84 Sentences With "ultrasensitive" | Random Sentence Generator

It was ultrasensitive today, the lights, and just wasn't to be.

Thirty-two ultrasensitive microphones set up in the museum's auditorium will capture the sounds.

It's tight, a little cumbersome and ultrasensitive to every nick and pebble on the road.

There was no apparent classification reason to place it in the ultrasensitive restricted access system.

One of them, ADMX (Axion Dark Matter eXperiment) uses specially crafted, ultrasensitive antennas to convert background axions into electromagnetic pulses.

Fair enough, her relationship with Owen is tenuous right now, so she's ultrasensitive, but the look of panic on her face!

"This experiment heralds a new era of ultrasensitive probes of low mass axionic dark matter," the researchers wrote in the paper.

I can also send this to your father via Rhona, but it is ultrasensitive so wanted to send to you first.

I can also send this info to your father via Rhona, but it is ultrasensitive so wanted to send to you first.

Throughout the drilling process, an independent team of European geoscientists was monitoring a network of ultrasensitive seismometers placed around the Larderello-Travale geothermal field.

The technique, which relies on ultrasensitive piezoelectric sensors, makes it possible to determine the appropriate antibiotics to treat an infection in less than one hour.

Sound engineers using 32 ultrasensitive microphones are producing a database to store all the possible tones that four instruments selected from the Museo del Violino's collection can produce.

This critically acclaimed thriller sees him alongside his real-life spouse Emily Blunt trying to survive in a world where monsters with ultrasensitive hearing attack anything that makes noise.

Facebook is ultrasensitive to charges of liberal bias, stemming back to a somewhat misleading Gizmodo article from 2016 in which former Facebook staffers allege liberal bias at the publication's news team.

Gravitational field strengths change depending on the objects they are associated with, and GOCE, with its ultrasensitive gravity-measuring probe and proximity to Earth's surface, could detect masses deep below Antarctica's icy surface in breathtaking detail.

"I can also send this info to your father via Rhona, but it is ultrasensitive so wanted to send to you first," Rob Goldstone, a music publicist, wrote to Trump Jr., promising opposition research against Hillary Clinton.

The cold hand of digital modulation leaves unexpected traces in that ultrasensitive laryngeal quiver, and while it's sometimes amusing to hear him undercut the prettiness that is his spiritual calling, more often than not his vocal performance screams overwrought artifice.

"I can also send this info to your father via Rhona, but it is ultrasensitive so wanted to send to you first," an associate wrote in an email to Donald Trump Jr. days before the president's son met with a Russian attorney.

Signal transduction is regulated in various ways and one of the ways is translocation. Regulated translocation generates ultrasensitive response in mainly three ways: #Regulated translocation increases the local concentration of the signaling protein. When concentration of the signaling protein is high enough to partially saturate the enzyme that inactivates it, ultrasensitive response is generated. #Translocation of multiple components of the signaling cascade, where stimulus (input signal) causes translocation of both signaling protein and its activator in the same subcellular compartment and thereby generates ultrasensitive response which increases speed and accuracy of the signal.

It turns out that Wee1 has an ultrasensitive response to Cdk1, and this likely arises because of substrate competition among the various phosphorylation sites on Wee1.

Positive feedback loops can cause ultrasensitive responses. An example of this is seen in the transcription of certain eukaryotic genes in which non-cooperative transcription factor binding changes positive feedback loops of histone modification that results in an ultrasensitive activation of transcription. The binding of a transcription factor recruits histone acetyltransferases and methyltransferases. The acetylation and methylation of histones recruits more acetyltransferases and methyltransferases that results in a positive feedback loop.

However, the emergence of a bistable system is highly influenced by the sensitivity of its feedback loops. It has been shown in Xenopus egg extracts that Cdc25C hyperphosphorylation is a highly ultrasensitive function of Cdk activity, displaying a high value of the Hill coefficient (approx. 11), and the dephosphorylation step of Ser 287 in Cdc25C (also involved in Cdc25C activation) is even more ultrasensitive, displaying a Hill coefficient of approximately 32.

Bradshaw et al. demonstrated that CaMKII (the LTP inducer) responds to intracellular calcium levels in an ultrasensitive manner, with <10% activity at 1.0 uM and ~90% activity at 1.5 uM, resulting in a Hill coefficient of ~8. Further experiments showed that this ultrasenstivity was mediated by cooperative binding of CaMKII by two molecules of calmodulin (CaM), and autophosphorylation of activated CaMKII leading to a positive feedback loop. In this way, intracellular calcium can induce a graded, non- ultrasensitive activation of calcineurin at low levels, leading to LTD, whereas the ultrasensitive activation of CaMKII results in a threshold intracellular calcium level that generates a positive feedback loop that amplifies the signal and leads to the opposite cellular outcome: LTP.

They found for some ultrasensitive motifs that dynamic range limitations imposed by downstream components can produce effective sensitivities much larger than that of the original module when considered in isolation.

It has been shown that the integration of a given synthetic ultrasensitive module with upstream and downstream components often alters its information-processing capabilities. This effects must be taken into account in the design process.

Systems with a Hill coefficient of 1 are noncooperative and follow the classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Enzymes exhibiting noncooperative activity are represented by hyperbolic stimulus/response curves, compared to sigmoidal curves for cooperative (ultrasensitive) enzymes. In mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling (see example below), the ultrasensitivity of the signaling is supported by the sigmoidal stimulus/response curve that is comparable to an enzyme with a Hill coefficient of 4.0-5.0. This is even more ultrasensitive to the cooperative binding activity of hemoglobin, which has a Hill coefficient of 2.8.

Virus Res., 141, 26-33.Atarashi, R., Moore, R.A., Sim, V.L., Hughson, A.G., Dorward, D.W., Onwubiko, H.A., Priola, S.A. and Caughey, B. (2007) Ultrasensitive detection of scrapie prion protein using seeded conversion of recombinant prion protein. Nat.Methods, 4, 645-650.

The regulated translocation and accumulation of the multiple required signaling cascade components, MPF and its activator Cdc25, in the nucleus generates efficient activation of the MPF and produces switch-like, ultrasensitive entry into mitosis. The figure shows different possible mechanisms for how increased regulation of the localization of signaling components by the stimulus (input signal) shifts the output from Michaelian response to ultrasensitive response. When stimulus is regulating only inhibition of Cdk1-cyclinB1 nuclear export, the outcome is Michaelian response, Fig (a). But if the stimulus can regulate localization of multiple components of the signaling cascade, i.e.

Ultrasensitive detection of single molecules by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, BioScience (Ed. Klinge & Owman) p.180. to the cellular level in biology and medicine,Single Cancer Cell Detection by Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy. 2004. I. C. Baianu, D. Costescu, N. E. Hofmann, S. S. Korban et al.

For example, Cdk1 and Wee1 are mitotic regulators, and they are able to inactivate each other through inhibitory phosphorylation. This represents a double negative feedback loop in which both regulators inactivate each other. According to Kim et al. (2007), there must be an ultrasensitive element to generate a bistable response.

In a living cell, molecular motifs are embedded in a bigger network with upstream and downstream components. These components may alter the signaling capability of the modeling module. In the case of ultrasensitive modules, the sensitivity contribution of a module can differ from the sensitivity that the module sustains in isolation.

Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is a medical ultrasound imaging technique of detecting or measuring changes in neural activities or metabolism, for example, the loci of brain activity, typically through measuring blood flow or hemodynamic changes. Functional ultrasound relies on Ultrasensitive Doppler and ultrafast ultrasound imaging which allows high sensitivity blood flow imaging.

This strain was able be isolated in lab allowing documentation of morphological and phenotypical analysis. DNA was extracted from culture using Himedia Ultrasensitive Spin Purification Kit (MB505). Sanger method sequencing was used for 16S rRNA gene (1476 bp), rbcl gene, ropC1 gene and niƒD gene sequencing. 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was used for difference in folding patterns.

Bistability is accompanied by hysteresis, which means that the system approaches one of the two steady states preferentially depending on its history. Bistability requires feedback as well as an ultrasensitive circuit element. Under the proper circumstances, positive and negative feedback loops can provide the conditions for bistability; for example, by having positive feedback coupled to an ultrasensitive response element with the circuit. A hysteretic bistable system can act as a robust reversible switch because it is harder for the system to transition between ‘on’ and ‘off’ states (compared to the equivalent monostable ultransensitive response). The system could also be poised such that one of the transitions is physically unattainable; for example, no amount of reduction in the stimulus will return the system to the ‘off’-state once it is already in the ‘on’ state.

The German noun "Empfindsamkeit" is usually translated as "sensibility" (in the sense used by Jane Austen in her novel Sense and Sensibility), while the adjective empfindsam is sometimes rendered as "sentimental" or "ultrasensitive" . "Empfindsamkeit" is also sometimes translated, and may even be derived from the English word sentimentality, since it is related to the then-contemporary English literature sentimentality literary movement .

Carbon nanotube–plasma polymer-based amperometric biosensors for ultrasensitive glucose detection have been fabricated. Two amperometric enzyme biosensors were fabricated. One had single wall nanotubes and the other multi wall nanotubes, however, plasma-polymerized thin films (PPFs) were incorporated into both. A mixture of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) and a CNT film was sandwiched with 10-nm-thick acetonitrile PPFs.

The unique features of NICE-OHMS, in particular its high sensitivity, imply that it has a large potential for a variety of applications. First developed for frequency standard applications,J. Ye, L. S. Ma, and J. L. Hall, "Ultrasensitive detections in atomic and molecular physics: demonstration in molecular overtone spectroscopy," Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics (JOSA B) 15 (1), 6-15 (1998)L. S. Ma, J. Ye, P. Dube, and J. L. Hall, "Ultrasensitive frequency-modulation spectroscopy enhanced by a high-finesse optical cavity: theory and application to overtone transitions of C2H2 and C2HD," JOSA B 16 (12), 2255-2268 (1999) with an astonishing detectability of 10−14 cm−1, it has later been used for spectroscopic investigations as well as chemical sensing and trace species detection, with detectabilities in the 10−11 \- 10−10 cm−1 range.

In a living cell, ultrasensitive modules are embedded in a bigger network with upstream and downstream components. This components may constrain the range of inputs that the module will receive as well as the range of the module's outputs that network will be able to detect. Altszyler et al. (2014) studied how the effective ultrasensitivity of a modular system is affected by these restrictions.

The profiling of VOCs emitted by living organisms takes an increasing importance in various scientific domains like in medicine, in food sciences or in chemical ecology. For instance, in medicine, non-invasive diagnosis techniques of cancer based on the profiling of VOCs from the exhaled breath have been developed.Shehada, N. et al. Ultrasensitive silicon nanowire for real-world gas sensing: noninvasive diagnosis of cancer from breath volatolome.

Zero-order ultrasensitivity takes place under saturating conditions. For example, consider an enzymatic step with a kinase, phosphatase, and substrate. Steady state levels of the phosphorylated substrate have an ultrasensitive response when there is enough substrate to saturate all available kinases and phosphatases. Under these conditions, small changes in the ratio of kinase to phosphatase activity can dramatically change the number of phosphorylated substrate (For a graph illustrating this behavior, see ).

A value of n = 1 produces a hyperbolic or Michaelian response. Ultrasensitivity is achieved in a variety of systems; a notable example is the cooperative binding of the enzyme hemoglobin to its substrate. Since an ultrasensitive response is almost ‘digital’, it can be used to amplify a response to a stimulus or cause a decisive sharp transition (between ‘off’ and ‘on’ states). Ultrasensitivity plays a large role in cell-cycle regulation.

In the late 2010s, Cunningham's research began focusing on digital resolution biomolecular sensing. Using a novel concept for coupling electromagnetic energy from the macro scale into plasmonic nanoantennas, the Cunningham group was the first to report a new form of biosensor microscopy (Photonic Resonator Absorption Microscopy) and couple it to novel biochemistry approaches for ultrasensitive, single-step, amplification-free detection of proteins or nucleic acid targets with a simple/inexpensive instrument.

This finding has paved the way to the development of various detection methodologies based on this class of nanoparticles.Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. “Scanometric DNA Array Detection with Nanoparticle Probes,” Science, 2000, 289, 1757-1760. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5485.1757.Nam, J.-M.; Thaxton, C. S.; Mirkin, C. A. “Nanoparticle-Based Bio-Bar Codes for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Proteins,” Science, 2003, 301, 1884-1886.

Researchers have invented a nanofluid-based ultrasensitive optical sensor that changes its colour on exposure to extremely low concentrations of toxic cations. The sensor is useful in detecting minute traces of cations in industrial and environmental samples. Existing techniques for monitoring cations levels in industrial and environmental samples are expensive, complex and time-consuming. The sensor is designed with a magnetic nanofluid that consists of nano-droplets with magnetic grains suspended in water.

An "all-or-none" response to a stimulus is termed ultrasensitivity. In other words, a very small change in stimulus causes a very large change in response, producing a sigmoidal dose-response curve. An ultrasensitive response is described by the general equation V = Sn/(Sn \+ Km), known as the Hill equation, when n, the Hill coefficient, is more than 1. The steepness of the sigmoidal curve depends on the value of n.

A new approach to background subtraction and the acronym iSCAT were introduced in 2009. Since then, a series of important works has been reported by various groups. Notably, further innovations in background and noise suppression have led to the development of new quantification methods such as mass photometry (originally introduced as iSCAMS), in which ultrasensitive and accurate interferometric detection is converted into a quantitative means for measuring the molecular mass of single biomolecules.

Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) is an ultrasensitive solution-phase method for detecting antibodies. Antibodies bind to and agglutinate synthetic antigen–DNA conjugates, enabling ligation of the DNA strands and subsequent quantification by qPCR. Like other Immuno-PCR (IPCR) detection methods ADAP combines the specificity of antibody-antigen recognition and the sensitivity of PCR. ADAP detects zepto- to attomoles of antibodies in 2 μL of sample with a dynamic range spanning 5–6 orders of magnitude.

Computational studies on the switching behavior of GTPases have revealed that the GTPase-GAP-GEF system displays ultrasensitivity. In their study, Lipshtat et al. simulated the effects of the levels of GEF and GAP activation on the Rap activation signaling network in response to signals from activated α2-adrenergic (α2R) receptors, which lead to degradation of the activated Rap GAP. They found that the switching behavior of Rap activation was ultrasensitive to changes in the concentration (i.e.

Dosage-response curves In 2003 Pomerening et al. provided strong evidence for this hypothesis by demonstrating hysteresis and bistability in the activation of Cdk1 in the cytoplasmic extracts of Xenopus oocytes. They first demonstrated a discontinuous sharp response of Cdk1 to changing concentrations of non-destructible Cyclin B (to decouple the Cdk1 response network from APC-mediated negative feedback). However, such a response would be consistent with both a monostable, ultrasensitive transition and a bistable transition.

Pradeep’s work is in the area of molecular materials and surfaces. The materials and phenomena he discovered have implications to clean environment, affordable clean water and ultrasensitive devices. Some of his discoveries have been translated to viable products and several of his recent findings have immense scope for the benefit of the world at large and developing world in particular. Along with such studies, he pursued fundamental problems of relevance to the science of ice surfaces.

Physics in Medicine and Biology 2015, 60:8549-8566. and advanced spatiotemporal clutter filters for better discrimination between low blood flow and tissue motion. Ultrasound researchers have been using ultrafast imaging research platforms with parallel acquisition of channels and custom sequences programming to investigate ultrasensitive Doppler/fUS modalities. A custom real-time high-performance GPU beamforming code with a high data transfer rate (several GBytes per second) must then be implemented to perform imaging at high frame rate.

Acquisitions can also typically easily provide gigabytes of datas depending on acquisition duration. Ultrasensitive Doppler has a typical 50-200 µm spatial resolution depending on the ultrasound frequency used . It features a temporal resolution in the tens of milliseconds, can image the full depth of the brain and can provide 3D angiographyDemene C, Tiran E, Sieu LA, Bergel A, Gennisson JL, Pernot M, Deffieux T, Cohen I, Tanter M: 4D microvascular imaging based on ultrafast Doppler tomography. Neuroimage 2016..

In a living cell, ultrasensitive modules are embedded in a bigger network with upstream and downstream components. This components may constrain the range of inputs that the module will receive as well as the range of the module's outputs that network will be able to detect. The sensitivity of a modular system is affected by these restrictions. The dynamic range limitations imposed by downstream components can produce effective sensitivities much larger than that of the original module when considered in isolation.

However, given that the general principles in these assays are largely similar, they are often grouped in the same category as ELISAs. In 2012, an ultrasensitive, enzyme-based ELISA test using nanoparticles as a chromogenic reporter was able to give a naked- eye colour signal, from the detection of mere attograms of analyte. A blue color appears for positive results and red color for negative. Note that this detection only can confirm the presence or the absence of analyte, not the actual concentration.

In other words: There is a threshold number of phosphorylation sites in order to achieve receptor-ligand binding. As recently stated, this "suggests that the ultrasensitivity in the Sic1-Cdc4 system may be driven at least in part by cumulative electrostatic interactions". In general, an ultrasensitive enzyme requires less than 81-fold increase in stimulus to drive it from 10% to 90% activity. "Ultrasensitivity" highlights that the upstroke of the stimulus/response curve is steeper than the one that is obtained for a hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten enzyme.

They used pathway modulators outside of core cascade, Ste50 promotes activation of Ste11 by Ste20; Msg5 (negative, red) is MAPK phosphatase that deactivates Fus3 (Fig.2A). What they built was circuit with enhanced ultrasensitive switch behavior by constitutively expressing a negative modulator, Msg5 which is one of MAPK phoaphatase and inducibly expressing a positive modulator, Ste50 which is pathway modulators outside of core cascade(Fig.2B). The success of this recruitment-based engineering strategy suggests that it may be possible to reprogram cellular responses with high precision.

In contrast to the many sharp transitions of ultrasensitive kinase cascade feedback loops, this mechanism allows fine tuned regulation. Moreover, because multiple phosphorylations are required, the probability that Sic1 is degraded by random is small. Using multiple phosphorylation of Sic1, the cell evolved a strategy to highly regulate the onset of DNA replication that is absolutely vital to provide genetic stability. A simplified understanding of the regulation of Sic1 degradation involves the phosphorylation of multiple CDK sites, which consist of optimal and suboptimal consensus phosphorylation motifs.

She told Bowling Digest in 2002, "I was so ultrasensitive to everything around me that I could feel the hair on my arms standing straight up, and no one could comprehend that. I would go to doctors and tell them my symptoms, and they'd look at me like I was ready for the psych ward. It was an awful, lonely place to be." However, Costello recovered and won three titles between 1979 and 1981, including capturing her third U.S. Women's Open crown in 1980.

Nanosensors can improve various sub-areas within food and environment sectors including food processing, agriculture, air and water quality monitoring, and packaging and transport. Due to their sensitivity, as well as their tunability and resulting binding selectivity, nanosensors are very effective and can be designed for a wide variety of environmental applications. Such applications of nanosensors help in a convenient, rapid, and ultrasensitive assessment of many types of environmental pollutants. Chemical sensors are useful for analyzing odors from food samples and detecting atmospheric gases.

The latest sheathless interface design features porous ESI emitter through chemical etching. This design effectively provides robust interfacing with mass spectrometry and addresses the reproducibility challenges associated with previous designs. This porous emitter interface has been explored to couple of CITP/CZE (or transient ITP) which greatly improves sample loading capacity of CE and enabled ultrasensitive detection of trace analytes. High reproducibility, robustness and sensitivity were achieved in sheathless transient capillary isatochophoresis (CITP)/capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) -MS interface, where conductive liquid was used.

This top-down fabrication technique allows the fabrication of a large variety of SiNWs with different shapes, from angular to circular. It also allows the precise positioning of the silicon nanowires in ant desired position, making easier its integration; indeed, this technique is compatible with the standard silicon CMOS processing technology. Single crystalline silicon nanowires have already shown a great potential as ultrasensitive sensors by detecting changes in the nanowire conductivity when a specific analyte is present. Local oxidation nanolithography, therefore, is a promising technique to allow the realisation of array of biosensors.

In 2009, Buchler and Cross constructed a synthetic genetic network that was regulated by protein sequestration of a transcriptional activator by a dominant-negative inhibitor. They showed that this system results in a flexibile ultrasensitive response in gene expression. It is flexible in that the degree of ultrasensitivity can be altered by changing expression levels of the dominant- negative inhibitor. Figure 1 in their article illustrates how an active transcription factor can be sequestered by an inhibitor into the inactive complex AB that is unable to bind DNA.

Ultrasensitivity in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade Besides the MAPK cascade, ultrasensitivity has also been reported in muscle glycolysis, in the phosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase and in the activation of the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII). An ultrasensitive switch has been engineered by combining a simple linear signaling protein (N-WASP) with one to five SH3 interaction modules that have autoinhibitory and cooperative properties. Addition of a single SH3 module created a switch that was activated in a linear fashion by exogenous SH3-binding peptide. Increasing number of domains increased ultrasensitivity.

The rotational direction of E. coli is controlled by the flagellar motor switch. A ring of 34 FliM proteins around the rotor bind CheY, whose phosphorylation state determines whether the motor rotates in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner. The rapid switching mechanism is attributed to an ultrasensitive response, which has a Hill coefficient of ~10. This system has been proposed to follow a dissipative allosteric model, in which rotational switching is a result of both CheY binding and energy consumption from the proton motive force, which also powers the flagellar rotation.

John Clarke (born 10 February 1942) is a British physicist and a Professor of Experimental Physics at University of California at Berkeley. Clarke received BA, MA, and Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Cambridge in 1964, 1968, and 1968, respectively. He has made significant contributions in superconductivity and superconducting electronics, particularly in the development and application of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are ultrasensitive detectors of magnetic flux. One current project is the application of SQUIDs configured as quantum-noise limited amplifiers to search for the axion, a possible component of dark matter.

An aligned carbon nanotube ultrasensitive biosensor for DNA detection was developed. The design and fabrication of the biosensor was based on aligned single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with integrated single-strand DNAs (ssDNA). The fabricated ultra-sensitive biosensor provided label-free real-time electronic detection of DNA hybridization between surface immobilized ssDNA and target ssDNA. Hybridization kinetics between complementary and target ssDNA nucleotide base pairs resulted in a local charge generation between base pairs that was injected into the SWCNTs resulting in a detectable change in SWCNT electrical conductance.

Despite the great potential complexity and diversity of biological networks, all first-order network behavior generalizes to one of four possible input-output motifs: hyperbolic or Michaelis–Menten, ultra-sensitive, bistable, and bistable irreversible (a bistability where negative and therefore biologically impossible input is needed to return from a state of high output). Examples of each in biological contexts can be found on their respective pages. Ultrasensitive, bistable, and irreversibly bistable networks all show qualitative change in network behavior around certain parameter values – these are their bifurcation points.

2DPs are expected to be superb membrane materials because of their defined pore sizes. Furthermore, they can serve as ultrasensitive pressure sensors, as precisely defined catalyst supports, for surface coatings and patterning, as ultrathin support for cryo-TEM, and many other applications. Since 2D polymers provide an availability of large surface area and uniformity in sheets, they also found useful applications in areas such as selective gas adsorption and separation. Metal organic frameworks have become popular recently due to the variability of structures and topology which provide tunable pore structures and electronic properties.

In the following examples, the autocorrelation signal is generated by the nonlinear process of second- harmonic generation (SHG). Other techniques based on two-photon absorption may also be used in autocorrelation measurements,Roth, J. M., Murphy, T. E. & Xu, C. Ultrasensitive and high-dynamic-range two-photon absorption in a GaAs photomultiplier tube, Opt. Lett. 27, 2076–2078 (2002). as well as higher-order nonlinear optical processes such as third-harmonic generation, in which case the mathematical expressions of the signal will be slightly modified, but the basic interpretation of an autocorrelation trace remains the same.

Upon binding to GDP-bound Gαi, Pins is activated and recruits Mud to achieve polarized distribution of cortical factors. N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) in Pins is the binding region for Mud, but is autoinhibited by intrinsic C-terminal GoLoco domains (GLs) in the absence of Gαi. Activation of Pins by Gαi binding to GLs is highly ultrasensitive and is achieved through the following decoy mechanism: GLs 1 and 2 act as a decoy domains, competing with the regulatory domain, GL3, for Gαi inputs. This intramolecular decoy mechanism allows Pins to establish its threshold and steepness in response to distinct Gαi concentration.

L. S. Ma, J. Ye, P. Dube, and J. L. Hall, "Ultrasensitive frequency-modulation spectroscopy enhanced by a high-finesse optical cavity: theory and application to overtone transitions of C2H2 and C2HD", Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics 16 (12), 2255–2268 (1999) It is clear that this technique, correctly developed, has a larger potential than any other technique for trace gas analysis.A. Foltynowicz, F. M. Schmidt, W. Ma, and O. Axner, "Noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry: Current status and future potential", Applied Physics B 92, 313–326 (2008).

Gravity-fed water solutions using such materials without the use of electricity can make sustainable access to safe drinking water a reality. With all these developments, ‘nanomaterials for water purification’ is recognised as one of the major themes of research in the area. Pradeep has shown that completely home-grown nanotechnology, from lab to market is possible in India. His recent discovery of ultrasensitive single-particle sensors with the capacity to detect a few tens of molecules and ions may be combined with new materials to make simultaneous sensing and scavenging at ultra-trace levels possible.

Ultrasensitive Doppler relies on ultrafast imaging scanners able to acquire images at thousands of frames per second, thus boosting the power Doppler SNR without any contrast agents. Instead of the line by line acquisition of conventional ultrasound devices, ultra-fast ultrasound takes advantage of successive tilted plane wave transmissions that afterward coherently compounded to form images at high frame rates. Coherent Compound Beamforming consists of the recombination of backscattered echoes from different illuminations achieved on the acoustic pressure field with various angles (as opposed to the acoustic intensity for the incoherent case). All images are added coherently to obtain a final compounded image.

Modeling by Dushek et al. proposes a possible mechanism for ultrasensitivity outside of the zero-order regime. For the case of membrane- bound enzymes acting on membrane-bound substrates with multiple enzymatic sites (such as tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors like the T-Cell receptor), ultrasensitive responses could be seen, crucially dependent on three factors: 1) limited diffusion in the membrane, 2) multiple binding sites on the substrate, and 3) brief enzymatic inactivation following catalysis. Under these particular conditions, although the enzyme may be in excess of the substrate (first-order regime), the enzyme is effectively locally saturated with substrate due to the multiple binding sites, leading to switch-like responses.

While the gravitropic response of A. thaliana root organs is their predominant tropic response, specimens treated with mutagens and selected for the absence of gravitropic action showed negative phototropic response to blue or white light, and positive response to red light, indicating that the roots also show positive phototropism. In 2000, Dr. Janet Braam of Rice University genetically engineered A. thaliana to glow in the dark when touched. The effect was visible to ultrasensitive cameras."Plants that Glow in the Dark", Bioresearch Online, 18 May 2000 Multiple efforts, including the Glowing Plant project, have sought to use A. thaliana to increase plant luminescence intensity towards commercially viable levels.

From 1986 to 2011, he served as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology at UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Piscataway, New Jersey. With his wife Joan Pestka, in 1990 he founded PBL Assay Science, a company focused on helping researchers solve difficult assay development and protein quantification problems. The company initially supplied interferon proteins and antibodies to research scientists, reagents that Pestka had developed over the course of his scientific career but were not readily available. The company later developed a line of interferon ELISA immunoassay kits, human cell-expressed cytokines, and growth factor offerings, and expanded assay services capabilities to include ultrasensitive cytokine detection services.

In 1987, the university acknowledged him with the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award. He was promoted to associate professor in 1991, and to full professor in 1995, the same year he was named a fellow of the American Physical Society. He received the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award in 2002 for his work in CRDS, and in 2003, was granted the Earle K. Plyler Prize in Molecular Spectroscopy. Lehmann left Princeton in 2005 to join the faculty of the University of Virginia, where he has continued his work in development of ultrasensitive spectroscopic methods with applications in trace gas detection, as well as studies of molecular dynamics in the gas phase and superfluid helium.

For this purpose, the star also contains a remarkably specialized epidermis covered entirely by 25,000 small raised domes or papillae of approximately in diameter. These domes, known as Eimer’s organs, are the only type of receptor organs found in the star of the star-nosed mole which proves that the star-like structure has clearly a mechanical functioning. Eimer’s organ is a sensory structure also found in nearly all of the approximately 30 species of mole, however none contains as many as in Condylura. This large amount of specialized receptors makes the star ultrasensitive – about 6 times more sensitive than the human hand, which contains about 17,000 receptors. Each Eimer’s organ is supplied by a number of primary afferents, thus the star is densely innervated.

In Fall 2013, Dr. Nemes became an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry at George Washington University (Washington, DC), where he taught analytical chemistry. In January 2018, Dr. Nemes became an associate professor at the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, the University of Maryland, College Park (UMD), where he has been teaching instrumental analytical chemistry and biological mass spectrometry. Research in the Nemes Laboratory develops ultrasensitive and microanalytical platforms for high-resolution MS to study metabolic and proteomic processes with implications in cell and neurodevelopmental biology and health research. Using custom-built single-cell MS instruments, his research group has uncovered previously unknown metabolomic11 and proteomic12 differences between single embryonic cells that are fated to give rise to different types of tissues during vertebrate development.

He is a recipient of the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, the Optical Society of America, SPIE and the Royal Society of Chemistry. He is most known for his contributions to the development of nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons, nonlinear plasmonics and nanophotonics, hyperbolic and epsilon- near-zero metamaterials and their applications in ultrasensitive bio- and chemical sensing and nonlinear optics, plasmonic hot-electrons for photochemical transformations as well photonic spin-orbit effects in nanophotonics for directional routing of guided modes, directional optical forces and discovery of photonic skyrmions. He is a member of the Data Storage Institute's Scientific Advisory Board. He is a founding co-editor-in-chief of the SPIE-Chinese Laser Press journal Advanced Photonics.

This very addition is produced without taking the envelope of the beamformed signals or any other nonlinear procedure to ensure a coherent addition. As a result, coherent adding of several echo waves leads to cancellation of out-of-phase waveforms, narrowing the point spread function (PSF), and thus increasing spatial resolution. A theoretical model demonstrates that the gain in sensitivity of the ultrasensitive Doppler method is due to the combination of the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the gray scale images, due to the synthetic compounding of backscattered echoes and the extensive signal samples averaging due to the high temporal resolution of ultrafast frame rates. The sensitivity was recently further improved using multiple plane wave transmissionsTiran E, Deffieux T, Correia M, Maresca D, Osmanski B-F, Sieu L-A, Bergel A, Cohen I, Pernot M, Tanter M: Multiplane wave imaging increases signal-to-noise ratio in ultrafast ultrasound imaging.

In 2011, Discover Magazine selected a peer-reviewed paper on Lyme disease that he coauthored with immunologist Steven Schutzer of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey as one of the top 100 articles of the year, placing it at number 90. He was the recipient of the 2003 ACS award in Analytical Chemistry, the 2009 Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Discovery Award in Proteomics Sciences, and was selected by R&D; Magazine as the 2010 R&D; Scientist of the Year. He has also received ten R&D; 100 Awards: Combined Orthogonal Mobility & Mass Evaluation Technology (2013); Ion Mobility Spectrometer on a Microchip (2010); Ultrasensitive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Source and Interface (2009); FT-MS Proteome Express (2003); Electrodynamic Ion Funnel (1999); Rapid Microdialyzer (1998); MICLEAN/MICARE Process (1998); Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Fluid Solutions Process (1988); Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization-MS (1988); and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-MS (1983). He was the recipient of the 2013 Award for a Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry.

Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin found a method for economically synthesizing SERS nanocapsules and creating arrays of the nanocapsules capable of ultrasensitive and position- predictable SERS detections. In doing so, the researchers also tackled two major problems previously associated with SERS sensing: 1\. Lack of many hotspots with controlled gaps 2\. Difficulty of assembling SERS probes at designated locations The nanocapsules created in this study comprised a 3-layer structure: the Ag/Ni/Ag nano core, a silica capsule, a uniformly distributed Ag nanoparticles on silica. Creating the nanocapsule works as follows: (1) The electrodeposition of a nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide and subsequent deposition of a Cu layer onto this membrane to create a three- electrode electrodeposition system; (2) building the nanowires via electrodeposition, starting at the bottom of the membrane’s nanopores (the amount of electric charge passing through the circuit controls the length of the Ag/Ni/Ag nanowires; (3) dissolving the template membrane in NaOH and subsequently washing the nanowires via sonication and centrifuging in ethanol and deionized water; (4) coating nanocore in silica via hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate; (5) isolating Ag ions and then incubating with the silica-coated nanocapsule to reduce ionic Ag into metallic Ag nanoparticles on the silica.