123 Sentences With "underground activities"

The prospect of casino gambling is unpopular in Japan, given worries about gambling addiction and a potential increase in underground activities.

It was put up for a Pulitzer Prize for exposing the underground activities of the American Nazi Party within the U.S. military.

In November, Harvard University professor and economist Kenneth Rogoff warned about the risk of a digital yuan being used for "underground" activities.

"I was very involved in the underground activities and publications, various anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi publications," he said in a 2001 interview.

He joined underground activities of the Communist Party while studying at Fudan University in Shanghai and was later a journalist at several party-run newspapers before joining Xinhua, the official news agency, according to the Hong Kong China News Agency.

Moczarski continued his underground activities there, changing his nickname to "Grawer" (Engraver).

He ended his political career in 1930 when Piłsudski dissolved the Sejm. In his journalistic and underground activities, he used the pseudonyms Daszek, Żegota, and Ignis.

Nationalism and religion inspired people to small-scale demonstrations and underground activities. The European Parliament passed a resolution supporting the Baltic cause in 1982.Hiden & Salmon (1994). p. 136.

After the German invasion of Luxembourg in the Second World War, Bernard headed the underground activities of the Communist Party. He was arrested by Gestapo in September 1940. Bernard died in German captivity.

It is estimated that in total, about 5,000 people engaged in pro-Soviet underground activities in Lithuania during the war. In general, the role of Soviet dissident groups in Lithuania in Second World War was minimal.

The level of these World War I underground activities can be gauged by the fact that by March 1918, more people lived beneath the surface in the Ypres area than reside above ground in the town today.

In November 1936, he entered the Motherland Liberation Society in Bukcheong and undertook underground activities. In November 1944, he formed the Northeast People's Liberation and Politics Committee in Changchun and participated in reconnaissance activities against Japanese military facilities.

It was weak in numbers but experienced in underground activities, because it was banned in Yugoslavia. The Liberation Front at first developed in the Italian occupation zone. On 16 September 1941 it declared it was the only "authorized" resistance.

In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore. To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations. However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, Eu Chooi Yip was arrested, and later released to China.

The OSS trained Thai personnel for underground activities, and units were readied to infiltrate Thailand. By the end of the war, more than 50,000 Thai had been trained and armed to resist the Japanese by Free Thai members who had been parachuted into the country.

Jean Joseph Catelas (6 May 1894 – 24 September 1941) was a French communist politician who was a deputy for the Somme from 1936 to 1940. He was arrested by the Vichy government during World War II (1939–1945), sentenced to death for his underground activities and executed.

During imprisonment at the Tammisaari prison camp, he is said to have formally become a communist. Leino was released from prison in 1938, but the security police Valpo kept him under surveillance. The newly liberated Leino then participated in underground activities of the prohibited Communist Party of Finland.

Those engaged in underground activities circumvent, escape or are excluded from the institutional system of rules, rights, regulations and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange. Different types of underground activities are distinguished according to the particular institutional rules that they violate. Four major underground economies can be identified: # the illegal economy # the unreported economy # the unrecorded economy # the informal economy The "illegal economy" consists of the income produced by those economic activities pursued in violation of legal statutes defining the scope of legitimate forms of commerce. Illegal economy participants engage in the production and distribution of prohibited goods and services, such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and prostitution.

They also used British badges, rules and uniforms. Belgium was again occupied by the Germans during World War II, and the Nazis tried to unite all youth-organisations in one national socialist youth movement. Scouting meetings and camps were banned, however some underground activities were conducted. Scouting resumed after the liberation.

In summer 1943 the first groups of loyal residents were armed for operations against banditry. Furthermore, the Lithuanian administrations unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the revival of the Riflemen Union. By the autumn of 1943 the coordinated Soviet underground activities forced the German authorities to allow armed self-defense bodies in Lithuania. Rimantas Zizas.

Of the 60,000 Jews that were in Kraków before the war began, around 2,000 survived. There was organized resistance within the Kraków ghetto. They participated in activities both inside and outside the ghetto. Many pre-war youth groups remained in contact and began to train with weapons, implemented assistance programs, and other various underground activities.

After the Bolshevik takeover of the Georgian government, he was demobilized. In 1926 Gvaladze graduated from the Department of Law of the Social-Economic Faculty of the Tbilisi State University (TSU). Since April, 1921 he was involved in the underground activities of the Georgian Menshevik Party to which he was a member in 1917-1923.

Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice State, University Press of New York (1993) 2012, p. 294 American Jews spearheaded fund-raising for the group’s underground activities, justifying their backing of such terrorism in terms of personal friendships.Steven Bayme, Jewish Arguments and Counter Arguments, KTAV Publishers 2002, p. 379.

Here she joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1980. She was recruited in the ANC's political underground activities where she helped develop militant strategies. Gunn was then assigned to co-ordinate the work of the Advice Offices in the Western Cape. While Gunn was still working with the Advice Offices, the first clothing workers’ union strike took place.

While still heading the Society for Humane Abortion, Maginnis set-up another organization in 1966 to carry on underground activities. The main mission of ARAL was to connect pregnant women with abortion providers in neighboring countries. Their list of abortion specialists was well-researched and depended on members' information and the feedback of the women they referred.

A: No. Q: Does he > read the prayers for nothing? A: No, he gets money for this. In 1984 there were 1100 mosques functioning in the country, which fell far below the requirements of the population. Like other religions, large amounts of illegal underground activities took place among Muslims who operated underground presses, organized unofficial Islamic communities and pilgrimages to local holy places.

Founded in the 18th Century, in 1939 it annexed the farm Krasilovka (). In 1943, during World War II, it was interested by the underground activities of Soviet partisans and was partially burned and ransacked by the Waffen-SS, that established a stronghold there. It was liberated on November 30, after a battle. in 1959 it had a population of 1,016, with 308 families.

Though aware of the resistance and in contact with its leaders, Nu did not actively participate in the underground activities of the AFPFL up to the rebellion, and unlike its leading figure Aung San, did not join the rebellion and move to areas under Allied control.Richard Butwell. U Nu of Burma, 44-45. Instead, Nu retreated with the Japanese and Ba Maw in late April, 1945.

Following the end of the war in 1949, Matza resumed his schooling, which he had suspended during his underground activities. Upon completing his high school education, Matza entered the Israel Defense Forces, where he attained the rank of captain in the artillery corps. Following his national service, he began university studies, focusing on law and accounting. He began his private sector career with a Jerusalem accounting firm.

Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav (1918–1993) was an Indian politician, the first Chief Minister of Delhi, and a freedom fighter who played an important role in the individual Satyagraha Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1940. He was amongst the leaders of the underground activities in Delhi during the Quit India movement. He was imprisoned many times during the freedom struggle.New Delhi News : Briefly.

However, the French success became widely known and, after a publication in Le Matin, the Germans changed to a new system on 18 November 1914.Kahn, pp. 301-304. During World War II, the double transposition cipher was used by Dutch Resistance groups, the French Maquis and the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), which was in charge of managing underground activities in Europe.Kahn, pp.

After ad hoc investigation, a further 11 persons - the only ones suspected by the Germans of underground activities - were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, where 6 died. The village was then completely burned. After the war, Michniów was resettled again. The village became one of the best-known symbols of the Nazi German atrocities committed in rural Poland, although there were several greater massacres.

His underground activities involved circulation of journals like "Veerabharathi", "Dhanka", participation in banned political conferences etc. Police arrested him on several occasions, sometimes, even at the point of gun under the Civil disobedience act, Anti-War Prevention and Detention Act under the Defence of India rules etc. He spent more than ten years in different prisons during the freedom struggle. Some of the jail terms he served are outlined below.

Batlle was born in Santiago de Cuba to a financially stable family. and he obtained a good education, but he was not able to finish high school due to economic problems. He then worked as a farmer, a "pequeño colono," a truck driver, and a peddler. He was a member of the Partido Ortodoxo and after Batista's military coup, he engaged in underground activities in the Organización Auténtica (OA).

After the capitulation of the capital, he left the city together with the civil population and continued his underground activities. After the Soviet forces drove the Germans from Polish territories, NKVD general Ivan Serov invited Polish underground leaders for negotiations to discuss the aftermath of the Yalta Agreement. Pużak suspected deceit but nonetheless decided to attend to show the willingness of the resistance to work within the Yalta framework.

71 On the other hand, the action revealed the underground activities of the party. A number of Mashal party cadres were arrested.myRepublica.com. Dahal sets conditions to quit as party chief When the Central Committee of the party analyzed the Sector Kanda events, they concluded that the actions had been a mistake as they had exposed the underground networks of the party. As a result, Baidya resigned as party general secretary.

In November 1942, police arrested Arnold Mandel, a member of Armée Juive who was a friend of Knuts back from Paris. Mandel gave the name and address of Knut, but the underground learned about it through their informants, and when the police raided the flat they found no criminal evidence. Yet Knut fell under suspicion and was sent to Switzerland. Being absorbed into underground activities, Ariadna refused to join him, despite being pregnant.

The bill would authorize the Secretary to issue to Resolution Copper special use permits that allow it to carry out underground activities (other than the commercial extraction of minerals) under the surface of Apache Leap that would not disturb the surface. The bill would require preparation of a management plan for Apache Leap. Finally, the bill would direct the Secretary to convey specified lands in Pinal County to the town of Superior, Arizona.

With his friendly disposition, he was very effective and earned for ZANU international recognition and respect. Sithole and others prepared a comprehensive document giving powers to Chitepo to lead ZANU while Rev. Sithole was in detention and specifically authorising him to carry out the armed struggle. Accordingly, Herbert Chitepo with the military supremo Josiah Tongogara from the Karanga ethnic community, organised and planned successful military guerilla attacks and underground activities in Rhodesia from 1966 onwards.

In the following years, Hunan was a theater of the war between the Communism Party and the National Party. During the Chinese Civil War, students from the school were active in the communism movement by waging underground activities. Among them, Yu Yutang, a student from Class 38, was a prominent figure as he sacrificed his precious life. Captured by the Nationalists on September 14, 1949, he refused to tell the enemy any information.

In the summer of 1940, she was sent to Kishinev, where she worked in a tramway trolleybus park. After the seizure of Kishinev by the Romanians Tatiana returned to Kiev, which was occupied by Germany in 1941. Since then, she began actively participating in underground activities. She repeatedly took part in sabotage acts against the Nazis, in particular, throwing a grenade at a line of marching soldiers disguised as a bouquet of asters.

Novikov, p. 104–105. In 1969 Vysotsky starred in two films: The Master of Taiga where he played a villainous Siberian timber-floating brigadier,Novikov, p. 117. and more entertaining Dangerous Tour. The latter was criticized in the Soviet press for taking a farcical approach to the subject of the Bolshevik underground activities but for a wider Soviet audience this was an important opportunity to enjoy the charismatic actor's presence on big screen.

On January 26, 1947, the Nepali National Congress was formed in India under the leadership of Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. Since establishment Congress organized underground activities but on March 4, 1947 (Falgun, 2003 B.S.) Workers of Biratnagar Jute mill demonstrated and started striking against the management. under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala and Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. Nepali National Congress participated in this Biratnagar jute mill strike, supporting the strikers and demanded a Political labour union.

The government lasted for less than a year, and was ousted in November 1963. Al-Bakr, Lukas al-Badeiro and the party then pursued underground activities and became vocal critics of the government. During this period, al-Bakr was elected the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch's Secretary General (the head), and appointed his cousin, Saddam Hussein, the party cell's deputy leader. Al-Bakr and the Ba'ath Party regained power in the coup of 1968, later called the 17 July Revolution.

He was given the chance to study in Pyongyang, but he returned to becoming a guerrilla, and served as the chairman for the Gokseong- gundang, as well as the deputy head of the Dodang Department of Organization. Later he left the guerrilla to begin underground activities. During his activities, he was arrested and was sentenced to death. After the April Revolution, he was released on sick bail, and was imprisoned again when Ji-a was in the fourth grade.

The school was a part of the nationwide "free school movement". Schools in the movement had no grades or report cards; they aimed to encourage cooperation rather than competition, and pupils addressed teachers by their first names. Within a few months, at age 21, Ayers became director of the school. There also he met Diana Oughton, who would become his girlfriend until her death in 1970 after a bomb exploded while being prepared for Weather Underground activities.

They distributed pamphlets about the many people whom Trujillo had killed, and obtained materials for guns and bombs to use when they eventually openly revolted. Within the group, the sisters called themselves "Las Mariposas" ("The Butterflies"), after Minerva's underground name. Minerva and María Teresa were incarcerated but were not tortured thanks to mounting international opposition to Trujillo's regime. Their and Patria's husbands, who were also involved in the underground activities, were incarcerated at La Victoria Penitentiary in Santo Domingo.

Initially, only four clubs were authorized by the government: Kraków, Poznan, Warsaw, and Wrocław. They distributed information to Catholics throughout Poland via publications in Tygodnik Powszechny (The Universal Weekly) and the monthly Znak (The Sign). In the early 1980s, the Krakow branch began working with the Solidarity movement and created a network smaller clubs throughout the country. Between 1981 and 1983, when martial law in Poland was imposed, the KIK participated in underground activities to support Solidarity activists.

Masisi joined the African National Congress (ANC) in the 1970s and was involved in its underground activities. In the 1980s he served as an MK commissar during the liberation struggle against the South African government. He obtained his military training in Ethiopia and received an advanced ranger commando training, alongside a detachment of SWAPO guerillas. During this time, he commanded the Operation LOCUST APRIL 14, which was a conclusive operation for the training which he received.

Peter Ramoshoane Mokaba was born on 7 January 1959, in Mankweng near Polokwane (then Pietersburg), where he did both his primary and secondary education. His mother is Priscilla Mokaba. In 1982, he was convicted for a number of his underground activities as a member of paramilitary organization Umkhonto we Sizwe and was sentenced to prison on the Robben Island; yet, his sentence was suspended in 1984. Subsequently, he renewed his anti-regime activities, especially among the youth.

The play concentrated on the exploits of the communist underground activities under Japanese occupation in 1939, though history traces back to the 1920s. When Li Yuhe, a railroad worker who was engaging in underground work, is taken away by special agents, and Grandma Li has a premonition of being arrested. Grandma tells the protagonist, Li Tiemei, the true story about her family. Grandma Li tells Li Tiemei how her parents have sacrificed their lives in the revolutionary struggle.

Then he became the head of Communist Youth publication. He was involved in underground activities against Adolf Hitler's regime from 1933 to 1935. In 1935, Winzer went to the Soviet Union, and he stayed there until the end of World War II. During World War II, he used the code name Lorenz. He returned from exile in the Soviet Union as part of the Ulbricht Group, charged with setting up the Soviet Military Administration in Germany after World War II in April 1945.

After the failure to establish communist rule in Lithuania, Angarietis retreated to Russia to never visit Lithuania again. First he lived in Smolensk (1920–1922) then in Moscow. Angarietis remained involved with CPL, remaining a member of its Politburo and supervising its underground activities. He wrote numerous books, essays, and pamphlets – his typewritten manuscripts were collected in 48 volumes of 200–300 pages each. Šarmaitis counted a total of 147 works published as separate works, mostly booklets and brochures, before 1940.

As a 23-year old in 1976, Hanekom was arrested for participating in a peaceful candlelight demonstration at John Vorster Square, the Police Headquarters in Johannesburg. Four years later, in 1980, Hanekom and Patricia joined the ANC, conducting underground activities while continuing to farm on a smallholding in Magaliesburg. Patricia and Hanekom fed information to the parent body ANC, such as the apartheid Defence Force's attempts to overthrow the Mozambican government through the rebel movement, Renamo. Both were then arrested in 1983.

The Mizo National Front (abbreviated MNF) is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. MNF emerged from the Mizo National Famine Front, which was formed by Pu Laldenga to protest against the inaction of the Indian central government towards the famine situation in the Mizo areas of the Assam state in 1959. It staged a major uprising in 1966, followed by years of underground activities. In 1986, it signed the Mizoram Accord with the Government of India, renouncing secession and violence.

Zilliacus moved back to Helsinki in 1906; however, once his connections with the Japanese became public, he was forced to flee to the United Kingdom with his family in 1909. His son, Konni Zilliacus was a Labour Party Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom for Gateshead and expert on British foreign policy. Zillacus returned to Finland in 1918, and died in a nursing home in Helsinki. In his final days, he wrote memoirs of his underground activities, as well as a cookbook.

On the wall can be seen a drawing of the crescent of the "Machrav" which indicates the direction of Mecca where Moslems turn when praying. The yard was used for the punishment of lashings. In December 1946, Benjamin Kimhi, a 16- year-old member of the Etzel was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment and 18 lashings for his participation in the robbery of the Ottoman Bank in Jaffa. The purpose of the robbery was to get funds for underground activities.

Rousseff and Galeno then began sleeping each night in a different location, since their apartment had been visited by one of those arrested. They returned home secretly to destroy documents so when in March 1969, the police searched the apartment, no documents were found. They stayed in Belo Horizonte a few more weeks trying to reorganize Colina, but had to avoid their parents' houses, since these were watched by the military. (Rousseff's family had no knowledge of her participation in underground activities).

Pravin Gordhan was born in Durban, and matriculated from Sastri College in 1967. In 1973 he graduated from the University of Durban-Westville with a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. Gordhan became associated with members of the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) In 1971 and was elected to its executive council in 1974. During the 1970s, Gordhan helped establish grassroots organisations that became involved in underground activities and associated with the African National Congress (ANC) and later the South African Communist Party (SACP).

In the fall of 1941, she befriended Alexander Schmorell, Christoph Probst and Hans Scholl, and later Traute Lafrenz, Sophie Scholl and Willi Graf. After her husband was killed in Russia in May 1942, she began storing documents and a duplication apparatus in her flat in Neuhausen-Nymphenburg. In November 1942, she expanded the group's underground activities by joining forces with more powerful groups in Berlin such as the Kreisauer Kreis and the Christian resistance leader Dietrich Bonhoeffer through the help of Falk Harnack.

PKV faced his first arrest during those days for making a speech against the royal ruler of Travancore. PKV was among hundreds of communists who went underground when the Communist Party of India was banned following its adoption of the Calcutta Thesis that called for armed struggle against the ruling government in 1948. He took part in underground activities from 1948–51 and was arrested in 1951 in connection with students' movement. P K Vasudevan Nair and Balraj Sahani backed the idea of All India Youth Federation.

Marvel Comics. He also works with Nick Fury in regards to the underground activities of Bucky Barnes, the Winter Soldier.Winter Soldier #1. Marvel Comics. During one of the Winter Soldier's missions, a brainwashed Black Widow is brought into custody at S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters. She had been influenced by old Russian brainwashing technology so it seemed she had broken free of one brainwashing attempt and had returned to her old self. This was actually a ruse by rogue Russian elements in order to strike at Nick Fury.

According to Dr. Bob de Graeff, professor of Intelligence and Security Studies in the department for History of International Relations at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, Verspyck was active with the Comet line in Brussels:de Graeff, Bob. Schakels naar de vrijheid ("Stepping Stones to Freedom"), Chapter 5. > She had already been arrested in November 1941 but was released less than > one year later. Fearlessly she resumed her underground activities but on 15 > November 1943 once again found herself in the St. Gilles prison in Brussels.

Like many Poles at the time, to evade notice by German authorities, Miłosz participated in underground activities. For example, with higher education officially forbidden to Poles, he attended underground lectures by Władysław Tatarkiewicz, the Polish philosopher and historian of philosophy and aesthetics. He translated Shakespeare's As You Like It and T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land into Polish. Along with his friend the novelist Jerzy Andrzejewski, he also arranged for the publication of his third volume of poetry, Poems, under a pseudonym in September 1940.

Reid, pp133-41 During World War II he commanded No. 50 Wing in France in late 1939. He was subsequently Air Attaché at the British Embassy in Rome in early 1940 and thereafter was part of the British Legation in Berne, where he assisted Allied airmen who had escaped into Switzerland. At one stage the German Gestapo put a price on his head because of his underground activities. He attempted to assist in the case of Princess Mafalda of Savoy, but could do little.

Over time these were joined by other groups from Dror and Aliyat HaNoar, as well as by a group from Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael. During the Mandate era the kibbutz served as a Palmach base for underground activities against the British. On 9 October 1945, a Palmach unit set out from Beit Oren to free 208 illegal immigrants detained at the Atlit detainee camp. After overcoming the guards, the freed immigrants were led past Beit Oren to Kibbutz Yagur, where they were hidden from the British.

On 1 April 1939 Müller was released from prison after serving his fourth term. Meanwhile, two weeks previously, on 15 March 1939, Nazi German forces had invaded and occupied all of Bohemia and Moravia. Müller reported back to his office and found many were fleeing Czechoslovakia before the Gestapo could arrest them. He, too, obtained a passport and was preparing to leave when word reached him asking him to stay and to prepare and co- ordinate the underground activities of Jehovah’s Witnesses in occupied Czechoslovakia.

He also taught anatomy in an art academy, and dabbled in filmmaking and radio transmission. The couple helped run a small film company, and Qian wrote and directed the film Invisible Swordsman in 1926, starring his wife and daughter Qian Zhenzhen (later known as Li Lili). In 1925, Qian and his wife secretly joined the Communist Party of China, and used filmmaking and their medical practice as covers for their underground activities. Their best friend Hu Di also joined the party, and the three worked closely together.

Following the failure of negotiations, the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest. Zhou turned his focus from diplomatic to military affairs, while retaining a senior interest in intelligence work. Zhou worked directly under Mao as his chief aide, as the vice chairman of the Military Commission of the Central Committee, and as the general chief of staff. As the head of the Urban Work Committee of the Central Committee, an agency established to coordinate work inside KMT-controlled areas, Zhou continued to direct underground activities.

Fo Halloo () was a militant Manx nationalist group active on the Isle of Man in the 1970s. The group conducted Manx graffiti and poster campaigns, published and distributed newsletters, and was also accused of conducting a number of arson attacks against the homes of English, non-Manx residents. An implication that the Celtic League was involved in the "Manx underground" activities was published by The Guardian in 1976; a refutation from the League chairman was eventually published a month later after ongoing efforts by the League.

Pinchas Polonsky Pinchas Polonsky (, born 11 February 1958) is a Russian- Israeli Jewish-religious philosopher, researcher, and educator active among the Russian-speaking Jewish community. He has written original books and a number of translations of works on Judaism. During his underground activities in Moscow (1977–1987), he taught Judaism and was one of the founders of Machanaim. He lives in Israel, is an activist in the process of the modernization of Judaism and is a researcher on the topics of the late Rav Kook.

As a result, on February 10, 1940, the organization in Kraków split into two factions - one led by Stepan Bandera and the other by Andriy Melnyk. Shukhevych became a member the Revolutionary Command of the OUN headed by Bandera, taking charge of the section dealing with territories claimed by the Ukrainians, which after the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact had been seized by Germany (Pidliashshia, Kholm, Nadsiania and Lemkivshchyna). A powerful web was formed for the preparation of underground activities in Ukraine. Paramilitary training courses were set up.

In 1944 Zawacka fought in the Warsaw Uprising and after its collapse moved to Kraków, where she continued her underground activities. In 1945 she joined the anti-Communist organization Freedom and Independence (WiN), but quit soon afterwards and took up a teaching job. In 1951 she was arrested and tortured by Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). She was sentenced to 10 years in prison for treason and espionage, but her sentence was shortened and she was released in 1955.

On 5 September 1941, on the order of Lavrentiy Beria, the NKVD composed a list of 170 Oryol prisoners to be executed. Beria claimed they formed the "more angry part of the prisoners" and that they "performed defeatist agitation and attempted to organize escapes with the aim of renewing underground activities". The list was sent to Stalin, who approved it. On 8 September, Vasiliy Ulrikh (as chairman of the collegium), Dmitri Kandybin and Vasiliy Bukanov, without any litigation and without any kind of investigation, sentenced 161 persons to death.

Shri. V. V. Raghavan was born on 23 June 1923 as the son of Shri. Velappan. Entering politics by participating in the Cochin Praja Mandal struggle for responsible Government in the state, he later joined Kerala Socialist Party and participated in the Freedom struggle. He had also to endure Police brutality and imprisonment, in connection with the "Rajendra Maidan" incident, during this time. A strong supporter of the cause of have nots and downtrodden, he joined CPI, during his period of imprisonment in 1948 and worked among labourers and organised underground activities for two years.

They established the Guanghua Film Company, using filmmaking as a cover for their underground activities. After the KMT's April 1927 massacre of the Communists in Shanghai, and the execution of Communist leader Li Dazhao in Beijing, the three moved to Shanghai, where Hu found work at the Shanghai Film Company. He met the experienced Communist underground worker Li Kenong and introduced him to Qian. Hu Di In 1929, Qian successfully infiltrated the KMT's secret service and was appointed the chief coordinator of the central intelligence headquarters in Nanjing, in charge of recruiting more special agents.

Pardo graduated in international law at the University of Rome in 1939. When World War II began, he commenced underground activities as an anti-Fascist organizer but was arrested by the Italian authorities in 1939. After the fall of Benito Mussolini's government, he was freed in September 1943, but was re-arrested at once by the Gestapo and kept in Alexanderplatz and Charlottenburg Prisons in Berlin under a sentence of death. In 1945, as the Red Army approached Berlin, the Swiss officials and the International Committee of the Red Cross arranged his release.

Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers, 1998. Jewish participation in the German resistance was largely confined to the underground activities of left-wing Zionist groups such as Werkleute, Hashomer Hatzair and Habonim, and the German Social Democrats, Communists, and independent left- wing groups such as the New Beginning. Much of the non-left wing and non- Jewish opposition to Hitler in Germany (i.e., conservative and religious forces), although often opposed to the Nazi plans for extermination of German and European Jewry, in many instances itself harbored anti-Jewish sentiments.

His parents had to change their place of residence and work as a result of his underground activities. The family moved to Keukeneiz, where his father took on the position as a road master in the estate of the landowner Alchevsky. Thanks to the efforts of his mother, Pyotr was accepted into the eighth grade of the Yalta Alexandrovskaya Men's Gymnasium, but he was soon expelled from there too. The exact date of Voykov's accession to the RSDLP is not known, but a period between 1903-1905 is assumed.

The leaders of the proletariat were shadowed, hunted and sent to rot in distant Siberian prisons for their illegal underground activities. On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, setting in motion the events leading to the outbreak of World War I. On August 4, the German Army advanced upon Belgium in response. Immediately afterward: "Because of the aggressive attitude of the German government, France, Great Britain, and its Allies have declared a general mobilisation." Throughout the Russian Empire, the war was greeted with an eruption of patriotic fervor.

Additionally, Weigl began employing members of the Polish anti-Nazi resistance, the Home Army, in his institute, which provided them with sufficient cover to carry out their underground activities. Aleksander Szczęścikiewicz and Zygmunt Kleszczyński, two leaders of the underground scout movement, the Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi), also worked at the institute. Due to his special position, Weigl was allowed to have a radio at the institute – otherwise ownership of a radio by Poles was punishable by death – which was used by him and members of the Polish resistance to gather up-to-date news of the war otherwise censored by German propaganda.

Threatened with deportation, she was incarcerated at Nice and released three months later. It was during this initial detention in 1943, she wrote her famous poem "Je trahirai demain" (I shall betray tomorrow): After her release she resumed her underground activities, supervising children before their departure for Switzerland. Later, in January 1944, she began working with Rolande Birgy (see French Wikipedia article), shuttling two or three groups, each with up to twenty children across the southern border, passing through Lyon and Annecy. Birgy had been teamed with Mila Racine (see French Wikipedia article) before she was arrested on 21 October 1943.

The elected head of state Konstantin Päts was sent to Germany to be kept in prison. During this whole period the Estonian Salvation Committee continued its underground activities, entering into relation with the Western Allied powers. Great Britain recognised Estonian independence (de facto) on May 3, 1918, followed by France on May 18, and Italy on May 29, 1918, giving the committee a legal status of the representative of the Estonian nation. After the German Revolution, between 11 and 14 November 1918, the representatives of Germany formally handed over political power in Estonia to the national government.

In 1920 the rules were laid down in the Soviet Union at the Comintern's Second Congress, Communist parties abroad were to be created either afresh or else by splitting Social Democratic parties; in any case, they were to be accountable to Moscow, not to their domestic constituencies.Encyclopædia Britannica The Communist Party of Estonia had affiliated with the Comintern in 1920, and it continued underground activities in Estonia with strong Soviet backing. The incapacity and death of Vladimir Lenin (January 21, 1924) triggered a struggle for power between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. The country's foreign policy drifted during this.

In the summer of 1943 the Germans lost their strategic initiative on the Eastern front and were dislodged far to the West. Lithuania was no longer a remote and quiet country to protect their rear. Due to unsuccessful military and labour mobilization, and spreading armed underground activities of the Soviets, the German forces consolidated the mass repressions in Lithuania, but proclaimed the locals responsible for the acts of sabotage. In an attempt to protect the Lithuanians from the terror of Soviet partisans and the retaliation of the Germans, the Lithuanian administrations volunteered to form armed security units consisting of about 30,000 men.

Other prisoners who escaped from the camp on 18–19 June 1941 were Fernand Grenier, Henri Raynaud, Léon Mauvais and Roger Sémat. Hénaff resumed his underground activities under the pseudonym "Denis", and joined the leadership of the PCF's Organisation Spéciale, where he was responsible for coordinating between the various armed units. He was a member of the Comité militaire national, which became the Francs-tireurs et partisans français (FTPF) at the end of 1941. On 2 August 1941 Albert Ouzoulias was put in charge of the Bataillons de la Jeunesse, fighting groups that were being created by the Jeunesses Communistes.

In the 1969 fragmentation of SDS, RYM departed the convention hall and declared itself the "real SDS" in a new space across the street. In splitting the SDS, the RYM itself also split. One section of the RYM (referred to as RYM I), containing most of the SDS leadership including Bernardine Dohrn, David Gilbert and Mark Rudd, became Weathermen. Weatherman briefly retained control of the SDS National Office and membership lists before dissolving SDS and closing its headquarters in 1970, in favor of pursuing underground activities that it believed would help to spark revolution in the short term.

Underground activities of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was seen as a communists' threat by the British (23). During this period, the left-wing socialists' activities could easily be considered as communists and face the risk of being arrested (23). The January 1951 arrests of the Malayan Orchid Group was a typical example where 35 students of University of Malaya got arrested for participating in the anti-colonial movement as the members of the Anti-British League (ABL) (120). At the age of different ideologies commingling with fiction, the socialist club was formed in 1953 under the influence of nationalism, decolonisation and modernism.

Vera Maslovskaya (, Viera Ihnatauna Maslouskaya, –23 January 1981) was a Belarusian teacher, poet and nationalist, who worked for an independent Belarus in the interwar period. Founding some of the first schools that taught in the Belarusian language, her teaching career was interrupted with her arrest for her underground activities against the Polish regime. When the USSR reclaimed the area, during World War II, she returned to teaching, establishing schools which taught a Belarusian curriculum in several cities. At the end of the war, she fled to Poland to escape a resurgence in threats against former nationalist activists.

From an early age, he showed interest in painting and a desire to perfect himself in it. After the outbreak of the Second World War, Stefan Gierowski together with his mother Stefania joined the Union of Armed Struggle (Polish: Związek Walki Zbrojnej, ZWZ), and later the Home Army (Polish: Armia Krajowa, AK) and actively participated in underground activities under the pseudonym "Hubert". In 1941, at the age of 16, he began underground artistic education under the supervision of Andrzej Oleś, a well-known Kielce watercolourist, which he was forced to interrupt in 1944 because of his relocation to the Częstochowa Inspectorate.

Inspired by his now (2008) ex-wife Pamelyn Ferdin, who was a president of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty in the U.S., Vlasak became active in promoting animal rights in 1993. He became a spokesperson for the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, although he is no longer a member, and was a board member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. His principal role in the animal liberation movement is as a liaison between the movement and the public, publicizing the movement's "underground" activities in his role as a press officer. He acknowledges his medical background provides a "certain amount of credibility" to the movement.

Although close to a hundred churches were destroyed, most of the Jesuits remained in Japan. The final blow came with Tokugawa Ieyasu's firm interdiction of Christianity in 1614, which led to underground activities by the Jesuits and to their participation in Hideyori's revolt in the Siege of Osaka (1614–15). Repression of Catholicism became virulent after Ieyasu's death in 1616, leading to the torturing and killing of around 2,000 Christians (70 westerners and the rest Japanese) and the apostasy of the remaining 200–300,000. The last major reaction of the Christians in Japan was the Shimabara rebellion in 1637.

Under their influence Biernacki became actively involved in party's underground activities in all three partitions. By 1905 he devoted himself solely to party activities and abandoned his university career without a diploma. Within the structures of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party he adopted a nom-de-guerre of Kostek (diminutive of the given name of Konstanty), which he later added to his surname. For his actions against Russian authorities, many of which were bordering modern terrorism, Kostek-Biernacki was frequently arrested by tsarist authorities, but he was never caught red-handed and was usually released soon afterwards.

The mine was extensively mapped and a library of Dolaucothi data is still held at the School of Earth & Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University. Cardiff University finally gave up the lease to the underground workings in 2000 due to the closure of its BSc Mining Engineering degree course. Photographs of surface and underground activities from the Cardiff University archives can be found from the links below. Although there is yet no comparable site in Britain, it is likely that field work will locate other mines, simply by tracing the remains of aqueducts and reservoirs, and often, if not usually, aided by aerial photography.

Escaping to the mountains of Malá Fatra she lived in a remote cottage and later found work using false papers under the name of Elena Fischerová in Humenné at a fuel factory. Her husband, Weiner- Král´ spent the war years in France working for the resistance. Blühová remained active in underground activities until the end of World War II. During the 1940s, Blühová produced photographs for the works of writers like and . She held several positions in publishing houses, such as helping to found Pravda Publishing in 1945 and running it until 1948 when her daughter Zsuzsanna was born.

Posing as a French actress, she is hosted by Southwick, who soon gives Verita access to many prominent Confederate figures, most notably Judah P. Benjamin, with whom Higginson encourages Verita to begin an affair so as to learn what the Confederate official knows about funding for underground activities. Higginson also orders the remainder of the group to Richmond in preparation for their attack. When the inquiry begins, Mosby quickly becomes aware of the hostility of the members of the court -- Braxton Bragg, George Pickett, and John Bell Hood -- towards Stuart. Nonetheless, he mounts a vigorous defense of his friend.

He underwent military training in 1964 in Odessa, USSR and at the end of 1965 was sent to London to work for the movement there. During this time Kasrils worked with Yusuf Dadoo, Joe Slovo and Jack Hodgson and they formed a special committee (1966–76) to develop underground activities in South Africa from the United Kingdom. During this time he trained various people including Raymond Suttner, Jeremy Cronin, Ahmed Timol, Alex Moumbaris Tim Jenkins and Dave and Sue Rabkin, with the aim of establishing underground propaganda units in South Africa. He served the ANC and was based in London, Luanda, Maputo, Swaziland, Botswana, Lusaka and Harare.

By 1926, however, the Kuomintang had divided into left- and right-wing factions, and the Communist bloc within it was also growing. In March 1926, after thwarting a kidnapping attempt against him (Zhongshan Warship Incident), Chiang abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers, imposed restrictions on CCP members' participation in the top leadership and emerged as the pre-eminent Kuomintang leader. The Soviet Union, still hoping to prevent a split between Chiang and the CCP, ordered Communist underground activities to facilitate the Northern Expedition, which was finally launched by Chiang from Guangzhou in July 1926. In early 1927 the Kuomintang-CCP rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks.

Colonel Edward Wasilewski returned to his hometown and continued his underground activities in the Armed Forces Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych). In spite of the young age (21 years) in February 1945 Wasilewski received an order from the commander of the Circumference Mińsk Mazowiecki to form an independent guerrilla unit and to commence self-defense activities against the Soviet takeover. Soon, his unit expanded from a dozen soldiers to over fifty, armed with 25 rifles, over 20 machine guns, pistols and 3 anti- tank rifles. Together, they destroyed several MO and NKVD strongholds, and on 20–21 May 1945 liberated the camp in Rembertów.

During his time in Robben Island, he became a companion of former South African president Nelson Mandela with whom he was in the B section on the prison After serving five years, Makwetu was released from Robben Island in 1968 and taken back to Transkei where he was restricted for two years until 1970. He soon found employment near Qamata, Transkei as a clerk with a building firm earning R39 a month. He obtained a plot of land linked to an irrigation scheme and began crop farming. In June 1976 during the Soweto uprisings, he was detained and held until May 1977 for alleged underground activities.

The Dungeoneer's Survival Guide describes how to run underground adventures in great detail and includes special rules for movement, combat, mining, and skill proficiencies. The book contains a Dungeon Master's section that covers the underground environment and ecology, as well as the cultures of underground creatures. It includes information on how to make three-dimensional maps, and describes a campaign zone called "Deepearth". The book includes special game rules for underground activities, combat, travel, and mining, in addition to descriptions of the Underdark and the ecology and cultures of its underground inhabitants, as well as a set of Battlesystem rules for mass-combat in underground settings.

In April 1934, Cantwell met Chambers' underground comrade, John Loomis Sherman, whom he knew as "Phillips." For the rest of his life, Cantwell would remain unclear about just how much he knew about or was involved in Chambers' underground activities. In May 1934, when Chambers started working with the Ware Group (according to Cantwell's papers), Cantwell accompanied him; about this time, Chambers let Cantwell know that he was using the alias "Lloyd Cantwell" in Baltimore. Biographer Seyersted notes that in his 1952 memoir Witness, Chambers may have changed dates for his first meetings in Washington for the Ware Group to June and later in order to protect Cantwell.

From her new Bolshevik acquaintances, she became more familiar with the unrelenting fury and brutality of the Tsarist gendarmerie and Okhrana (secret police) upon the lower classes. The leaders of the proletariat were shadowed, hunted and sent to rot in distant Siberian prisons for their illegal underground activities. From late April to early May 1914, the underground Bolshevik newspaper, Path of Truth, announced the "Literary & Musical evenings" at the Ligovsky People's House, located on 63 Tambovskaya Lane, on Petrograd's outer edges near the numerous factories and industrial plants. It was there every night, as the band struck up the music, Coretti emerged upon the makeshift stage inside the industrial plant.

Płotnicka was born in Plotnitsa, a village near Pińsk, during World War I, part of the newly reborn Poland since 1919 after a century of foreign Partitions. She relocated to Warsaw in 1938 to assume a position at the headquarters of the Dror Zionist Youth Movement founded on Polish lands in 1915 in the course of the war with imperial Russia. Following the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Płotnicka undertook underground activities as leader of the HeHalutz youth movement. Using false identities and facial disguise, she travelled across General Government territory between Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland.

Getyński was one of the leaders of the Polish resistance movement in World War II. In 1940-1941 he took part in the sabotage of railway networks utilised by the advancing German forces. In mid 1941 Getyński organized the first combat unit of the Tatra Confederation called Mountain Division (Dywizja Górska) in Podhale, under the leadership of Augustyn Suski from the Confederation. His underground work ended at the beginning of 1942 with the arrest of Tatra leaders resulting from infiltration by the Gestapo agent Wegner-Romanowski. Major Get-Getynski was arrested on 2 February 1942 and taken to Auschwitz (prisoner # 29693) where despite torture and suffering he committed himself to leading underground activities against the Germans.

Violeta Yosifovna Yakova was born into a poor Sephardic-JewishVioleta Yosifova Yakova family in Dupnitsa; her father, Yosef Yakov, a small trader, died before she was born. The difficult economic situation in Bulgaria after World War I led many Jewish families to emigrate from relatively small towns to larger population centers, and under these circumstances, her family emigrated to the capital Sofia. Violeta learned sewing and was employed as a tailor's apprentice. For many young Bulgarian Jews in the late 1930s and during World War II, idealism combined with the Bulgarian regime alignment with the Axis powers furthered a commitment to Zionist and far-left organizations, engaging in underground activities against the government, informers and German officers in Bulgaria.

He planned to go to Yan'an, the renowned communist base in China, but was persuaded to remain in Malaya and take on heavier responsibilities in the newly formed Malayan Communist Party. In late 1939, when Chin Peng was at 4th year of his Secondary school education (known as Senior Middle Level One), his school announced that the Senior Middle section was to be closed due to lack of funds. He decided to continue his education in the Methodist-run Anglo-Chinese Continuation School, which operated in English, because it provided a good cover for his underground activities. He did not want to have to move to Singapore to continue with his education in Chinese.

After their failure to secure the control of government in Georgia following the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the Bolshevik Georgian leaders relocated to Soviet Russia, from where they guided underground activities aimed at undermining the Menshevik-dominated government in Tiflis. A series of attempts to lead a peasant revolution against the Mensheviks were rendered abortive from 1918 to 1919, but preparations for a larger-scale revolt had been set in motion. The overthrow of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan by the Red Army in April 1920 created a precedent for the Bolsheviks in Georgia. Georgia had been in a defense alliance with Azerbaijan since 1919, but the Menshevik government hesitated to get involved in the conflict.

In Berlin, Käthe Schuftan and her younger sister Lotte were involved in underground activities of the SAP.de Gruyter online database National Socialism, Holocaust, Resistance and Exile 1933–1945, In November 1933, she was detained and tortured by the SA at the former Volkshaus (People's House) in Berlin-Charlottenburg,Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, Die "andere" Reichshauptstadt: Widerstand aus der Arbeiterbewegung in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945, Berlin: Lukas 2007, pp. 195–196 and all the pictures in her flat were destroyed.Entschädigungsbehörde Berlin, Entschädigungsakte 271445 Käthe Schuftan In proceedings against 24 SAP members in late 1934, the Volksgerichtshof sentenced her to two years in prison (minus the time she had been on remand) for planning high treason, i.e.

In 1942, Lubetkin helped found the left-wing Zionist Anti-Fascist Bloc. This would be the first resistance organization in the Warsaw Ghetto to confront the German forces in combat. She also, as one of the founders of the ŻOB, served on the Warsaw Jewish community's political council, the Jewish National Committee (Żydowska Komitet Narodowy; ŻKN), and also served on the Coordinating Committee, an umbrella organization comprising the ŻKN and the non-Zionist General Jewish Labour Bund (Bund), that sponsored the ŻOB. During her years of underground activities, the name "Cywia" became the code word for Poland in letters sent by various resistance groups both within and outside of the Warsaw Ghetto.

'Denmark Fights for Freedom', a 1944 U.S. propaganda film about the Danish resistance movement The Danish resistance movements () were an underground insurgency to resist the German occupation of Denmark during World War II. Due to the initially lenient arrangements, in which the Nazi occupation authority allowed the democratic government to stay in power, the resistance movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries. Members of the Danish resistance movement were involved in underground activities, ranging from producing illegal publications to spying and sabotage. Major groups included the communist BOPA (, Civil Partisans) and Holger Danske, both based in Copenhagen. Some small resistance groups such as the Samsing Group and the Churchill Club also contributed to the sabotage effort.

During the Quit India Movement, he served as the President of the Avanigadda branch of the National Students Union. When the Congress party was banned in the aftermath of the great movement, he organized the party effectively in rural areas as the Secretary of Divi Taluk Congress Committee and participated in its underground activities. In 1945, he was chosen as the organizing Secretary of the District Students Congress. He represented the then Madras State in the Asian Students Conference held at Delhi in 1948. During 1948–52, he worked as the President of the district youth congress. He was the secretary of the Krishna District Congress Committee during 1953–56 and the Joint Secretary of the APCC during 1956–58.

He responded to Neo- paganism and antisemitism with clarity, describing the notion of an Aryan New Testament standing in contradiction to a Semitic Old Testament as "blasphemy" and "stupidity". In 1988, Lubac returned to writing about the era in Résistance chrétienne à l'antisémitisme, souvenirs 1940-1944 (Christian Resistance to Antisemitism: Memories from 1940-1944) Mother Superiors of many convents provided safe haven to many French Jews. Agnes Walsh, a British Daughter of Charity who spent the war in occupied France was recognised as Righteous among the Nations for her sheltering of a Jewish family in her convent from 1943. The Archbishop of Nice Paul Remond, who facilitated underground activities hiding Jewish children in convents till they could be given safely to Christian families.

Wichfeld began to drum up funds to feed the production and distribution of the papers, and to fund the underground activities of the Communist Party. Later that year, in a new partnership with Erik Kiersgaard a member of the resistance who had organized a sabotage unit, Wichfeld began to store firearms, ammunition and explosives at Engestofte to support their cause. Through Count Carl-Adam "Bobby" Moltke, the son of a former Danish Foreign Affairs Minister and deeply connected member of the political underground of Copenhagen, Wichfeld met Flemming Muus, a man that had trained under Winston Churchill's Special Operations Executive, and would eventually become her son-in-law. Wichfeld made her estate available to Muus to house the top-secret SOE agent Jens Jacob Jensen, codenamed "Jacob" and shelter him.

The Vichy regime by this time had ceased to exist, but its colonial administration was still in place in Indochina, though Decoux had recognized and contacted the Provisional Government of the French Republic led by Charles de Gaulle.Jacques Dalloz, La Guerre d'Indochine, Seuil, 1987, pp 56–59 Decoux got a cold response from de Gaulle and was stripped of his powers as governor general but was ordered to maintain his post with orders to deceive the Japanese.Marr, pp 47-48 Instead Decoux's army commander General Eugène Mordant (fr) secretly became the Provisional Government's delegate and the head of all resistance and underground activities in Indochina. Mordant however was carelesshe was too talkative and had an inability to keep his preparations secret, so much so that the Japanese Kempeitai swiftly uncovered the plot against them and discussed the next move against the French.

After warning the South African government in June 1961 of its intent to resist further acts of terror if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, MK launched its first attacks against government installations in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban on 16 December 1961. In January 1962, Nelson Mandela left South Africa for military training while most of the other MK members continued underground activities inside the country with meeting being held at Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia. As soon as ties with other countries had been established, Modise played a key role in recruiting people for Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) and arranging for them to leave the country for military training. As of 1962 he was instructed to leave his job as a driver to work as an organiser for MK on a full-time basis.

Jewish resistance under Nazi rule took various forms of organized underground activities conducted against German occupation regimes in Europe by Jews during World War II. According to historian Yehuda Bauer, Jewish resistance was defined as actions that were taken against all laws and actions acted by Germans.Yehuda Bauer, "Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews," Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust, 1989, p.237 The term is particularly connected with the Holocaust and includes a multitude of different social responses by those oppressed, as well as both passive and armed resistance conducted by Jews themselves. Due to military strength of Nazi Germany and its allies, as well as the administrative system of ghettoization and the hostility of various sections of the civilian population, few Jews were able to effectively resist the Final Solution militarily.

In 1988, Lubac returned to writing about the era in Résistance chrétienne à l'antisémitisme, souvenirs 1940–1944 (Christian Resistance to Antisemitism: Memories from 1940–1944) Mother Superiors of many convents provided safe haven to many French Jews. Agnes Walsh, a British Daughter of Charity who spent the war in occupied France was recognised as Righteous among the Nations for her sheltering of a Jewish family in her convent from 1943. The Archbishop of Nice Paul Remond, who facilitated underground activities hiding Jewish children in convents till they could be given safely to Christian families. The Carmelite monk, Lucien Bunel (Jacques de Jesus), who was sent to the Mauthausen Death Camp for sheltering three Jewish boys at his school (dramatised in the 1987 film Au revoir les enfants, made by Louis Malle, one of his former pupils).

Reports and data are welcome. The current membership includes most of the principal cavers active in Jamaica during the last four decades, including Dr Alan G Fincham, Dr David Lee, Dr Donald McFarlane, David Eastwood, Guy Van Rentergem, Jan Pauel, Prof Silvia Kouwenberg, Dr Ivor Conolley, Andreas Haiduk, Ronald Stefan Stewart, and Adam Hyde. Notable events in the history of the group include the first descent of Smokey Hole Cave, Manchester in March 2006, which established a new depth record for Jamaica of 194 metres, and the removal of the remains of Carlton Rose from the notorious Hutchinson's Hole, St Ann, in February 2004.Jamaica Observer, Feb 7, 2004 - Hutchinsons Hole Body Recovery Non- caving underground activities have included the exploration and mapping of Stamford Hill Mine, Clarendon, abandoned in 1863, under contract to PanCaribbean Minerals.

He later became a member of the ANC and consequent party organiser in the areas of Benoni and Atteridgeville. He was one of the initial recruits of the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) organisation, which was founded in December 1961. Maphotho became involved in underground activities of the ANC prior to him leaving the country to go to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 28 February 1961. The ANC deployed him to the Beirut International School in 1962. He returned to Dar es Salaam in 1963 and was soon sent for military training in the now-dissolved Soviet Union.Isaac Lesiba Maphotho (1931 - ), The Presidency. Retrieved on 13 July 2019. Maphotho served as the commander of the Luthuli Detachment. After fulfilling his training in 1965, he was deployed to the Kongwa Camp in Tanzania, from which he was a commander until 1967, and was promoted to the post of Chief Logistics Officer of the Detachment. The Rhodesian security personnel arrested him on 6 April 1968.

He even had his own brother, with his family, deported to Siberia, where his brother died. On 26 November 1942, the Lithuanian Partisan Movement (Lietuvos partizaninio judėjimo štabas) was created in Moscow, under the command of Sniečkus, who had retreated with the Red Army to Moscow, in 1941. The existence of the Command of Lithuanian Partisan Movement had to show the Lithuanian nature of Soviet partisans actions in Lithuania, but in reality groups of saboteurs sent from Moscow did not report to the Command of Lithuanian Partisan Movement and instead reported directly to the Central Command of the Partisan Movement. It is estimated that in Lithuania 5—10 thousand people engaged in Soviet underground activities during the war.Audronė Janavičienė Soviet Saboteurs in Lithuania (1941-1944), 2004 I. Altman Holocaust and Jewish Resistance in the Occupied Soviet Territories In 1944, due to the advance of the Red Army, his mother fled Lithuania to the West, and disowned her son.

Isakowicz-Zaleski was born in Krakow to a Polish father and an Armenian mother. Since high school years he was engaged in several Roman Catholic youth organizations. After graduating, he entered a seminary in his native city, which did not prevent him from being called for service in the Polish Army. He served in the years 1975-1977 in Brzeg. In the late 1970s, after returning to the seminary, he joined the anticommunist student movements, such as Student Committee of Solidarity. He co-published a Samizdat magazine Cross of Nowa Huta, also in 1977 he debuted in Tygodnik Powszechny with his poems. In 1980, Isakowicz-Zaleski became engaged in the Solidarity movement; three years later he was ordained and chosen to continue studies at the Papal Armenian Collegium in Rome. Unfortunately, he was not allowed to leave Communist Poland, because of his underground activities. Isakowicz- Zaleski began working in Krakow’s district of Nowa Huta, where he celebrated Mass for the workers and for the fatherland in the Maximilian Kolbe parish in Mistrzejowice.

After leaving the country, he traveled for years—earning money as a sailor, ship's stoker, house painter in France, ski instructor, and professional boxer—across the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and North Africa, all before the outbreak of World War II. Upon returning home, he enrolled in the University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Engineering, which he did not graduate from, and read medical textbooks in an attempt to better understand his emotional condition. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, as member of the Sokol athletic movement he joined the Liberation Front and participated in its underground activities in the annexed Province of Ljubljana until the authorities sent him to the Gonars concentration camp in 1942. After the capitulation of Italy, in 1943 he joined the Slovene Partisans, first in combat units and soon after in the cultural unit, where he was assigned to write resistance propaganda theater plays. After World War II, until 1947, when he fully dedicated himself to writing, he served at Radio Ljubljana as the cultural program's chief editor.