186 Sentences With "ultrathin" | Random Sentence Generator

It was the first ultrathin flexible e-skin in the world.

Check out the Dell Ultrathin 24-inch monitor on sale for $199.49.

But she will stick with a traditional ultrathin rose-gold band with pavé diamonds.

Dell is also announcing a few PC accessories today, including two new "Ultrathin" monitors.

The ultrathin execution is like a Formula One car; it's like a military object.

Mushrooms and other fungi grow by using a branching network of ultrathin filaments called mycelia.

Ultrathin purple potato chips came alongside, with the instruction to treat the dish as a dip.

Samsung touted the Galaxy Z Flip's "ultrathin glass" screen that initially suggested better durability against scratches.

This ultrathin carbon, called graphene, is flexible and lighter than paper yet 200 times stronger than steel.

TL;DR: The sleek Dell Ultrathin 24-inch monitor is on sale for $199.49, saving you $100.

Most ultrathin computers, such as the MacBook, use Intel's weaker Core M processors, which don't require a fan.

Petite, ultrathin, and young — up to 10 years younger than my fully adult, curve-tastic ass.What. The. Fuck.

Ignore the glamorous promo videos and the ultrathin, all-metal chassis of the new Surface Studio and MacBook Pro.

Like many other ultrathin computers recently released, the Spectre relies on USB-C for all of its wired connectivity.

Acer announced the Predator Triton 700, the first laptop in the company's new line of Predator Triton ultrathin gaming laptops.

The Vaio S looks to be targeted at a sweetspot between ultrathin and light laptops and more powerful workstation laptops.

Bulgari also intends to introduce five models for its Octo Finissimo line of ultrathin watches, including its first in steel.

"I already own the Audemars Piguet Royal Oak 15202 with an ultrathin movement," Mr. Rosenbeck, 25, said in a phone interview.

In 2014, it released a lingerie line called "Body," whose ads featured "THE PERFECT 'BODY'" scrawled across images of ultrathin models.

They acquired a kind of deli slicer for brain tissue, which they used to shave ultrathin sheets from a mouse's brain.

While Someya's peers were placing their sensors on rigid surfaces, such as ultrathin glass and steel foils, his team chose plastic films.

There is the thick sepia-toned, slightly porous paper of the 1400s and the ultrathin glossy correspondence paper of the 19th century.

Vivobarefoot, which makes barely-there running shoes with ultrathin soles, designed a shoe that replaces plastic materials with a foam derived from algae biomass.

She worked on carbon ribbons, semiconductors, nonplanar monolayers of molybdenum sulfide, and the scattering and vibrational effects of tiny particles introduced into ultrathin wires.

The 27-inch USB-C Ultrathin monitor typically sells for $549.99, but you can snag one today from Dell for just $398.99 — a $151 savings.

Jongbloed is currently the only printer in the world that makes them, using ultrathin but durable paper from a mill in a village in Finland.

" And last month at the Golden Globes, a Bulgari ultrathin Octo Finissimo kept time for Antonio Banderas, a best actor nominee for "Pain and Glory.

Perhaps with that in mind, engineering researchers at the University of Tokyo and Dai Nippon Printing have developed an ultrathin display which sticks to skin.

A limited edition men's watch ($77,900), it marked the 40th anniversary of Piaget's first in-house quartz movement and a continuation of the brand's ultrathin story.

Both the PM3 and Sine use planar magnetic tech that relies on an ultrathin membrane instead of the conventional voice coils and cones to generate sound.

At 8kg, the 21 X weighs more than seven of Acer's newly introduced Swift 7 laptops, offering the direct opposite to the Taiwanese company's ultrathin portable.

Between the two extremes are the wonderful cubes of creamy tofu inside a crisp and ultrathin shell; they're like mozzarella sticks refined to the nth degree.

Some glass makers like Corning and Japan's ACG are believed to be working on ultrathin folding glass displays, but Samsung has brought one to market first.

It's not clear what the properties are of this "Ultrathin Glass" that Samsung is touting, or what partners Samsung might have worked with to create it.

The company is inspired by new ultrathin solar panels developed by satellites that make them malleable enough to form-fit to the body of a car.

Like the ultrathin Acer Swift 7, this Dell laptop isn't the machine for gaming or heavy photo and video editing, but for everyday tasks it performs admirably.

The study of graphene was starting to go out of style, but new experiments with sheets of the ultrathin material revealed there was much left to learn.

Each individual unit would consist of a small "StarChip," equipped with cameras, sensors, and communications equipment, along with an ultrathin "lightsail" measuring about ten feet in length.

Absolutely. Since the beginning we've tried to work differently on the dials, and we've been able to unleash our creativity because our ultrathin movements take less space.

At the time it debuted in the early 2000s, however, the ultrathin clamshell phone's metallic build, electroluminescent keyboard, and long battery life came close to mobile phone nirvana.

Colour in the image comes from a structural interference effect, whilst switching the refractive index of an ultrathin layer of phase change material generates the dynamic colour display.

This week, at his second Baselworld watch fair, Mr. Dordet is introducing the latest in the ultrathin Slim d'Hermès line, l'Heure Impatiente, a watch that riffs on anticipation.

Graphene has been hailed as a magical material for years, promising revolutions in everything from flexible phones to ultrathin transistors to night vision contact lenses, to name a few.

To that end, the company is unveiling its first two laptop processors from the Ryzen line: the Ryzen 210 21300U and the Ryzen 25 27U, designed for ultrathin laptops.

Editor's note: This post was done in partnership with Ultrathin laptops help you find information, but writing things down, on paper, in a notebook, helps you learn and remember.

To address that problem, Dittmeyer proposes turning whole buildings into solar panels—placing them not just on rooftops but potentially coating facades and windows with ultrathin, largely transparent panels.

The laptops built with the new chips won't be competing with AMD's Ryzen chips, which are also designed for ultrathin laptops and due out at the end of this year.

Then, in 2013, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin developed a method to make objects appear invisible within a limited range of light waves using an ultrathin cloak.

A 24-inch Dell Ultrathin monitor is a solid choice and it won't set you back too much — you can currently get it on sale for $199.49, down from $299.99.

Considerably more portable is the 3.13-pound S 13, an ultrathin notebook with a touch-optional 13-inch HD display and a battery promising 13 hours by the company's count.

The doner kebab (like the familiar gyro) and its close relative the iskender were based on ultrathin slices of meat or shavings of lamb on or over pita or rice.

"With the Altiplano Ultimate, we continue to be pioneers in ultrathin watchmaking," Ms. Nouri said, adding that, in the future, a small limited-edition series might be made for sale.

This is often quiet and ultrathin orchestration at the outer edges of a composition, designed to blur the line between composed sounds and the ambient hum of the concert hall.

Her solar shirt is a pullover covered with a 120 ultrathin solar strips, created by the Holst Center lab, that allow one to charge a phone in barely a few hours.

While not the most luxurious typing experience ever, HP kept a respectable 1.3mm of key travel and avoided the common pitfall of most ultrathin laptops like Apple's Macbook and Microsoft's Surface Pro.

In a paper published Monday in Nature Nanotechnology, Akihito Miyamoto and colleagues offer an alternative in the form of ultrathin meshes that offer direct integration with the soft surface of the skin.

In the 1960s, the 9P ultrathin manual-winding caliber opened up all manner of possibility for ornamentation and color using hard stones like malachite, lapis lazuli, jade and tiger's-eye on the dials.

The styles range from an ultrathin 1928 platinum pocket watch to streamlined midcentury wristwatches — with alligator straps and early versions of the brand's signature Maltese cross on the dial — to more technical modern designs.

In a paper published Monday in Nature Nanotechnology, researchers described a new ultrathin, lightweight, breathable sensor constructed from nanoscale mesh, a spaghetti-like entanglement of fibers a thousand times thinner than a human hair.

Above and below these sculptures, ultrathin sapphire disks overlaid with platinum etchings depict aspects of life on and off of Earth, such as the migration patterns of humpback whales and photos from the Apollo missions.

At minus 321 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20063 Celsius), an ultrathin layer of water molecules froze so quickly that they had no time to line up in crystals, and they solidified into a glass-like structure.

The new system, which was tested in a study reported in Science, accomplishes monitoring through two ultrathin wireless sensors that transmit the baby's vital signs to a base where the information can be processed in real time.

One innovation was using an ultrathin lithium metal foil for the anode, which is about one-fifth the thickness of a traditional lithium metal anode, and several times thinner and lighter than traditional graphite, carbon, or silicon anodes.

His 1972 song "Questo Piccolo Grande Amore" ("This Little Great Love"), lamenting a young man's obsession about his unattainable beloved in her ultrathin T-shirt, is still an unofficial national anthem; every Italian can sing along with it.

And the beef fajitas, delivered on a sizzling skillet, were so generously endowed with colorful cuts of bell pepper and (to a lesser degree) ultrathin strips of agave-syrup-sweetened meat that the dish might easily have served two.

The piece debuted at Geneva Days, the LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton exhibition concurrent with S.I.H.H. PIAGET ALTIPLANO MALACHITE MARQUETRY TOURBILLON Price on application This ultrathin watch, part of Piaget's S.I.H.H. 2018 Métiers d'Art collection, has a flying tourbillon.

Acer announced a whole slew of laptops this week, but seemingly lost in the shuffle alongside the ultrathin Predator Triton 220 gaming laptop and the screen-flipping Switch series were several more pedestrian models in the company's cheaper Aspire series.

This great deal is available until midnight on July 16, and includes four Sensi Ultrathin brush heads, a rechargeable battery with up to two weeks of charge, a smart USB travel case that charges your brush and phone, and more.

Ms. Parker remembered how the director let her ask a Nobel Prize-winning professor to extract graphene (an ultrathin layer of carbon) from a William Blake drawing and make a sensor that was used to ignite the opening-night fireworks.

The Korean electronics giant has been trying to dominate the ultrathin notebook market for quite a few years now, copying the MacBook in style and yet failing to the deliver the engineering, build quality, and battery life to command its price tag.

Proof that it succeeded came in 2199, when the house introduced its Octo Finissimo series of ultrathin timepieces, led by the hand-wound Octo Finissimo Tourbillon, a 443-millimeter-thick titanium watch whose round bezel and octagonal case recalled Mr. Genta's masterful use of shapes.

Gigabyte has a new laptop, the Aero 15, and like the Razer Blade or Acer Predator Triton 700, it follows the recent trend of superpowered, ultrathin laptops that are equally at ease as a day-to-day work laptop or high-end gaming machine.

The company's got a new version of its ultrathin Zenbook, built around a 2229-inch 29.7,133 x 213,213.74 display, that's already drawing comparisons to the MacBook – but, then, that's just kind of a thing people do when a new thin and light laptop comes out.

In September, the French luxury groups LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton and Kering unveiled a joint charter in which they committed not to use ultrathin or underage models, in response to criticism of how young women were portrayed and treated in the fashion world.

Over the course of six hourlong episodes, the series reexamines a sport that's long been viewed in terms of exhausted stereotypes -- the clichés that cheerleaders, typically ultrathin women, are straight, white, fairly wealthy space cadets who float, prettily and problem-free, atop the school hierarchy.

Many battery specialists say they believe that the failure lies in the South Korean electronics companies' desire to create a thinner battery package, leading to the design of an ultrathin separator, a safety feature intended to prevent battery electrodes from contacting each other directly.

In an interview, Ms. Patkar listed a string of Kotex innovations over the years: panty liners for light days, compact tampon applicators, 3-D modeling of pads for a better fit and ultrathin pads that she says have reduced the bulkiness of period pads by 67 percent.

The Rome-based designer Delfina Delettrez Fendi wrote in an email that she likes to give the pearl "the illusion of being magically suspended on the body, as a magic trick" — so she hung cultured pearls from ultrathin gold chains for a geometric design that she used in earrings and necklaces.

He also wrote that Corning is said to be working on an ultrathin folding glass, which is still not ready yet, but you can picture a world in which we have devices that fold but they actually have the durability and quality of the premium phones we've already gotten used to.

Amon confirmed to The Verge that it's where Qualcomm will launch its next flagship Snapdragon processor for 5G devices, and he also namedropped a separate "Snapdragon 1000" chip for always-connected ARM-powered PCs — a processor rumored to finally be powerful enough to challenge Intel's Y and U-series CPUs in ultrathin laptops and 2-in-1s.

Postdoctoral scholar Shideh Ameri, who is working with the UT Austin team, explained how GET is different from other wearables via email, "The prominent differences of graphene electronic tattoos (GET) with recent tattoo-based sensors is that, since GET is ultrathin it forms conformal dry contact to skin and shows lower skin-electrode interface impedance and less motion artifact," he told me.

Last summer's refresh of the 13-inch MacBook Air didn't make too many drastic changes to the ultrathin, ultralight laptop â€" the 999.993 model had the exact same 1.6HG Intel Core i5 processor and Intel UHD Graphics 617 â€"Â but its quieter keyboard, Touch ID sensor, dual Thunderbolt 3 USB-C ports, and bright, True Tone-supporting Retina display were welcome additions.

Fitbit Versa Health & Fitness Smartwatch Samsung Gear S3 Frontier Smartwatch Huawei Watch 2 Sport Smartwatch Braun Series 7 Electric Shaver for Men Philips Series 3000 Wet & Dry Men's Electric Shaver Philips Series 5000 Beard and Stubble Trimmer Remington D3190 Ionic Conditioning Hair Dryer BaByliss Super Power 2400 Hair Dryer Oral-B Pro 3 3000 CrossAction Electric Toothbrush Oral-B Pro 650 Sensi Ultrathin Electric Toothbrush

SweetLF 3D Rechargeable IPX7 Waterproof Electric Shaver Philips Series 3000 Wet & Dry Men's Electric Shaver Philips Series 5000 Wet and Dry Men's Electric Shaver Philips AquaTouch Wet & Dry Men's Electric Shaver Braun Series 3 ProSkin 3040s Electric Shaver Braun Series 3 ProSkin 3080s Electric Shaver Oral-B Pro 2 2500 3D White Electric Toothbrush Oral-B Junior Kids Electric Toothbrush Oral-B Genius 9000 CrossAction Electric Toothbrush Oral-B Pro 650 Sensi Ultrathin Electric Toothbrush

A recent meal started with five amuse-bouches (including a supersoft, bite-size blood sausage taco), before moving on to tangy, marinated sea bass topped with crunchy red beetroot; a fisherman-meets-forager mix of cod chunks and mushrooms in warm dashi broth with herring eggs; a triple preparation of Iberian pork (including bacon pellets on ultrathin zucchini discs and a miniature kebab of pork belly cubes in tzatziki sauce); and numerous other finely wrought and flavorful inventions.

A prototype flat ultrathin lens, with no curvature has been developed.

The bond is made by texturing the asphalt. Thin whitetopping uses a bonded layer of concrete that is 10 - 15cm (4-6") thick while an ultrathin layer is 5 to 10 cm (2-4") thick. Ultrathin whitetopping is suitable for light duty uses, such as roads with low traffic volume, parking lots and small airports. Fiber reinforced concrete is used in some thin whitetopping overlays and almost all ultrathin whitetopping overlays.

Chem, vol. 31, pp. 1729-1740 (1993)D.W. Grainger, "Synthetic Polymer Ultrathin Films for Modifying Surface Properties", Prog.

Metal microtome knives or razor blades are too soft and dull to cut ultrathin sections. In 1950, Latta and Hartmann discovered that the edge of broken glass could be used to cut thin sections of specimens for transmission electron microscopy. Glass knives are used in ultramicrotomy for trimming specimen blocks and cutting thin and ultrathin sections. A skilled operator can cut a small number of ultrathin sections with a glass knife, while the same operator can use a diamond knife to cut thousands of sections on one area of knife.

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS) experiments provide information about the long wavelength spin waves in ultrathin magnetic films and nanostructures. If the wavelength is comparable to the lattice constant, the spin waves are governed by the microscopic exchange coupling and a quantum mechanical description is needed. Therefore, experimental information on these short wavelength (large wave vector) spin waves in ultrathin films is highly desired and may lead to fundamentally new insights into the spin dynamics in reduced dimensions in the future. Up to now, SPEELS is the only technique that can be used to measure the dispersion of such short wavelength spin waves in ultrathin films and nanostructures.

Suttle and Chan (1995) counted more than 320 viruses in an ultrathin section of an infection cell. Estimates for burst sizes range from 320 to 600 viruses per cell.

B 33 (6), 3657–3671 (1986). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.33.3657. 4) E. Bauer: Ultrathin metal films: from one to three dimensions, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 95, 1315-1325 (1991). doi: 10.1002/bbpc.

NeoSensory exoskin haptic jacket. An ultrathin, breathable garment for immersive VR A haptic suit (also known as tactile suit, gaming suit or haptic vest) is a wearable device that provides haptic feedback to the body.

The synthesis process includes the epitaxial growth of ultrathin layers of GaN on a sacrificial template consisting of an interpenetrated network of ZnO microtetrapods, followed by the gradual removal of the ZnO substrate. It results in a freestanding interpenetrated network of microtubular GaN with an ultrathin layer of ZnO on the inner surface of the walls. ZnO is a suitable substrate for GaN growth due to the fact that both materials have the same crystallographic wurtzite structure, close lattice parameters, and similar thermal expansion coefficients.

More advanced modifications of TSC have been applied to study traps in ultrathin high-k dielectric thin films. W. S. Lau (Lau Wai Shing, Republic of Singapore) applied zero-bias thermally stimulated current or zero- temperature-gradient zero-bias thermally stimulated current to ultrathin tantalum pentoxide samples. For samples with some shallow traps which can be filled at low temperature and some deep traps which can be filled only at high temperature, a two-scan TSC may be useful as suggested by Lau in 2007. TSC has also been applied to hafnium oxide.

He uses these periodic X-ray probes to pinpoint the lattice location of adsorbate atoms on crystalline surfaces, to measure strain within epitaxially grown semiconductor and ferroelectric thin films, and to locate heavy atoms within ordered ultrathin organic films.

Alternatively, the tip can be dipped in the magnetic material and then retracted leaving a cluster attached to the tip assuming that the magnetic material properly wets the tip. The tip size is not controlled as in ultrathin film deposition.

A highly absorbing ultrathin film on a substrate can be also considered as a metasurface, with properties not occurring in natural materials. Following this definition, the thin metallic films such as that in superlens are also early type of metasurfaces.

Plates coated with beta-In2S3 nanoparticles can be used efficiently for PEC (photoelectrochemical) water splitting.Tian, Y.; Wang, L.; Tang, H.; Zhou, W. (2015). “Ultrathin Two-Dimensional -In2S3 Nanocrystals: Oriented- AttachmentGrowth Controlled By Metal Ions and Photoelectrochemical Properties.” J. Mater. Chem.

Sketch of a longitudinal ultrathin section through a typical motile bacterium bearing a flagellum and surrounding polar organelle at one end of the cell. A polar organelle is a structure at a specialised region of the bacterial polar membrane that is associated with the flagellar apparatus. This flagellum- associated structure can easily be distinguished from the other membrane regions in ultrathin sections of embedded bacteria by electron microscopy when the cell membrane is orientated perpendicular to the viewing direction. There, the membrane appears slightly thickened with a finely frilled layer facing the inside of the cell.

In collaborative and interdisciplinary projects Rabe contributed to the development of advanced functional materials, including dendronized and conjugated polymers, multivalent biopolymer complexes, ultrathin films of conjugated molecules, supramolecular polymers and helical nanofilaments, nanographenes, and 2D materials as well as mixed 2D/3D heterostructures.

Electron microscopy or EM can be used to study the detailed microarchitecture of tissues or cells. Immuno-EM allows the detection of specific proteins in ultrathin tissue sections. Antibodies labelled with heavy metal particles (e.g. gold) can be directly visualised using transmission electron microscopy.

For diagnostic purposes solid tissues are prepared for TEM in the same way as other biological tissues, they are fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide then dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resin. The epoxy resin block is trimmed and the target tissue is selected using a light microscope by viewing semithin sections stained with toluidine blue. The block is then retrimmed and the specific area for observation is ultrathin sectioned, preferably using a diamond knife. The ultrathin sections are collected on 3mm copper (mesh) grids and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate to make the contents of the tissue electron dense (and thus visible in the electron microscope).

In addition, it has ultralow power consumption (< 0.5 mW/cm2) and potential for high resolution (>10000 dpi). Since the ultrathin metasurfaces are flexible and the polymer is soft, the whole system can be bent. Desired future improvements for this technology include bistability, cheaper materials and implementation with TFT arrays.

This is very undesirable for solar cells. This would be very similar to the thin metal film approach, but it also utilizes the scattering effect of the nano-particles. Yue, et al. used a type of new materials, called topological insulators, to increase the absorption of ultrathin a-Si solar cells.

Before the molecular era, the diagnosis of phytoplasma-caused diseases was difficult because the organisms could not be cultured. Thus, classical diagnostic techniques, including symptom observation were used. Ultrathin sections of phloem tissue from plants with suspected phytoplasma- infections were also studied. The empirical use of antibiotics such as tetracycline was additionally employed.

In 2004, the group was awarded additional funding from the National Science Foundation for the pursuit of graphene science. The first paper, "Two dimensional electron gas properties of ultrathin epitaxial graphite", was presented in March 2004 at a meeting of the American Physical Society and published in December under the title, "Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: Two dimensional electron gas properties and a route towards graphene based electronics". This paper, based primarily on data documented in 2003, describes the first electrical measurements of epitaxial graphene, reports fabrication of the first graphene transistor, and outlines the desirable properties of graphene for use in graphene-based electronics. De Heer and coworkers Claire Berger and Phillip First hold the first patent on graphene- based electronics, provisionally filed in June 2003.

The logo of the brand OO signifies the bonding between couples. It has diversified into several variants. The range includes close to twenty variants viz. ultrathin, dotted and all night to different flavours; and also scented condoms; glow condoms; XXX condoms with dots and ribs and as Absolute Xtasy, Extra Long, Colored and Skin.

He elucidated the physical mechanism of the fatigue problem in FeRAMs. He also addressed the critical thickness of ultrathin films where they lose ferroelectricity. Additionally, he sought to explain resistance- switching phenomena, which are the basis of RRAM. Recently, he developed a new percolation model, called the "random circuit-breaker network model", which can explain reversible switching phenomena.

Inorganic samples, such as aluminium, may also be embedded in resins and ultrathin sectioned in this way, using either coated glass, sapphire or larger angle diamond knives. To prevent charge build-up at the sample surface when viewing in the TEM, tissue samples need to be coated with a thin layer of conducting material, such as carbon.

LbL approaches are used to coat 3d nanoarchitecture. Electrostatically binding a charged polymer to an oppositely charged surface coats the surface with polymer. Repeated steps of oppositely charged polymer build up a well- controlled thick layer. Polyelectrolyte films and ultrathin (less than 5 nm) of electroactive polymers have been deposited on planar substrates using this method.

A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission electron microscopy. The cutting edge of a disposable blade for a microtome under a microscope. The selection of microtome knife blade profile depends upon the material and preparation of the samples, as well as the final sample requirements (e.g. cut thickness and quality).

Niobium disulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NbS2. It is a black layered solid that can be exfoliated into ultrathin grayish sheets similar to other transition metal dichalcogenides. These layers exhibit superconductivity, where the transition temperature increases from ca. 2 to 6 K with the layer thickness increasing from 6 to 12 nm, and then saturates with thickness.

In these devices, thermal resistance at interfaces limits their performance. To understand how the operational stability of devices based on these materials, Graham makes use of electro-thermal and thermomechanical modelling. Beyond his work on inorganic materials, Graham has worked devices made from organic electronic materials. Making use of vacuum-based deposition to create ultrathin barriers that protect organic materials from degradation.

PbS ultrathin sheets probably resulted from the oriented attachment of the PbS nanoparticles in a two-dimensional fashion. The highly reactive facets were preferentially consumed in the growth process that led to the sheet-like PbS crystal growth. Nanosheets can also be prepared at room temperature. For instance, hexagonal PbO (lead oxide)) nanosheets were synthesized using gold nanoparticles as seeds under room temperature.

TEM is a specialized type of microscopy that utilizes a beam of electrons focused with a magnetic field to image a sample. TEM provides imaging with 1000x greater spatial resolution than a light microscope (resolution down to 0.2 nm). An ultrathin, negatively stained sample is required. Sample preparations involve depositing specimens onto a coated TEM grid and negative staining with an electron-opaque liquid.

The first attempt was made in 1957 by replacing the red blood cell membrane by an ultrathin polymeric membrane which was followed by encapsulation through a lipid membrane and more recently a biodegradable polymeric membrane. A biological red blood cell membrane including lipids and associated proteins can also be used to encapsulate nanoparticles and increase residence time in vivo by bypassing macrophage uptake and systemic clearance.

The anatomy of the foveola was recently reinvestigated. 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Serial semithin and ultrathin sections, and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography were prepared from 32 foveolae from monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and humans. Serial sections and FIB analysis were then used to construct 3D models of central Müller and photoreceptor cells.

A TEM image of a cluster of poliovirus. The polio virus is 30 nm in diameter. Operating principle of a transmission electron microscope Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid.

The most prominent application of nanotechnology in the household is self-cleaning or "easy-to- clean" surfaces on ceramics or glasses. Nanoceramic particles have improved the smoothness and heat resistance of common household equipment such as the flat iron. The first sunglasses using protective and anti-reflective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the market. For optics, nanotechnology also offers scratch resistant surface coatings based on nanocomposites.

Fragmented into almost ten thousand pieces, the bible was slated for conservation. The ultrathin sheets of parchment, barely 80 microns thick, were suspected to be made from the skin of lamb fetuses. A team led by Lucia Toniolo examined a fragment from the manuscript, microwaving it, dissolving it with trypsin, and purifying it. They identified eight proteins from the genus Bos taurus indicative of calf tissue.

Fisher was a member of the Purdue University engineering research team which developed a biosensor for detecting blood glucose and other biological molecules using hollow structures called single-wall carbon nanotubes anchored to gold-coated "nanocubes." The device resembled a cube-shaped tetherball. Each tetherball is a sensor. A nanotube anchors each tetherball to electronic circuitry which acts as both a tether and ultrathin wire to conduct electrical signals.

Metal halide perovskites possess unique features that make them useful for solar cell applications. The raw materials used, and the possible fabrication methods (such as various printing techniques) are both low cost. Their high absorption coefficient enables ultrathin films of around 500 nm to absorb the complete visible solar spectrum. These features combined result in the possibility to create low cost, high efficiency, thin, lightweight and flexible solar modules.

These biologically meaningful DOFs include asynchronous and mediolateral movements of the armwings and dorsoventral movements of the legs. Also, the continuous surface and elastic properties of bat skin under wing morphing are realized by an ultrathin (56 micrometers) membranous skin that covers the skeleton of the morphing wings. We have successfully achieved autonomous flight of B2 using a series of virtual constraints to control the articulated, morphing wings .

Bretislav Victor Heinrich from the Simon Fraser University, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Forum on International Physics in 1995, for the elucidation of loss of ferromagnetic resonance in metals; for the contribution to the invention of ferromagnetic antiresonance; for adapting molecular beam epitaxy to studies of exchange interactions and anisotropies in the highest quality ultrathin magnetic films.

Graphene is a 2D nanosheet with atomic thin thickness in terms of 0.34 nm. Due to the ultrathin thickness, graphene showed many properties that are quite different from their bulk graphite counterparts. The most prominent advantages are known to be their high electron mobility and high mechanical strengths. Thus, it exhibits potential for applications in optics and electronics especially for the development of wearable devices as flexible substrates.

Creating these thin sections for biological and materials specimens is technically very challenging. Semiconductor thin sections can be made using a focused ion beam. Biological tissue specimens are chemically fixed, dehydrated and embedded in a polymer resin to stabilize them sufficiently to allow ultrathin sectioning. Sections of biological specimens, organic polymers, and similar materials may require staining with heavy atom labels in order to achieve the required image contrast.

A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission electron microscopy. Biological tissue is often embedded in a resin block then thinned to less than 100 nm on an ultramicrotome. The resin block is fractured as it passes over a glass or diamond knife edge. This method is used to obtain thin, minimally deformed samples that allow for the observation of tissue ultrastructure.

Heinz is one of the most cited scientists. Since 2019, the media group Clarivate counts him among the favorites for a Nobel Prize (Clarivate Citation Laureates). His research focuses on ultrafast laser spectroscopy (femtosecond pulses) and thus investigates dynamics at surfaces. His group investigates electronic and optical properties of a few atoms of thin two-dimensional systems (such as graphene or ultrathin crystals of transition-metal di-chalcogen compounds).

Little is known about the life cycle of the virus infecting these flagellate-containing planktonic species, Chrysochromulina brevifilum and C. strobilus. Suttle and Chan (1995) were the first to isolate viruses which infect Prymnesiophytes or haptophytes. In this study, ultrathin sections of viruses within Chyrsochromulina brevifilum were prepared and viewed using transmission electron microscopy. Electron micrographs in the early stage of infection suggest that virus replication occurs in the cytoplasm within a viroplasm.

The high reflectivity grating can be ultrathin, only <0.15 optical wavelength. The reflection and transmission phase of the optical beam through the high contrast grating can be engineered to cover a full 2π range while maintaining a high reflection or transmission coefficient. Schematics of high contrast grating. Λ, grating period; ko, incident light wave vector; nbar, refractive index of grating bar; no, refractive index of the surrounding medium of the grating bar.

The first artificial cells were developed by Thomas Chang at McGill University in the 1960s. These cells consisted of ultrathin membranes of nylon, collodion or crosslinked protein whose semipermeable properties allowed diffusion of small molecules in and out of the cell. These cells were micron-sized and contained cell, enzymes, hemoglobin, magnetic materials, adsorbents and proteins. Later artificial cells have ranged from hundred-micrometer to nanometer dimensions and can carry microorganisms, vaccines, genes, drugs, hormones and peptides.

Also, graphene oxide coated nanofilter membranes helps in dechlorination of water. In addition to this, ultrathin nanofilter coated with graphene is the most potent filter that could be commercialized for water purification. Graphene oxide membranes can be used in various forms such as free, surface modified, and graphene cast in membranes in the range of micro, nano, or ultrafilters. Among which nanofilters is more efficient for water desalination due to its mechanical strength and physiochemical properties of the membrane.

Sony launched an ultraportable (ultrathin) less than an inch thick in Japan in 1997, the PCG-505, which reached the US in 1997 as the VAIO 505GX. This was followed by the even thinner Sony VAIO X505, which measured just 0.8 × 8.2 × 10.2 inches, and reached 0.3″ at its thinnest. However, it was very expensive and had poor battery life, and was soon withdrawn. Sony also launched the C1 range of subnotebooks, starting in Japan in 1998.

Brenner's team sliced worms into thousands of ultrathin sections and photographed every section under an electron microscope, then visually matched fibers from section to section, to map out every neuron and synapse in the entire body, to give a complete connectome of the nematode. Nothing approaching this level of detail is available for any other organism, and the information has been used to enable a multitude of studies that would not have been possible without it.

In a conventional strain engineering framework, epitaxial strain is only effective below the critical thickness, which is usually less than a few tens of nanometers. Tuning electron transport by epitaxial strain has only been achieved in ultrathin layers because of the relaxation of epitaxial strains in relatively thick films. Vertically aligned heteroepitaxial nanoscaffolding films have been proposed to generate strain in thick films. A vertical lattice strain as large as 2% has been achieved in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3:MgO vertical nanocomposites.

For the study of two-dimensional systems with repulsive or oscillatory interactions, his group developed LEED diffractometry. He developed electron stimulated desorption (ESD) and static SIMS for the study of adsorbed layers and ultrathin films on single crystal surfaces; alkali ion scattering (ISS) for structural analysis of surfaces; field ion microscopy (FIM) of single atoms and clusters; UHV-SEM studies of surface melting. Ernst Bauer has pioneering contributions to the most aspects of surface science since its inception.

Unilamellar TiNSs have a number of unique properties, and are said to combine those of conventional titanate and titania. Structurally, they are infinite ultrathin (~0.75 nm) 2D sheets with a high density of negative surface charges originating from the oxygen atoms at the corners of the adjoint octahedronsLiu, M., Y. Ishida, Y. Ebina, T. Sasaki, T. Hikima, M. Takata, and T. Aida. "An Anisotropic Hydrogel with Electrostatic Repulsion between Cofacially Aligned Nanosheets." Nature 517.7532 (2014): 68. Print. .

A ribbon of ultrathin sections prepared by room-temperature ultramicrotomy, floating on water in the boat of a diamond knife used to cut the sections. The knife blade is the edge at the upper end of the trough of water. An ultramicrotome is a main tool of ultramicrotomy. It allows the preparation of extremely thin sections, with the device functioning in the same manner as a rotational microtome, but with very tight tolerances on the mechanical construction.

Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and materials science. The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells. In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen.

In 1993, Marković earned a Bachelor of Science in Physics from University of Zagreb under advisor Boran Leontić. At University of Minnesota in 1998, she earned a doctorate in physics. She completed her thesis titled Transport properties and quantum phase transitions in ultrathin films of metals under her doctoral advisor Allen Goldman and received the Aneesur Rahman Award for best thesis. From 1998–2000, Marković conducted postdoctoral research at Delft University of Technology with Herre van der Zant and Hans Mooij (de).

The SFE technology was developed at the University of Washington for the purpose of providing high-quality laser-based imaging within an ultrathin and flexible endoscope. It is believed that the concept of moving an optical fiber to produce 2D images with confocal sectioning and laser illumination was first proposed for endoscopic applications by Giniunas et al., in 1993. A major advancement of the SFE is rapid scanning and generation of high-quality images using an amplitude-modulated resonating fiber.

One group at the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle, Germany proved that by using spin polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS), very high energy surface magnons can be excited. This technique allows one to probe the dispersion of magnons in the ultrathin ferromagnetic films. The first experiment was performed for a 5 ML Fe film. With momentum resolution, the magnon dispersion was explored for an 8 ML fcc Co film on Cu(001) and an 8 ML hcp Co on W(110), respectively.

A thin hologram is one where the thickness of the recording medium is much less than the spacing of the interference fringes which make up the holographic recording. The thickness of a thin hologram can be down to 60 nm by using a topological insulator material Sb2Te3 thin film. Ultrathin holograms hold the potential to be integrated with everyday consumer electronics like smartphones. A thick or volume hologram is one where the thickness of the recording medium is greater than the spacing of the interference pattern.

Whitetopping is the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete. Whitetopping is divided into types depending on the thickness of the concrete layer and whether the layer is bonded to the asphalt substrate. Unbonded whitetopping, also called conventional whitetopping, uses concrete thicknesses of 20cm (8") or more that is not bonded to the asphalt. Bonded whitetopping uses thicknesses of 5 to 15cm (2-6") bonded to the asphalt pavement and is divided into two types, thin and ultrathin.

For nondestructive imaging the tips can be made from antiferromagnetic materials such as Cr or MnNi, in this case however, the spin contrast of the imaging is sacrificed due to tunneling currents from to different spin states partially canceling out each other. # Nonmagnetic tip with ultrathin film of magnetic material. Nonmagnetic material is first etched and cleaned with electron bombardment and high temperature flash to remove oxides and other contaminations. The tip is then covered with thin (less than diameter of the tip) layer of magnetic material.

For studies of ultrathin surfaces of molecular solids such as ices, he developed unique instrumentation, an important aspect of his research. Pradeep discovered several atomically precise clusters or nano molecules of noble metals. These are molecules composed of a few atom cores, protected with ligands, especially thiols which are fundamentally different from their bulk and plasmonic analogues in terms of their optical, electronic, and structural properties. Such clusters show distinct absorption spectra and well-defined luminescence, mostly in the visible and near-infrared regions, just as molecules.

AlN crystallizes in the wurtzite structure and thus shows pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties enabling sensors, for instance, with sensitivity to normal and shear forces. TiN, on the other hand, exhibits a high electrical conductivity and large elastic modulus, making it possible to implement electrostatic MEMS actuation schemes with ultrathin beams. Moreover, the high resistance of TiN against biocorrosion qualifies the material for applications in biogenic environments. The figure shows an electron- microscopic picture of a MEMS biosensor with a 50 nm thin bendable TiN beam above a TiN ground plate.

There are several researchers in nanochemistry that have been credited with development of the field. Geoffrey A. Ozin, from the University of Toronto, is known as one of the "founding fathers of Nanochemistry" due to his four and a half decades of research on this subject. This research includes the study of Matrix isolation laser Raman spectroscopy, naked metal clusters chemistry and photochemistry, nanoporous materials, hybrid nanomaterials, mesoscopic materials, and ultrathin inorganic nanowires. Another chemist who is also viewed as one of nanochemistry's pioneers is Charles M. Lieber at Harvard University.

The first clinical use of artificial cells was in hemoperfusion by the encapsulation of activated charcoal. Activated charcoal has the capability of adsorbing many large molecules and has for a long time been known for its ability to remove toxic substances from the blood in accidental poisoning or overdose. However, perfusion through direct charcoal administration is toxic as it leads to embolisms and damage of blood cells followed by removal by platelets. Artificial cells allow toxins to diffuse into the cell while keeping the dangerous cargo within their ultrathin membrane.

Kaloyeros has authored and co-authored over 200 scientific articles in technical journals and contributed to 8 books on topics pertaining to the science and technology of nanotechnology, nanoelectronics, nano- optoelectronics, nano-medicine, and green energy. His technical focus was in ultrathin film materials and structures, atomic layer vapor phase deposition processes, and nanoscale x-ray, electron, and photon-based characterization and metrology. He advised more than 36 Ph.D. and over 100 Masters students. His work has been referenced in over 4,700 citations by his peers in scientific and technical publications.

The research interests of Martin Stratmann concentrate on electrochemistry and corrosion science. He connects electrochemical, spectroscopic and interface analytical methods and was the first one who used the scanning Kelvin probe technique in corrosion science. With this method he was able to show that electrochemical reaction analysis is possible even under ultrathin electrolytic films and non-conducting coatings. With the help of the Kelvin probe, Stratmann was able to explain the atmospheric corrosion of iron and iron based alloys, and the de-adhesion of polymer coatings of reactive metallic surfaces.

Fluorescent microscopy image of peptoid nanosheets viewed using Nile Red dye. In nanobiotechnology, a peptoid nanosheet is a synthetic protein structure made from peptoids. Peptoid nanosheets have a thickness of about three nanometers and a length of up to 100 micrometers, meaning that they have a two-dimensional, flat shape that resembles paper on the nanoscale.Nam, K.T., Shelby, S.A., Choi, P.H., Marciel, A.B., Chen, R., Tan, L., Chu, T.K., Mesch, R.A., Lee, B., Connolly, M.D., Kisielowski, C., Zuckermann, R.N. “Free- floating ultrathin two-dimensional crystals from sequence-specific peptoid polymers” Nat. Mater.

References to diseases now known to be caused by phytoplasmas can be found as far back as 1603 (mulberry dwarf disease in Japan.) Such diseases were originally thought to be caused by viruses, which, like phytoplasmas, require insect vectors, and cannot be cultured. Viral and phytoplasmic infections share some symptoms. In 1967, phytoplasmas were discovered in ultrathin sections of plant phloem tissue and were termed mycoplasma-like organisms due to their physiological resemblance The organisms were renamed phytoplasmas in 1994, at the 10th Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology.

The grinding process usually reduces the stones to 50% of their original weight. The diamond blade is then mounted into a soft metal shaft (Wood's metal) and finally polished to a very sharp edge. The knife's edge is extremely sharp and free of imperfections, which helps produce ultrathin sections of very regular thickness to get views of specimens at high magnifications with the transmission electron microscope (TEM).Micro Star Technologies, diamond knives The shaft containing the final edge is then mounted in a metal trough, or "boat", and cemented, usually with an epoxy plastic.

He pointed out that if this is properly understood, electrical failure analysis can be more easily achieved by electrical testing at the test structure level instead of at the product engineering level. This will make the job of DRAM yield enhancement easier. Dr. Lau became an associate professor in the Nanyang Technological University since 2001. He was the first in making a correlation between the leakage current of ultrathin tantalum pentoxide (one of the high-κ dielectric) films with defect states detected by zero-bias thermally stimulated current.

Passivation refers to the spontaneous formation of an ultrathin film of corrosion products, known as a passive film, on the metal's surface that act as a barrier to further oxidation. The chemical composition and microstructure of a passive film are different from the underlying metal. Typical passive film thickness on aluminium, stainless steels, and alloys is within 10 nanometers. The passive film is different from oxide layers that are formed upon heating and are in the micrometer thickness range – the passive film recovers if removed or damaged whereas the oxide layer does not.

The formation of free-floating CdTe nanosheets was due to directional hydrophobic attraction and anisotropic electrostatic interactions caused by dipole moment and small positive charges. Molecular simulations through a coarse-grained model with parameters from semi-empirical quantum mechanics calculations can be used to prove the experimental process. Ultrathin single-crystal PbS (lead sulfur) sheets with micro scale in x-, y- dimensions can be obtained using a hot colloidal synthesis method. Compounds with linear chloroalkanes like 1,2-dichloroethane containing chlorine were used during the formation of PbS sheets.

2DPs are expected to be superb membrane materials because of their defined pore sizes. Furthermore, they can serve as ultrasensitive pressure sensors, as precisely defined catalyst supports, for surface coatings and patterning, as ultrathin support for cryo-TEM, and many other applications. Since 2D polymers provide an availability of large surface area and uniformity in sheets, they also found useful applications in areas such as selective gas adsorption and separation. Metal organic frameworks have become popular recently due to the variability of structures and topology which provide tunable pore structures and electronic properties.

There exist many different methods to make nanofibers, including drawing, electrospinning, self-assembly, template synthesis, and thermal-induced phase separation. Electrospinning is the most commonly used method to generate nanofibers because of the straightforward setup, the ability to mass-produce continuous nanofibers from various polymers, and the capability to generate ultrathin fibers with controllable diameters, compositions, and orientations. This flexibility allows for controlling the shape and arrangement of the fibers so that different structures (i.e. hollow, flat and ribbon shaped) can be fabricated depending on intended application purposes.

All bacteria observed intracellularly were located in vacuoles. Unlike Rickettsiella, they do not present a regular organization suggestive of crystalline structure. Based on visual impression of paired bacteria, they have counted the number of bacteria in vacuoles across the section: 51.4% of vacuoles contained 2 bacteria, 13.2% contained 3 or 4 bacteria, 1.7% contained more than 4, and 33.7% contained 1 bacterium. The ultrathin section may pass across only one bacterium in a vacuole that actually contains multiple bacteria, so this may mean that a number of these pseudo-single bacteria may be also paired.

The Biological Structure department named this effort the Digital Anatomist project. Its image database was supplied with raw digital material by Wolfgang Rauschning, a Swedish researcher in microtomy and microscopy who specialized in producing ultrathin tissue cross-sections. Rauschning's method was subtractive, ablating a layer of carefully frozen tissue only a few thousand molecules thick, coating the exposed surface with a glycerol mixture which Rauschning adapted to the specific tissue, photographing the surface at high resolution, and repeating until the tissue was completely sectioned. Rauschning sent each image via Internet to the Digital Anatomist database at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Promoted by the demand for wearable devices, graphene has been proved to be a promising material for potential applications in flexible and highly sensitive strain sensors. An environment-friendly and cost- effective method to fabricate large-area ultrathin graphene films is proposed for highly sensitive flexible strain sensor. The assembled graphene films are derived rapidly at the liquid/air interface by Marangoni effect and the area can be scaled up. These graphene-based strain sensors exhibit extremely high sensitivity with gauge factor of 1037 at 2% strain, which represents the highest value for graphene platelets at this small deformation so far.

Luvov's area of specialization is nanotechnology, specifically the nanoassembly of ultrathin organized films, bio/nanocomposites, nano/construction of ordered shells on tiny templates (drug nanocapsules, shells on microbes and viruses), and clay nanotubes for controlled release of bioactive agents. Lvov holds nine US and Japanese patents on nanoassembly. He helped develop the polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly - a nanotechnology method which was first described in papers in 1993. LbL nanoassembly has found industrial applications including eye lens modification, improvement of cellulose fiber for better fabric and paper, microcapsules for insulin sustained release and cancer drug nanocapsules.

As the triad films petered out in the early 1990s, period martial arts returned as the favored action genre. But this was a new martial arts cinema that took full advantage of technical strides as well the higher budgets that came with Hong Kong's dominance of the region's screens. These lavish productions were often adapted from the more fantastical wuxia novels, which featured flying warriors in mid-air combat. Performers were trussed up on ultrathin wires to allow them to conduct gravity-defying action sequences, a technique known by Western fans, sometimes disparagingly, as wire fu.

Naudon in H. Brumberger (ed.): "Modern Aspects of Small-Angle Scattering", (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1995), p. 191. and coworkers to study metal agglomerates on surfaces and in buried interfaces. With the advent of nanoscience other applications evolved quickly, first in hard matter such as the characterization of quantum dots on semiconductor surfaces and the in-situ characterization of metal deposits on oxide surfaces. This was soon to be followed by soft matter systems such as ultrathin polymer films,(Proceedings of SXNS–6) polymer blends, block copolymer films and other self-organized nanostructured thin films that have become indispensable for nanoscience and technology.

The ultrathin 'sail' material is only 5 μm thick with a low weight of about 32 kilograms (70 lb). Once in space, the large surface area of the solar sail will allow it to achieve a thrust of about 0.01 N. To control its orientation, via this its speed and direction, Sunjammer will use gimballed vanes (each of which is itself a small solar sail) located at the tips of each of its 4 booms completely eliminating the need for standard propellant. On October 17, 2014, NASA cancelled the Sunjammer project after investing four years and more than $21 million on the project.

Finally, GO film offers flexible patterning capability by using the maskless DLW method, which reduces the manufacturing complexity and requirement. As a result, a novel ultrathin planar lens on a GO thin film has been realized recently using the DLW method. The distinct advantage of the GO flat lens is that phase modulation and amplitude modulation can be achieved simultaneously, which are attributed to the giant refractive index modulation and the variable linear optical absorption of GO during its reduction process, respectively. Due to the enhanced wavefront shaping capability, the lens thickness is pushed down to subwavelength scale (~200 nm), which is thinner than all current dielectric lenses (~ µm scale).

Small, stable specimens such as carbon nanotubes, diatom frustules and small mineral crystals (asbestos fibres, for example) require no special treatment before being examined in the electron microscope. Samples of hydrated materials, including almost all biological specimens have to be prepared in various ways to stabilize them, reduce their thickness (ultrathin sectioning) and increase their electron optical contrast (staining). These processes may result in artifacts, but these can usually be identified by comparing the results obtained by using radically different specimen preparation methods. Since the 1980s, analysis of cryofixed, vitrified specimens has also become increasingly used by scientists, further confirming the validity of this technique.

Most scientists cannot see any relationship between the leakage current in tantalum oxide (tantalum pentoxide) and the defect states detected by thermally stimulated current. For example, Dr. Yasushiro Nishioka (Japan) could not see any relationship between the leakage current and the defect states detected by thermally stimulated current (private communication). Dr. Lau managed to see the relationship between the leakage current and the defect states and published his theory in various papers. He invented "zero temperature gradient zero bias thermally stimulated current" as a method to detect defect states in ultrathin high-κ dielectric films. This was patented as US Patent 6909273 in 2005.

Moreover, both the refractive index and the optical absorption are found to be dispersionless over a broad wavelength range from visible to near infrared. Finally, GO film offers flexible patterning capability by using the maskless DLW method, which reduces the manufacturing complexity and requirement. As a result, a novel ultrathin planar lens on a GO thin film has been realized recently using the DLW method. The distinct advantage of the GO flat lens is that phase modulation and amplitude modulation can be achieved simultaneously, which are attributed to the giant refractive index modulation and the variable linear optical absorption of GO during its reduction process, respectively.

Like skin, epidermal electronics are ultrathin (h < 100 μm), low-modulus (E ~ 70 kPa), and lightweight (<10 mg/cm2), enabling them to conform to the skin without applying strain. Conformal contact and proper adhesion enable the device to bend and stretch without delaminating, deforming or failing, thereby eliminating the challenges with conventional, bulky wearables, including measurement artifacts, hysteresis, and motion-induced irritation to the skin. With this inherent ability to take the shape of skin, epidermal electronics can accurately acquire data without altering the natural motion or behavior of skin. The thin, soft, flexible design of epidermal electronics resembles that of temporary tattoos laminated on the skin.

When polymers crystallize from an isotropic, bulk of melt or concentrated solution, the crystalline lamellae (10 to 20 nm in thickness) are typically organized into a spherulitic morphology as illustrated above. However, when polymer chains are confined in a space with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers, comparable to or smaller than the lamellar crystal thickness or the radius of gyration, nucleation and growth can be dramatically affected. As an example, when a polymer crystallizes in a confined ultrathin layer, the isotropic spherulitic organization of lamellar crystals is hampered and confinement can produce unique lamellar crystal orientations. Sometimes the chain alignment is parallel to the layer plane and the crystals are organized as ‘‘on-edge’’ lamellae.

One the most important applications of metasurfaces is to control a wavefront of electromagnetic waves by imparting local, gradient phase shifts to the incoming waves, which leads to a generalization of the ancient laws of reflection and refraction. In this way, a metasurface can be used as a planar lens, planar hologram, vortex generator, beam deflector, axicon and so on. Besides the gradient metasurface lenses, metasurface-based superlenses offer another degree of control of the wavefront by using evanescent waves. With surface plasmons in the ultrathin metallic layers, perfect imaging and super- resolution lithography could be possible, which breaks the common assumption that all optical lens systems are limited by diffraction, a phenomenon called the diffraction limit.

High- resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situ measurements reveal that the welds are nearly perfect, with the same crystal orientation, strength and electrical conductivity as the rest of the nanowire. The high quality of the welds is attributed to the nanoscale sample dimensions, oriented- attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface diffusion. Nanowire welds were also demonstrated between gold and silver, and silver nanowires (with diameters ~5–15 nm) at near room temperature, indicating that this technique may be generally applicable for ultrathin metallic nanowires. Combined with other nano- and microfabrication technologies, cold welding is anticipated to have potential applications in the future bottom-up assembly of metallic one-dimensional nanostructures.

He has contributed to our understanding of the dynamics of single actin filaments, actin networks as well as intact living cells. His research interests include: physics of self assembly and function of artificial and biological membranes, viscoelastic microscopy of cells, physics of the actin based cytoskeleton: micro-rheology of macromolecular networks, applications of solid-supported lipid-protein membranes, ultrathin hydrated polymer layers and polymer/membrane composite films and neutron Reflectivity as a new tool to study the self assembly of membrane associated proteins. Along with Reinhard Lipowsky, he has authored "the Structure and Dynamics of Membranes". Recently, along with Rudolf Merkel, he has published "Lehrbuch der Biophysik" – a text book on biophysics aimed at students and researchers.

A scalpel with synthetic diamond blade Close-up photograph of an angle grinder blade with tiny diamonds shown embedded in the metal A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission electron microscopy. Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds, such as the 4 Cs, irrelevant for most applications. 80% of mined diamonds (equal to about annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially. In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; another of synthetic diamond is produced annually for industrial use (in 2004; in 2014 it is , 90% of which is produced in China).

Through combining the x-ray crystallography and the crystallization method for EM, Toyoshima obtained large enough crystals of Ca2+-ATPase in the first state, the E1·2Ca2+. Then he published it in 2000, which caused a lot of excitement at that time because it was world-first for the crystal structure of P-type ATPases at such a high revolution(2.6 Å). Over the years that followed, he published a series of crystal structure of Ca2+-ATPase in succession. Until now, he has determined crystal structures of this ATPase in ten different states by x-ray crystallography, covering roughly the entire reaction cycle. He also extended his research to Na+, K+-ATPase and developed a methodology for electron crystallography of ultrathin 3D protein crystals.

Stockholm : Karol. inst., Stockholm, 1944 Sjöstrand worked as an assistant at the department of pharmacology, where he first had used polarization microscopy, he first heard about the new method of electron microscopy in 1938, within which he would become a pioneer. Manne Siegbahn at the Nobel Institute for Physics had planned to build an electron microscope in Sweden, and Sjöstrand got involved in the project to explore its use in medical research. The main challenge was to produce sufficiently thin samples, and Sjöstrand's method for producing ultrathin tissue samples was published in Nature in 1943.Hur anatomiska institutionen blev internationellt centrum för elektronmikroskopi , Karolinska Institutet 200 years However, it seemed that research based on electron microscopy would be too time-consuming for a Ph.D. thesis, so his 1944 thesis was based on fluorescence spectroscopy.

There is no general agreement on how these optical elements are to be named; different groups prefer to emphasize different properties of such fibres, sometimes even using different terms. The names in use include subwavelength waveguide, subwavelength optical wire, subwavelength-diameter silica wire, subwavelength diameter fibre taper, (photonic) wire waveguide, photonic wire, photonic nanowire, optical nanowires, optical fibre nanowires, tapered (optical) fibre, fibre taper, submicron-diameter silica fibre, ultrathin optical fibres, optical nanofibre, optical microfibres, submicron fibre waveguides, micro/nano optical wires (MNOW). The term waveguide can be applied not only to fibres, but also to other waveguiding structures such as silicon photonic subwavelength waveguides. The term submicron is often synonymous to subwavelength, as the majority of experiments are carried out using light with a wavelength between 0.5 and 1.6 µm.

48, no. 2 (Feb. 2008), pp. 187–192. [8] W. S. Lau, W. T. Wong, J. B. H. Tan and B. P. Singh, "Effect of a trace of water vapor on Ohmic contact formation for AlGaN/GaN epitaxial wafers", Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 48, no. 5 (May 2008), pp. 794–797. [9] W.S. Lau, K.F. Wong, T. Han and N.P. Sandler, "Application of zero-temperature- gradient zero-bias thermally stimulated current spectroscopy to ultrathin high-dielectric-constant insulator film characterization", Applied Physics Letters, 88, no. 17 (24 April 2006): article number 172906 (USA). [10] W.S. Lau, "Similarity between the first ionized state of the oxygen vacancy double donor in tantalum oxide and the first ionized state of the cadmium vacancy double acceptor in cadmium sulfide", Applied Physics Letters, vol.

To incorporate nanowire technology into industrial applications, researchers in 2008 developed a method of welding nanowires together: a sacrificial metal nanowire is placed adjacent to the ends of the pieces to be joined (using the manipulators of a scanning electron microscope); then an electric current is applied, which fuses the wire ends. The technique fuses wires as small as 10 nm. For nanowires with diameters less than 10 nm, existing welding techniques, which require precise control of the heating mechanism and which may introduce the possibility of damage, will not be practical. Recently scientists discovered that single-crystalline ultrathin gold nanowires with diameters ~3–10 nm can be "cold-welded" together within seconds by mechanical contact alone, and under remarkably low applied pressures (unlike macro- and micro-scale cold welding process).

Unlike cold welding process at macro-scale which normally requires large applied pressures, scientists discovered that single- crystalline ultrathin gold nanowires (diameters less than 10 nm) can be cold- welded together within seconds by mechanical contact alone, and under remarkably low applied pressures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in-situ measurements reveal that the welds are nearly perfect, with the same crystal orientation, strength and electrical conductivity as the rest of the nanowire. The high quality of the welds is attributed to the nanoscale sample dimensions, oriented-attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface diffusion. Nanoscale welds were also demonstrated between gold and silver, and silver and silver, indicating that the phenomenon may be generally applicable and therefore offer an atomistic view of the initial stages of macroscopic cold welding for either bulk metals or metallic thin film.

Another aspect of Keszler's research demonstrates synthesis of functional inorganic materials such as high-quality inorganic films and ordered nanostructures with single-digit nanometer resolution in solution. In 2013, they came up with successful aqueous-based synthesis of ultrathin films of TiO2 and aqueous-derived Al4O3(PO4)2(AlPO) films and were able to assemble these materials into nanolaminates. Keszler group’s successful synthesis of flat cluster [Al13(μ3-OH)6(μ2-OH)18(H2O)24]15+ using an electrochemical method and treating aqueous aluminum nitrate solution with a zinc metal powder at room temperature demonstrate the importance of his work to the field of water- based material synthesis. From that, they focused more on developing aqueous- based synthesis of couple other compounds such as [Sc2(μ-OH)2(H2O)6(NO3)2](NO3)2] from an aqueous scandium nitrate solution.

After reading Vance Packard's 1959 book, The Status Seekers, and its message of how Americans were increasingly looking to project their status, Grinberg realized that he could convince Americans that wearing a quality watch was as much of a status symbol as owning a Cadillac in one's driveway. A 1988 Forbes profile cited by The New York Times described how "Grinberg helped make Americans conscious of their watches and made the glint of gold on a male wrist a status symbol" changing the American perception of a watch as a gift one received for their high school graduation. As part of an effort to combat Japanese watchmakers, Grinberg invested in ultrathin quartz watches, culminating in 1980 with the Concord Delirium IV, which at 0.98 millimeters thick was the first watch thinner than one millimeter. After acquiring the Movado in 1983, the firm was renamed the Movado Group.

Scanning probe microscopy, and advanced electronic materials, especially in the transport properties and device physics of carbon-based optoelectronic thin film materials, the preparation and characterization of oxide-based low- dimensional nanostructures, the interface properties of silicon-compound-based ultrathin gate insulating layers, novel scanning probe techniques, plasmonic nanophotonics, nano-characteristics of ferroelectric materials, nanoscale thermal conduction, and atomic force microscopy of crystallographic morphology. Major attainments include the insightful understanding of the interaction of graphene with silicon dioxide substrate, especially carrier transport properties and scattering mechanisms; achieving the highest carrier mobility of graphene on silicon dioxide at room temperature; growth of graphene and other 2D layered materials both experimentally and theoretically; and the development of high-quality graphene growth; the advances in high- performance graphene-based broadband photodetectors; the transport properties of organic semiconductor thin films and monocrystalline crystals, the interface properties of oxide-based semiconductor thin films; the development of high-k dielectric layers for the fabrication of low-cost and low-voltage organic transistors.