Glandulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either glandules, follicles, or utricles.
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The cortical filaments are terminated by small swellings, called utricles, which form the external surface of the thallus.
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There are few animal models for acne, the main ones being hamster auricles and the utricles of the rhino mouse.
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The cortex of the branches is formed by closely packed utricles, these are small cylindrical club-shaped structures formed from a single cell up to 1200 µm (micrometre) long.Burrows,E.M. 1991. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Natural History Museum, London The rounded tips of these closely packed utricles give the frond a velvety texture.
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Codium bursa is a marine alga growing to 30 cm across. It generally appears as a spongy sphere of utricles which at the surface form a cortex. It is composed of loosely packed filaments which at the surface form a cortex of utricles which are single celled bladder-like or club-shaped structures.Burrows, E.M. 1991.
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The utricles are wide. The dark reddish to black seeds are wide and lenticular. The plant flowers from summer into fall.
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The genus has thalli of two forms, either erect or prostrate. The erect plants are dichotomously branched to long with branches forming a compact spongy structure, not calcareous. The final branches form a surface layer of close palisade cortex of utricles. The non- erect species form either a prostrate or globular thallus with a velvet-like surface, the final branches forming a close cortex of utricles.
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The surface of these segments have swollen areas called utricles which together make a tabular "cellular pavement". Below and between these utricles, there are gaps and it is here that the fluid is saturated with calcium carbonate and crystalline needles of aragonite form. These stiffen the segments and make the seaweed unpalatable to fish. When the seaweed dies, this skeletal material breaks down into "sand".
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The perigynia (also called utricles) are green to brownish, long, contracted to a beak long. Stigmas are 3 and achenes trigonous. 2n = 68, 70–72, 74.
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Before the utricles have become deflexed, C. pulicaris closely resembles C. rupestris, with which it often grows. It may also be confused with C. pauciflora, which usually bears only 2–3 fruit per stem.
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Female glumes are while narrowly obovoid utricles are long and wide. They are hispid above, pale brown coloured while their beak is in length. Its apex is split with the anthers being circa in length (excluding appendages).
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It grows tall with the leaves being linear and wide. Both inflorescence and lanceolate are long. Its utricles are either pale green or orange-brown. Female specimens have pale orange-brown glumes which are ovate and are in length.
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This subspecies can be distinguished by the mucron or tip of the utricles. In this subspecies the mucron is short, no more than 20 µm long. Codium fragile subsp. atlanticum is known to have arrived in the southwest of Ireland around 1808.
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Carex micropoda forms tufts of leaves, each leaf being up to wide. The stems are tall, and end in a single spike of flowers with the female (pistillate) flowers towards the base of the spike, and the male (staminate) flowers towards the tip. The utricles are long and wide, with a short brown beak.
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The diaspores are seeds or fruits (utricles), more often the perianth persists and is modified in fruit for means of dispersal. Sometimes even bracts and bracteoles may belong to the diaspore. More rarely the fruit is a circumscissile capsule or a berry. The horizontal or vertical seed often has a thickened or woody seed coat.
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Codium spongiosum is a species of seaweed in the Codiaceae family. The light green thallus has an applanate to pulvinate habit and is usually around across and thick. It has irregular lobes and moderately firm while alive becoming more spongy once dead. The utricles form in large clusters and are long and coated in many hairs.
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The culms bear 2–3 lateral female spikes, each long, and on half-ensheathed peduncles up to twice the length of the spike. There are 2–3 male spikes at the end of the culm, each long. The hairy utricles, male glumes and leaves make it hard to confuse Carex hirta with any other Carex species.
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Plants of C. hirtifolia are shortly rhizomatous, forming loose tufts. The leaves are M-shaped in cross-section, and no more than wide. The inflorescences comprise 2–5 spikes, the last of which is staminate (male), the others being pistillate (female) and born on stalks less than long. The utricles are less than long, with a beak long.
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Codium capitulatum is a species of seaweed in the Codiaceae family. The firm, applanate and lobed dark green thallus typically grows to a width of spreading to around forming large clusters of utricles. It is found in lower eulittoral and upper sublittoral zones on rock platforms in rough waters. In Western Australia is found along the coast in Busselton and Hopetoun.
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Carex pulicaris is a small sedge, with stiff stems tall. The leaves are long and less than wide. The inflorescence comprises a single spike, with 3–10 female flowers towards the base, and male flowers towards the tip. As the utricles mature, they bend away from the spike axis and become sensitive to touch; the way the seeds appear to jump from the stem gives rise to the plant's vernacular name.
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Blooming occurs between March and May and fruits (utricles) ripen 6 to 10 weeks later. They usually produce low amounts of seeds, but they still make some seeds during drought. The plants are normally dioecious (each individual plant has only male or only female flowers, but normally not both) and are pollinated by wind, but some monoecious examples (possessing both male and female flowers, as separate structures) are also present.
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The medulla is composed of cylindrical filaments that are branched into tips forming clavate utricles which form the cortex. It is found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Along the east coast of Africa, most Asian coastlines, Australia and New Zealand, South America on the Chilean coast and many islands in the Pacific. In Western Australia is found along the coast in the Kimberley, Pilbara and Gascoyne regions of Western Australia.
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Carex acaulis has at least two flowering spikes; the terminal one contains staminate (male) flowers and is long, while the others contain pistillate (female) flowers, each of which is subtended by a scale and may produce a utricle up to long. Carex acaulis is very similar to the closely related species C. macrosolen, and the ranges of the two species overlap, but C. macrosolen has much longer utricles than C. acaulis, at long.
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Carex archeri grows up to high, with leaves less than wide. Its inflorescence comprises a single spike subtended by a bract that is longer than the inflorescence. The spike contains few flowers, with the female flowers towards the base of the spike, and a very short portion towards the tip containing male flowers. The glumes of the female flowers are long, and the utricles that form in the female flowers are long, with a notched beak.
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With the head erect, the otolithic membrane bears directly down on the hair cells and stimulation is minimal. When the head is tilted, however, the otolithic membrane sags and bends the stereocilia, stimulating the hair cells. Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears. The brain interprets head orientation by comparing these inputs to each other and to other input from the eyes and stretch receptors in the neck, thereby detecting whether the head is tilted or the entire body is tipping.
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Otolithic membrane structure has been frequently studied in amphibians and reptiles in order to elucidate the differences and to understand how the membrane has evolved in various otolith organs. Otolithic membranes of utricles in reptiles and amphibians represent thin plates of non- uniform structure, while the otolithic membrane in the saccule resembles a large cobble-stone-like conglomerate of otoconia. In fish, amphibians and reptiles there is also a third otolith organ that is not present in humans, and is called the lagena. The otolithic membrane in the lagena of amphibians is poorly differentiated, but well differentiated in reptiles.
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Illustration of otolith organs showing detail of utricle, otoconia, endolymph, cupula, macula, hair cell filaments, and saccular nerve The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical stereocilia set-up. These are covered by otoliths which, due to gravity, pull on the stereocilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears.
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This sedge grows from a long rhizome bearing clumps of stems. The leaves are glaucous, 2–6 mm wide, with papillae between and sometimes over the veins. The inflorescence consists of 2-3(-5) spikelets. The terminal spikelet is usually staminate, occasionally androgynous, gynecandrous, or pistillate. Staminate terminal spikes are 1.3-2.7 cm long, 2–5 mm wide, with 40-190 flowers. Lateral spikelets are pistillate, (0.6-)1.5-2.5 cm long, 4–7 mm wide, the uppermost usually 1.5–6 cm or more below the terminal spike, but sometimes attached as close as 0.3 cm below the terminal spike. Pistillate flower bracts are reddish brown, dark brown, or rarely gold, the midrib and surrounding area green, white, or light brown, the edges sometimes pale, 1.9-2.8 mm long excluding awn. Perigynia (utricles) are obovate to elliptic, 2.1-3.6 mm long, (0.8-)1.2-1.6(-1.8) mm wide, light green, tan, or whitish, sometimes marked with dark brown distally, papillose particularly toward the beak or rarely smooth, the base succulent when fresh and drying withered, the beak usually curved, the distance from beak tip to top of achene (0.1-)0.4-0.7(-1) mm.
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