agger) on the inside of the ditch. On top of the rampart was erected a palisade (vallum) of cross-hatched wooden stakes with sharpened points. Within this precinct, a standard, elaborate plan was used to allocate space, in a pre-set pattern, for the tents of each of the various components of the army: officers, legionary infantry (split into hastati, principes and triarii) and legionary cavalry, Italian allied infantry and cavalry, extraordinarii and non-Italian allies.Polybius VI.27-31 The idea was that the men of each maniple would know exactly in which section of the camp to pitch its tents and corral its animals.
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Ord, writing in the History of Cleveland, states that: "As a fortress, it must have proved impregnable previous to the introduction of artillery; being placed on a high jutting eminence, surrounded by steep precipices, except to the west, where the ditches, foss, inner vallum, and traces of the barbican gate are distinctly observable." The castle was built from the local orange/brown sandstone, on a promontory above Kilton Beck, some above the beck itself, with steep valley walls leading upwards from the water to the castle. The castle was about long by wide. The valley top on the opposite side of the beck is of similar height, or higher, but was sufficiently distant away to prevent attack from artillery available at that time the castle was occupied.
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Swinbank went to Durham University in 1946 to study Modern History, where she was inspired by Eric Birley, who invited Swinbank to stay at his house at Chesterholm, near Vindolanda, and who later described her as a "really competent excavator and field archaeologist", to excavate at Corbridge and Housesteads. During her studies at Durham she was president of the Durham College's History Society and was a member of St Aidan's Society. She graduated in 1949 with an upper second class degree in History, and attended the Hadrian's Wall Pilgrimage before being awarded a two-year Durham Colleges Research Studentship. In 1950, Swinbank supervised excavations at Birdoswald with John Gillam, before completing her thesis The Vallum Reconsidered, for which she received a doctorate from Durham University in 1954.
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'Ofer' means 'border' or 'edge' in Old English, giving rise to the possibility of alternative derivations for some border features associated with Offa. Old English translation for 'ofer', Wiktionary.org The Roman historian Eutropius in his book Historiae Romanae Breviarium, written around 369, mentions the Wall of Severus, a structure built by Septimius Severus who was Roman Emperor between 193 and 211: > Novissimum bellum in Britannia habuit, utque receptas provincias omni > securitate muniret, vallum per CXXXIII passuum milia a mari ad mare deduxit. > Decessit Eboraci admodum senex, imperii anno sexto decimo, mense tertio. > Historiae Romanae Breviarium, viii 19.1 > > He had his most recent war in Britain, and to fortify the conquered > provinces with all security, he built a wall for 133 miles from sea to sea.
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In Book One Chapter Twelve of Bede's Ecclesiastical History, he writes that the Romans "built a strong wall of stone directly from sea to sea in a straight line between the towns that had been built as strong-points, where Severus had built his earthwork ... straight from east to west". The strong wall of stone cannot refer to the Antonine Wall or Offa's Dyke, so it clearly refers to Hadrian's Wall, especially as Offa's Dyke runs from north to south. Also, as Severus's earthwork is described as being in the same location as Hadrian's Wall, it cannot be Offa's Dyke either, so the earth rampart with a great trench that Bede refers to must be the Vallum, the adjoining earthen barrier immediately south of Hadrian's Wall.
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A dedication to emperor Hadrian's mother, Domitia Paulina, attests the presence of the Cohors Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum civium Romanorum (The Cohort of Ulpian Cugerni, Trajan's Own) as evidently being stationed at Pons Aelius at the beginning of the third century. The Notitia Dignitatum records the Cohors I Cornoviorum (The First Cohort of Cornovii) as being present at the fort in the beginning of the fifth century. These were raised from among the Cornovii tribe who inhabited Cheshire and Shropshire, and were the only native British unit known to have been stationed on Hadrian's Wall. A stone tablet was found on the south side of Hanover Square in Newcastle that records the work of Cohors I Thracum on the vallum, but it is thought unlikely that this unit was ever permanently stationed here.
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Partial view of excavated remains of Roman Fort Banna (at Birdoswald, Cumbria, England). Cohors I Ælia Dacorum was stationed here for at least 150 years until AD 276, and probably for about a century thereafter View of the remains of Hadrian's Wall (right, stretching into the distance), as seen from Fort Banna. Originally, the wall was c. 5 m (16 ft) high, but stone removal over the centuries has reduced its remains, at this point, to barely 2 m The regiment was transferred from Dacia to Britain not later than 125, when it was stationed briefly at Fort Fanum Cocidi (Bewcastle, Cumbria) and appears to have participated in the excavation of the so-called Vallum, a huge ditch running along the near side of Hadrian's Wall (constructed 122-8).
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A section built in the year 181 AD under the supervision of a centurion, the safety fence of the fort Böhming: : Transferred soldiers (vexillarii) of Leg III Ital have the wall (vallum), built under the supervision of Julius Iulinus, centurion of Leg III Italia. The majority of replenishment could cover her from the numerous villae rusticae in Raetia even the Legion initially well. After the catastrophic German invasions from the middle of the 3rd century, many of these farms were destroyed and not rebuilt. Earlier, the supply was probably partly brought from northern Italy, in Trento an inscription was discovered in the late 2nd century, after a certain Gaius Valerius Marianus annonae there as adlectus legionis III Italicae was used – (literally, selected for the food supply of the Legio III Italica).
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Tarrant Keyneston is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, situated in the Tarrant Valley southeast of Blandford Forum in the North Dorset administrative district. In the 2011 census the parish had 152 dwellings, 145 households and a population of 310. On the hills northwest of the village are the earthworks of Buzbury Rings (or Busbury Rings), the remains of an Iron Age and Romano-British fortified encampment or settlement, described by Sir Frederick Treves in 1905 as "a circle of entrenchments, composed of a stout vallum and a ditch". The outer enclosure covers about and within this is an inner enclosure, covering about , which is the location of most of the finds from the site, including Roman pottery, animal bones and daub imprinted by wattles.
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According to the Jerusalem Talmud, the city was besieged for three and a half years before it finally fell (Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 [24a]). According to Jewish tradition, the fortress was breached and destroyed on the fast of Tisha B'av, in the year 135, on the ninth day of the lunar month Av, a day of mourning for the destruction of the First and the Second Jewish Temple. Earlier, when the Roman army had circumvallated the city (from Latin, circum- + vallum, round- about + rampart), some sixty men of Israel went down and tried to make a breach in the Roman rampart, but to no avail. When they had not returned and were assumed as dead, the Sages of Israel permitted their wives to remarry, even though their husbands' bodies had not been retrieved.
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It is possible that the west coast of England and Wales was strengthened in a way similar to that of the southern ('Saxon Shore') defensive system. How this affected the Cumbrian coast is uncertain, but it appears that the forts at Ravenglass, Moresby, Maryport and Beckfoot were maintained and occupied, and there is evidence that some of the Hadrianic coastal fortlets and towers were reoccupied, such as at Cardurnock (milefortlet 5).Shotter (2004), p. 163. The usurpation of Magnentius and his defeat in 353 may have further increased troubles in Britannia. Attacks on the province took place in 360 and, some years later, secret agents, known as the Areani (or 'Arcani'), operating between Hadrian's Wall and the Vallum as intelligence-gatherers, were involved in the Great Conspiracy of 367-368.
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Scale drawing representing an artist's impression of the limes defences in the Lautertal An excavation by the Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Wurttemberg in 1982 uncovered the following: the Sibyllenspur comprises three parallel ditches, the outer one (1) in the northeast being a 3.20-metre-wide and 1.60-metre-deep V-shaped ditch. To the southwest, at a distance of 6 metres, is a 2.60-metre-wide and 1.4-metre-deep V-shaped ditch (2) and, behind it, 1.5 metres away, is a 70-cm- wide and 1.10-metre-deep U-shaped ditch (3), into which the wooden posts of a palisade were driven. This presented a wooden obstacle on the enemy side; against which on the inside was probably an earthen bank (vallum). The excavation confirmed the presence of the Roman fortlet, seen on the aerial photograph taken by Dieter Planck, behind the ditches.
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Engraving of thirteen of the Drainie Carved Stones, discovered at Kinneddar in 1855 Kinneddar was one of the major ecclesiastical centres of the Picts, with radiocarbon dating showing activity on the site from the 7th century through to its first appearance in documentary records in the 12th century, and possible activity as early as the late 6th century. The site was surrounded by vallum ditches first cut during the 7th century enclosing an area of 8.6 hectares – the largest such enclosure discovered within the territory of Northern Pictland. Within the enclosure there is evidence of significant settlement and industry, including a smithing hearth and evidence of ironworking, and the postholes of large wooden roundhouses. Annex enclosures to the south of the main enclosure and dating to the 11th and 12th centuries suggest that the site grew in size and importance over time.
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Present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its site where the Nene leaves large areas of permanently drained land for the fens. Remains of Iron age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the city centre. The Romans established a fortified garrison town at Durobrivae on Ermine Street, five miles (8 km) to the west in Water Newton, around the middle of the 1st century AD. Durobrivae's earliest appearance among surviving records is in the Antonine Itinerary of the late 2nd century.Parthey, Gustav and Pinder, Moritz (eds.) Itinerarivm Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanum: ex libris manu scriptis Iter Britanniarvm (Iter V: Item a Londinio Luguvalio ad vallum mpm clvi sic) Friederich Nicolaus, Berlin, 1848.
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Some academics such as Dorel Bondoc think that the wall was built by the Romans, because it required a great deal of knowledge and a workforce that barbarians like Athanaric did not have."Problema Valurilor": Roman Walls in Moldova (in Romanian) Bondoc wrote that "[The Wall's] huge size means the need of considerable material and human resources, a condition that could be met only by the Roman Empire ... the period of time when it was built stretched from Constantine the Great to Valentinian I and Valens". Map of Roman provinces from the Lower Danube showing The Vallum. Old historical map from Droysens Historical Atlas, 1886 Some scholars, like Vasile Nedelciuc, argue that the turf Wall was built initially by the Romans during Nero rule from the Prut river to Tyras, even because it has a ditch facing north.
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Shadab Zeest Hashmi grew up in Peshawar, Pakistan. She graduated from Reed College in 1995 and received her MFA from Warren Wilson College. Her poetry has appeared in Prairie Schooner, Poetry International, Vallum, Atlanta Review, Nimrod, The Bitter Oleander, Journal of Postcolonial Writings, The Cortland Review, The Adirondack Review, New Millennium Writings, Universe: A United Nations of Poets, Drunken Boat, Split this Rock, Hubbub, Pakistani Literature Women Writings and others. Shadab Zeest Hashmi's essays on eastern poetic forms such as the ghazal and qasida have been published in the Journal of Contemporary World Literature, and her essays have appeared in the Washington Post, Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, Knot magazine, and "3 Quarks Daily" In 2010, Poetic Matrix Press published Shadab Zeest Hashmi's book Baker of Tarifa, which won the 2011 San Diego Book Award for poetry.
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This fortified gate was constructed with interlocking volumes that surrounded the entrant in such a way as to provide greater security and control than typical city wall gates; image from the Aga Khan Foundation/CyArk research partnership Aleppo underwent major transformations in the Ayyubid period, specifically during the reign of az- Zahir Ghazi. Ayyubid architectural achievements focused on four areas: the citadel, the waterworks, fortifications, and the extramural developments. The total rebuilding of the city enclosure began when az-Zahir Ghazi removed the vallum of Nur ad-Din—which by then outlived its temporary need—and rebuilt the northern and northwestern walls—the most susceptible to outside attack—from Bab al-Jinan to Bab al-Nasr. He parceled out the building of the towers on this stretch of the wall to his princes and military officers; each tower was identified with a particular prince who inscribed his name into it.
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