The Democrats have pointed to the uncaging of the financial industry by its Republican champions.
|
|
Two-photon glutamate uncaging, a type of photostimulation, has become the premier tool for studying dendritic spikes due to its high level of precision.
|
|
A caged protein is a protein that is activated in the presence of a stimulating light source. In most cases, photo- uncaging is the technique revealing the active region of a compound by the process of photolysis of the shielding molecule (‘cage’). However, uncaging the protein requires an appropriate wavelength, intensity, and timing of the light. Achieving this is possible due to the fact that the optical fiber may be modified to deliver specific amounts of light.
|
|
Another class of molecules used for transmitting signals in the cell is hormones. Caged derivates of estradiol were shown to induce gene expression upon uncaging other caged hormones were used to study receptor – ligand interactions.
|
|
Photolysis is performed resulting in photoactivation of the TIVA tag in the target cell or cells. Specifically, uncaging of the TIVA tag is accomplished using a 405-nm laser while measuring FRET excited by 514 nm. During this process, the mRNA-capturing moiety is released and subsequently anneals to the poly(A) tail of cellular mRNA. To confirm that the cell is not damaged during photolysis, the cell is imaged with the confocal microscope.
|
|
Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells, tissues, or even whole organisms. Photostimulation can be used to noninvasively probe various relationships between different biological processes, using only light. In the long run, photostimulation has the potential for use in different types of therapy, such as migraine headache. Additionally, photostimulation may be used for the mapping of neuronal connections between different areas of the brain by “uncaging” signaling biomolecules with light.
|
|
Work using Drosophila has dispensed with stimulating electrodes and developed a 3-part remote control system that evokes action potentials in pre-specified Drosophila neurons using a laser beam. The central component of the remote control system is a Ligand-gated ion channel gated by ATP. When ATP is applied, uptake of external calcium is induced and action potentials generated. The remaining two parts of the remote control system include chemically caged ATP, which is injected into the central nervous system through the fly's simple eye, and laser light capable of uncaging the injected ATP.
|
|
To control proteins and nucleic acids by light CEF scientists have designed and applied a range of photoswitchable tethers, ribonucleosides and nucleic acids, RNA aptamers and "beacons". They also developed an approach for the chemo‐enzymatic synthesis of position‐specifically modified RNA for biophysical studies including light control. Furthermore, light-activatable interaction of DNA nanoarchitectures, light-dependent conformational changes in nucleic acids, light-dependent RNA interference and light-dependent transcription were realized. Wavelength- selective light-triggering was established for nucleic acids as well as three-dimensional control of DNA hybridization by orthogonal two-colour two- photon uncaging.
|
|
Theoreticians have for decades hypothesized about the potential electrical function of spines, yet our inability to examine their electrical properties has until recently stopped theoretical work from progressing too far. Recent advances in imaging techniques along with increased use of two-photon glutamate uncaging have led to a wealth of new discoveries; we now suspect that there are voltage- dependent sodium, potassium, and calcium channels in the spine heads. Cable theory provides the theoretical framework behind the most "simple" method for modelling the flow of electrical currents along passive neural fibres. Each spine can be treated as two compartments, one representing the neck, the other representing the spine head.
|
|
For example, uncaging glutamate is useful for finding excitatory connections between neurons, since the uncaged glutamate mimics the natural synaptic activity of one neuron impinging upon another. The other major photostimulation method is the use of light to activate a light-sensitive protein such as rhodopsin, which can then excite the cell expressing the opsin. Scientists have long postulated the need to control one type of cell while leaving those surrounding it untouched and unstimulated. Well-known scientific advancements such as the use of electrical stimuli and electrodes have succeeded in neural activation but fail to achieve the aforementioned goal because of their imprecision and inability to distinguish between different cell types.
|
|
Late nineties onwards, filmmaking started gaining precedence over writing and since then he has made many biographical documentaries, independent and smaller films. Brahmanand S Siingh, a National-Award winning filmmaker, has been vastly recognized for his experiential and inspirational biopics on iconic legends like RD Burman and Jagjit Singh (Pancham Unmixed & Kaagaz Ki Kashti), movies that have acquired a cult status, in addition to social and emotional cause based films like Jhalki, a story of hope, courage, compassion and self-belief against the backdrop of a story of lost childhood & human trafficking. Many other films like Riding on a Sunbeam, Through our Eyes, Ashgari Bai, Ragpickers, Uncaging the Body and A Burden of Love continue to be popular and loved. He has been invited to be on the jury, in the film and script selection committee of various International film festivals and award platforms.
|
|