At least 18 trematode species parasitically castrate California horn snails. A trematode infects a snail with a miracidium larva that either swims to infect the snail, or hatches after the snail ingests the trematode egg. After infection, the trematode parthenitae clonally replicate and produce free-swimming offspring (cercariae). These offspring infect second intermediate hosts (various invertebrates and fishes) where they form cysts (metacercariae).
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Pila species are a host of a trematode Multicotyle purvisi.
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S.aegytiaca is a host for the trematode parasite Allopodocotyle tunisiensis.
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Bithynia fuchsiana inhabits lentic habitats such as lakes, rice fields, ponds and others. Bithynia fuchsiana serves as the first intermediate host for the trematode Clonorchis sinensis.World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection.
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Parasites of Filopaludina bengalensis include trematode Lissemysia ocellata and Lissemysia ovata.
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Plagioporus skrjabini is a species of a trematode in the family Opecoelidae.
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Calicophoron daubneyi is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Paramphistomidae.
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Brachylaima cribbi is a species of terrestrial trematode parasites in the family Brachylaimidae.
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Trematode cyst-infected Pacific Tree Frog (Hyla regilla) with supernumerary limbs, from La Pine, Deschutes County, Oregon, 1998-9. This 'category I' deformity (polymelia) is believed to be caused by the trematode cyst infection. The cartilage is stained blue and calcified bones in red. There is considerable evidence that parasitic trematode platyhelminths (a type of fluke) have contributed to developmental abnormalities and population declines of amphibians in some regions.
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Control of Foodborne Trematode Infections. WHO Technical Series No. 849. WHO, Geneva, 157 pp.
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Parasites of Sinotaia quadrata (also of Bellamya quadrata lapillorum (Heude)) include trematode Aspidogaster conchicola.
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London: Ray Society. 364 pp.Chauhan, B. S. (1953). Studies on the trematode fauna of India.
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Acanthatrium hitaensis is a species of a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Lecithodendriidae.
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Echinostoma cinetorchis is a species of human intestinal fluke, a trematode in the family Echinostomatidae.
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Others include Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Eleven trematode species infect red foxes, including Metorchis conjunctus.
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Echinostoma revolutum is a trematode that can be parasitic in humans. It causes the disease echinostomiasis.
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The adult trematode is found in the mouth and esophagus of herons and other fish-eating birds.
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The trematode mitochondrial code (translation table 21) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Trematoda.
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Trematodes are often parasitic in reproductive organs of this species. Parasites of Elimia virginica include trematode Aspidogaster conchicola.
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Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series. 849. PDF part 1, PDF part 2. page 89-91.
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Life-history stages of the trematode flatworm Fasciola hepatica from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Trematodes are parasitic flatworms of the class Trematoda, specifically parasitic flukes with two suckers: one ventral and the other oral. Trematodes are covered by a tegument, that protects the organism from the environment by providing secretory and absorptive functions. The life cycle of a typical trematode begins with an egg. Some trematode eggs hatch directly in the environment (water), while others are eaten and hatched within a host, typically a mollusc.
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An egg of Nanophyetus salmincola Nanophyetus salmincola is a food-borne intestinal trematode parasite prevalent on the Pacific Northwest coast. The species may be the most common trematode endemic to the United States. The life cycle of the N. salmincola requires three hosts. The first intermediate host is an Juga plicifera stream snail.
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Parasites of Juga spp. include the bacterium Neorickettsia risticii, which causes Potomac horse fever along with the associated trematode vector..
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Stenomelania juncea is the first intermediate host for the trematode Haplorchis taichui.Chai J.-Y., Shin E.-H., Lee S.-H.
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Other parasites of N. norvegicus include the gregarine protozoan Porospora nephropis, the trematode Stichocotyle nephropis and the polychaete Histriobdella homari.
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Trematodes of the family Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the loggerhead, including vital organs, such as the heart and the brain. Trematode infection can be highly debilitating. For example, inflammatory trematode lesions can cause endocarditis and neurological disease. A nematode, Angiostoma carettae, also infects loggerheads, causing histologic lesions in the respiratory tract.
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Fasciolopsiasis results from an infection by the trematode Fasciolopsis buski, the largest intestinal fluke of humans (up to 7.5 cm in length).
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Metagonimus miyatai is a species of a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Heterophyidae. It is a human parasite causing metagonimiasis.
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Metagonimus takahashii is a species of a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Heterophyidae. It is a human parasite causing metagonimiasis.
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Parasites include the trematode Halipegus occidualis, the adult form of which may infest the newt's esophagus and the anterior of its stomach.
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It is active against some bacteria and fungi, as well as human trematode Schistosoma mansoni and the snail that spreads it Biomphalaria alexandrina.
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Sexual maturation is attained at around a length of . The trematode Hypertrema ambovatum is a known parasite of this species, infesting the intestines.
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Foodbourne trematode infection is not a problem in India. From 1969-2012 there have only been a few reports of a few people in India getting fasciolosis (foodbourne trematode infection). The disease is endemic among cows, buffalo, sheep, and goats in India. A 2012 paper which reported two human infections urged for attention that human infection might be more prevalent.
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Semisulcospira gottschei serves as the first intermediate host for Paragonimus westermani.World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series. 849.
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Sasal et al.,Determinants of parasite species richness in Mediterranean marine fishes, Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser. Vol. 149: 61-71. 1997 the trematode Folliculovarium mediterraneumBartoli,B et al.
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The trematode parasite Renicola pelecani was described from the kidneys of a specimen of a Sri Lankan spot-billed pelican that died at the London zoo.
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REPORT JOINT WHO/FAO WORKSHOP ON FOOD- BORNE TREMATODE INFECTIONS IN ASIA. Report series number: RS/2002/GE/40(VTN). 55 pp. PDF. pages 15-17.
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"An optimised multi-host trematode life cycle: Fishery discards enhance trophic parasite transmission to scavenging birds". International Journal for Parasitology, 46(745), 753rd ser., 1-9.
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Echinoparyphium elegans is a species of trematode. Intermediate hosts include snails, bivalves and fish. Definitive hosts are mainly birds and mammals.The biology of Echinoparyphium (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae).
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Cephalogonimus vesicaudus Nickerson, 1912 is a species of digenean trematode parasite found in North America.Nickerson, W. S. (1912). On Cephalogonimus vesicaudus n. sp. Zool Jahrb Syst, 33, 249.
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Gerard, C., A. Blanc and K. Costil. 2003. Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae) in continental aquatic gastropod communities: impact of salinity and trematode parasitism. Hydrobiologia 493(1–3):167–172.
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Limpkins in Florida were examined for parasites, which included trematodes, nematodes, and biting lice. Two biting lice species were found, Laemobothrion cubense and Rallicola funebris. The trematode Prionosoma serratum was found in the intestines of some birds; this species may enter the bird after first infecting apple snails (this has been shown to be the route of infection for a closely related trematode to infect snail kites). Nematodes Amidostomum acutum and Strongyloides spp.
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Nematogens proliferate in young cephalopods, filling the kidneys. As the infection ages, perhaps as the nematogens reach a certain density, vermiform larvae mature to form rhombogens, the sexual life stage, rather than more nematogens. This sort of density-responsive reproductive cycle is reminiscent of the asexual reproduction of sporocysts or rediae in larval trematode infections of snails. As with the trematode asexual stages, a few nematogens can usually be found in older hosts.
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The medical diagnosis is established by finding eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini in feces using the Kato technique.World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series. 849.
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The definitive hosts are predators such as hawks, herons, ducks, and badgers. The abundance of the teratogenic trematode Ribeiroia ondatre has been found to increase in eutrophic (nutrient rich) waters.
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Potamopyrgus antipodarum tends to reproduce sexually when in the presence of trematode parasites. The New Zealand freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum and its different trematode parasites represent a rather special model system. Populations of P. antipodarum consist of asexual clones and sexual individuals and therefore can be used to study the evolution and advantages of sexual reproduction. There is a high correlation between the presence of parasites and the frequency of sexual individuals within the different populations.
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Trematodiases, also known as trematode infections, are a group of diseases caused by the parasite trematodes. Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the species, number and location of trematodes in the infected organism. Symptoms depend on type of trematode present, and include chest and abdominal pain, high temperature, digestion issues, cough and shortness of breath, diarrhoea and change in appetite. Trematodiases can be transmitted through food or water that contains larval forms of the parasite.
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Gyrodactylus rivularae n. sp.(Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) from Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky, 1855) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Central China. Comparative Parasitology 78(2), 257-60. several trematode flatworms of the genus Diplostomum,Shed'ko, M. B. (2003).
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For liver fluke infections, ultrasounds are commonly used to search for evidence of the infection in the body. It is not very specific in diagnosing the exact trematode which has infected the organism.
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Perhaps the most unexplored, complex and vital aspects of trematode-caused amphibian malformations are the population-level consequences. Do these parasites and the malformations they induce pose a conservation risk? While no direct evidence linking trematode deformities and amphibian population declines exists, there are legitimate reasons for concern (Johnson and McKenzie 2008). For instance, in multiple species of frogs and toads, laboratory studies show that even low levels of Ribeiroia infection can induce 30-95% mortality (see Johnson et al. 2010).
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Genarchopsis goppo is a species of a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Derogenidae.Urabe M. (2001). "Life cycle of Genarchopsis goppo (Trematoda: Derogenidae) from Nara, Japan". Journal of Parasitology 87(6):1404–1408. .
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Koreoleptoxis amurensis serves as the first intermediate host for Clonorchis sinensis in China and as the first intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani.World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series. 849.
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Gibson D. I., Bray R. A. & Harris E. A. (Compilers) (2005). "Host-Parasite Database". Natural History Museum, London,Kostadinova A. (1993). Trematodes and trematode communities in fish-eating birds from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.
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Trematode parasites, Haplorchis vagabundi, have been found in their intestines. An acanthocephalan parasite Centrorhynchus lancea is also known. A species of quill mite Syringophiloidus dendrocittae is known to live in the feathers of rufous treepies.
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Metagonimus yokogawai is a species of a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Heterophyidae. It is a human parasite causing metagonimiasis. It is among other disease that cause metagonimiasis (metagonimus takahashi and metagonimus miyatai).
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Neorickettsia helmintheoca Neorickettsia helmintheoca is the etiological agent for salmon poisoning disease, found to be present in all stages of the trematode. It is 0.3 micrometers in size and a purple Giemsa stain indicates that it is Gram negative. Thus far, only canids are susceptible to disease by rickettsia and it is still uncertain how the rickettsia leave the trematode vector and reaches the host tissues. Experiments do show that the bacteria lead to necrosis of lymph follicles, ulceration, and severe hemorrhage in its host.
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The parasite manipulates the snail's foraging behavior to increase the chance of it being preyed upon by the parasite's definitive hosts (waterfowl). The infected snail forages on the upper side of rocks during the period of the day when waterfowl feed most intensely. During the rest of the day, the snail forages at the bottom of rocks to reduce the risk of being eaten by fish (non-hosts for the parasitic trematode). The lancet liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) is a parasitic trematode with a complex life cycle.
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The occurrence of trematode parasites in the Utah valvata has not been studied. Predators of the Utah valvata snail have not been documented; however, it is assumed that some predation by native and non- native species occurs.
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Ariopelta capensis serves as the second intermediate host for a parasite, the brachylaimid trematode Renylaima capensis. Unencysted metacercariae, usually brevicaudate, infect the kidney of Ariopelta capensis and differ from mature cercariae by only a slightly greater size.
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It consumes various tiny organisms that it manages to suck in from its vantage point on its host. Apart from, e.g., rotifers and algae, cercariae and miracidiae (two types of trematode larvae) are also among its food items.
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Freshwater snail Parafossarulus manchouricus often serves as a first intermediate host for C. sinensis in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia.Clonorchis sinensis . Web Atlas of Medical Pathology, accessed 1 April 2009World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection.
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Haplometra cylindracea is a trematode parasite of frogs. Adult worms measure usually 10 mm and they are located in the lungs. H. cylindracea develops through 2 intermediate hosts: the first, a freshwater snail, the second, a water beetle.
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Dechruksa W., Krailas D., Ukong S., Inkapatanakul W. & Koonchornboon T. (2007). "Trematode infections of the freshwater snail family Thiaridae in the Khek River, Thailand". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 38(6): 1016-1028. PDF .
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Like many Trematode parasites, Tylodelphys plays a huge role in manipulation of behavior. A studyStumbo, A. & Poulin, R. (2016). Possible mechanism of host manipulation resulting from a diel behaviour pattern of eye-dwelling parasites. Parasitology, 143(10), 1261–1267.
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Gastrodiscoides is genus of zoonotic trematode under the class Trematoda. It has only one species, Gastrodiscoides hominis. It is a parasite of a variety of vertebrates, including humans. The first definitive specimen was described from a human subject in 1876.
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Neorickettsia risticii causes Potomac horse fever. Neorickettsia helminthoeca is found in association with the trematode Nanophyetus salmincola, and causes salmon poisoning disease in dogs and other canids. Neorickettsia elokominica causes a similar disease, Elokomin fluke fever, in canids and other species.
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The roundworm Trichuris muris infection can increase the number of tumours in mice. Heavy infection with the trematode Platynosomum fastosum is associated with cholangiocarcinoma in cats. Cryptosporidium parvum infection can be the cause of carcinoma in the gut of mice.
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Artyfechinostomum malayanum is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Echinostomatidae. The known first intermediate host of Artyfechinostomum malayanum include freshwater snails Indoplanorbis exustus and Gyraulus convexiusculus. The ceraciae can also infect gastropods Pila scutata, Lymnaea cumingiana and Digoniostoma pulchella.
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Burton, Bogitsh. Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Observations on the Tegument of the Trematode Megalodiscus temperatus. Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University 1968. 87(4):477-286. Nollen, P. and Pyne, J. Observations on Spermatogenesis and Inseminative Behavior of Megalodiscus temperatus Adults in Frogs.
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Cephalogonimidae is a family of trematode parasites characterized by a genital pore located anterior to the oral sucker, at the apex of the body.Bray, R. A., Gibson, D. I., & Jones, A. (2008). Keys to the Trematoda, Volume 3. CAB International.
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The most common ectoparasites found on these shrew moles are fleas and mites. The endoparasites found in shrew-moles consist of twenty species of coccidian protozoans, at least five species of nematode, two species of trematode, and two species of acanthocephalan.
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Plasmodium circumflexum was found in their blood of a specimen examined in Bangladesh. Three species of parasitic cestode Hymenolepis smythi, H. fista and Retinometra fista are known from hosts of the species. The trematode Cyclocoelum sp. was recorded as a parasite in Queensland.
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Chapin, E. A. (1926). N. Am. Vet. 7:36–37. Upon further examination of the morphology, Chapin reassigned the trematode to the family Troglotrematidae and renamed the parasite Nanophyetus salmincola, since Nanophyes was already taken.Chapin, E. A. (1928) J. Parasitol. 14: 60.
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Griphobilharzia amoena is a significant trematode that infect crocodiles such as the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni, located in Darwin, Australia with reported illness in Irian Jaya as well. Platt TR, Blair D, et al. 1991. Griphobilharzia amoena n. gen., n. sp.
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Leucochloridium is a genus of parasitic trematode worms in the order Diplostomida. It Is the sole genus in the family Leucochloridiidae.Carus, C. G. (1835). Beobachtung über einen merkwürdigen schöngefärbten Eingeweidewurm, Leucochloridium paradoxum mihi, und dessen parasitische Erzeugung in einer Landschnecke, Succinea amphibia Drap.
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Heronimidae is a family of digenean trematode parasites consisting of a single genus with a single species.Pearson, J. C. (1992). On the position of the digenean family Heronimidae: an inquiry into a cladistic classification of the Digenea. Systematic Parasitology, 21(2), 81-166.
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Doklady AN SSSR, 133(5): 1259–1261. (In Russian) In the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, the parasite fauna of the invasive round goby consists of 12 species. The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of trematode metacercariae: C. concavum and Diplostomum spathaceum.
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If these animals are left without treatment, they eventually die. P. kellicotti is a food-borne trematode infection. Humans become infected with the parasite by eating raw or undercooked crayfish meat that contains the parasite larvae. These infections are common in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Bithynia siamensis serves as a first intermediate host for Southeast Asian liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini.. PDF part 1, PDF part 2 The number of excretory cells of the digestive system is increased in infected Bithynia siamensis. Parasites of Bithynia siamensis include trematode Multicotyle purvisi.
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A subspecific parasite, Nanophyetus schikhobalowi, is endemic to Siberia, where human cases of nanophyetiasis have been reported in scientific literature since 1931.Skrjabin, K. J., and Podjapolskaja, W. P., (1931).Nanophyetus schikhobalowi, n. sp., em neuer Trematode aus Darm des Menschen. Zlb. Ba/ct.
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Microphallus piriformes is a parasitic trematode (fluke). It belongs to the Plagiorchiata, a large suborder of the digenean fluke order Plagiorchiida. M. piriformes is unusual among the flukes in having only one intermediate host rather than two, and no free-swimming cercarian stage.McCarthy et al.
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Food particles were observed to be passing back and forth along these pathways in vivo.Remley, L. W. 1942. Morphology and life history studies of Microcotyle spinicirrus MacCallum 1918, a Monogenetic Trematode parasitic on the gills of Aplodinotus grunniens. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, Vol.
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1–389 Two trematode parasites specific to H. tergisus are Crepidostomum hiodontos and Paurorhynchus hiodontis. Researchers believe these parasites are derived from ingested food items. Thus far, no research has been done on how or if these parasites affect populations and ecology of mooneyes.C. Glenn.
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In Korea, Austropeplea ollula serves as a first and main intermediate host for the trematode species Echinostoma cinetorchis from the family Echinostomatidae. Austropeplea ollula also serves as first intermediate host for the fluke Neodiplostomum seoulense in Korea.Chung P-R., Jung Y., Park Y-K.
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For example, parasitism of freshwater New Zealand snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) by the trematode Microphallus sp. results in decreasing frequencies of the most commonly hosted genotypes across several generations. The more common a genotype became in a generation, the more vulnerable to parasitism by Microphallus sp. it became.
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Food: Radix balthica feeds on algae and bacterial biofilms on hard substrate, also on detritus on soft bottoms.In some habitats mainly green algae and protozoans are consumed, in others mainly detritus.Radix balthica does not eat plants in good health. Parasites of Radix balthica include trematode Aspidogaster limacoides.
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Worms and human disease. CABI. page 43-44. Infection by Opisthorchis viverrini and other liver flukes in Asia affect the poor and poorest people. Opisthorchiasis is one of foodborne trematode infections (with clonorchiasis, fascioliasis and paragonimiasis) in the World Health Organization's list of neglected tropical diseases..
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Bucephalids are trematode parasites of fish. The intermediate hosts include mollusks and at least one amphibian. One characteristic feature is an anterior rhyncus or holdfast that is separate from the digestive system. They also differ from other digeneans in the configuration of the digestive systems and genitalia.
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The prevalence of infection with Echinostoma revolutum flukes ranged from 7.5% to 22.4% in 4 schools surveyed in Pursat Province, Cambodia, tested fecal specimens from 471 children, 10–14 years of age, in June 2007. Authors reported echinostomiasis as an endemic trematode infection among schoolchildren in Pursat.
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Snails are hatched after about 20 days. Bulimulus tenuissimus has long lifespan. Bulimulus tenuissimus can be fed for example with calcium and commercial bird food, lettuce or rations of various food components. PDF. Bulimulus tenuissimus is a host for a trematode of the genus Postharmostomum (family Brachylaimidae).
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Indoplanorbis is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snail. Its only member species is Indoplanorbis exustus, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. The species is widely distributed across the tropics. It serves as an important intermediate host for several trematode parasites.
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Infection of B. polymorphus is geographically widely distributed. However, prevalence of infection in zebra mussel population is not common.Lajtner et al.: "The effects of the trematode Bucephalus polymorphus on the reproductive cycle of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha in the Drana River." Acta Parasitologica, 53(1), 85-92, 2008.
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Trematode Metorchis conjunctus can also infect American minks. Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a prion disease of mink, similar to BSE in cattle and scrapie in sheep. A 1985 outbreak of TME in Stetsonville, Wisconsin resulted in a 60% mortality rate for the minks.Tenembaum, David (2007) Unfolding the Prion Mystery. cals.wisc.
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The trematode Saccocoelioides sogandaresi is a known parasite of the sailfin molly,Life History of Saccocoelioides pearsoni n. sp. and the Description of Lecithobotrys sprenti n. sp. (Trematoda: Haploporidae) as is the ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, which causes the disease commonly known as freshwater white spot, freshwater ich, or freshwater ick.
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Paragonimus kellicotti, the North American lung fluke, is a species of parasitic trematode in the genus Paragonimus. This species of Paragonimus has an intricate lifecycle, and although its name may suggest that it is only a health concern in North America, it is also prominent in Southeast Asia and China.
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Cochlicella acuta is an intermediate host for the terrestrial trematode parasite Brachylaima cribbi.Butcher A. R. & Grove D. I. 2006. Seasonal variation in rates of sporocyst and metacercarial infection by Brachylaima cribbi in helicid and hygromiid land snails on the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. - Australian Journal of Zoology, 53(6): 375–382.
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Drug interactions may occur if salicylanilides such as dibromsalan and niclosamide are co-administered. Abortions in cattle and death in sheep have been reported after using these medications together.Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, Fifth Edition, 2005. Abortions in domestic ruminants have been associated with concurrent use of anti-trematode therapeutic agents.
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Dactylostomum is a genus of trematodes in the family Opecoelidae. It is synonyised with Opedunculata Dwivedi, 1975.Dwivedi, M. P. (1975). A new genus of trematode with anus (Trematoda: Opecoelidae) from Sapna Dam, Betul, M. P. In Tiwari, K. & Srivastava, C. (Eds.), Dr. B.S. Chauhan commemoration volume, 1975 (pp. 93–97).
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Cernuella virgata is as intermediate host for the terrestrial trematode parasite Brachylaima cribbi.Butcher A. R. & Grove D. I.: Seasonal variation in rates of sporocyst and metacercarial infection by Brachylaima cribbi in helicid and hygromiid land snails on the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. - Australian Journal of Zoology, 2006, 53(6): 375–382.
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Theba pisana is an intermediate host for the terrestrial trematode parasite Brachylaima cribbi.Butcher A. R. & Grove D. I. (2006). "Seasonal variation in rates of sporocyst and metacercarial infection by Brachylaima cribbi in helicid and hygromiid land snails on the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 53(6): 375-382. abstract.
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Artemether can also be used in treating and preventing trematode infections of schistosomiasis when used in combination with praziquantel. Artemether is rated category C by the FDA based on animal studies where artemisinin derivatives have shown an association with fetal loss and deformity. Some studies, however, do not show evidence of harm.
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A. nebulosa is readily found throughout the whole year. A. nebulosa serves as the first intermediate host for a parasite, the brachylaimid trematode Renylaima capensis. Branched, cercariogenous sporocysts of this parasite massively develop in A. nebulosa. These sporocysts are attached to the hepatopancreas, body wall, pallial floor and even to the genital system.
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Monge- Nájera, J. 1984. Preliminary observations on the ecology and behavior of Aplexa fuliginea (Pulmonata: Physidae) in Costa Rica. Brenesia 22: 69-83. He described the vertical movements of the snails in the water column, embryo development and the presence of internal trematode parasites and of oligochaete worms on the snails' body surface.
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The Eurasian rock pipit can benefit from parasitism of the common periwinkle Littorina littoria by the castrating trematode Parorchis acanthus. Beaches can become attractive where the decline of the periwinkle results in more ungrazed algae, with corresponding increases in invertebrates and a greater diversity of smaller Littorina snails as food for the pipits.
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Brucellosis is caused by different biotypes of Brucella abortus and B. melitensis. Other internal parasites include Fasciola gigantica (trematode), two types of cestode (tapeworm) and various nematodes (roundworms). Among external parasites, Sarcoptes species cause sarcoptic mange. In a 2000 study in Jordan, 83% of the 32 camels studied tested positive for sarcoptic mange.
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Rediae are larvae which are produced within the sporocyst of trematodes that creates more rediae or can become cercariae. Cercariae are larval trematode worms that form from rediae. When the snail was infected in the wild there was no sign of immature rediae. This means there was no reproduction of the parasite.
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This article incorporates CC- BY-2.0 text from the referenceSirgel, W. F.; Artigas, P.; Bargues, M. D.; Mas- Coma, S. (2012). "Life Cycle of Renylaima capensis, a Brachylaimid Trematode of Shrews and Slugs in South Africa: Two-host and Three-host Transmission Modalities Suggested by Epizootiology and DNA Sequencing". Parasites & Vectors 5: 169. .
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G. ticaga occurs in polluted and unpolluted streams and rivers in Brazil. It is also found in irrigation ditches. Like several other species of freshwater gastropods, it is the host of a trematode worm, Echinostome cercaria, and was found to associate with the roots of the Water Hyacinth species Eichhornia azurea and E. crassipes.
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Opisthorchis viverrini, common name Southeast Asian liver fluke, is a food- borne trematode parasite from the family Opisthorchiidae that infects the bile duct. People are infected after eating raw or undercooked fish. Infection with the parasite is called opisthorchiasis. O. viverrini infection also increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma, a cancer of the bile ducts.
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Transversotrematidae is a family of trematodes in the order Plagiorchiida. It is the only family in the superfamily Transversotrematoidea, which is the only superfmaily in the suborder Transversotremata. It has been synonymised with Circuitiocoeliidae Wang, 1981, Squamacolidae Pan & Wang, 1985,Pan, Jin-Pei & Wang, Wei-Jun (1985). An ectoparasitic, digenetic trematode Squamacola parvivitellaria gen.
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True to its character as a trematode, it has an oral sucker 0.15 to 0.18 mm in diameter, and a ventral sucker 0.12 to 0.13 mm in diameter. The oral and ventral suckers are used to grasp and crawl actively about the intestinal tissue of its host, though the worm leaves no extensive mechanical damage.
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Parasites of Barbus barbus include Aspidogaster limacoides, a trematode flatworm;Schludermann C., Laimgruber S., Konecny R. & Schabuss M. (2005). "Aspidogaster limacoides DIESING, 1835 (Trematoda, Aspidogastridae): A new parasite of Barbus barbus (L.) (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Austria". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 106B: 141-144 Eustrongylides sp, a nematode; and Pomphorhynchus laevis, an acanthocephalan worm.
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Param Purush Pooran Dhani Huzur Dr. Lal Sahab studied at the Government High School, Sitapur and the Christian Intermediate College, Lucknow before obtaining a BSc and MSc in zoology from the University of Lucknow. He was awarded Doctor of Science from the University of Edinburgh for his research work and thesis "Trematode Parasites of Birds".
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P. monacha are highly cannibalistic and the juvenile fishes tend to hide from their mother close to the substrate. P. lucida is the reverse, and the young swim beside their mother. Hybrids between the two species are intermediate between these two behaviours. Poeciliopsis monacha sometimes exhibits black spot disease, caused by parasitic trematode larvae.
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Aspidogaster conchicola is a trematode parasite of the Aspidogastrea subclass that commonly infects freshwater clams. It has not been well studied since it is of little economic or medical importance, but A. conchicola and its fellow aspidogastreans are of significant biological importance since they may represent a step between free-living and parasitic organisms.
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Also the cestode Proteocephalus sp. and the trematode Neochasmus umbellus are rather abundant. The round goby may circumvent more of the metacercariae of N. umbellus from completing their life cycle. The parasite “load” on the invasive gobies in the Great Lakes appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "enemy release hypothesis".
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When it encounters a threat, the jungle cat will vocalise before engaging in attack, producing sounds like small roars – a behavior uncommon for the other members of Felis. The meow of the jungle cat is also somewhat lower than that of a typical domestic cat. The jungle cat can host parasites such as Haemaphysalis ticks and Heterophyes trematode species.
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Parorchis acanthus is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda. It is a parasitic castrator of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea. Unlike many trematode species it encysts on hard surfaces and not inside a second intermediate host. Free-living cercariae are released from the snail hosts to encyst on hard surfaces, generally the shells of bivalves.
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C. sinensis is also a food-borne liver fluke. It is the most prevalent human trematode in Asia, and is found in Korea, China, Vietnam and also Russia. 85% of the cases are found in China. It is transmitted similarly to O. viverrini, but the species of snails are varied, of which Parafossarulus manchouricus is the most common.
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Schistosoma mekongi is a species of trematodes, also known as flukes. It is one of the five major schistosomes that account for all human infections, the other four being S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. intercalatum. This trematode causes schistosomiasis in humans. Freshwater snail Neotricula aperta serves as an intermediate host for Schistosoma mekongi.
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This has led to the inference that the ancestral digenean was a mollusc parasite and that vertebrate hosts were added subsequently. The alternation of sexual and asexual generations is an important feature of digeneans. This phenomenon involves the presence of several discrete generations in one life-cycle. A typical digenean trematode life cycle is as follows.
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Rediae: The rediae are the second larval stage of the trematode life cycle, that develops from the miracidum and contains germ cells that develop into cercariae. The rediae are found in the second intermediate host, the snail. Rediae can range from 0.45 mm to 3 mm, and the larger rediae can contain up to 76 cercariae.
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Clonorchiasis sinensis is a trematode (fluke) which is part of the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is a hermaphroditic fluke that requires two intermediate hosts. The parasitic worm is as long as 10 to 25mm and lives in the bile ducts of the liver. The eggs of the worms are passed through fecal matter which are then ingested by mollusks.
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The muskrat is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country. Trematode Metorchis conjunctus can also infect muskrats.Chai J. Y., Darwin Murrell K. & Lymbery A. J. (2005). "Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues". International Journal for Parasitology 35(11-12): 1233-1254. .
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This is a species of non-marine mollusc found in South Africa only.Sirgel, W. F.; Artigas, P.; Bargues, M. D.; Mas-Coma, S. (2012). "Life Cycle of Renylaima capensis, a Brachylaimid Trematode of Shrews and Slugs in South Africa: Two- host and Three-host Transmission Modalities Suggested by Epizootiology and DNA Sequencing". Parasites & Vectors 5: 169. .
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Callinectes sapidus is subject to a number of diseases and parasites. They include a number of viruses, bacteria, microsporidians, ciliates, and others. The nemertean worm Carcinonemertes carcinophila commonly parasitizes C. sapidus, especially females and older crabs, although it has little adverse effect on the crab. A trematode that parasitizes C. sapidus is itself targeted by the hyperparasite Urosporidium crescens.
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Other common parasites include the nematode Dichelyne minutus and the cestoda Ligula pavlovskii. The trematode parasites C. lingua and P. genata can also infest humans.Youssef M.M., Mansour N.S., Awadalla H.N., Hammouda N.A., Khalifa R., Boulos L.M. (1987) Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 17: 474–479.
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Succinea putris with the parasitic trematode Leucochloridium paradoxum inside its left tentacle Parasites and parasitoids of this species include the trematodes Leucochloridium macrostomum and L. paradoxum, and the fly Pherbellia punctata.Moor, B. (1980). On the biology of the relationship between Pherbellia punctata (Diptera, Sciomyzidae) and its host Succinea putris (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 87(4) 941-53.
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Telorchis is a genus of trematode parasites found in many herps, comprising around 70 species. This parasite is an indirect parasite, with a snail intermediate host and a reptile or amphibian definitive host. Typically found in the gastrointestinal tract of their definitive host, telorchids attach to the wall of the intestinal tract with their ventral sucker, or acetabulum.
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Dragonfly nymphs may swallow cercariae, or these may tunnel through a nymph's body wall; they then enter the gut and form a cyst or metacercaria, which remains in the nymph for the whole of its development. If the nymph is eaten by a frog, the amphibian becomes infected by the adult or fluke stage of the trematode.
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The larvae of the roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis, which can be contained in the feces and seldom causes a severe illness in humans, can be ingested when cleaning raccoon latrines without wearing breathing protection. While not endemic, the worm Trichinella does infect raccoons, and undercooked raccoon meat has caused trichinosis in humans. Trematode Metorchis conjunctus can also infect raccoons.
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J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 79: 273–279. Microphallus papillorobustus causes its host, the lagoon sand shrimp (Gammarus insensibilis) to swim upwards, making it more vulnerable to predation.Thomas F., Fauchier J. & Lafferty K. D. (2002) "Conflict of interest between a nematode and a trematode in an amphipod host: test of the "sabotage" hypothesis". Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
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Also, in the Baltic Sea the round goby is paratenic host of the invasive nematode Anguillicoloides crassus. In the Vistula Lagoon, the most abundant parasites of the round goby are nematodes Hysterothylacium aduncum and Anguillicoloides crassus. 25 species of parasites are noted in the round goby in the Great Lakes. The trematode D. spathaceum is most abundant core species overall.
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Sirgel, W. F.; Artigas, P.; Bargues, M. D.; Mas-Coma, S. (2012). "Life Cycle of Renylaima capensis, a Brachylaimid Trematode of Shrews and Slugs in South Africa: Two- host and Three-host Transmission Modalities Suggested by Epizootiology and DNA Sequencing". Parasites & Vectors 5: 169. . Feeding as it does on small invertebrates, the forest shrew tends to accumulate any environmental contaminants in its tissues.
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Co-infections of different parasite species within the same host could occur and cause competition between the rediae and sporocysts. Not all trematode species have a redia stage; some may just have a sporocyst stage depending on the life cycle. The rediae are dominant over sporocysts because they have mouths and are able to either eat their competitors' food or their competitors.
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Nanophysiasis in dogs is much more serious than in humans. Scientists noticed almost 200 years ago that dogs that consumed raw fish sometimes died rather quickly. This “salmon poisoning”, while associated with the trematode Nanophyetus salmincola is not caused by the worm. The sickness is caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca, a rickettsial bacteria that uses the N. salmincola as a host.
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Metagonimoides oregonensis is a trematode, or fluke worm, in the family Heterophyidae. This North American parasite is found primarily in the intestines of raccoons (Procyon lotor), American minks (Neovision vision), frogs in the genus Rana, and freshwater snails in the genus Goniobasis. It was first described in 1931 by E. W. Price. The parasite has a large distribution, from Oregon to North Carolina.
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C. elegans and other nematodes are among the few eukaryotes currently known to have operons; these include trypanosomes, flatworms (notably the trematode Schistosoma mansoni), and a primitive chordate tunicate Oikopleura dioica. Many more organisms are likely to be shown to have these operons. The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes. About 35% of C. elegans genes have human homologs.
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The progenetic ability of C. parvum is evolutionarily advantageous for this trematode. While inbreeding or selfing is evolutionarily disadvantageous, because it decreases the ability for genetic diversity to adapt to new hosts, this worm utilizes progenesis for reproductive insurance. Since progenesis does not preclude future generations of cross-fertilization in the fish host, it is merely a means of avoiding dead-end hosts.
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Chemical structure of Paraziquantel, a chemotherapy drug used to treat most forms of trematodiases. Treatment varies depending on the number of cases in an area. Chemotherapy drugs praziquantel and triclabendazole can be used in different amounts depending on the type of trematode infecting the organism, and its location in the body. In 2016, 600000 cases globally received treatment for foodborne trematodiases.
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Trematodes have a large variation of forms throughout their life cycles. Individual trematode parasites life cycles may vary from this list. # Trematodes are released from the definitive host as eggs, which have evolved to withstand the harsh environment # Released from the egg is the miracidium. This infects the first intermediate host in one of two ways, either active or passive transmission.
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Koskella, B. and Lively, C. M. (2009), EVIDENCE FOR NEGATIVE FREQUENCY- DEPENDENT SELECTION DURING EXPERIMENTAL COEVOLUTION OF A FRESHWATER SNAIL AND A STERILIZING TREMATODE. Evolution, 63: 2213–2221. Note that in these examples that no one phenotypic morph, nor one genotype is entirely extinguished from a population, nor is one phenotypic morph nor genotype selected for fixation. Thus, polymorphism is maintained by negative frequency- dependent selection.
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Echinostoma are internal digenean trematode parasites which infect the intestines and bile duct of their hosts. The length and width of adult Echinostoma varies between species, but they tend to be approximately 2-10mm × 1-2mm in size. Adult Echinostoma have two suckers: an anterior oral sucker and a ventral sucker. They also have a characteristic head collar with spines surrounding their oral sucker.
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S. haematobium is a digenetic trematode found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking). Its life cycle is transmission between humans and freshwater snail, species of Bulinus.
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Minute teardrop-shaped flukes found in the small intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals. The eggs are hard to tell apart from other related species so there is no accurate estimate of human infection. H. heterophyes is a small trematode, ranging up to 1.4mm long and 0.5mm wide. It is covered with scale-like spikes and those spikes can range from 50-62.
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Put differently: the wasp's toxin affects not the host's ability to move, but its motivation to do so. The original function of such secretions may have been to suppress the immune system of the host, as described above. The trematode Schistosoma mansoni secretes opioid peptides into the host's bloodstream, influencing both its immune response and neural function. Other sources suggest a possible origin in molecular mimicry.
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The trematode parasite Renicola philippinensis was described from the kidney of a specimen of the pheasant-tailed jacana in the New York zoological garden while Cycloceolum brasilianum was recorded in India. The bird louse species Rallicola sulcatus has been described from this species which looks very similar to Rallicola indicus from the bronze-winged jacana. Another bird louse known from the species is Pseudomenopon pilosum.
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Stages of the trematode life-cycle Adult worms are characterized by a flesh-colored body containing an egg-filled uterus that appears black by reflected light. The worms contain a cuticula with a subterminal oral sucker. They also contain a muscular pharynx, ventral sucker, and ceca. The gonads of the worm are arranged in a triangle, containing an ovary with an anterior and posterior testis.
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Like many amphibian species' tadpoles, those of the pinewoods tree frog are susceptible to parasitic infection by trematode flatworms. However, tadpoles swim in a manner that does not necessarily reduce the intensity of infection, but reduces the likelihood of these parasites infecting in the head and body region; instead, their swimming behavior shunts parasites to the tail area, where infection by parasites causes fewer harmful effects.
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They are extremely silent and the calls recorded include a high-pitched squeal or a soft whistle. They call mainly during the breeding season and at the roost site. A species of nematode, Physaloptera acuticauda, has been recorded as a parasite of the species in South Africa. A trematode species, Neodiplostomum elani, has been described from a black-winged kite type host from Chandigarh.
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The species was probably first introduced to California sometime between 1920 and 1930 from Japan. Due to Batillaria attramentaria's superior abilities to compete for food, habitats in which the species has been introduced typically see a drastic drop in the population of California hornsnails. The species has also introduced trematode parasites which have also contributed to the decline in numbers of other gastropods in the area.
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On the right, eyspot-like acetabulum of Fasciola gigantica In flatworms, acetabulum is the ventral sucker situated towards the anterior part of the body, but behind the anterior oral sucker. It is composed of numerous spines for penetrating and gripping the host tissue. The location and structure of the acetabulum, and the pattern of the spine alignment are important diagnostic tool among trematode species.
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This has been used to explain the mysterious appearance of the bullfrog lung trematode Haematoloechus floedae in Costa Rican leopard frogs, even though bullfrogs do not and have never occurred in this area. When emerging infectious disease is the result of ecological fitting and host specificity is loose, then recurrent host shifts are likely to occur and the difficult task of building a predictive framework for management is necessary.
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Opisthorchis felineus, or cat liver fluke is a trematode parasite that infects the liver in mammals. It was first discovered in 1884 in a cat's liver by Sebastiano Rivolta of Italy. In 1891, Russian parasitologist, Konstantin Nikolaevich Vinogradov (1847-1906) found it in a human, and named the parasite a "Siberian liver fluke". In the 1930s, helminthologist Hans Vogel of Hamburg published an article describing the life cycle of Opisthorchis felineus.
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Echinostomiasis can be treated with the anthelmintic drug praziquantel, as for other intestinal trematode infections. Side effects of anthelmintic drug treatment may include nausea, abdominal pain, headaches or dizziness. Echinostomiasis can be controlled at the same time as other food-borne parasite infections, using existing control programmes. Interrupting the parasite's lifecycle by efficient diagnosis and subsequent treatment of infected individuals, and preventing reinfection, may help to control this disease.
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Rees was born in the Welsh town of Abercynon in 1906, and attended the town's Intermediate School for Girls (1918–24). She attended University College, Cardiff (now known as Cardiff University) with three scholarships. During her time there, she studied chemistry, biology and zoology, earning honours in zoology. Rees then went on to complete her doctorate in 18 months, studying the trematode parasites in different species of snails.
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In an experimental follow-up study, researchers showed that the small intestinal parasite did in fact cause SPD in dogs, and that the cysts did develop into the adult worm found in the intestine.Donham, C.R., Simms, B.T. and Miller, F.W. (1926). J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 68:701–715 The trematode was first named by Chapin as Nanophyes salmincola in 1926, as a member of the family Heterophyidae.
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A man was infected through hand contamination while handling highly infected, fresh-killed, coho salmon. A diagnosis of nanophyetiasis was made based on gastrointestinal discomfort, peripheral blood esoinophilia and a positive stool sample. Treatment with praziquantel was effective. None of the human cases of infection with either the North American or Siberian subspecies reveal infection by the Neorickettsia helminthoeca carried within the trematode, which was discovered in 1950.
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Schistosoma indicum is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. The parasite is widespread in domestic animals in India and other Asian countries. Schistosoma indicum was discovered by the British scientist R. E. Montgomery, in 1906, from a horse from Mukteswar, Uttar Pradesh, India. This blood-fluke causes hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis in many domestic animals (sheep, goat, water buffalo, cattle, camel, horse, donkey, dog, but not pigs).
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Black-necked storks are largely non-social and are usually seen as single birds, pairs and family groups. Flocks of up to 15 storks have been observed in Australia and India, and form due to local habitat conditions such as drying out of wetlands. The black-necked stork is the type-host for a species of ectoparasitic Ischnoceran bird louse, Ardeicola asiaticus and a species of endoparasitic trematode Dissurus xenorhynchi.
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Goldschmidt was born in Frankfurt- am-Main, Germany to upper-middle class parents of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. He had a classical education and entered the University of Heidelberg in 1896, where he became interested in natural history. From 1899 Goldschmidt studied anatomy and zoology at the University of Heidelberg with Otto Bütschli and Carl Gegenbaur. He received his Ph.D. under Bütschli in 1902, studying development of the trematode Polystomum.
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The Bucephaloidea are a superfamily of trematode flatworms, belonging to the large group Digenea. Many species are endoparasites of mollusks and fish. The name Bucephalus meaning "ox head" was originally applied to the genus Bucephalus because of the horn-like appearance of the forked tail (furcae) of its cercaria larva. By what Manter calls a "curious circumstance", horns are also suggested by the long tentacles of adult worms.
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Schistosoma haematobium (urinary blood fluke) is a species of digenetic trematode, belonging to a group (genus) of blood flukes (Schistosoma). It is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking).
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Schistosoma intercalatum is a parasitic worm found in parts of western and central Africa. There are two strains: the Lower Guinea strain and the Zaire strain. S. intercalatum is one of the major agents of the rectal form of schistosomiasis, also called bilharzia. It is a trematode, and being part of the genus Schistosoma, it is commonly referred to as a blood-fluke since the adult resides in blood vessels.
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Dragonflies are affected by three major groups of parasites: water mites, gregarine protozoa, and trematode flatworms (flukes). Water mites, Hydracarina, can kill smaller dragonfly larvae, and may also be seen on adults. Gregarines infect the gut and may cause blockage and secondary infection. Trematodes are parasites of vertebrates such as frogs, with complex life cycles often involving a period as a stage called a cercaria in a secondary host, a snail.
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Wahoo tend to be solitary or occur in loose-knit groups of two or three fish. Where conditions are suitable, they can be found in schools as large as 100 or more. Their diet is made up of other fish and squid. Most wahoo taken from waters have a trematode parasite, the giant stomach worm (Hirudinella ventricosa), living in their stomachs, but it does not appear to harm the fish.
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There are different types of trematodiases depending on the species of trematode that has infected the organism as well as their location in humans. There are over 80 different species of trematodes that are transmitted through food that can cause infections in humans. Foodborne trematodiases include intestinal flukes, lung flukes and liver flukes. Liver flukes cause liver disease in humans and are caused by the species Clonorchis, Opisthorchis and Fasciola.
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Ectoparasites are seven species of mites, five ticks, five fleas, a louse, and the subdermal botfly larva, Cuterebra. Known endoparasites are three species of protozoans found in fecal smears, one trematode, four cestodes, seven nematodes, and nymphal pentastomids found in various internal organs. In 2010, exact population size was unknown, but estimated to be in the several thousands and decreasing. Presumed predators are snakes, birds of prey, bobcats, raccoons, and foxes.
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Fecal studies of the western giant eland revealed the presence of a newly found species Eimeria derbani, of genus Eimeria, which consists of Apicomplexan parasites. The sporulation lasted for two days at a temperature of . The species has been differentiated from E. canna and E. triffittae, which parasitize the common eland (T. oryx). The giant eland is also parasitised by Carmyerius spatiosus (a trematode species), Taenia crocutae and T. hyaennae (two tapeworm species).
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Algernon Thomas and Rudolf Leuckart independently made the first discovery of the life cycle of a trematode, the sheep liver fluke, by experiment in 1881–1883. In 1877 Patrick Manson discovered the life cycle of the filarial worms, that cause elephantiatis transmitted by mosquitoes. Manson further predicted that the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, had a mosquito vector, and persuaded Ronald Ross to investigate. Ross confirmed that the prediction was correct in 1897–1898.
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Umuagwo is served by the Ohaji Medical Center. The town has a busy market which does not have any toilet or sanitary conveniences and is therefore insanitary, with high risk of contamination of the foodstuffs that are sold. In a 2006 study of the prevalence of Urinary schistosomiasis, a chronic parasitic disease caused by the trematode worm Schistosoma haematobium, Umuagwo was the only town in the LGA that had no cases of infection.
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Their life cycle is much simpler than that of digenean trematodes, including a mollusc and a facultative or compulsory vertebrate host. There are no multiplicative larval stages in the mollusc host, as known from all digeneans. Host specificity of most aspidogastreans is very low, i.e., a single species of aspidogastrean can infect a wide range of host species, whereas a typical digenean trematode is restricted to few species (at least of molluscs).
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Schistosoma nasale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. S. nasale inhabits blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and causes "snoring disease" in cattle, but remains symptomless in buffaloes though extruding its eggs in nasal discharge.Dutt and Srivastava, 1962 The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma nasale (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent.
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At least one case report of strandings in Japan's Goto Islands has been associated with parasitic neuropathy of the eighth cranial nerve by a trematode in the genus Nasitrema. There was a recent reporting of a juvenile male Risso's dolphin that was stranded alive on the coast of Gran Canaria on April 26,2019. This was the first documented case of capture myopathy and stress cardiomyopathy in a male juvenile Risso's dolphin that has received rehabilitation.
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C. sinensis is estimated to be the third-most prevalent worm parasite in the world. It is endemic to Russia, Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam. In Asia it is the most prevalent human trematode, with over 15 million people estimated to be infected and 200 million people at constant risk of infection. China has the highest incidence with about 13 million infections, accounting for 85% of the total cases.
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The nematode Belanisakis ibidis has been identified from the small intestines of the species while the feathers of ibises are host to specific species of bird lice in the genus Ibidoecus. The species found in the red-naped ibis is Ibdidoecus dennelli. Patagifer chandrapuri, a species of Digenea flatworm has been found in the intestines of specimens from Allahabad. In captivity, a trematode Diplostomum ardeiformium has been described from a red-naped ibis host.
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The two-story exhibition space provides an educational overview of the diversity of parasites in the natural world and their life cycles. The second floor exhibition space has an emphasis on parasites in humans and their effects (including the nematode, the trematode, and the tapeworm). On display are 300 preserved specimens, including an -long Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense tapeworm. The research library contains 60,000 parasite specimens, as well as 50,000 papers and 5,000 books on parasitology.
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Ostorhinchus fasciatus is a nocturnal species which spends the day among rocks and corals and emerges into more open areas at night to feed on zooplankton. It is a paternal mouthbrooder: the male incubates the eggs in his mouth. In Australia it is known to be preyed upon by the greater crested tern, little pied cormorant and Australian pied cormorant. It is known to be a host of the endoparasitic trematode worms Macvicaria shotteri and Opegaster queenslandicus.
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Humans are now considered as the accidental host because humans are not the primary requirement for the life cycle; pigs are recognised as the principal definitive host. Infection causes a helminthic disease called gastrodiscoidiasis. It is a digenetic trematode with a complex life cycle involving asexual reproduction in an intermediate host, presumably aquatic snails, and sexual reproduction in the vertebrate host. As a hermaphrodite, eggs are produced by self-fertilisation and are released along the faeces of the host.
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However, many of the symptoms of dicroceliosis are similar to those of other gastro-, intestinal-, and lung- nematode infections. The diagnosis of D. dendriticum flukes is mainly from the recovery of adults in liver during necropsy or detecting eggs in animal feces. There is some evidence connecting decreased liver function from the trematode infection with pregnancy toxaemia and mastitis in ewes when combined with other risk factors. Treatment can be difficult due to the fluke's complex life-cycle.
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Ribeiroia is a genus of parasites in the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. Currently three species and one subspecies of Ribeiroia are recognized: R. ondatrae in North America, R. marini in the Caribbean, R. m. guadeloupensis on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, and R. congolensis in Africa (Johnson et al. 2004). The trematode Cercaria lileta is also closely related to Ribeiroia, and molecular sequence data indicates that it may be a species of Ribeiroia (Johnson et al. 2004).
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Metagonimiasis is a disease caused by an intestinal trematode, most commonly Metagonimus yokagawai, but sometimes by M. takashii or M. miyatai. The metagonimiasis-causing flukes are one of two minute flukes called the heterophyids. Metagonimiasis was described by Katsurasa in 1911–1913 when he first observed eggs of M. yokagawai in feces (date is disputed in various studies). M. takahashii was described later first by Suzuki in 1930 and then M. miyatai was described in 1984 by Saito.
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A root extract is taken thrice daily for the treatment of gastric ulcers, and taken twice daily for the treatment of jaundice by the Chakmas. Its use as an antiinflammatory and analgesic agent has been supported by experiments in mice. The rhizome, cooked or raw, has been traditionally acclaimed as a remedy for intestinal infections among the Mizo tribes of north-east India. Experimentally the crude extract was shown to be highly effective against the trematode Fasciolopsis buski.
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The use of these tubes may lead to an infection, which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer. Urinary schistosomiasis, a disease caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma haematobium, has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi.
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For example, Hemioniscus balani, a parasitic castrator of hermaphroditic barnacles, feeds on ovarian fluid, so that its host loses female reproductive ability but still can function as a male. This is a case of direct parasitic castration (feeding on host gonads). Indirect strategies are also seen such as diverting host energy from gonad development or secreting castrating hormones. The parasitic castration strategy is used by some larval trematode parasites of snails and some isopod and barnacle parasites of crustaceans.
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The elephant schistosome is a parasitic trematode that uses the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) as a definitive host. Two other hosts may be the Indian elephant and the greater one-horned rhinoceros. Once the elephant is infected, it releases schistosome eggs in its feces near a freshwater habitat, where it infects the intermediate host, snails. The cercariae larval stage of the parasite are released into fresh water and become free-swimming parasites to then penetrate the hosts' skin.
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Halipegus eccentricus is a monoecious, digenea parasitic trematode commonly found in true frogs in North America. It was first described in 1939. H. eccentricus is mainly found in the Eustachian tubes of a variety of frog species, its definitive host, although its life cycle involves other hosts, as is common for trematodes. Earlier research proposed that its life cycle involved two other species of hosts (ostracods and snails); however, subsequent research has revealed that the nymph form of the damselfly is also involved.
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Foster R. The effects of trematode metacercariae (Brachylaemidae) on the slugs Milax sowerbii Férussac and Agriolimax reticulatus Müller. Parasitology. 1958;48(3-4):261-8. Trail following is a complex behavioural pattern which usually involves the active participation of both slugs. The follower keeps very close to the leader once they are in proximity. In species with pronounced trail following, such as Deroceras panormitanum, the leader flattens its tail laterally and waves it from side to side in front of the follower.
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The adult stage of trematode T. opisthorchis is found in the intestine of both the shortfinned eel, Anguilla australis, and the longfinned eel, A. dieffenbachii. Eggs are released in the intestine and passed out of the host into the water. Following ingestion by the first intermediate host, the snail Potampyrgus antipodarum, where the eggs hatch and the larvae undergo asexual replication. Free-swimming cercariae leave the snail and penetrate the skin of the fish,Galaxias anomalus, which act as secondary intermediate hosts.
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For a parasitic organism, its habitat is the particular part of the outside or inside of its host on or in which it is adapted to live. The life cycle of some parasites involves several different host species, as well as free-living life stages, sometimes within vastly different microhabitats. One such organism is the trematode (flatworm) Microphallus turgidus, present in brackish water marshes in the southeastern United States. Its first intermediate host is a snail and the second, a glass shrimp.
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Hans Vogel (20 January 1900 - 5 April 1980) was a German scientist known for his work in helminthology (study of parasitic worms). For much of his career he was associated with the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg. In the 1930s Vogel described the developmental cycle of Opisthorchis felineus, a trematode known to affect the liver in humans and other mammals. Later in his career he published an article describing the life cycle and aetiology of Echinococcus multilocularis.
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P. westermani was discovered in the lungs of a human by Ringer in 1879 and eggs in the sputum were recognized independently by Manson and Erwin von Baelz in 1880. Manson proposed the snail as an intermediate host and various Japanese workers detailed the whole life cycle in the snail between 1916 and 1922. The species name P. westermani was named after Pieter Westerman (1859–1925) a zookeeper who noted the trematode in a Bengal tiger in an Amsterdam Zoo[Artis].
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Together with his assistant, W.W. Thompson, Gilchrist published a comprehensive Catalogue of the sea fishes recorded from Natal in the Annals of the Durban Museum In 1918 he described a new genus of crawling medusa and investigated trematode parasites. In 1920 Gilchrist led marine survey expeditions in a converted whaler, the Pickle. The expeditions went as far as Laurenço Marques to the east and Walvis Bay to the north. Amongst other discoveries were new trawling grounds for hake north-west of Cape Town.
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Raccoon dogs carry 32 different parasitic worms, including eight trematode species, 17 species of nematodes, seven cestodes, and particularly Echinococcus. Six species of fleas are known to be carried by them, including Chaetopsylla trichosa, C. globiceps, Paraceras melis, Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis and Pulex irritans. Ticks include Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. crenulatus, and Acarus siro. The introduction of the raccoon dog to Europe is thought to have brought with it infected ticks that introduced the Asian tick- borne meningoencephalitis virus.
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A national survey in Lao PDR (under the project of Korea-Laos Collaborative Project for Control of Foodborne Trematode Infections in Lao PDR) between 2007 and 2011 indicates that it is the most prevalent helminth infection, amounting to 55.6% of the infection. It is not highly prevalent in Vietnam, but accurate survey is difficult because it is often co-infected with other flukes such as Haplorchis pumilio, H. taichui, and C. sinensis. It is most abundant in the northern provinces. It is least prevalent in Cambodia.
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Lymnaeidae are of major medical and veterinary importance since they act as vectors of parasites (helminths, mainly trematodes, e.g., Fasciola liver flukes) that severely affect human populations and livestock, and cause important economic losses. Lymnaeids serve as intermediate hosts of at least 71 trematode species distributed among 13 families, including some species of Schistosomatidae and Echinostomatidae, with implications for human health, and Paramphistomum daubneyi, which is of veterinary interest. The most emblematic case of parasite transmitted by lymnaeids is Fasciola hepatica (Digenea: Fasciolidae), the agent of fascioliasis.
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Biomphalaria glabrata is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. Biomphalaria glabrata is an intermediate snail host for the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which is one of the main schistosomes that infect humans. This snail is a medically important pest, because of transferring the disease intestinal schistosomiasis, the most widespread of all types of schistosomiasis. The parasite Schistosoma mansoni (which these snails and other Biomphalaria snails carry) infects about 83.31 million people worldwide.
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Freshwater crocodile at Australia Zoo Until recently, the freshwater crocodile was common in northern Australia, especially where saltwater crocodiles are absent (such as more arid inland areas and higher elevations). In recent years, the population has dropped dramatically due to the ingestion of the invasive cane toad. The toad is poisonous to freshwater crocodiles, although not to saltwater crocodiles, and the toad is rampant throughout the Australian wilderness. The crocodiles are also infected by Griphobilharzia amoena, a parasitic trematode, in regions such as Darwin.
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Ribeiroia () is a genus of trematode parasites that sequentially infect freshwater snails in the family Planorbidae (ramshorn snails) as first intermediate hosts, fish and larval amphibians as second intermediate hosts, and birds and mammals as definitive hosts (see ). In North America, infection by Ribeiroia has been linked to amphibians with limb malformations. The connection between parasitic infection and limb malformations has generated questions about (a) whether parasite-induced malformations in amphibians are increasing (see ), and (b) the consequences of such abnormalities for amphibian population conservation (see ).
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During the 1930s she made a name for herself at the Marine Biological Station in Plymouth, studying the mollusc Nucula and its trematode parasites (Rothschild 1936, 1938a, 1938b). Because of her inherited wealth, she never had to apply for any grants or funding. As a result of this and her lack of formal education—all her doctorates were honorary—she would always be an "amateur". Prior to World War II, she pressed the UK Government to admit more German Jews as refugees from Nazi Germany.
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Individuals of the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis were found to have higher occurrences of trematode parasites at the edge of their distribution as compared with those of the core. Interactions between organisms can cause limitations to the distribution of a species. One interaction that may limit a distribution is predation, where prey species are limited from a particular area by very efficient predators, or where these predators may permit certain prey to have larger ranges. Interspecific competition is another common determinant of the distribution of individual species.
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Trematodiases can be diagnosed through a variety of methods. One of these is known as parasitological diagnosis, which relies on lab tests that detect the presence of trematode eggs where samples are taken from faeces or sputum. Techniques used to measure the number of eggs in samples taken from infected organisms include FLOTAC, Kato-Katz, formalin-ethyl-acetate. Different techniques have a different degree in which they can accurately detect eggs of trematodes, and some of these may not be able to detect low amounts.
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Parasites documented from this species include the tapeworms Carpobothrium rhinei, Dollfusiella michiae, Nybelinia southwelli, Stoibocephalum arafurense, and Tylocephalum carnpanulatum, the leech Pontobdella macrothela, the trematode Melogonimus rhodanometra, the monogeneans Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti and Monocotyle ancylostomae, and the copepods Nesippus vespa, Pandarus cranchii, and P. smithii. There is a record of a Rhina ancylostoma being cleaned by bluestreak cleaner wrasses (Labroides dimidiatus). Reproduction in Rhina ancylostoma is viviparous, with the developing embryos sustained to term by yolk. Adult females have a single functional ovary and uterus.
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It appears that species with both aquatic eggs and larvae are most affected by the decline, while those with direct development are the most resistant. Deformed mink frog with an extra left leg Frog mutations and genetic defects have increased since the 1990s. These often include missing legs or extra legs. Various causes have been identified or hypothesized, including an increase in ultraviolet radiation affecting the spawn on the surface of ponds, chemical contamination from pesticides and fertilizers, and parasites such as the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae.
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In some areas, breeding takes place all year round, but in others, it is correlated with the higher rainfall which occurs in the summer, while unusually wet weather at other times of year can spark further reproductive activity. The forest shrew often contains the brachylaimid trematode Renylaima capensis in its kidney and ureter. This parasitic fluke has been found to have a three-host lifecycle, the first intermediate host being the terrestrial slug Ariostralis nebulosa and the second, another slug Ariopelta capensis. The forest shrew feeds on both these slugs.
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Initially, Chamisso and Steenstrup described the succession of differently organized generations (sexual and asexual) in animals as "alternation of generations", while studying the development of tunicates, cnidarians and trematode animals. This phenomenon is also known as heterogamy. Presently, the term "alternation of generations" is almost exclusively associated with the life cycles of plants, specifically with the alternation of haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the morphological alternation of generations in plants, between a spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) and a gamete-bearing generation (gametophyte).. Translated as , p.
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Coyotes are only rarely infested with lice, while fleas infest coyotes from puphood, though they may be more a source of irritation than serious illness. Pulex simulans is the most common species to infest coyotes, while Ctenocephalides canis tends to occur only in places where coyotes and dogs (its primary host) inhabit the same area. Although coyotes are rarely host to flukes, they can nevertheless have serious effects on coyotes, particularly Nanophyetus salmincola, which can infect them with salmon poisoning disease, a disease with a 90% mortality rate. Trematode Metorchis conjunctus can also infect coyotes.
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A plate from Francesco Redi's Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi (Observations on living animals found inside living animals), 1684 In his Canon of Medicine, completed in 1025, the Persian physician Avicenna recorded human and animal parasites including roundworms, threadworms, the Guinea worm and tapeworms. In his 1397 book Traité de l'état, science et pratique de l'art de la Bergerie (Account of the state, science and practice of the art of shepherding), wrote the first description of a trematode endoparasite, the sheep liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.
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Accidental ingestion of the mayfly is thought to be one of the main modes of transmission of PHF. The vector of Neorickettsia risticii is believed to be a trematode (fluke). The life cycle of the fluke takes it through freshwater snails and back into water, where it is ingested by the larval stages of several aquatic insects, including caddis flies and mayflies. It is thought that the main mode of infection is by accidental ingestion of infected adult insects, who may fly into barns and die in stalls or on pastures after enclosure.
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Once a strain of parasite has overcome these mechanisms, it is able to infect any member of the population. Sexual reproduction mixes up resistance genes through crossing over and the random assortment of gametes in meiosis, meaning the members of a sexual population will all have subtly different combinations of resistance genes. This variation in resistance genes means no one parasite strain is able to sweep through the whole population. New Zealand mudsnails are commonly infected with trematode parasites, which are particularly abundant in shallow water, but scarce in deeper water.
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Fasciolopsiasis is an ailment resulting from infection by the trematode Fasciolopsis buski, an intestinal fluke of humans, endemic in China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India; this fluke can be transmitted via the surfaces of these and other water plants. During the metacercarial stage in their lifecycle, the larval flukes leave their water snail hosts, and swim away to form cysts on the surfaces of water plants, including the leaves and fruit of water caltrops. If infected water plants are consumed raw or undercooked, the flukes can infect pigs, humans, and other animals.
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This is due to the differences in environmental and dietary adaptations; human internal parasite species overlap more with omnivorous, savanna-dwelling baboons. The chimpanzee is host to the louse species Pediculus schaeffi, a close relative of P. humanus which infests human head and body hair. By contrast, the human pubic louse Pthirus pubis is closely related to Pthirus gorillae which infests gorillas. A 2017 study of gastrointestinal parasites of wild chimps in degraded forest in Uganda found nine species of protozoa, five nematodes, one cestode, and one trematode.
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The animal can be host to a number of different parasites. In one study, blue wildebeest were found to be hosts to 13 species of nematodes, one trematode, larvae of five oestrid flies, three species of lice, seven ixodid tick species, one mite, and the larvae of a tongue worm. Of these, most were more prevalent at some times of the year than others. Generally, the larvae of Gedoelstica and Oestrus occur in the nasal passages and respiratory cavities of the blue wildebeest, and sometimes migrate to the brain.
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Young birds at the nest are sometimes preyed on by imperial, steppe and greater spotted eagles. Chaunocephalus ferox, an intestinal parasite, is a trematode worm found in about 80% of the wild populations in Thailand while another species Echinoparyphium oscitansi has been described from Asian openbills in Thailand. Other helminth parasites such as Thapariella anastomusa, T. oesophagiala and T. udaipurensis have been described from the oesophagus of storks. In colonial India, sportsmen shot the openbill for meat, calling it the "beef-steak bird" (although this name was also used for the woolly-necked stork).
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Ribeiroia ondatrae is a parasite in the genus Ribeiroia which is believed to be responsible for many of the recent increases in amphibian limb malformations, particularly missing, malformed, and additional hind legs. In recent studies, it was found that in areas infected with R. ondatrae, the population of amphibian limb malformations was much higher than populations in which this trematode was not present. Each species studied showed varying results. For example, amphibians of species Pseudacris regilla, Rana aurora and Taricha torosa were found to physically display a higher frequency in the number of abnormalities.
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An important factor to the R. ondatrae infections is the exposure to run off nutrients, i.e. eutrophication. Fertilizers have phosphates in them which is also a predictor of larval trematode abundance in amphibians. The herbicide atrazine has proven to weaken amphibians’ immune systems which causes frogs to become more prone to R. ondatrae infections which in turn causes predators such as birds to attack the multiple or missing limbed frogs. Since herbicides and pesticides affect the prevalence of R. ondatrae in frogs, they tend to increase mortality and pathology due to extra or missing limbs.
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The root-tuber peel extract of the leguminous plant Felmingia vestita is the traditional anthelmintic of the Khasi tribes of India. While investigating its anthelmintic activity, genistein was found to be the major isoflavone responsible for the deworming property. Genistein was subsequently demonstrated to be highly effective against intestinal parasites such as the poultry cestode Raillietina echinobothrida, the pork trematode Fasciolopsis buski, and the sheep liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. It exerts its anthelmintic activity by inhibiting the enzymes of glycolysis and glycogenolysis, and disturbing the Ca2+ homeostasis and NO activity in the parasites.
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Once these reach water, they infect aquatic snails which act as intermediate hosts for trematodiases that is transmitted through food. A second host will depend on the species of trematode, and are usually aquatic animals Some trematodiases such as Schistosomiasis can also be transmitted when skin comes in contact with water containing the parasite.Trematodes all have different life cycles in which they can reproduce asexually and sexually. When trematodes are at the metacercariae stage in their life cycle, humans and other definitive hosts such as mammals and birds can be infected.
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The highest number of foodborne trematodiases cases and the highest disease burden was recorded in East and Southeast Asia in 2019. In northeast Thailand, O. viverrini which is carcinogenic is present in high numbers, where over 20000 lives are lost a year due to cholangiocarcinoma caused by the trematode. Clonorchis sinesis, a species which causes trematodiases that infects the liver Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini are two species which can cause trematodiases that infects the liver. These are more prevalent in males than females, and more common in adults than children.
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Lea-Febiger, 1986 Also, in 1851, during an autopsy, he discovered the trematode worm that is the cause of urinary schistosomiasis, initially naming it Distomum haematobium. It was subsequently noted that only one of the suckers contained an oral cavity, and in 1856 Heinrich Meckel von Hemsbach proposed that the organism be renamed Bilharzia haematobium. In 1858 Weinland proposed the name Schistosoma (Greek: 'split body') after the male worms' morphology, and the name Schistosoma haematobium was officially adopted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. In 1853 Bilharz became chief of medicine, and in 1856 he was appointed Professor of Anatomy.
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A. facetus has been recorded as a host of the trematode Centrocestus formosanus, an intestinal parasite of piscivorous birds and mammals, which is known to infect people in its native range which is Asia. Chameleon cichlids lay their eggs on a stone or piece of wood in the open and the eggs and fry are cared for by both parents for up to three weeks, with the eggs hatching after 2-4 days. In the rivers it has been introduced to in Europe it breeds spawns when the temperature climbs to more than . Pairs are formed for spawning and both sexes are territorial.
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Lyperosomum intermedium is a parasitic trematode belonging to the subclass Digenea that infects the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris). The species was first described in 1972 by Denton and Kinsella, who wrote that it was closest to Lyperosomum sinuosum, known from birds and raccoons in the United States and Brazil.Denton and Kinsella, 1972, p. 227 Three years later, Denton and Kissinger placed the two, together with a number of other species, in a new subgenus of Lyperosomum, Sinuosoides.Denton and Kissinger, 1975, p. 42 Species of Lyperosomum mainly infect birds; L. intermedium is one of the few species to infect a mammal.
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Fasciolosis is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant- borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms.
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Leucochloridium variae, the brown-banded broodsac, is a species of trematode whose life cycle involves the alternate parasitic invasion of certain species of snail and bird. While there is no external evidence of the worm's existence within the bird host, the invasion of the snail host involves the grotesque swelling of one or both of the snail's eye stalks as well as the takeover of the snail's brain. This invasion does not cause the snail's death, and snails who are thus invaded sometimes live longer than those which are not. The swollen, pulsating eye stalk resembles a maggot.
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The white stork also carries several types of internal parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites of the genus Giardia. A study of 120 white stork carcasses from Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg in Germany yielded eight species of trematode (fluke), four cestode (tapeworm) species, and at least three species of nematode. One species of fluke, Chaunocephalus ferox, caused lesions in the wall of the small intestine in a number of birds admitted to two rehabilitation centres in central Spain, and was associated with reduced weight. It is a recognised pathogen and cause of morbidity in the Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans).
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These abnormalities increase frog predation by aquatic birds, the final host of the trematode. Pacific Tree Frog with limb malformation induced by Ribeiroia ondatrae A study showed that high levels of nutrients used in farming and ranching activities fuel parasite infections that have caused frog deformities in ponds and lakes across North America. The study showed increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus cause sharp hikes in the abundance of trematodes, and that the parasites subsequently form cysts in the developing limbs of tadpoles causing missing limbs, extra limbs and other severe malformations including five or six extra or even no limbs.
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They are parasitic on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans, birds, and mammals, some species having complex life cycles involving more than one host. For example, Microphallus piriformes parasitizes the rough periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis); when these are eaten by herring gulls it infects the bird and lays its eggs in the bird's feces to infect new periwinkles. Other intermediate hosts include, for example New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarumLevri E. P. & Fisher L. M. (2000) "The Effect of a Trematode Parasite (Microphallus Sp.) on the Response of the Freshwater Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to Light and Gravity ". Behaviour 137(9): 1141-1151.
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Several species are notable for manipulating or influencing their hosts. Microphallus piriformes causes its host, the rough periwinkle, to move upwards, making it more vulnerable to predation by herring gulls. Microphallus pseudopygmaeus chemically castrates (parasitic castration) its host, the snail Onoba aculeus, and causes it to grow larger than normal (it is not clear if this gigantism benefits the host or parasite or if it is a non- adaptive side-effect).Gorbushin A. M. & Levakin I. A. (1999) "The effect of Trematode parthenitae on the growth of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)".
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The pouch louse Piagetiella peralis, which occurs in the pouch, so cannot be removed by preening, is usually not a serious problem, even when present in such numbers that it covers the whole interior of the pouch, but sometimes inflammation and bleeding may harm the host. The brown pelican has a similarly extensive range of parasites. The nematodes Contracaecum multipapillatum and C. mexicanum and the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae have caused illness and mortality in the Puerto Rican population, possibly endangering the pelican on this island. In May 2012, hundreds of Peruvian pelicans were reported to have perished in Peru from a combination of starvation and roundworm infestation.
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Parasite infection by raw fish is rare in the developed world (fewer than 40 cases per year in the U.S.), and involves mainly three kinds of parasites: Clonorchis sinensis (a trematode/fluke), Anisakis (a nematode/roundworm) and Diphyllobothrium (a cestode/tapeworm). Infection risk of anisakis is particularly higher in fishes which may live in a river such as salmon (sake) in Salmonidae or mackerel (saba). Such parasite infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing overnight. In Japan it is common to eat raw salmon and ikura, but these foods are frozen overnight prior to eating to prevent infections from parasites, particularly anisakis.
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The big-scaled redfin (Tribolodon hakonensis), also known as the Japanese dace, is a medium-sized Asian fish. First described by Albert Günther in 1877 as Leuciscus hakonensis, it is the type specimen of the genus Tribolodon, having been described again as Tribolodon punctatum by Henri Émile Sauvage when he established that genus in 1883. It is the most widely distributed of the Tribolodon species, found over much of the Sea of Japan. It is known to carry a number of parasites, including the trematode species Centrocestus armatus (for which it is a second intermediate host), and the copepod species Ergasilus fidiformis, which is carried in the fish's gills.
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The spotted pufferfish, a molluscivore The black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) commonly feeds by crushing large molluscs with pharyngeal teeth, extracting soft tissue, and spitting out shell fragments. Four-year-old juveniles are capable of consuming approximately 1–2 kg of molluscs per day. This bottom-dwelling molluscivore was purposely imported into the United States in the early 1970s for use as a food fish and also as a biological control agent for snails—an intermediate host for a trematode parasite in fish reared on fish farms. Two snail-eating cichlids, Trematocranus placodon and Maravichromis anaphyrmis, have been tried as biological control agents of schistosomes in fish ponds in Africa.
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Parasite infection by raw fish is rare in the developed world (fewer than 40 cases per year in the U.S.), and involves mainly three kinds of parasites: Clonorchis sinensis (a trematode/fluke), Anisakis (a nematode/roundworm) and Diphyllobothrium (a cestode/tapeworm). Infection risk of anisakis is particularly higher in fishes which may live in a river such as salmon (sake) in Salmonidae or mackerel (saba). Such parasite infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing overnight. In Japan it is common to eat raw salmon and ikura, but these foods are frozen overnight prior to eating to prevent infections from parasites, particularly anisakis.
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From the Greek opisthen (behind) and orchis (testicle), Opisthorchis is a genus of trematode flatworms whose testes are located in the posterior end of the body. Sebastiano Rivolta is generally credited with discovering the first opisthorchid, which he named Distoma felineus, in a cat in Italy in 1884. However, the fluke may have been mentioned by Karl Rudolphi in 1819, and in 1831, Gurlt published a textbook that included a drawing of a fluke that was almost certainly Opisthorchis. By the end of the 19th century, Distoma contained so many species that Raphaël Blanchard introduced the genus Opisthorchis for elongated flat flukes with testes in the posterior end of the body.
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The technical languages of ecology and parasitology sometimes involved different meanings for the same words. There were philosophical differences, too: Poulin notes that, influenced by medicine, "many parasitologists accepted that evolution led to a decrease in parasite virulence, whereas modern evolutionary theory would have predicted a greater range of outcomes". The rescuing from extinction of the California condor was a successful if very expensive project, but its ectoparasite, the louse Colpocephalum californici, was made extinct. Their complex relationships make parasites difficult to place in food webs: a trematode with multiple hosts for its various life cycle stages would occupy many positions in a food web simultaneously, and would set up loops of energy flow, confusing the analysis.
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Rees' career was at the Zoology Department of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, where she successively held positions of Assistant Lecturer (1930–7), Lecturer (1937–47), Senior Lecturer (1947–66), Reader (1966–71) and Professor (1971–3), becoming Professor Emeritus in semi-retirement in 1973. She was also Chairman of the School of Biological Studies (1972–3) and acting Head of Department (1948, 1969, 1970). During her time as a staff member at the University College of Wales at Abernathy Rees supervised 215 honours students and 25 post-graduate students. Her research was in the area of helminthology, focusing on systematics, comparative functional morphology, histology and life cycles of trematode and cestode parasites.
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The gastrocotylids are known by their rather very diffuse distribution, and a marqued preference for scombroid fishes and carangids Pillai, S. (1968) Trematode Parasites of Fishes Monogenea from Kerala Coastal Fishes. Marine Biology Laboratory, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, 1-367.. The Gastrocotylidae Price, 1943 was erected to separate Gastrocotyle and its allies. , named and described by reference to a diagram of the clamp type alone Sproston agreed on the importance of the difference in clamp structure in microcotylids, however, she reduced the Gastrocotylidae to sub-family status included in Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879. Palombi did not recognize Sproston's subfamily Gastrocotylinae and placed it in the subfamily Microcotylinae Monticelli, 1892 then in his own family Arreptocotylidae Palombi, 1949.
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Eggs of N. salmincola are light brown, ovoid, and operculate at one end, with a small blunt projection at the other end. They measure 0.087 mm to 0.097 mm by 0.038 mm to 0.055 mm. There are normally 5 to 16 eggs in the uterus, and their heaviness allows them to sink rapidly in water. N. salmincola is a digenic trematode, which means that it is an unsegmented worm that is flattened dorsoventrally. Adult worms alternate shape from “a sphere to a long blunt rod.” The worms are 0.8 to 1.1mm long and 0.3 to 0.5 mm wide and are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive organs in the same organism.
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The parasitic eggs are deposited in the bird's feces and are eaten by ants, which complete the cycle. Snail with its left eye stalk parasitized by Leucochloridium paradoxum Crickets infected by horsehair worms exhibit light-seeking behavior and increased walking speed, leading them to open spaces and ponds (the surface of which reflects moonlight); the crickets will eventually find and enter a body of water, where the worm will wiggle out of the cricket's abdomen and swim away. While crickets often drown in the process, those who survive exhibit a partial recovery and return to normal activities in as little as 20 hours. The trematode Leucochloridium paradoxum matures inside snails of the genus Succinea.
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In addition to its role as intermediate host for several economically important trematode species, Tarebia granifera has colonized water reservoirs, dams and ponds on the premises of three large industrial plants in northern KwaZulu-Natal and been pumped out of at least one of them, blocking water pipes and damaging equipment. This generally happens when snail densities are high and the damage is due to individuals being crushed so that pieces of shell and soft tissue are carried into machinery. Details of the nature and extent of this damage and the costs incurred are not available. There is no doubt that Tarebia granifera is able to pass unharmed through pumps, probably as juveniles.
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Schistosoma mansoni can infect juveniles of Biomphalaria glabrata much more easily than it can adults. Schistosoma mansoni causes parasitic castration in infected snails. Interactions between snails and schistosomes are complex and there exists an urgent need to elucidate pathways involved in snail-parasite relationships as well as to identify those factors involved in the intricate balance between the snail internal defence system and trematode infectivity mechanisms that determine the success or failure of an infection. Molluscs appear to lack an adaptive immune system like that found in vertebrates and, instead, are considered to use various innate mechanisms involving cell-mediated and humoral reactions (non-cellular factors in plasma/serum or hemolymph) that interact to recognize and eliminate invading pathogens or parasites in incompatible or resistant snails.
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The common periwinkle can act as a host for various parasites, including Renicola roscovita, Cryptocotyle lingua, Microphallus pygmaeus and Himasthla sp.. More studies are needed before any conclusions regarding the effect of parasites on growth can be reached. It seems that growth rate is primarily affected on available food and time available for feeding, rather than parasites.Influence of trematode infections on in situ growth rates of Littorina littorea. Kim N. Mouritsen, A. Gorbushin O and K. Thomas Jensen, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Volume 79, Issue 3, 1999, pages 425-430 Polydora ciliata has also been found to excavate burrows in the shell of the common periwinkle when the snail is mature (above 10 mm long).
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The zander is host to a large number parasites among which is the nematode Anisakis which infects their gastro-intestinal tract and which can infect humans if the fish is smoked, fried or otherwise cooked at temperatures lower than . There are a large number of known parasites of the zander which affect the skin, eyes and internal organs. The zander is known to be a vector of the trematode Bucephalus polymorphus which it may pass to native cyrinids and this may have resulted in decreases in the populations of these fishes in some French river systems during the 1960s and 1970s. More recently the primary host of B. polymorphus, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has invaded many drainages in Europe.
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A 2008 report cited the independent work of researchers in Japan, who were unable to replicate Hayes' work. "The scientists found no hermaphrodite frogs; no increase in aromatase as measured by aromatase mRNA induction; and no increase in vitellogenin, another marker of feminization." A 2007 study examined the relative importance of environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine on trematode cercariae versus tadpole defense against infection. Its principal finding was that susceptibility of wood frog tadpoles to infection by E. trivolvis is increased only when hosts were exposed to an atrazine concentration of 30 ng/L and not to 3 ng/L. A 2008 study reported that tadpoles developed deformed hearts and impaired kidneys and digestive systems when chronically exposed to atrazine concentrations of 10 ppm in their early stages of life.
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Symptoms of parasite infection by raw fish: Clonorchis sinensis (a trematode/fluke), Anisakis (a nematode/roundworm) and Diphyllobothrium a (cestode/tapeworm),WaiSays: About Consuming Raw Fish Retrieved on April 14, 2009 all have gastrointestinal, but otherwise distinct, symptoms.For Chlonorchiasis: Public Health Agency of Canada > Clonorchis sinensis – Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Retrieved on April 14, 2009For Anisakiasis: WrongDiagnosis: Symptoms of Anisakiasis Retrieved on April 14, 2009For Diphyllobothrium: MedlinePlus > Diphyllobothriasis Updated by: Arnold L. Lentnek, MD. Retrieved on April 14, 2009For symptoms of diphyllobothrium due to vitamin B12-deficiency University of Maryland Medical Center > Megaloblastic (Pernicious) Anemia Retrieved on April 14, 2009 Most infections (~80%) are asymptomatic. Infections may be long-lasting, persisting for many years or decades (up to 25 years) if untreated. Symptoms (when present) are generally mild.
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She also conducted research into fish parasitology. In 1903 she discovered the previously unknown Trypanoplasma cyprini (now called Cryptobia cyprini Plehn) in carp blood, while investigating protozoan parasites. Between 1904 and 1906 she published five papers on stagger disease in Salmonidae (the salmon and trout group). Her later research on the subject prompted her to designate a new genus of parasites, the Lentospora, now Myxobolus. In 1906 she published the book Die Fische des Meeres und der Binnengewässer (Fishes of the Lakes and Inland Waters) with illustrations aimed at a general public and fish breeders. In 1905 and 1908 she published the results of two studies on the trematode worm Sanguinicola armata und inermis. She published her findings on kidney disease in 1908. Her findings on liver disease in Salmonidae were published in 1909 and 1915.
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F. hepatica, a species of liver flukes, have a higher incidence rate in children and females, with a higher number of cases of lung fluke and intestinal trematodiases in children. Cases of liver and lung fluke trematodiases are high in numbers due to the amount of time the trematode can live in host organisms and increased chances of reinfection. Increase in travel and increase in popularity of traditional dishes such as raw oysters, crab meat, pickled seafood and other undercooked aquatic plants has also contributed to the rise in cases of trematodiases. The Global Burden of Disease Study carried out in 2016 estimated that approximately 75 million people were impacted by trematodiases and that there were around 2 million disability-adjusted life years that were affected and lost to the disease, due to damage that was caused by the infection.
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It sometimes discards the tail, gills, and stomach of captured fish, and pod members have been known to share food. In the Eastern Pacific, the false killer whale has been known to target smaller dolphins during tuna purse-seine fishing operations; there are cases of attacks on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), and one instance against a calf of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Killer whales are known to prey on the false killer whale, and it also possibly faces a threat from large sharks, though there are no documented instances. The false killer whale is a known host of several parasites: trematode Nasitrema in the sinuses, nematode Stenurus in the sinuses and lungs, an unidentified crassicaudine nematode in the sinuses, stomach nematodes Anisakis simplex and Anisakis typica, acanthocephalan worm Bolbosoma capitatum in the intestines, whale lice Syncyamus pseudorcae and Isocyamus delphinii, and the whale barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis.
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Discussions regarding the correctness of classification of the parasite continued as the trematode received further scientific attention and its morphology and behavior was further scrutinized. Ultimately, Nanophyetus salmincola was agreed upon, though Troglotrema salmincola remains a synonym. In 1931, Skrjabin and Podjapolskaja describe a similar parasite, Nanophyetus schikhobalowi, which was endemic to East Siberia. Argument regarding whether or not N. schikhobalowi and N. salmincola were the same or different species recurred until 1966 when the two were granted subspecific status in order to reflect their biological and geographic differences, but little significant morphological differences.Filimonova, L.V. (1966). Trans. Helminth. Lab. Acad. Sci. USSR 17, 240–244. Since its discovery, N. schikhobalowi has been known to naturally infect humans and research reveals surveys indicating rates of infection in endemic Siberian villages of up to 98%. In contrast, N. salmincola was not recognized to be a source of an infection until a researcher purposefully infected himself in a scientific experiment in 1958.
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They primarily occupy the sandy tops of lesser flowing springheads or flat rock surfaces absent of rooted plants, or decaying plant matter and spawn within the vibrantly abundant and healthy vegetation that thrives in these unique, pristine, springfed river systems. Due to the overuse and subsequent abuse of their isolated and specific habitat which primarily stems from the behaviors of some of the many thousands of river tourist who, unaware or who don't care, regularly destroy these areas. In addition to the financially motivated, less than perfect, enforcement of the blatant ecological devastation caused by tourism, deep pocketed development interests actively seek to acquire and be permitted to build on and around the darter's ultra-prime habitat due to the unparalleled beauty of these ecologically unique areas. An extra worry for the future of fountain darters is the parasitic, non-native trematode (Centrocestus formosanus), whose impact on the darter population is not yet known.
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