To kill turbolag, Bugatti's engineers developed a two-stage turbocharger: At low revs, the exhaust from each bank of eight cylinders is piped into one turbocharger, filling it faster.
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A turbocharger would serve no purpose in an electric vehicle.
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A hajwalah driver examines a turbocharger, which he'll fit to his engine.
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Among the expected moves is a spinoff of Honeywell's low-margin automotive turbocharger business.
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As the name implies, its distinctive performance feature was the turbocharger engine, which provided 240 horsepower.
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This provides a faster response than a turbocharger, which is operated by the vehicle's exhaust gases.
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Ferrari has traded the naturally breathing V-8 for one that is aided by a turbocharger.
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Starting with the T5 models, it gets a turbocharger, which adds power but introduces some lag.
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Ferrari are on 147 points in the Constructors' championship having benefitted from an improved turbocharger in Canada.
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A "turbocharger" glass spongeImage courtesy of the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, 2017 Laulima O Ka Moana.
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"Incremental shift in electrification should also favor BWA given their turbocharger leadership and growing alternative powertrain portfolio," Kelley wrote.
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Mercedes said the champion was on his fifth turbocharger and fifth motor generator unit (heat), but only his third engine.
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And despite the turbocharger, VW's 232-liter engine delivers its payload without the hesitation of more primitive forced induction motors.
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Under the hood, our test car packed a 3.0-liter, V6 augmented by a twin-scroll turbocharger producing 354 horsepower.
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It obviously does not have a turbocharger, which pumps air into an internal combustion engine -- as the 911's turbo does.
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"The changes to the previous specification are mainly around the ICE (engine) and the turbocharger," said Honda's technical director Toyoharu Tanabe.
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The engine is an inline six-cylinder with a single twin-scroll turbocharger, making 365 horsepower and 343 pound-feet of torque.
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And its 20-liter engine comes with both a supercharger and a turbocharger, a rare combination (though one not unfamiliar to Volvo).
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Vettel, who had failed to set a time in qualifying due to a turbocharger issue, could scarcely have expected such a turnaround.
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Because they already have the usage, they already have the data, and now AI is just a turbocharger for what people can do.
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In addition to the supercharger, turbocharger and base engine you now also have a plug-in hybrid setup with a 10.4 kWh battery.
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Similar in operation to a turbocharger, this device delivers its power boost at low engine speeds without the lag of an exhaust-driven turbo.
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This is all thanks to its Turbocharger Technology, which can suck in dirty particles and emit clean, allergen-free air in no time at all.
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My Defender is powered by a naturally aspirated (no turbocharger) 2.5-liter four-cylinder diesel engine that on its best day produces around 86 horsepower.
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That said, it's relatively easy to bolt on a new turbocharger or swap out transmissions and rear axles on a conventional vehicle to increase power.
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When the four-cylinder engine makes its modicum of power, it's a marked baritone roar that is accentuated by the whine of a big turbocharger.
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T6 models have a supercharger in addition to a turbocharger, which adds more power still but doesn't increase efficiency in the way a turbo does.
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This coupe was shown at the Frankfurt and Paris motor shows, with a mocked up engine using painted pieces of wood to represent the production turbocharger.
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It has an inline six-cylinder motor with a single twin-scroll turbocharger, which creates a very mortal 365 horsepower and 22 pound-feet of torque.
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"All six Mercedes-Benz powered cars have been fitted with fresh Turbocharger, MGU-H and internal combustion engine at this event," a Mercedes team spokesman said.
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But making cars lighter is far more complicated and expensive than simply shoving in a turbocharger, so automakers have to truly commit to a new vision.
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Honda said Alonso was now on his seventh engine and MGU-K, his ninth turbocharger and MGU-H, his sixth energy store and fifth control electronics.
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It's just that most of those upgrades are usually done by adding physical bits to the car — a new turbocharger or better tires or an exhaust system.
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Tesla CEO Elon Musk even mocked Porsche for naming its all-electric vehicle after an internal-combustion engine feature: a turbocharger that an engineless EV can't have.
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There are warranty implications, of course, but it's also a good plan considering the widespread use of engines that derive their improved performance from a turbocharger or supercharger.
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The other areas slated for spin off are the Honeywell's Transportation Systems business, consisting of turbocharger technologies and engineering capabilities for the global automobile, truck and other vehicle markets.
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Much has been made about Ferrari switching to turbos, causing many aficionados to worry that the "whoosh" of a turbocharger would kill the Ferrari engine sound so many buyers crave.
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Incongruously, both Taycans bear the "Turbo" moniker, but that's because Porsche perhaps hopes to fit the Taycan into the overall naming logic of the portfolio (being electric, neither has a turbocharger).
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Recently, the quest by automakers for increased efficiency and power has resulted in engines with higher internal operating pressures, accomplished by raising the compression ratio, adding a turbocharger, supercharger or both.
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The Volvo engine in this car gets the best of both worlds by using the supercharger at lower RPMs, before switching over to the turbocharger once the engine revs past 234,26 RPM.
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By beefing up the EcoBoost engine's block and cylinder head, that allowed them to increase the amount of boost the turbocharger can make, the primary reason why it offers another 20 horsepower.
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Honeywell, on the other hand, was prepared for the auto slowdown after spinning off its automobile turbocharger business last October and "blew away the numbers" in its earnings last week, Cramer said.
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Should you need to hit the charger, the included 15-watt TurboCharger can provide "six hours of use in 15 minutes of charging," which basically means it will charge the phone quickly.
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Mind you, people who buy gas-powered cars often don't know if they have a turbocharger or not, or whether their transmission is a seven-speed, ten-speed, or no-speed CVT.
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Each power unit is made up of six separate elements; the engine, the motor generator unit-kinetic (MGU-K), the motor generator unit-heat (MGU-H), the energy store, turbocharger and control electronics.
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The new home company will deal in air conditioning, heating and ventilation as well as security systems and fire protection; the transportation entity will make and distribute Honeywell's turbocharger technology for cars and trucks.
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Powered by a 2450-liter, 21-cylinder engine with a twin-scroll turbocharger providing 2000 horsepower and 21 pound-feet of torque early in the rev range, there's a touch of lag off the line.
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Honda said ahead of the weekend's Bahrain Grand Prix that French driver Gasly would have a new engine after it was damaged in Australia by problems with the turbocharger and motor generator unit-heat (MGU-H).
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It offers complicated but effective twin-charging engine setups that use both a supercharger and turbocharger to force air into the engine and increase power, while avoiding the downsides that come from using one or the other.
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These 53-series models of the CLS, the E-Class Coupe, and the E-Class Cabriolet are now certified autobahn burners, with a brand new, electrified 3.0-liter engine featuring an exhaust gas turbocharger and an electric auxiliary compressor.
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Charles Leclerc and Sebastian Vettel had dominated practice but the former was sidelined by a fuel system problem in the top-10 shootout while Vettel failed to even set a time after an issue with his power unit's turbocharger.
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I think you know what I hear on the great going no big secrets is that the kinetic energy recovery systems the cars will continue but the heat recovery, energy recovery from the turbocharger will probably be dropped to help.
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But, by using forced induction in their engines, carmakers can "return" some of that lost power by using a super or turbocharger to force more air into the engine, increasing the amount of oxygen available to make tiny explosions and creating more horsepower.
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The 32-year-old failed to set a time in qualifying due to a turbocharger issue but fought his way up through the field in assured style, biding his time when he needed to and pouncing on opportunities as they opened up.
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John Heywood, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, predicts that in 2050, 60 percent of light-duty vehicles will still have combustion engines, often working with electric motors in hybrid systems and largely equipped with a turbocharger.
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Volvo's solution, luckily for us mountain-dwellers, is to equip the Volvo V90 Cross Country's two-liter, four-cylinder engine with both a super and a turbocharger — and that means that it can actually produce most of its rated 316 horsepower even here in the Rocky Mountains.
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The non-adjustable suspension is a bit stiff for San Francisco's potholes, but once out of the city and atop winding Skyline Boulevard, the combined work of the motors, turbocharger, and supercharger ensure that every flex of the right foot results in a burst of power.
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There are a number of excellent explainers to show how superchargers and turbochargers work, but to put it in simple terms, a supercharger uses a small amount of engine power to spin rotors that pump air into the engine, while a turbocharger uses exhaust gases from the engine to spin the rotors and pump air into the engine.
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In addition to his Nürburgring tweet, the Tesla CEO also tweaked Porsche for naming the two versions of the Taycan "Turbo" and "Turbo S." (The car does not actually have a turbocharger.) Musk seems to be spoiling for a fight, and depending on how well the Model S performs in Germany next week, it looks like he'll get one.
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The result is that the turbocharger improves fuel efficiency without a noticeable level of turbocharger lag.
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All Applications: Restricted to a single turbocharger. All air entering the turbocharger must pass through the turbocharger inlet. Injection of any liquid, gas, or any other substance into the inlet or exhaust housing is prohibited. Turbocharger compressor wheel must be constructed of cast or billet aluminum.
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For the majority of the time the hybrid turbocharger is operating, the compressor and turbine power (not necessarily speed) will be matched. This gives an extra degree of freedom to the designer of a turbocharger impeller. Here the hybrid turbocharger efficiently transfers the electricity between the turbine and compressor. Aeristech's latest test program has proven the efficiency of the hybrid turbocharger to be equivalent to (if not better than) that of an ordinary mechanical turbocharger.
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The engine has an AiResearch TS06 turbocharger. ;TSIOL-550-C : at 2600 rpm, dry weight . Similar to the TSIOL-550-A but with the exhaust system and turbocharger bracket from the TSIOL-550-B. The engine is modified to accept the AiResearch TA81 turbocharger.
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A free floating turbocharger is used in the 100-litre engine of this Caterpillar mining vehicle. A free floating turbocharger is the simplest type of turbocharger. This configuration has no wastegate and cannot control its own boost levels. They are typically designed to attain maximum boost at full throttle.
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The exhaust driven turbocharger packs more air into the cylinders, while the air-to-air aftercooler cools the pressurized air from the turbocharger, making the engine intake air denser.
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A variable geometry turbocharger controls the boost. The compressed air is cooled by an intercooler which is mounted upstream of the turbocharger. The compression ratio ranges from 16.5:1 to 18.5:1.
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The Dualboost has dual compressors to mimic a twin turbocharger.
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A parallel configuration refers to using two equally-sized turbochargers which each receive half of the exhaust gases. Some designs combine the intake charge from each turbocharger into a single intake manifold, while others use a separate intake manifold for each turbocharger. Parallel configurations are well suited to V6 and V8 engines since each turbocharger can be assigned to one cylinder bank, reducing the amount of exhaust piping needed. In this case, each turbocharger is fed exhaust gases by a separate exhaust manifold.
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Basic schematic of an Aeristech Hybrid Turbocharger Aeristech 2009 prototype electric compressor A hybrid turbocharger is an electric turbocharger consisting of a high speed turbine-generator and a high speed electric air compressor. The turbine and compressor are high-speed aeromachines, as in a conventional turbocharger. The electrical motors run at speeds in excess of 120,000 rpm and when used as generators, generate electricity at up to 98.5% electrical efficiency. High electrical efficiency is paramount, because there is no mechanical link between the turbine and compressor.
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Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad- turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron.
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The injection pressure is in the non TÜ engine , whilst all other engines use a pressure of . For fuel injection, magnetic injectors are used, except from the TÜ2 OL and TOP engines, which make use of piezo injectors. The common-rail- system is made by Bosch and also controlled by a Bosch DDE 4 ECU for non TÜ and DDE 5 ECU for TÜ. All models are equipped with turbocharger and an intercooler. The 2.9L M57, which is found in E39 530d and E38 730d, as well as early models of E46 330d and E53 X5, is equipped with one Garrett GT2556V turbocharger. The 2.5L M57TÜ uses a Garrett GT2056V turbocharger, the 3.0L M57TÜ a Garrett GT2260V turbocharger, the M57TÜ2 a Garrett GT2260VK turbocharger, whilst the M57D30TÜTOP sports a BorgWarner KP39 high-pressure and a K26 low-pressure turbocharger.
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The introduction of the EMD-type turbocharger was successful and all subsequent GP series were offered with this turbocharger, although not all models within a series were offered with turbocharging (e.g., the 38 models were Roots-blown).
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Many are offered with a turbocharger, and known as Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI).
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In other words, hybrid turbocharger refers to a series hybrid setup, in which compressor speed and power are independent from turbine speed and power. This design flexibility leads to further improvements in turbine and compressor efficiency, beyond a conventional turbocharger.
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Valves that recycle the air also shorten the time needed to re- spool the turbocharger after sudden engine deceleration, since load on the turbocharger when the valve is active is much lower than if the air charge vents to atmosphere.
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The latest Twardy variants have the 1,000 hp S-1000 engine with a turbocharger.
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With the 6.7 L Cummins Engine came the introduction of the Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT). The VGT Turbocharger was introduced to reduce turbo lag by adjusting the vanes by sliding a steel ring in the exhaust housing dependent on engine RPM creating more or less pressure inside the exhaust housing and controlling the speed of the turbocharger. It also works as an integrated exhaust brake system and is all controlled by an electronic actuator on the turbocharger. This VGT system has been an extremely common issue with the 6.7L Cummins platform and is typically diagnosed by the loss of the trucks exhaust brake.
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The introduction of the EMD-type turbocharger was successful and all subsequent SD series were offered with this turbocharger, although not all models within a series were offered with turbocharging (e.g., the 38 sub-models within the 40 Series were Roots-blown).
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The series arrangement, the more common arrangement of twinchargers, is set up such that one compressor's (turbo or supercharger) output feeds the inlet of another. A sequentially organized supercharger is connected to a medium- to large-sized turbocharger. The supercharger provides near-instant manifold pressure (eliminating turbo lag, which would otherwise result when the turbocharger is not up to its operating speed). Once the turbocharger has reached operating speed, the supercharger can either continue compounding the pressurized air to the turbocharger inlet (yielding elevated intake pressures), or it can be bypassed and/or mechanically decoupled from the drivetrain via an electromagnetic clutch and bypass valve (increasing efficiency of the induction system).
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Detroit's big switch to Turbo Power. Apr 1984. The size and shape can dictate some performance characteristics of the overall turbocharger. Often the same basic turbocharger assembly is available from the manufacturer with multiple housing choices for the turbine, and sometimes the compressor cover as well.
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The level of boost may be shown on a pressure gauge, usually in bar, psi or possibly kPa. The control of turbocharger boost has changed dramatically over the 100-plus years of their use. Modern turbochargers can use wastegates, blow-off valves and variable geometry, as discussed in later sections. In petrol engine turbocharger applications, boost pressure is limited to keep the entire engine system, including the turbocharger, inside its thermal and mechanical design operating range.
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They are connected in a series so that boost pressure from one turbocharger is multiplied by another, hence the name "2-stage." The distribution of exhaust gas is continuously variable, so the transition from using the small turbocharger to the large one can be done incrementally. Twin turbochargers are primarily used in Diesel engines. For example, in Opel bi-turbo Diesel, only the smaller turbocharger works at low speed, providing high torque at 1,500–1,700 rpm.
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Air intake takes directly from the engine room to the turbocharger fitted to the engines. From the turbocharger, air is sent to be cooled through a sea water cooler then stored in a scavenge air receiver. This air is then sent to the scavenge ports on the cylinder liners.
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The key difference between a turbocharger and a conventional supercharger is that a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine, often through a belt connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is powered by a turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gas. Compared with a mechanically driven supercharger, turbochargers tend to be more efficient, but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an engine with both a supercharger and a turbocharger. Manufacturers commonly use turbochargers in truck, car, train, aircraft, and construction-equipment engines.
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Ultimately, Ford went with the 3.0 Lion V6 modified for US truck use, and utilizing a single turbocharger.
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Each bank of the V6 had its own independent turbocharger and intercooler. Turbo chargers were built by Mitsubishi.
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Sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising ultimate boost output and engine power.
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The aircraft's engine is configured with a turbocharger and constant speed propeller. Entrance is through a swing up canopy.
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The name is inspired by turbocharger, a turbine-driven forced induction device that increases an engine's power and efficiency.
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This version also had a revised turbocharger, extended reach spark plugs, two-piece rings. A SOHC 16 valve turbocharged version called 4G63S4T is produced by Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi Motors Engine Manufacturing (SAME) in Shenyang, China, producing a peak power of and a peak torque of . This version is equipped with a TD04 turbocharger.
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The boost threshold of a turbocharger system is the lower bound of the region within which the compressor operates. Below a certain rate of flow, a compressor produces insignificant boost. This limits boost at a particular RPM, regardless of exhaust gas pressure. Newer turbocharger and engine developments have steadily reduced boost thresholds.
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A turbocharger with two sets of vanes for two operating pressures, can decrease lag by operating at different exhaust pressures.
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All 645 engines utilize either a Roots blower or a turbocharger for cylinder scavenging. For turbocharged engines, the turbocharger is gear-driven and has a centrifugal clutch that allows it to act as a centrifugal blower at low engine speeds (when exhaust gas flow and temperature alone are insufficient to drive the turbine) and a purely exhaust-driven turbocharger at higher speeds. The turbocharger can revert to acting as a supercharger during demands for large increases in engine output power. While more expensive to maintain than Roots blowers, EMD claims that this design allows "significantly" reduced fuel consumption and emissions, improved high-altitude performance, and even up to a 50 percent increase in maximum rated horsepower over Roots-blown engines for the same engine displacement.
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A turbocharged Nissan RB engine. A turbocharger relies on the volume and velocity of exhaust gases to spin (spool) the turbine wheel, which is connected to the compressor wheel via a common shaft. The boost pressure made can be regulated by a system of release valves and electronic controllers. The chief benefit of a turbocharger is that it consumes less power from the engine than a supercharger; the main drawback is that engine response suffers greatly because it takes time for the turbocharger to come up to speed (spool up).
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This is because if the pressure rises high enough, a compressor stall occurs—stored pressurized air decompresses backward across the impeller and out the inlet. The reverse flow back across the turbocharger makes the turbine shaft reduce in speed more quickly than it would naturally, possibly damaging the turbocharger. To prevent this from happening, a valve is fitted between the turbocharger and inlet, which vents off the excess air pressure. These are known as an anti-surge, diverter, bypass, turbo-relief valve, blow- off valve (BOV), or dump valve.
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The turbocharger spin rev limit spins up to 150,000 rpm but not exceeding 155,000 rpm due to higher turbo boost pressure.
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This was Newman's fourth national championship. Minor changes were made to the 300ZX including a water-cooled turbocharger and smoked taillights.
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A well-matched turbocharger and air-to-air aftercooler results in higher power while keeping rpm steady and exhaust temperatures low.
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Addition of a turbocharger and aftercooler can enhance the performance of a diesel engine in terms of both power and efficiency.
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It produces at 3000 rpm and of torque at 2000 rpm in Ford truck applications. This engine is also used in International trucks and buses. However, the EPA2007 MaxxForce 7 does not have the compound turbocharger system; rather, it uses a single stage variable vane turbocharger. Displacement and injector systems are the same as the Ford branded Power Stroke.
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The turbocharger has three main components: # The turbine, which is almost always a radial inflow turbine (but is almost always a single-stage axial inflow turbine in large Diesel engines) # The compressor, which is almost always a centrifugal compressor # The center housing/hub rotating assembly Many turbocharger installations use additional technologies, such as wastegates, intercooling and blow-off valves.
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In April 2014, Lexus unveiled the five-seater NX crossover. The vehicle features a very first for a Lexus vehicle: a turbocharger.
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The third Penske entry driven by Paul Tracy, however, began smoking during the lap 92 yellow and dropped out with turbocharger failure.
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All 567 engines utilize forced induction, with either a Roots blower or a turbocharger. The turbocharger (a combination turbo-compressor system) follows EMD's innovative design that uses a gear train and over-running clutch to drive the compressor rotor during low engine speed, when exhaust gas temperature (and, correspondingly, heat energy) alone is insufficient to drive the turbine. At higher engine speeds, increased exhaust gas temperature is sufficient to drive the turbine and the clutch disengages, turning the turbo- compressor system into a true turbocharger. The turbo-compressor can revert to compressor mode momentarily during demands for large increases in engine output power.
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A turbocharger is a supercharger that is driven by the engine's exhaust gases, by means of a turbine. A turbocharger is incorporated into the exhaust system of a vehicle to make use of the expelled exhaust. It consists of a two piece, high-speed turbine assembly with one side that compresses the intake air, and the other side that is powered by the exhaust gas outflow. When idling, and at low-to-moderate speeds, the turbine produces little power from the small exhaust volume, the turbocharger has little effect and the engine operates nearly in a naturally aspirated manner.
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Electrical boosting ("E-boosting") is a new technology under development. It uses an electric motor to bring the turbocharger up to operating speed quicker than possible using available exhaust gases. An alternative to e-boosting is to completely separate the turbine and compressor into a turbine-generator and electric-compressor as in the hybrid turbocharger. This makes compressor speed independent of turbine speed.
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The Skyactiv-D also uses a two-stage turbocharger, in which one small and one large turbo are selectively operated, according to driving conditions.
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In 1987 an electronically controlled fuel pump was used which increased the torque output by . The updated engine has a smaller turbocharger, decreasing turbo lag.
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Turbocharger failures and resultant high exhaust temperatures are among the causes of car fires.Why trucks catch fire. Australian Road Transport Suppliers Association (ARTSA). November 2006.
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Oldsmobile Turbo-Rocket V8 in a 1962 Jetfire. The turbocharger, painted red, is clearly visible. In 1962 and 1963 Oldsmobile built a turbocharged version of the 215, designated Turbo-Rocket. The turbocharger fitted to the V8 engine was a small-diameter Garrett T5 model with integral wastegate, manufactured by Garrett AiResearch, and produced a maximum of 5 psi (34 kPa) boost at 2200 rpm.
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Both turbochargers operate together in mid range, with the smaller one pre-compressing the air, which the larger one further compresses. A bypass valve regulates the exhaust flow to each turbocharger. At higher speed (2,500 to 3,000 RPM) only the larger turbocharger runs. Smaller turbochargers have less turbo lag than larger ones, so often two small turbochargers are used instead of one large one.
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It is available with several power outputs, from , with fixed geometry turbocharger, to , with variable geometry turbocharger. As of 2013, more than 5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines were produced. In January 2020, the production of the 1.3 Multijet ended in India in both Maruti Suzuki plant and Fiat-Tata JV as the BS6 emission regulations come into effect in the country from 1 April 2020.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) is mixed with incoming air, providing more oxidizer to burn more fuel for supplemental power when a turbocharger is not spinning quickly. This also produces more exhaust gases so that the turbocharger quickly spools up, providing more oxygen for combustion, and the N2O flow is reduced accordingly. The expense of both the system itself and the consumable N2O can be significant.
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The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM. The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 Porsche 959, which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat- six engine.
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The turbocharger was invented in the early 20th century by Alfred Büchi, a Swiss engineer and the head of diesel engine research at the Gebrüder Sulzer engine manufacturing company. The turbocharger was originally intended to be used on diesel engines, since Büchi's patent of 1905 noted the efficiency improvements that a turbocharger could bring to diesel engines. However, it took until 1925 for the first production turbocharged engines to be manufactured— 10-cylinder turbo-diesel marine engines producing and used by the German "Preussen" and "Hansestadt Danzig" passenger ships.Doug Woodyard (ed.): Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines, 9th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009, , p.
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On turbocharged internal combustion engines, a "gas hammer" can take place when the throttle is closed while the turbocharger is forcing air into the engine. There is no shockwave but the pressure can still rapidly increase to damaging levels or cause compressor surge. A pressure relief valve placed before the throttle prevents the air from surging against the throttle body by diverting it elsewhere, thus protecting the turbocharger from pressure damage. This valve can either recirculate the air into the turbocharger's intake (recirculation valve), or it can blow the air into the atmosphere and produce the distinctive hiss-flutter of an aftermarket turbocharger (blowoff valve).
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It uses components originating from renowned European and American manufacturers, such as Bosch (traction control), Delphi (diesel electronics), BorgWarner (four- wheel-drive system), and Honeywell (turbocharger).
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Sanford Alexander Moss (August 23, 1872 - November 10, 1946) was an American aviation engineer, who was the first to use a turbocharger on an aircraft engine.
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Moll Flying August 1991, pp. 85, 90. ; SOCATA TB-21 Trinidad GT :Improved version of the TB-21 Trinidad TC, fitted with a digitally-controlled turbocharger.
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In turn, this approach brought greater complexity and impacted on the car's reliability in WRC events, as well as increasing the weight of engine ancillaries in the finished design. The Volkswagen TSI engine (or Twincharger) is a 1.4-litre direct-injection motor that also uses both a supercharger and turbocharger. Volvo offers a 2.0-litre engine with supercharger and turbocharger in hybrid models like S60, XC60 and XC90.
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By applying a turbocharger, it is possible to increase the torque (and thus power) at low speeds, so as to match the naturally-aspirated maximum power at the torque peak. If the turbocharger and its inlet manifold are carefully sized to provide the necessary boost at low pressure, but for the volume delivered to stay relatively constant above this, an inverse torque characteristic with rpm can be achieved.
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Following testing the ACO altered the balance of performance for a second time in the LMGTE Pro and Am categories. The Aston Martin Vantage GTE received an increase in performance with its turbocharger boost pressure raised and a increase in maximum fuel volume. BMW and Ford had their car's performance raised with a minor increase in turbocharger boost ratio; the Ford's fuel allocation was lowered to . The Chevrolet Corvette C7.
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The eight fundamental processes in the FBS framework are illustrated using a turbocharger design process. # Formulation: External requirements (R) for a turbocharger are interpreted by the designer as functions (F) including to increase the power output of an engine. A set of behaviours (Be) is then produced that are expected to achieve this function. They include the air mass flow and efficiency ratios for a range of engine speeds.
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Treated fresh water is used for cooling of the cylinder, charge air, turbocharger, and oil. Freshwater cooling is divided into two systems the HT (High Temperature) cooling the cylinders and turbocharger and the LT (Low Temperature) cooling the oil and charge air. The freshwater temperature is closely regulated with a thermostatic valve to achieve optimum efficiency. At low engine loads the charge can be too cool, which can cause incomplete combustion.
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Turbines have historically been more expensive to produce than piston engines, though this is partly because piston engines have been mass-produced in huge quantities for decades, while small gas turbine engines are rarities; however, turbines are mass-produced in the closely related form of the turbocharger. The turbocharger is basically a compact and simple free shaft radial gas turbine which is driven by the piston engine's exhaust gas. The centripetal turbine wheel drives a centrifugal compressor wheel through a common rotating shaft. This wheel supercharges the engine air intake to a degree that can be controlled by means of a wastegate or by dynamically modifying the turbine housing's geometry (as in a variable geometry turbocharger).
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It is a pressure relief valve, and is normally operated by the vacuum from the intake manifold. The primary use of this valve is to maintain the spinning of the turbocharger at a high speed. The air is usually recycled back into the turbocharger inlet (diverter or bypass valves), but can also be vented to the atmosphere (blow off valve). Recycling back into the turbocharger inlet is required on an engine that uses a mass-airflow fuel injection system, because dumping the excessive air overboard downstream of the mass airflow sensor causes an excessively rich fuel mixture—because the mass-airflow sensor has already accounted for the extra air that is no longer being used.
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The first turbocharged passenger car was the Oldsmobile Jetfire option on the 1962–1963 F85/Cutlass, which used a turbocharger mounted to a all aluminum V8. Also in 1962, Chevrolet introduced a special run of turbocharged Corvairs, initially called the Monza Spyder (1962–1964) and later renamed the Corsa (1965–1966), which mounted a turbocharger to its air cooled flat six cylinder engine. This model popularized the turbocharger in North America—and set the stage for later turbocharged models from Porsche on the 1975-up 911/930, Saab on the 1978–1984 Saab 99 Turbo, and the very popular 1978–1987 Buick Regal/T Type/Grand National. Today, turbocharging is common on both diesel and petrol-powered cars.
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HKS was formed in 1973 by Hiroyuki Hasegawa, a former engineer for Yamaha Motor Company, and his partner Goichi Kitagawa, while the start up capital was supplied by Sigma Automotive (hence the name HKS). The company began operations by tuning gasoline-powered engines in a dairy-farming shed at the foot of Mount Fuji in Japan. Their goal was to design and build high performance engines and components that major OE (original equipment) manufacturers could not or would not produce. In July 1974, Hasegawa engineered and built the first commercialized turbocharger kit for passenger automobiles; since then developing turbocharger upgrades and bolt-on turbocharger kits that subsequently became the core business of HKS.
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The MQB platform suffers from early turbocharger failure. This affects models like the Audi S3, Golf 7 R/GTI and the Seat Cupra models. More so: models built prior to 2015 are more prone to failure. This can be caused because there is shaft play due to an imbalanced input shaft which can cause the turbine to collide with the teflon coating of the turbocharger, or because of the manifold sealing surface.
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The ETC system is typically located downstream of the turbocharger of an ICE. The exhaust gases expand first through the turbocharger turbine and then through the ETC turbine, which drives a high- speed alternator generating DC or AC power. In gensets, this extra power is added to the power output from the primary generator, increasing the system efficiency. For automotive application the ETC would become the primary generator used to power the vehicle’s auxiliary systems.
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In a parallel configuration, both turbochargers are fed one-half of the engine's exhaust. In a sequential setup one turbocharger runs at low speeds and the second turns on at a predetermined engine speed or load. Sequential turbochargers further reduce turbo lag, but require an intricate set of pipes to properly feed both turbochargers. Two-stage variable twin-turbos employ a small turbocharger at low speeds and a large one at higher speeds.
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For the 1988 models, there were again a few small changes. The turbocharger was switched from the Garrett T3 turbo to a lower-inertia T25 turbo, and the engine from 7.8:1 to an 8.3:1 compression ratio in order to reduce turbocharger spool time and provide an instant boost at any usable RPM. The interior aluminum accents and chrome door handles that adorned the earlier cars were dropped in favor of matching color parts.
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Emissions standards compliance is achieved with electronically controlled and water-cooled exhaust has recirculation technology (EGR) which uses a variable nozzle turbocharger to quickly build up pressure in its housing.
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Systems that use a turbocharger to maintain an engine's sea-level power output are called turbo-normalized systems. Generally, a turbo-normalized system attempts to maintain a manifold pressure of .
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In 2019, a photographer took a picture of the ship emitting black smoke in Cayman Islands. The cruise line told the media that the smoke was caused by engine turbocharger malfunction.
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Turbocharging provides higher horsepower and good running characteristics at all altitudes. Turbocharging also improves fuel consumption and reduces emissions. Previous Union Pacific experiments with turbocharging had utilized multiple Elliot or Garrett AiResearch turbochargers feeding the usual pair of Roots blowers. EMD's mechanically assisted turbocharger eliminated the need for the pair of Roots blowers and also integrated the turbocharging function from two (Elliot) or four (AiResearch) smaller add-on turbochargers into one much larger, turbo- compressor (turbocharger) with intercooling.
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The Porsche 911 RSR received a reduction in performance with a smaller air restrictor on the intake of its engine, the Ferrari 488 GTE vehicles had an extra of weight added to it and the Ford GT was made heavier and an increase in turbocharger boost pressure. In the LMGTE Am class the Aston Martin and Porsche vehicles had their top speeds lowered with a smaller air restrictor and the Ferrari had its turbocharger boost pressure reduced.
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The turbochargers are reintroduced from the start of 2019 season. The turbo configuration is single-turbocharged and producing the turbo boost level pressure up to (1.9-2.2 bar higher than IndyCar Series that had turbo boost level varies on every track). Swiss-American turbocharger company Garrett Advancing Motion which is a spin-off company of Honeywell International Inc. currently supplies exclusive turbocharger kits including wastegate for all DTM cars from 2019 season onwards using a 846519-15 model.
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A variant of the VT365 is the VT275 4.5 L V-6, which is basically a 6.0 L V-8 with two cylinders chopped off. However, it uses a sequential twin-turbocharger system, instead of the single variable-geometry turbocharger used in the VT365. It is used in the 2006 Ford LCF (Low Cab Forward) and International CF (Cab Forward) (later CityStar) series trucks. It produces and of torque and is backed by a Ford TorqShift 5 speed automatic.
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In order to ensure that there were no serious engine breakdowns, Callaway installed an ubiquous internal waste gate recommending the use of 91-octane fuel in order for increased engine reliability. In addition to that, an IHI RHB6 turbocharger was installed on the right hand side of the engine along with a new free flow exhaust system incorporating a larger exhaust pipe for optimum performance. The small turbocharger eliminated turbo-lag thus ensuring linear levels of boost.
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The change of turbocharger manufacturer and the addition of the intercooler were design decisions taken from Materazzi's experience with the 288 GTO where the IHI turbochargers had proven to give the best transient response. IHI materials and compressor/turbine geometry was then more advanced than that of KKK. The water-cooling of the turbocharger as well as the lower combustion temperatures afforded by the cooler intake air allow the car to be used harder and more reliably.
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With series twincharging, the turbocharger can be of a less expensive and more durable journal bearing variety, and the sacrifice in boost response is more than made up for by the instant-on nature of displacement superchargers. While the weight and cost of the supercharger assembly are always a factor, the inefficiency and power consumption of the supercharger is almost totally eliminated as the turbocharger reaches operating rpm and the supercharger is effectively disconnected by the bypass valve.
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Turbocharger kits were offered for both the M103 and M104 engines by Turbo Technics, Mosselman, Lotec, MAD Modify, Turbobandit and other tuners. These conversions typically raised engine output to between , depend on Boost Target. During the 1990s UK customers were able to buy new vehicles equipped with a Turbo Technics conversion directly from Mercedes dealer Hughes of Beaconsfield (limited run of 75 conversions). Today turbocharger kits for M103-M104 engines are available from later tuners in Europe and Asia.
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Initially, the fuel pump was controlled mechanically. From 1987, an electronically controlled fuel pump was used, which increased the torque output by . The updated engine has a smaller turbocharger, which improves response.
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The MA09ERT is a mass-produced SOHC internal combustion engine manufactured by Nissan Motors. It is a series-charged design (possessing both a turbocharger and a supercharger), seldom seen in Japanese vehicles.
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The sequential turbocharger system utilizes the smaller of the two turbos when the engine is running at low revolutions; once the engine has reached 2,800 rpm, the larger turbocharger is also used to pressurize the intake. Jaguar tested fitting the engine to its XK model but didn't carry the project over to production. The 3.0-litre variants used by Land Rover feature the 2.7-litre's off-roading adaptations plus calibration of the engine's electronics to allow the use of low-quality fuels.
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Similar to the -D1A but with an integral wastegate turbocharger and a revised exhaust system and with low drag cylinders. ;TIGO-541-E1A :Six-cylinder, turbocharged, fuel-injected, geared, engine, dry weight , AiResearch T-18A21 turbosupercharger, certified 26 June 1969. Similar to the -D1A but with a lower power rating, different turbocharger spring rate and a variable absolute pressure controller. ;TIGO-541-G1AD :Six-cylinder, turbocharged, fuel-injected, geared, engine, dry weight , AiResearch T-18A21 turbosupercharger, certified 1 May 1975.
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Turbocharging provides higher horsepower and good running characteristics at all altitudes. Turbocharging also improves fuel consumption and reduces emissions. Previous Union Pacific experiments with turbocharging had utilized multiple ElliotElliot turbochargers are now serviced by or Garrett AiResearch turbochargers feeding the usual pair of Roots blowers. EMD's mechanically assisted turbocharger eliminated the need for the pair of Roots blowers and also integrated the turbocharging function from two (Elliot) or four (AiResearch) smaller add-on turbochargers into one much larger, turbo- compressor (turbocharger) with intercooling.
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Garrett variable-geometry turbocharger on DV6TED4 engine Variable-geometry or variable-nozzle turbochargers use moveable vanes to adjust the air-flow to the turbine, imitating a turbocharger of the optimal size throughout the power curve. The vanes are placed just in front of the turbine like a set of slightly overlapping walls. Their angle is adjusted by an actuator to block or increase air flow to the turbine. This variability maintains a comparable exhaust velocity and back pressure throughout the engine's rev range.
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Additionally, the new "Yenko Deuce", as it was known, had extensive suspension, transmission, and rear axle upgrades along with some very lively stripes, badges, and interior decals. A bit later in the decade, Yenko began to modify the Chevrolet Vega with spoilers, turbochargers, and design graphics, dubbing it the "Yenko Stinger II". Due to difficulties with United States Environmental Protection Agency certification, he only sold the modified Vega without a turbocharger. Instead, the turbocharger sold separately at the Yenko dealership.
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The F2 2018 features a brand-new engine package built specifically for the car. The aging Mecachrome V8 naturally-aspirated port electronic indirect-injected engine-- which had been used since the inaugural 2005 season of the GP2 Series--was replaced by a fuel-efficient V6 turbocharged direct-injected engine developed by Mecachrome Motorsport (V634 Turbo model). During the car's shakedown and preliminary testing phase at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, drivers noted that the change from natural aspiration to a turbocharger meant that the F2 2018 required a different driving style to its predecessor, the GP2/11, as the turbocharger produced more torque and thus required the driver to exercise greater control over the throttle. Van Der Lee Turbo Systems currently supplies turbocharger kits for all Mecachrome V634T engines.
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Russia has stopped production of the T-80 in favor of the diesel-powered T-90 (based on the T-72), while Ukraine has developed the diesel-powered T-80UD and T-84 with nearly the power of the gas-turbine tank. The French Leclerc tank's diesel powerplant features the "Hyperbar" hybrid supercharging system, where the engine's turbocharger is completely replaced with a small gas turbine which also works as an assisted diesel exhaust turbocharger, enabling engine RPM-independent boost level control and a higher peak boost pressure to be reached (than with ordinary turbochargers). This system allows a smaller displacement and lighter engine to be used as the tank's power plant and effectively removes turbo lag. This special gas turbine/turbocharger can also work independently from the main engine as an ordinary APU.
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Grumman, Grumman-American Retrieved 20 July 2011. On May 14, 1941 while flying the XP-50, it experienced an inflight turbocharger explosion while over Long Island Sound. Hall was forced to parachute to safety.
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40 C.1 :High altitude fighter with Rateau turbocharger ;NiD.40R :One-off modification of NiD.40 C.1 with extended wings and new tail for high- altitude record flights. Later fitted with floats.
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Slingshot's engine. The Slingshot features a mid- mounted, 2.2L DOHC inline-four engine, with twin cams, 16 valves, and an intercooled turbocharger. The engine was rated at 225 HP and 225 lb/ft. of torque.
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Gidley made his stop on the next lap, giving the first position to Bräck who held it until the 81st lap, when Herta got three laps more fuel mileage to get back to first. After the pit stops, Bräck returned to the first position. Carpentier had fluctuating turbocharger boost pressure in the opening laps of the race, losing him as much as of turbocharger boost and top speed down the circuit's two straights. He later fell two laps adrift of the leaders because of this mechanical problem.
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There were three trim models available: SF, GL, and GLL. The SF model was only available in Canada. The new V6 (2960 cc) Single overhead cam engine was available as a naturally aspirated VG30E or a turbocharged VG30ET producing and respectively. The 1984 to 1987 turbo models featured a Garrett T3 turbocharger with a 7.8:1 compression ratio, whereas 1988 to 1989 models featured a low inertia T25 turbocharger with an increased 8.3:1 compression ratio and slightly more power — naturally aspirated and turbocharged.
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For that reason, turbochargers are popular on European CNG cars. Despite that limitation, the 12 liter Cummins Westport ISX12G engine is an example of a CNG capable engine designed to pull tractor/trailer loads up to 80,000 lbs showing CNG can be used in most if not all on-road truck applications. The original ISX G engines incorporated a turbocharger to enhance the air-fuel energy density. LNG offers a unique advantage over CNG for more demanding high-horsepower applications by eliminating the need for a turbocharger.
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For that reason turbochargers are popular on European CNG cars. Despite that limitation, the 12 litre Cummins Westport ISX12G engine is an example of a CNG capable engine designed to pull tractor/trailer loads up to 80,000 lbs showing CNG can be used in most if not all on-road truck applications. The original ISX G engines incorporated a turbocharger to enhance the air-fuel energy density. LNG offers a unique advantage over CNG for more demanding high- horsepower applications by eliminating the need for a turbocharger.
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Springs are classified by the boost pressure they typically achieve, such as a "7 psi spring" that will allow the turbocharger to reach equilibrium at approximately . One primary problem of this system is the wastegate will start to open well before the actual desired boost pressure is achieved. This negatively affects the threshold of boost onset and also increases turbocharger lag. For instance, a spring rated at 7 psi may allow the wastegate to begin to (but not fully) open at as little as .
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Since less positive pressure can be present at the wastegate actuator as desired boost is approached the wastegate remains closer to a completely closed state. This keeps exhaust gas routed through the turbine and increases energy transferred to the wheels of the turbocharger. Once desired boost is reached, closed loop based systems react by allowing more air pressure to reach the wastegate actuator to stop the further increase in air pressure so desired boost levels are maintained. This reduces turbocharger lag and lowers boost threshold.
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The main differences between the N55 and its N54 predecessor are the use of a single turbocharger, the addition of Valvetronic and the type of fuel injectors. Whilst the N54 used a twin-turbo arrangement, the newer N55 uses only a single twin scroll turbocharger. Valvetronic (variable valve lift) is claimed to improve throttle response, low-rev torque, exhaust emissions and to reduce fuel consumption by 15%. The direct injection system uses solenoid-type injectors, instead of the piezo-type fuel injectors used by its N54 predecessor.
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QD engine, successor to the Nissan TD engine, was a 4-cylinder ohv diesel produced from the mid-1990s through 2000, with a turbocharger used only on the QD32ETi. The Nissan ZD engine replaced this engine.
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A twincharging system combines a supercharger and turbocharger in a complementary arrangement, with the intent of one component's advantage compensating for the other component's disadvantage. There are two common types of twincharger systems: series and parallel.
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It produces of power. The suspension is built with the latest STI parts from the STI catalogue. The front brakes are 6-piston Brembo brakes. The turbocharger is based on the larger S203/S204 twin scroll unit.
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The turbocharger was the then-new EMD mechanically assisted turbo-compressor. During engine startup, and at lower power levels, during which there is not sufficient exhaust heat energy to drive the turbine fast enough for the compressor to supply the air necessary for combustion, the engine drives the compressor through a gear train and a freewheel. At higher power levels, the freewheel is disengaged, and the turbo-compressor operates as a true turbocharger. It is possible for the turbo-compressor to revert to compressor mode momentarily during commands for large increases in engine power.
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When large two-stroke diesel engines are used, these have scavenging by forced induction and so are generally immune to four-stroking when idling at low speed or low power. These scavenge blowers may be mechanically-driven Roots blowers or turbochargers. As a turbocharger has some lag time coming up to speed, turbo- charged two-stroke diesels often display four-stroking when starting, or when suddenly accelerating from idle. Some large engines, such as those from EMD, minimize this by using a turbocharger with an auxiliary mechanical drive to give better scavenging at low rpm.
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When the throttle is opened up again the ignition and fuel injection goes back to normal operation. Since many engine components are exposed to very high temperatures during ALS operation and also high-pressure pulses, this kind of system is very hard on the engine, turbocharger and exhaust manifold. For the latter not only the high temperatures are a problem but also the uncontrolled turbo speeds which can quickly destroy the turbocharger. In most applications the ALS is automatically shut down when the coolant reaches a temperature of 110–115 °C to prevent overheating.
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997 Turbo The Turbocharged version of the 997 series featured the same 3.6 L twin-turbocharged engine as the 996 Turbo, with modifications to have a power output of and of torque. It has VTG (variable turbine geometry), that combines the low-rev boost and quick responses of a small turbocharger with the high-rev power of a larger turbocharger. It also offers higher fuel efficiency compared to the 996 Turbo. The 997 Turbo features a new all-wheel- drive system, similar to the one found on the Cayenne.
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The viscosity of the oil is optimized for just this temperature. Any cooling of the exhaust and the turbine of the turbocharger reduces the amount of power available to the turbine, so the exhaust system is often insulated between engine and turbocharger to keep the exhaust gases as hot as possible. The temperature of the cooling air may range from well below freezing to 50 °C. Further, while engines in long-haul boat or rail service may operate at a steady load, road vehicles often see widely varying and quickly varying load.
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Staged turbocharging (also called "serial turbocharging") is where the turbochargers are connected in series with the output of the first turbocharger then being further compressed by the second turbocharger. A sequential turbo can also be of use to a system where the output pressure must be greater than can be provided by a single turbo, commonly called a staged twin-turbo system. In this case, multiple similarly sized turbochargers are used in sequence, but constantly operating. The first turbo boosts provides the initial compression (for example to three times the intake pressure).
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As the aircraft climbs and the air density drops, the density controller slowly closes the valve and traps more oil in the wastegate actuator, closing the wastegate to increase the speed of the turbocharger and maintain rated power. Some systems also use a differential pressure controller which senses the air pressures on either side of the throttle plate and adjusts the wastegate to maintain a set differential. This maintains an optimum balance between a low turbocharger workload and a quick spool-up time, and also prevents surging caused by a bootstrapping effect.
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The engine usually has a Roots blower to provide air for scavenging and this is arranged to deliver excess air so that air follows the exhaust gases into the exhaust manifold. Some of this air is then forced back into the cylinder by a rise in pressure in the exhaust manifold resulting from the exhaust pulse from another cylinder. For additional pressure charging a turbocharger may be fitted, in series with the Roots blower, but a turbocharger cannot be used alone because it would not provide enough air for scavenging at low speeds.
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A turbocharger cooled only by engine oil led to short component life and turbo- related seal and seat problems. To fix the problems, Porsche released a revised 924 Turbo Series 2 (although badging still read "924 turbo") in 1981. By using a smaller turbocharger running at increased boost, slightly higher compression of 8:1 and an improved fuel injection system with DITC ignition triggered by the flywheel, reliability improved and power rose to . In North America, the 924 Turbo arrived in late 1979 for the 1980 model year.
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It mainly serves as a power recovery device which converts a great deal of otherwise wasted thermal and kinetic energy into engine boost. Turbo-compound engines (actually employed on some semi-trailer trucks) are fitted with blow down turbines which are similar in design and appearance to a turbocharger except for the turbine shaft being mechanically or hydraulically connected to the engine's crankshaft instead of to a centrifugal compressor, thus providing additional power instead of boost. While the turbocharger is a pressure turbine, a power recovery turbine is a velocity one.
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In the 1950s, the city of Los Angeles and other municipalities started using turbochargers in their sewage purification operations. By 1952, 20,000 turbocharged engines were in use in the US. In order to explore applications of turbochargers for diesel engines, Garrett separated the turbocharger group from the gas turbine group on September 27, 1954, to form the AiResearch Industrial Division (AID).Turbo History The first T-15 Turbocharger was delivered to the Caterpillar Company in 1955. It was followed by an order for 5,000 production units, to be installed in the Caterpillar D9 tractor.
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In the case of Electro-Motive Diesel's two-stroke engines, the mechanically assisted turbocharger is not specifically a twincharger, as the engine uses the mechanical assistance to charge air only at lower engine speeds and startup. Once above notch # 5, the engine uses true turbocharging. This differs from a turbocharger that uses the compressor section of the turbo-compressor only during starting and, as a two-stroke engines cannot naturally aspirate, and, according to SAE definitions, a two-stroke engine with a mechanically assisted compressor during idle and low throttle is considered naturally aspirated.
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Turbochargers start producing boost only when a certain amount of kinetic energy is present in the exhaust gasses. Without adequate exhaust gas flow to spin the turbine blades, the turbocharger cannot produce the necessary force needed to compress the air going into the engine. The boost threshold is determined by the engine displacement, engine rpm, throttle opening, and the size of the turbocharger. The operating speed (rpm) at which there is enough exhaust gas momentum to compress the air going into the engine is called the "boost threshold rpm".
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Weight was not greatly affected, however, and the power-to-weight ratio was certainly competitive at 1.03 hp/lb. Some of this was no doubt due to the use of a turbocharger in addition to a supercharger for more continuous boost and less power draw on the engine. Turbochargers are generally "free," powered not by the engine directly as in a supercharger, but by otherwise wasted exhaust energy. The IV-2220 also included a fairly advanced liquid-cooled intercooler between the turbocharger and supercharger, and an aftercooler behind the supercharger as well.
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Two years later Büchi's new, larger turbocharger design yielded improved results, leading to an increase in licensing agreements with engine builders. The Büchi Syndicate stayed together until 1941 when BBC continued turbo-related operations under its own name.
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The multiple- carburetor intake system was replaced with a single side-draft Carter Yh carburetor. The turbocharger was made by the Thompson Valve Division of Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge Inc., which became TRW in 1965. The model selected weighed .
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The update also included changes to the camshaft and pistons, and the newer unit was smoother. This update also introduced pilot injection and a variable geometry turbocharger These engines were replaced by the 1.9 litre GM/Fiat JTD.
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A Napier MS100 turbocharger was fitted to each engine. An English Electric Type 824/1B generator was driven by the diesel engine. It had a continuous rating of , 600A at 550V. This supplied power to the traction motors.
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The 2.0 L (1998 cc) fuel injected, turbocharged FET version of the FE produced 135 hp (100 kW) and 175 lb·ft (237 N·m). It was a water cooled 8-valve SOHC engine featuring a small turbocharger, and no intercooler.
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Common usage restricts the term supercharger to mechanically driven units; when power is instead provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbocharger or just a turbo - or in the past a turbosupercharger.
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A blow-off valve (BOV), dump valve or compressor bypass valve (CBV), is a pressure release system present in most turbocharged engines. Its main purpose is to take the load off the turbocharger when the throttle is suddenly closed.
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AeroVee Turbo The AeroVee engine is manufactured and marketed by AeroConversions, a part of Sonex Aircraft. In 2014, a turbocharger was developed as a $3,995 modification to existing AeroVee engines. The new turbocharged engine is rated at 100 hp.
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It could also be found in 2.2 L engines fitted to R21, 25, and Espace models. The Renix fuel injection and a Garrett turbocharger was used in the mid-mounted V6 powering the Renault Alpine GTA/A610 sports car.
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1997 brought the introduction of the DDEC IV engine control module, and further improvements in the design of the engine, notably a wastegated turbocharger and engine management improvements provided increased horsepower ratings up to , and increased torque outputs to .
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But whereas the P-47 achieved its highest speed at with the help of an intercooled turbocharger,Dean 1997, p. 281. the F4U-1 reached its maximum speed at Tillman 1979, p. 196. using a mechanically supercharged engine.Dean 1997, p. 509.
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However, their powerplants were frequently swapped around among the locomotives during maintenance. MY 1149 received a spare 645E engine (as used in class MZ, though with the turbocharger removed) after sustaining severe frost damage in the harsh winter of 1978–79.
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Mitsubishi Motors UK Geneva motor show 2010 presskit All engines developed within this family have aluminium cylinder block, double overhead camshaft layouts, 4 valves per cylinder, a common rail injection system with a variable-geometry turbocharger and MIVEC variable valve timing.
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Profitability did not improve and, with effect from 1 January 1929, H J Aldington was made managing director and Nash was given the post of 'technical adviser'.Jenkinson, Denis.From Chain- Drive to Turbocharger: The A.F.N. Story. London: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1984. .
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Turbocharged versions of the 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint in both the United States and Canada. The Turbo Sprint utilized an IHI RHB32 turbocharger. Colors were limited to white and red for the Turbo Sprint.
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The turbocharged OHC V-8 engines (namely the Cosworth DFX) would continue to be permitted, only with a smaller turbocharger unit. Teams applauded the decision, and the 1982 race would be contested with mostly similar engine specifications as the previous year.
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It uses a turbocharger and intercooler. 8-valve and 16-valve versions of the engine are produced, differing in valvetrain and subsequent cylinder head design. It is marketed in India by Sonalika subsidiary ICML as the 2.0 CRD-FI BS IV.
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The chargers are a single supercharger that disengages after a specified rev-range, at which point charging of the air is handled by a single turbocharger. This system benefits from both of the efficiency of the supercharger in the lower rev ranges, with the longevity of the turbocharger higher in the rev range. This results in little turbo lag, constant power delivery along the rev range, and better fuel efficiency than similarly powered 2.4 L V6 engine due to its small size. However, the power delivery of the petrol TSI engine was criticised as being very jerky by Jeremy Clarkson.
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Some two-stroke turbochargers, notably those used on Electro-Motive Diesel locomotive engines, are mechanically driven at lower engine speeds through an overrunning clutch to provide adequate scavenging air. As engine speed and exhaust gas volume increase, the turbocharger no longer is dependent on mechanical drive and the overrunning clutch disengages. Two-stroke engines require scavenging at all engine speeds and so turbocharged two-stroke engines must still employ a blower, usually Roots type. This blower may be mechanically or electrically driven, in either case, the blower may be disengaged once the turbocharger starts to deliver air.
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BorgWarner tested with the idea in 1990s, but had never produced part for production vehicle because of high power consumption, until Mercedes- Benz M 256 engines, which used 48-volt electrical systems.A Little Fan That Fixes the Turbocharger's Biggest Problem In 2010, Volvo started to add electric booster for turbocharger, resulting in High Performance Drive E Powertrain Concept engine, which used 48-volt electrical system for the electric booster.Volvo Bets Its Future on Small, Turbocharged Engines In 2019-10-17, Garrett Motion Inc. announced its first electric turbocharger for market passenger vehicles, with expected launch in 2021.
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Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.
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The second-generation (or "2G") Eagle Talon was introduced in 1995 simultaneously with its Mitsubishi Eclipse counterpart, while the Plymouth Laser model was eliminated. Mechanically, the new Talon and Eclipse models were almost identical with the engines in the turbocharged versions receiving a modest increase in output thanks to a redesigned intake and exhaust, higher 8.5:1 (vs. 7.8:1) compression pistons, and new turbocharger. The new T25 turbocharger, provided by Garrett, had boost increased to 12 psi of peak boost and was smaller than the previous Mitsubishi built 14b turbo that was on 1G models.
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The turbocharger was the then-new EMD mechanically assisted turbo-compressor. During engine startup, and at lower power levels, during which there is not sufficient exhaust heat energy to drive the turbine fast enough for the compressor to supply the air necessary for combustion, the engine drives the compressor through a gear train and an overrunning clutch. At higher power levels, the overrunning clutch is disengaged, and the turbo-compressor operates as a true turbocharger. It is possible for the turbo-compressor to revert to compressor mode momentarily during commands for large increases in engine power.
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Parallel arrangements typically require the use of a bypass or diverted valve to allow one or both compressors to feed the engine. If no valve were employed and both compressors were merely routed directly to the intake manifold, the supercharger would blow backwards through the turbocharger compressor rather than pressurize the intake manifold, as that would be the path of least resistance. Thus a diverter valve must be employed to vent turbocharger air until it has reached the pressure in the intake manifold. Complex or expensive electronic controls are usually necessary to ensure smooth power delivery.
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Turbosupercharger: Rajay 301E10-2. Base model, a four-cylinder air-cooled, horizontally opposed, direct drive, carbureted, turbocharged engine with oil jets internal piston cooling. ;TO-360-C1A6D : at 2575 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.30:1. Turbosupercharger: Rajay 301E10-2. Same as the TO-360-A1A6D but with the power output increased, lower compression ratio and carburetor located after the turbocharger instead of before the turbocharger. ;TO-360-E1A6D : at 2575 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.00:1. Turbosupercharger: AiResearch TA04. Same as the 0-360-E1A6D but with an AiResearch TA402 turbocharger, 8.0:1 compression ratio pistons, piston cooling oil jets and a high pressure fuel pump. ;TO-360-F1A6D : at 2575 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.30:1. Turbosupercharger: Rajay 301E10-2. Same as the TO-360-C1A6D but with rear type mounting (long type 1.12 inch conical mount).
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Based on the EA111, this new engine was announced at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, to be first used in the Mk5 Golf GT, the 125 kW 1.4-litre TSI engine is a "Twincharger", and uses both a turbocharger and a supercharger. Its displacement downsizing leads to improved fuel economy, with 14% more power than the 2.0 FSI, but consuming 5% less fuel. The mechanical supercharger compressor, driven at 5 times the speed of the crankshaft, mainly operates at low engine speeds from idle up to 2,400 revolutions per minute (rpm) to increase low-end torque. At engine speeds just above idle, the belt-driven supercharger provides a boost pressure of . The turbocharger assumes full effectiveness at middle revs, and the engine map disengages the clutch-controlled supercharger at a maximum upper limit of 3,500 rpm; the supercharger will then be bypassed once the turbocharger spools up and reaches sufficient speed to provide adequate boost in the upper rev- ranges.
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The compression ratio reaches from 16.5:1 to 18.0:1, M57 engines with higher power output and more than one turbocharger have a lower compression ratio. Every cylinder has two inlet and two exhaust valves as well as two chain-driven overhead camshafts.
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In September 1981, in partnership with turbocharger specialists Normalair-Garrett, Mitsubishi produced a limited run of 500 Sigma Turbos, the first Australian-built turbocharged production car. The forced-induction 2.0-litre Astron powerplant produced and . Mitsubishi discontinued the GH series in February 1982.
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Kit 4 is the most remembered of the 4 and featured all 3 previous kits and featured a Spearco turbocharger kit bolted to the original 2.0 liter SOHC 4 cylinder, as well 7:1 compression, water injection and an O-ringed head.
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The engine is a six-in-line diesel with direct injection. The naturally aspirated version gives an output of 103 kW and torque of 393 Nm, the stronger version equipped with turbocharger has got 110 kW maximum output and 468 Nm torque.
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A Vauxhall Motors mid-engine, usually a four- cylinder engine with a displacement of 2000 cc and turbocharger, propelled the vehicle. Lawrence Garside Engineering took over the project in 2000, but stopped production in the same year. This model found about 32 buyers.
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DFT Maschinenbau is specialized in the automated assembly and test technology. Among others they produce pumps, braking systems, exhaust aftertreatment systems, transmissions, turbocharger, automotive electrics and safetyboxes for the automotive industry. DFT is located in Kremsmünster, Austria and has about 100 employees.
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It particularly helps aviation engines, as they need to operate at high altitude. Forced induction is achieved by a supercharger, where the compressor is directly powered from the engine shaft or, in the turbocharger, from a turbine powered by the engine exhaust.
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2GD-FTV The 2GD-FTV is a straight-four common rail diesel engine with a variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT) and intercooler. It has 16 valves and a DOHC (double overhead camshaft) design. Its compression ratio is 15.6:1. Bore x stroke is .
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A variable geometry turbomachine uses movable vanes to optimize its efficiency at different operating conditions. This article refers to movable vanes as used in liquid pumps and turbocharger turbines. It does not cover the widespread use of movable vanes in gas turbine compressors.
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This is even more advantageous for turbocharged engines, where the turbocharger must be kept spinning at high rpm by a large flow of exhaust to maintain the boost pressure and eliminate the turbo lag that occurs when the throttle suddenly opens on an idling engine.
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When the throttle is closed, the relative manifold pressure drops below atmospheric pressure and the resulting pressure differential operates the blowoff valve's piston. The excess pressure from the turbocharger is then vented into the atmosphere or recirculated into the intake upstream of the compressor inlet.
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The 037 features a ZF transaxle. Lancia also chose a supercharger over a turbocharger to eliminate turbo lag and improve throttle response. Initially, power was quoted at but was increased to . The final Evolution 2 model's engine generated due to a displacement increase to .
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The S10-VT variant has a two-position variable-pitch propeller and a turbocharger on the engine, which allows the aircraft to cruise at altitudes up to 30,000 feet (9,000 m). On the AMS Carat, the propeller folds forward, pointing straight ahead like a spear.
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Changes were made to the engine management system and a new turbocharger was fitted. Permanent four- wheel drive with a 34/66% front/rear split came courtesy of an uprated five- speed gearbox as used in the Sierra Cosworth. Recaro sports seats came as standard.
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The pistons came from Mahle GmbH in Germany. The camshafts were designed by Florida-based Crane Cams and were manufactured by Maserati in Modena. The "Maserati" engine used a specially- made 2.2 block, upgraded crankshaft and rods. A Japanese turbocharger was sourced from IHI.
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The system had a knock sensor attached to the intake side of the motor block and if knocking of any kind was present, the APC-system would decrease the charge pressure by opening a wastegate, a bypass to the exhaust. This enabled the use of various octane fuels and also made the use of the turbocharger safer for the engine. Some 900 Aeros, Carlssons and Commemorative Editions had special APC controllers in red and black enclosures (so-called "redbox" APCs) that provided more boost and increased power to or without a catalytic converter. At first, Saab used a Garrett turbocharger (T3), which was oil-cooled.
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In 2004, the entire DT family of engines was updated to meet 2004 emissions standards set out by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Changes to the engines included a new turbocharger (called EVRT, for "Electronic Variable Response Turbocharger") with movable turbo vanes to improve boost and reduce lag, a new, electronically controlled hydraulic unit fuel injection system, cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation to reduce emissions, and new four-valve cylinder heads. In 2007, the DT engines were updated once again to comply with stricter 2007 emissions standards. The DT 466, DT 570, and HT 570 engines will be renamed MaxxForce DT, MaxxForce 9, and MaxxForce 10, respectively.
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Alfa Romeo GTV6 Callaway Twin Turbo Following its success with their turbocharger kits, this led a commission by Alfa Romeo to produce a higher end version of its 2.5-liter GTV-6 coupé. Between thirty and thirty-six examples were built between 1983 and 1986, with the first prototype being sold and titled as a 1984 model, the subsequent four prototypes as 1985 models and the remainder (i.e. the "regular production") being sold as 1986 model year cars. In addition to numerous small component upgrades, the Callaway GTVs included a much revised suspension, improved brakes and a twin-turbocharger system, boosting performance to near-exotic levels.
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The new engine has a single Garrett (Honeywell Turbo Technologies) TR30R VGT turbocharger, as opposed to the twin TR30R configuration of both the Peugeot 908 HDi FAP and the previous Audi R15 TDI. The R18's V6 engine exhausts inwards between the cylinder banks, where the turbocharger is placed. This is called a 'hot valley' configuration and is opposed to the traditional configuration with each cylinder bank of a V engine exhausting outwards to their respective turbochargers. Unlike other coupé competitors in its class, the chassis on the R18 is not composed of two halves but rather is of single-piece construction for improved rigidity.
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Cut-away view of an air foil bearing-supported turbocharger A turbocharger, colloquially known as a turbo, is a turbine-driven, forced induction device that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra compressed air into the combustion chamber. This improvement over a naturally aspirated engine's power output is because the compressor can force more air—and proportionately more fuel—into the combustion chamber than atmospheric pressure (and for that matter, ram air intakes) alone. Turbochargers were originally known as turbosuperchargers when all forced induction devices were classified as superchargers. Today, the term "supercharger" is typically applied only to mechanically driven forced induction devices.
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The 1.1 and 1.4 engines were discontinued due to emissions issues and the entry level models had only a 1.2 petrol unit, with either 8 or 16 valves, giving and respectively, or a 1.9L diesel, with common rail injection and turbocharger or naturally aspired with mechanical injection.
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The fuel is injected into swirl chambers. A Garrett turbocharger is used (without an intercooler). Initially, the M21 was only available as a turbocharged engine. In 1985, BMW introduced a naturally aspirated version of the M21, which was popular in countries with a high motor vehicle tax.
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Starting May 8, 2012, Subaru has replaced the EJ engine series with the new FA and FB engine series, co-developed with Toyota, and uses the FB25 on all trim packages, with the FA20 installed with a turbocharger called the Legacy GT DIT (direct injection turbo).
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The diesel model was the first in the industry to come standard with a turbocharger, boosting both horsepower and fuel economy. 10,591 units were built, and they weighed 6650 to 6840 pounds. The D19 was manufactured until 1964. D19s were known for running smoothly and fairly quietly.
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Kirby was one of four in a litter born on December 31, 1990, to Ch. Loteki Supercharger (Rico) and Ch. Loteki Denzel Fortuneteller (Gypsy). One of his litter mates was Am/Can CH. Loteki Turbocharger, CDX who became a therapy dog and won multiple groups in Canada.
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GM introduced its new E-Turbo engines in the 2019 Korean-market Chevrolet Malibu. The engine is a member of GM's next generation turbocharged engine family. The engine features start-stop technology, gasoline direct injection, an electric water pump and electric turbocharger wastegate to optimize fuel efficiency.
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Designers strove to ease the maintainer's job, equipping most cables, hoses, and mechanical systems with quick-disconnecting mechanisms. The engine and transmission can be removed and reinstalled in approximately two hours, allowing repairs to the turbocharger and many other components to be done outside the vehicle.
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Class 749 is a dual cab, four axle locomotive. The prime mover is a ČKD K 6 S 310 DR, a four stroke, six cylinder diesel engine, fitted with a PDH 50 V turbocharger. All four axles are fitted with DC traction motors, manufactured by ČKD.
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Compared with its N20 predecessor, the B48 uses a more undersquare design. As per the N20, the block and head are made from aluminium. Other features shared with the N20 include a twin-scroll turbocharger, direct injection, variable valve lift (Valvetronic) and variable valve timing (Double VANOS).
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The BMW B37 is a , diesel, 3 cylinder engine with a single, mono-scroll and VTG turbocharger. The compression ratio is 16.5:1. It is the second engine from BMW's modular engine plan sharing most of its components with the B38 petrol engine. Power output is either .
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A variable-geometry turbocharger provides an improved response at widely varied engine speeds. With variable- incidence under electronic control, it is possible to have the turbine reach a good operating speed quickly or at lower engine speed without severely diminishing its utility at higher engine speed.
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Lewis Hamilton, Marcus Ericsson and Fernando Alonso took grid penalties for exceeding their season allocation of engine components; Hamilton received fifteen places for using his sixth turbocharger and associated Motor Generator Unit, while Ericsson was demoted ten places for replacing his turbocharger, and Alonso thirty-five places for introducing his sixth complete power unit. Hamilton received a second set of penalties when Mercedes introduced a seventh turbocharger and MGU-H ahead of the second free practice session; and a third set for further changes ahead of the final practice session, thereby guaranteeing that he would start the race from last place. Mercedes deliberately took the penalties as they sought to stockpile new components for the remainder of the season, deeming the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps to be a venue where the potential for overtaking offset the penalties. Esteban Gutiérrez received a five-place grid penalty for dangerous driving during the final practice session when Pascal Wehrlein was forced to take evasive action and cross the grassy verge on the inside of Raidillon to avoid contact.
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1973 model F-28A ;280 Shark :Certified September 1975. ;280C Shark :Aerodynamically refined version of the F28C-2, equipped with an upgraded engine, fitted with a turbocharger. Certified 1975 ;280L Hawk :Stretched cabin four-seat version, first flying in December 1968. Development halted due to lack of funds.
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The 2.5 G can be ordered with TRD Sportivo body kits, which is also available as dealer installed options for other models. In August 2012, the 2.5-litre common-rail turbodiesel 2KD-FTV engine was upgraded to a variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT), rating the engine power output to .
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In Mexico, the Dodge Magnum was a sporty rear-wheel drive two-door car based on Chrysler's M-body (American Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury). From 1983 to 1988 Dodge marketed a sporty two-door K-car as the "Magnum", with an available turbocharger engine from 1984 on.
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It uses a gear-drive camshaft for extra reliability. Also specified is a deep-skirt engine block and extra-strong connecting rods. A Holset turbocharger is used. The original B Series was updated with 24 valves and an electronic engine management system to become the ISB in 1998.
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The Porsche 911 RSRs performance was lowered as its fuel restrictors were reduced in size by . In GTD, the Acura NSX GT3 lost in weight and the Mercedes-AMG was made heavier. Turbocharger adjustments were made to the Audi R8 LMS, Lamborghini Huracán, and the BMW M6 cars.
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Equipped with a Twin Cam, dual carburetors and an Alfa Avio turbocharger the engine produced . In 1986, a turbocharged version of the single-plug engine developing was used to create the Alfa Romeo 75 1.8 Turbo Quadrifoglio. In Group A touring car racing form this engine made up to .
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There were also heavily tuned conversions of the Italian De Tomaso Pantera with a Catalytic converter, double turbocharger, and five valves per cylinder, producing up to . The company also built a prototype V12 coupe reminiscent of the Lamborghini Countach, but with insignificant funds to finish the prototype Jehle folded.
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Air and exhaust flow through engine and turbocharger Turbochargers- Turbochargers are one of the most popular turbomachines. They are used mainly for adding power to engines by adding more air. It combines both forms of turbomachines. Exhaust gases from the engine spin a bladed wheel, much like a turbine.
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2009 saw the release of the Bladerunner intercooler Intercooler for diesel applications as well as the Takeda USA intake line for sport compacts. In 2012 aFe Power entered into the differential cover and transmission pan market. 2011 saw the release of a new turbocharger and Scorcher Programmer product lines.
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The turbocharger is fitted with a turbo speed sensor and the engine management system has a map based on throttle position and car speed which is used to find a suitable turbocharger speed and boost pressure for every condition. When the engine alone can't provide enough exhaust energy to reach the turbo speed/boost demanded by the management system, the bypass valve opens and exhaust manifold combustion begins. This not only reduces turbo load, but it also allows boost to be produced at very low engine speeds where boost was previously limited by compressor surge or exhaust energy. With relatively high boost at low speeds, this makes the low end torque superior even to large naturally aspirated engines.
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The petrol engine is a 2.6-litre unit that produces at 4,600 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm, while the diesel engines were either 2.5-litre that produces and a 2.5-litre turbo-diesel that offers at 3,500 rpm and at 2,000 rpm. The turbo-diesel engine features a single overhead camshaft design, three valves per cylinder, intercooler, indirect fuel injection and two internal balance shafts to reduce vibration and noise. Ford and Mazda has decided not to use a conventional radial type turbocharger on its new engine. Instead, a new diagonal exhaust gas flow turbocharger was used which was claimed to improve charging efficiency, reduce turbo lag and improve throttle response at low speeds.
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This model was produced from 1982 to 1994 and was replaced by the Bristol Blenheim. The Bristol Britannia was the standard version, whilst the Bristol Brigand had a Rotomeister turbocharger added to the Chrysler V8 engine and a torque converter originally used on the 440 V8 to cope with the extra performance, which saw the Brigand capable of 150 mph (241 km/h). The Brigand could be distinguished from the Britannia by the bulge in the bonnet needed to accommodate the turbocharger, and also had alloy wheels as standard equipment. There were a number of minor changes to the appearance of both models during their 12-year production run, especially at the front.
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This is a total efficiency of 62%. A large turbocharger that produces by itself, with an efficiency adiabatic of around 70%, would produce air only . In addition, the cost of energy to drive a supercharger is higher than that of a turbocharger; if it is ignored, the load of execution compression is eliminated, leaving only light parasitic losses of rotating the working parts of the supercharger. The supercharger can be disconnected even more electrically (using an electromagnetic clutch such as those used in VW 1.4TSI or Toyota 4A-GZE , although this is not because it is a double-load motor, but is intended to bypass the supercharger in low load conditions) which eliminates this small parasitic loss.
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The ECU – working with another duty solenoid and vacuum diaphragm – determines the amount that the exhaust control valve opens. The ECU calculates this amount of valve opening based on the input of a differential pressure sensor that takes feeds from the intake manifold and the outlet of the secondary turbo. Any boost pressure produced by the secondary turbocharger during the transitional stage is redirected to the atmospheric side of the compressor inlet (between the turbos and air filter). With the primary turbo continuing to supply manifold pressure and the secondary turbocharger essentially bleeding off the boost it makes during the transition, the ECU will determine when to close the pressure relief valve and fully open the exhaust control valve.
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Four- stroke engines large (non-petrol) two-stroke engines used in locomotives and ships may have either wet or dry sumps. Large two-stroke engines do not use crankcase compression; instead they use a separate blower or supercharger, either a mechanical blower such as a Roots supercharger or a turbocharger.
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EASA certified on 20 June 2017, the Centurion 3.0 is a 2987 cm³ four stroke V6, also with common rail, turbocharger, Electronic Engine Control Unit (EECU) and 1 : 1.66 reduction gearbox, weighting and outputting 221 kW (300 HP) at take‐off, 202 kW (272 HP) Continuously, both at 2340 propeller rpm.
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This was suggested by the British engineer, and denture wearer, S.D. Heron during World War II. Although the characteristics of the material obviously suggested itself for making turbocharger blades, it was thought impossible to cast it to the precision needed. Heron demonstrated that it could be, by showing his Vitallium dentures.
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Many years later the two-stroke engine for large capacity diesels using a turbocharger or supercharger has become common, for example in ships and railway locomotives. With open crankshafts, and the advantages of higher power to weight ratio, these engines are closely aligned with Dugald Clerk's concepts, and the Clerk Cycle.
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Hyundai have developed a version of the Lambda II RS MPi engine in an attempt to break the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC) record. The race-version is reported to have been bored and stroked to 4.1 liters of swept displacement with an added turbocharger to increase power output.
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Production of the RS-2 was delayed several months while Alco worked out the new four pipe divided low rise manifold for the GE constant pressure RD-1 turbocharger. The 244 engine was not a reliable design, however, and was replaced in less than ten years by the Alco 251 engine.
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Hispano Globus is a rear-engine coach manufactured by Tata Motors. It is built on the 1623c chassis having a rear mount 5.9litres 235 hp Cummins 6BT series diesel engine with turbocharger and intercooler. The engine produces 800Nm torque at 1500rpm. It is primarily intended for tourist and long-distance duties.
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This creates the greatest pressure differential to fill the molds. The most common materials for vacuum casting process are the high nickel-based alloy and super alloys. Turbocharger products are a common applications for this casting process, though it is also regularly used in the manufacture of silver and gold jewellery.
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As the engine will not naturally aspirate, air is provided via a roots-type blower. However, on the 6-71T models, a turbocharger and a supercharger are utilized. Fuel is provided by unit injectors, one per cylinder. The amount of fuel injected into the engine is controlled by the engine's governor.
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The fuel then ignites due to compression heat. Preignition, caused by the artificial turbocharger compression increase during the compression stroke, cannot occur. Many diesels are therefore turbocharged and some are both turbocharged and supercharged. A turbocharged engine can produce more power than a naturally aspirated engine of the same configuration.
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By , some engines were producing over in short bursts in qualifying. BMW's dynamometer was incapable of measuring the output of their qualifying enginesPaul Rosche estimated that it might be as much as . First fuel consumption and then turbocharger boost were restricted to 4-bar in 1987 and 1.5-bar in 1988.
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The compact Skyhawk and Skylark also received the T-Type treatment in 1983, and in 1986 the Somerset did as well. The T-Type series reached its peak in 1987. By that time, even the full-size LeSabre and Electra were available as T-Type models, but without the turbocharger.
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Although soundly built, the locomotives were plagued initially by reliability issues.J. Small GM NZR 4 April 1974 The NZR Chief Mechanical Engineer concluded the correct rating of the DJ class engines at .W.Watkins NZR, CME, 11 Nov 1969. National Archives,(DJ 1968-74) Wgtn and it suffered from overheating problems, turbocharger blowouts.
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In this "one-direction (uniflow)" engine these ports, respectively, admit air and expel exhaust gases. This design eliminates the need for a cylinder head and camshafts. Scavenging is assisted by a centrifugal air pump, the pump also serving to provide a mild supercharging effect. Fitment of an exhaust-driven turbocharger is permissible.
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Race day dawned warm with clear blue skies. During the pace lap, the car of George Snider caught fire, with a turbocharger failure. Snider pulled into the pits, as the rest of the field took the green flag. Mario Andretti charged from the pole position, and led the field into turn one.
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The name "Taycan" roughly translates from Turkish as "lively young horse", in reference to the steed of the Stuttgart coat of arms on the Porsche crest. Porsche named the high performance models Turbo and Turbo S despite the absence of a turbocharger, following the tradition set by older high performance Porsche derivatives.
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The 2 litre engine was augmented by a KKK turbocharger blowing through a pair of Dell'Orto DHLA40H pressurised carburetors and produced in normal tune. This car was only offered until 1981 when Alfa Romeo left Group 4 to concentrate on Formula 1. 400 were built. In 1984 Alfa released the Giulietta Turbodelta.
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Originally there were models with three engine options, all of type 8140 of 2.8 liters. A variant was a suction diesel with 66 kW (90 hp), but they rarely sold. Another had turbocharger, intercooler and 78 kW (106 hp). The last variant gave 92 kW (125 hp) and had common rail injection.
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The B38 features direct injection, an 11:1 compression ratio, variable valve timing (double-VANOS) and a single-scroll turbocharger with the world's first aluminium turbine housing, manufactured by Continental. On the 1.2Litre versions, the bore is and the stroke is . On the 1.5Litre versions, the bore is and the stroke is .
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In March 1983 the Minica Ami L Turbo became the first kei car to be offered with a turbocharger, offering and glitzy graphics. This proved short-lived, as by January 1984 production of the A107 Minicas had ended, with Mitsubishi preparing for the release of an all new, front-wheel drive Minica.
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The 2002 Turbo was launched at the 1973 Frankfurt Motor Show. This was BMW's first turbocharged production car. It produced at 5,800 rpm, with of torque. The 2002 Turbo used the 2002 tii engine with a KK&K; turbocharger and a compression ratio of 6.9:1 in order to prevent engine knocking.
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After testing, IMSA altered the balance of performance in all four categories in an attempt to achieve parity within them. The BR01, DeltaWing and Ligiers received ballast increases to affect their handling. The Rileys, Ligiers and Lolas had their turbocharger boost pressures lowered to reduce performances. The Corvette Daytona Prototypes had performance changes.
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The engines are designed to operate at a lower compression ratio, thus lowering the combustion pressure, allowing the use of an aluminium cylinder block that reduces weight."Mitsubishi Reveals New Concept-cX", Mitsubishi Motors Australia press release The 4N13 engine uses a Variable Geometry (VG) turbocharger with a variable vane turbine, which provides optimal boost pressure control for different driving conditions. The 4N14 engine also uses a VG turbocharger plus a Variable Diffuser (VD) that uses both variable geometry vanes in the turbine housing and a compressor with variable vanes in the diffuser passage, further improving combustion efficiency. Within the engine, Mitsubishi used an offset angle crankshaft that reduces friction, therefore noise and vibration, allowing the engine to run smoothly and quietly at all engine speeds.
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Twincharger refers to a compound forced induction system used on some piston- type internal combustion engines. It is a combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and a mechanically driven supercharger, each mitigating the weaknesses of the other. A mechanically driven supercharger offers exceptional response and low-rpm performance as it does not rely on pressurization of the exhaust manifold (assuming that it is a positive-displacement supercharger such as a Roots type or twin-screw and not a Centrifugal compressor supercharger, which does not provide substantial boost in the lower RPM range). A turbocharger sized to move a large volume of air tends to respond slowly to throttle input while a smaller, faster-responding turbo may fail to deliver sufficient volume through an engine's upper RPM range.
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However, turbo and supercharger efficiencies do not multiply. For example, if a turbocharger with an efficiency of 70% blew on a Roots blower with an efficiency of 60%, the total compression efficiency would be somewhere in between. To calculate this efficiency, it is necessary to do the calculations of the 2 stages, first calculate the conditions of pressure and temperature at the exit of the first stage and starting from these to do the calculations for the second stage. Following the previous example, for a first stage of the turbocharger (efficiency of 70%, pressure ratio of 1.7) the temperature would reach the after the first stage, to then enter the roots (efficiency of 60%) and leave at a temperature of .
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A number of higher horsepower 40 Series locomotives have been rebuilt into the equivalent of a GP38-2, by removal of the turbocharger and the substitution of twin Roots blowers. CSX and Norfolk Southern have both started replacing cabs on the aging locomotives. NS still calls them GP38-2 while CSX calls them GP38-3.
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Neither did they resemble GP9s, at least not from the frame up. On the inside, the unit married the technology of two generations, with a rebuilt 16-567C engine crankcase with 645 power assemblies. An EMD turbocharger was applied in place of the normal Roots blower, but it did not have a clutch assembly.
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The samples collected are used to study the population and health of various species of ocean life. Alfred Needler experienced an engine room fire on 30 August 2003. There were no casualties although the ship sustained $1.3 million in damage. The cause of the fire was an oil leak in an incorrectly repaired turbocharger.
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Four positions remained open on the final day of time trials. Gordon Johncock was the first driver to complete an attempt, and took a run of 213.812 mph. A few minutes later, Willy T. Ribbs' car started smoking and spewing oil, and suffered a turbocharger failure. Yet another engine-related headache for the team.
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Shortly after the halfway point, Danny Sullivan got a radio call from his crew, but he misunderstood the message. He thought they said there were only 12 laps to go. In reality, there were still over 80 laps remaining. Sullivan quickly turned up the turbocharger boost, and started closing in on Andretti for the lead.
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A HPI version with of torque and a HPT version with of torque were available. The extra horsepower of the HPT version comes from a variable geometry turbocharger. Both engines met Euro IV emissions standards. The Massif is fitted with a 6-speed ZF 6S400 overdrive manual gearbox with high and low range ratios.
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The pistons are forged and came from Mahle in Germany, and a Japanese turbocharger was sourced from IHI. The camshafts were designed by Florida-based Crane but were constructed by Maserati in Modena. The rods are forged Casar units and use a unique rod bearing size. The crankshaft is also forged and weighs 53 pounds.
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The main reasons for this was its reliability, excellent cab, strong features and powerful engine the latter sometimes receiving dealer fitted turbocharger kits to boost the 399's power to the 100/105 horsepower mark, giving the farmer a lightweight, yet powerful tractor for field work where a larger tractor might damage the crop.
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Interior quality as well as the dashboard were improved and made more ergonomic. The front suspension was modified and a new liquid sealed cab mount improved ride quality. The wheelbase was the longest in its class at . Changes to the engine line up included the addition of a turbocharger to the 4.1-litre diesel engine.
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Turbocharger kits are a popular choice for the K11 and K12s. The insurance company Folksam rated it as a dangerous car in the event of a crash for the models produced between 1988 and 1995. However, safety specification has improved with successive models. The Micra's Euro NCAP ratings are two stars for the K11 and four for the K12.
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These technologies include high compression ratio gasoline engines (13.0 to 1), reduced compression diesel engines (14.0 to 1) with new 2-stage turbocharger design, highly efficient automatic transmissions, lighter weight manual transmissions, lightweight body designs and electric power steering. It is also possible to combine these technologies with a hybrid drivetrain for even greater fuel economy.
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So the system was now like a combination of a mechanical supercharger, and a turbocharger without any need for bypass. The result was smaller and considerably simpler: a single engine driving a single propeller. Overall about was taken off the weight. The wet liners of the cylinders of the Nomad I were changed for dry liners.
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Changes to the turbocharged B engine included reducing the compression ratio to 7.5:1 with special pistons, and adding sodium-filled exhaust valves, a revised camshaft, an oil cooler and a Garrett AiResearch T3 turbocharger with oil-cooled bearings and the above- mentioned external wastegate. The turbocharged B engine was used in both the 99 and early 900 models.
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Rews also modified the rear suspension geometry to add toe-in to improve the car's handling. 19 cars received turbocharger upgrades from Rews' Rooster Turbos company. Attempts to convince AC to offer the turbo conversion as a factory option were unsuccessful. A road test of another turbo conversion in December 1983 shows that the Rooster Turbo conversion had evolved.
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Engenco was founded as Global Turbocharger Specialists Australia by Michael Coote in 1989 providing diesel engine spare parts. It was renamed GTSA Engineering and later Coote Industrial.Annual Report 30 June 2008 Coote Industrial In December 2006 Coote Industrial was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.Engenco Limited (EGN) Australian Stock Exchange In November 2010 Coote Industrial was renamed Engenco.
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The 1981-1994 Maserati Biturbo was the first production car to use twin-turbochargers. The Biturbo used a 90-degree SOHC V6 engine with one turbocharger per cylinder bank. Parallel configurations have also been used on engines with more than two turbochargers. One example is the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110, which uses four turbochargers on its V12 engine.
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Giannini Seicento German tuner Novitec created a special edition of the Fiat Seicento, adding a turbocharger and six speed gearbox to the little car. The German tuner is able to extract from the 1,108 cc FIRE engine. Other tuners include the venerable Giannini company, who produced an aggressive bodykit and also considered installing a 1.6 litre engine.
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The RW-133 was developed in 1979 as an all-new piston engine for amateur-built aircraft, including a new crankcase oil system. The helicopter version features a dry sump oil system and a turbocharger option increasing power to . All components of the engine are cast and manufactured at RotorWay Foundries, except the Mallory Ignition and Dell'Orto carburetor.
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The Japanese version was slightly more powerful, producing and due to better intake manifold design and its ability to run 100 octane fuel. For the special rally homologation BFMR Familia GT-Ae model released in 1987, power and torque were raised to and respectively through the use of a slightly different turbocharger; engine internals remained otherwise identical.
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The BorgWarner developed turbo can produce up to of boost thanks in part to its unique dual volute turbine housing and an electrically actuated wastegate. Instead of two side-by-side exhaust passages like on a regular twin-scroll turbocharger, in this design the two exhaust passages are concentric and allow for better use of the exhaust pulse energy.
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The effect is to produce an engine with a variable compression ratio. As inlet manifold pressure goes up (because of the action of the turbocharger) the effective compression ratio in the cylinder goes down (because of the increased lift of the CCV) and vice versa. This "will insure proper starting and ignition of the fuel at light loads".
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The TSi and TSi AWD models used the same engine but added an intercooled Mitsubishi 14b turbocharger producing 11.06 psi of peak boost from the factory, resulting in on TSi AWD models. The front-drive TSi produced only 190 hp due to a more restrictive exhaust system, and the automatics produced due to a 13g turbo.
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Another chain drives the oil pump from the crankshaft. All engines have a turbocharger and all engines with more than power also have an intercooler. In 1997 the OM 668 was the smallest diesel engine by Mercedes-Benz. There are no mechanical differences between the engines, except from the engine, which does not have an intercooler.
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An exhaust brake works by causing a restriction in the exhaust, much like the intake throttle causes in a gasoline engine. In simple terms, it works by increasing the back-pressure of the exhaust. Nearly all of these brakes are butterfly valves similar to a throttle valve, mounted downstream of the turbocharger if there is one.
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In August 2013, UAZ started the production of a renewed Patriot with a new transfer case Dymos featuring electronic control. A facelifted UAZ Patriot debuted in 2014: the SUV got new bumpers, headlights, seats, an optional multimedia system with navigation and a rear back-up camera, some chassis improvements, and a new turbocharger for the diesel engine.
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One year later, Cooper acquired Enterprise Engine after market services business. In 1999, the rotating compressor business was sold to Rolls-Royce and Cooper Energy Services merged with Nickles Industrial Manufacturing and purchased Elliot Turbocharger Group, Inc. In 2001, Cooper Energy Services and Cooper Turbocompresor combined to form Cooper Compression, which was later named Compression Systems in 2005.
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Two commonly used forced-induction compressors are turbochargers and superchargers. A turbocharger is a centripetal compressor driven by the flow of exhaust gases. Superchargers use various different types of compressors but are all powered directly by the rotation of the engine, usually through a belt drive. The compressor can be centrifugal or a Roots-type for positive displacement compression.
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Andretti complained he could not get to the proper level of turbocharger boost due a possibly malfunctioning pop-off valve, but USAC took no action. Tom Sneva had an impressive first lap of 223.176 mph, but blew his engine before the run was completed. At the end of the day, the field was filled to 26 cars.
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This was due in part to the fact that after the series changed from bias-ply tires to radials, the left-front tire (which at the time was seldom changed) would now be changed much more frequently. For 1988, turbocharger "boost" pressure was reduced from 47 to 45 inHG. Stock-block engines were permitted 55 inHG.
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A. J. Foyt was forced to play catch-up from the onset, but was running fast laps in the 180 mph range. His day was short, however, as he blew the turbocharger. After several lengthy pit stops, Foyt dropped out of the race. Among the early outs were Peter Revson (started 2nd) and Johnny Rutherford (started 8th).
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The heads of the exhaust valves as well as the turbine wheel of its Rajay turbocharger for the Corvair Spyder turbo engine were made of Nimonic 80A.. Most Saab cars with high output turbos use exhaust valves made of Nimonic 80A as well. Nimonic 75 has been certified by the European Union as a standard creep reference material.
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The Turbo-back (or turbo back) is the part of the exhaust system from the outlet of a turbocharger to the final vent to open air. Turbo-back systems are generally produced as aftermarket performance systems for cars with turbochargers. Some turbo-back (and header-back) systems replace stock catalytic converters with others having less flow restriction.
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The BMW N55 is a turbocharged straight-six petrol engine that began production in 2009. The N55 replaced the BMW N54 engine and was introduced in the F07 5 Series Gran Turismo. The N55 was BMW's first straight-six engine to use a twin-scroll turbocharger. It also won three straight Ward's 10 Best Engines awards in 2011-2013.
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The powerpack is similar to the M113A1, except for a larger radiator capacity and turbocharger. The transmission is also fitted with heavy duty components from the M548 tracked cargo carrier. Immediately to the left of the engine is the driver, above whom is a hatch that opens to the right. The driver has four M27 day periscopes.
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By the early 1960s, Scania-Vabis’ trucks had grown so large they were no longer fit for urban distribution duty. Therefore, in the autumn of 1964 the company presented a smaller model called L36. It had a four-cylinder engine that was also offered with turbocharger. The short engine allowed for the cab to be mounted unusually far forward.
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The air then moves through the car instead of over the top. There are numerous ducts inside the high bodywork, one for brake cooling, two through the side vents and one for rear gearbox cooling. One air scoop is in place to feed the turbocharger. Two side ducts on the rear of the car are for rear-brake cooling.
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The increased temperature from the higher pressure gives a higher Carnot efficiency. A reduced density of intake air is caused by the loss of atmospheric density seen with elevated altitudes. Thus, a natural use of the turbocharger is with aircraft engines. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes, the pressure of the surrounding air quickly falls off.
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In 1972, Yenko stopped selling modified cars and began publishing a performance parts catalog from cosmetic modification to engine modification. One of his notable products was the ZL-1 engine, which he produced under permission from Chevrolet. In 1981, Yenko made his last modification, the Turbo Z Camaro. He added a turbocharger to 350 in³ (5.7 L) engine.
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The production Giulietta Turbodelta version had and a KKK turbocharger coupled with two double-barrel Weber carburettors. All turbo versions were black with red interior; only 361 were produced. In the same year, the petrol- engined Giulietta 2.0 Ti and the Giulietta Turbodiesel (VM) 1995 cc version with were also introduced, going on sale in early 1983.
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Simple short header pipes bolted onto the engine block heads extend down from the motor and curve upward just before reaching the ground. The exhaust pipes are visible just behind the front wheels of the vehicle. Most of the time, each exhaust port on the heads has its own individual pipe, but in the case of turbocharged engines the four pipes on each side of the engine block converge into one single pipe which then leads into one of the two turbochargers, as Pro Mod engines are almost exclusively charged by one turbocharger on each side of the motor (one turbocharger for each four cylinders), resulting in two exhaust pipes instead of eight. On November 4th 2019, the NHRA announced the inclusion of the 526ci Centrifugal supercharger as well as the 960ci nitrous injected combinations.
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The ICE will work in conjunction with four electric motors: a Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K) coupled to the crankshaft, a Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H) coupled to the turbocharger, and two electric motors at the front axle. The MGU-K and MGU-H are Formula One-style motors responsible for recovering energy and improving efficiency during operation of the car. More specifically, the MGU-K serves to generate electricity during braking, while the MGU-H serves to eliminate turbocharger lag and improve throttle response by keeping the turbine spinning at high speeds. The final two electric motors drive the front wheels to allow for an all-wheel drive drivetrain, and the sum of these four electric motors will contribute effective power to the total power output figure of the Project One.
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The K-car based Mexican Dodge Magnum was a sporty 2-door compact, based on the Dodge Aries coupe body (with blackout 1982–1985 Dodge 400 grille in 1983–1985 and a blackout 1986–1988 Plymouth Caravelle grille in 1986-1988) offered from 1983 to 1988 with available turbocharger ("TurboChrysler" engine) from 1984 on. Four engines were offered for the Mexican Dodge Magnum K, a SOHC I-4 2.2L (K-Trans-4, 1983–86), a turbocharged SOHC I-4 2.2L (1984–86) and two other 2.5L SOHC I-4s, with and without turbocharger (1987–88). When it was introduced, the Mexican Dodge Magnum 400 Turbo was advertised as "Mexico's fastest car" in the TV commercials of the time, and it surely was in 1985, when the "Fox" (1979–84) 5.0L Mexican Ford Mustang was dropped from the catalog of Ford Mexico. The Mexican front-wheel drive Magnum was officially called "Dodge Magnum 400" between 1983 and 1984, as it was a sporty Mexican variation of the American Dodge 400 of the early eighties (without the vinyl roof of the US version and with high output 2.2L engine (available turbocharger from 1984 on), heavy-duty suspension, sporty wheels, tires, dash, steering wheel, console, shifter and seats).
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The IsoBoost system employs a liquid phase turbocharger with maximum flexibility. The device recovers energy in acid gas treatment processes at up to 80 percent efficiency, increasing productivity and profitability and reducing the carbon footprint created during the processes. Energy Transfer partners’ Jackalope plant in Hebronville, Texas, installed IsoBoost in 2008, and the plant’s total maintenance costs have fallen by 67 percent.
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A naturally aspirated two-litre SkyActiv engine in a Mazda 2. A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger. Many sports cars specifically use naturally aspirated engines to avoid turbo lag.
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The V9X V6 diesel engine develops and of torque. Peak torque is achieved from as low as 1,750 rpm to 2,500 rpm, with available from 1,500 rpm. Idle speed is 650 rpm. The engine has a single turbocharger located within the vee of the engine, fed from both banks and is equipped with an intercooler and Bosch Common rail fuel injection.
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September 2003 saw the Life updated with a new 660 cc three-cylinder engine. An optional turbocharger, mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission and optional 4-wheel drive are also available. The safety features were significantly improved and engine emissions were reduced. A triangle window was placed at the mounting point of wing mirrors in the third generation vehicle.
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Despite having more features such as dual airbags, traction control, larger brakes, wheels, tires, and an additional turbocharger, the car was at least lighter than its predecessor. The base model with a manual transmission had a curb weight of . The targa top added of weight while the automatic transmission added . The fourth generation model had a 51:49 (front:rear) weight distribution.
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The transmission is developed with Getrag at Volvo's Koping Transmission Center in Sweden, and the AWD system bought from Haldex Traction of Sweden. The S40/V50 T5 (one of the several variants) features the 2.5 L B5254T3 (later B5254T7) (2521 cc) five- cylinder fuel-injected engine with a light pressure turbocharger. The valvetrain has four valves per cylinder and is a DOHC design.
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Oil and liquids are checked via a front service hatch. The engine is the Mercedes-Benz OM352 A, a water-cooled six-cylinder in-line diesel with turbocharger and integrated compressor, producing 127 kW/172 hp at 2,800 rpm from a displacement of 5,675 cc. Max torque is 540 Nm at 1,600 rpm. Average fuel consumption is about 20 l per 100 km.
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The C38's engine is a 1600cc V6 engine, with a single turbocharger. The Energy Recovery System (ERS) is accumulated into a battery pack and deployed via a 120 kW electric motor. The C38 has an 8-speed gearbox, 6-piston Brembo brake callipers, and carbon- composite discs and pads from Carbon Industries.Sauber Group: Alfa Romeo Racing C38-Ferrari - Sauber Group , accessdate: 14.
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Corvettes have a very characteristic and noticeable exhaust noise. Due to the low and shallow angle of the exhaust pipe from the turbocharger plus very limited space, conventional marine silencers are not used on Corvettes, despite attempts by the latest company. Consequently, the exterior exhaust noise has a noticeable low frequency booming characteristic. This is very apparent from the rear and flybridge decks.
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It is equipped with a 4D56-T 2.5-litre 8-valve intercooled with a variable geometry turbocharger SOHC diesel engine giving a maximum output of 175 bhp and 400Nm of torque. It weighs 2065 kg and gives out a mileage of 12kmpl. In Bangladesh, the Challenger is assembled by state-owned automotive industry Pragoti and sold under the Pajero Sport name.
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The Ferrari version of the engine has a flatplane crankshaft and dry sump lubrication. In order to obtain equal length pipes, the exhaust manifolds are manufactured from multiple welded cast steel pieces; the turbocharger housing uses a similar three-piece construction. The Maserati version has a crossplane crankshaft and wet sump lubrication. Turbine housings and exhaust manifolds are integrated in a single piece.
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As business began to arrive, Callaway formed Callaway Cars, Inc in 1977. Over the years, Callaway developed turbocharger kits for BMW, Volkswagen, Porsche, Audi and Mercedes-Benz. He also developed the HH IndyCar V8 engine and later a twin turbo kit for the Alfa Romeo GTV6. The company would become famous in 1987 when they developed a twin turbo kit for the Corvette.
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The S4 was succeeded in 1994 by the S4 Sport (S4s). The most obvious external change from the S4 was the addition of a rear wing from the Sport 300. The engine was still a 2.2 L 910-series, but with performance-enhancing modifications that included enlarged inlet ports, cylinder head modifications, a re-calibrated ECM and a revised turbocharger.
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Cockpit was moved back to compensate for the heavier nose. Engine modifications required to accept the weapons resulted in serious overheating problems which were never fixed and the aircraft did not advance beyond the prototype stage. ; Yak-3T-57: single Yak-3T with a OKB-16-57 cannon ; Yak-3TK: powered by a VK-107A engine, and fitted with an exhaust turbocharger.
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In 2001, the camshaft and turbocharger were modified slightly. This increased the rated power, but not the torque, due to the weak clutch of the Mercedes-Benz W 168. Without any physical changes to the engine, the power can be increased to only by changing the software of the ECU. This does not decrease the durability of the robust engine.
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The City Turbo shared the 1231 cc (1.2 L) CVCC "ER" engine with its more pedestrian siblings, but the addition of a turbocharger meant that at 5,500 rpm and at 3,000 rpm were available.Inouye, pp. 20, 121Auto Katalog 1985, pp. 232-233 Further changes to the engine included an aluminum/titanium alloy head and a magnesium valve cover to keep the weight down.
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In a two-stroke engine the pressure-drop resulting from the Kadenacy effect assists the flow of a fresh fuel-air mixture charge into the cylinder. However, the Kadenacy effect alone is not sufficient and must be boosted in some way. In small engines this is done by crankcase compression and, in large engines, by the use of a Roots supercharger or turbocharger.
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Foyt came through traffic and passed Rutherford for the lead down the mainstretch. A lap later though, Foyt's car began smoking, and he was issued the black flag due to leaking oil. After two pits stops, Foyt dropped out with a broken turbocharger scavenger pump. Rutherford took over the lead on lap 141, and seemed to have the race in hand.
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On the first day of practice, teammate Dick Simon was shaking the car down, but suffered an oil leak. On the second day, he burned a piston and had a turbocharger fire. Guthrie was unable to take to the track until Monday. Her first foray in the machine was short-lived, as she too burned a piston after only seven laps at speed.
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Fascias and other exterior trim pieces were also revised. The turbocharger now used a more efficient ball bearing center section. This updated version is also known as the kouki (後期, literally "later period") S14, or by enthusiasts as the S14A. It was sold as the second generation 240SX in North America from 1995 to 1998, equipped with the non-turbo KA24DE engine.
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The 903 cc, 45 PS Uno was also available with a turbocharger, as such offering . All of the tuned Giannini models were also modified in terms of appearance, for an overall sportier look. Giannini 126 GP However, Italy's tuning corporations had a hard time in the 1980s. In addition to ever rising costs, companies now made their own sporting models of family cars.
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Thermal barrier ceramic coatings are becoming more common in automotive applications. They are specifically designed to reduce heat loss from engine exhaust system components including exhaust manifolds, turbocharger casings, exhaust headers, downpipes and tailpipes. This process is also known as "exhaust heat management". When used under-bonnet, these have the positive effect of reducing engine bay temperatures, therefore reducing the intake air temperature.
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Although multiple compression stages are needed, axial flow pumps work well with low-density fluids. Centrifugal pumps are far more powerful for high- density fluids but require large diameters for low-density fluids. Turbopumps operate in much the same way as turbocharger units for vehicles: higher fuel pressures allow fuel to be supplied to higher-pressure combustion chambers for higher-performance engines.
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A further improvement led to P.8011, which replaced the supercharger with two smaller turbochargers, driving contra-rotating propellers. This raised the takeoff power to about 2,800 PS (2,059 kW), (some report 2,900 PS (2,133 kW)) and dramatically improved altitude performance. As with most German turbocharger projects, the lack of quality high-temperature alloys meant the project was never able to enter production.
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Janspeed fabricates performance exhausts for a multitude of vehicles and leading car makers. After gaining Tier 1 & 2 supplier status, Janspeed now focuses on larger volume OEM projects. In previous years, Janspeed catered to bespoke orders and designs and supplied individual exhaust parts such as downpipes and manifolds. The company also provided turbocharger applications and conversion kits for many different car makers.
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Turbocharging can increase power output for a given capacity or increase fuel efficiency by allowing a smaller displacement engine. The 'Engine of the year 2011' is an engine used in a Fiat 500 equipped with an MHI turbocharger. This engine lost 10% weight, saving up to 30% in fuel consumption while delivering the same peak horsepower (105) as a 1.4-litre engine.
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The first production turbocharger diesel passenger car was the Garrett-turbocharged Mercedes 300SD introduced in 1978. Today, most automotive diesels are turbocharged, since the use of turbocharging improved efficiency, driveability and performance of diesel engines, greatly increasing their popularity. The Audi R10 with a diesel engine even won the 24 hours race of Le Mans in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
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The engine block weighs approximately , the cylinder head features an overhead camshaft with directly actuated valves. The Multijet second generation features an advanced common-rail system and is available with seven different power outputs. The 8-valve version has , , or and the 16-valve version has , , , or . Except for the 101 PS Multijet, all engines feature a variable-geometry turbocharger.
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"FL" stands for "Forward Control" and "Low-level Cab". The FL6 and the larger FL7 and FL10 appeared in the summer of 1985. In 1986 the smaller FL4 also appeared, with a 4 litre TD41 turbodiesel engine. Beginning in 1995 some of the FL6 models were equipped with the D6A250 engine, which utilized a turbocharger as well as a supercharger.
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But it was also scrapped due to concern over fans' negative reactions. Instead, officials decided to reduce turbocharger boost for the race.Drivers Geared Up To Slow Down In Michigan 500 Despite the numerous serious crashes, no Indy car drivers have ever been killed as a result of crashes at Michigan. In the late 1980s and early 1990, safety upgrades were made the facility.
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Max gained more responsibility within EMD. In 1955, he became the locomotive section engineer. Later, In 1959, he led a team in the development of turbocharger for the EMD 567 engine and was promoted to assistant chief engineer. In 1973, just as the Dash 2 series of diesel- electric locomotives were moving tonnage across the land, Max became the chief engineer.
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The Turbo II model uses a turbocharger with a twin scroll design. The smaller primary chamber is engineered to cancel the turbo lag at low engine speeds. At higher revolutions, the secondary chamber is opened, pumping out 33% more power than the naturally aspirated counterpart. The Turbo II also has an air-to-air intercooler which has a dedicated intake on the hood.
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Al Unser, Sr. made a routine pit stop, but a fire broke out in the turbocharger. He was able to return to the race, but after only one lap, he lost a wheel and hit the wall in turn one. Arnie Knepper and Gary Bettenhausen were also involved. After , defending champion A. J. Foyt was out with a blown engine.
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Variable Geometry Turbomachine technology is used in turbocharger of diesel engines, where the turbo has variable vanes which control the flow of exhaust onto the turbine blades. A Variable Geometry TurbochargerShepher, D.G., Principles of Turbomachinery, Ninth Printing, Macmillan, 1969. has movable vanes which direct the flow of exhaust onto the turbine blades. Actuators are used to adjust the vane angles.
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Due to advancements in turbocharger technology and tightening emission standards, the twin-turbo setup was not used. Turbocharged models, along with the H6 engine, offered Subaru's first 5-speed automatic transmission, featuring SportShift technology licensed from Prodrive, Ltd. The 2005 model year Legacy was offered in 2.5i, 2.5i Limited, 2.5GT, and 2.5GT Limited. All trim levels were available as Sedan and Wagon.
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Steel casting is a specialized form of casting involving various types of steel. Steel castings are used when cast irons cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance.Oberg, p. 1332 Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, turbocharger turbines and engine cylinder blocks.
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A number of GP38s have been rebuilt into the equivalent of a GP38-2. Conversely, a number of higher horsepower 40 Series locomotives have been rebuilt into the equivalent of a GP38-2 (GP38AC), by the removal of the turbocharger and the substitution of twin Roots blowers. In 2007, Norfolk Southern rebuilt a 1969 GP38 into an experimental electric locomotive dubbed the Altoona Works BP4.
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When equipped with the Enstrom Helicopter Corporation turbocharger Kit Number SK-28-121000 or equivalent, these engines are capable of delivering at 3000 rpm and a manifold pressure of 36.5 inches Hg absolute. ;HIO-360-E1BD : at 2900 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.00:1. Same as the HIO-360-E1AD but with a Bendix D4LN-2200 (retard breaker) dual magneto.
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In September 2012, the 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV diesel engine was upgraded with Variable Nozzle Turbocharger (VNT) with intercooler. According to Toyota Motor Philippines, the new model will have improved fuel efficiency and produce additional engine power by 40% and increase torque by 30%. A new feature for the Fortuner 4×4 V fiesel, 4×2 G diesel automatic trim levels was an audio system with GPS.
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Four MultiJet diesel engines are also available: two 1.3 16v units ( and , the latter with a variable geometry turbocharger) and two 1.9 with and , all of them with diesel particulate filter. The 1.9 diesel was replaced with the new 1.6 MultiJet starting the end of 2008. All the engines are Euro IV compliant. In 2007, a new 1.4 16v T-Jet turbocharged petrol engine, , became available.
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BREL dropped traditional locomotive construction methods in favour of an entirely new approach – an innovative modular design. This offered savings on construction and maintenance compared to previous locomotive builds. The load-bearing underframe was fitted with exchangeable modules – number 1 cab, radiator, power unit, turbocharger, electrical equipment and number 2 cab. If required, each module could be easily removed from the underframe and replaced.
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The power that the supercharger consumes is parasitic loss and is usually expressed in kilowatt or horsepower. While the power that the supercharger consumes in comparison to what it generates is small, it is still measurable or calculable. One of the desirable features of a turbocharger over a supercharger is the lower parasitic loss of the former. Drivetrain parasitic losses include both steady state and dynamic loads.
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In 1984, the Mexican Magnum 400 Turbo was the closest thing to an American Dodge Daytona Turbo south of the border. For 1985, the "400" suffix was dropped. For the 1987 season, the turbocharger received an intercooler and the power from the turbo engine changed from 140 to . The K-car based Magnum was replaced by the Mexican Chrysler Shadow GTS for the 1989 model year.
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The first generation Panther pickup truck is available in Standard, Flat Deck and GD 3-Way. The front grille of the first generation Panther pickup truck was facelifted twice, in 2005 and 2009. The headlights were then changed into the crystal multireflector headlights. The first generation Panther pickup truck was rebranded as the Isuzu Pickup and has been given a turbocharger to meet Euro 2 emission standards.
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The Volkswagen D24 engine is a 2.4-litre inline-six-cylinder (R6/I6), naturally aspirated diesel engine, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group from 1978 to 1995.ETKA Subsequent forced induction variants of this engine were also available as the Volkswagen D24T engine with a turbocharger, and a turbo intercooled version, the Volkswagen D24TIC engine. These turbocharged variants resulted in higher power and torque outputs.
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The turbocharger increased power output to for the B21FT, and for the B21ET. boost on the B21FT and boost on the B21ET. Also new for the 1981 model year in Canada (previously introduced in 1979 outside of North America) was the B23, with a displacement of 2.3 litres ( stroke and bore). Aside from the increased bore size, the engine is identical to the B21.
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These parts were connected by a pivot which allowed 4 degrees of movement controlled by a hydraulic actuator. This mechanism allows the distance between the crankshaft centre line and the cylinder crown to be varied. Unlike the Peugeot design, the effective con-rod length is fixed. A supercharger was chosen in preference to a turbocharger to achieve the necessary response time and high boost pressure.
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The 135.14 and the 135.17 were set apart by the installation of a turbocharger. Iveco's 5.5-liter 8060 inline-six engine thus offered either . Smaller trucks, up to the 145, had their headlights mounted in the grille, while larger models had them in the bumper (165 and up). The middle range Iveco 159 and 180 arrived in 1986, replacing the existing Fiat 160 range.
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It was a short-lived lead, as Andretti passed Mears around the outside into the first turn. A lap later Mears regained the lead, using the same move Andretti had. Turning up his turbocharger, he then pulled away to win a fourth Indy 500, making him one of only three individuals to do so. In August 1991, at Michigan, he won his last race.
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An AlliedSignal GT15 turbocharger supplies boosted air. A fully modulated, either air- or water-cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system is incorporated into the intake/exhaust system. All accessories (PAS, aircon, water pump, vacuum pump, alternator) are all driven off a single poly-vee-belt drive with autotensioner. Camshaft and injection pump drives are via two multi-toothed belts with either automatic or manual tensioners.
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The changes included the addition of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, and a variable geometry turbocharger system to improve torque. In September 2004, Detroit Diesel ceased production of the Series 50 heavy duty diesel engine for on highway applications due to emissions standards. It is still available for off-road applications. A replacement was scheduled to take place in 2007, then was pushed back until 2009.
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The crankshaft was cross-drilled for improved strength and cooling. The block was modified to allow an oil feed/drain system to the turbocharger, and the cooling system was improved with an 8-bladed viscous fan and integral oil cooler. The engine was fitted with a high-capacity breather system to cope with the greater volumes of gas flow through the engine.Dymock, 2006, p.
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This version never entered production and 02981 was converted to an F6F-3 production aircraft.Kinzey 1996, p. 32. Another experimental prototype was the XF6F-2 (66244), an F6F-3 converted to use a Wright R-2600-15, fitted with a Birman-manufactured mixed-flow turbocharger, which was later replaced by a Pratt & Whitney R-2800-21, also fitted with a Birman turbocharger.White 2001, pp.
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Kohler Generator Division asked Callaway to increase the power output of a genset by 50%. Most standby generators are housed in rooms that are not easy to resize, yet the demands for standby, emergency, and backup power increase. If the same frame size could potentially produce more power, the economics are clear. Callaway supplied the development, testing, and subsequent production turbocharger systems to Kohler.
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Their construction was a conventional water-cooled vertical inline 6 four-stroke diesel engine of . Most were supercharged by a Roots blower, but there were also variants with a turbocharger or normally aspirated. A later addition to the range was the SF65C model. This was a lower-rated version of the C range 6-cylinder engine and shared many of the advantages of the range's component rationalisation.
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Both Mercedes drivers pulled away from the rest of the field, and Hamilton was six-tenths of a second behind Rosberg by being faster. Vettel's turbocharger restarted on lap six but Red Bull instructed him to retire on the following lap. The stewards investigated the first lap incident between Pérez and Button. An exhaust issue forced Kvyat to retire in the pit lane on lap 11.
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The mHawk diesel engine holds a capacity of 2.2-litres with four cylinders that delivers of power and of torque. The mHawk employs a top-mounted intercooler to improve turbocharger efficiency. The engine is based on the Bosch Common Rail system with solenoid injectors and fuel spray design that improves fuel efficiency. The mHawk is equipped with a two-chain drive stage system and hydraulic lash adjusters.
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Also in 1991, the direct injected diesel engine was equipped with a variable geometry turbocharger ("VNT"). Another facelift was released in June 1993. Production ceased in December 1996, and Fiat abandoned the large family car segment. Because the Bravo/Brava based Fiat Marea small family car debuted at the same time as the Croma's cancellation, it is sometimes argued that the Marea replaced the Croma.
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Bentley Mulsanne Turbo (1984) Launched at the Geneva Motor Show in 1982 and produced until 1985 was the Mulsanne Turbo. There was a 50% increase in power thanks to the Garrett AiResearch turbocharger. There was the usual highly polished walnut veneered fascia, blemish-free leather and carpets and headlining of pure wool for the interior. 498 short wheelbase and 18 long wheelbase Mulsanne Turbos were built.
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Bentley Mulsanne S The Mulsanne S was introduced in 1987. Although this model lacked its turbocharger, many of its other details were similar to the Turbo R, including that car's alloy wheels and interior, and the suspension was firmed up for a more sporting ride. The rectangular headlamps from the 1980s gave way to quad round units for 1989, and the model was produced until 1992.
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Provisions for a reverse-pitch propeller control. ;TIGO-541-D1A :Six-cylinder, turbocharged, fuel-injected, geared, engine, dry weight , AiResearch T-18A21 turbosupercharger, certified 26 June 1969. Similar to the -C1A but with a higher power rating and a different turbocharger with provisions for cabin bleed air. ;TIGO-541-D1B :Six-cylinder, turbocharged, fuel-injected, geared, engine, dry weight , AiResearch T-18A51 turbosupercharger, certified 3 December 1976.
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An unavoidable side-effect of forced induction is that compressing air raises its temperature. As a result, the charge density is reduced and the cylinders receive less air than the system’s boost pressure prescribes. The risk of detonation, or "knock", greatly increases. These drawbacks are countered by charge-air cooling, which passes the air leaving the turbocharger or supercharger through a heat exchanger typically called an intercooler.
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Diesel engines do not have preignition problems because fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke, therefore higher compression is used. Most modern diesel engines use a turbocharger. This is because the exhaust from a diesel is exceptionally strong making it excellent for powering a turbo. The range of engine speed is narrower, allowing for a single turbo to fully power the entire engine range.
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BMW M21 engine used in the 324d and 324td models In 1983 the 324td was unveiled at the IAA, Germany. The M21 engine used a Garrett turbocharger (without an intercooler). The engine has a capacity of and uses mechanical fuel injection. In 1985 BMW introduced the 324d, a naturally aspirated version of the same M21 engine, which was popular in countries with a high motor vehicle tax.
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The Tatra engine is an air-cooled, OHV, currently 12.7 litre 90° V8 120 x 140 mm diesel engine with direct fuel injection. It is turbocharged by one Holset WasteGate turbocharger, and equipped with an intercooler placed directly over the engine. The engine is equipped with a mechanically controlled in-line Bosch injection pump. Its roller crankshaft bolted together from individual segments belongs among unique technical solutions.
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During the month, a second controversy erupted regarding the technical regulations of the turbocharger wastegate. The specifications called for wastegate exhaust pipes to be a minimum of 1.470 inches (inside diameter). The standard pipe diameter was typically 2 inches. In addition, the pop-off valves affixed to the cars were to be set at 50 inHG of "boost" for qualifying (down from 80 inHG).
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From 1989 on, the Four became available with or without a turbocharger. The 2.2 engine was dropped, except for the Turbo II version that was standard equipment on the Chrysler GTS Shelby, the European sibling of the Dodge Lancer Shelby. A five-speed manual gearbox was standard, with a three- speed automatic transmission as an extra cost option. The GTS Shelby came only with the manual transmission.
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From 1961-1963, Oldsmobile manufactured its own version of the Buick-designed, all-aluminum 215 cubic inch V8 engine for the F-85 compact. Known variously as the Rockette, Cutlass, and Turbo-Rocket by Oldsmobile (and as Fireball and Skylark by Buick),Depending on carburetion or use of turbocharger. Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1960-1972 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2004), pp.205 & 246.
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The main generator discharges air into the engine room. The engine crankcase breather is piped to the engine compartment roof, where the engine exhaust also discharges after passing through the turbocharger. The four Type EE549 four-pole traction motors, continuously rated at 300A, 265V, 474rpm, are axle-hung in sleeve bearings and nose suspended by springs. Class H insulation is used for both field and armature windings.
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Although a good idea on paper, there were many problems with fitting a turbo-supercharged V-1710 into the P-40. One of the main problems was the size of the turbocharger, which would not fit in the standard P-40 airframe. On top of that the intended engines were reserved for P-38 production. In May 1942 the project was cancelled without anything being built.
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A new variant of the EF7 family was introduced in 2009 with a turbocharger. It will be initially installed on Soren ELX and Dena is named EF7TC. To resist the high temperature of the engine combustion there will be about 35 kg of nickel used in the cylinder block alloy. In addition, a new lubricant will produce for the engine by the Company, Behran Oil.
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Additionally it does not deteriorate combustion stability significantly. The combustion delay linked to EGR dilution and the necessary adaption of the recirculated gas mass flow to the maximum turbocharger characteristics are typically two limiting parameters of the max. acceptable EGR rate. Therefore, some synergies can be developed when using Water Injection in area of the engine map where EGR is typically not possible (High Load / High Speed).
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YD25DDTi High Power The model description YD25DDTi technically refers to the YD25 engines which use the VP44 rotary electronic injection pump and run injection lines to each cylinder. It is equipped with a variable nozzle turbocharger (Garrett gt2056v). This DDTi engine was last used in the Presage/Bassara and the D22 navara. The common rail versions of this engine are referred to in Europe as DCi.
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The eight PC vehicles had the position of their rear wings adjusted to affect its aerodynamic efficiency. BMW. Ferrari, and Ford had their turbocharger boost pressures cut to lower top speeds. Porsche's and Corvette had fuel tank size increases of . The GTD, Aston Martin, Audi, Dodge and Ferrari all had of weight deducted, as Lamborghini and BMW received ballast increases of the same amount.
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The O371RS was marketed between the 1980s and early 1990s as O370RS. It featured a Mercedes-Benz OM355/6A turbocharger aspirated engine with output of 291 hp. The gearbox coupled to the engine was the ZF S6-90, and has pneumatic suspension. The O371RS chassis was used in the O371RS model production, by Mercedes-Benz do Brasil and others like Busscar or Nielson, Marcopolo S.A.
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M160 engines are rear mounted and mated to a 6-speed automatic or semi-automatic transmission. They are branded under the Suprex name. It was launched in 1998 with a single overhead camshaft, 2 valves per cylinder, a three-way catalytic converter, and a Garrett GT12 turbocharger. From 2003, it was succeeded by a 0.7 L version featuring an increased bore and stroke and performance improvements.
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Following qualifying the ACO altered the balance of performance in the LMGTE Pro category, adding of ballast and lowering turbocharger boost pressure in the Ford GT and adding of ballast to the Ferrari 488s to lower their performance. Similarly, Aston Martin and Corvette received an increase in performance by allowing a larger air restrictor on the air intake of their engines. Porsche had no performance changes.
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It develops , with an extra available from a driver operated 'push-to-pass' turbo boost button. Based entirely on road-car production engines and prepared and built by Mountune Racing, it only differs by utilising a Pi Research Pectel electronic fuel injection and a water-cooled Garrett T34 turbocharger with closed-loop boost control. Furthermore, an even higher 'step up' version of this engine is used in the later European-based FIA Formula Two Championship. Developed as a pure race engine and again built by Mountune Racing, this variant includes many all-new lightweight components, and has been converted to a dry sump lubrication system. For its initial 2009 season, it produced a continuous maximum power of at 8,250 revolutions per minute (rpm), and includes a limited duration 'overboost' to , aided by an all-new Garrett GT35 turbocharger and a Pi Research Pectel MQ12 ECU.
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Porsche 968 Turbo RS. Between 1992 and 1994, Porsche Motorsports Research and Development built and provided a full "Race" version (stripped out 968 Turbo S) for Porsche's customer race teams. The 968 Turbo RS was available in two variations; a version using the K27 turbocharger from the Turbo S, which was built to the German ADAC GT specification (ballast added to bring the car up to the 1,350 kg minimum weight limit), and an international spec version which used a KKK L41 turbocharger with the engine rated at and a reduced weight of 1,212 kg (2672 lbs). The interior of the Turbo RS features a single racing bucket seat with six point harness along with a welded in roll cage required for it to be eligible. Other modifications included a modified 6-speed manual transmission having altered gear ratios and a racing clutch along with racing suspension.
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Changes from 2013 R18 e-tron quattro include the introduction of blue laser beam backlights with a yellow phosphor crystal lens complementing the LED headlights, a revised V6 TDI engine with an electric turbocharger, upgrades to the flywheel accumulator system and an exhaust heat recovery system. The system captures the thermal energy from the exhaust and can add power to either the turbocharger or the flywheel accumulator system. Audi later opted not to race with the second Energy Retrieval System, which is known as a Motor Generator Unit-Heat [MGU-H] in F1, because it did not result in the performance gain engineers had hoped for and was therefore considered an unnecessary risk to take. The aerodynamics have been heavily revised in accordance with the new rules: the width is reduced by 10 cm, the height is increased by 20 mm and there is a new set of front wings.
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The No. 5 Toyota TS050 Hybrid had a mechanical failure in the final six minutes that stopped the Japanese manufacturer from taking its first Le Mans victory. With six minutes remaining Nakajima's No. 5 Toyota was ahead of Jani's No. 2 Porsche by 70 seconds and looked set to claim the manufacturer's first overall Le Mans victory. But Nakajima slowed to less than on the Mulsanne Straight due to a failure of the connector line linking the turbocharger and the intercooler, reducing power and causing a sudden loss of control over the turbocharger. Nakajima slowed even more two minutes later, and stopped the No. 5 Toyota after the start/finish line as the car's power gave out entirely. Jani overcame the gap and overtook Nakajima seconds later to take the chequered flag for the No. 2 Porsche and the marque's 18th overall victory at Le Mans.
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The specification was issued in August 1934, but no further information is known. ;M-34NV :NV for Neposredstvenniy Vprysk or fuel-injected. It passed its bench tests in 1935 and was flight-tested in 1937, but was not accepted for production. Rated at . ;M-34RNV :Geared version similar to the NV. ;AM-34RNV-TK :Prototype built in 1938, similar to the RNV with the addition of a TK-1 turbocharger.
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By adding a forced aspiration device (turbocharger or supercharger) and direct injection technology, they provide a powerful engine with similar performance to a much larger engine, but with much improved efficiency and reduced carbon emissions. A smaller engine is also often lighter, so less overall energy is expended while driving. Reducing the number of cylinders also reduces the amount of friction in the engine, increasing the efficiency.Kirwan, John E., et al.
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The 1989 season saw a host of regulation changes, the major of which was ending the turbocharger era in Formula 1. A new, naturally aspirated 3.5 litre engine were to be used. Despite Ferrari winning the 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix, McLaren-Honda continued their previous season form. Both Senna and Prost traded wins throughout the season, with the Ferrari's on some occasions managing to challenge the powerful V10 McLarens.
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O'Neill's husband Virgilio Leret designed a continuous-reaction turbocharger engine. This invention was patented in the Industrial Property Register of Madrid on 28 March 1935, with the number 137,729. The president of the republic, Manuel Azaña, named Leret a professor at the Four Winds School of Mechanics and commissioned Hispano-Suiza Aviation to construct a prototype in September 1936. Leret did not become a teacher and the prototype was not built.
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The EMD GT22 Series were first introduced in 1972 after the rise in popularity of six axle locomotives. The GT series now carried a turbocharger that increased the horsepower depending on customer input. The GT series also utilized six axle HTC Trucks, which allowed the locomotive to haul heavier loads at slower speeds with minimal wheelslip. The GT22C series also gave itself various individual designations depending on customer input.
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The 208's engine was given a single KKK K26 turbocharger with wastegate valve, Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection and Marelli electronic ignition. The turbocharging system's design was heavily influenced by the contemporary Ferrari 126C2 Formula One car. Forced induction increased power to at 7000 rpm, while torque output increased by 18%. The 208 Turbo was claimed to accelerate from 0- in 6.6 seconds, with a top speed of 150 mph.
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The B47 engine is part of the modular family of engines, along with the B38, B48, and B58. The B47 complies with the Euro 6 emissions standard, and features a dual overhead camshaft with 4 valves per cylinder and a single turbocharger; while and engines feature twin-turbochargers. In November 2017, a technical update (codenamed B47TÜ1) added AdBlue injection and higher injection pressures. Twin turbo for both 318d and 320d.
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Their belief in the powerplant paid off when Brayton won his first Indy 500 pole position in 1995, at an average speed of . Turbocharger boost and pop-off valve problems relegated him to a 17th-place finish. Brayton was prepared to make his NASCAR debut at the 1995 Brickyard 400. However, he crashed his car during a private test session, and suffered a broken ankle and a concussion.
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The Mercedes-Benz OM648 engine is a 3.2 Litre, straight-6 4 valves per cylinder, cast iron block diesel engine manufactured by the Mercedes-Benz division of Daimler AG as a replacement for the previous Mercedes-Benz inline-5 and -6 engines. The engine features common rail fuel injection and a variable nozzle turbocharger. The injection system operates at . Power output is @ 4200 rpm and of torque from 1,800-2,600 rpm.
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Porsche 911 Carrera 3.0 Porsche 911 Carrera 3.0 For the 1976 model year, Porsche introduced the Carrera 3.0 with wide rear flares, optional whaletail, and a variety of other luxury options. It was available in all markets except North America. The Carrera 3.0 was fitted with a variation of the 930 Turbo's 2994 cc engine (minus the turbocharger). The engine (dubbed the 930/02) featured K-Jetronic CIS.
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For four-cylinder engines and straight-six engines, both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold. The aim of using parallel twin-turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine. On engines with multiple cylinder banks (e.g. V engines and flat engines) use of parallel twin-turbos can also simplify the exhaust system.
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Additional separate belts are sometimes used where dry sump pumps have been added to engines during tuning. Electric oil pumps are not used, again for reliability. Some 'turbo timer' electric auxiliary oil pumps are sometimes fitted to turbocharged engines. These are a second oil pump that continues to run after the engine has stopped, providing cooling oil to the hot bearings of a turbocharger for some minutes, whilst it cools down.
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Projected performance was to be 1,800 to 2,200 hp (1350-1640 kW), with a turbocharger to secure high-altitude performance. The designation came from the intended power rating rather than the more usual cubic inch engine displacement figure.Gunston 2000 The target date for series production was 1942. In 1940, however, performance on the test bench did not continue to improve, demonstrating a need for considerable additional development effort.
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This is the turbocharged version of the 4G12, uses a TC-04 turbocharger from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The diameter of the blades in this charger is rather small, at 49 mm, and it spins at 90,000 rpm to provide of boost. This increased power and torque by about 30 and 25 percent respectively. The Japanese-specification version of this engine produces at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 3,000 rpm.
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Designed by Luigi Colani in 1989, the Testa d'Oro was designed to break land speed records at the salt flats. It was based on a Testarossa with a turbocharged flat-12 engine featuring a 5.0 L Ferrari-Lotec turbocharger. The engine had a power output of at 6,400 rpm and of torque at 5,000 rpm. It successfully broke the record in its class in 1991, reaching with catalytic converters fitted.
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The first turbocharged engine in motorsport was the Kurtis Kraft-Cummins Diesel driven by Fred Agabashian. He competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500, qualifying on pole. However the turbo failed on lap 71 out of 200. Another one of the first uses of turbocharging in motorsport was a turbocharged version of the Offenhauser V8 engine, which first competed at the 1966 Indianapolis 500 and used a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger.
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1993 GMC Typhoon engine In 1991 GMC introduced the GMC Syclone limited edition truck that used a turbocharged V6. This engine used a Mitsubishi TD06-17C turbocharger, Garrett Water/Air intercooler and electronic multi-point fuel injection. Although GM made these modifications to the engine, it was still referred to with the RPO LB4 code. The majority of the naturally aspirated LB4's long-block was shared with the turbo version.
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However, the RWD Nissan Silvia produced from 1988 was built with a longitudinally aligned SR20DET. The engine was used in the Nissan Avenir in 1995, the Nissan R'nessa in 1997, and the Nissan Liberty in 1999. Out of all the Nissan models produced with the SR20DET, the Silvia was the longest-running model to use it. The S14 and S15 use a bigger turbocharger than the S13 models.
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Olsthoorn, Ronnie. "Fw 190 V18/U1." hobbyvista.com. Retrieved: 23 August 2010. This "pouch" led to the "Känguruh" (Kangaroo) nickname for these models. V18 was later modified to the V18/U1, with a "downgraded" 603A engine, but a new DVL turbocharger that improved power to 1,600 PS at an altitude of 10,700 m (35,105 ft). Four additional prototypes based on the V18/U1 followed: V29, V30, V32 and V33.
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The inline four- cylinder engines were transversely mounted. The Audi A3 was the eighth model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder. The United Kingdom market first received the Audi A3 in November 1996. In 1999 Audi expanded the range with the introduction of more powerful versions: a 1.8 turbo rated , and a 1.9 TDI diesel engine with unit injector "Pumpe Düse" (PD) technology and variable geometry turbocharger.
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In Europe, a diesel model was also available also from 2007 to September 2010. This was a 2.0-liter PD-TDI engine sourced from Volkswagen, with engine code BWC. From September 2010, it was also available with Mitsubishi's own 1.8-liter 4N1 engine. This engine has an aluminium cylinder block, four valves per cylinder and a common rail injection system with variable geometry turbocharger and variable valve timing.
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At the 2010 Tokyo Motor Show, Toyota launched its G Sports line of aftermarket accessories, along with the FT-86 G Sports concept car. It featured G Sports carbon fibre panels, a vented bonnet, rear wing, wheels, Recaro race seats, and an interior rollcage. The D-4S engine also added a turbocharger. In 2011, Toyota and Subaru unveiled five near-production concept cars to show their progress with the project.
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Grosjean's tyre was punctured from contact by Sutil and both drivers made pit stops. Swift work from the marshals allowed the safety car to be withdrawn at the end of the third lap and Rosberg led. A mechanical problem stopped Vettel's turbocharger and the rest of the field overtook him. He made a pit stop and emerged among the leaders and complained he was stuck in first gear.
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The N62B44's output is increased by means of a centrifugal supercharger. The supercharger is made by the company ASA, and is also called "Turbessor" because it is able to combine the advantages of turbocharger and supercharger. At low speeds, it spontaneously responds as a conventional displacement compressor, but it can also immediately provide the thrust of a turbo. It also reaches speeds of more than 100,000 revolutions per minute.
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The 260 was also available as the Turbo Comanche C with a Rajay turbocharger and was introduced in 1970.Taylor, John WR, editor: Jane's Light Aircraft, page 165. Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. Production of the Comanche ended in 1972 when torrential rains from Hurricane Agnes caused the great Susquehanna River flood of 1972, flooding the manufacturing plant and destroying airframes, parts, and much of the tooling necessary for production.
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The Buicks' day came to an end on lap 19 when Scott Brayton stopped on the track with a blown engine from a cracked cylinder wall. After keeping a close margin to Andretti, Bobby Rahal went to the pits on lap 52 with a turbocharger wastegate problem. After several long pit stops, Rahal eventually dropped out with 84 laps. Mario Andretti continued to dominate, with Danny Sullivan now in second.
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Initially, the stock blocks were required to have some production-based parts. However, in 1991, USAC quietly lifted the requirement, and purpose-built pushrod engines were permitted to be designed for racing from the ground up. Attempting to create an equivalency formula, both pushrod engine formats were allowed increased displacement of instead of , and increased turbocharger boost of 55 inHG instead of 45 (1860 hPa instead of 1520).
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While more expensive to maintain than Roots blowers, the turbocharger significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions, while improving high-altitude performance. Additionally, EMD's turbo-compressor can provide a 50 percent increase in maximum rated horsepower over Roots-blown engines for the same engine displacement. Output for naturally aspirated engines (including Roots-blown two-stroke engines) is usually derated 2.5 percent per above mean sea level. Turbocharging effectively eliminates this derating.
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His car featured a controversial "king sized" turbocharger, which some competitors complained was too large to be controlled by the standard issue pop-off valves. Ultimately, Dallenbach's blower was deemed legal, but USAC ruled that the team had to use the same turbo in the race. They would not be allowed to swap it out for the more fuel-conservative smaller turbo on race day. At 12:25 p.m.
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Tony Hulman, owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, at the 1975 race. For the second year in a row, turbocharger "boost" levels were set at 80 inHG maximum. Once again, top speeds would be in the low to mid-190 mph range, and would not challenge the track record. On Thursday May 8, Gordon Johncock showed himself as a favorite for the pole, completing a practice lap at 195.228 mph.
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The block design incorporates turbocharger pressure feed lines in the front of the valley and oil dump ports in the side of the block to return oil to the sump. In addition to the solid block, a waterjacketed version was also designed to provide better cooling options for street or endurance purposes. Noonan also has developed intake manifolds for the LS; specifically for turbocharging or twin turbo charging or supercharging.
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Cosmetic updates included new rear lights, headlights, door handles, and another minor exterior/interior changes. In mid-1998, the 1.8 20vT engine available outside Europe had its power output raised to . The previous KKK K03 turbocharger, although fundamentally unchanged, received revisions on the turbine side to prevent cracking due to heat. The 12-valve V6 was replaced by the 30-valve unit which had been available in Europe for two years.
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Webber drove straight at the Bus Stop chicane, spun, and drove into the pit lane. Stefan Mücke, who was affected by turbocharger issues, lost control of the No. 66 Ford after his left-rear tyre burst, and narrowly avoided going airborne. He made heavy contact with the left-hand side barriers at Raidillon, heavily damaging the front-end and removing both of the car's doors, littering debris on the circuit.
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The Geo Storm was a rebadged version of the sporty, second generation Isuzu Impulse minus some of that car's more expensive features. The Storm was sold in Japan as the Gemini Coupé and also as the PA Nero through the Yanase dealerships.History of the Gemini series of cars from Isuzu. The Storm lacked the Impulse's Lotus-tuned suspension as well as the Impulse's optional turbocharger and all-wheel drive drivetrain.
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The 1.9-litre engine from the Prisma diesel received a KKK turbocharger with wastegate valve, an intercooler and an oil cooler; its gearbox was the same ZF 5-speed unit used on the Delta HF turbo. Power was 80 PS and torque . The turbo diesel Prisma adopted disk brakes, wheels and tyres from the top-of-the-range 1600 as well as similarly rich equipment, and added standard power steering.
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Introduced in 1996, the Rotax 914 is a turbocharged development of the Rotax 912. The Rotax 914 has a turbocharger with an automatic wastegate controller and dual carburettors. It features dual capacitor discharge ignition, liquid-cooled cylinder heads and air-cooled cylinder barrels, an electric starter, a built in propeller reduction gearbox, dry sump forced oil lubrication and has a separate oil tank. It has hydraulic valves that include automatic adjustment.
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There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an exhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade.
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Air density decreases with altitude, thus lowering drag, assuming the aircraft maintains a constant equivalent airspeed. This means an aircraft may be more efficient at higher altitude. With increasing altitude, air pressure and temperature both decrease, causing the maximum power or thrust of aircraft engines to reduce. In a piston engine, this trend towards a decline in maximum power can be mitigated by the installation of a turbocharger.
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In general, the transmission will hold up better if the boost comes in later so it is not a sudden surge of power. Wheel hop is a killer of transmissions and axles, creating excessive stress as the wheels load and unload. 3.61 final drive is used on Saab 9000 2,3l engines with turbocharger, other final drive rations used on early cars is 4,21, 4,05, 3,82 and 4,45 (non turbo).
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The term turbo-diesel, also written as turbodiesel and turbo diesel, refers to any diesel engine equipped with a turbocharger. As with other engine types, turbocharging a diesel engine can significantly increase its efficiency and power output. Turbocharging of diesel engines began in the 1920s with large marine and stationary engines. Trucks became available with turbo-diesel engines in the mid-1950s, followed by passenger cars in the late-1970s.
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In engines such as the K20A2 found in the Acura RSX Type-S, the VTEC system operates on both the intake and exhaust valves, allowing both to benefit from multiple cam profiles. A modified K20C engine is used in motorsport, as the Sports Car Club of America Formula 3 and 4 series that run in North America both use a K20C engine, with the Formula 4 engine not having a turbocharger.
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The SC12 Turbo was Alfa's first twin turbocharged 12 cylinder engine and it was introduced around the same time as Renault's Formula One turbo engine. In the Alfa Romeo engine each bank was fed with its own turbocharger; that feature was adopted by many racecar makers in the following years. The flat-12 engine was later used on Brabham-Alfa BT45, BT46 and Alfa Romeo 177 F1 cars.
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Water-cooled models use engine coolant to keep lubricating oil cooler, avoiding possible oil coking (destructive distillation of engine oil) from the extreme heat in the turbine. The development of air-foil bearings removed this risk. Ball bearings designed to support high speeds and temperatures are sometimes used instead of fluid bearings to support the turbine shaft. This helps the turbocharger accelerate more quickly and reduces turbo lag.
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Illustration of inter-cooler location. When the pressure of the engine's intake air is increased, its temperature also increases. This occurrence can be explained through Gay-Lussac's law, stating that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. With more pressure being added to the engine through the turbocharger, overall temperatures of the engine will also rise.
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The RS uses a turbocharged 2.0-litre petrol engine that produces , allowing the car to achieve 0–100 km/h in 6.5 seconds (0–60 mph in 6.5 seconds), with a top speed of about . Ninety percent of the engine's torque is available from 2,000 rpm until redline. A twin- scroll turbocharger minimizes turbo lag, especially when throttle is applied at over 2,000 rpm. The turbocharge functions at 1,800 rpm.
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All design, development and manufacturing for the Bentley was done by the English outfit, Racing Technology Norfolk (RTN), located in Norfolk, United Kingdom. Chief designer was Peter Elleray. Operations for the car were handled by Audi Sport UK, operating under the title of Team Bentley. The engine from the Audi R8, a 3.6 litre V8 with (Honeywell Turbo Technologies) turbocharger, was used as the initial powerplant in 2001.
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These two variants differ only in electronic tune, and have a single turbocharger. In the summer of 2017 the engine, together with OM642, is under investigation whether for the engine operated in a laboratory emissions testing, a different amount of diesel exhaust fluid is used illegally, other than in real world operating scenarios.Abgas-Skandal: KBA findet angeblich deutliche Hinweise auf illegale Abschalteinrichtungen in Mercedes-Dieselautos, heise, 2017-07-14 (in German).
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YD22DDTi (Common Rail) The YD22DDTi was a commonrail diesel introduced in 2001, during the first small facelift of the P12 Primera, N16 Almera and V10 Almera Tino. It is also fitted to the Nissan X-trail. The injection system is commonrail with a variable vane turbocharger is intercooled and produces the most power and torque of all the YD22 engines. Cars with this commonrail engine usually carry the DDTI badge.
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Seven kilometres into the 18th stage, Toivonen's S4 flew off the unguarded edge of a tightening left hand bend and plunged down a steep wooded hillside. The car landed inverted with the fuel tanks ruptured by the impact. The combination of red hot turbocharger, Kevlar bodywork, and ruptured fuel tank ignited the car and set fire to the dry undergrowth. Toivonen and co-driver Sergio Cresto died in their seats.
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For Ford Fiesta and some Ford Escort (Europe) (typically commercial and base model applications) the Endura-DE engine was a normally aspirated engine producing . The naturally aspirated engine was also offered in the Indian Ford Ikon from 2003 to 2008. However, for other Ford Escort (Europe) the Endura-DE also featured a turbocharger producing and some models and the Ford Mondeo also had an intercooler and these produced .
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This year also saw the Banks twin- turbo powered S-1 Express take an APBA world championship. 1984: A street- legal Pontiac Trans Am with 700-hp and a Banks turbo breaks the 200 mph barrier and becomes a cover story for Car & Driver magazine. 1987: A Banks Power twin-turbo, 1800-hp Pontiac GTA sets a new "World's Fastest Passenger Car" speed record at Bonneville Salt Flats at 277 mph as certified by the Southern California Timing Association. This record stood for the next ten years. 1988: Banks turbocharger systems become a GM dealer-specified option. 1992: A Banks Power-developed twin air intake and intercooler system results in a claimed 80-hp improvement on the factory-turbocharged Dodge Cummins engine. 1993: The Banks "Sidewinder" aftermarket turbocharger is introduced. Tests show that turbo-lag times decrease and throttle response improves when compared with factory turbochargers. 1994: Banks begins offering intercoolers to improve the performance of the Ford Power Stroke diesel.
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Audi introduced the original Quattro to European customers in late 1980, featuring Audi's quattro permanent four-wheel drive system, and the first to mate the front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout with a turbocharged engine. The original engine was the , longitudinally- mounted inline-5-cylinder 10 valve SOHC, with a turbocharger and intercooler. It generated and torque of at 3,500 rpm, propelling the Quattro from 0 to in 7.1 seconds, and on to a top speed of over . The displacement of the engine was dropped slightly from 2144 cc to 2133 cc with a bore x stroke of for the Rally car so that Audi could satisfy the 3-litre rallying class with a 1.4 times multiplication factor. Valvetrain was DOHC 4 valves per cylinder (20 valves in total) with an oil cooled KKK K27 turbocharger at and Air-to-Air - Längerer & Reich intercooler fed by Bosch LH-Jetronic fuel injection, generating at 6,700 rpm and of torque at 3,700 rpm.
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This comes at a cost, however, with Hyundai ditching the variable geometry turbocharger from the engine in favour of a less-potent waste gate set-up, resulting in substantially lower power and torque outputs than before. The new engine/manual gearbox combination will produce official figures of 100 kW and 343Nm, down from 125 kW/392Nm, although the new model hits its peak torque earlier, arriving from a low 1500 rpm. Five-speed automatic versions of the iLoad diesel get a substantial hike in torque output, with the engine retaining the variable geometry turbocharger but now producing figures of 125 kW and 441Nm (up from 125 kW/392Nm). The trade-off is a narrower peak torque- band, with the maximum available between a narrow 2000 and 2250 rpm (previously 2000 and 2500 rpm) Despite the beefy boost, claimed combined fuel consumption has dropped at an even larger rate than the manual, now returning 8.8L/100 km (previously 9.5L/100 km).
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This year also saw the Banks twin-turbo powered S-1 Express take an APBA world championship. 1984: A street-legal Pontiac Trans Am with 700-hp and a Banks turbo breaks the 200 mph barrier and becomes a cover story for Car & Driver magazine. 1987: A Banks Power twin-turbo, 1800-hp Pontiac GTA sets a new "World's Fastest Passenger Car" speed record at Bonneville Salt Flats at 277 mph as certified by the Southern California Timing Association. This record stood for the next ten years. 1988: Banks turbocharger systems become a GM dealer-specified option. 1992: A Banks Power-developed twin air intake and intercooler system results in a claimed 80-hp improvement on the factory- turbocharged Dodge Cummins engine. 1993: The Banks "Sidewinder" aftermarket turbocharger is introduced. Tests show that turbo-lag times decrease and throttle response improves when compared with factory turbochargers. 1994: Banks begins offering intercoolers to improve the performance of the Ford Power Stroke diesel.
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In 1973, Reeves Callaway, not in a financial position to be able to start his dream of embarking on a racing career, did what many aspiring drivers do—Callaway went to work as a driving instructor for Bob Bondurant's racing school. While using the newly launched BMW 320i as a school car, he became familiar with its intricacies and deficiencies, he later took hold of one of its cars to his garage in Old Lyme with the intention of tuning for more power. As a result, Callaway constructed and installed his first prototype turbocharger system and offered Car and Driver journalist Don Sherman the opportunity to drive the car resulting in a one-page article, giving the modified car great acclaim. Realising its commercial potential, Callaway told Sherman that he could make turbocharger kits available to the BMW community despite not having the necessary equipment to manufacture the components including a drill press.
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Also new is a heavily revised 3.0-litre version of the current 2.7-litre TDV6 producing and , adapted from Jaguar's AJ-V6D Gen III. This engine features parallel sequential turbochargers - a single variable geometry turbocharger and a single fixed geometry turbocharger which is only active when required as seen on the Jaguar XF Diesel S. All of the new engines produce increased power and torque over their predecessors while delivering better fuel economy and reduced emissions. Fitted with a sixth generation twin-vortex supercharger with an improved thermodynamic efficiency of 16 percent, the new 5.0-litre supercharged engine produces 29 percent more power and 12 percent more torque than the current 4.2-litre engine, yet emissions and fuel consumption are improved by 5.6 percent and 6.2 percent respectively. The new 3.0-litre TDV6 engine produces 29 percent more power and 36 percent more torque than the 2.7-litre engine, yet emissions and fuel consumption are both improved by 9 percent.
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The RS5 Turbo DTM features a brand-new RC8 2.0 TFSI engine package built specifically for the car. The aging Audi 4.0 L (244 cu in) V8 naturally-aspirated engine—which had been used since the inaugural season of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters— was replaced by a 2.0 L (122 cu in) inline-4 turbocharged direct-injected RC8 engine developed by Audi based on the Audi 2.0 R4 16v TSI/TFSI (EA888). During the car's shakedown and preliminary testing phase at the Circuito do Estoril, drivers noted that the change from natural aspiration to a turbocharger meant that the RS5 Turbo DTM required a different driving style to its predecessor, the Audi RS5 DTM NA, as the turbocharger produced more torque and thus required the driver to exercise greater control over the throttle. The Audi RC8 TFSI I-4 turbo engine will also feature the push-to-pass for overtaking manoeuvre improvement.
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The J-series was designed for transverse mounting. It has a shorter bore spacing (), shorter connecting rods and a special smaller crankshaft than the C-series to reduce its size. All J-series engines are gasoline-powered SOHC 4-valve designs with VTEC variable valve timing except for the J30AT, which has dual overhead cams, a turbocharger, and VTEC. One unique feature of some J-family engine models is Honda's Variable Cylinder Management (VCM) system.
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The 'Engine of the year 2011' is a Fiat 500 engine equipped with an MHI turbocharger. "Compared with a 1.2-liter 8v engine, the new 85 HP turbo has 23% more power and a 30% better performance index. The performance of the two-cylinder is not only equivalent to a 1.4-liter 16v engine, but fuel consumption is 30% lower." Energy-efficient vehicles may reach twice the fuel efficiency of the average automobile.
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Substituting one fuel for another in a given engine may start and may do useful work. However getting optimum efficiency from each fuel–engine combination requires adjusting the mix of air and fuel. This can be a manual adjustment using tools and test instruments or done automatically in computer-controlled fuel injected and multi-fuel vehicles. Fine tuning of the optimum fuel–air mix may be facilitated by using a supercharger or turbocharger.
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In 1980, Audi Sport, Audi's new factory team, called Mouton and signed her for a World Rally Championship programme for the 1981 season. Mouton described Audi's call as "a complete shock". Audi's decision to nominate her instead of established male rivals attracted a great deal of publicity. As the Audi Quattro, the first rally car to have over 300 bhp and both a turbocharger and four-wheel-drive,Robson 2008, p. 129.
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It was available only in 4-speed automatic transmission with ECT. The 2.5 G and 2.5 G TRD Sportivo has an 2.5-litre diesel engine. It was initially available with a 5-speed manual transmission only, but for the 2009 model year facelift it has been replaced by a 4-speed automatic. In August 2012, together with the Hilux, the engine has now received a variable nozzle intercooled turbocharger upgrade otherwise known as VNT.
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The Hydrospace is a single-passenger stand-up watercraft which was designed primarily for racing. Until 2008, the only model offered was the "Hydrospace S4", with a retail price of around US$15,000. The S4 is powered by a two-cylinder water-cooled four-stroke engine with a displacement of 749cc, rated at 110 horsepower. The engine is equipped with a turbocharger from the factory, operating at 7.7 pounds per square inch of boost.
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BMW's marketed the twin-turbo as "TwinPower Turbo", although the term has since been used for engines which have a single twin- scroll turbocharger. The boost pressure is and an air-to-air intercooler is used. Compared with the naturally aspirated BMW N52 that it replaced as BMW's highest performance six-cylinder engine, the N54 produces an additional and . The N54's direct injection system (called "High Precision Injection" by BMW) uses piezo injectors.
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This car, chassis #161, arrived in the States in February 1981. After a failed overture to Chevrolet for a supply of the V6 and transaxle from the new Chevrolet Citation, the car was sent to the US workshops of Arkay Incorporated in Hawthorne California. Arkay was run by Kas Kastner, the former Competition Director for North America for the Triumph Motor Company. The company did general automotive development work, and specialized in turbocharger conversions.
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Adrian Sutil failed to advance beyond the first session due to energy management and engine problems. Maldonado had the same turbocharger issue as his teammate and qualified 18th. Minor errors on Jules Bianchi's first timed lap left him 19th and he was ahead of Kamui Kobayashi in 20th. Max Chilton could not extract full engine power on his first attempt because of mapping problems and had to prepare for another lap and took 21st.
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The fourth-generation engine uses a proprietary CT15B turbocharger. This generation was used in the Toyota Caldina GT-T AWD Wagon (ST215). The exhaust housing is actually cast into the cylinder exhaust manifold, rather than the normal practice of a separate turbine housing after the cylinder exhaust manifold. Due to this, the CT15 is backwards compatible with the third-generation 3S-GTE cylinder head only, not either the first or second generation.
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The second of these cars goes on sale this year - the Saab 9000. The third and fourth cars - from Fiat and Alfa Romeo respectively - are expected to be on sale within two years. The base engine is a 2.0 unit, which is also available with a turbocharger. The range-topper is a 2.8 V6, and there will soon be an exciting Ferrari-engined version which is set to sell in limited numbers.
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These are known as the fastest of the four-cylinder Esprits and among the most desirable with only 50 cars produced. The Sport 300 utilised a Garrett T4 turbocharger along with an improved Chargecooler and larger inlet valves enabling the engine to have a power output of at 6,400 rpm and of torque at 4,400 rpm. The specific power output rose to 243 hp per tonne, same as the Porsche 964 Turbo 3.6.
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The 2.5-litre Duratorq engine is a DOHC 16-valve turbo-diesel unit, featuring Bosch common rail direct fuel injection and a variable geometry turbocharger. It makes at 3,500 rpm and of torque at 1,800 rpm, up from the previous 2.5-litre SOHC indirect injection turbo-diesel unit which makes and of torque. While the larger 3.0-litre engine peaks with at 3,200 rpm and at 1,800 rpm. Both engines were double-overhead camshaft.
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The T25 did spool up faster than the previous turbocharger in order to increase the turbo response or reduce turbo lag. The other important change concerned the suspension. While the 1G had MacPherson struts in the front, the 2G had double-wishbone in the front and multilink suspension in the rear. The double-wishbone suspension gave the 2G a much better roll-camber curve in the front, allowing for much better handling.
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Maldonado failed to advance beyond the first session due to a turbocharger intake problem. He stopped at the exit of turn three after his engineers asked him to stop. 18th- placed Max Chilton relied on a lap he established on his first attempt because qualifying was stopped for an accident in the first session. His teammate Bianchi in 19th could not emerge on track for a second try because his car failed to start.
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Lastly, in 1981, Porsche entered one of two specially built 924 Carrera GTPs (the "944GTP Le Mans") in which Porsche Motorsports introduced a new prototype highly modified 2.5 liter I4 engine. This engine sported four valves per cylinder, dual over head camshafts, twin balance shafts and a single turbocharger K28 to produce . This last variant managed a seventh place overall finish and spent the least time out of any other car in the pits.
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Robin Hamilton built a second Le Mans styled DBS V8 car based on the look of RHAM/1 as it was in 1978. The car was assembled for Peter Griggs who wanted a replica of the car. The car, with chassis number DBSV8/10071/R featured a fibre glass front end and Piper prepared V8 engine, but the car had no turbocharger. Fuel injection was replaced by 48 IDA down-draught Weber carburettors.
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The turbocharger up-pipes are a large failure point, with the pipes leaking from many different points but mainly from the joints. Leaking of the up-pipes causes the engine to lose boost and cause EGT's to increase. The EBPV (exhaust back-pressure valve) was also prone to failure. tired from age it would open up when cold and get stuck on causing a jet engine like noise coming from the exhaust.
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In the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gears over 4500 rpm the turbocharger adds 5 extra HP. Unlike its predecessors, the Japanese-spec Renault Lutecia III was not available at any Yanase Co., Ltd. dealership location, as Yanase had ended its import rights for Renault after Renault had acquired a stake in Nissan when the Lutecia II was still in production. Instead, the Renault Lutecia III was sold exclusively through Nissan Red Stage Store locations.
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"T" denotes turbocharged engine. Maximum output was in the R30, and in the S12. Boost pressure to achieve this power output was only . Later intercooled versions produced with a slight boost increase and smaller turbocharger exhaust housing. The FJ20ET was installed in the DR30 Skyline RS/RS-X/RS-X Turbo C and S12 Gazelle/Silvia RS-X; Turbo C versions of the DR30 were intercooled, as well as some S12 RS-X trim cars.
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The engine's lubrication and sealing system was adapted for use in wet, dusty conditions and to maintain lubrication at extreme angles in off- road use. The power level remains the same at , but with a lower power peak speed for towing and better acceleration. Torque output rose from to due to the fitting of a variable-geometry turbocharger. This produces a wider spread of torque than the Td5, from 1500 rpm to 2000 rpm.
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" Years later, it would be revealed that Brayton (and his teammate Arie Luyendyk), were secretly being penalized by USAC for illegally over-boosting their turbocharger plenums and tampering with the pop- off valves during practice and qualifying. Scott Goodyear was visibly upset in an interview as he said to reporters: "Disbelief is the best word to describe how I feel. I feel like I won this race. The pace-car was going too slow.
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The suspension is even stiffer and lower than a standard JCW and the turbocharger was redesigned for more boost pressure. The transmission is automatic only because there was no manual transmission available that could withstand the power and torque from the engine. The Nürburgring time on the dashboard was replaced by the individual production number (this same number appears on the front fenders). The 2.0 litre turbocharged engine outputs and of torque.
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In order to increase safety, significant improvements were made to the track and cars. Wings were reduced in size, fuel tank capacity was reduced, and pop-off valves were added to the turbocharger plenums in order to reduce horsepower and curtail speeds. For the first time in Indy history, the race was scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. This ended the "never on a Sunday" policy previously held from 1911 to 1973.
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Engineers that specialize in technical safety for offshore petrochemical facilities would be expected to exclusively refer to explosion loads in units of bar or bars. A bar is a convenient unit of measure for pressures generated by low frequency vapor cloud explosions that are commonly considered as part of accidental loading risk studies. In the automotive field, turbocharger boost is often described in bars outside the United States. Tire pressure is often specified in bars.
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The Nissan and Mazda engines were not altered because IMSA was satisfied with their performances, but the series changed the aerodynamic packages on some Prototypes which affected their handing abilities. The debuting BMW M8 GTE's weight was established at and its turbocharger boost curve was revised over its predecessor, the BMW M6 GTLM. The Mercedes-AMG GTD car had its top speed raised slightly with the enlargement of its air restrictor by .
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He graduated from the Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute (specialization - metallurgical engineer) and the Kiev Institute of National Economy (economist). He began his career in 1966 at the Chervonyi Zhovten brick factory in his native Kryvyi Rih. From 1967 he worked at the Kryvorizhstal metallurgical plant as a turbocharger driver, electrician and consequently as a head of department. In August 1991, he was appointed Deputy General Director for Economic Affairs (actually held this position since September 1989).
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As a result, the aircraft was simpler to produce and maintain. However, the deletion of the turbo destroyed any chance that the P-39 could serve as a medium-high altitude front-line fighter. When deficiencies were noticed in 1940 and 1941, the lack of a turbo made it nearly impossible to improve upon the Airacobra's performance. The removal of the turbocharger and its drag inducing inlet cured the drag problem but reduced performance overall.
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In variable output systems such as automobile engines, exhaust gas pressure at idle, low engine speeds, or low throttle is usually insufficient to drive the turbine. Only when the engine reaches sufficient speed does the turbine section start to spool up, or spin fast enough to produce intake pressure above atmospheric pressure. A combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger can mitigate the weaknesses of both. This technique is called twincharging.
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A recirculating type anti- surge valve Turbocharged engines operating at wide open throttle and high rpm require a large volume of air to flow between the turbocharger and the inlet of the engine. When the throttle is closed, compressed air flows to the throttle valve without an exit (i.e., the air has nowhere to go). In this situation, the surge can raise the pressure of the air to a level that can cause damage.
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The most common JTD engine is the 1.9 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The first car that used this engine was Alfa Romeo 156 in 1997 (), making it the world's first common-rail diesel passenger car. In 1999, it was introduced on the Fiat Punto JTD with a smaller, fixed-geometry turbocharger and , as well as in the Fiat Brava, Bravo and Marea range. There were also , , , , and versions available.
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The fuel injector is centrally mounted between the valves, and is supplied by a pair of inline fuel injection pumps, one per bank. The single turbocharger is carried above the engine, with its axis longitudinal. Smaller, single bank six- and eight-cylinder engines, the 6YJ and 8YJ, were derived from the V engine. Paxman licensed the Ventura design to ALCO, with a reciprocal agreement also permitting Paxman to build the popular ALCO 251.
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13 The US LD series had a power output comparable to commercial diesels of the time. It was underpowered for the 5-ton trucks, but that was due the engine size itself; the replacement diesel was much larger and more powerful. The LD engines did burn diesel fuel poorly and were very smokey. The final LDT-465 model received a turbocharger largely to clean up the exhaust, there was little power increase.
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In Otto cycle engines, the cooling effects of water injection also enables greater compression ratios by reducing engine knocking (detonation). Alternately, this reduction in engine knocking in Otto cycle engines means that some applications gain significant performance when water injection is used in conjunction with a supercharger, turbocharger, or modifications such as aggressive ignition timing. Depending on the engine, improvements in power and fuel efficiency can also be obtained solely by injecting water.Wilson, J. Parley.
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The car tuner Brabus also made a version of the G65.Brabus Eight Hundred IBusiness Mercedes Benz G65 AMG Mercedes-AMG is a brand of Daimler AG (Mercedes-Benz, Unimog, AMG, and Smart) The 2018 model for the USA has the AMG bi-turbocharger V-12 producing 621 horsepower and 738 lb-ft (US units).Mercedes-AMG G65 SUV, carbuzz.com This is connected to a 7-speed transmission and full-time four wheel drive drivetrain.
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Four-wheel disc brakes, ventilated at the front, were behind alloy wheels with 185/60HR14 radial tires. The base model came with stamped steel wheels from the then-current 323/Protege. 1990 Mazda MX-5 1600cc DOHC 4-cylinder engine. This example has been modified with the addition of a GReddy TD04 (Mitsubishi) turbocharger kit The original MX-5 came with a DOHC inline four-cylinder engine, producing at 6,500 rpm, and of torque at 5,500 rpm.
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The new version of the Ford Escort was Britain's best-selling car during 1992. Ford gave the Escort a mild redesign in September with the introduction of new 16-valve fuel-injected Zetec petrol engines, while the 1.8 diesel received a turbocharger. A similar redesign was given to the Orion saloon version. All models had at least one airbag as standard, with most of the range having a passenger airbag and others also having anti-lock brakes.
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Since diesel engines do not need spark ignition, they can run as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Fuel is typically supplied via a fuel pump. If the pump breaks down in an open position, the supply of fuel will be unrestricted, and the engine will run away and risk terminal failure. With turbocharged engines, the oil seals on the turbocharger may fail, allowing lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, where it is burned like regular diesel fuel.
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An automotive oil-cooled turbocharger is a typical example. Turbochargers get red hot during operation and the oil that is cooling them only survives as its residence time in the system is very short (i.e. high flow rate). If the system is shut down suddenly (pulling into a service area after a high-speed drive and stopping the engine) the oil that is in the turbo charger immediately oxidizes and will clog the oil ways with deposits.
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At this point the car was seen by Ray Geddes. Geddes had sold his Pantera parts company to Hitter and Gale, who had renamed it Panteramerica. Geddes was now working for Carroll Shelby, and when he saw the car in Kastner's shop he got Shelby involved. At this time Shelby was working with Chrysler, for whom Kastner had already done a turbocharger kit for their 2.2 L engine that was available through Chrysler's Direct Connection performance arm.
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There were a number of challenges in the first few weekends of racing. The car didn’t enter any races, but rather, the practice sessions to get as much track time as possible. One of the biggest hurdles was the engine overheating and the removal of all guards and heat shields around the turbocharger eventually solved the problem. On July 1 Canada Day weekend the team entered the car in its first race, which they subsequently won.
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The only Fairlady Z variant to use the VG30DE engine, and the only Japanese-market model with a naturally aspirated engine, was the 300ZR. It continued to be marketed as a companion fastback to the more formal appearance of the Nissan Skyline-based Nissan Leopard coupé at Nissan Bluebird Store Japanese dealerships. The 200ZR model was introduced in October 1985 and was the first production car in the world to use a ceramic turbocharger. Maximum power output is Net.
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Having already used the allowed four units for the season, both drivers received ten-place grid penalties. Manor Marussia's Will Stevens was placed back twenty grid spots for a change of his engine, turbocharger and MGU-H unit. Renault used eleven of their twelve remaining token for changes to their power unit. However, both customer teams, Red Bull and Toro Rosso chose not to run with the update, saying its performance advantage was not worth taking the grid penalties.
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Elliott's entry in the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting ShipsDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships shows its name abbreviated as Ell, and may be the source of a common misspelling of the company's name as Elliot. The Elliott company's broader war contribution included turbines, generators, blowers, ejectors, heaters, and other warship and engine parts.World War II Industrial Facilities: Authorized Federal Funding States P-T In 1941, Elliott became the first American manufacturer to build a turbocharger for diesel engines.
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The sporty steering wheel received a leather rim. The original version was equipped with an Italian development of the naturally aspirated CB22 engine (called CB-DT, for "De Tomaso"), with an IHI RHB5 turbocharger and the same 9.1:1 compression ratio as for the CB22. Max power was reached at 6200 rpm for the original version. In road tests the Innocenti came in for complaints for its awkward upright driving position, mediocre comfort, and instability under braking.
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Turbochargers have been used on various petrol engines since 1962, in order to obtain greater power or torque output for a given engine displacement. Most turbocharged petrol engines use a single turbocharger, however twin-turbo configurations are also often used. In motor racing, turbochargers were used in various forms of motorsport in the 1970s and 1980s. Since the mid-2010s, turbocharging has returned to several motor racing categories, such as Formula One and the World Rally Championship.
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An internal wastegate is a built-in bypass valve and passage within the turbocharger housing which allows excess exhaust pressure to bypass the turbine into the downstream exhaust. Control of the internal wastegate valve by a pressure signal from the intake manifold is identical to that of an external wastegate. Advantages include simpler and more compact installation, with no external wastegate piping. Additionally, all waste exhaust gases are automatically routed back into the catalytic converter and exhaust system.
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With the Haas Lola team folding at the end of 1986, Benetton was able to take over its factory supply of turbocharged Ford engines. The B187 suffered with engine trouble at the start of the season, but became more consistent mid-season after reducing the effect of the turbocharger, taking numerous 4th and 5th place finishes as well as two 3rd places in Austria and Australia. Benetton ended the season 5th in the championship with 28 points.
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In October 2012, eight months before this accident, the lead locomotive (5017) was sent to MMA's repair shop following an engine failure. The engine was repaired with an epoxy-like material that lacked the required strength and durability. This material failed in service, leading to engine surges and excessive black and white smoke. Eventually, oil began to accumulate in the body of the turbocharger, where it would overheat and catch fire on the night of the derailment.
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Foyt held off mild challenges from Bill Vukovich II and Jimmy Caruthers in the second half. With storm clouds looming in the distance, Foyt cranked up his turbocharger boost sometime around the 130-lap mark, gambling that the rain would end the race early. Foyt pulled out to a 15-second lead when the caution came out for rain on lap 168. Two laps later, a downpour ensued, sending the crowd of 110,000 scurrying for cover.
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On lap eight, Rosberg immediately drew clear from Vettel whose Red Bull car was slower by about on a straight. Pérez passed Button on the approach to the final chicane for tenth on that lap. On the next lap, a turbocharger connector pipe failure on Ericsson's car prompted his retirement in the pit lane to prevent engine damage. Kvyat oversteered and spun at turn one on the tenth lap; he fell to the rear of the field.
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It has also been used in outboard motors, string trimmers and lawn mowers. In both commercial and residential plumbing applications, propane is used to fuel torches. Since it can be transported easily, it is a popular fuel for home heat and backup electrical generation in sparsely populated areas that do not have natural gas pipelines. Many heavy-duty highway trucks use propane as a boost, where it is added through the turbocharger, to mix with diesel fuel droplets.
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The 2.5 L inline-five engine was available in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The 2.5 L Turbo engine, sold in mainland Europe, but not the UK for many years, was available to American buyers only in 1987 and is now somewhat of a collectors item. The exterior of the 2.5 Turbo model is different from other models in that it has fender vents in the front passenger side fender to feed air to the turbocharger.
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As Wilson waited for a new IndyCar Series contract, he was entered into the all-electric Formula E round in Moscow by Andretti Autosport in June. He replaced Scott Speed, who had an X Games commitment. Wilson finished 10th and scored 1 championship point for a 25th drivers standing finish. A planned drive in a HPD ARX-04b at the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in June was cancelled because turbocharger failures damaged the car's motors.
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The latest development of this engine range. An all new cylinder head was needed for the Audi-developed Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), which features cylinder-direct fuel injection straight into the combustion chambers. The result of needing to site both spark plug and fuel injector meant that the former five-valve layout had to be changed to a four-valve-per-cylinder arrangement. Like previous engines, where the T appears, it stands for forced induction, usually by a turbocharger.
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It was equipped with a single Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch (KKK) turbocharger and Bosch electronics, including fuel injection. This engine formed the basis of the M12/13 design, the race unit that BMW ultimately supplied to five teams from 1982 to 1988.Bamsey et al (1988), p. 50. Initial discussions were held with double World Champion Niki Lauda and McLaren on the subject of a 1980 campaign, but the BMW board denied Neerpasch's request for the programme.
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An uprated, turbocharged version of the 1.6 L which was developed by Ford Europe for the hugely popular RS Turbo version of the Escort and also later the Ford Fiesta RS Turbo. It made at 6,000 rpm, and of torque at a very tractable 3,000 rpm. The boosted engine was substantially smoother than its normally aspirated cousins, the forced induction helping to damp out unpleasant harmonics. The block was slightly modified to provide an oil return from the turbocharger.
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Mack called the tip-turbine setup an intercooler and used a pyrometer to alert the operator if the exhaust gas exceeded a limit. The tip turbine setup was compact and the shorter plumbing runs allowed boost to build faster. Later models with the front mounted air- to-air cooler required a larger turbocharger to fill the tubes faster but with the benefit of additional power. Modern trucks use the air-to-air cooler in nearly all cases.
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The AGB C/S Performance model had the 2.5 L non- intercooled Turbo I engine available with five-speed manual or three-speed automatic. A driver's side airbag was standard. For 1990, all Daytonas received an interior restyling, featuring a modernized cockpit-style wraparound dashboard. A variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT Turbo IV), borrowed from the 1989 Shelby CSX VNT, was offered in the Shelby model producing the same as the Turbo II but eliminated turbo lag and improved drivability.
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A Centurion engine complete with CSU, reduction gearbox, turbocharger and FADEC engine management system is considerably heavier than the more conventional Continental and Lycoming engines with which it competes, but this weight disadvantage is compensated by the Centurion's lower fuel consumption. Even though they lack the magnetos and spark plugs of conventional petrol (gas) piston engines, Centurion engines are considerably more complex."Aero-TV: Doing It Diesel Style -- Glasair's New Diesel Offering" 29 August 2014. Accessed: 3 September 2014.
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The modernized tank's increased weight led the developers to add a more powerful engine, a 12-cylinder S-12U diesel engine, a modernized version of the Soviet V-46-6 produced in Warsaw by PZL-Wola (850 hp instead of 780). The main improvement was the modernized fuel and air injection system. This caused a noticeable decrease in the tank's road endurance. The latest Twardy variants have the 1000 hp S-1000 engine with a turbocharger.
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The RS10 was introduced a third of the way through the 1979 season at the 1979 Spanish Grand Prix. Initially only one car was available for Jean-Pierre Jabouille and it retained the single turbocharger of its predecessor. At the Monaco Grand Prix a second car became available for René Arnoux and twin turbochargers were used for the first time. Though reliability issues still plagued the new twin-turbo, its pace made the paddock finally take notice.
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These changes included Xtrac sequential electrically activated 6-speed racing gearbox with gearbox housing made of new carbon-fiber composite with titanium inserts, carbon clutch, changes to the carbon-fiber composite aluminum honeycomb monocoque built by Dallara, Single Garrett (Honeywell Turbo Technologies) turbocharger with boost pressure limited to 280 kPa absolute, Bosch MS24 engine management, 1 x 45.8 mm diameter air restrictor, OZ magnesium forged wheels, Michelin Radial 360/710R18 front and 370/710R18 rear tires.
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Increases in compressor efficiency result in slightly cooler (more dense) intake air, which improves power. This is a passive structure that is constantly open (in contrast to compressor exhaust blow off valves, which are mechanically or electronically controlled). The ability of the compressor to provide high boost at low rpm may also be increased marginally (because near choke conditions the compressor draws air inward through the bleed path). Ported shrouds are used by many turbocharger manufacturers.
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"Mighty Minica ZZ-4" , Michael Knowling, Autospeed, issue 353, October 19, 2005 Its 3G81 three-cylinder engine has a displacement of and features three intake valves and two exhaust valves incorporated into each cylinder. The valves are controlled by twin overhead camshafts through roller cam followers on finger rockers with hydraulic automatic lash adjusters. Gasoline is electronically injected through triple-jet nozzles (also a technological first). The water-cooled turbocharger operates through an air- to-air intercooler.
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The remains of a Royal Canadian Air Force DC-3 Dakota crashed on 19 January 1946. The activity dates to post-World War II Europe when, after the conflict, numerous aircraft wrecks studded the countryside. Many times, memorials to those involved in the crashes were put together by individuals, families, landholders, or communities. B-17 turbocharger, crash debris Crash sites vary in size and content; some may have fuselages, engines, and thousands of parts and debris.
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The OM628 was created in response to competing V8 diesel engines produced by Audi and BMW. It first appeared in the W220 S400 CDI and was subsequently the first V8 diesel engine in a Mercedes passenger vehicle. The OM628 engine features dual overhead camshafts, 4 valves per cylinder, exhaust gas recirculation, a Garrett GT1749V turbocharger, and Euro 4 emissions compliance. The engine block and cylinder heads are made from an aluminium alloy, via the sand-casting process.
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It is a concept vehicle capable of using natural gas or conventional petrol fuel. It includes a 1.4-litre TSI 150 PS engine featuring both a supercharger and a turbocharger operating sequentially, 22 kg capacity natural gas tank mounted beneath the boot floor and 31-litre petrol tank. The vehicle was unveiled in the 2008 Geneva Motor Show. Production version went on sale at the end of 2008 in mainland Europe, for saloon and estate versions of the Passat.
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First presented at the Motor Show in São Paulo, 1990, the Aurora 122 C took three years and three million dollars in its development. With lines inspired by the Ferrari F40, the vehicle, developed by Aurora Projetos Automobilísticos, in Valinhos (SP) uses their own chassis and engine based on the central family 2 alcohol General Motors with a capacity increased from 2.0 to 2.2 liters and using a Garrett brand turbocharger, which guarantees a power output of 215 hp.
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The 101-02 chassis (having been progressively upgraded throughout 1984) was updated into the Spirit 101D for 1985 and Baldi continued to drive. The first race of 1985 was the 1985 Brazilian Grand Prix and Baldi retired because a turbocharger broke, The Italian spun off and retired at Portugal. The San Marino Grand Prix saw Baldi retired because of an electrical fault. Allen Berg had arranged a deal to take over the seat later in the season.
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The car was sold exclusively in Japan at Honda Primo dealership sales channels. 1991 Honda Beat In typical Honda fashion, the Beat's engine did not utilize a turbocharger or supercharger. The engine was modified with the MTREC (Multi Throttle Responsive Engine Control) system, with individual throttle bodies for each of the three cylinders, to produce at 8100 rpm with an electronically limited top speed of 135 km/h (84 mph). Only a manual transmission was available.
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In October 1988, Honda upgraded the C20A V6 engine used exclusively in the KA5 series Legend with a variable geometry turbocharger, calling it the "Wing Turbo" in a Japanese TV commercial to address the modest power available from the previous engine with variable length intake manifold used in earlier models. The turbocharger compressor housing had four vanes made from heat resistant Inconel alloy surrounding the turbine wheel (on the inlet side of it) that would fluctuate based on engine load and transmission gearing above 2,000 rpm to allow for increased airflow into the engine as needed. The turbo compressor could generate as much as of boost, and was paired with a water cooled intercooler installed inside the intake plenum between the cylinder banks to produce net at 6000 rpm and a maximum torque of at 3,500 rpm. The turbo was installed not necessarily to make the engine more powerful, but rather to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, as the Japanese pay a tax on the amount of emissions the car produces.
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The Touring had a maximum speed of and acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h in 14.5 seconds. Y10 Turbo: The turbo had the same basic Brazilian engine as the Touring. However, it was equipped with an IHI Corporation turbocharger with intercooler, with a maximum power of at 5750 rpm and maximum torque of at 2750 rpm. Compared to the naturally aspirated 1050 in the Touring, it was distinguished by sodium filled exhaust valves, electric fuel pump, and an electronic ignition "Digiplex".
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This system benefits from the pumping efficiency of the supercharger at lower revs and the fuel efficiency of the turbocharger at high revs. This results in more constant power delivery through the rev range, and better fuel efficiency. Both petrol and diesel versions are also available with DSG (Direct-Shift Gearbox). Performance figures for the petrol vehicle are 0- in 6.9 seconds (6 speed) and 6.9 seconds (DSG), with the diesel taking 8.2 seconds, and both reaching top speed of .
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1981: Banks creates the high performance diesel aftermarket with his first turbocharger system developed for the 6.2 litre GM diesel. Also that year, a Banks-powered 450-hp twin-turbo Buick V-6 becomes the prototype for the Buick Grand National production car. 1982: The "Sundowner" Corvette, powered by a Banks twin-turbo big block, becomes the "World's Fastest Passenger Car" at 240 mph, taking the record away from the "Hanky Panky" Studebaker, which also used a Banks-developed twin-turbo power plant.
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The 1987 models were available with an anti-locking brake system (ABS) as an optional extra. In 1988, a Turbo version was introduced, the Garrett AiResearch turbocharger increasing the power from to . Maximum torque was compared to the for the naturally aspirated 1.7 L engine. In 1993, due to new EU Euro 1 emissions legislation which meant that catalytic converters had to be fitted to unleaded petrol engines, power dropped and so the 2.0 L engine was developed; it was rated at and .
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90 Consequently, Senna joined Toleman, a relatively new team, using less competitive Pirelli tyres.Hilton (2004), pp. 121–122. pp. 134–135 Venezuelan Johnny Cecotto, a former Grand Prix motorcycle racing world champion, was his teammate. During 1984, Senna hired Nuno Cobra to assess his physical condition due to his concern over his low weight. Senna made his debut at the 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro, where he qualified 17th, but retired when the Hart 415T turbocharger failed on lap 8.
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The MC/MR was designed from the beginning to be available in right- hand drive as well as left-hand drive. This allowed Mack to market the truck in the United Kingdom without costly conversions, and also opened the trash truck market at home. The right-hand drive models also have the exhaust relocated to the left, while the turbocharger is mounted behind the engine so as to provide more space and less heat soak. Export models are coded MCE and MRE respectively.
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Austro Engine GmbH, based in Wiener Neustadt, Austria had the E4 engine certified by EASA on 28 January 2009. It is a 4-cylinder, 1991 cm³ four stroke engine with common rail direct injection, turbocharger, 1:1.69 reduction gearbox and an Electronic Engine Control Unit. It produces at Take-off and continuously, at 2300 propeller rpm for . The same weight E4P was certified on 26 March 2015 for at Take-off at the same speed, and continuously at 2200 propeller rpm.
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After his retirement from GE in 1938, Moss was awarded the Collier Trophy, presented by the National Aeronautic Association in 1940 for his work on the turbocharger. Moss was an aviation consultant to the Army and, in 1942, worked with Washington and GE as the company secretly created the 1-A, the first workable jet aircraft engine, using the turbine principles that Moss had first researched. He died on November 10, 1946 in Lynn, Massachusetts at 74 years of age.
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Smiley raced in the Indianapolis 500 twice, in 1980 and 1981, and was killed while trying to qualify for a third in 1982. In the 1980 Indianapolis 500, Smiley qualified Patrick Racing's Valvoline Phoenix/Cosworth in 20th position. His race ended when the turbocharger blew on lap 47, causing him to finish 25th. In the 1981 Indianapolis 500, Smiley qualified the Patrick Racing Intermedics Wildcat VIII/Cosworth, qualifying 8th and led 1 lap, but finishing 22nd after a crash on lap 141.
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The software is stored in the microcontroller or other chips on the PCB., typically in EPROMs or flash memory so the CPU can be re-programmed by uploading updated code or replacing chips. This is also referred to as an (electronic) Engine Management System (EMS). ECU reference architecture Sophisticated engine management systems receive inputs from other sources, and control other parts of the engine; for instance, some variable valve timing systems are electronically controlled, and turbocharger waste gates can also be managed.
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In early 2007, all variants have been given a turbocharger to meet Euro 2 emission standards. In late 2007, the interior color was changed from black to beige (for all variants) and the door trim was redesigned (initially for the LS trim, Touring and Grand Touring variants, later also for the LV trim and Adventure variant in 2008). Its exterior was refreshed twice, in 2009 and 2013. In early 2009, the front grille was refreshed and in late 2011, the taillights were refreshed.
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The 2.5-liter WRX engine shared architecture and technology with the WRX STI engine, including Subaru Active Valve Control System (AVCS) variable valve timing and an Electronic Throttle Control system. The turbocharger remained the same unit as on the 2002–2005MY US-spec WRXs, but peaked at of boost. The first gear in the transmission received dual-ring synchros to improve downshifts from 2nd to 1st and reduce notchiness. 2006 Impreza WRX models gained some chassis and braking system enhancements.
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The turbocharger was now an IHI unit, and while the "standard" turbo compression ratio was still 8:1, special pistons sourced from Cosworth would lower it even further to 7.2:1 to permit the use of higher boost. The carburettor for this later conversion was also the standard 3000ME unit, although like the earlier conversion it was a blow-through system. A waste-gate and a dump-valve handled boost control. The conversion cost £1180 until 1984, when prices rose to £2000.
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The Abarth 500 is a performance model of the Fiat 500 tuned in-house by FCA's Abarth subsidiary. It was unveiled at the 78th Geneva Motor Show, a year after the rebirth of Abarth brand and company. All models use a turbocharged and intercooled version of the 1.4 L Fire I4 petrol engine. The Abarth 500's 1.4 L engine is equipped with an IHI RHF3-P turbocharger, and is rated at at 5,500 rpm and ( in sport mode) torque at 3,000 rpm.
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The mazda BPD engine (also commonly referred to as a BP2) was a revamp of the original BP engine (sometimes called BP1 for clarity's sake). It featured a larger crank nose, larger piston oil squirters, a main bearing support plate, better flowing inlet and exhaust ports. This was also the base engine for the Mazda Familia GT-R and GT-Ae. It is commonly known as the 'big turbo' variant as it utilised a much larger IHI RHF6CB water-cooled turbocharger(vj23).
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A strange carburettor turbocharged version of the E5 was the E5T Carb. It was exclusively available in Australia as part of the White Lightning Ford Laser limited-edition package of just 300 cars released in June 1985. The engine started out as a normal E5S and then an IHI RHB52 turbocharger was fitted, setup in a blow-through style, with boost limited to just . A modified version of the stock carburettor known as a "Solex 32 DIS (turbo)" was fitted to provide fuelling.
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In response to losing the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the Petit Le Mans to the Peugeot 908s, Audi updated their R15 for the 2010 season, creating the R15 plus. 2010 Regulations reduced the size of diesel LMP1 air restrictors and turbocharger boost pressure. However, despite this, Audi's engineering team led by Ulrich Baretzky were able to achieve engine power and performance that was comparable to the 2009 powerplant. Aerodynamic efficiency was also a major area of focus for 2010.
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1981: Banks creates the high performance diesel aftermarket with his first turbocharger system developed for the 6.2 litre GM diesel. Also that year, a Banks-powered 450-hp twin-turbo Buick V-6 becomes the prototype for the Buick Grand National production car. 1982: The “Sundowner” Corvette, powered by a Banks twin-turbo big block, becomes the "World's Fastest Passenger Car" at 240 mph, taking the record away from the "Hanky Panky" Studebaker, which also used a Banks-developed twin-turbo power plant.
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The simplest closed-loop control for a wastegate is to supply boost pressure directly from the charge air side to the wastegate actuator. A small hose can connect from the turbocharger compressor outlet, charge pipes, or intake manifold to the nipple on the wastegate actuator. The wastegate will open further as the boost pressure pushes against the force of the spring in the wastegate actuator until equilibrium is obtained. More intelligent control can be added by integrating an electronic boost controller.
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The U diesel engine is a 3-cylinder version of the 1.5L U series unit and is made with cast iron block and aluminum cylinder head with chain driven DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder, Delphi common rail direct injection (CRDi), variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) and intake air swirl control. Bore and Stroke are . It creates at 4,000 rpm and of torque at 2,000 rpm. It is one of Hyundai's most efficient engines - using , and emits 112 g/km of CO2.
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The MaxxForce 7, the International/Navistar engine which is a 6.5L V8 engine or also known as the 6.4 L PowerStroke in 2008-2010 model year Ford Super Duty trucks, is a V8 turbo-diesel engine. The engine has a Series Sequential Turbocharger. They are not twin turbos, there is a high pressure and low pressure turbo, with only the high pressure turbo being a VGT (variable geometry turbo). The engine also uses a high pressure common rail fuel injection system.
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The B-series features engine bores machined directly into the block (rather than the wet liners used on earlier Cummins engines). It was also set apart by the use of a shallow one-piece head, requiring closer tolerances than in other Cummins products. The engine was first manufactured in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and other plants were later added in Mexico, Turkey, and Darlington, UK.Kennett, p. 57 Every Cummins powered Dodge Pickup (since initial production in 1989) has come equipped with a turbocharger.
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Mechanical and electrical components can suffer or simply fail as a result. An example would be the use of an air compressor such as a turbocharger to increase the volume of air used in the power stroke of the Otto cycle. In a typical chemical reaction, the air–fuel ratio must be a minimum of 14:1. If higher ratios are used, higher pressures and temperatures are observed in the cylinders, which can quickly push an engine beyond its intended design limits.
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During their initial 'shakedown' event at Eastern Creek. The vehicles developed a technical problem with a turbo component (wastegate) which would cause the vehicles to go into 'limp-home' mode. Working through the night, local technicians liaised with technical support in Munich before a software patch was issued, a resulting modest power reduction meant the vehicles stayed below a certain heat range whereby the turbocharger wastegate component would fail. The series was intended to support the development of the MINI brand in Australia.
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To keep up with its competitions, Schnitzer used the Toyota 18R-G engineToyota Twin Cam, p. 25 from its production model with a specially designed 16 valve cylinder head and a Kugelfischer fuel injection system topped up with a KKK turbocharger. The engine produced a total output of from its bored engine. Partway through the 1978 season, as the Celica color scheme was changed from blue to red and white, revisions were also made to its bodywork to improve its aerodynamics.
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The characteristic portside-cowl supercharger intake for Daimler-Benz inverted V12s was usually accommodated away from the nacelle's sheetmetal itself for the Heinkel/DB 603 unitized engine package, most often within the airframe's wing panel design. The same Kraftei packaging for the He 219 was also used for powering the four- prototype He 177B strategic bomber series, and with an added turbocharger in each nacelle, the six ordered (two completed) prototypes of Heinkel's He 274 high-altitude strategic bomber project.
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This "pre-injection" helps reduce the sharp combustion 'knock' as well as lower NOx emissions by creating a more complete burn. The '94.5-'97 engine utilizes a single turbocharger non-wastegated with a turbine housing size of 1.15 A/R. In 1999, an air-to-air intercooler was added to cool the charged air from the turbo for increased air density. With the new cooler, denser air would increase the horsepower potential of the engine, while also reducing exhaust gas temperatures (EGT).
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The turbocharger produced 10 psi of boost, however a boost adjuster knob located on the dashboard was optional. With these modifications, the engine generated a power output of at 6,000 rpm and at 4,000 rpm as opposed of the standard car's at 5,500 rpm. Performance increased over the standard car as well, with a acceleration time of 5.9 seconds and a top speed of . Callaway quoted that the acceleration times would even be lower if the rev limiter was removed.
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Going into the month USAC dropped turbocharger "boost" levels to 48 inHG across the board. Previously the levels were 50 inHG, and before that 80 inHG. The rule change slowed cars down by as much as 8-10 mph, and drew the ire of many competitors. Outspoken critics included A. J. Foyt who referred to it as "taxicab racing,"1980 Indianapolis 500 Television broadcast: ABC-TV - May 25, 1980 and Johnny Rutherford who said it made it difficult to pass other cars.
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During practice, a controversy erupted between Indianapolis Star journalist Robin Miller and A. J. Foyt. For the first time, handheld radar guns were being used to measure trap speeds of the race cars along the straightaways. In his May 8 column, Miller casually noted that Foyt had a trap speed measured at 214 mph on the mainstretch, about 8 mph faster than any other car. The report led some in the paddock to question the legality of Foyt's turbocharger "boost" setting.
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Indianapolis 500: The 80's A Decade for the Ages - Collector's Edition DVD However, several experts had differing opinions. Rodger Ward, working for the IMS Radio Network immediately believed the rear brakes locked up.1982 Indianapolis 500 radio broadcast, May 30, 1982 It was a common practice for drivers in the turbocharged era to "ride the brakes" during warm up laps in order to engage the turbocharger. Others theorized it may have happened due to a broken CV joint or halfshaft.
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Users should carefully consider how installing any boost controller may affect and interact with existing complex engine management systems. Additional boost levels may not be tolerated by the existing turbocharger, causing faster wear. Fuel injectors or the fuel pump may not be able to deliver additional fuel needed for higher air flow and power of higher boost pressure. Or the engine management system may not be able to properly compensate for fuel or ignition timing, causing knock and/or engine failure.
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Therefore, all two-stroke diesel engines must be fitted with a blower or some form of compressor to charge the cylinders with air and assist in dispersing exhaust gases, a process referred to as scavenging. Roots-type superchargers were used for ship engines until the mid-1950s, since 1955 they have been widely replaced by turbochargers. Usually, a two-stroke ship diesel engine has a single-stage turbocharger with a turbine that has an axial inflow and a radial outflow.
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An energy-absorbing material was to be placed in the spot formerly occupied by the right-side tank, and total fuel allotment for the 500 miles was reduced from 375 to 340 gallons. By May 1974, the rules were changed once more, further reducing the total fuel allotment to 280 gallons, and rear wings down to 43 inches. During time trials, all cars were required to carry a pop-off valve to control turbocharger "boost." Maximum boost levels were set at 80 inHG.
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At the start, Wally Dallenbach blasted from the middle of the front row to take the lead into turn one. His aforementioned "king-sized" turbocharger was credited for the fast start, but its reliability was a source of considerable concern. Dallenbach set a new race record for one-lap of 191.408 mph on lap 2, as he pulled out to a sizable lead. The lead was short-lived, however, as Dallenbach broke a piston and coasted to a stop on lap 3.
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The machinery consisted of twelve coal-fired boilers that delivered steam to two steam turbines. The boilers were placed in two groups of six, which necessitated two funnels. The boilers delivered steam to two independent turbine assemblies with a high-pressure turbocharger and a low-pressure turbine. The turbine movement was transmitted to each propeller shaft via a 17.23: 1 gear ratio which allowed turbines to operate at a rotational speed of about 3,459 RPM and propellers at 200 RPM.
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The initial cars included features that, although they made the Cosworth a more effective car, did not enhance it as a road vehicle, and once the rules were satisfied Ford attempted to make the car less temperamental and easier to drive under normal conditions, a second version was produced. This second generation, starting production from late 1994, was fitted with a Garrett T25 turbocharger, a smaller unit which reduced turbo lag and increased usability in everyday driving situations. Performance remained largely unchanged.
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The Fw 190C V18 prototype, with large ventral "pouch" fairing for the turbocharger installation and broader-chord vertical fin/rudder. Tank started looking at ways to address the altitude performance problem early in the program. In 1941, he proposed a number of versions featuring new powerplants, and he suggested using turbochargers in place of superchargers. Three such installations were outlined ;Fw 190 V12: (an A-0) would be outfitted with many of the elements which eventually led to the B series.
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Increasing numbers of gas turbines are being used or even constructed by amateurs. In its most straightforward form, these are commercial turbines acquired through military surplus or scrapyard sales, then operated for display as part of the hobby of engine collecting. In its most extreme form, amateurs have even rebuilt engines beyond professional repair and then used them to compete for the land speed record. The simplest form of self-constructed gas turbine employs an automotive turbocharger as the core component.
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It was fitted with two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-44W Double Wasp piston engines, mounted in nacelles under each wing with a large turbocharger fitted inside each engine nacelle, and a Allison J33-A-10 turbojet was fitted in the rear fuselage. The jet engine was only intended for takeoff and maximum speed near the target,Johnson 2000, p. 343. and was fed by an air inlet on top of the fuselage that was normally kept closed to reduce drag.
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Nissan X-Trail FCV The T30 series X-Trail was unveiled at the September 2000 Paris Motor Show. It uses the Nissan FF-S platform, shared with the Nissan Almera and the Nissan Primera. It entered production in October, and sales in Japan commenced in November 2000. In June 2003 Nissan gave the car an interior and exterior facelift, while also upgrading the 2.2-litre turbodiesels with a variable turbocharger (2.2 dci rather than the earlier 2.2 Di), producing instead of the original .
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The tenth generation Civic was launched in the Philippines on April 26, 2016. It is offered in 2 trim levels, 1.8 E and 1.5 RS Turbo. 2 engine choices are offered, the 1.8-litre naturally aspirated with i-VTEC technology carried over from the previous generation model produces and of torque (E trim) and the new 1.5-litre VTEC Turbo produces and of torque, equipped with turbocharger (RS trim). Both engines are mated to Earth Dreams continuously variable transmission (CVT).
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The power pack located at the front right consists of a Liebherr diesel coupled to either an Allison X300 series 6F/1R or Renk HSWL 256 automatic transmission. The Liebherr diesel is of the common rail type and fitted with a two-stage turbocharger and two-stage intercooler. Power output varies from 755 hp (KF31) to 1,140 hp (KF41). The exhaust (right) and engine cooling (left) are routed to the rear of the vehicle to reduce its thermal and acoustic signature.
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The tests with the one-cylinder engine were focused on the combustion process. In the Spring of 2017, Audi Sport tests its new DTM four-cylinder turbo unit on the dyno, including the cooling system. To the extent possible, everything is configured exactly the way it will subsequently be positioned under the bonnet of the Audi RS 5 DTM. This means: the engine including the water and oil circuit, the exhaust system together with the turbocharger plus the intercooler system and the wastegate.
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Shortly after receiving the largest engine variable geometry turbocharger and an output of 107 kW (146 hp). In 2003 came F1A engine with 2.3 litre stroke volume and second-generation common rail injection with 74 kW (101 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp), and in 2004 came the new F1C engine of 3.0 liters, based on F1A with timing chain and 100 kW (136 hp) or 122 kW (166 hp). At this time, the old 8140-engine was completely replaced.
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Introduced in 1993, the Ruf BTR2 was based on the Porsche 993. Using the 993 Carrera as a donor car, the BTR2 had a single turbocharger setup (with 11.6 psi of boat pressure), just like the original BTR. Changes done to the engine included an air-to-air intercooler, an auxiliary oil-cooler, Bosch Motronic engine management system and a lower compression ratio. The engine generated a maximum power output of at 5,000 rpm and of torque at 4,800 rpm.
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In 1992, the four-speed manual transmission was dropped and the stepside trucks were available with extended cabs. The 6.5-liter diesel V8 was also made available with a turbocharger. 1995 models received a new front fascia, federally mandated center high-mount stop lamp, many new exterior colors including a new two-tone option on the rocker panels, and new tire and wheel combinations. In 1993, the 700-R4/4L60 transmission was revised with electronic controls, becoming the 4L60-E.
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Two engines were available in the "RS", the 1.3-litre 2NZ-FE and the 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE. More powerful brakes and a firmer suspension calibration were also fitted to the "RS". The Phase 2 Vitz RS was modified by Toyota Racing Development (TRD) mainly for the domestic Japanese market, and outfitted with an IHI Rhf4 turbocharger with boost. Produced in limited numbers, the TRD-tuned "RS" sported the 1.5-litre engine, and produced and offered a time of 7.9 seconds.
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The E-Class came with a number of features and options including a cassette player, split 50/50 front bench with middle seat mounted console, woodgrain interior trim, two-tone exterior paint, power window & door locks, and air conditioning. Engines were the 2.2 L naturally aspirated I4 and the Mitsubishi 2.6 L I4. 1984 saw the debut of fuel injection on the 2.2 L engine and an optional Garrett AiResearch T-03 turbocharger. Larger, wraparound tail lights were also added for 1984.
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This engine is found in the FG Falcon based FPV F6. It is the high-power variant of the FG XR6 Turbo's Barra 270T. It was produced between mid 2008 and mid 2014, ending production when FPV shut down. Featuring a larger turbocharger and intercooler, different pistons to reduce compression, and larger injectors than its less powerful sibling (the FG Barra 270T), it was the first engine manufactured in Australia to produce more than per litre, producing 310 kW at the flywheel.
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An EMD GP15T is a 4-axle switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between October 1982 and April 1983. It was a very close cousin to the GP15-1, but used a turbocharger in order to generate more power from a smaller engine. Power was provided by an 8-cylinder diesel engine that generated , the same as the GP15-1, but with four fewer cylinders. 28 examples of this locomotive model were built for American railroads.
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YD25DDTi (VP44) This engine features the VP44 rotary injection pump and is turbocharged and intercooled. In the Presage/Bassara it is fitted sideways with a variable vane turbocharger (Garrett GT1749V) and torque is limited to approximately accommodate the 4 speed automatic gearbox attached. In the D22 Navara/Kingcab/Frontier the engine is essentially the same other than modifications to accessories, mounts and plumbing to accommodate the longitudinal engine layout. The turbo is a wastegated IHI RHF4 which is also intercooled.
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The 1974 USAC Championship Car season consisted of 14 races, beginning in Ontario, California on March 3 and concluding in Avondale, Arizona on November 2. The USAC National Champion was Bobby Unser and the Indianapolis 500 winner was Johnny Rutherford. Due to the events of the 1973 Indianapolis 500 significant improvements were made to the cars for safety concerns. Wings were reduced in size, and pop-off valves were added to the turbocharger plenums in order to reduce horsepower and curtail speeds.
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The Mercedes-Benz Actros is a heavy-duty truck introduced by Mercedes-Benz at the 1996 Commercial Vehicle IAA in Hanover, Germany as the replacement for the SK . It is normally used for long-distance haulage, heavy duty distribution haulage and construction haulage. It is available in weights starting at 18 tonnes and is powered by an inline-6 diesel engine with turbocharger and intercooler. Daimler Trucks/Lorries launched the version II of the Actros in 2002, and the version III in 2007.
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Energy Recovery’s IsoBoost system reduces the wear on pumps used in gas processing and ammonia production, reducing maintenance costs and increasing plant runtime. The IsoBoost system is the highest efficiency energy recovery system on the market for amine processing. IsoBoost’s technology is designed to harness energy from pressure drops in one liquid process flow to boost the pressure in an adjacent flow. At the heart of the IsoBoost system is a hydraulic turbocharger, which is customized for each application to yield optimal operational flexibility at high efficiencies.
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1993 Bentley Brooklands The Bentley Brooklands was introduced in 1992 as a replacement for the Bentley Mulsanne S and Bentley Eight models. It was intended as a slightly cheaper alternative to the Bentley Turbo R, featuring the same styling, underpinnings and the Rolls-Royce 6.75-litre V8 engine, but initially without the more powerful model's turbocharger. A turbocharged version appeared in 1996. The Brooklands continued Bentley's relatively angular design theme, which was also used on contemporary Rolls- Royce vehicles, throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.
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With turbos banned from the season, the Arrows team reverted to using , naturally aspirated Ford DFR V8 power plants. The M12's major shortcoming as a Formula One engine was its lack of throttle response due to turbo lag. Unlike the V6 and V8 turbocharged engines which ran with twin turbos (one for each bank of cylinders), the inline-4 BMW engine, like the other 4 cylinder turbo engines used in F1 such as the Hart 415T and the Zakspeed 1500/4, only used a single turbocharger.
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The R-Engine (codenamed D4HB) is a 4-cylinder compacted graphite iron block and aluminum cylinder head, with chain driven dual overhead camshafts operating 4-valves per cylinder. Fuel is supplied to the unit using Bosch 3rd-generation common rail direct injection (CRDi) through piezo-electronic injectors operating at , with air being fed through an electronically managed variable geometry turbocharger and an advanced engine control unit (air system-based charge control). Bore and Stroke are for a total displacement of . It generates of power and of torque.
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Aside from styling, 1990 also marked a number of mechanical improvements to the 740 series. The B200 and B230 motors received larger connecting rods. The 740 Turbo switched from the Garrett T3-series turbocharger to the Mitsubishi TD04 series, which offers quicker spool-up and better boost at low engine speeds, albeit at the expense of top-end performance. The electronic fuel injection system was upgraded from Bosch LH-Jetronic 2.2 to 2.4 (in 1988 for naturally aspirated cars, in 1990 for turbocharged cars).
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There are 4 different engine combinations available for the Pro Modified category. Cars utilizing forced induction via either a turbocharger, roots-type supercharger or Centrifugal-type supercharger "new starting in the 2020 season" are limited to 526 cubic inches with the turbos having a maximum inlet size of 88 millimeters. Both types of forced-induction cars must adhere to a 2,650 lb minimum weight with driver. Normally aspirated vehicles using nitrous oxide have no cubic inch limit but must weigh 2,425 lbs (1,100 kg) with the driver.
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Wholly created and developed by AUDI AG, this version is a 1.8-litre 20-valve turbocharged engine built in Wolfsburg, Germany; Győr, Hungary; and Puebla, Mexico. Output varies based on internal component selection, turbocharger, and engine control unit (ECU) software. This ubiquitous power plant has been extensively used in all four mainstream Volkswagen Group marques, along with Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications. This engine is also used in a very high state of tune in the one-make Formula Palmer Audi (FPA) open-wheeled auto racing series.
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This is not based on how far the steering wheel is rotated, but on how much cornering force is applied to it. The Carver has a four-stroke 16-valve inline-four engine with an intercooled turbocharger, giving a power output of at 6,000 rpm and a maximum torque of at 3,200 rpm. The transmission is a 5-speed manual with reverse, and all wheels are equipped with ventilated disk brakes. The front wheel is slightly larger than the rear wheels (at 17" to 15").
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The combining of exhaust pressure pulses from each cylinder dictates the lengths of the pipes necessary. Generally, longer pipes will help produce more power at higher engine rpm, and shorter pipes favour low-rpm torque, thereby altering the power band. However, the gases tend to cool as they pass through longer pipes, which reduces the effectiveness of the catalytic converter. In a turbocharged engine, the key factor in the length of the exhaust pipes is providing evenly- spaced pressure pulses to the turbine of the turbocharger.
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Boeing Y1B-17A The aircraft that became the sole Y1B-17A was originally ordered as a static test bed. However, when one of the Y1B-17s survived an inadvertent violent spin during a flight in a thunderhead, Air Corps leaders decided that the plane was exceptionally robust and that there would be no need for static testing. Instead, it was used as a testbed for engine types. After studying a variety of configurations, use of a ventral-nacelle-mount turbocharger position was settled on for each engine.
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The majority of SD26s were placed in both general freight and intermodal service in the Kansas City — La Junta — Albuquerque — El Paso freight pool, while others spent their years running up and down the railroad's Coast Lines. The units became known as "slushbuckets" among railfans in reference to their distinctive turbocharger sound, which was considerably more subdued than that produced by either the GP40 or SD40. #4625 was wrecked near Rustler Springs, Texas in August 1974 and was subsequently sent to the scrap yard.
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The Brakogyro features a single main rotor, an open cockpit with a windshield with two seats in tandem, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a four-cylinder, air- and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition Rotax 912S engine with a custom- designed turbocharger that produces , mounted in pusher configuration. The turbocharged Rotax 914 powerplant is also available, but at higher cost. The aircraft fuselage is made from welded stainless steel tubing, with a non- structural composite cockpit fairing. Its diameter Averso rotor has a chord of .
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It put out thanks to a twin-scroll turbocharger and dual overhead cams, and used a six- speed manual transmission. The most powerful engine option was the THP 200, a variation of the THP 155, but with an output of . Citroën initially offered two diesel engines in the DS 4 – the HDi 110, a 1,560 cc four-cylinder that put out and the four-cylinder HDi 160 also found in the sedan Citroën C5. It has a displacement of 1,997 cc and put out .
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The anti-lag system (ALS) is a method of reducing turbo lag or effective compression used on turbocharged engines to minimize turbo lag on racing or performance cars. It works by delaying the ignition timing very slightly to balance an inherent loss in combustion efficiency with increased pressure at the charging side of the turbo. This is achieved as a small amount of fuel/air mixture escapes through the exhaust valves and combusts in the hot exhaust manifold spooling the turbocharger creating higher usable pressure.
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A new model also appeared during that year in Sweden — the five-door GLi, which used the fuel injected engine. Model year 1984 saw the introduction of the 16-valve DOHC B202 engine in Europe. With a turbocharger and intercooler, it could produce 175 hp/129 kW in the Turbo 16 model (less for catalyst-equipped engines). The Turbo 16 Aero [designated SPG, Special Performance Group in North American Markets] had a body kit allowing the car to reach 210 km/h (130 mph).
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The complete Pangras are powered by the 2.0 liter SOHC 4 cylinder used in the Pinto but have been modified with 7:1 compression, water injection, an O-ringed head and the aforementioned turbocharger kit. The Pangra reportedly did 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.5 seconds and made at around 10 pounds of boost, giving it 1.42 horsepower per cubic inch. The car also could pull 0.74g on track thanks to its upgraded suspension, with Motor Trend saying the car "clings like Saran wrap".
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If it is, then the control unit activates a solenoid valve that directs boost pressure to the turbocharger's pneumatically controlled wastegate, that opens to bypass exhaust gases from the turbocharger directly to the exhaust pipe, lowering turbo boost pressure until the knock subsides. Knock events that are managed by the APC can be "seen" when the in-dash boost needle "twitches" slightly. The APC unit has a 'knock' output where an LED may be connected. This LED will then light up if knock is detected.
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One of the most popular performance upgrades for both of these vehicles is the MOPAR Performance Stage II Computer (Logic Module). This increased the boost to 14.7 psi under wide- open throttle, and output was raised to a claimed 205 hp and of torque. Another popular mod was the "super 60 kit", which was named so because at full output the fuel pump as part of this kit could pump 60 gallons per hour. It included a computer, fuel pump, injectors, turbocharger and camshaft.
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This class is specifically for cars with engine displacement up to 2,500 cc their engine is enhanced by a turbocharger. In other words, only vehicles which are turbocharged are eligible to compete in the class. All cars in this class run on 100-litre fuel tanks regardless of engine displacement or car weight. In the 2009 version of the race, the class was mainly made up of Turbo-diesel or TDI compact cars such as the SEAT León Super Copa and the Volkswagen Golf R-Line.
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The Ack Attack's record was included in the 2012 Guinness World Records. Designed and built from the ground up by Mike Akatiff, the Ack Attack's bullet-shaped chassis is made from chromoly tubing. The motorcycle streamliner is powered by two Suzuki Hayabusa engines, using a single Garrett turbocharger, intercooled with dry ice at boost, which produce more than , and runs on Mickey Thompson tires. While pursuing the land-speed record, the Ack Attack experienced a number of failed attempts, including runs which ended in spectacular crashes.
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Also, the low-octane (87–90) fuels would have led to severe detonation, had it not been for the ECU, which led to the cars feeling not very powerful at all. Some owners have claimed quite reasonable performance numbers with the modern fuels though. A 1980 Turbo Trans Am was featured in Smokey and the Bandit II. However, due to the turbocharger problems, the cars used for the filming had to be fitted with nitrous oxide tanks by Marvin Miller Systems to get the desired performance.
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A redesigned 2.0 L EcoBoost four-cylinder was introduced with the second-generation Ford Edge, followed by the 2017 Ford Escape in spring 2016. It features a higher compression ratio than its predecessor (10.1:1 vs 9.3:1) along with twin-scroll turbocharger and fuel and oil systems upgrades. This new engine will deliver more low-end torque than its predecessor and all-wheel drive will be available in this configuration. It is also expected to tow in the redesigned Edge and 2017 Escape.
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All single camshaft versions of the engine with the exception of the K series (B200K, B230K) are of 'non-interference' design, meaning that failure of the toothed belt will not result in engine damage. In 1981 the B21FT (a B21F with a turbo) was introduced with a compression ratio of 7.5:1 mated with a Garrett T3 turbocharger and a T camshaft. Additional turbo variants, not offered in the US market, were the B19ET and the B21ET, based on the B19E and B21E respectively.
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The Cooper S and JCW models included a supercharger intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a turbocharger from the second generation onwards. The names Cooper and Cooper S followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of John Cooper and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the John Cooper Works (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini.
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The Plus Six is based on a new bonded aluminum platform associated with a wooden frame called "CX-Generation", offering a torsional rigidity increased by 100% compared to the previous aluminum platform used by the other models. Morgan. The wheelbase is extended by 20 mm and contributes to the 31% increase in interior space. The Plus Six is powered by the in-line six-cylinder petrol engine of the B58 type from BMW. The vehicle is the first model from the manufacturer with a turbocharger.
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Multijet 16-valve four- cylinder turbo diesel with common rail direct injection, variable-geometry turbocharger, delivering 140 horsepower and 350 Nm of torque, produced by Fiat (FCA India) in Pune. The same power plant is also utilised by the Jeep Compass and MG Hector in the Indian market. In the Harrier, Tata Motors uses the commercial name Kryotec for the engine instead. Internally, the Harrier introduces a new 8.8-inch touchscreen infotainment system equipped with Android Auto, the instrument cluster has a 7-inch TFT display.
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In 1982 American Sunroof Company (ASC) and McLaren supposedly equipped two EXPs with sunroofs, true notchbacks, ground effects, and charged aspiration. ASC (American Sunroof Corporation) did the cosmetic modifications and McLaren made the performance modifications. One has the following modifications: a supercharger, turbocharger, tighter steering, 1 inch shorter ride height, Recaro racing seats, TRX suspension, KONI shocks, twin fuel pumps, fuel injection, machined uprights (for wheel clearance), enhanced power steering, and portion-valved brakes. This EXP ASC McLaren makes 120HP and 137 ft-lb of torque.
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The first-generation RDX is powered by turbocharged gasoline engines; at the time, this was uncommon among Honda vehicles. The 2.3-litre straight-4 K23A1 engine has all-aluminum construction, an i-VTEC head, and dual balance shafts. It was also one of the only four-cylinder powered luxury SUVs of its generation. Honda's variable flow turbocharger reduces turbo lag by using a valve to narrow the exhaust passage at low rpm, increasing the velocity of the exhaust flow and keeping the turbine spinning rapidly.
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The U diesel engine utilizes four cylinders and is made with cast iron block and aluminum cylinder head with chain driven DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder, Bosch common rail direct injection (CRDi), fixed geometry turbocharger (FGT) and intake air swirl control. It is a reduced stroke version of the 1.5L U series with Bore and Stroke at . It produces and of torque in base Hyundai i20 and i30 GD models and and of torque in higher spec Hyundai i20 and Kia Rio models.
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On November 22, 2006, this acquisition was completed by Siemens. Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch supplements the Siemens PG with industrial steam turbines up to five megawatts; in the case of "Tridem" and "Quadriga" systems (three or four turbines work together), up to ten megawatts are possible. Turbo compressors and process gas compressors complete the range offered by Siemens PG, with the turbocharger division for motor vehicles sold to BorgWarner in 1997. The turbines from Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch are used for power generation or as mechanical drives in industry.
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Robson, 2003, p.96 For this application the engine was slightly de-tuned and, whilst in the Discovery the 200Tdi used all-new components, packaging restraints in the Defender meant that the 200Tdi in this role shared many exterior parts (such as the timing belt system and case) with the Diesel Turbo. Most obviously the turbocharger was retained in the Diesel Turbo's high mounting position on top of the manifolds in the Defender, rather than being tucked under the manifolds in the original Discovery version.Dymock, 2006, p.
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The pressure-charger shown in the diagrams is a turbocharger, not a positive-displacement supercharger. The engine (whether four-stroke or two-stroke) has a conventional valve or port layout, but an additional "compression control valve" (CCV) is in the cylinder head. The servo mechanism, operated by inlet manifold pressure, controls the lift of the CCV during part of the compression stroke and releases air from the cylinder to the exhaust manifold. The CCV would have maximum lift at full load and minimum lift at no load.
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The Callaway Turbo Systems was a development program and its subsequent sale of its aftermarket turbocharger systems for BMW, VW, Porsche, Audi and Mercedes-Benz applications. The Callaway C1 VW turbo kit was contracted to Drake Engineering for the design. In exchange for the design, Drake Engineering concurrently sold the kit under their own name for the first two years of production; thereafter, Callaway retained exclusive rights. These were the first of the Callaway's projects, running from its company's foundation in 1977 to 1984.
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The 2.0 engine was available in two different power outputs, badged by Vauxhall Di and DTi, the lower powered version retaining 16 valves and a turbocharger, but lacking the intercooler. The lower powered version was soon replaced by the smaller and unrelated 1.7 litre Circle L engine. The higher powered version produced and of torque. The 2.2 engine was introduced as a unit, but in late 2000 was updated to with of torque from just 1,500 rpm, rather than the previous from 1,900 rpm.
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The new car was the team's first carbon composite chassis, built by British Aerospace but delays in manufacture caused the car to be late. Its lack of performance caused Dave Wass to quit Arrows. Because of this the team stuck with the A8 from the previous season. As a result, the A9 only saw action at three races, at the German and Austrian Grands Prix, in the hands of Thierry Boutsen, in both of these races the car failed to finish after its turbocharger failed.
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Engine displacement is an important factor in the power of an internal combustion engine. Thus a 2000cc engine would typically be more powerful than an 1800cc engine, but that assumes a similar air-fuel mixture is used. If, however, via a turbocharger as an example, the smaller engine uses an air-fuel mixture with higher energy density, then it might be able to produce more power than the larger one burning a less energy dense air-fuel mixture. Unfortunately turbochargers are both complex and expensive.
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The car is powered by a variation of the M838T twin-turbocharged V8 engine rated at at 7,100 rpm and at 5,500 rpm. This is achieved through the addition of new lightweight connecting rods, a bespoke camshaft, an electronic recirculation valve and a lightweight titanium exhaust featuring dual circular outlets. Also used in the engine are revised turbocharger compressor wheels and an optimised fuel pump. The 675LT uses the 7-speed automatic dual-clutch gearbox used in the 650S, with improved software reducing the shift time.
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Cutaway of OM 352 engine; on the Unimog version the turbocharger was not fitted. The Unimog 406 is a multi- purpose off-road capable vehicle with four wheels of the same size. Like the Unimog 404, it has a downbent ladder frame, two portal axles with torque tubes, reduction gears and coil springs with hydraulic shock absorbers for the rear and front axles. For powering mountable equipment, two standard switchable 540/1000 rpm PTOs are built in; both can be switched on and off independently.
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Dubbed 2.2L Varicor, it is a common-rail diesel engine with an inline 4-cylinder topology, featuring a variable-geometry turbocharger with intercooler. The engine is rated with a maximum output of 150 PS (110 kW) at 4000 RPM, with a maximum torque of 320 Nm, at 1700 RPM. The engine is mated with a 6-speed manual transmission, with four-wheel drive and two-wheel drive variants. The four-wheel-drive variant features on-the-fly switching between 4x4, 4x2, and three slip differentials.
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Dressed as a World War One-era aviator, Fleet appears in the lower left quadrant of the sheet. Fleet's next assignment was as the Army Air Service's chief aviation contracting officer, part of the Engineering Division, based at McCook Field. There he played key roles in the development of the turbocharger for aero applications and the testing of a number of other aviation innovations, including the Loening PW-2A, the first American pursuit monoplane, and the de Bothezat helicopter. Fleet performed some of the flight testing himself.
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New engine regulations with 620 hp 3,400 cc V6 single-turbocharged direct-injected engines known as the Mecachrome V634 Turbo, which is a development of the naturally aspirated Mecachrome V634 used in the GP3 Series, were introduced for 2018 along with a new Dallara F2 2018 chassis while TEOS Engineering renewed its subcontract relationship with Mecachrome on track in FIA Formula 2 Championship for 2018 beyond. Dutch turbocharger company Van Der Lee Turbo Systems supplies the turbochargers for all FIA Formula 2 Championship engines.
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Andy Priaulx, who had taken over from Tincknell, exited the car and course officials and the team's crew members were required to extinguish the flames. The fire damaged the car's turbocharger, causing Priaulx to run at a reduced pace. Lieb reported his car had a vibration while Hartley was warned about track limits. The No. 95 Aston Martin continued to lead LMGTE Pro but the team's No. 98 car required a door change after losing one of its wing mirrors, dropping it to sixth.
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Starting with a stock 5.9L Cummins straight-six engine that produced approximately 393-horsepower, Gale Banks Engineering extensively modified the engine, adding a variable geometry (VGT) Holset turbocharger, water-cooled intercooler, and six-speed transmission from New Venture Gear. The Dodge Dakota’s firewall was moved back approximately 18-inches to accommodate the new high performance engine, which now tested on the dyno at 735-horsepower with 1300 lb-ft of torque. 300-mph speed-rated tires were also added to safely get the power to the ground.
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Propane is a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because the low boiling point of makes it vaporize as soon as it is released from its pressurized container. Therefore, no carburetor or other vaporizing device is required; a simple metering nozzle suffices. Propane powers buses, forklifts, taxis, outboard boat motors, and ice resurfacing machines and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers. Propane is also used in some locomotive diesel engines as a fuel added into the turbocharger yielding much better combustion.
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The engine received considerable changes over the regular Works, many more than the first Works R. The throttle body and camshafts were different, while a larger HT06/RA12 turbocharger was fitted, along with 260 cc injectors and a larger intercooler (necessitating a hood scoop nearly as wide as the bonnet itself). The weight savings were only over the Works RS/Z for this model. This was the end of the Works R series of cars, foreshadowing the end of the Works badge in 2000.
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Fuel economy of on the combined cycle is nearly better. The more powerful Cooper S replaces the supercharger with a new twin scroll turbocharger N14 DOHC motor in the interests of efficiency, and has gasoline direct injection; consequently, this engine version does not have Valvetronic. This engine also has an "overboost" function which temporarily raises the torque by under hard acceleration. As a result, 0–100 km/h is covered in a claimed 7.1 seconds (0-60 mph: 6.7 seconds), and top speed is .
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The Volvo B7RLE is similar to its predecessor, the B10BLE. In essence the B7RLE is the front section of the B7L chassis mated with the rear section of the B7R chassis. Originally, the B7RLE featured the D7C 6-cylinder, 7.3-litre diesel engine with a turbocharger and intercooler, producing 250 or 275 bhp and meeting the Euro III incentive emission standard. This was replaced by the 7.1-litre Volvo D7E engine producing 290 bhp, to Euro III/Euro IV/Euro V incentive emission standards.
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In 2003, Mazda debuted its first consumer-offered Mazdaspeed vehicle model, the 2003 Mazdaspeed Protegé. It was only released to the North American market as a performance upgrade to the Protegé MP3 and offered more power — from the MP3's to — by using a T25 Callaway-Garrett turbocharger and an intercooler. Some modifications included new front air dam and a new spoiler. The Japanese market Mazdaspeed Familia utilized a naturally aspirated FS-ZE 2.0L engine with higher compression and a revised camshafts to produce at 6800 rpm.
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"Aero" variants of the Q's and K's were offered that featured large rear wings and mild ground effects. The S14 Silvia K's received a new version of the SR20DET, with a slight bump in power due to the implementation of Nissan's variable cam timing system known as N-VCT, on the intake cam, and a larger T28 turbocharger. Nissan Silvia K's in Japan There was a mild styling update to the S14 during 1996, which added aggressive-looking projector headlamps and tinted taillights to all models.
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The turbocharger for each bank was located at the outside of the vee. Thus the intake chambers were located inside the vee. The 156/85 proved to be fast and reliable in the early part of 1985 but as the season wore on, the Ferraris became increasingly fragile in both qualifying and race trim with numerous engine and turbo failures throughout the season. It was this unreliability that ultimately would cost Alboreto, who actually led the points standings for most of the season, the drivers' championship.
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Honeywell Turbo Technologies History page The industrial division produced turbochargers for construction machinery, railroad locomotives, tractors, ships, powerplants and oil pipeline pumping stations. The Chevrolet Corvair Monza was one of the first turbocharged passenger vehicles. It was the sports model in the Corvair lineup.The T11 automotive turbocharger developed in 1960 expanded turbos to commercial vehicles such as the heavy trucks produced by Mack Trucks, Volvo and Scania. The first turbocharged passenger cars were the Chevrolet Corvair Monza and the Oldsmobile Jetfire in 1962/1963.
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The compressor increases the mass of intake air entering the combustion chamber. The compressor is made up of an impeller, a diffuser and a volute housing. The operating range of a compressor is described by the "compressor map". Ported shroud The flow range of a turbocharger compressor can be increased by allowing air to bleed from a ring of holes or a circular groove around the compressor at a point slightly downstream of the compressor inlet (but far nearer to the inlet than to the outlet).
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In addition, heat soak from the hot exhaust gases spinning the turbine will also heat the intake air. The warmer the intake air, the less dense, and the less oxygen available for the combustion event, which reduces volumetric efficiency. Not only does excessive intake-air temperature reduce efficiency, it also leads to engine knock, or detonation, which is destructive to engines. To compensate for the increase in temperature, turbocharger units often make use of an intercooler between successive stages of boost to cool down the intake air.
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2007 Pontiac Solstice Pontiac Solstice GXP convertible The GXP version of the Solstice debuted at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006. It is powered by a new 2.0 Liter (121.9 cu in) I4 Ecotec engine equipped with a dual-scroll turbocharger. The engine's output is and . This is the highest specific output of any engine by cubic inches in the history of General Motors at 2.1 hp (1.6 kW) per cubic inch, and it is the first gasoline direct injection engine from an American automaker.
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Introduced in June 2019, the A110S is a high performance and lightweight variant of the A110. The A110S benefits from increased power output (from ) from its 1.8-litre turbocharged four-cylinder engine as well as stiffer springs, new anti-rollbars, dampers, and carbon-ceramic brakes as sassed equipment. The ride height is lowered by and the car is fitted with special Michelin Pilot Sport 4 tyres having a stickier compound contributing to more grip on the tarmac. The engine was returned by installing a larger turbocharger.
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Daniil Kvyat was required to start from the back of the grid as he exceeded his quota of power unit components, using a 4th Internal Combustion Unit (ICE), 3rd Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K), 3rd Energy Store (ES), 3rd Control Electronics (CE), 4th Turbocharger (TC) and 4th Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H). George Russell was required to start from the back of the grid as he exceeded his quota of power unit components, using a 3rd Energy Store (ES) and 3rd Control Electronics (CE).
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The and versions employ a 2 stage (bi-turbo) charging setup with a small, high pressure turbo providing quick boost at low RPM fed by a large, lower pressure turbo providing increased performance at higher RPM, then at highest rpm ranges and loads, using both simultaneously. The lower output version has only a single turbocharger. There are also 2 shorter stroke "square" variants of this engine with 1.8 litre displacement (badged x180) (badged x200 and used only in smaller front wheel drive models like the A-class).
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The Project '64 car was built from a rusty Cooper S, with repaired parts of the body shell coming from a similarly aged Morris 850. A roll cage to conform to SCTA requirements for record runs was added. The short-stroke 970 A-series Cooper S motor was bored to 998 cc and modified with a BMW K1200R motorcycle twin cam 4 valve per cylinder head, fuel injection, and an IHI turbocharger and intercooler. The modified engine delivers approximately on pump fuel and on methanol.
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The Mercedes-Benz 500I engine was slightly lighter than the Ilmor Indy V8, although because of its longer inlets the centre of gravity of the entire engine was higher than that of the 500I, thus changing the overall balance of the car a bit. The development and testing of the 500I engine, at that time called Ilmor 265E, took place in the utmost secrecy, because there was a possibility of the turbocharger boost level being changed, or the engine being banned by the Indy 500 sanctioning body.
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It used many components in aluminium, plastic and even a magnesium engine block. Volvo claimed that only of "traditional" materials were used.Verhelle, p. 9 There were two types of three-cylinder turbodiesel engines for this car, one was a magnesium 1.3-liter (1279 cc) powerplant developed together with British diesel specialists Ricardo, pushing and weighing , and a cast-iron 1.4-liter Elsbett (ELKO) engine with a KKK turbocharger that could run on a variety of fuels such as low-octane gasoline and sunflower oil (biodiesel).
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With the greater soot production, EGR is often combined with a particulate matter (PM) filter in the exhaust.Bennett, Sean (2004). Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems 2nd Edition, . In turbocharged engines, EGR needs a controlled pressure differential across the exhaust manifold and intake manifold, which can be met by such engineering as use of a variable geometry turbocharger, which has inlet guide vanes on the turbine to build exhaust backpressure in the exhaust manifold directing exhaust gas to the intake manifold.
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An EMD GP20 is a 4-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between November 1959 and April 1962. Power was provided by an EMD 567D2 16-cylinder turbocharged engine which generated . EMD was initially hesitant to turbocharge their 567-series diesel engine, but was spurred on to do so following successful tests made by Union Pacific in the form of UP's experimental Omaha GP20 units. 260 examples of EMD's production locomotive model (with the EMD turbocharger) were built for American railroads.
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Shelby used the Turbo I engine updated with the intercooler and plumbing of the Turbo II engine, but without the stronger forged crank, full-floating pin pistons and other durability enhancements of that engine. It has a blow- through long runner two-piece intake and a modified turbocharger, reclocked with a different compressor cover. They were rated at and of torque from 2400 to 4800 rpm. The Turbo II also received a stronger Getrag A555 five-speed manual transmission in place of the rod linkage A525, which was still fitted to the GLHS models.
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The A 35 4MATIC+ model was unveiled at the 2018 Paris Motor Show. It uses an all-wheel drive layout and has a 7-speed dual clutch AMG SpeedShift DCT transmission. On 2 January 2019, the automobile insurance company, HUK24, accidentally revealed the information about new A 45 4MATIC+ and A 45 S 4MATIC+ AMG in its website. The engine is heavily revised M133 and renamed M139 with higher compression ratio (9.0:1 versus 8.6:1 for M133 engine) and a twin-scroll turbocharger situated behind the engine for better air flow management.
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The R-Engine (codenamed D4HA) is a 4-cylinder compacted graphite iron block and aluminum cylinder head unit, with chain driven dual overhead camshafts operating 4-valves per cylinder. Fuel is supplied to the unit using Bosch 3rd-generation common rail direct injection (CRDi) through piezo-electronic injectors operating at , with air being fed through an electronically managed variable geometry turbocharger and an advanced engine control unit (air system-based charge control). Bore and Stroke are for a total displacement of . It generates of power and of torque.
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The Japanese market saw the debut of the first Micra Turbo/MA10ET, where Nissan grafted a turbocharger to the small 1.0 L engine. This version was never sold in Europe, where the only engines ever available were the 1.0 and 1.2 units. The 1.2, with the larger MA12 1.2 L engine with an electronically controlled carburettor with , arrived in late 1987. A non-catalyzed version produced 60 PS. Another facelift came in March 1989, which consisted of some minor upgrades such as deeper bumpers, a new front grille, minor interior details, and headlight changes.
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The power remained the same, but the weight dropped to . A TK-1 turbocharger was tested with the prototype on a Polikarpov R-Z in 1936. ;M-34RNB :A geared equivalent of the NB model with a lightened reduction gear. The power remained the same, but the weight dropped to . In production from October 1935 until the end of 1939. ;M-34P :P for Pushechniy or cannon. A version of the M-34RN adapted to mount an autocannon in the V between the cylinder banks that fired through a hollow gear shaft.
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Photos of a heavily camouflaged Genesis Coupe prototype appeared on the internet as early as May 2007, fueling anticipation and speculation. The spy photos suggested that Hyundai's new coupe would be rear-wheel drive, as pictures of the engine bay showed a longitudinal engine orientation typical of front-engine, rear-drive vehicles. The pictures also showed a four-cylinder engine with a heat-wrapped turbocharger. Speculation on potential engines for the new coupe ranged from the turbocharged four-cylinder pictured to the Tau V8 that Hyundai had developed for the luxury-oriented Genesis.
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Joining Sulzer in 1909, Büchi researched diesel engines while continuing to investigate turbocharging innovations, focusing on large marine applications. In 1911 Sulzer opened an experimental turbocharger plant, and Büchi's first prototype for turbocharged diesel engine was produced in 1915. Intending to mitigate effects of thin air in high altitude for airplane engines, this version did not maintain consistent boost pressure and thus was not well received. In 1915 Büchi began a dialog with Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) to set up cooperation, though it took them until 1923 to reach an agreement.
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The 8-valve, 2.0 L DW10, delivering , is part of the PSA EW/DW engine family. It is equipped with a fixed-geometry turbocharger. Initially available in the midsized models, such as the Citroën Xsara and Xantia and Peugeot 306 and 406, it was soon spread across the PSA range, such as the LCVs, while a 16-valve version, with 109 PS (80 kW), was used in the large MPVs built in association with Fiat. Suzuki was a customer for these powerplants, using them in the European Vitara and Grand Vitara.
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The Honda Prelude front-wheel drive 2+2 coupe was launched in 1978 and remained in production until 2001. The 1985-2006 Honda Integra was also a front-wheel drive 2+2 coupe produced by Honda. Other 2+2 models included the 1982-1989 Mitsubishi Starion (turbocharged and rear- wheel drive) and the 1985-1991 Subaru XT (available with a turbocharger and all-wheel drive). Subaru have produced few sports cars in their history, instead focussing on rally-influenced sedans/hatchbacks for their performance models, such as the Liberty RS and Imprezza WRX/STi models.
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The 2007 Frankfurt International Motor Show saw Subaru introduce a horizontally opposed, water-cooled, common rail turbodiesel using a variable geometry turbocharger called the Subaru EE engine, the first of its type to be fitted to a passenger car. Volkswagen had experimented with this idea during the 1950s and made two air-cooled boxer prototype diesel engines that were not turbocharged. VW installed one engine in a Type 1 and another in a Type 2. The Subaru engine was rated at and with a displacement of 2.0 liters.
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By utilizing a "Sixth Order Butterworth Vent Tuning" and integrating the system with Cerwin-Vega's DB-10B Bass Turbocharger (included with the S-1 speakers), the low frequency range of the S-1 was increased beyond the capabilities of larger enclosures. Cerwin-Vega also delivered various models of efficient semi horn (DHORM) speakers (including the A-10, A-123 and S-1). They featured 10" or 12" woofers and often twin mid-range drivers in a ported enclosure. They were touted to deliver up to 126 decibels of sound pressure.
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RED Aircraft GmbH of Adenau, Germany, obtained EASA type certification on 19 December 2014 for its 6134 cm³ RED A03 V12 four stroke, with common rail, turbocharger, 1:1.88 reduction gearbox and single lever FADEC/EECS, outputting 368 kW (500 hp) at take-off at 2127 propeller rpm and 338 kW (460 hp) at 1995 propeller rpm continuously for dry. The RED A05 is a 3550cc V6 preliminary design, outputting at takeoff at 2127 propeller RPM and continuously at 1995 propeller RPM, with a best brake specific fuel consumption.
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The same bore and stroke of the normally aspirated DE 35 () are used for this turbocharged version, with a lower boost level than the DE 30 LA on the same twin turbocharged format using a different model IHI turbocharger. While the power and torque remained the same, this larger displacement lower boost model yields a lower fuel consumption than M276 DE 30 LA. Sometimes called DE 35 AL, this engine was offered on S400, CLS400, E400 4Matic (up to 2018), E450 and Maybach S400 4Matic models up to 2017.
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Starting with the Trenton 200 at Trenton International Speedway, the car got sponsorship from Samsonite. At the Indianapolis 500, Leonard battled with teammate Unser for the lead. Leonard eventually led for 21 laps before retiring with a broken turbocharger. Leonard then got back-to-back second-place finishes at the Rex Mays Classic 150 at Wisconsin State Fairgrounds Park Speedway and the Schaefer 500 at Pocono International Raceway; in the latter Leonard battled with Mark Donohue for the win, until Leonard stretched his fuel hose during his final pit stop.
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Hannu Niskanen 'From Munktells to Valtra' Ferrari tested such a device during the development of the 126C Formula One car. The system did not lend itself to as tidy an installation as the alternative twin-turbocharger layout, and the car was never raced in this form.Ferrari, Hans Tanner & Doug Nye, 1985 A more successful application was in the RF series diesel engine found in the 1988 Mazda 626 Capella; ultimately 150,000 Mazda diesel cars were fitted with a Comprex supercharger. Other users included Peugeot, Opel and Mercedes-Benz.
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Wood, p. 147 It boasts a engine with a torque output of 634 lbft (861 Nm): this was achieved by developing a new compressor for the turbocharger, remapped engine management system, and modifications to the air intake system. Visually, Mulliners have more aerodynamic, rounded bumpers with prominent venting and often foglamps, as well as flared fenders to accommodate a wider track and larger 18-inch alloy wheels, sitting on low-profile 255/55 tires. Each car was built to individual specifications, with many sporting side and bonnet vents and also the smaller Mulliner rear windscreen.
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Automakers use engine downsizing to help improve vehicles’ fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, and use turbocharger technology to recover power lost in the downsizing process. The presence of LSPI limits automakers’ ability to capture the full potential of turbocharged engines to meet increasing fuel-efficiency requirements and to further reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Updated oil- performance standards are taking shape to address LSPI. General Motors’ next- generation dexos1 specification, scheduled for release in 2015, will include an engine test based on a GM 2.0-liter four-cylinder Ecotec that will test for LSPI.
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The dynamic brake system was mounted on top the long hood, leaving room in the short hood for a steam generator. The RSD-7 was the first Alco built with the notched corner sand fills. The RSD-7 was the first Alco to use the coiled air brake intercoolers mounted just above and ahead of the radiator intakes. The RSD-7 was the first Alco to use the then new Model 710 water cooled turbocharger in a 16-cylinder engine. The two demonstrators were numbered DL600 and DL601.
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Its purpose is to increase the motive power output from the internal combustion engine attainable with a given engine displacement. Since it is not enough to simply inject more fuel, as this produces too rich an air-fuel mixture, more intake air has to be added at the same time. This can be achieved with an exhaust-driven turbocharger, or a crankshaft-driven positive displacement compressor. The G-Lader is in the compressor category, since it is crankshaft-driven and does not have the "lag" usually associated with turbocharged engines.
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The engine case look was retained nearly intact from the original CX500. The turbocharger, at peak boost providing approximately 19 psi boost nearly doubles the power output of the engine. The engine case is changed to accept the larger crankshaft bearings of the CX650 released in the same year, while the suspension, brakes, frame and fairing all differ significantly from the earlier CX500 and the Pro-Link rear suspension and TRAC (Torque Reactive Anti- dive Control) were used on the CX500EC (released 1982) and CX650ED (released 1983) models.
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The Hi-Dyne used a turbocharger characteristic curve that was adequate to provide full boost at low rpm, but was choked above this as engine speed increased, so that the boost reduced and thus also the output torque. Engine fuel supply through the injection pump was controlled by a governor. Rather than the usual arrangement where a control input from the driver's lever sets an engine speed that is maintained by a governor, in the Hi-Dyne engine the control input selected an output power level, which was maintained by the governor.
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The Audi RSQ was made with rapid prototyping industrial KUKA robots. In early 2014, Swedish supercar manufacturer Koenigsegg announced the One:1, a supercar that utilizes many components that were 3D printed. In the limited run of vehicles Koenigsegg produces, the One:1 has side-mirror internals, air ducts, titanium exhaust components, and complete turbocharger assemblies that were 3D printed as part of the manufacturing process. Urbee is the name of the first car in the world car mounted using the technology 3D printing (its bodywork and car windows were "printed").
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The FIA Endurance Committee altered the equivalence of technology in the LMP classes and the balance of performance in the LMGTE categories to try and create parity within them. All non-hybrid LMP vehicles had their fuel flow of petrol per hour reduced from to . The Toyota TS050 Hybrid cars had no performance alterations. For the LMGTE categories the Aston Martin Vantage GTE vehicles received an extra of weight and a minor reduction in turbocharger boost pressure as The BMW M8 GTE had of weight added and a reduction of power to lower their performances.
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The Carrera RSR 3.0 was sold to racing teams and scored wins in several major sports car races of the mid-1970s. Also, a prototype Carrera RSR Turbo (with 2.1-litre engine due to a 1.4x equivalency formula) came second at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974 and won several major races, a significant event in that its engine would form the basis of many future Porsche attempts in sports car racing. This, and the earlier 917, was Porsche's commitment to turbocharger applications in its cars.
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Finally, in 1993 Ford made available a turbocharged edition of the 7.3 L. An internally wastegated, AR.82 Garrett T3 series turbo was used as the OEM for the factory turbocharger system. The system was tuned to minimize performance loss at high elevation, rather than to improve peak performance. A primary limiting factor to the performance potential of the engine is an incredibly restrictive stock down-pipe. It is commonly believed, but not officially verified, that this is deliberate and due to Ford's impending release of the T444E (Powerstroke) engine.
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The 22B had the EJ22G engine (note, the internal Subaru material states the closed-deck block comes from a version III EJ20G). This means the displacement was increased from to , bored up to . Officially, it produced at 6,000 rpm and at 3,200 rpm of torque, fuel feed by Electronic Fuel Injection and an IHI RHF 5HB turbocharger. This car was given a unique color of blue and had fender flared widebody taken from the Peter Stevens designed WRC car, thus widening the width by 80 mm (3.15 inches).
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Team Nasamax, an operation based in Sittingbourne, England, entered the first renewable-fuelled sports prototype racing car at the Le Mans event to increase awareness of renewable fuels. The car, called the Reynard 01Q, ran a Cosworth V8 turbocharged engine on bio-ethanol fuel, which does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because it is produced from crops. The car's fuel systems and inlet air system were modified to allow for the efficient combustion of fuel. An alternative exhaust system was built and the housing and vanes on the turbocharger were altered.
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The work was performed at EJ&E;'s Joliet, Illinois workshops, and produced a finished unit that featured an offset exhaust stack and left-side turbocharger bulge, the latter being much like that found on Baldwin road switchers. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad had eight of their VO1000s repowered with EMD 567 series engines, which produced . The Great Northern Railway converted four VO-1000s into transfer cabooses in 1964. The units were stripped to their bare frames (the original trucks and distinctive cast steps were left in place) and fitted with -long steel cabins.
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As in the Gorcock, power came from variants of the Napier Lion broad arrow 12-cylinder engine. The first Guan had the 450 hp (335 kW) geared Lion IV; the second the ungeared 525 hp (475 kW) Lion VI. A projected third aircraft would have had an inverted Lion, known as the Lioness, but this machine was not built. These engines had their exhaust-driven supercharger (a concept nowadays known as turbocharger) mounted on the nose under the propeller, with much exposed pipework. The radiator was mounted under the fuselage and between the undercarriage legs.
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Later testing involved the use of an exhaust turbine which was a half-scale version of that used in the Whittle W.1 turbojet, the first British jet engine to fly. Unlike a conventional turbocharger the turbine was coupled to the engine's accessory driveshaft and acted as a power recovery device. It was thought that using the turbine would lower fuel consumption allowing the engine to be used in larger transport aircraft. This was confirmed during testing, but failures due to severe overheating and drive shaft fractures were experienced.
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The 2009 Ford Focus RS WRC uses a Ford 1998cc Pipo built l4 Duratec WRC engine (four cylinders, 16 valves, bore 85 mm and stroke 88 mm), Pi electronic engine management system, Garrett turbocharger (with required 34 mm inlet restrictor), air intercooler, and a catalytic converter. The car's transmission is a permanent four-wheel drive with an M-Sport designed active centre differential, Pi electronic differential control units, M-Sport/Ricardo five-speed sequential gearbox with electro-hydraulically controlled shift and an M-Sport/Sachs multi-disc carbon clutch.
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The GE C39-8 is a 6-axle road switcher diesel-electric locomotive model built by GE Transportation Systems between 1984 and 1987. It is part of the GE Dash 8 Series of freight locomotives. A total of 161 examples of this locomotive were built for two North American railroads: Conrail and Norfolk Southern Railway. The C39-8 was a fairly unpopular locomotive with crews, cited factors such as a rough ride, tendency to overheat, frequent turbocharger issues, issues with the fuel injection system, and various other reliability issues.
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In 2005, DaimlerChrysler began offering a diesel engine to the North American market to gauge the marketability of diesel engines in North America. The last North American market Jeep product that was offered with a diesel engine was the 1987 Jeep Cherokee and Comanche. Only available for 2005 and 2006 in Sport and Limited trims, the 2.8L VM Motori R 428 I4 common rail turbodiesel or CRD exceeded expectations by selling 10,000 examples in its first calendar year of production. The diesel utilized a variable geometry turbocharger and generated and of torque.
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Apart from higher power, changes to the previous engine included a Kevlar timing belt replacing the previous chain, and a larger two-barrel carburetor. This engine eventually proved somewhat problematic with a high incidence of burned valves due to poor coolant flow design of the overhead cam/valve head with mechanical lifters. A later head casting improvement by an Italian firm corrected this problem through improved coolant flow. Also available only for 1986 in the US was the 2.2-liter C223T turbocharged diesel engine, using a Garrett turbocharger.
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This victory was Audi's thirteenth since the company debuted at the race in 1999. The Audi team took the lead after the No. 7 Toyota came to a stop after leading half the race distance, but were challenged by Porsche when two Audi cars required turbocharger replacements. The No. 1 Audi of Tom Kristensen, Marc Gené and Lucas di Grassi finished in second place, three laps behind the race winners, while Anthony Davidson, Sébastien Buemi and Nicolas Lapierre's No. 8 Toyota recovered from an accident in the first hour to finish in third place.
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Created by the XPower division of the MG Rover Group in 2001 as a one off to show the brand new XPower division and also to show what the engineers could do. The car was designed to accommodate the brand new XP-20 engine used in the MG-Lola EX257 race car with a Garrett turbocharger with an anti-lag system which achieves 500PS. The Power then goes through a 6 Speed sequential gearbox manufactured by X-Trac. When built in 2001, the car was equipped with several upgrades over the standard car.
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The Fw 190C V18 prototype, with large ventral "pouch" fairing for the turbocharger installation and broader-chord vertical fin/rudder. Tank started looking at ways to address the altitude performance problem early in the program. In 1941, he proposed a number of versions featuring new powerplants, and he suggested using turbochargers in place of superchargers. Three such installations were outlined; the Fw 190 B with a turbocharged BMW 801, the Fw 190 C with a turbocharged Daimler-Benz DB 603, and the Fw 190 D with a supercharged Junkers Jumo 213.
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In internal combustion engines the volume of the cylinders is a common measure of the power of an engine. Thus a 2000cc engine would typically be more powerful than an 1800cc engine, but that assumes a similar air-fuel mixture is used. If, via a turbocharger as an example, the 1800cc engine were using an air-fuel mixture that was significantly more energy dense, then it might be able to produce more power than a 2000cc engine burning a less energy dense air-fuel mixture. However, turbochargers are both complex and expensive.
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The Mazda RT-24Ps and the Nissan Onroak DPis had their turbocharger pressures raised for an increase in performance. The Riley/Multimatic MK30's refuelling hose restrictor was shortened by . The Porsche 911 RSR had its weight increased by , but lost performance with a reduction to its air restrictors, a decrease of fuel capacity, and a shortening of their refuelling hose restrictor. Ferrari's 488 GTE received a fuel cell increase by , a boost pressure raise from all revolution per minute ranges, and had added to its refuelling hose restrictor to shorten its refuelling time.
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Audi S3 3 door hatchback Audi S3 3-door hatchback In August 2006, Audi introduced the second generation S3. Offered in three- and five- door body styles, the second generation—Typ 8P—S3 is powered by a modified and uprated Volkswagen Group-sourced 2.0-litre turbocharged FSI petrol engine, with a maximum output of . As with all Audi S models, the design was done in- house by quattro GmbH. The engine features uprated high-performance pistons, revised boost/fuel mapping, increased turbocharger size (KKK K04) and larger intercooler.
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A throwback to the Tourer V variant of its predecessors, the VR25 featured the 1JZ-GTE engine equipped with single CT15B turbocharger rated at at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 2,400 rpm, and was mated to either a 5-speed manual or the same 4-speed automatic as found in the 2.0 L variants with a standard limited-slip differential. As per the V25, the VR25 came with front and rear strut-tower bars and 17-inch wheels; leather was an option as were front and rear spoilers.
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When the throttle plate is open, the air pressure on both sides of the piston in the blow-off valve is equal and the spring keeps the piston down. When the throttle is closed, a vacuum forms in the manifold. This in combination with the pressurized air from the turbocharger moves the piston in the valve up, releasing the pressure into the inlet of the turbo (Recirc.) or the atmosphere (BOV). A blowoff valve is connected by a vacuum hose to the intake manifold after the throttle plate.
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A three-door arrived in 2005 for Europe only. The Smart Forfour also shared the 2003 specification chassis, with Brabus releasing a performance version of the Forfour in 2004 using the same engine as used in the 2004 European cz-T, but squeezing extra out of the same 4G15. In November 2004, a 1.5 L D-ID direct injection turbodiesel version with turbocharger and intercooler, producing 95 PS (70 kW) was made available, with an option of the Allshift automated manual gearbox with electrohydraulic clutch and six gears.
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February 1995 saw the arrival of the Evolution III, following a pre-release in 1993 which had several improvements over the previous models. New, more aggressive styling and a new nose moulding improved the air supply to the radiator, intercooler and brakes. New side skirts and rear bumper moldings and a larger rear spoiler were added to reduce lift. The engine was improved and had a higher compression ratio than before, and a new turbocharger compressor (65 mm to 68 mm), which resulted in a power output of at 6,250 rpm, at 3,000 rpm.
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The Lotus Esprit GT1 utilised the 3.5 L type 918 twin-turbo V8 engine of then newly launched Lotus Esprit V8. The engine was extensively reworked with the addition of one Garrett T4 turbocharger, a flat plane crankshaft, forged aluminium pistons, multipoint fuel injection and an air-to-air intercooler. All of these modifications increased the power to at 5400 rpm and of torque at 3600 rpm. The problematic Renault 5-speed gearbox was replaced by the new 6-speed Hewland sequential manual transmission resulting in better gear shifts.
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Each of the two propulsion systems consisted of modified Ford 2.3 liter engines, reduction gearbox, and 4-blade propeller. The engines were originally designed for use with some models of the petrol-burning Ford Fusion car. To be able to run in the oxygen starved atmosphere at 65,000 ft, the engines featured a multiple turbocharger system that compresses that available low density air and reduces the radiated infrared heat signature to increase its stealth properties. The engines, which provided 150 horsepower at sea level, were tuned so as to be able to run on hydrogen.
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Between April 1988 and 1991, Chrysler offered the Dodge Shadow in numerous European markets as the Chrysler ES. The ES was based on the Dodge Shadow ES and was relatively the same vehicle, only without the "Shadow" badge. Offered only as a 3-door hatchback, the standard engine was the fuel-injected 2.2 L, with an optional turbocharger. For 1989, the 2.2 L engine was replaced by the larger 2.5 L unit. Engines were linked to a standard five-speed manual transmission, with a three-speed automatic available as an extra-cost option.
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In October 2012, the lead locomotive, a GE C30-7 #5017 was sent to MMA's repair shop following an engine failure. Because of the time and cost for a standard repair and the pressure to return the locomotive to service, the engine was repaired with an epoxy-like material that lacked the required strength and durability. This material failed in service, leading to engine surges and excessive black and white smoke. Eventually, oil began to accumulate in the body of the turbocharger, where it overheated and caught fire on the night of the derailment.
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The Toyota Gazoo 86 GRMN Sports FR Concept Platinum is a Toyota 86/Scion FR-S modified by GAZOO Racing and equipped with a GRMN exclusive turbocharger and scroll supercharger, 6-speed manual transmission, GRMN suspension tuning, GRMN brake calipers and brake rotors; GRMN dual exhaust, GRMN alloy wheels and tires; different front and rear fender panels and bumper bars; rear wing; rear garnish; bucket seats; 4-point seat belts; roll cage; back skin tone interior and extra instrumentation (boost, water temperature and oil temperature gauges). The vehicle was unveiled at the Nürburgring Circuit.
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STI Performance Concept at Philadelphia Auto Show (2016) Subaru unveiled the BRZ-based STI Performance Concept at the 2015 New York Auto Show. It stated that this concept car does not preview a production model but rather a visualization of the future application of the STI program to the BRZ. The concept car uses the same turbocharged 2.0-litre engine employed in the BRZ GT300 race car, producing an estimated and . Even so, Subaru also stated that a turbocharger will not find its way into the BRZ production.
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The B11 was sold as the Nissan Tsuru in Mexico, a nameplate used until 2017 when it was discontinued and replaced with the Versa. It was the first car sold as a Nissan in Mexico. Also, the three-door hatchback coupé was known as the Nissan Tsuru Samurai. For 1986, the 1.5 L engine was replaced by the 1.6 L and for 1987 the Tsuru Samurai received a sporty version called the Nissan Ninja Turbo which included a low boost turbocharger with carburator and prominent Ninja stickers on the low side of the doors.
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Kia claims a rigidity strengthening of 14% on its high tensile steel and the Sorento scored good evaluation in small overlap crash test by IIHS. In the US, the Sorento continues to be produced at the West Point, Georgia, assembly plant. Available engines are a 290-horsepower 3.3-liter Lambda II V6 , the existing 190 horsepower 2.4-liter GDi I4 that will make the same output as the outgoing engine, and the new 240 horsepower 2.0-liter turbo I4. A 2.2-liter CRDi diesel engine with variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) is also available.
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The engine of the first version was a 2.0-liter four-cylinder diesel (1948 cc effective), equipped with indirect injection and KKK turbocharger with two valves per cylinder distribution capable of delivering 92 horsepower Euro 2. The engine is derived from the Peugeot XD88 unit built under license by Tata in India and used by Tata Telcoline and Sierra. With the Euro 3 standard power was reduced to 87 horsepower. A 2.1 litre 16V petrol engine was added in 2003. Is a straight-4 naturally aspirated developed by Tata Motors and AVL delivering 135 horsepower.
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The FJ20 was also offered with a turbocharger, producing at 6,400 rpm and at 4,800 rpm. Following Nissan's lead, the 1.6-liter (1,587 cc) Toyota 4A-GE Toyota engine was released in 1983. The cylinder head was developed by Yamaha Motor Corporation and was built at Toyota's Shimayama plant. While originally conceived of as a two-valve design, Toyota and Yamaha changed the 4A-GE to a four-valve after a year of evaluation. It produced 115-140 bhp/86-104 kW@6,600 rpm (54.2-65.5 kW/liter) and 148 Nm/109 lbft@5,800 rpm.
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After four victories in a row, the Audis were sanctioned with several negative changes that deeply affected the car's performance. Namely, added ballast weights, and Champion Audi deciding to go with different tyres, and reducing the boost pressure of the turbocharger. In 2004, after years of competing with the TT-R in the revitalised DTM series, with privateer team Abt Racing/Christian Abt taking the 2002 title with Laurent Aïello, Audi returned as a full factory effort to touring car racing by entering two factory supported Joest Racing A4 DTM cars.
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The Power Stroke was replaced by the beginning in the second quarter of the 2003 model year. The 6.0L Power Stroke, was used in Ford Super Duty trucks until the 2007 model year but lasted until 2009 in the Ford Econoline vans (model year 2010) and in the Ford Excursion SUVs until after the 2005 models when Ford discontinued Excursion production. The engine has a bore and stroke creating a displacement of . It utilizes a variable-geometry turbocharger and intercooler, producing and torque with an 18.0:1 compression ratio, with fuel cutoff at 4,200 rpm.
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A single KKK turbocharger producing enabled the engine to generate a maximum power output of at 6,800 rpm. The engine also utilised Bosch's prototype Motronic engine management system to control ignition timing, fuel injection and boost pressure. The new race car proved to be much more fuel efficient than its predecessor, stopping only 21 times in 24 hours for fuel. The 924 GTP managed seventh position overall behind the race winning 936 and a class win at the GTP+ 3.0 category in 1981 before being retired and stored in the Porsche museum.
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In the face of pressure from the trade, TfL allowed different conversions systems to be developed that could be fitted to the Nissan engine to make it comply. These were the STT Emtec Clean Cab turbocharger system and the Van Aaken exhaust gas recirculation system. Only 80 Austin and Rover-engined cabs remained on the road, which made it uneconomical to develop conversions for them so they were granted an exemption. Although some owners of older Fairways got rid of them, many owners opted to spend almost £2,000 having their cabs converted.
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The milled block was difficult to build with the required accuracy and the design reverted to separate aluminium cylinders. Both problems were solved by the middle of the year and the engine entered production in June 1918. The first Lion I versions delivered from their 24 litres. The power output made the Lion the most powerful Allied aircraft engine, which had previously been the Liberty L-12, producing . As the most powerful engine available (particularly after a turbocharger became an option in 1922), the Lion went on to commercial success.
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During the month of May 1981, word had been buzzing around the garage area that USAC was preparing to drastically change the engine formula for 1982 and beyond. The ruling would effectively ban the popular Cosworth DFX V-8, the engine that had won the Indianapolis 500 the previous four years (1978-1981). The plan was to craft the rules to require (or heavily favor) production-based, "stock block" engines, and reduce turbocharger boost to noncompetitive levels (to discourage their use), or ban turbochargers outright. However, during the summer of 1981 the decision was changed.
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Despite a poor showing on the rally he emerged as World Champion after the Spanish driver went off the road on the final day. In 1995, he took the first win for the Celica GT- Four ST205 in Tour de Corse. However, later in the same season, on the Rally Catalunya, Toyota were found to have used an illegal device in the turbocharger to increase the power of the engine, and were excluded from the results of the 1995 championship and banned for next year. 1996 Auriol contested only two World Championship events.
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For the 2012 season, only Marussia and HRT raced without KERS, and by 2013, with the withdrawal of HRT, all 11 teams on the grid were running KERS. In the 2014 season, the power output of the MGU-K (The replacement of the KERS and part of the ERS system that also includes a turbocharger waste heat recovery system) was increased from 60 kW to 120 kW and it was allowed to recover 2 mega- joules per lap. This was to balance the sport's move from 2.4-litre V8 engines to 1.6-litre V6 engines.
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The South African 745i model was powered by the naturally aspirated M88/3 engine, instead of the turbocharged M102/M106 engines of the European 745i. A right-hand-drive version of the turbocharged model was not possible due to the turbocharger being located in the right-hand side of the engine bay. Instead, the 745i was fitted with the M88/3 engine, as used in the E24 M635i and E28 M5. The engine uses a 24-valve DOHC valvetrain and the fuel injection system is Bosch ML-Jetronic.
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A supercharger is powered mechanically by the engine's crankshaft, while a turbocharger is powered by the engine exhaust. Turbocharging can improve the fuel economy of diesel engines by recovering waste heat from the exhaust, increasing the excess air factor, and increasing the ratio of engine output to friction losses. Adding an intercooler to a turbocharged engine further increases engine performance by cooling down the air-mass and thus allowing more air-mass per volume. A two-stroke engine does not have a discrete exhaust and intake stroke and thus is incapable of self-aspiration.
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It was equipped as a rear- wheel-drive 2.3-litre SOHC inline 4-cylinder (commonly known as the "Lima" engine) equipped with a Garrett T3 turbocharger and fuel injection. Although offering the top-selling XR model worldwide, the Merkur brand is claimed to have been a commercial flop. The reasons vary. Safety and emissions regulations in the U.S. forced Ford to make costly modifications, resulting in relatively high prices, coupled with the required addition of air bags for all 1990 and newer vehicles (not required in foreign markets) doomed the mark to an untimely end.
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In 1936, he joined Junkers, and during much of the 1930s he was in charge of supercharger and turbocharger development. Meanwhile, Hans von Ohain's first jet engines were being run at Heinkel, although there was little official interest. Helmut Schelp and Hans Mauch, at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM), tried to keep development moving through the "back door", attempting to interest existing engine companies in jet development. On one such visit in early 1939 Otto Mader at Junkers said that even if the idea was worth looking at, he had no one to run such an effort.
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In lieu of the annual allotment of 1,000 two- door economy-model sedans, Sinclair pushed the parent to manufacture vehicles equipped with high-end specifications including fuel injection, turbocharger, a five-speed gearbox, and also that the car would be available as a convertible, a body style that other car manufacturers had stopped producing expecting that safety rules would ban them. The convertible came in 1986 and was a great success. Some 250,000 of the Saab 900 convertible were sold (including the NG900) over the succeeding two decades.
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The car's electronics were also new, and along with greater assist in poor traction conditions, a "no‑lift‑shift" feature was added which allows the driver to maintain turbocharger boost during shifts to a higher gear. During a no‑lift‑shift, the driver begins the shift normally by depressing the clutch, but the accelerator pedal is held wide open while the shift is completed. Also new was "launch control", which feathers the throttle at roughly 4,800 rpm until engagement of the clutch, allowing more consistent launches in competitive situations.
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Pirotte, p. 36 It was front-wheel drive and powered by a turbocharged version of the 1.6-litre engine from the Delta GT; the system consisted of a Garrett TBO-225 turbocharger with wastegate valve, an air-to- air heat exchanger, a blow-through twin-choke Weber carburetor and Marelli Microplex ignition with pre-ignition control. To withstand the additional stress deriving from turbocharging, upgrades were made to the oil system, with increased capacity and an oil cooler, and to the cylinder heads with sodium- filled valves. The gearbox was a ZF 5-speed unit.
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The Duratorq DLD-418 is a intercooled common rail diesel engine. It is completely unrelated to the 1.4/1.6 units, and is a development of Ford's 1.8 8v Endura-D engine that saw service through the 1980s and 1990s. However, Ford considers it part of the DLD family, as evidenced by the official "DLD" name. The Endura-D was heavily revised and updated with a variable-vane turbocharger and a Delphi high- pressure common rail injection system and relaunched in 2001 as the 'DuraTorq TDCi', with the original engine being rebadged 'DuraTorq TDDi'.
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A coolpower setup in a truck engine can use an aftercooler mounted on top of the engine with a tip turbine fan, or an air-to-air cooler in front of the radiator. In either case, the goal is to cool the hot, compressed air going from the turbocharger into the engine. With the tip turbine, a small quantity of compressed air is bled off to spin a small fan that draws air through the aftercooler tubes. In some later models, a water cooler was also used, in addition to the tip turbine setup.
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The major differences between the Land Rover Perentie and British Land Rovers are the relocation of the spare wheel to a position under the rear of the load area, a galvanised chassis and the Isuzu engine. The original army contract called for a variety of unusual features including being able to sustain being hung from a helicopter by one corner without causing the chassis to distort. The 6 x 6 version has a wider cab and load sharing leaf-sprung rear axles. The 6 x 6 also has a turbocharger.
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These included the Z20 and the turbocharged and later the fuel-injected Z18ET, although the latter of the two was only available to the Japanese domestic market and after the mid-life facelift. This took place in late May 1981 and included new bumpers and a reworked front design. Albeit a sporting design, the Turbo model received largely the same chassis as regular models and did not have any kind of turbocharger boost indicator. At the time of the facelift, the DOHC FJ20-engined RS model was also introduced.
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This also works as part of the engine brake retarder in the exhaust system. The water-cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, coupled with the cylinder block, reutilises part of the exhaust gasses, producing combustion at lower temperatures with less discharge rates. It includes a new engine brake system, the Dual Power Brake (DPB) fed into the cylinder head, is electronically integrated into the turbocharger. It is claimed that the advantages are: increasing the operational average speed, the brake force, safety, retaking with fuel reduction, and speed on downward slopes.
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The locomotives were powered by a Paxman 6-cylinder Ventura 6YJXL engine with a Napier turbocharger producing , connected to a Voith L217U hydraulic transmission and Hunslet final drive. The axles were connected by coupling rods and driven by a jackshaft located under the cab, between the second and third axles. The plate frames were of 1 inch steel and deep buffer beams almost to rail level. One was of similar thickness to the frames, the other of 5 inch thick steel to act as ballast and to even out weight distribution.
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2017 Honda Civic 1.8 EL sedan (pre-facelift, Thailand) Honda Automobile Thailand debuted the Civic on March 12, 2016. Choices include E, EL, Turbo and Turbo RS, a 1.8-litre naturally aspirated with i-VTEC technology that produces and of torque (E, EL) and the new 1.5-litre VTEC TURBO produces and of torque, achieved with the employment of turbocharger (Turbo, Turbo RS, Hatchback). Both engines are mated to Earth Dreams continuously variable transmission (CVT). Locally assembled hatchback with 1.5 litre turbo engine and CVT arrives in March 2017.
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In India, the Innova is available with twelve variants. Three variants of the Innova come with a petrol engine option which is powered by a 1,998 cc, 1TR-FE, petrol, inline four-cylinder petrol engine with electronic fuel injection. The diesel variants of the Innova are powered by 2,494 cc, 2KD-FTV diesel with intercooler and turbocharger four-cylinder engine. In 2012, Toyota Bharat introduced a new grade "Z" in India which is placed above the VX grade—making it the most expensive trim in the entire line up.
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From August 1979 through December 1982, the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad rebuilt various C-C locomotives (the EMD SD24, the EMD SD24B, the EMD SD7, and the EMD SD35) to 2000 horsepower roadswitchers powered by EMD 645E prime movers, resulting in the EMD SD20. All units had the electricals upgraded to Dash 2 technology, and the turbocharger was removed on the SD24s and SD35s. 35 of the 42 SD20s built were rebuilt from either the SD24 or the SD24B. Illinois Central, the successor to the ICG, retired them in 1995.
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This meant that the car's radiators were now moved to the sides of the car, with large vents placed in the car's doors. The air intake for the V12 engine was also aerodynamically redesigned, now being placed below the rollbar in order to allow more air to the rear wing, as well as slightly off center of the cockpit in order to avoid the driver's helmet blocking the intake. The R383 was also tested with a turbocharger added to the V12 engine, allowing for an increase of output to 900 hp.
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Also new to the range were 1.4 (8-valve or 16-valve) and 1.6 petrol engines as well as a 1.9 diesel (with or without a turbocharger). The saloon and estate versions of the Mark III, which debuted in 1995, were essentially rebadged version of the SEAT Córdoba, which were launched early in 1994. They were referred to internally by Volkswagen as the Typ 6KV, and shared body panels with the SEAT model rather than the Polo hatchback models, with some cosmetic alterations such as new rear and front bumpers and headlights.
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Cummins ISB 6.7L medium-duty truck diesel engine Most small trucks such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use gasoline engines (petrol engines), but many diesel engined models are now being produced. Most of the heavier trucks use four-stroke diesel engines with a turbocharger and intercooler. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. Diesel engines are becoming the engine of choice for trucks ranging from class 3 to 8 GVWs.
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This engine is found in the FG/FG-X Falcon XR6 Turbo, and was produced between mid 2008 and late 2016. Although the power figures for the revised turbo engine mimic the old FPV turbo I6, the engines are quite different. It has a redesigned low-profile log style intake manifold, a smaller turbocharger which spools faster, a new intercooler, redesigned pistons to increase compression. The end result is that the FG XR6 Turbo is faster than the FPV's BF Typhoon although they share the same power output.
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Exhaust brakes are simpler in operation than an engine brake. Essentially, the exhaust pipe of the vehicle is restricted by a valve. This raises the pressure in the exhaust system, forcing the engine to work harder on the exhaust stroke of its cylinders, so again the engine is acting as an air compressor, with the power required to compress the air being withheld from the exhaust pipe, retarding the vehicle. Turbocharger retarders that restrict the flow of exhaust gas can also help in increasing the exhaust pressure to achieve the same objective.
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The successor of the OM617 engine family was the newly developed straight-5 diesel automobile engine OM602 from Mercedes-Benz used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding , it is considered to be one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a success which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. The 5-cylinder OM602 was succeeded by the four-valve engine OM605 (E250D 20V) and later the OM612 and OM647 with turbocharger and common rail direct injection (C/E/ML 270CDI).
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These engines include the Stirling engine, hot "gas" turbocharger, and the steam engine. Both range from 10%-20% efficiency, and as of 2014, small quantities are in production for micro-CHP products. Other possibilities include the Organic Rankine cycle, which operates at lower temperatures and pressures using low-grade heat sources. The primary advantage to this is that the equipment is essentially an air-conditioning or refrigeration unit operating as an engine, whereby the piping and other components need not be designed for extreme temperatures and pressures, reducing cost and complexity.
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These oils are subject to stricter definitions of what is considered "oil" in order to prevent teams from using exotic blends designed to boost performance. Teams are also required to inform the stewards of the mass of oil in each oil tank before the race. Further changes to the technical regulations require the temperature of air in the plenum chamber – adjacent to the turbocharger – to be more than 10 °C above the ambient air temperature. This rule was introduced in a bid to limit the performance gains possible via charge air cooling.
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The Toyota FT-86 G Sports Concept is a modification of the Toyota FT-86 Concept manufactured jointly by Toyota and Subaru and shown at the January 2010 Tokyo Auto Salon as part of the Toyota G Sports range. The FT-86 G Sports Concept differs from the original FT-86 in the use of carbon fibre panels, a vented bonnet, a large rear spoiler, new 19 inch wheels and a custom exhaust. The interior features Recaro bucket seats and a rollcage. The horizontally opposed engine is upgraded with a turbocharger.
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The Peugeot 908 is an auto racing car developed by Peugeot Sport in 2011 for the Le Mans Prototype category of racing. Powered by a diesel engine, it is the successor to the Peugeot 908 HDi FAP which competed since 2007. The newer 908 features a smaller diesel than its predecessor, utilizing a HDi V8 engine with Honeywell Turbo Technologies turbocharger in order to meet new regulations for 2011. The 908 has competed in all rounds of the 2011 Intercontinental Le Mans Cup including the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans.
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Fitting a turbocharger into the Mustang proved impractical, and Allison was forced to use the only supercharger available. In spite of this, the Mustang's advanced aerodynamics showed to advantage, as the Mk I was about faster than contemporary P-40s using the same V-1710-39 (producing at , driving a diameter, three-blade Curtiss-Electric propeller).Gruenhagan 1980, pp. 178, 180–81. The Mk I was faster than the Spitfire Mk VC at and faster at , despite the British aircraft's more powerful engine (the Merlin 45, producing at .
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WHCA Roadrunner vehicle The White House Communications Agency Roadrunner vehicle is an element of every American presidential motorcade. It is also known as the MC2V (mobile command and control vehicle). The vehicle serves as the communications hub for the motorcade by encrypting duplex radio and streaming video which in turn is beamed up to a military satellite which in turn beams that data back down to a ground entry point and through to the WHCA switchboard. The vehicle is a heavily modified Chevrolet Suburban equipped with protective armor, runflat tires, vehicle transponder, and turbocharger.
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During 2003 production, the Ford Super Duty line and the E-Series adopted the VT365, replacing the T444E. For 2008, the MaxxForce 7 was introduced for the Super Duty pickups as a PowerStroke engine; in place of a variable-geometry turbocharger (used by International trucks), Ford versions of the engine were fitted with compound turbochargers. As the 6.4L engine would not properly fit in the vehicle, the E-Series continued use of the 6.0L diesel. After the 2010 model year, Ford ended the use of International- supplied diesel engines.
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When forced induction is used, large port flow is not as important as it is when an engine is naturally aspirated. This means that the generally inferior flow of a reverse-flow head is less of a disadvantage. In the early days of turbo charging a reverse-flow head allowed the compressor outlet of a turbocharger to blow directly into the inlet manifold with either a blow-through or draw-through carburettor and no intercooler. This allowed the use of shorter inlet plumbing which decreased turbo lag and lowered flow restriction.
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In 1991, the Dedra Integrale was launched. It used the same engine and transmission that the Delta Integrale 8v. The Delta Integrale 8v engine is one of the world's most competition proven power units, a 2-litre four-cylinder fuel injected twin cam engine, fitted with contra-rotating balancing shafts, and a Garrett T3 turbocharger and associated inter-cooler to aid volumetric efficiency that boost power output to 171 PS (127 kW) in catalyzed version. The Dedra Integrale also uses the same permanent four-wheel drive of the Delta Integrale, and includes the new Visco Drive 2000 traction control system.
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This engine produced and was changed from its first appearance in the Dodge Daytona Turbo during the previous year. A Garrett AiResearch T3 turbocharger and Chrysler/Bosch multiple-point fuel injection enabled the 2.2 L engine to produce the additional horsepower.Dodge Charger (four-cylinder), Turismo, Plymouth Horizon TC3, and Dodge Omni O24 A total of 7,709 Shelby Chargers were made for the 1985 model year, and 7,669 in 1986. 1987 was the final year, with just 1,011 produced, plus 1,000 more Shelby Chargers that were sent to Shelby's Whittier Plant in CA, at which time they were modified as the 1987 Shelby GLHS.
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A Lancia LC1 doing a demonstration run. The Lancia LC1 was a sports car run by Lancia under the Group 6 regulations in the World Endurance Championship and 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1982 to 1983. The car was built as an attempt by Lancia to move up from production-based competition with the Lancia Beta Montecarlo Turbo in Group 5. The LC1 featured a chassis built by Dallara with an open cockpit, while the engine would be a 1425 cc straight-4 Lancia unit with a single turbocharger, as had been used in the previous Montecarlos.
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For normal operations, the intake air is filtered before it enters the induction system. When ram air is selected, partially unfiltered air enters the induction system with a higher pressure and consequently the manifold pressure increases about a full inch of mercury flying at 7500 feet above mean sea level, giving a greater power output. The turbocharged variants omit this feature, as the turbocharger provides a far greater increase in manifold pressure. The Mooney M20 series has been produced in three fuselage lengths: the "short-body" (M20 through M20E), "medium-body" (M20F through M20K), and "long-body" (M20L through M20V).
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In addition, the GTR has stronger connecting rods and pistons, larger oil squirters, larger nose crank, larger oil cooler, sodium filled valves, a baffled inlet manifold, larger injectors (from 360cc (black) to 440cc (orange)), removed boost cut, front-mounted intercooler, and an IHI VJ-23 ball bearing water-cooled turbocharger. Both the GTX and GTR models were limited to a top speed of 180 km/h. However, removing a screw on the back of the instrument cluster, labeled 180 km/h, meant that the speed limiter was removed. The GT-R produced compared to the GTX with .
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They did not have anti-lock braking system (ABS), but included air conditioning and leather upholstery. Most of the 1984 and 1985 Canadian models came without sunroofs. The remainder of the electric, suspension, and cosmetic updates took place at the same time as the European cars. The initial 2.1 L (2,144 cc, engine code "WX") engine for U.S./Canadian models included minor component and engine control unit (ECU) changes, lowered turbocharger boost pressure, different camshaft, as well as emission controls that consisted of a catalytic converter and lambda stoichiometric fuel control that lowered power output to .
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Volvo 240 Turbo at the Nürburgring 1985 Despite its non-sporting image, the Volvo 240 was a successful competitor in touring car racing in the 1980s. In 1983 Volvo produced 505 evolution version of the 240 Turbo with a larger turbocharger and other performance modifications. All of these special cars were exported to the United States with the special equipment kit in the trunk of each car. 270 of these cars were retrofitted with the special equipment at Long Beach and further 240s were simultaneously fitted with the same kit on the East Coast at the Volvo Penta facility at Chesapeake Bay.
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A number of engine options are available depending on the country of sale, including a 2.7-litre 2TR-FE and 4.0-litre 1GR-FE V6 petrol with Variable Valve Timing and 2.5-litre 2KD-FTV and 3.0-litre 1KD-FTV common rail variable geometry turbocharger diesel models. Trim levels are G and G Luxury for rear-wheel drive diesel and petrol, and V for 4×4 Diesel and petrol. The common rail turbo intercooled diesel has functional scoop on its hood. In 2007, Toyota Thailand dropped the 4×4 petrol model and replaced it with a two-wheel drive petrol version.
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VW Golf GTD Presented at the March 1982 Geneva Motor Show, the Golf GTD combined performance and economy. The car's appearance package and suspension were based on the Mk1 Golf GTI. The engine was a version of the 827 model diesel, with power boosted by a forced induction system. To increase the performance of the 1.6-liter naturally aspirated diesel, the GTD was equipped with a Garrett turbocharger with a maximum boost of , which raised power output to and maximum torque to at 2600 rpm from the and at 2300 rpm of the naturally aspirated engine.
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The Tourer V was still powered by the 1JZ-GTE engines, carried over from the GT Twin Turbo model. There was also a manual transmission version of the Tourer V, suitable for the car's sporty driving characteristics, and a Tourer S model, which was basically the Tourer V minus a turbocharger. In September 1992, the Tourer models received equipment upgrades, although not to the level of the Avante G, and their prices were correspondingly higher. With the retirement of the Cressida model after the X81 generation, only the Mark II, Chaser, and Cresta were sold in the Japanese car market.
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Di Grassi was retained by Audi for 2014 and was promoted to a full-time racing seat. He was selected to replace the retired McNish in the No. 1 Audi and shared it with Kristensen and Duval. Di Grassi started the season by retiring due to chassis damage arising from a crash at the 6 Hours of Silverstone, but recovered to finish second overall at Spa-Francorchamps. Although the No. 1 Audi's fuel injectors and turbocharger were replaced, di Grassi, Kristensen and Duval took second at Le Mans three laps adrift of André Lotterer, Benoît Tréluyer and Marcel Fässler's winning car.
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The Mercedes-Benz OM642 engine is a , 24-valve, aluminium/aluminium block and heads diesel 72° V6 engine manufactured by the Mercedes-Benz division of Daimler AG as a replacement for the Mercedes straight-5 and straight-6 cylinder engines. The engine features common rail Direct injection and a variable nozzle turbocharger. The injection system operates at , while the compression ratio is 18.0:1. The engine features a counter-rotating balance shaft mounted between the cylinder banks to cancel the vibrations inherent to the 72 degree V6 design, and the crankpins are offset by 48 degrees to achieve even 120 degree firing intervals.
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The combined super/turbocharger system (often referred to as twincharging) was a development of the 037 engine that generated with a supercharger only. Like Peugeot's earlier 205 T16, the mid-engine Lancia Delta S4 was a silhouette race car (for marketing purposes), and shared virtually nothing in terms of construction with the production front-engine Delta. The chassis was a tubular space frame construction much like the 037. It featured long travel double wishbone suspension front and rear, with a single large coil over at the front along with a separate spring and twin shock absorbers at the rear.
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A supercharger is a "forced induction" system which uses a compressor powered by the shaft of the engine which forces air through the valves of the engine to achieve higher flow. When these systems are employed the maximum absolute pressure at the inlet valve is typically around 2 times atmospheric pressure or more. A cutaway of a turbocharger Turbochargers are another type of forced induction system which has its compressor powered by a gas turbine running off the exhaust gases from the engine. Turbochargers and superchargers are particularly useful at high altitudes and they are frequently used in aircraft engines.
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It purchased the parts surplus from Consolidated International and offers aftermarket parts to replace exhausted stock. Many aftermarket improvements have been offered over time to address some of the flaws in the original production cars, and to improve performance. A common opinion of the car is that in stock form it is somewhat underpowered, and a variety of solutions have been implemented, from complete engine swaps (either to a larger PRV engine, or to completely different engines such as the Cadillac Northstar engine), turbocharger kits (single or twin-turbo), down to simpler solutions such as improved exhausts and other normal engine tuning work.
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The Allis-Chalmers 190XT, also known as the One-Ninety XT, is a row crop tractor produced by Allis Chalmers from 1964 to 1971. The tractors are powered by diesel fuel, gasoline, or LP gas (though few of the latter two were made). As its model number implies, it was based on the Allis-Chalmers D19, though it featured many alterations and improvements over the D19. The only difference between the 190 and the 190XT is the addition of a turbocharger on the 190XT diesels. Gasoline-run 190XT's also have a G2800 engine as opposed to the 190's G2500 engine.
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VTD adds a twin planetary center differential to the clutch and therefore has a static, starting torque split calculated on the planetary gear ratio, with the most common being 45:55. The active clutch operation is similar to the ACT system, although the clutch is used to suppress differential action instead of as the differential itself. VTD was introduced on the Alcyone SVX in 1991 and is usually found in performance models equipped with a turbocharger, along with the VDC outback. Active Torque Split and VTD are found in both generations of the 4 speed while the 5 speed uses only VTD.
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The engine has to burn extra fuel to provide power to drive the supercharger. The increased air density during the input cycle increases the specific power of the engine and its power-to-weight ratio, but at the cost of an increase in the specific fuel consumption of the engine. In addition to increasing the cost of running the aircraft a supercharger has the potential to reduce its overall range for a specific fuel load. As opposed to a supercharger driven by the engine itself, a turbocharger is driven using the otherwise wasted exhaust gas from the engine.
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Created in 2000, the P03 was AER's first clean sheet engine and was developed for MG/Rover for their Le Mans racing efforts. When they backed away from their Le Mans effort after a year, AER took the engine and developed it into a customer engine, the P07. The P07 was a 2.0 liter inline-4 with a single Garrett turbocharger, producing over 500 HP initially and 550 HP by 2003. The engine ran strongly through 2007 in the American Le Mans Series and Le Mans Series, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans, in the LMP2 class.
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With its engine at first augmented by a single-stage turbocharger, the ALTUS II reached an altitude of 37,000 ft during its first series of development flights at Dryden in August, 1996. In October of that year, the ALTUS II was flown in an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM-UAV) study in Oklahoma conducted by Sandia National Laboratories for the Department of Energy. During the course of those flights, the ALTUS II set a single-flight endurance record for remotely operated aircraft of more than 26 hours. In October 1996, ALTUS II set an endurance record for UAVs carrying science payloads.
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The interior was rigorously stripped down. The backseat was replaced by a steel roll cage, while the radio gave way to the harmonies of the flat-six engine, which could mobilize around 100 more hp thanks to a larger turbocharger and a sharper camshaft. Lightweight construction even extended to replacing the door handles with slim leather straps that opened the catch when pulled. And Porsche specifically requested permission from the vermouth producer Rossi to replicate the Martini racing paint job of the 911 Carrera RSR Turbo 2.1 that finished second in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974.
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ALS was first used in the early days of turbocharged cars in Formula One racing circa mid to late 1980s, until fuel restrictions made its use unsuitable. Later it became a common feature in rally cars because of the increased turbo lag from the mandated restrictors at the intake manifold inlet. Due to the pressure drop across the restriction, the pressure ratio for a given boost level is much higher and the turbocharger must spin much faster to produce the same boost as when the engine operates without restriction. This increases turbo lag significantly compared to unrestricted turbochargers.
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The throttle bypass/throttle solenoid system is combined with ignition retardation and slight fuel enrichment (mainly to provide cooling), typically ignition occurs at 35-45° ATDC. This late ignition causes very little expansion of the gas in the cylinder; hence the pressure and temperature will still be very high when the exhaust valve opens. At the same time, the amount of torque delivered to the crankshaft will be very small (just enough to keep the engine running). The higher exhaust pressure and temperature combined with the increased mass flow is enough to keep the turbocharger spinning at high speed thus reducing lag.
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A water and oil cooled turbocharger (replacing the older oil-cooled unit) was also introduced to improve the unit's durability. In each of the seasons 1987 and 1988, there was a special 'one-make' race series, in the UK, called the Saab Turbo Mobil Challenge, sponsored by Saab Great Britain and Mobil. It was run by the BARC. The eight-valve engines were phased out in 1989 and 1990, with the turbo versions having been removed in North American markets by the end of 1984; North American 900S models received the non-turbo 16-valve engine for 1986.
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In 1995, the Bentley Turbo S was announced as a strictly limited model, with envisaged production as less than 100 units. Effectively a stop-gap model before the introduction of the Bentley Arnage, just 60 units were produced making it the rarest of the Bentley SZ Series of cars, distributed across selected European, Middle Eastern and Asian markets and customers only. The engine termed a Blackpool version used Bosch Motronic fuel injection and digital ignition derived from Formula 1 technology, and with a larger exhaust driven Garrett AirResearch turbocharger with intercooler. It had a power output of .
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In 2003, the second generation Panther has no longer used rubber seals and used compound sealant instead on both rear side and rear window, and also introduced the top-of-the-line Grand Touring variant which has a single exterior color instead of two-tone and without front bumper guard, and is positioned just above the Touring variant. Since then, the short wheelbase variant was discontinued. The Adventure variant which is based on the LV trim with body kit is also available. The manual transmission variant of the LS trim with a turbocharger is also available as well.
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She is also punctual, shy and diligent – in contrast to Natsumi, who is tardy, brash and frequently lazy. Her mini patrol car, a Honda Today, is a heavily modified version for patrol duties. Starting with the Today's 545 cc EH engine, Miyuki has stroked it out to 600 cc and turbocharged as well as converted to DOHC. Later she swaps the engine to a 700 cc stroked version of the later 656 cc MTREC engine (although still having a yellow number plate for K-cars), also with twin cams, a turbocharger, an intercooler, and nitrous oxide boost.
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It inherited the class lead after the Maximum Motorsport Subaru Impreza WRX STi of Dean Herridge, John O'Dowd and Angus Kennard suffered a turbocharger failure. The damage was repaired and the Subaru still finished second in class, 11 laps down. Class E saw the HSV VXR Turbo of Elliot Barbour, Scott Pye, New Zealand V8 Utes racer Chris Pither finishing first in class and seventh outright. The HSV finished 13 laps ahead of the second placed GWS Personnel Motorsport BMW 130i driven by Angus Chapel, Richard Gartner and Tony Prior, and nine laps ahead of the first Class D car.
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GE air-cooled RD-1 turbocharger assemblies also required repeated redesign of both manifolds and turbines.Steinbrenner, page 283 By early 1948, ALCO had spent $4.3 million on field repairs and modifications of 244 engines.Steinbrenner, page 284 In 1950, the first engines with upgrades new from the factory, dubbed the 244D, were installed in locomotives, beginning with the RS-3.Steinbrenner, page 288 In 1953, the RD-1 and RD-2 turbochargers were replaced with GE water-cooled RD-3 and RD-4 models, followed the next year by ALCO-designed and built 510 and 710 turbos.
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The engine received new pistons which lowered the compression ratio, while an updated camshaft was used to reduce overlap. The allure of the Commodore was quickly established particularly when the top speed was and then extended to with the addition of the Garrett turbocharger. In addition stopping power for the turbo models was upgraded to larger brakes and Girlock finned alloy front calipers. The Australian Police commissioned the turbocharged models as their "interceptor" Highway Pursuit cars of choice. These interceptors were denoted by "BT1" in the model code on the Body & Option plate attached to the firewall.
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Hudswell Clarke D810 Enterprise at Ashford Steam Centre in 1972 In 1954 the first prototype Hi-Dyne was installed in Enterprise, a 48-ton Hudswell Clarke industrial locomotive. This was tested for a range of industrial uses, particularly for colliery traffic on the Stockton to Darlington line. Unusually for the testing of a small locomotive, the test trains also included a dynamometer car. The engine was a 6-cylinder RPHXL V engine fitted with a Brown Boveri VTR 160 turbocharger. The governor was set to give a constant power output of 210 bhp between 735 and 1,250 rpm.
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U.S. and Canada models are only available with continuously variable transmission. For the 2020 model year, Honda has made the 1.5-liter engine standard on all CR-V trim levels sold in the United States. In several markets, the CR-V is also available with a 1.6-liter Honda i-DTEC turbodiesel option, producing paired to a ZF 9HP transversely-mounted 9-speed automatic transmission. The i-DTEC turbodiesel engine has been revised from having a single variable-nozzle turbocharger in the earlier version to having two turbochargers - one for low RPMs and the other for high RPMs - to minimise turbo lag.
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Both systems will operate at cold start, which will reduce emissions that direct injection suffers to due to cold cylinder walls and lower fuel atomization. Turbocharger changes include electronically actuated wastegates, turbine wheels now made with lighter Mar-M-247 super-alloy increasing responsiveness, and the same 51 mm turbine wheels but with sharper vane angles allowing boost to be increased by up to max. The turbochargers continue to be supplied by Borg Warner. The cam drive system changed from a single primary chain to a stronger two primary chain system with separate chains driving each cylinder bank.
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General Electric was the sole source for research and production of American turbo- superchargers during this period, from its four decades worth of steam turbine engineering experience. Turbo-superchargers were indeed highly successful in U.S. bombers, which were exclusively powered by radial engines. The P-47 fighter had the same combination of radial engine (R-2800) and turbo- supercharger and was also successful, apart from its large bulk, which was caused by the need for the ductwork for the aft-mounted turbo-supercharger. However, mating the turbocharger with the Allison V-1710 proved to be problematic.
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Aside from the turbocharger and exhaust system itself, and what was (at the time) a relatively sophisticated boost delivery and control system, the MG Turbo variant incorporated stiffer suspension (purportedly with engineering input from Lotus), and an uprated crankshaft of nitrided steel and sodium-cooled exhaust valves. Both MG variants were given a "sporty" interior with red seat belts, red carpets and a sports-style steering wheel. The Turbo also benefitted from an LCD boost pressure gauge. The Turbo also received alloy wheels, black wheel arch extensions, blacked out trim, a rear spoiler surrounding the windshield, and prominent "TURBO" decals.
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The Renault 5 Alpine Turbo was launched in 1982 as an upgraded successor to the naturally aspirated Alpine.The Glasgow Herald, May 31, 1982 In Britain, the car was still called Gordini rather than Alpine. Motor magazine undertook a road test of the Turbo in 1982 and while they appreciated the performance (top speed , in 8.7 seconds), they were critical of its high price as it was £2 more than the larger Ford Escort XR3.Motor Road Test Annual 1982 The 1.4 l (1,397 cc) engine in the Alpine/Gordini Turbo had a single Garrett T3 turbocharger, increasing the power output to .
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The car utilises a single KKK turbocharger. Total power output from the engine was at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm, much more than the standard Carrera it was based on. The engine has a compression ratio of 6.5:1. In order to ensure that the platform could make the most of the higher power output, a revised suspension, larger brakes and a stronger gearbox became part of the package, although some consumers were unhappy with Porsche's use of a four-speed transmission whilst a five-speed manual transmission was available in the "lower trim" Carrera.
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The Turbo featured a fiberglass body with gull-wing doors that was reportedly inspired by the Alfa Romeo Carabo concept car. The interior was upholstered in leather and featured an early digital dash. Early models of the Turbo were powered by a 1.8 L Inline-four engine from the Volkswagen Passat which was then equipped with a Garrett turbocharger and coupled to a 4-speed manual gearbox. These engines reportedly produced 140 hp (104.4 kW) at 5,000 rpm, and would accelerate the car from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 9.3 seconds and reach a top speed of .
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The resulting altimeter readings are known as flight levels. Piston engine aircraft with constant-speed propellers also use inches of mercury to measure manifold pressure, which is indicative of engine power produced in engines equipped with a supercharger or turbosupercharger (naturally aspirated engines measure manifold vacuum instead). In automobile racing, particularly United States Auto Club and Champ Car Indy car racing, inches of mercury was the unit used to measure turbocharger inlet pressure. However, the inch of mercury is still used today in car performance modification to measure the amount of vacuum or pressure within the engine's intake manifold.
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Scotsman Hubert O'Neill purchased Venturi in 1994 and conceived of the Venturi 400GT as well as a revised Atlantique. After a rushed design time of six months, the new Atlantique 300 was unveiled at the Paris Motor Show. Its 3.0 V6 PRV engine was lifted from other Peugeot/Citroën models and was good for in naturally aspirated form or with a turbocharger which was essentially the same engine as used in the Alpine A610. Venturi again went into receivership in 1996, and was bought by Thai firm Nakarin Benz, under whom the company focused its concentration upon road cars.
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The Indigo Manza features a modern feature-set, including front SRS airbags, ABS with EBD; an audio system integrated into the dashboard, automatic climate control, leather upholstery, diamond-cut alloy-wheels, and a 500-litre trunk. The car is larger than the 2007 Indigo in all dimensions. Tata Indigo Manza rear The car is powered by Bharat Stage-IV compliant engines sourced from Fiat. These include the 1.4 L Fiat FIRE petrol engine (re-branded as Safire), and the 1.3 L MultiJet common-rail diesel engine featuring a variable turbine turbocharger (re-branded as Quadrajet 90).
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However, the turbocharged 4D68 could produce 172 Nm of torque, more than any other engine offered in the Wira range, and compared to just 123 Nm without the turbocharger. Most European markets received the turbo diesel, but a handful, such as Germany received the naturally aspirated diesel as well, in both four door and five door guises. In Malaysia, Proton sold the naturally aspirated diesel as the Wira 2.0D, but it was limited to the four door sedan. In 2005, Zagross Khodro began assembly of Wira complete knock down units for the Iranian market as part of a deal with Proton.
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Rosberg succumbed next with a broken turbocharger, and when Alboreto blew his engine on Lap 50, Piquet led by more than 30 seconds. Brundle now found himself in third place and gaining on de Angelis, who was driving without second gear in his Lotus as teammate Mansell had done before retiring. By Lap 56, Brundle had erased the ten seconds between him and the Lotus, and he passed by as they approached the chicane to take second place. With seven laps to go, Piquet was 20 seconds ahead and winding down his boost as he allowed Prost to unlap himself.
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The turbocharger is an all new Garrett GT35 unit featuring roller bearings for improved response, with an external wastegate with high speed closed loop pneumatic valve boost control for absolutely precise automatic boost control. The engine management system is a Pi Research Pectel electronic engine control unit (ECU), the MQ12, which has more capability than the unit in FPA. For its initial 2009 season, continuous maximum engine power was at 8,250 rpm. The F2 car features a "push to pass/defend" overboost, with being available for a maximum duration of 6 seconds, available ten times during each race.
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The U diesel engine has four cylinders and is made with a cast iron block, aluminum cylinder head with chain driven DOHC (4 valves per cylinder), Bosch common rail direct injection (CRDi), variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) and intake air swirl control. Bore and stroke are . It produces and torque in the Hyundai Getz and at 4,000 rpm and of torque at 2,000 rpm in the Kia Rio and higher spec Hyundai Getz models. Introduced in 2005 this engine replaced the 1.5L 3-cylinder D-engine common rail Diesel sold in the Hyundai Getz and Accent models which was notably less refined.
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The 1980 TrueValue Hardware 500 at Pocono was held as part of the 1980 CRL season, the joint USAC/CART sanctioning arrangement. It was the next-to-last race before CART pulled out and proceeded with their own championship for 1980. The race was run using 48 inHG of turbocharger boost, the same used a month earlier at Indianapolis, but down from the 60 inHG permitted at Ontario in April. Bobby Unser won the pole position with a two-lap average speed of 185.491 mph, but A. J. Foyt who qualified second, drew controversy after qualifying.
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In regards to mine protection, the vehicle's ground clearance has been increased to 493 mm without increasing the overall height (less than 2 meters); it also uses suspended seats of aeronautical derivation, v-hull under body, and a collapsible sandwich structure in the floor to deflect and absorb mine blasts. Its exhaust is piped through its C-pillars, and its turbocharger is located underneath the engine to reduce its thermal signature. Mobility is helped by a run-flat system, allowing the vehicle to move even with completely deflated tires. It is related to the Fiat Oltre concept car unveiled in 2005.
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Volvo Concept Coupe in Frankfurt 2013, with a Volvo P1800 in the background The Volvo Concept Coupe is a concept car first revealed at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2013. The concept car is based on Volvo's new platform Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) which will provide the technical foundation for all future Volvo models. The front wheels are driven by a four cylinder two litre petrol engine, from Volvo's new engine family Volvo Engine Architecture (VEA), fed by both turbocharger and supercharger. The rear wheels are driven by an electric motor, making this car a plug-in hybrid.
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May won by reaching 140, though the Jaguar broke down and had to have its oil and water replaced. The Starion, thanks to a modified turbocharger and some accidental weight shedding, achieved 119 mph, beating the BMW's 115 mph. A test of ride comfort was then carried out; each presenter drove their car at 30 mph over a cobbled road with a bowl of water in their lap, losing points for every ounce spilt. The Jaguar won again, and while Hammond's sporty BMW did poorly, Clarkson fared even worse; the Starion's ride was so hard that the manual gearbox was of no consequence.
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Otherwise, low-rpm power will suffer. Alternatively, a turbocharger can be used for greater efficiency, if low rpm operation is not required, or supplimented with electric motors. In the Miller-cycle engine, the piston begins to compress the fuel-air mixture only after the intake valve closes; and the intake valve closes after the piston has traveled a certain distance above its bottom-most position: around 20 to 30% of the total piston travel of this upward stroke. So in the Miller cycle engine, the piston actually compresses the fuel-air mixture only during the latter 70% to 80% of the compression stroke.
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Power output from the carburetted 550 cc EB-series three-cylinders was originally either 32 or 50 PS, depending on whether a turbocharger was fitted. In late 1987 a limited edition called the ChaCha arrived, aimed at women around the age of 30 and only available in black with discreet red pinstripes, equipped with standard air conditioning. In January 1989 the TR-XX EFi, a fuel injected 64 PS version was added, followed by a Club Sports edition in October which offered a lowered suspension and body kit. At the 1989 Tokyo Motor Show, a prototype two-seat "Leeza Spider" was shown.
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The silhouette was very similar to the road car but aside from rear light lenses, exterior door handles and badges virtually all else was either purpose made or were dedicated race components. Aesthetically the production model had been refreshed by new head of design Julian Thompson and relaunched as the S4 in 1993. These design alternations were incorporated as part of a wider package of aerodynamic improvements that included a carbon fibre splitter, diffuser and revised floor. Lotus also took the opportunity to include its new V8 engine which combined with one Garrett intercooled turbocharger was able to produce 550bhp.
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To further increase the performance of the 3000M, TVR contracted Ralph Broad's engine tuning company, Broadspeed, to develop a turbocharging system for the Essex engine. The resultant 3000M Turbo prototype was unveiled at the 1975 British International Motor Show at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, and subsequently went into production. In lieu of fuel injection, a carburettor was run inside a pressurized box atop the engine, and the turbocharger itself was mounted low and forward in the engine compartment, requiring the exhaust manifolds to exit forward. The compression ratio was lowered to reduce the engine's internal stresses.
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Later model Conrail units were built with split cooling systems for the turbocharger intercooler and engine cooling (previous Dash 8 series had both on the same cooling system). The later units delivered to Conrail in 1993 and 1994 were equipped with GE's Integrated Function Displays (IFD). The IFDs are LCD displays that provide the engineer with the same information previously provided by analog gauges, as well as integrating distance counter and End of Train Device telemetry functions. As of late 2017, most C40-8W locomotives are still in service, while some have been retired and/or sold to other railroads or leasing companies.
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JCB Dieselmax on display at the Heritage Motor Centre In April 2006, JCB announced that they were developing a diesel-powered land speed record vehicle known as the 'JCB Dieselmax'. The car is powered by two modified JCB 444 diesel power plants using a two-stage turbocharger to generate 750 bhp, one engine driving the front wheels and the other the rear wheels. On 22 August 2006 the Dieselmax, driven by Andy Green, broke the diesel engine land speed record, attaining a speed of . The following day, the record was again broken, this time with a speed of .
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As indicated by the name of the championship, there is a professional agreement with Audi AG. The cars are powered by a Audi 1.8 litre, inline-four cylinder 20 valve double overhead camshaft turbocharged production petrol engine. Prepared and built by Mountune Racing, the engine also features a driver operated turbo 'boost' button, which temporarily gives the car a increase. This engine can achieve a in 2.8 seconds, in 6.2 seconds, and is capable of propelling the cars to over . Further engine detail includes a Pi Research Pectel motorsport electronic engine control unit and a Garrett T34 turbocharger with an intercooler.
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The IHI RHB51 turbocharger, developed as a joint venture between Ishikawajima Heavy Industry and Honda, was lighter and smaller than most other turbos and could run at higher rpm. When combined with Honda's PGM-FI fuel injection and an 8-bit digital computer control unit, the end result was a very efficient engine with minimal turbo lag. 0–100 km/h was possible in 8.6 seconds. The later City Turbo II's engine featured an intercooler, a revised intake plenum, a slightly larger throttle body, a modified inlet manifold, a higher AR turbo compressor, exhaust housings, and a slightly raised (7.6:1) compression ratio.
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The LZ engine was built purely for Datsun/Nissan competition use. Engine size can vary between 1400 cc (LZ14) in the PB110 "1200", 1600 cc in the PB210, 1800 CC in the 710 2.0 litres in the PA10 Stanza, to 2.2 liter in the 910 bluebird rally cars. The naturally aspirated LZ engines used Solex carburettors depending on capacity. The LZ engine found its way into many categories, from "Datsun Works" rally cars, Formula Pacific, Group 4 (racing), Group 5 (racing) and Group C. In some Japanese racing classes the LZ engine is fitted with low compression pistons and a "T05B" turbocharger.
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The first generation Picanto was revealed at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. It was based on a shortened platform of the Hyundai Getz and was long, with a five-door hatchback body style. The car was available with a choice of two petrol engines: a 1.0-litre, with and , or a 1.1-litre, with and , both with multipoint injection. In Europe, a 1.1-litre three- cylinder diesel engine (based on the Kia Cerato's 1.5-litre four-cylinder unit) was also available, with direct injection and a variable geometry turbocharger, the power reaching and a torque of .
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Alpine had been working with increasingly close ties to Renault since 1971, and by the beginning of the A442 project in 1975 the two companies were almost completely merged. Renault finally bought Alpine outright in early 1976, Renault inheriting Alpine's sports prototype program. The A442 was a direct evolution of the successful Alpine A440 and title-winning A441 models. However, unlike the previous cars, the A442's 2.0L Renault-Gordini powerplant boasted a large Garrett turbocharger, pushing power output to . Over the next three years this would increase to well over , with the A443's 2.2L unit developing .
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A Ford 1800cc diesel was substituted for the original XR2 petrol engine, and a turbocharger has been added. The vehicle is in daily use, both as a family car and – with or without a trailer – for some of the parcel carrying trade of Allbays Transport, an Auckland North Shore passenger and courier goods transport business. A handful of 2+2 LHD cars are in The Netherlands and one is in Germany. One owner has converted his car to full electric drive using a HPEVS AC50 motor with Curtis 1238 controller with Li battery pack front and rear.youtube.
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Following the death of Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony Hulman in 1977, and the tragic 1978 USAC plane crash, owners and participants in Indy car racing were anxious to reorganize the sport. By 1978, a growing dissent amongst the participants was based on many factors, including poor promotion and low revenue. In addition, the venerable 4-cylinder turbo Offenhauser (a favorite of the USAC-loyal teams) was at a horsepower disadvantage to the new V8 Cosworth DFX. USAC began retooling turbocharger boost rules to ensure the Offy and the "stock block" engines remained competitive, which caused new disagreements about equivalency formulas and favoritism.
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Without a boost controller, air pressure is fed from the charge air (compressed side) of the turbocharger directly to the wastegate actuator via a vacuum hose. This air pressure can come from anywhere on the intake after the turbo, including after the throttle body, though that is less common. This air pressure pushes against the force of a spring located in the wastegate actuator to allow the wastegate to open and re-direct exhaust gas so that it does not reach the turbine wheel. In this simple configuration, the spring's springrate and preload determine how much boost pressure the system will achieve.
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The Gadabout was a car invented by Ray Russell in the mid-1940s, with an aluminum and magnesium body."The Gadabout and the Phantom Corsair", Hemings Daily. Retrieved 3 February 2019 Built on an MG frame, its proposed specifications included a two-cycle, air-cooled engine with direct fuel injection and turbocharger, which would have been mounted either in front or in back at the owner's discretion. It was featured in many Second World War publications as a model post-war car, but the project was not funded, so only the original Gadabout was ever produced.
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2005 Grand Cherokee with 3.0 V6 Turbo Diesel In Europe, South America, South Africa and Australia, a V6 CRD engine produced by Mercedes-Benz was available from the Grand Cherokee (WK) introduction in 2005: : OM642 3.0 L CRD V6 Turbo Diesel with Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT). It produces and of torque at 1,600 to 2,800 rpm at a fuel consumption of city and highway. Note: MPG figures are based on United States Environmental Protection Agency, European combined consumption is . In North America the 3.0 CRD was available for the 2007 and 2008, however the rest of the world - i.e.
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The 2250 class are former 1550 class (6), 2130 class (all 11), and 2141 class (all 8) locomotives that were rebuilt in 2004.2100 Class Queensland's Great Trains2250 Class Railpage The rebuilds included new cabs, Dash 2 electronics, ZTR traction control equipment, EMD 645E engines from 1502s and the replacement of the roots blower supercharger with a turbocharger. They were also ballasted to as they only operate on heavy coal trains. 20 locomotives were sold to Transnet in South Africa in 2014. 5 were brought back into Australia by GWA for use on the Whyalla network, releasing GWN class locomotives for service in Queensland.
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Originally intended for displacement, Buick was designated by GM as the engine design leader and decided to begin with a larger, size, which was deemed ideal for the new senior compact cars introduced for the 1961 model year. This group of cars was commonly referred to as the B-O-P group -- for Buick-Olds-Pontiac -- or the Y-bodies. Known variously as the Fireball and Skylark by Buick (and as Rockette, Cutlass, and Turbo-Rocket by Oldsmobile),Depending on carburetion or use of turbocharger. Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1960-1972 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2004), pp.
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A year after, in 2004, another Mazdaspeed model was offered: the Mazdaspeed MX-5 Miata, initially released in the North American market, followed by the Australian and Japanese markets. It featured an IHI single-scroll turbocharger producing of boost to further increase power, from to and torque from to . Mazda soon realized that these high performance models could be successful outside of North America and would make the next vehicles available worldwide. In 2006, the Mazdaspeed6 was released globally, featuring the most powerful piston engine ever produced by Mazda at with an all-wheel drive layout.
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In 1990, HICAS-II was updated and renamed SuperHICAS. The S13 also saw the introduction of a viscous-type limited slip differential for some models. S13 Silvias were initially powered by the CA18DE and CA18DET engines carried over from the end of S12 production, with an intercooler added to the CA18DET for a slight increase in stability and power. In mid-1990, (for the 1991 model year) the SR20DE and SR20DET engines debuted, offering improvements across the board in power and torque due to increased displacement and a more efficient turbocharger than was offered on the previous cars.
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Japan saw a new version of the Silvia: The S-15 in 1999, now boasting at 6,400 rpm and at 4,800 rpm of torque from its SR20DET Inline-four engine, thanks to a ball bearing turbocharger upgrade, as well as improved engine management system. The non-turbo SR20DE produced . The S15 Silvia included aggressive styling inside and out, updating the previous Silvia styling in-line with modern car design trends. The body dimensions were reduced from the previous generation so that it would comply with Japanese Government compact class, which had an effect on sales of the previous model.
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Toyota Aygo Crazy Toyota Aygo Crazy rear In 2008, Toyota created a driveable one off concept car based on the Toyota Aygo. Named the Aygo Crazy, it was unveiled to the public at the July 2008 British International Motor Show in London, before appearing at other motor shows that year based in the United Kingdom. Aygo Crazy has a mid mounted 1.8 litre VVTi engine from the Toyota MR2 and Celica, mated to an MR2 five speed gearbox and fitted with a Toyota Motorsport turbocharger conversion. The manufacturer claims the engine produces at 6,700 rpm and torque at 3,400 rpm.
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For instance, a consortium led by micro gas turbine company Bladon Jets has secured investment from the Technology Strategy Board to develop an Ultra Lightweight Range Extender (ULRE) for next-generation electric vehicles. The objective of the consortium, which includes luxury car maker Jaguar Land Rover and leading electrical machine company SR Drives, is to produce the world's first commercially viable - and environmentally friendly - gas turbine generator designed specifically for automotive applications.Bladon Jets And Jaguar Land Rover Win Funding For Gas Turbine Electric Vehicle Project The common turbocharger for gasoline or diesel engines is also a turbine derivative.
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A new engineer, Armando Palanca, with experience in aeronautic as well as automotive engineering, created a new direction for Giannini in the early 1980s. Tuning kits for new Fiats like the 126, Ritmo, and the Panda appeared, and Giannini partook (directly and indirectly) in lots of competitions. The two-cylinder engine used in the 126 and Panda ("Panda 750 Sport") was enlarged to 694 and 756 cc to make for slightly more powerful but still cheap to own versions. The 1.7 litre diesel engine used in the Ritmo and the Regata was offered with a turbocharger, raising power by 34 percent to .
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Starlet GT turbo (EP82, Japanese-spec, grey-exported to the Philippines) The Starlet GT Turbo is a high performance model of the fourth generation Starlet, first introduced in 1990 as a successor to the 70 series Starlet 1.3 Turbo R. The EP82 GT turbo was powered by a turbocharged version of a Toyota's E Engine, the 4E-FTE with a CT9 turbocharger. This engine produced at 6,400 rpm. The car weighed in at , providing a greater than 100 kilowatt per tonne power-to-weight ratio. Adding to its handling abilities, Toyota's active suspension technology continued from the previous generation, called TEMS.
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The FXV (Future eXperimental Vehicle) was a concept vehicle by Toyota that was first shown at the 1985 Tokyo Motor Show. The FXV included both 4 wheel steering and 4 wheel drive with Electronic Skid Control. The mid-mounted 2.0 L engine had both a supercharger and a turbocharger (with a ceramic turbine wheel), pistons made from magnesium fibre-reinforced metal (FRM), a distributor-less ignition system and a resin intake manifold. The full colour computerised CRT displays had touch screens which could control the suspension, CD player, air conditioning, cellular phone and 8mm video display.
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XPT power cars originally powered by a Paxman Valenta 12RP200L engine with a single turbocharger. These were replaced from June 2000 by Paxman VP185 12-cylinder, diesel engines with four low-pressure turbochargers and two high- pressure turbochargers boasting that had been successfully used by some British Rail High Speed Trains since 1994."MTU looks at IC125 power" Rail Business Intelligence issue 118 20 January 2000 page 6"Market" Railway Gazette International April 2000 page 210 Traction equipment was manufactured in England by Brush Traction of Loughborough. Power cars comprise five main compartments at the platform level.
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The modified Vega aluminum-block 2.3 inline 4 with a turbocharger and 155 hp required a 50,000 mile test for EPA certification and Don Yenko eventually decided against using the turbochargers.. Chevrolet was not interested in the marketing potential of a Turbo version as neither the Yenko-requested higher-compression engine blocks nor factory equipped turbo engines were ever built. The Stinger Vega was offered from Yenko Chevrolet through 1972 without turbochargers installed, but Yenko did offer the turbochargers as an aftermarket kit. The high performance and limited production of all Yenko-modified cars makes them valuable and prized to collectors.
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The 2.0L MPI turbo in the 2009–2012 Genesis Coupe, it produced at 6,000 rpm and on 91 RON/87 octane (AKI) gasoline, and at 6,000 rpm on 98 RON/93 octane (AKI). Torque remains the same at at 2,000 rpm. For the facelifted 2013–2014 Genesis Coupe, the engines got upgraded with a new twin-scroll turbocharger with new version now producing at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 2,000 and 4,500 rpm on 91 RON/87 octane (AKI) gasoline, and at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 2,000 and 4,500 rpm on 98 RON/93 octane.
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The main drawback in his time, as mentioned, was the poor knowledge of materials characteristics and behaviors at high temperatures. The best metallurgy of the day could not prevent the turbine disks from moving and warping unacceptably during operation. Today, many amateur experiments in the field have been conducted using Tesla turbines which use compressed air, or steam as its power source (the steam being generated with heat from fuel combustion, from a vehicle's turbocharger or from solar radiation). The issue of the warping of the discs has been partially solved using new materials such as carbon fiber.
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There are two areas on which intercoolers are commonly mounted. It can be either mounted on top, parallel to the engine, or mounted near the lower front of the vehicle. Top-mount intercoolers setups will result in a decrease in turbo lag, due in part by the location of the intercooler being much closer to the turbocharger outlet and throttle body. This closer proximity reduces the time it takes for air to travel through the system, producing power sooner, compared to that of a front-mount intercooler which has more distance for the air to travel to reach the outlet and throttle.
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Barra 270T from a BA-BF FPV This engine is found in the BA/BF Falcon based FPV F6 Typhoon and Tornado models, and the SY Territory based FPV F6X, and was produced between 2004 and early 2009. It is the high-power variant of the Barra 240/245T versions found in the XR6 Turbo. The increase in power is achieved through the use of higher boost pressures from the otherwise under-utilised large Garrett GT3540 turbocharger, a larger intercooler, revised air intake. These are differentiated from the standard turbo engines by the unique FPV blue-coloured rocker cover.
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Other series configurations exist where no bypass system is employed and both compressors are in continuous duty. As a result, compounded boost is always produced as the pressure ratios of the two compressors are multiplied, not added. In other words, if a turbocharger which produced (pressure ratio = 1.7) alone blew into a supercharger which also produced 10 psi alone, the resultant manifold pressure would be (PR=2.8) rather than (PR=2.3). This form of series twincharging allows for the production of boost pressures that would otherwise be unachievable with other compressor arrangements and would be inefficient.
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At launch, the crossover is offered in only one variant, 1.5T 5-seater. It is equipped with a 1.5-litre petrol engine with turbocharger producing 140 hp, instead of 145–147 hp in other markets. Initially, Almaz was only offered with a Bosch-designed CVT. Being the first right-hand-drive model of the 530 platforms, Almaz immediately received a 10.4" head unit with an integrated air conditioning control, smartphone mirroring functionality dubbed as Wuling Link and other vehicle settings control embedded, which for the left-hand model was meant to be a later upgrade from the existing 8" floating head unit.
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Genevieve gained recognition from the print work she was doing as a spokesmodel. An agent approached her and suggested she put a composite card together along with a portfolio and pursue modeling. She took that advice and has since worked as a model for companies such as Disney, Intex H2O Toys, Von Dutch, Mission Hockey, NAPA Auto Parts, EBC Brakes, NHRA, Scripto Lighters, True Hardware, K&N; Airfilter, NOS, Garrett Turbocharger, MSD 6A Ignition, along with many publications: fitness catalogues, bridal magazines, Hot Rod Magazine,HOT ROD Deluxe Sep 2008 Issue with Genevieve Chappell , blogs.hotrod.com. 2008-07-08. Accessed 2009-05-19.
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The R32, and R33 versions used Journal Bearing T25 Turbochargers. The R34 RB26DETT N1 engine used Garrett GT25 turbo chargers (which use a set of ball bearings). The biggest difference between the turbochargers used in the N1 engine, and the standard RB26DETT engine, is that the turbine wheels in the turbocharger are made from steel, rather than the ceramic used for the standard RB26DETT turbochargers. The ceramic turbine wheels are found to be very unreliable when used at high rotational speeds inducing higher centrifugal forces (such as when the turbochargers are used at a higher boost pressure than stock).
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On occasion, some of the "Indy only" entries also elected to participate in the Michigan 500 and Pocono 500 (both sanctioned by CART) given the increased stature and exposure of those two events. One of the more noticeable rule differences by USAC was allowing "stock block" engines a higher level of turbocharger boost. While most full-time CART-based teams utilized their V-8 quadcam engines at Indy, some of the smaller or "Indy only" teams elected to run stock block engines, attracted by the boost rules. USAC's Gold Crown Championship continued, settling into an unusual June through May schedule calendar.
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Turbo models featured a sort of artificial horizon orange backlit liquid crystal instrument display with the tachometer, boost indicator, temperature and fuel gauges seen as three-dimensional graphs tilting back out to the horizon. The aircraft cockpit approach reflected influences from Subaru's parent company Fuji Heavy Industries, which also manufactured aircraft, such as the Fuji FA200 Aero Subaru. The XT was loaded with features rarely found on small cars, such as a turbocharger, a computer-controlled engine and transmission, adjustable height suspension and an optional digital instrument cluster. The air suspension was inspired by various manufacturers who used Hydropneumatic suspension, such as Citroën, and Mercedes-Benz.
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The Automobil revue, issue 10'82, the technical monthly of the Czechoslovak Federal Ministry of General Engineering, current ISSN 1211-9555 The engine's power output was increased by up to 45% and a new COE tiltable cabin was introduced. Modular engine designs resulted in offerings of V8, V10 or V12 engines with or without turbocharger. T815 was upgraded to T815-2 with minor cosmetic changes and improved ergonomics and safety - the biggest change was the engine emissions accordance with the "Euro0" limits and to Euro 1 limits in 1993 (turbocharged V8 engine only since this time for the full legislation. As alternative was offered also the Deutz 513 air-cooled V8 engine).
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In September 2005, the Golf Mk5 GT was announced, which featured a choice of either 1.4 L petrol engine in twincharger (TSI) configuration, or a 2.0 litre TDI. Both are available as versions; while the diesel also is available as a variant in the UK. The diesel has of torque, which is more than the range topping R32. The new Twincharger (TSI) petrol engine uses Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), along with a pair of chargers forcing the induction of the air. The chargers are a single supercharger that disengages after a specified rev-range, at which point charging of the air is handled by a single turbocharger.
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Charging mode for an HTT Turbocharger At high engine speeds there is more energy generated by the turbine than is required by the compressor. Under these conditions, the excess energy can be used to recharge the energy storage for the next acceleration phase or used to power some of the auxiliary loads such as an electric air conditioning system. When combined with a variable geometry turbine, the back pressure on the engine can be varied according to the electrical demands of the vehicle and charge state of the energy storage medium. Development is underway for replacing battery energy storage with a super capacitor which can be charged and discharged very quickly.
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To make this power increase possible, more than 30 changes to the base engine were made, including increased oil circulation, a more efficient oil pump and reinforced or higher quality components such as head gasket and cylinder head. Due to the increased thermal load on the pistons, they were cooled from below by means of oil jets, and the engine was equipped with an oil-to-water heat exchanger on the flange of the oil filter element. The turbocharger was mounted between the engine and the firewall. The turbo engine weighed about more than the naturally aspirated diesel, and once all the accessories were factored in weight grew by .
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The 1.6 L (1,560 cc) Diesel is part of the DV/DLD family and is, depending application, called the DV6 (PSA), W16 (MINI) or DLD-416 (Ford). 90 PS and 110 PS versions are available. Though both intercooled, the major difference being that the 90 PS has a conventional waste-gated Mitsubishi MHI TD025 turbo charger, whilst the 110 PS uses a Garrett GT15V variable geometry (VNT) turbocharger. The 110 PS version of this engine can be ordered in an unprecedented variety of car models, representing either side of the motoring spectrum, ranging from the MINI Cooper D to the Volvo S80 1.6D DRIVe.
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The first chassis was delivered to General Motors in 1984 and outfitted with a 3.4-litre turbocharged V6 built by Ryan Falconer, a destroked version of the 4.3-liter Chevrolet V6. A second chassis, known as T711 used a Chevrolet Corvette C4-derived 5.7-liter naturally aspirated V8 developing 800 hp, and was campaigned by Lee Racing. The cars featured bodywork similar to a Chevrolet Corvette C4 at the front, with a long pontoon-style tail featuring Corvette tail lights. Large side intakes would feed the radiators while the V6 turbocharged chassis had a snorkel built into the top of the fender to feed the turbocharger.
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In 1999, the rotating compressor business was sold to Rolls- Royce and Cooper Energy Services merged with Nickles Industrial Manufacturing and purchased Elliot Turbocharger Group, Inc. Three years later, Cooper Cameron Valves acquired Nutron Industries and in 2003, Cooper Energy Services and Cooper Turbocompressor combined to form Cooper Compression. In the 21st century, Petreco International was acquired and began operation as a separate division and PCC Flow Technologies, NuFlo Technologies and Dresser Flow Control were acquired and combined into Cooper Cameron Valves and Cameron. In 2006, Cooper Cameron Corporation officially changed its name to Cameron International Corporation. In 2011, Cameron purchased the Drilling, Offshore, and Power Systems divisions of LeTourneau Technologies.
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Lotus Cars provided an engine developed by Judd in 2012, but left the series in 2013 after lack of interest from teams in running the underdeveloped and uncompetitive Lotus engine. The push-to-pass overtake system was reintroduced during 2012 Honda Indy Toronto round and still being used currently that produced roughly with a duration about 6–200 seconds of usage rechargeable (varies track shape). Chevrolet was the first engine manufacturer to utilize the twin-turbocharged configuration alongside Lotus in 2012 while Honda was utilized the single-turbocharger in 2012–2013. Honda ditched the single-turbocharged after 2013 in favor of twin- turbochargers from 2014 until the present.
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Larger engines usually use a separate blower for scavenging and it was for this type of operation that the Roots blower has been utilized. Historically, many designs of blowers have been used, from separate pumping cylinders, 'top hat' pistons combining two pistons of different diameter the larger one being used for scavenging, various rotary blowers, and centrifugal turbo-compressors, including turbochargers. Turbocharging two-stroke engines is difficult, but not impossible, as a turbocharger does not provide any boost until it has had time to spin up to speed. Purely turbocharged two-stroke engines may thus have difficulty when starting, with poor combustion and dirty exhausts, possibly even four-stroking.
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In the 1985 and 1986 World Rally Championships, Lancia ran the Delta S4, which incorporated both a belt-driven supercharger and exhaust-driven turbocharger. The design used a complex series of bypass valves in the induction and exhaust systems as well as an electromagnetic clutch so that, at low engine speeds, a boost was derived from the supercharger. In the middle of the rev range, a boost was derived from both systems, while at the highest revs the system disconnected the drive from the supercharger and isolated the associated ducting. This was done in an attempt to exploit the advantages of each of the charging systems while removing the disadvantages.
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The original design remit was to achieve 180 bhp using a 1.7-litre Zetec SE equipped with a turbocharger. However, due to spiralling project costs, this was not achieved and eventually the Racing Puma engineers were forced to keep their changes within a naturally aspirated engine. The majority of the engine remained unchanged from the 1.7 Zetec SE used in the standard Puma. Only the camshafts, air intake (with the unique edition number engraved on it), a specially tuned complete exhaust system by Janspeed, and a revised engine management software helped to increase power by 30 hp, reducing the 0- time to 7.8 seconds.
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Family Z is a turbocharged common rail diesel engine produced by General Motors Korea since 2010. It replaced VM Motori RA 420 diesel engine in a number of GM applications, such as the diesel versions of vehicles sold as Chevrolet made for North America, Daewoo made for Korea, Opel made for Europe and Holden made for Australia. The engine features chain driven DOHC valvetrain with hydraulic tensioners, twin balance shafts in the oil pump and electronically controlled variable-geometry turbocharger; the common rail system operates at pressures of up to , maximum in-cylinder pressure is , improving on power and torque. Compression ratio is 16.5:1.
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World Rally Championship cars use anti-lag systems which feed air directly to the exhaust system. The system works by bypassing charge air directly to the exhaust manifold which acts as a combustor when fuel rich exhaust from the engine meets up with the fresh air from the bypass. This will provide a continuous combustion limited to the exhaust manifold which significantly reduces the heat and pressure loads on the engine and turbocharger. With the latest anti-lag systems the bypass valve can not only be opened or closed but it can actually control the flow of air to the exhaust manifold very accurately.
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An optional premium package adds the satellite navigation with DVD player and 7-inch screen, leather upholstery and a sunroof. In response to criticism that the third generation WRX suspension is too soft, and needing to keep on par with rival car companies new releases, Subaru issued several changes in 2008 for the 2009 model year, known in the UK as the WRX-S. The EJ255 engine received an output boost to and of torque by swapping the previous TD04 turbocharger to an IHI VF52. This led to the car now achieving a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 4.7 seconds, as tested by Car and Driver.
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After major modifications and upgrades, including installation of a two-stage turbocharger in place of its original single-stage unit, a larger fuel tank and additional intercooling capacity, the ALTUS II returned to flight status in the summer of 1998. The goal of its development test flights was to reach one of the major ERAST Level 2 performance milestones, to fly a gasoline-fueled, piston-engine remotely piloted aircraft for several hours at an altitude at or near 60,000 feet. On March 5, 1999, The ALTUS II maintained flight at or above 55,000 feet for three hours, reaching a maximum density altitude of 57,300 feet during the mission.
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He determined, however, that the electrical parts were too heavy and expensive to be practical, so he discontinued the project and donated the Jordan car to the Mechanical Engineering laboratory at Ohio State University. Sawyer remained in Australia for a year working as an engineer for Australian General Electric, where he worked on gas-electric railroad cars. In 1929, Sawyer visited Dr. Alfred Büchi, the Swiss inventor of supercharging, when Buchi was testing the turbocharger on a large diesel engine in the Sulzer Winterthur plant. It was here that Sawyer first saw a gas turbine without a combustor in the form of the Buchi diesel supercharger.
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Ethanol contains approx. 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, and therefore in theory, burning pure ethanol in a vehicle reduces miles per US gallon 34%, given the same fuel economy, compared to burning pure gasoline. However, since ethanol has a higher octane rating, the engine can be made more efficient by raising its compression ratio. Using a variable geometry or twin scroll turbocharger, the compression ratio can be optimized for the fuel, making fuel economy almost constant for any blend. For E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline), the effect is small (~3%) when compared to conventional gasoline, and even smaller (1–2%) when compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends.
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Investigators concluded that one probable source of the gas was an unexpected failure in one of the engines, such as one that released all or part of one of the propellers or turbocharger disks into the fuselage. Such a failure could have easily caused a fire, disabled the radios, and caused serious flight control difficulties. The investigators concluded that such a scenario fit the known circumstances better than any of the other scenarios. Another possibility that they considered was that pure carbon monoxide had been maliciously introduced into the flight cabin, which would have been undetectable and could have incapacitated the crew, resulting in the crash.
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It is detectable by the presence of a black ooze around the exhaust manifold, piping and turbocharger, if fitted. It can be mistaken for lubricating oil in some cases, but it consists of the "heavy ends" of the diesel fuel which do not burn when combustion temperature is too low. The heavier, more oily components of diesel fuel contain more stored energy than a comparable quantity of, say, gasoline, but diesel requires an adequate loading of the engine in order to keep combustion temperature high enough to make use of it. Often, one can hear a slight miss in the engine due to fuel buildup.
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The flagship turbocharged, fuel-injected and non-intercooled variant of the E5 was the E5T. Released in 1983 and available only in Japan, the E5T utilized an IHI-supplied VJ1 turbocharger running approximately to produce as much as and . Other notable advancements included an integrated knock sensor (supplied by Mitsubishi) and multi-point fuel injection as standard. This was Mazda's first production 4-cylinder turbo engine and was found in the top of the line 1982-1985 Mazda Familia XGi-R Turbo and Ford Laser S Turbo as well as the early Mazda Familia XG Turbo, XG-R Turbo and Ford Laser TX3 Turbo models.
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The 1983 model is extremely rare and the only Black Magic to receive the compound rear window. 1983 Crimson Cat - Bright red (code 27) paint with gold striping and Cougar XR-7 TRX wheels set this car apart. Crimson Cat received black sport performance seating with red inserts (code KA). 1984 Charcoal Turbo RS - A Capri RS Turbo that was only available in charcoal upper-silver lower exterior paint with light grey striped rub mouldings, Garrett 60 trim turbocharger, enhanced multiport EFI four-cylinder engine, Michelin TRX package, 5.0 HO Sway bars, 3.45:1 limited slip rear axle, hood scoop, and orange and red lettering and striping.
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The recent revival at Lancia has been completed with the addition of two new very different cars. The marque's new entry-level model is the Y10 - a three- door compact hatchback which can be seen as an Autobianchi on the continent. Power (though not a great deal of it) comes from a 1.0 FIRE engine which is very economical, and also from a long-running 1.1 unit which was seen more than a decade ago in the Autobianchi A112 Abarth. This larger unit comes with a turbocharger and pumps out an impressive 76 bhp, making it the far more impressive of the car's two engines.
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The current generation S4 is powered by a 3.0 L V6 with petrol direct injection and a single twin-scroll turbo powering the EA839 engine with and . The engine uses an hot inside V layout, which places the cylinder head exhaust ports, exhaust manifolds, and turbocharger inside the V of the engine; this is a similar arrangement to the twin-turbo V8 engines used in Audi's S6 and S7. As a result of the powertrain upgrades in the new S4, it now can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 4.2 seconds. It is electronically limited to a top speed of .
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A Wisconsin Southern SD20 The SD20 is the product of a rebuilding program by the Illinois Central Gulf's Paducah Shops as a conversion from the EMD SD7, EMD SD-24, SD-24B (cabless), and EMD SD35 locomotives. The program involved rebuilding the 567 engine to 645E with 2000 horsepower rating, eliminating the turbocharger if equipped with one, upgrading the electronics to Dash 2 technology, and adding cabs to the B units. A total of 42 units were rebuilt. Original heritage of the rebuilt units was 3 Union Pacific SD7s, 4 Union Pacific SD24s, 10 Union Pacific SD24Bs, 21 Southern SD24s, and 4 Baltimore and Ohio SD35s.
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These were manifold and difficult for operators to resolve. The Panther Cub was a relatively underpowered chassis asked to do a job beyond its capabilities. Ten of the twenty Manchester examples had turbo- charged engines, the turbocharger fitment designed to give more torque at lower revolutions rather than more horsepower, but the turbocharged engines had more than their share of blown cylinder-head gaskets and was removed to improve reliability, so although the option was offered throughout the Panther Cub's short life, few but the Manchester buses had this version of the 0.400H engine. East Yorkshire seemed to have least troubles with the type and Manchester found it most troublesome.
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The 488 GTB is powered by a (488 cc per cylinder, thus the name) all-aluminum dry sump unit of the Ferrari F154 V8 engine family. Turbocharged with two parallel ball-bearing twin-scroll turbochargers supplied by IHI/Honeywell and two air-to-air intercoolers, the turbine wheels are made of low-density TiAl alloy often used in jet engines to reduce inertia and resist high temperatures within the turbocharger. The engine generates a power output of at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 3,000 rpm. This results in a specific power output of per litre and specific torque output of per litre, records for a Ferrari.
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Air entering the top intake is partially directed into the turbocharger compressor intake, while the rest is directed through the rear of the car and exits alongside the rear lights, increasing air pressure behind the car in order to reduce aerodynamic drag. Airflow entering the lower intake is directed towards the intercoolers in order to cool the intake charge. Even the door handles—dubbed "shark fins"—are shaped in a way which improves airflow by cleaning and funneling air into the large intakes above the rear wheels. The Ferrari 488 was designed by Flavio Manzoni and won the Red Dot "Best of the Best" awards for Product Design in 2016.
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The Porsche 936 was built to compete in the World Sportscar Championship as well as at 1976 24 Hours of Le Mans under the Group 6 formula, which it won both of. Chassis 002 with #20 won with Jacky Ickx and Gijs van Lennep won Le Mans, while the #18 chassis 001 of Reinhold Joest and Jürgen Barth had engine failure. It shared these victories with its production-based sibling, the Porsche 935 which won in Group 5. The open top, two seater spyder was powered by an air-cooled, two-valve single-turbocharger flat-6 engine with 2140 cc, or the equivalent of 3000 cc including the 1.4 handicap factor.
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The corresponding B2 version of the Passat appeared two years later, and although the two cars shared the same platform and running gear as before, the Passat had a much stronger visual identity distinct from its Audi 80 sister in comparison with the B1. The 80 first became available with four- wheel drive in 1983. The model was essentially an Ur-Quattro without the turbocharger and with saloon bodywork. The four-wheel drive 80, however, weighed more than a front-wheel drive Audi 100 CD with the same 2144 cc engine, and with its worse aerodynamics it was slower than the larger, better equipped, and lower-priced 100.
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In principle, any electrical generator can also serve as an electric motor, or vice versa. In hybrid vehicles and other lightweight power systems, a "motor–generator" is a single electric machine that can be used as an electric motor or a generator, converting between electrical power and mechanical power. From the 2014 season, Formula 1 racing cars will have two of what are described as 'motor-generator units' (MGU) This makes the cars more fuel- efficient by harvesting energy from the turbocharger and under braking. However these are not motor-generators as described here, but are more like dynamotors, single units which can act as either a generator or a motor.
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Dodge Spirit R/T interior 1991 Dodge Spirit R/T at the Road America racetrack 1991 Dodge Spirit R/T engine bay In 1991, Chrysler introduced the Spirit R/T, featuring a version of the 2.2 L engine with a 16-valve DOHC head designed by Lotus, who won a design competition against Maserati and Hans Hermann. Fed by a Garrett intercooled turbocharger, the Turbo III engine produced and . The R/T also featured unique interior and exterior trims. The only transmission was a heavy-duty A568 5-speed manual transmission built by Chrysler's New Process Gear division, with a gearset supplied by Getrag.
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Beginning at their next race at Road Atlanta, the car defeated the factory Jaguar team by a mere four seconds. Unlike previous years, this success would continue as another victory was taken at the next round at the streets of Palm Beach, then Lime Rock Park, Mid-Ohio, Watkins Glen, and Road America. This success was mostly due to a technology developed in the turbocharger which allowed it an advantage over the naturally aspirated engines used in other prototypes. The second car for the team was finally able to compete at Portland, and in a dominant performance the two cars swept the top spots.
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The Evo II engine offered from 2463 cc (70.2 kW/liter). Saab introduced a 16-valve head to their 2.0-liter (1985 cc) straight-4 in 1984 and offered the engine with and without turbocharger (65.5 kW/liter and 47.9 kW/liter respectively) in the Saab 900 and Saab 9000. The 2.0-liter Nissan FJ20 was one of the earliest straight-4 mass-produced Japanese engines to have both a DOHC 16-valve configuration (four valves per cylinder, two intake, two exhaust) and electronic fuel injection (EFI) when released in October 1981 in the sixth generation Nissan Skyline. Peak output was at 6,000 rpm and at 4,800 rpm.
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In the beginning of the war most turbochargers were manually controlled superchargers that used mechanical energy from the engine to force air into the combustion process through the intake manifold. The exhaust based turbocharger most common today was first created for World War II bomber planes and became stock equipment on B-17, B-24 and B-29 bombers. World War II was a boon for Garrett AiResearch, but the company had already been advertising peace-time products and created a New Products Investigation Group to identify post-war aerospace technology ideas. Nevertheless, the war's end resulted in deep cutbacks and layoffs for Garrett Corporation.
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The Leclerc has an eight-cylinder SACM (now Wärtsilä) V8X-1500 1,500 hp Hyperbar diesel engine and a Renk AG automatic transmission, with five forward and two reverse gears. The official maximum speed by road is 71 km/h and 55 km/h cross country (speeds in excess of 80 km/h were reported on road). The maximum range is given as 550 km, and can be extended to 650 km with removable external tanks. The "hyperbar" system integrates a Turbomeca TM 307B gas turbine in the engine, acting both as a turbocharger and an APU giving auxiliary power to all systems when the main engine is shut down.
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The cars are powered by naturally-aspirated (no turbocharger or supercharger) direct fuel injection (since 2014) inline-4 engines, with aluminium alloy blocks, and a DOHC valvetrain actuating four-valves per cylinder, and limited to displacement since the series' inauguration in 2012. DTM car's engines are currently producing over power output between 5,000-7,400 rpm. Currently Mercedes-AMG (operated by Mercedes-AMG HPP) and Volkswagen providing the engines currently maximum three teams per one manufacturer. ThreeBond Nissan and Neil Brown Engineering has provided engines in 2012-2016 and 2014-2016 but both companies left at the end of the 2016 season respectively due to competitor reduction to 19 cars.
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They tend toward the lower number if they are new designs, or include boosting options such as a turbocharger. In comparison, jet engines and turboprops often have TBOs on the order of 3,000 to 5,000 hours. Since overhauling requires that the engine be disassembled, parts inspected and measured and many parts replaced, it is typically a labour-intensive and hence expensive operation. The value of a used engine decreases as it hours mount since its last overhaul, so sellers of used engines (and aircraft) typically list the engine's time since major overhaul (SMOH) when advertising the engine or the aircraft it is fitted in for sale.
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Alpina B3 (F30) Engine The B3 is based on the BMW 335i and utilises a modified version of its N55 straight six engine. Alpina modified the engine by adding two smaller variable-geometry turbochargers in place of the standard single turbocharger, NGK spark plugs, electronically controlled bypass valve system, a high-performance fuel pump, a 40 percent larger intercooler, Alpina specific ECU along with a wiring loom and a forged high- strength steel crankshaft. These modifications allow the engine to generate with RON 98 fuel and of torque at 3,000 rpm. The front subframe along with the strut brace were modified in order to accommodate the powerful engine.
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It replaced the standard pullrods with rocker arms that activated vertical coil springs mounted behind the gearbox.Jenkinson, Dennis Motorsport (May 1980) p.662 The Weismann unit proved difficult to make reliable and was used alongside the original gearbox, mainly on a spare chassis, until the Dutch Grand Prix, after which it was put to one side. ; BT49T A modified BT49, dubbed BT49T, was used to test the earliest versions of BMW's turbocharged Formula One engine between the 1980 and 1981 Formula One seasons. This was a 1,499 cc (92 cu in) inline four-cylinder engine, with a single KKK turbocharger mounted in the left hand sidepod of the car.
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Drawing on his aircraft design skills, Frank Halford's proposed using a turbocharger, but it proved unreliable in tests. (This was probably the first turbocharged road racing car until Renault developed the Alpine turbocharged car in 1968 that went on to become successful Grand Prix cars in the 1970s. A turbo diesel qualified on the pole at the Indy 500 in 1952, and the turbo Offy first appeared at Indy in 1966 in the Huffaker cars). When first raced at Brooklands, at the 1925 BARC meeting in August, the car appeared with a two-litre Roots-type supercharger mounted on the front of the crankshaft.
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The solenoid and stepper motors also need to be installed in such a way to maximize the advantages of failure modes. For instance, if a solenoid is installed to control boost electronically, it should be installed such that if the solenoid fails in the most common failure mode (probably non-energized position) the boost control falls back to simple wastegate actuator boost levels. It is possible a solenoid or stepper motor could get stuck in a position that lets no boost pressure reach the wastegate, causing boost to quickly rise out of control. The electronic systems, extra hoses, solenoids and soforth add complexity to the turbocharger system.
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Two stroke diesel engine with Roots blower, typical of Detroit Diesel and some Electro-Motive Diesel Engines Turbocharged 1980s passenger car diesel engine with wastegate turbocharger and without intercooler (BMW M21) As the diesel engine relies on manipulation of \lambda_v for torque controlling and speed regulation, the intake air mass does not have to precisely match the injected fuel mass (which would be \lambda=1). diesel engines are thus ideally suited for supercharging and turbocharging. An additional advantage of the diesel engine is the lack of fuel during the compression stroke. In diesel engines, the fuel is injected near top dead centre (TDC), when the piston is near its highest position.
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Several possible theories emerged, with one prevailing opinion suggesting that Grant's car was out of fuel, and his pit-side tank was also empty, due to running high turbocharger boost during the race. Grant supposedly needed fuel to make it to the finish, and since Bobby Unser dropped out early, his pit-side tank was still full. It was thought that Grant deliberately stopped in Unser's pit, aware of the predicament, and knowing Unser's tank would fill his car sufficiently and quicker. Another claim was made to Grant's defense that while the fuel hose was admittedly hooked up, no fuel actually flowed into the car.
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The BMW N20 is a turbocharged four-cylinder petrol engine which replaced the N53 (or BMW N52 in some markets) and was produced from 2011-2017. Although the N20 is a four-cylinder engine, it is considered a replacement for the naturally aspirated six-cylinder N52/N53 because it powers equivalent models, producing similar horsepower to the N52/N53 with greater low-rpm torque and better efficiency. The N20 features a twin-scroll turbocharger, double-VANOS (variable valve timing), Valvetronic (variable valve lift), direct injection, automatic stop-start and an electric water pump. The N20 was sold alongside the smaller displacement BMW N13 turbocharged four-cylinder engine.
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KUV100 uses Mahindra’s first ever indigenously developed 1.2-litre 3-cylinder mFalcon G80, multi point fuel injection (MPFI) with Dual Variable Valve Timing petrol engine with output of 61 kW (82 bhp) @ 5500 rpm of maximum power and 115 Nm @ 3500-3600 rpm of peak torque. It also promises to deliver a fuel consumption of 18.15 km/l. Its diesel variant uses a 1.2-litre 3-cylinder mFalcon D75, turbocharger with intercooler, common rail Direct Injection technology engine. It is capable of delivering 57.4 kW (77 bhp) @ 3750 rpm of power and 190 Nm @ 1750-2250 rpm of torque with the help of a 5-speed manual gearbox.
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Changes included larger injectors, a more responsive Garrett T3 turbocharger, a more efficient intercooler, and the ability to run on unleaded fuel without modification. Alongside the 16v Lancia introduced an 8-valve variant equipped with a 3-way catalytic converter—which reduced output to — intended for those European markets where such emission control equipment was mandatory. In the summer of 1990 some small updates were made to all Delta sports models, with the Integrale receiving new upholstery materials. Like on the HF Turbo, the combination of light grey Alcantara and multicolour stripe cloth used since 1986 was replaced by dark grey Alcantara with diagonal stripe velour.
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Japan levies a tax based on engine displacement, and Japanese auto manufacturers have correspondingly focused their research and development efforts toward improving the performance of their smaller engine designs. One method for increasing performance into a static displacement includes forced induction, as with models such as the Toyota Supra and Nissan 300ZX which used turbocharger applications and the Toyota MR2 which used a supercharger for some model years. Another approach is the rotary engine used in the Mazda RX-7 and RX-8. A third option is to change the cam timing profile, of which Honda VTEC was the first successful commercial design for altering the profile in real-time.
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Escort Cosworth engine YBT T34 Max power of the road version officially from Ford was at 6,250 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm on 95 RON petrol and a max speed of (GPS) and without the big rear wing, while 0– takes 5.7 sec. Standard boost from Garrett AiResearch T3/T04B turbocharger was with 1.0-1.1 bar overboost. The car weight was or for the Lux edition. The Escort RS Cosworth was the first mass production car to produce downforce at the front and rear (at front 4.6kg/45Newton at with adjustable front splitter in middle position and 19.4kg/190Newton downforce with the rear large wing).
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The Mark II Blit marked the return to the Mark II platform with rear-wheel drive layout with optional four-wheel drive and not a wagon version of the front-wheel drive Camry. The car was given a minor facelift in December 2004, including changes to the headlamps, grille and taillamps, which are replaced with LED units. The Mark II Blit uses inline-six engines with an optional turbocharger that was discontinued in May 2006, as a result of Japan's emission standards in 2005. The engines used were the 2.0 L 1G-FE, 2.5 L 1JZ-FSE and 2.5 L single- turbocharged 1JZ-GTE.
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The high altitudes the Norden allowed would help increase the range of the aircraft, especially if equipped with a turbocharger, as with each of the four Wright Cyclone 9 radial engines of the B-17. In 1940, Barth claimed that "we do not regard a 15 foot (4.6 m) square... as being a very difficult target to hit from an altitude of ". At some point the company started using the pickle barrel imagery, to reinforce the bombsight's reputation. After the device became known about publicly in 1942, the Norden company in 1943 rented Madison Square Garden and folded their own show in between the presentations of the Ringling Bros.
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Jeannette's manufacturing history doesn't end with the glass industry. Today's Elliott Company represents an evolution dating back to 1914 when William Swan Elliott moved his company to Jeannette. The Elliott Company, owned by the Carrier Corporation from 1957 until 1979 and by United Technologies Corporation until a 1987 buyout that returned the company to a privately owned status, only to become an Ebara Corporation subsidiary in 2000, has always had a solid reputation in the dynamo, turbine, and large rotating equipment industry. In 1952, the company produced the first diesel-engine turbocharger used in a racecar and subsequently built more than 40,000 more of them for other diesel applications.
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The 6.5L engine was the first successful diesel V-8 engine designed specifically for marine use on a commercial scale. In 2006, Marinediesel started development work on the 6.6L Duramax V8 engine GM diesel engine that entered production as the Marinediesel VGT series. At the same time, Marinediesel became the first GM OEM located outside the US. Marinediesel has produced some innovations in the marine engine market, including the use of variable-geometry turbocharger (VGT) technology, programmable engine control units that allow custom engine MAP development, and substantial research and development into noise and vibration reduction. Nearly all engines produced are intended for commercial, military, or government use.
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For its 1983 launch, to lower production costs, the sixth-generation Cougar was required to carry over interior parts from the 1980–1982 Cougar XR7, including a modified dashboard; an analog instrument panel was standard, with a digital instrument panel offered as an option. For 1984, the steering column was redesigned, returning horn control to the steering wheel. As part of the introduction of the XR7, the model introduced an instrument panel including a tachometer and turbocharger boost gauge. For 1985, the interior underwent a complete redesign, with new door panels and dashboard; a redesigned rear seat expanded seating capacity to five passengers (four passengers with full-length console).
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Brazilian Nelson Piquet qualified on pole position, with Prost 2nd. The latter, however, had to start from the pit lane due to problems with his car (Prost was able to race the spare car after ignition problem with Lauda's McLaren was solved, as the Ghinzani crash allowed McLaren extra time to fix it. If not for the crash Lauda would have had the spare and Prost would not have driven). Although the Brabhams with their highly powerful BMW turbo engines proved to be very quick on this circuit, they were very unreliable cars, mostly due to the single turbocharger of the 4 cylinder engine.
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The M100 Elan used a 1,588 cc double overhead camshaft (DOHC) I4 16-valve engine, sourced from the Isuzu Gemini and extensively modified by Lotus (a third generation of this engine was later used in the Isuzu Impulse), which produced . 0-60 mph acceleration time was measured by Autocar and Motor magazine at 6.5 seconds, and a top speed of was recorded. Significant differences in the Isuzu-Lotus engine from the original include a new exhaust system, re-routed intake plumbing for better thermodynamic efficiency, improved engine suspension, and major modifications to the engine control unit to improve torque and boost response. Almost all models featured an IHI turbocharger.
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Roots superchargers impart significantly more heat to the air than turbochargers. Thus, for a given volume and pressure of air, the turbocharged air is cooler, and as a result denser, containing more oxygen molecules, and therefore more potential power than the supercharged air. In practical application the disparity between the two can be dramatic, with turbochargers often producing 15% to 30% more power based solely on the differences in adiabatic efficiency (however, due to heat transfer from the hot exhaust, considerable heating does occur). By comparison, a turbocharger does not place a direct mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, increasing pumping losses.
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This is more efficient because while the increased back pressure taxes the piston exhaust stroke, much of the energy driving the turbine is provided by the still-expanding exhaust gas that would otherwise be wasted as heat through the tailpipe. In contrast to supercharging, the primary disadvantage of turbocharging is what is referred to as "lag" or "spool time". This is the time between the demand for an increase in power (the throttle being opened) and the turbocharger(s) providing increased intake pressure, and hence increased power. Throttle lag occurs because turbochargers rely on the buildup of exhaust gas pressure to drive the turbine.
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A turbocharger may also be used to increase fuel efficiency without increasing power. This is achieved by diverting exhaust waste energy, from the combustion process, and feeding it back into the turbo's "hot" intake side that spins the turbine. As the hot turbine side is being driven by the exhaust energy, the cold intake turbine (the other side of the turbo) compresses fresh intake air and drives it into the engine's intake. By using this otherwise wasted energy to increase the mass of air, it becomes easier to ensure that all fuel is burned before being vented at the start of the exhaust stage.
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The first example of a turbocharged bike is the 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC. Several Japanese companies produced turbocharged high-performance motorcycles in the early 1980s, such as the CX500 Turbo from Honda- a transversely mounted, liquid cooled V-Twin also available in naturally aspirated form. Since then, few turbocharged motorcycles have been produced. This is partially due to an abundance of larger displacement, naturally aspirated engines being available that offer the torque and power benefits of a smaller displacement engine with turbocharger, but do return more linear power characteristics. The Dutch manufacturer EVA motorcycles builds a small series of turbocharged diesel motorcycle with an 800cc smart CDI engine.
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Gas turbines- Gas turbines in marine applications are becoming more popular due to their smaller size, increased efficiency, and ability to burn cleaner fuels. They run just like gas turbines for power generation, but are also much smaller and do require more machinery for propulsion. They are most popular in naval ships as they can be at a dead stop to full power in minutes (Kayadelen, 2013), and are much smaller for a given amount of power. Flow of air through a turbocharger and engine Water jet- Essentially a waterjet drive is like an aircraft turbojet with the difference that the operating fluid is water instead of air.
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The unacceptable lag time endemic to a large turbocharger is effectively neutralized when combined with a supercharger which tends to generate substantial boost pressure much faster in response to throttle input. The end result being a zero-lag powerband with high torque at lower engine speeds and increased power at the upper end. Twincharging is therefore desirable for small-displacement motors (such as VW's 1.4TSI), especially those with a large operating rpm, since they can take advantage of an artificially broad torque band over a large speed range. Twincharging does not refer to a twin-turbo arrangement where two different kinds of compressors are used.
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Compared with its BMW N55 predecessor, the B58 features a 20% increase in boost pressure, a closed-deck engine block design, an increase in compression ratio to 11.0:1 and a slight increase in displacement from with added weight of . The intercooler - a water-to-air design - is integrated into the intake plenum, to reduce the volume of air between the turbocharger and the cylinders. As per the N55, the B58 also features a single twin-scroll turbo, direct fuel injection, variable valve timing (called double Vanos by BMW), variable valve lift (called Valvetronic by BMW). The redline remains at 7,000 rpm, the bore and the stroke is .
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A liquid-cooled intercooler on top of the supercharger casing was used to prevent the compressed air/fuel mixture from becoming too hot. Also considered was an exhaust-driven turbocharger but, although a lower fuel consumption was an advantage the added weight and the need to add extra ducting for the exhaust flow and waste-gates, meant that this option was rejected in favour of the two-stage supercharger.Lovesey 1946, p. 219. Fitted with the two-stage two-speed supercharger, the Merlin 60 series gained 300 horsepower (224 kW) at over the Merlin 45 series, at which altitude a Spitfire IX was nearly faster than a Spitfire V.Price 1982, pp.
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John Deere, the farm equipment manufacturer, is implementing such a combined SCR-EGR design, in a 9-liter "inline 6" diesel engine that involves both system types, a PM filter and additional oxidation catalyst technologies. The combined system incorporates two turbochargers, the first on the exhaust manifold, with variable geometry and containing the EGR system; and a second a fixed geometry turbocharger. Recirculated exhaust gas and the compressed air from the turbochargers have separate coolers, and air merges before entering the intake manifold, and all subsystems are controlled by a central engine control unit that optimizes minimization of pollutants released in the exhaust gas.
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The 2011 ARK Performance Veloster is a modified, rally- inspired Veloster which began as a non turbo model, and was built for the SEMA show. The engine is rated at an estimated 210 hp and features a new twin scroll turbocharger, intercooler, turbo manifold, downpipe and dual exhaust, all developed by ARK. Other modifications include an oil cooler, a lightweight pulley system, bigger 6 piston brakes, anti-roll bars, coilover suspension and new control arms. Modifications to the exterior include a green and black paint scheme, a body kit with new front lip spoiler, side skirts, rear bumper and wide-body fender kit, ARK grille, rear wing mount, custom lights and Rally Armor mudflaps.
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Wärtsilä Oyj Abp (), trading internationally as Wärtsilä Corporation is a Finnish company which manufactures and services power sources and other equipment in the marine and energy markets. The core products of Wärtsilä include technologies for the energy sector, including gas, multi-fuel, liquid fuel and biofuel power plants and energy storage systems; and technologies for the marine sector, including cruise ships, ferries, fishing vessels, merchant ships, navy ships, special vessels, tugs, yachts and offshore vessels. Ship design capabilities include ferries, tugs, and vessels for the fishing, merchant, offshore and special segments. Services offerings include online services, underwater services, turbocharger services, and also services for the marine, energy, and oil and gas markets.
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Pikes Peak version The Audi Sport Quattro S1 E2 was introduced at the end of 1985 as an update to the Audi Sport Quattro S1. The car featured an inline five-cylinder engine that displaced from a bore and stroke of and generated an officially quoted power output figure of . However, the turbocharger utilised a recirculating air system, with the aim of keeping the unit spinning at high rpm, when the driver closed the throttle, either to back off during cornering, or on gearshifts. This allowed the engine to resume full power immediately after the resumption of full throttle, reducing turbo lag. The actual power figure was in excess of at 8,000 rpm.
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In response to Lancia's rallying success with the mid-engined Stratos, Renault's Jean Terramorsi, vice-president of production, asked Bertone's Marc Deschamps to design a new sports version of the Renault 5 Alpine supermini. The distinctive new rear bodywork was styled by Marcello Gandini at Bertone. Although the standard Renault 5 has a front-mounted engine, the 5 Turbo featured a mid-mounted Cléon-Fonte with fuel fed by Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection and a Garrett AiResearch T3 turbocharger OHV 2 valves per cylinder Inline-four engine placed behind the driver in mid-body in a modified Renault 5 chassis. In standard form, the engine developed at 6000 rpm and maximum torque of at 3250 rpm.
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Usually a mechanical device, activated when the pressure within the turbocharger reaches a certain point, opening a valve, thus reducing boost pressure. Used primarily for safety (speed reduction of the racing cars) or cost (reducing stress on both turbo and engine, lengthening the life of the parts prior to failure or rebuild). Not to be confused with a Blow-Off Valve. ;Wear the shiny off: A term used, mostly within drag racing, when a brand new car either hits the wall, or, in the Pro Stock class, when a new car flips over into its top and continues down the track for a considerable length, peeling the paint, or more common in recent years, vinyl wrap, off.
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The move away from oil cooling allowed an increase in power, bringing total output to 155 bhp at the crank and introduced another very strong, reliable and extremely tunable Suzuki engine (Performance Bike in the UK reported on one taken to over 190 bhp at the wheel without the use of a turbocharger or nitrous oxide injection). A new stiffer, largely forged, five- sided pentagonal cross-section frame was introduced along with an asymmetrical "banana" swing-arm. Larger Nissin six-piston brake calipers were fitted. The bike's weight also went up slightly, finally passing the 500-pound mark Suzuki had been flirting with for years, but the overall look of the bike remained essentially the same as previous models.
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At the time the Arrow was introduced, Piper removed the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 from production. The Arrow II came out in 1972, featuring a five-inch fuselage stretch to increase legroom for the rear-seat passengers. In 1977, Piper introduced the Arrow III (PA-28R-201), which featured a semi-tapered wing and longer stabilator, a design feature that had previously been introduced successfully on the PA-28-181 and provided better low-speed handling. It also featured larger fuel tanks, increasing capacity from 50 to 77 gallons. The first turbocharged model, the PA-28R-201T, was also offered in 1977, powered by a six-cylinder Continental TSIO-360-F engine equipped with a Rajay turbocharger.
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The AE440 presented by Mecachrome in 2017 Within the Green Rotorcraft European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative environmental research program started in 2011, an Airbus Helicopters H120 Colibri technology demonstrator equipped with a HIPE AE440 high-compression diesel engine, running on jet fuel, first flew on 6 November 2015. The powerplant is a liquid-cooled, dry sump lubricated 4.6-liter 90° V8 engine with 1800 bar common rail direct injection, fully machined aluminum blocks, titanium connecting rods, steel pistons and liners, one turbocharger per cylinder bank. With an air/air intercooler, it weighs 197 kg (dry) without gearbox and the installed powerpack weighs 249 kg. Its brake specific fuel consumption is 200 g/kW.h.
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With the Rover Group only a few months away, the limited edition (500 + 5 press cars) MG Maestro Turbo (displayed at Birmingham in October 1988 and launched in early 1989) was the final car from ARG. It made use of the 2.0's already impressive engine, but the combination of carburettor and turbocharger gave it a top speed of and a 0–60 mph time of 6.7 seconds. It was faster than the majority of its competitors, but the high performance, Tickford designed bodykit and alloys did little to disguise the fact that it was very much still a Maestro. Sales were slow, as it appeared six years after the Maestro's launch.
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Power outputs available from , , and . In 2007 Volvo introduced D13B Volvo adds EGR exhaust gas recirculation to its successful 13-litre engine series with Exhaust Gas Recirculation configuration and VGT turbocharger but without exhaust particle filter and is the only manufacturer to offer this solution thus far. The engines are available in slightly reduced power output ranging from , , and however option is only available for FH series. Volvo Truck Corporation had announcedVolvo Trucks improves driver environment and traffic safety a new version of an engine the D11B available in two power outputs and as well as new safety features such as Driver Alert Support monitor, Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Lane Changing Support, Cornering lights and Rain detection windscreen wipers.
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The first motor traction motor/generator mounts is attached end of transmission, providing direct power to the rear wheels. The second motor/generator is attached to the turbocharger, to help spool it up instantly to eliminate turbo lag at lower engine speeds. Once at higher revs, when the exhaust is flowing through the turbine and no longer has lag, it acts as a generator by siphoning off a bit of electricity and sending it to the battery. It is estimated to have an output of 500hp with the V6 engine and two electric motors. It will also feature braking-by-wire, but will ditch the Red Sport’s controversial steering-by-wire system in favour of a motor-driven unit.
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The wastegate could be safely user- adjusted to 15 psi by adding alcohol or water injection, or even higher with heavier modifications. The 301 Turbo package (RPO code LU8) required factory air conditioning (C60) due to a turbo-specific heater core box, and featured automatic transmissions (TH350 (non-lockup) for 1980, and THM350C (lock-up) for 1981) with a 3.08 positraction limited-slip differential rear axle ratio (G80). Because the engine still used a carburetor instead of fuel injection, it could not take full advantage of the forced air through the turbocharger. The low-octane fuels used in the early 1980s could have caused severe detonation under boost, had it not been for the ESC.
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Designed in the autumn of 1992, the New Silver Spirit/New Silver Spur was the final revision of the Silver Spirit and Silver Spur, introduced late in 1995 as a 1996-year model. A marketing decision had been made that the cars should not get a "series IV" designation because the number four is a homonym for death in some Far Eastern languages. 1996 Rolls-Royce Silver Spur ‘96 Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn front Major changes included the introduction of a Garrett turbocharger on all models and the replacement of the previous Bosch engine management systems with one by Zytec. Also new were updated integrated front and rear bumpers and sixteen-inch wheels.
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2003 Buell Lightning XB9S 2006 Buell Lightning CityX XB9SX A club racing version of the Buell Ulysses XB12X The XB powertrain still had its roots with the Harley Sportster powertrain and was designed for both projects. Unfortunately, it was designed by Harley with minimum input from Buell. A turbocharger was to be sourced from Aerocharger to help pump the XB horsepower to , but the Aerocharger supplier deal fell through when Harley-Davidson decided to engineer one in house. That project was a failure, despite "millions of dollars" spent. Before the first XB was sold, the cost was well over the target, leading to a sales price increase from the original price of $7,995 to $9,995.
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1982 Indianapolis 500 radio broadcast, May 30, 1982 It was a common practice for drivers in the turbocharged era to "ride the brakes" during warm up laps in order to engage the turbocharger. Others theorized it may have happened due to a broken CV joint. Some feel that Sam Posey on ABC-TV inadvertently may have added to the controversy when he proclaimed "absolutely no idea" to the question of how it could have happened,1982 Indianapolis 500 television broadcast, ABC Sports, May 30, 1982 and saying "it was as if he turned the wheel intentionally." The comments led many to conclude that the accident may have been entirely of Cogan's doing.
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By the end of 1962 125 Fleetlines had been delivered and over 300 were on order. This pleased Daimler's new owner Jaguar Cars and Jaguar’s MD Sir William Lyons allowed work to start in mid-1962 on a new single decker chassis to replace the underfloor engined Daimler Freeline. Two were constructed to the newly allowed maximum dimensions of long and wide, they featured an identical drive layout to the Fleetline and shared with it a transverse rear engine location. However, the power unit for these prototypes was a horizontal Daimler CD6 engine fitted with a turbocharger and arranged in the rear nearside corner of the chassis so that all ancillaries could be accessed from the engine's upper face.
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Button was the fastest driver not to qualify for the final session; he locked his front tyres at the turn 13 hairpin on his final timed lap and went wide, losing him time, and struggled with front grip despite a change of engine and differential settings. Vergne had front grip issues, and locked his tyres, putting him 12th. The Force India duo of Hülkenberg and Pérez qualified in 13th and 15th after being unable to go improve on their second attempts and were separated by Gutiérrez in the faster Sauber car. Romain Grosjean was the slowest driver in the second session; a turbocharger wastegate problem slowed him and he radioed Lotus his frustration after his elimination.
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On 24 February 2017, as part of the unveiling of the seventh generation (Mk8 - UK) derived Fiesta ST, Ford announced an all-new aluminum inline 3-cylinder 1.5 L EcoBoost engine with cylinder deactivation technology. The version of this engine announced for the Fiesta ST produces at 6,000 rpm and delivers of torque from 1,600 to 4,000 rpm. The engine is based on an expansion of the 1.0 EcoBoost, taking the capacity per cylinder up to 500cc which Ford consider is likely to be the maximum for optimum thermal efficiency. The engine is an all-aluminum design with integrated exhaust manifold, low inertia mixed flow turbocharger and combines both port fuel injection and direct fuel injection.
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VGTs tend to be much more common on diesel engines, as lower exhaust temperatures mean they are less prone to failure. Early gasoline-engine VGTs required significant pre-charge cooling to extend the turbocharger life to reasonable levels, but advances in technology have improved their resistance to high-temperature gasoline exhaust, and they have started to appear increasingly in gasoline- engined cars. Typically, VGTs are only found in OEM applications due to the level of coordination required to keep the vanes in the most optimal position for whatever state the engine is in. However, there are aftermarket VGT control units available, and some high-end aftermarket engine management systems can control VGTs as well.
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The rotating-vane VGT was first developed under Garrett and patented in 1953. One of the first production cars to use these turbochargers was the 1988 Honda Legend; it used a water-cooled VGT installed on its 2.0-litre V6 engine. The limited-production 1989 Shelby CSX-VNT, with only 500 examples produced, was equipped with a 2.2-litre Chrysler K engine with a Garrett turbo called the VNT-25 (because it used the same compressor and shaft as the fixed-geometry Garrett T-25). In 1991, Fiat incorporated a VGT into the Croma's direct-injected turbodiesel. The Peugeot 405 T16, launched in 1992, used a Garrett VAT25 variable-geometry turbocharger on its 2.0-litre 16-valve engine.
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Primarily designed to defend against the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the type was handicapped at high altitude by the lack of a turbocharger. However, its four-cannon armament supplied effective firepower and the use of dive and zoom tactics allowed it to score occasionally. Insufficient numbers and the American switch to night bombing in March 1945 limited its effectiveness. J2Ms took part in one of the final aerial combats of the Second World War when four Raidens, accompanied by eight Mitsubishi A6M Zeros, all belonging to the 302nd Kokutai, intercepted a formation of US Navy F6F Hellcats from the aircraft-carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10) during the morning of 15 August 1945 over the Kanto Plain.
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It was replaced by the Ford Fiesta RS WRC. Like all contemporary World Rally Cars, the car is heavily modified from the production version, with which it shares only the basic shape and some parts of the bodyshell. The car features four-wheel drive, rather than the front-wheel drive of the road car. The engine used in the 2007 Focus WRC is based on Ford's 2.0 Litre Duratec from other models in the Focus range as rallying rules do not permit the standard 2.5-litre engine of the Focus ST or road going RS. As with most rally cars, the 2.0-litre engine is heavily modified and performance was increased using a turbocharger.
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Gale Banks Engineering and its four divisions, Banks Power, Banks Technology, Banks Marine, and Banks Racing, are companies created by Southern California hot rodder and automobile engineer Gale Banks. These companies design, engineer, and build high performance parts for the automobile and marine aftermarket and military customers. Located in Azusa, California, the company develops technology and components for both gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles, but is best known for advancing development of the turbocharger and ultra high performance diesel engines for racing and street purposes. Banks- powered race vehicles have won numerous marine racing events and championships, and have set many speed records. These include "World’s Fastest Passenger Car" and "World’s Fastest Diesel Truck".
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Anti-lock brakes and a "Quickclear" heated front windscreen were options at extra cost. Inside the car the differences included Recaro seats trimmed in "Ascot In Raven" material and a grey leather trimmed gear knob and a three-spoke steering wheel (as opposed to the two-spoke used in the XR2i), which also had the RS Turbo logo embossed on the centre cap. The RS Turbo's CVH engine retained the same 1597cc capacity as the XR2i, but had a lower compression ratio of 8:1. The Garrett T2 turbocharger supplied of boost and was chosen as space between the engine and radiator prevented the use of the larger T3 from the Escort RS Turbo.
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Engines with an even firing interval will sound smoother, have less vibration and provide more even pressure pulses in the exhaust gas to the turbocharger. Engines with an uneven firing interval usually have a burble or a throaty, growling engine sound and more vibrations. The main application of uneven firing intervals is motorcycle engines, such as big-bang firing order engines. Examples of odd- firing engines are most four-stroke V-twin engines, 1961-1977 Buick V6 engine, 1985-present Yamaha VMAX, 1986–present Honda VFR 750/800, 1992-2017 Dodge Viper V10, 2008-present Audi/Lamborghini 5.2 V10 40v FSI and the 2009-2020 Yamaha R1 (inline four engine with a crossplane crankshaft).
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With the limited power of the Gipsy Major, means of boosting power were investigated, including a de Havilland developed turbo-supercharger. As an alternative to the turbocharger, a rocket powered rotor boost system was developed by D. Napier & Son, fuelled by High Test Peroxide (HTP) decomposed at blade tip nozzles by contact with a catalyst. The Napier N.R.E. 19 system was fitted to two Skeeter 6 helicopters (G-AMTZ and G-ANMI), re-designated as Skeeter 6 (mod) when modified. The rocket system consisted of a hemispherical HTP tank on the top of the rotor head and pipes running through the blades to catalyst chambers and rocket nozzles at each blade tip.
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The 1977 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 16 July 1977. It was the tenth race of the 1977 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1977 International Cup for F1 Constructors. The 68-lap race was won from pole position by local driver James Hunt, driving a McLaren-Ford, with Austrian driver Niki Lauda second in a Ferrari and Swedish driver Gunnar Nilsson third in a Lotus-Ford. The race marked the debut of Canadian driver Gilles Villeneuve, as well as the first outing for the first turbocharged Formula One car, the Renault RS01, driven by Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jabouille, who retired when the turbocharger had failed after 16 laps.
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Mitsubishi introduced the Lancer Evolution IX in Japan on March 3, 2005,"Mitsubishi Motors launches Lancer Evolution IX hi-performance 4WD sports sedan" , Mitsubishi Motors press release, March 2, 2005 and exhibited the car at the Geneva Motor Show for the European market the same day."Mitsubishi Lineup at 75th Geneva International Motor Show" , Mitsubishi Motors press release, March 1, 2005 The North American markets saw the model exhibited at the New York International Auto Show the following month."2005 New York Auto Show", Automobilemag.com The 4G63 Inline-four engine has MIVEC technology (variable valve timing), and a revised turbocharger design boosting official power output at the crankshaft to and torque to .
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Having raced the Esprit in GT2 and GT3 classes, Lotus began to develop a new version of the car to race in GT1 class racing. Development of the car was entrusted to the newly formed Lotus GT1 Engineering group, which included many staff from the recently dissolved Team Lotus Formula One team. The Esprit GT1 was built on the Type 114 platform using the body from the new S4 road-going Esprit made from composite materials and carbon fibre. Changes to the bodywork included a new carbon fibre splitter, diffuser and floor. Power came from a Type 918 V8 engine with a single Garrett T4 turbocharger that had a power output of .
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For the sedan variant of the car, see Volvo S40. Pre-facelift Volvo V50 SE (UK) Volvo Cars introduced the Volvo V50 at the 2003 Bologna Motor Show as the station wagon version of the Volvo S40 small family car — manufacturing both models at their facility in Ghent, Belgium. Sharing the Ford C1 platform with the European Ford Focus and the Mazda 3, the V50 featured interior "theatre" lighting, a floating center stack and "Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture". The V50 T5 AWD featured all-wheel drive and a straight-5 2.5 litre petrol engine, with a light pressure turbocharger, four valves per cylinder and a DOHC design with variable camshaft timing — providing and of torque.
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The company also developed a unique road car, the Porsche 930 3.3 Bi-turbo Alméras, an adaptation of the 930 with twin turbochargers in place of the single turbocharger, increased displacement, and unique bodywork. Although never sold, Michelin later used the car for the development of performance road tyres. The brothers purchased a Porsche 962C in 1989 to enter the World Sports-Prototype Championship, entering races outside Europe for the first time and developing unique bodywork for their prototype sports car yet never finding success in the series. Returning to 911s, the brothers shared an entry with Jacques Lafitte at Le Mans in 1994 before entering the French GT Championship and later Porsche Carrera Cup France.
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These included a larger KKK K26-8 turbocharger, a magnesium intake manifold and oil pan, a reinforced transmission, clutch, differential and axles along with removal of A/C, power seats, leather upholstery, sun visors, power windows, power steering, rear wiper, headlight washers, fender liners, storage pockets, and rear trunk release, upgraded struts, shocks, springs, suspension mounts, as well as an adjustable ABS system, bigger brakes with racing pads, magnesium wheels, a transmission oil cooler, and a lightweight battery. This yielded weight savings of approximately and improvements in performance of the car as the Turbo Cup cars had a 0- acceleration time of 5.3 seconds and a top speed of nearly . 192 Turbo Cup cars were made.
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All US market vehicles come with an 8-speed automatic transmission. For 2011, the F25 X3 is available in the US, only with a 3.0-liter inline six-cylinder gasoline engine either normally aspirated or with a twin-scroll turbocharger. In 2012, the F25 X3 xDrive28i model's 3.0L naturally-aspired inline six- cylinder gasoline engine was replaced by the 2.0L TwinPower twin-scroll, single-turbo inline four-cylinder gasoline engine that was first introduced on the BMW 3 Series (F30), the BMW N20, more specifically coded N20B20O0. A rear- wheel-drive sDrive28i model joined the X3 model lineup, marking the first non- xDrive BMW SAV to ever be sold in the United States.
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Although this would limit the ability of the turbocharger to build up the maximum amount of boost pressure, the fuel flow limit introduced in 2014 minimised the impact of this. The Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K)—the generator harvesting energy from the engine spinning while under braking—was positioned in front of the engine to deliver energy directly to the crankshaft, following the convention established with the introduction of the kinetic energy recovery system in . The batteries housing the energy harvested by the MGU-H and MGU-K were merged with the Electronic Control Unit and positioned in front of the engine. Both the MGU-H and MGU-K were capable of harvesting of energy per lap.
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The vehicle is equipped with standard Honda Sensing (adding traffic sign recognition) on all models. A base 1.5-liter VTEC turbo four-cylinder engine with available active grille shutters produces and of torque, mated to a 6-speed manual or continuously variable transmission (CVT). The optional 2.0-liter VTEC turbo four-cylinder engine, which replaced the V6 engine option, was available beginning December 2017. This engine is based on the engine in the Civic Type R, but with a smaller turbocharger, different pistons and camshafts, and the addition of a pair of balance shafts. The engine, which produced and of torque is mated to a 6-speed manual or 10-speed automatic transmission.
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After failing to secure the Can-Am Championship for the first time since 1966, team owner Teddy Mayer decided to concentrate the company on Formula One and USAC IndyCars, leaving the Can-Am series behind. After McLaren no longer had use for the M20s, all three (including Hulme's rebuilt car) were sold to separate teams. Roy Woods Racing purchased one car for driver David Hobbs to continue campaigning in Can-Am, while Fred Corbett (under the guise of Commander Motor Homes) purchased a car initially for Mario Andretti, who was later replaced by John Cannon. Corbett's M20 was modified to add a turbocharger in an attempt to better match Porsche's further improved car, the 917/30.
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A very limited production version for competition purposes arrived in 1992, called the Alto Works R. This was a lightened, strict two-seater with four-wheel-drive, a close-ratio five-speed transmission, and a tuned engine - although official output remained , as required by the Kei regulations. The car has an adjusted ECU and a free-flow Suzuki Sport RHB31 turbocharger, as well as a different throttle body. Less than a hundred were built, although it continued to be available until the arrival of the next generation Alto. This model, without a backseat and with racing bucket seats in front, was classified as a van and accordingly received the CM22V chassis code, unlike the usual Alto Works.
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This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s, when "stock- block" engines (namely the V-6 Buick) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy, compared to the purpose-built V-8 quad-cam engines. While the "stock block" engines were technically legal in CART competition, they were not given the increased boost advantage, which effectively rendered them uncompetitive, and precluded their use by teams. The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor-built Mercedes-Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994. Teams may enter up to two machines under a given car number—the "primary" car and a "backup" car.
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Following five years of development and improvement on the GTP ZX-Turbo, Nissan realized that incoming competition from Toyota and Jaguar meant that a new car was needed to be able to continue to defend their championship. NPTI, Nissan's North American motorsports division, was therefore tasked with construction of an all-new car, abandoning the original Lola-based GTP ZX-Turbo chassis. The new car would abandon the angular look of the previous car, with the cockpit being rounded and narrower. The large intakes at the nose of the car would also be replaced with smaller duct work, while large vertical snorkels for the turbocharger would be placed on the sides of the car.
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These two models are by far the most maintainable, with many 645 service parts being rather easily fitted to C and D engines. The 567D's turbocharger is perhaps the least maintainable part of such an engine, and the 567D turbo has many more maintenance issues than 645E and later turbos. A common choice is conversion of a 567D turbo engine to Roots-blown, thereby abandoning the turbo and its many issues. Installation of 645 power assemblies will still allow Roots-converted 4-axle locomotives (GP20s) to produce , as does a Roots-blown 16-645E, thereby becoming the functional equivalent of a GP38, although with older electrical equipment and controls, and, of course, the older carbody.
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After qualifying was closed, eight teams that failed to qualify filed a protest on Monday May 21. They charged that the turbocharger wastegate inlet rules were unfair, and there was too much of a gray area to begin with. In addition, they claimed that many cars that qualified during the first weekend of time trials were technically illegal, but that officials were only closely checking the cars that made attempts on the second weekend. The protest was denied, but USAC president Dick King announced that the 11 cars that were bumped from the field would be allowed a special qualifying session if all 33 cars in the field signed a special agreement.
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Installing a boost controller in a vehicle that is already well tuned, such as a factory turbocharged car, may allow higher boost pressure than tolerable by the engine or turbocharger, reducing life and reliability. Care should be taken to avoid exceeding the limits of any engine system components such as the engine block, fuel injectors, or engine management system. This is as true with boost control as it is with fuel and timing controls, or any number of other engine system modifications. In particular, users may find the extremely low cost and ease of adding a manual boost controller a particular draw for extra power at low cost compared to more comprehensive modifications.
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With that project, Welter set out to build the first car to do 400 km/h (248.54 mph) during the 24 Hours of Le Mans. That year, Welter's low-drag configuration WM Peugeot P88, including moving the radiators and intercoolers; combined with novel ducting, driven by Roger Dorchy, achieved on the Mulsanne Straight. Having struggled with reliability for the entire event, problems with the car for the whole weekend (turbocharger, cooling and electrical) finally ended their race. The record was later protected with the addition of chicanes, which were built into the straight in 1990, which would prevent the ability of a car to easily reach again on the much shorter straights.
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Deeper changes had been made to the GT i.e. engine: the cylinder head had been rotated 180°, bringing the exhaust side to the front for better cooling, and the whole engine was canted forward 18° to lower its centre of mass height. The Delta HF turbo was updated to HF 4WD looks and interior, from which it differed mainly for the square headlights and single exhaust. The Delta turbo ds marked the introduction of the first diesel engine on the Delta. This was a 1,929 cc 8-valve four-cylinder from the Prisma, with an output of 80 PS; it used a KKK turbocharger with wastegate valve, an intercooler and an oil cooler.
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1989 Lancia Delta HF Integrale 8V at the Birmingham Motor Show. The Lancia Delta HF Integrale incorporated some of the features of the Delta HF 4WD into a road car. The engine was an 8-valve 2 L fuel injected 4-cylinder, with balancing shafts. The HF version featured new valves, valve seats and water pump, larger water and oil radiators, more powerful cooling fan and bigger air cleaner. A larger capacity Garrett T3 turbocharger with improved airflow and bigger intercooler, revised settings for the electronic injection/ignition control unit and a knock sensor, boost power output to at 5300 rpm and maximum torque of 31 m·kgf (304 N·m, 224 lbf·ft) at 3500 rpm.
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The North American 1.6 turbocharged CVH was developed by Ford's Special Vehicle Operations (SVO) with help from Jack Roush for 1984 and 1985 in the Ford EXP Turbo, Ford Escort GT Turbo, and Mercury Lynx RS Turbo. Making (50% more than the carbureted High Output 1.6 for North America) it is the most powerful production CVH of North America proving to make EXPs, Escort, and Lynxes faster than their competitors' compacts while retaining impressive fuel efficiency numbers all without reducing the engine's lifespan. The 1.6 turbocharged Fords also came standard with TRX packages to further improve performance with upgraded suspension and specialty Michelin tires. The modified turbocharged engine featured not just a turbocharger but a specially designed cam profile (.
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The car's top speed was , which rivalled cars including the Audi Quattro, BMW M3, Nissan 300ZX, and Toyota Supra, and comfortably outperformed traditional "hot hatchbacks" like the Volkswagen Golf GTI. Two versions were produced. The initial 2,500 units were "homologation specials" used to get the FIA accreditation in Group A and were fitted with an oversized Garrett T3/T04B Hybrid turbo and air/water intercooler (this turbocharger is a hybrid consisting of a Garrett T04B compressor wheel combined with a Garrett T3 turbine and is also known as T34). These units displayed significant turbo lag due to the huge inertia introduced by the T34 unit and the detuned nature of their competition derived engine until 3,500 RPM.
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Unfortunately, many customers did not keep the reservoir filled, or had mechanical problems with the turbocharger system which resulted in many of the turbo-charger installations being removed and a conventional 4 barrel carburetor and manifold installed in its place. The Turbo-Rocket V8 was offered exclusively on the Oldsmobile Jetfire, a special version of the Cutlass compact hardtop coupe, which is noteworthy as it one of the world's first (in fact the second) turbocharged passenger car ever offered for public sale. The Chevrolet Corvair Spyder Turbo, likewise a forced induction i.e turbo-powered car, predated the Oldsmobile Jetfire Turbo, however by only a few weeks, thus being the world's very first turbocharged commercially sold vehicle.
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This astounding and historic winning streak has been the result of Mercedes development of the "split turbocharger", a system in which the compressor and turbine components of the turbo charger are placed at separate sides of the engine and connected by a rod running through the V of the engine. This new technology gave Mercedes and their customer teams many advantages over their competitors due to the need for less cooling and a more compact power unit. The only other drivers to win races during this period are Daniel Ricciardo (7) and Max Verstappen (9) of Red Bull, along with Sebastian Vettel (14), Kimi Räikkönen (1) and Charles Leclerc (2) of Ferrari and Pierre Gasly (1) of AlphaTauri.
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The piezo injectors were more expensive and BMW decided they were not worthwhile outside of Europe, because the potential benefits of lean-burn operation could not be fully realised. The exhaust manifold design, called Cylinder-bank Comprehensive Manifold (CCM) by BMW, aims to reduce the pressure fluctuations to reduce throttle lag and exhaust back-pressure. The twin-scroll turbocharger uses 2 sets of exhaust duct to turn 1 turbine wheel, with cylinders 1-3 and 4-6. The engine management system is Bosch MEVD 17.2, and compatible fuels are ROZ (RON) 91-98 octane (minimum RON 95 is recommended), As per the N54, the compression ratio is 10.2:1, the bore is , the stroke is and the displacement is .
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The first-generation 9-5 is powered by Saab's B205 and B235 straight-4 engines, and from 2002 in Europe by an Opel Ecotec X22DTH 2.2 diesel engine (Saab D223L), replaced in 2006 by Fiat's 1.9 JTD 16V diesel straight-4. A turbocharged version of the GM 54° V6 engine, designated by Saab as B308, has a unique asymmetrical low-pressure turbocharger and was available from 1999 to 2003. This engine is available only with an automatic transmission, and cars with this engine installed are distinguishable by their twin tailpipes. The V6 is only available on Arc, SE, and Griffin models. In 2004, the V6 engine was replaced by a high pressure turbo straight-4 engine producing .
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Otto engines are about 30% efficient; in other words, 30% of the energy generated by combustion is converted into useful rotational energy at the output shaft of the engine, while the remainder being losses due to waste heat, friction and engine accessories. There are a number of ways to recover some of the energy lost to waste heat. The use of a Turbocharger in Diesel engines is very effective by boosting incoming air pressure and in effect, provides the same increase in performance as having more displacement. The Mack Truck company, decades ago, developed a turbine system that converted waste heat into kinetic energy that it fed back into the engine's transmission.
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With and of torque, the Shelby GLHS featured a modified 2.2 L engine with a Turbo II setup, which included a two piece blow-through intake (the GLH-T was a draw-through turbo design), a Shelby ECU, turbo boost raised to a conservative 12 psi, a T2 turbocharger compressor cover, and a front-mounted intercooler. The short block stayed the same between the GLH-T and GLHS. Further modifications included 205/50R15 Eagle GT Gatorback tires mounted on Shelby Centurian wheels, Koni adjustable struts and shocks, and stiffer springs. Different decals were also part of the package; silver pinstripes down the ground effects along with "Shelby" decals replaced the standard red GLH-T decals.
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The locomotives are a 6-axle Co'Co' twin cab design, incorporating a RK 215 engine with a power at rail of . After premature failures both in engine and turbocharger RAI has de-rated the engine power gradually up to 2400 Kw. Three variants were produced, a passenger version with a top speed and a axle load, and two freight versions with a top speed and either a axle load., Only two prototypes of ballasted locomotives had been introduced;as, the ballasts limited the engine room space and higher center of gravity raised concerns, the ballasts were later removed completely. The passenger locomotives were later assigned for freight service because of low reliability and introduction of more reliable ER24PC locomotives.
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The engine has a bore (cylinder diameter) of , and a stroke of . The 539 engine was built at Alco's Auburn, New York engine plant and later starting in September 1949 in Canada. The 539T was equipped with the Buchi turbocharger, being made under license by the Elliott Manufacturing Company of Jeannette, Pennsylvania. The first 539T engines were used in S-2 switchers and DL-105 passenger locomotives built in September 1940. Alco locomotives using this engine include the S-2, S-4, RS-1, RSC-1, RSD-1, DL-105, DL-107, DL-108, DL-109, and DL-110. MLW locomotives using this engine include the S-2, S-4, S-7, S-12, RS-1, and RSC-13.
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Consequently, switching to a higher MJ class reduces the fuel capacity to 49.9 liters in exchange for a higher engine power output of over 520 HP. The foundation of the V6 TDI engine still revolves around the variable geometry turbocharger, with a 120-degree cylinder bank angle, and torque output of 850 Newton meters, in use since 2011, but now consumes 32.4 percent less fuel in 2016 in contrast to 2011. Much like the rest of the car, the safety measures of the car have been revised. Audi's technology of Matrix LED headlights and LaserLight was carried over and revised for 2016, and rearward vision is displayed through an AMOLED monitor connected to a rearview camera.
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This allowed them to fly upside-down or to perform other negative-G manoeuvres without fear of the engine cutting out, as happened to the British types fitted with carburettors. On the other hand, the carburettor combined with a turbocharger gave better performance at altitude.Gingell (1976) However, as the war wore on, Germany's critical inability to produce piston aviation engines of at least 1,500 kW (2,000 PS) maximum power and above that possessed proven front-line reliability, prevented them from fully developing more advanced strategic and tactical combat aircraft designs that would require such powerplants. Meanwhile, jet and rocket engines had been under steady development, the rocket especially in Germany and the jet both there and in Britain.
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Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): Erdgas und erneuerbares Methan für den Fahrzeugantrieb in H. List: Der Fahrzeugantrieb, Springer, Wiesbaden 2015, , p. 418 This means that if there is any type of leak or malfunction that increases the amount of oil or fuel unintentionally entering the combustion chamber, the quality of the air-fuel-mixture will increase, causing torque and rotational speed to increase. Fuel and oil leaks causing engine runaways can have both internal and external causes. Broken seals or a broken turbocharger may cause large amounts of oil mist to enter the inlet manifold, whereas defective injection pumps may cause an unintentionally large amount of fuel to be injected directly into the combustion chamber.
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300px In naturally aspirated piston engines, intake gases are drawn or "pushed" into the engine by atmospheric pressure filling the volumetric void caused by the downward stroke of the piston (which creates a low-pressure area), similar to drawing liquid using a syringe. The amount of air actually inspired, compared with the theoretical amount if the engine could maintain atmospheric pressure, is called volumetric efficiency. The objective of a turbocharger is to improve an engine's volumetric efficiency by increasing density of the intake gas (usually air) allowing more power per engine cycle. The turbocharger's compressor draws in ambient air and compresses it before it enters into the intake manifold at increased pressure.
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The ever- popular Monza line then took on a wagon model to round out the top of the line. In spring of 1962, Chevrolet committed itself to the sporty image they had created for the Corvair by introducing a convertible version, then offering a high-performance turbocharged "Spyder" option for Monza coupes and convertibles, making the Corvair the second production automobile supplied with a turbocharger as a factory option, with the Oldsmobile F-85 Turbo Jetfire having been released earlier in 1962. Corvair station wagons were discontinued at that point in favor the new Corvair Convertible and Chevy II (built at the same assembly plant). The slow-selling Loadside pickup was discontinued at the end of the model year.
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The amount of power extracted from the transmission can be up to 90% of the rated power of the engine for certain engines. In a compression release engine braking system for a turbocharged internal combustion engine, excessive stress associated with opening the exhaust valves of the engine near top dead center of engine compression strokes when the engine is turning at high speed is prevented by reducing the intake manifold pressure from what it otherwise would be at that high speed. This is done by retarding the turbocharger so that its speed is less than it otherwise would be at high engine speed. This type of retarder is known as compression release engine brake or "Jake brake".
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Both the M107 and M110 are based on a common chassis, which features five road wheels on either side of the chassis, idler arms attached to torsion bars, tracks driven from the front by a 450 hp General Motors turbo supercharged diesel with the turbocharger connected to the supercharger by a steel pencil sized "quill" shaft. The engine and transmission are mounted in the front right, with the driver to its left. The engine had an attached hydraulic pump used to traverse the turret with a manual backup hand crank. The hydraulic pump was sometimes improperly used to dig in the rear spade, resulting in damage to the hydraulic spade cylinders after the first round was fired.
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Volvo had also introduced on D13A engine with Selective Catalytic Reduction an improved version of its engine compression brake the "VEB+" featuring additional helper rocker arm and a fourth cam lobe per cylinder. Power outputs available from 360 hp, 400 hp, and . In 2007 Volvo introduced D13B Volvo adds EGR exhaust gas recirculation to its successful 13-litre engine series with Exhaust Gas Recirculation configuration and VGT turbocharger but without exhaust particle filter and is the only manufacturer to offer this solution thus far. The engines are available in slightly reduced power output ranging from 360 hp, 400 hp, and and being shared with FM series however option is only available for FH series.
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Rear view In the Chinese domestic market, Baojun 530 is positioned above the 510 subcompact crossover and under the later released RS-5 within Baojun's line-up. Initial pricing of the 530 ranges from 78,800 yuan to 119,800 yuan. The 530 in China is offered with a 1.5-litre turbo petrol engine with the turbocharger sourced from Honeywell, paired with either 5-speed manual and DCT, and a 1.8-litre naturally aspirated petrol engine, paired with a 5-speed AMT. In November 2018, the 2019 model was launched with a CVT with 8-speed simulation jointly developed by Bosch and SGMW, slight adjustments to the engine power and torque, and a new speedometer layout.
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Due to the No. 72 SMP Ferrari causing a stoppage to qualifying, the car was sent to the back of the GTLM field. Both the No. 96 and 97 Turner BMW cars had their qualifying lap times deleted due to turbocharger boost control problems; the No. 96 was demoted to the rear of the GTD grid and the No. 97 had a one-lap penalty imposed on it. The No. 37 SMP BR01's engine was changed and was allowed to start from overall pole position because the team did so after qualifying for an endurance race. Riley Motorsport's No. 33 Viper had its clutch replaced after the team sidelined it from the final practice session.
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This engine was considered too powerful to receive type approval by Japan's Ministry of Transportation, who would only allow turbochargers to be installed in sub 2 litre-engined cars, and it was therefore never sold in its homeland. Datsun 280ZX Turbo The turbocharged 280ZX used a single Garrett AiResearch TB03 turbocharger with an internal wastegate, and no intercooler. Nissan's design philosophy at the time led to boost being limited to 6.8 psi (0.47 bar), despite the lowered compression of the turbo engine (7.4:1 with dished, cast aluminum pistons). Additional changes over the naturally aspirated engine included a higher volume oil pump, an oil cooler on automatic models, and Nissan's Electronic Concentrated Control System (ECCS).
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2014 VW Golf R Like the GTI, the Golf R is also built as a three- or five-door hatchback. It is powered by a newly developed version of the turbocharged EA888 petrol FSI Inline-four engine used in the latest Golf GTI (and Audi S3), but in this application producing ( for "hot climate" markets such as Australia, Japan, USA) from 5,500 to 6,200 rpm and from 1,800 to 5,500 rpm of torque. Compared to the GTI's powerplant, the Golf R's engine has a modified cylinder head, exhaust valves, valve seats and springs, pistons, injection valves and larger intercooler and turbocharger. DSG equipped models also come with an auxiliary oil cooler on the passenger side.
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STI versions of the Impreza, Forester and the Legacy have been marketed as limited edition vehicles in certain markets. STI also designs upgraded parts, mostly suspension related, for use on other Subaru vehicles. The Subaru Impreza WRX and the Subaru Legacy B4 both come in high performance STI editions (formerly capitalized "STi" before the 2006 model year), designed by STI. The STI offers many advantages over the WRX, such as a six-speed manual transmission (different than the 2015+ WRX 6MT) with a helical (Suretrac in '04 models) limited slip front differential, driver controlled center differential(DCCD), IHI VF39 turbocharger (VF43 in 2007, VF48 from 2008 on), BBS lightweight alloy wheels, a mechanical rear limited slip differential and Brembo brakes.
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It could not free wheel as a normal EMD turbocharger does. It was coupled to the engine gear train over the entire throttle range. The combination of the "turbo blower", 645 power assemblies and an increase in engine speed to 900 rpm boosted the output from mated to an AR10 alternator and Dash 2 electrical system. Although the GP9 frame, trucks, traction motors, fans and prime mover were rebuilt and reused, the locomotive received an all-new cab and carbody, basically that of a standard second-generation GP. Still, the unit had an unmistakable appearance, due to the absence of inertial air intakes behind the engineer's side of the cab, and the use of a squared-off dynamic brake assembly similar to that of a GP60.
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All the petrol engines comply with the Euro 5 norm and the diesel engines have emissions of 99 g/km or lower. In addition to the four cylinder petrol engines carried over from the previous model, from September 2012, the 208 has been offered with two new three cylinder units with variable valve timing – the 1.0 VTi (68 hp) and 1.2 VTi (82 hp). The 1.0 comes with an advertised fuel consumption of , and a emissions value of 99 g/km. A 1.2 L three cylinder is available with a turbocharger designated as the PureTech 110 S&S; (available on the GT Line models and the allures) or without designated PureTech 82 S&S; (available on the active, VTi, or XS).
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DieselJet s.r.l. of Castel Maggiore, Italy, had its TDA CR 1.9 8V EASA certified on 11 June 2010 : a 1.9 l liquid cooled, 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, 8 valves engine, with a turbocharger and Common Rail injection, a 1:0.644 reduction gearbox and dual FADEC, it produces 118 kW (160 hp) at take- off and 107 kW (146 hp) continuously at 2450 propeller RPM for . The TDA CR 2.0 16V, certified 8 March 2016, is a 2.0 l 16 valves engine with a 1:0.607 reduction ratio and a similar configuration, producing 142 kW (193 hp) continuous and 160 kW (217.5 hp) at take-off at 2306 propeller RPM for . In 2016, DieselJet was developing a TDA CR 3.0 24V.
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The water-cooled inline four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine with 2.8 l displacement of the Hanomag L 28 was equipped in 1953 with a Roots turbocharger, which was driven by a V-belt. The sound of the Hanomag D-28 engines was characterized by the particularly striking "diesel nailing" and the "singing" of the blower. In 1955 the L-28 cab received front hinged doors instead of the previously used rear hinged door and in recent years instead of the two small ones, a large curved panoramic windshield, which made the cab look much more modern. Between 1958 and 1960, the L 28 series was gradually replaced by the Hanomag Kurier, Garant and Markant front-link successor series, differently labeled according to their weight.
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The ALTUS (the name is Latin for "high") is a civil variant of the GNAT-750 and MQ-1 Predator. Although similar in appearance, the ALTUS has a slightly longer wingspan and is designed to carry atmospheric sampling and other instruments for civilian scientific research missions in place of the military reconnaissance equipment carried by the Predators. It can carry up to 330 lb of sensors and other scientific instruments in a nose-mounted payload compartment, a location designed to allow air being sampled by the sensors to be undisturbed by heat or pollutants from engine exhaust. Power is provided by a four-cylinder Rotax 912 gasoline engine with additional airflow provided by a turbocharger built by Thermo-Mechanical Systems.
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The vehicle spent more than 24 hours at the required altitude during an ARM-UAV. After major modifications and upgrades, including installation of a two-stage turbocharger in place of its original single-stage unit, a larger fuel tank and additional intercooling capacity, the ALTUS II returned to flight status in the summer of 1998. The goal of its development test flights was to reach one of the major Level 2 performance milestones within NASA's ERAST program: to fly a gasoline-fueled, piston-engine remotely piloted aircraft for several hours at an altitude at or near 60,000 feet. On March 5, 1999, The ALTUS II maintained flight at or above 55,000 feet for three hours, reaching a maximum density altitude of 57,300 feet during the mission.
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Audi's decision to use a diesel engine emphasizes the commercial success of Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) turbodiesel engine (and its competitors) on Europe's roads. Diesels have been successfully used in other forms of racing as well, as their broad power band and fuel economy can prove advantageous, while in turn, the higher weight and lower rotational speed of the engine requiring new power transmissions are the disadvantages. The rules had to accommodate the need for a high capacity engine with a turbocharger and high boost, whereas both possibilities are no longer allowed for gasoline engines, as these had developed over in several race series of the past. It is not, however, the first diesel to be raced at Le Mans.
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The APC controls boost pressure and the overall performance, specifically the rate of rise and maximum boost level - and it detects and manages harmful knock events. To control the turbocharger, the APC monitors the engine's RPM and inlet manifold pressure via a pressure transducer, and uses these inputs to control a solenoid valve that trims the rate of rise of pressure as well as the maximum pressure by directing boost pressure to the turbocharger's pneumatic wastegate actuator. To detect knock, a piezoelectric knock sensor (basically a microphone) bolted to the engine block responds to unique frequencies caused by engine knock. The sensor generates a small voltage that is sent to the electronic control unit, which processes the signal to determine if, in fact, knock is occurring.
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Volkswagen was thus forced to significantly re-work the "original" 6.75-liter Rolls-Royce/Bentley V8 in 2001, including a switch from the old single-turbo system to a modern twin-turbocharger setup, reducing turbo-lag and increasing horsepower output. A new, 6-speed ZF 6HP-26 automatic transmission fed power to the rear wheels. Rear view Bentley claims a 0 to 97 km/h acceleration time of 5.6 seconds and a top speed of , slightly faster than the previous model and still very good for a vehicle of this size and weight. The United States Department of Energy lists Bentley Azure as the least fuel-efficient car in its class with only in the city and on the highway.
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An electric turbo-compound (ETC) system is defined where a turbine coupled to a generator (turbogenerator) is located in the exhaust gas flow of a reciprocating engine to harvest waste heat energy and convert it into electrical power. An example of an ETC system is where a turbogenerator is located downstream of a turbocharger turbine of an internal combustion engine (ICE). The power generated from the ETC system can be used to feed into an electrical grid or provide power to local electrical loads such as engine auxiliaries. ETC systems are commercially available for stationary power gensets and at an advanced stage of development for automotive applications to improve the fuel efficiency of gas and diesel engines by recovering waste energy from the exhaust gases.
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A GM company spokesman at the time said that Buick was positioned as a "premium" marque (entry-level luxury) to compete with various Acura, Infiniti, Lexus, and Volvo models, while Cadillac was aimed at the "luxury" performance segment which includes brands like BMW and Mercedes-Benz. An all-new Regal sedan, a smaller model based on the European Opel Insignia, was re-introduced for the 2011 model year after a seven-year absence. For 2012, the all-new Verano, which was a compact sedan based on the Chevrolet Cruze, joined the lineup. Additionally, the performance-oriented Regal GS officially went on sale and became the first Buick in almost 20 years to be offered with a manual transmission and a turbocharger.
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No longer the "Ship amongst Ships", NCL severely cut back on her maintenance and upkeep. She experienced several mechanical breakdowns, fires, incidents of illegal waste dumping, and safety violations for which she was detained at port pending repairs. Despite the cutbacks, the ship remained extremely popular among cruise enthusiasts, some of whom questioned the owner's actions in light of the continuing successful operation of Queen Elizabeth 2, which had become a well-maintained rival still operating 5-star luxury cruises and transatlantic crossings for Cunard. In spite of this, the cutbacks continued and problems mounted even as the ship continued to sail with full occupancy. A turbocharger fire erupted on Norway as she entered Barcelona in 1999, which pulled her out of service for three weeks.
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As Nakajima drove the No. 7 Toyota into its ninth hour in the race lead, the car lost drive shortly after the Arnage corner and came to a stop alongside the barriers. An FIA-mandated piece of monitoring equipment had failed within the car and melted a wiring loom and was not able to be repaired by Nakajima, forcing Toyota to abandon the former race-leading car. The No. 2 Audi became the new leader ahead of the No. 20 Porsche and the recovering No. 1 Audi by three laps. Over an hour after taking the race lead, Fässler, driving the No. 2 Audi, was forced to replace a failing turbocharger, sitting idle for twenty minutes and falling to third.
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Because LNG boils at approximately -160C, using a simple heat exchanger a small amount of LNG can be converted to its gaseous form at extremely high pressure with the use of little or no mechanical energy. A properly designed high-horsepower engine can leverage this extremely high pressure energy dense gaseous fuel source to create a higher energy density air-fuel mixture than can be efficiently created with a CNG powered engine. The end result when compared to CNG engines is more overall efficiency in high-horsepower engine applications when high-pressure direct injection technology is used. The Westport HDMI2 fuel system is an example of a high- pressure direct injection technology that does not require a turbocharger if teamed with appropriate LNG heat exchanger technology.
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The engine components are steel/aluminium alloy blocks, DOHC valvetrain actuating four-valves per cylinder, fuel pumps, injectors, pistons, conrods, turbochargers, plenum chamber, crankcase, valve, exhaust valve, spark plugs, ignition and throttle butterfly systems. The new push-to-pass system that usually used in IndyCar Series will be introduced for 2019 season onwards to improve racing spectacle and produced roughly about with a duration about 60 seconds of usage rechargeable, after a 2019 successful the push-to-pass system will be doubled to from 2020 season onwards. The weight of newly second generation DTM engine are minimum with turbocharger (DTM-mandated). The new engines rev limit are upgraded to 9,500 rpm (500 rpm higher than previous generation engine) with additional 200 rpm for push-to-pass operation.
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The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable petrol-powered cars spent more time refueling. Chrysler put a VM Motori SpA engine in the Jeep Liberty sport utility vehicle in 2005 and 2006 to assess the American market's interest in modern high performance diesel engines. In 2004 Honda released their first diesel engine, the N22A branded as the i-CTDI, it first featured in the Honda Accord. The engine featured an aluminium block, DOHC chain driven valvetrain, common rail direct injection and variable geometry turbocharger. In Spring 2005, Mercedes-Benz unveiled their first application of a mass-produced aluminum block diesel engine for passenger vehicles and commercial use.
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Because LNG boils at approximately , by using a simple heat exchanger a small amount of LNG can be converted to its gaseous form at extremely high pressure with the use of little or no mechanical energy. A properly designed high-horsepower engine can leverage this extremely high pressure energy dense gaseous fuel source to create a higher energy density air-fuel mixture than can be efficiently created with a CNG powered engine. The end result when compared to CNG engines is more overall efficiency in high-horsepower engine applications when high-pressure direct injection technology is used. The Westport HDMI2 fuel system is an example of a high-pressure direct injection technology that does not require a turbocharger if teamed with appropriate LNG heat exchanger technology.
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The AE440 presented by Mecachrome in 2017 Within the Green Rotorcraft European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative environmental research program started in 2011, a H120 Technology demonstrator equipped with a HIPE AE440 high-compression aircraft diesel engine, running on jet fuel, first flew on 6 November 2015. It aims to reduce pollutant emissions and increase fuel efficiency, nearly double the range and enhanced operations in hot and high conditions. The powerplant is a liquid-cooled, dry sump lubricated 4.6-liter 90° V8 engine with an common rail direct injection, fully machined aluminum blocks, titanium connecting rods, steel pistons and liners, one turbocharger per cylinder bank. With an air-to-air intercooler, it weighs without gearbox and the installed powerpack weighs .
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Magnussen argued that Räikkönen was to blame for the incident, saying that he drove defensively, while Räikkönen admitted following his contact with Chilton earlier in the race, he was willing to attempt aggressive manoeuvres. Pérez blamed Button for his retirement, saying that he did not expect Button to be there because of a lack of space for another car. Button did not comment on the crash. Red Bull team principal Christian Horner opined that Vettel would not allow his frustrations to get the better of him after his turbocharger problem, and said Ricciardo's challenge on Hamilton in the final laps was an indication that the team's approach was correct but noted a realistic overtake was not possible unless there was an error.
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The Regera in NVIDIA Holodeck The Regera was designed with a combination of the CATIA software suite and Autodesk Inventor, with AutoCAD Electrical being primarily used to redesign the vehicle's electrical systems from past Koenigsegg models. According to Koenigsegg Technical Director Jon Gunner, the Regera makes use of several power nodes to connect wiring throughout the car compared to the single power node of previous models, which saves weight. Koenigsegg uses 3D printing technologies to manufacture many parts of the Regera. This includes static components like details in the interior of the car under the upholstery and the large electrical exhaust port at the rear of the car, as well as dynamic components like the variable-geometry turbocharger in the engine.
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Like the GMC Syclone, the Typhoon is powered by a 4.3 L LB4 V6 engine with unique pistons, main caps, head gaskets, intake manifolds, fuel system, exhaust manifolds, and a 48mm twin bore throttle body from the 5.7 L GM Small-Block engine. With this engine, the Syclone produces and 350 lb⋅ft (475 N⋅m) of torque. The engine is a modified version of the Vortec engine found in the standard Jimmy, which originally produced . The engine uses a Mitsubishi TD06-17C/8 cm2 turbocharger producing 14 psi of boost and a Garrett Water/Air intercooler, as well as revised intake manifolds, fuel system, exhaust manifolds, and a twin-bore throttle body from the 5.7 L GM Small-Block engine.
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Since open loop systems do not modify control levels based on MAP sensor, differing boost pressure levels may be reached based on outside variables such as weather conditions or engine coolant temperature. For this reason, systems that do not feature closed loop operation are not as widespread. Boost controllers often use pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques to bleed off boost pressure on its way to the reference port on the wastegate actuator diaphragm in order to (on occasion ) under report boost pressure in such a way that the wastegate permits a turbocharger to build more boost pressure in the intake than it normally could. In effect, a boost- control solenoid valve lies to the wastegate under the engine control unit´s (ECU) control.
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Armed with this knowledge, as long as boost pressure is below a predetermined allowable ceiling, the EMS will open the boost control solenoid to allow the turbocharger to create overboost beyond what the wastegate would normally allow. As overboost reaches the programmable maximum, the EMS begins to decrease the bleed rate through the control solenoid to raise boost pressure as seen at the wastegate actuator diaphragm so the wastegate opens enough to limit boost to the maximum configured level of over- boost. Stepper motors allow fine control of airflow based on position and speed of the motor, but may have low total airflow capability. Some systems use a solenoid in conjunction with a stepper motor, with the stepper motor allowing fine control and the solenoid coarse control.
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The engine had 10.25:1 compression and a single-barrel carburetor. It was rated at at 4600 rpm and at 3200 rpm. In development, the high compression ratio combined with the charged load created problems with spark knock on hard throttle applications, which led Olds to develop and utilize a novel water-injection system that sprayed metered amounts of distilled water and methyl alcohol (dubbed "Turbo-Rocket Fluid") into the intake manifold air-stream to cool the intake charge. If the fluid reservoir was empty, a complex double-float and valve assembly in the Turbo-Rocket Fluid path would set a second butterfly (positioned between the throttle butterfly and the turbocharger) into the closed position, limiting the amount of boost pressure.
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A potential disadvantage of converting an engine from MAF to MAFless mode is that where the MAP sensor is used to measure airflow, the corresponding fuel calculations must be performed by the computer based on tables of information programmed by the engine tuner. If other parts of the engine are subsequently modified with an effect on airflow through the engine, these fuel tables must be adjusted to match the revised engine hardware. As airflow is measured from the MAP sensor, turbocharger variations will affect the fuel flow measurement resulting in higher or lower fuel flow. Without MAF, monitoring of the airflow is very difficult, and so the chances of reproducibility of the desired performance in the field is much less.
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The car debuted at the 2002 Rally Finland. Changes to the Evo WRC included better weight distribution and lower centre of gravity, different front airdam to increase airflow to the radiators, a new intercooler, new exhaust manifold and a single-scroll turbocharger, and new engine parts (lightened crankshaft, flywheel and other rotating parts). The suspension was also updated to offer more travel and rigidity, and slight changes were also made to the transmission (to suit more the very different driving style of McRae and Delecour). Mitsubishi pulled out of the WRC at the end of 2002, but in 2003 they used this car for developmental purposes on some WRC events, with McRae clinching a 6th place at the 2003 Rally New Zealand.
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The relatively light weight of the Ariete helped lower consumption and facilitated the transport and mobility of the MBT (especially over bridges). This was obtained partially at the expense of the thickness of the armour that, only partially compensated by the good ballistic shape of the vehicle, raised some doubt about its ability to survive in the harshest environments. As an improvement, Iveco developed a new version of the MTCA engine. The stroke was lengthened, increasing displacement to 30 litres, with a new common rail direct fuel injection system along a new double turbocharger, increasing power output to at 1,800 rpm (with an electronically reduced torque of 5,500 N·m, maintained from 1,100 to 1,800 rpm to reduce damage to the transmission) and further reducing fuel consumption.
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4B11 MIVEC engine MIVEC (Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing Electronic Control system)"Latest MMC technologies and near-future goals" , Mitsubishi Motors website is the brand name of a variable valve timing (VVT) engine technology developed by Mitsubishi Motors. MIVEC, as with other similar systems, varies the timing of the intake and exhaust camshafts which increases the power and torque output over a broad engine speed range while also being able to help spool a turbocharger more quickly and accurately. MIVEC was first introduced in 1992 in their 4G92 powerplant, a 1,597 cc naturally aspirated DOHC 16 valve straight-4.History of Mitsubishi, 1990-1999 , Mitsubishi Motors website At the time, the first generation of the system was named Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing and lift Electronic Control.
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Introduced for the 1984 model year, the SVO was intended to be the model that would both reestablish the Mustang as a modern sports coupe and provide a competitor to European and Japanese compact sports coupes of the day. The project became the first for Ford's then-new SVO division, who endowed the car with several suspension and drive train modifications. Power came from an updated and heavily modified version of Ford's 2.3 L OHC inline four-cylinder engine, featuring a new computer- controlled fuel injection system, and an intercooled turbocharger. Power output for early units was 175 hp (130 kW), very good for the day, giving the vehicle a stout 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time with the aid of a factory installed Hurst shifter.
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The South African Astra turbo included a variant with the same turbocharged engine called the Opel Kadett 200t S.Opel Kadett 200t S, CAR, September 1995 The 200t S was a specific name where Delta Motor Corporation wanted to show the specialty of the type, which could beat the BMW M3 in a quarter mile in that time. The "t" stands for the turbocharger. The engine (C20LET) in the Opel Astra and Kadett 200t S was sourced from the Opel Calibra and Opel Vectra A 4x4 2.0 16V turbo, four-wheel drive found in European markets, but local engineers converted the six-speed, four-wheel drive transmission (Getrag F28) to front-wheel drive only and as such it was unique to South Africa.
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A Grande G Four was also offered with the 1JZ engine, 4-speed auto transmission and all-wheel drive. The Tourer trim level carried on from the X90 series in both Tourer S and Tourer V. The Tourer S was powered by a naturally aspirated 1JZ-GE and mated to a 4-speed automatic. The Tourer V received some noticeable tweaks from its X90 series counterpart: along with the implementation of ETCS and VVTi, the engine now received forced induction through one large turbocharger as opposed to two smaller ones in a parallel configuration. According to Toyota, this smoothed out the torque curve allowing the engine to deliver more torque at a lower RPM and with VVTi, improved the car's fuel economy.
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The model lineup was further changed; to bring the Thunderbird in line with other Ford models, the élan trim was dropped, replaced with LX and Sport versions. The LX was equipped with the V6 while the Sport was equipped with the V8. Turbo Coupes gained an intercooler, essentially giving the car the powertrain of the Mustang SVO. Models with the five-speed manual were given a power increase to , making them capable of attaining a top speed of . Models with the four-speed automatic transmission (new for 1987) were detuned to in the interest of transmission durability; turbocharger boost was reduced to 9.5 psi (65 kPa or 0.65 bar) instead of 10-15 psi (70 to 100 kPa or 0.7 to 1 bar).
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The BTR was powered by a 3.4-litre, flat-6 turbocharged engine, producing at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,800 rpm. It came standard with a five-speed manual transmission, though a six-speed transmission became available in 1988 upon request. Other changes included bigger brakes and a stiffer suspension system. Changes done to converted customer cars included a Ruf 5-speed manual transmission, quad-pipe exhaust system, Recaro leather seats, Ruf instrument clusters and steering wheel, Simpson race harness, twin-plug conversion applied to the engine, engine capacity increased to 3.4-litres with modifications done to the turbocharger, a front spoiler with an oil cooler, optional Porsche 935 style wing mirrors and Ruf 5-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels.
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Introduced in 1993, the BTR 3.8 was based on the rear-wheel-drive 964 Carrera 2 and changes included an enlarged engine capacity of 3.8-litres, a turbocharger, a 6-speed automatic transmission with an electronic clutch, a completely reworked suspension and brakes, special 18-inch Ruf 5-spoke wheels and larger tyres measuring 235/40 ZR at the front and 265/35 ZR at the rear. The modifications done to the engine resulted in a power output of . The car had a spartan, driver focused interior and featured lightweight racing bucket seats. Performance figures included acceleration to in 3.6 seconds, acceleration to in 12.9 seconds and a top speed of making it one of the fastest cars in the world at the time of its introduction.
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A compressor stall is a local disruption of the airflow in the compressor of a gas turbine or turbocharger. A stall that results in the complete disruption of the airflow through the compressor is referred to as a compressor surge. The severity of the phenomenon ranges from a momentary power drop barely registered by the engine instruments to a complete loss of compression in case of a surge, requiring adjustments in the fuel flow to recover normal operation. Compressor stall was a common problem on early jet engines with simple aerodynamics and manual or mechanical fuel control units, but has been virtually eliminated by better design and the use of hydromechanical and electronic control systems such as Full Authority Digital Engine Control.
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Some VE variants have a pressure-based system that allows the injection volume to increase over normal to allow a turbocharger or supercharger equipped engine to develop more power under boost conditions. Inline diesel metering pump All injection pumps incorporate a governor to cut fuel supply if the crankshaft rpm endangers the engine - the heavy moving parts of diesel engines do not tolerate overspeeding well, and catastrophic damage can occur if they are over-revved. Poorly maintained and worn engines can consume their lubrication oil through worn out crankcase ventilation systems and 'run away', causing increasing engine speed until the engine destroys itself. This is because most diesel engines only regulate their speed by fuel supply control and don't have a throttle valve to control air intake.
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The Lesabre T-Type coupe design was a different approach, pieced together from design highlights of the rare 1986 Lesabre Grand National (116 built), and although odd-looking, was a more cohesive touring car package. Also that year, the GNX made automotive history as "the fastest American car in 1987" (a distinction it held through 1989, which was the Regal's second year as a front-wheel drive car). The GNX recorded a 0-60 time of 4.7 seconds, and its "fast car" reputation led many people to dub it "Corvette killer." In addition, its turbocharged V6 made it an attractive alternative to its similar-bodied V8-powered siblings, such as the Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS and Oldsmobile 442 (neither of which had the turbocharger available to them).
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The two DOHC, 16-valve heads incorporate a fuel-efficient, low-emission design, with a 'tumble swirl air' motion created by a specially shaped intake port and increased valve angle and lift. The belt-driven camshafts act directly on hollow valve stems. Intake valves are hollow (reducing their mass from 51.6 to 48.4 grams) and the exhaust valves (46.7 versus 50.5 grams) are sodium-filled for more efficient heat transfer. Sequential Turbo Staging The B4 uses a sequentially staged primary and secondary turbocharger to deliver good throttle response and a wide torque spread. The primary turbo delivers boost in the low rpm and load ranges to deliver at 2000 rpm, while the secondary turbo joins in above 4000–4500 rpm.
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During 1994 production, the IDI V8 was replaced by the direct-injection T444E V8, sharing little more than its displacement with its predecessor; the T444E became the first Ford PowerStroke engine. While the DT360 was withdrawn (largely replaced by the T444E), the DT466 (now the DT466E) was joined by the larger DT530E (competing primarily against the Cummins C8.3). For the 2000s, International began developing engines to comply with updated emissions standards for commercial vehicles. During 2003, the T444E was discontinued and replaced the VT engine family, introduced by the VT365 V8. For 2004, the DT engines received modernized fuel injection and a redesigned turbocharger; the DT530 was replaced by the DT570 (sized between the Caterpillar C9 and the Cummins ISL).
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After the pit stops, Lotterer moved to the front of the race with Hartley in second and Duval third after both Toyotas had slow stops. Lotterer extended his advantage to seven seconds before entering the pit lane for an unscheduled stop. He was pushed into his garage for a change of turbocharger and repairs to his car's rear hydraulics system, promoting Hartley to the lead. Duval retook first by passing Hartley on the pit lane straight but lost the position to him at Mulsanne corner when a short rain shower fell. The LMP2 lead was taken by Roberto Merhi's No. 44 Manor at the start of the hour after he switched to the intermediate tyres during the first lap of competitive racing.
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In 1988, Nissan launched a limited 10,000-unit run of its homologated (certified) Nissan 1989 Micra Super Turbo (EK10GFR/GAR). Both this and the 1988 Micra R (EK10FR) featured the same highly advanced sequential compound charged (supercharger plus turbocharger) engine in an all-aluminium straight-four 930 cc eight-valve MA09ERT unit that produced at 6400 rpm. This car came with either a 3-speed automatic or 5-speed manual gearbox with viscous limited slip differential, as well as options such as air conditioning and electric mirrors. The Micra Super Turbo still holds the crown for the fastest production Micra in Nissan's history, with factory performance figures of 7.7 seconds to go from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) and 15.5 seconds to run a quarter mile.
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Michèle Mouton's Audi Sport Quattro at the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed The Audi Sport Quattro S1 was a variant of the Quattro developed for homologation for Group B rallying in 1984, and sold as a production car in limited numbers. It featured an all aluminium Inline-five engine with a bore X stroke of DOHC 4 valves per cylinder, Bosch LH Jetronic fuel injection and a KKK K27 turbocharger. The engine was slightly smaller than that of the standard Audi Quattro in terms of displacement in order to qualify for the 3-litre engine class after the 1.4 multiplication factor applied to turbocharged engines. In road-going form, the engine was capable of generating at 6,700 rpm and at 3,700 rpm, with the engine on the competition cars initially generating around .
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Such damage was a prominent problem in the early models of the American Boeing B-29 Superfortress high-altitude bombers used in the Pacific Theater of Operations during 1944–45. Turbocharged piston engines continued to be used in a large number of postwar airplanes, such as the B-50 Superfortress, the KC-97 Stratofreighter, the Boeing Stratoliner, the Lockheed Constellation, and the C-124 Globemaster II. In more recent times most aircraft engines for general aviation (light airplanes) are naturally aspirated, but the smaller number of modern aviation piston engines designed to run at high altitudes use turbocharger or turbo-normalizer systems, instead of a supercharger driven from the crankshafts. The change in thinking is largely due to economics. Aviation gasoline was once plentiful and cheap, favoring the simple but fuel- hungry supercharger.
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Two-stroke cars (such as those that were popular in Eastern Europe in the mid-20th century) were in particular danger and were usually fitted with freewheel mechanisms in the powertrain, allowing the engine to idle when the throttle was closed, requiring the use of the brakes in all slowing situations. Large two-stroke engines, including diesels, normally use a sump lubrication system similar to four-stroke engines. The cylinder must be pressurized, but this is not done from the crankcase, but by an ancillary Roots-type blower or a specialized turbocharger (usually a turbo- compressor system) which has a "locked" compressor for starting (and during which it is powered by the engine's crankshaft), but which is "unlocked" for running (and during which it is powered by the engine's exhaust gases flowing through the turbine).
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The Type RA added the following to the Spec C model from the STI parts catalogue: 4-way STI adjustable inverted struts, STI Japan-spec pink springs, STI rear lateral links, STI rear trailing links, STI rear sway bar, STI rear pillowball suspension, STI opening rear axleback exhaust, STI 17" x 8" Enkei-made wheels and STI V-lip front spoiler. ;Applied G (2007) The car is mechanically the same as the previous Japan-spec revision. For the STI, changes include a different turbocharger VF43 equipped with a slightly larger wastegate port to prevent boost creep (VF43, as opposed to VF39 in the older version) and revised gearing on the 6-speed manual transmission. They also use top feed injectors instead of side feed injectors like the previous STi models (04-06USDM).
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