During this period, she was collecting books on weaving, learning how to measure the warp threads and tie up the treadles on a loom.
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The exhibit opens in a quiet room with a wooden loom and a black-and-white photo of the Bauhaus weavers peaking mischievously through the treadles of a loom.
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Track circuit interrupters are similar to treadles, the main difference being that interrupters remain open circuit once opened, whereas treadles reclose after activation.
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Dictation using a treadle-powered cylinder phonograph, circa 1897 Treadles were used to power phonograph cylinders.
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TCOCs are ineffective where train detection is not by means of track circuits, such as axle counters or treadles.
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A treadle bicycle is a bicycle powered by a treadle instead of the more common crank. Treadles were one of the mechanisms inventors tried in order to position the pedals away from the drive wheel hub before the development of the bicycle chain or instead of it. Treadles have also been used to drive tricycles and quadracycles.
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Treadles were used before the advent of highwheelers on Thomas McCall's velocipede, on highwheelers themselves in an to attempt to address safety issues, on alternative configurations of highwheelers, and on the first device called a safety bicycle by British engineer Henry J. Lawson in 1876. Some inventors even combined treadles and chains on the same bicycle.
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Treadles may be used to turn lathes for metal or wood, as in the pole lathe, or to power rotating or reciprocating saws.
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Kirkpatrick, Page 91 Trains were controlled by a 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.
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On a treadle loom, each foot-operated treadle is connected by a linkage called a tie-up to one or more shafts. More than one treadle can operate a single shaft. The tie-up consists of cords or similar mechanical linkages tying the treadles to the lams that actually lift or lower the shaft. On treadle operated looms, the number of sheds is limited by the number of treadles available.
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The cast metal chair, manufactured along with the loom, can be raised or lowered to suit, and the seat rocks forward and back as the weaver treadles the loom.
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Additionally the Graphophones initially deployed foot treadles to rotate the recordings, then wind-up clockwork drive mechanisms, and finally migrated to electric motors, instead of the manual crank on Edison's Phonograph.
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A table fitted with a sewing treadle A treadle (from , "to tread") is a mechanism operated with a pedal for converting reciprocating motion into rotating motion. Along with cranks, treadmills, and treadwheels, treadles allow human and animal machine power in the absence of electricity. Before the widespread availability of electric power, treadles were widely used to power a range of machines. They may still be used as a matter of preference or in environments where electric power is not available.
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An illustration of a differential between the drive shaft and rear wheels of a modern automobile. thumb One of Ma Jun's early inventions was an improved silk drawloom, which, according to Fu Xuan, earned Ma Jun considerable recognition for his innovative skill. In his time, silk looms generally had fifty heddles and fifty treadles, some even up to sixty of each. Ma Jun crafted a loom that had only twelve treadles, which not only made the process faster and more efficient, but also allowed the weaving of new intricate patterns.
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The interlocking was normally released by trains passing over track treadles as they entered the next section. To allow for mechanical breakdowns, the signalman had a special key to override the interlocking and as some of the treadles in the St Johns area were not completely reliable it had become necessary to occasionally use this facility. At the time of the accident, the signalman at St Johns was William Honey. He was assisted by a signal lad, Stephen Clews, whose job it was to record both the actions of the signalman and the passing trains in the register book.
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The cast metal chair, manufactured along with the loom, can be raised or lowered to suit, and the seat rocks forward and back as the weaver treadles the loom.Interpretative panel at Bradford Industrial Museum There is an example in the Bradford Industrial Museum.
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Kirkpatrick, Page 91 A electrical ground disc signal controlled the movement of tarins from the siding onto the main line.Kirkpatrick, Page 89 Trains were controlled by a 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.
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The points were unlocked with an Annett's key that was kept in a locked box on a post adjacent to the point.Kirkpatrick, Page 91 Trains were controlled by a 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.
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The points were unlocked with an Annett's key that was kept in a locked box on a post adjacent to the point.Kirkpatrick, Page 91 Trains were controlled by a 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.
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Figures 2 and 3 represent the means of connecting the treadles and handles, respectively, to the central system. O is the treadle's "divided head, with the upper division or cap screwed down. P is a spring or a spring-board, destined to give action to the joints and muscles of the feet. The front or toe extremities of these spring-boards are held by springs, or cocks and centered points, fixed to each of the treadle-boards E E; their back or heel extremities are left loose, to admit of elevation, when the springs are compressed (by the floor or any other means employed) by the descent of the treadles E E". N is a crank allowing external operation.
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An eight-shaft loom can create 254 different sheds. There are actually 256 possibilities which is 2 to the eighth power, but having all threads up or all threads down is not very useful. Most eight- shaft floor looms have only ten to twelve treadles due to space limitations. This limits the weaver to ten to twelve distinct sheds.
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Treadles were once used extensively in creating textiles and clothing, powering spinning wheels, looms, and sewing machines. Elias Howe and Isaac Singer popularized their use and they became a fixture in households worldwide. Today the use of treadle textile machines is mostly relegated to hobbyists and historical re-enactors, but they remain in use in the developing world.
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The Graphophone designs initially deployed foot treadles to rotate the recordings which were then replaced by more convenient wind-up clockwork drive mechanisms and which finally migrated to electric motors, instead of the manual crank that was used on Edison's phonograph. The numerous improvements allowed for a sound quality that was significantly better than Edison's machine.
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Treadles are commonly used to operate fully automatic level crossings since they give far more reliable and accurate detection of a train than track circuits alone, which is important when there is only just over 30 seconds between the train "striking in" (passing the treadle which starts the crossing sequence) and passing the crossing. A small treadle operates this flangeway greaser.
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This was Roberts invention. The heddles are of standard construction. They are arranged in groups of four, obviously even threads and odd must go up and down alternatively but two heddles are used for the evens and two for the odds so adjacent threads do not rub. The lower end of the heddle leaves is attached to treadles or marches.
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Kirkpatrick, page 23 In about 1936 the London Midland and Scottish Railway removed the original signals and the line was worked by a brass Key Token Trains, however replacement signals were provided to control the passing loop. Trains were controlled by a 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.
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After several weeks without success, Charlotte meets a wealthy widow, Mrs. Joanna Watson, whose husband was an army doctor killed in Afghanistan. Mrs. Watson offers her a position as her paid companion. Before her disgrace, Charlotte had created the pseudonym of "Sherlock Holmes" to pass tips about newsworthy crimes through her childhood friend, Lord Ingram Ashburton, to Ashburton's friend, Inspector Treadles of the Metropolitan Police.
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The human-powered dragsaw was a much more commonly used dragsaw among the general population due to their relatively low cost compared with their higher efficiency. Dragsaws powered by humans would often stem from a lever the person would use to manipulate the saw blade in a much easier manner. Other common formats included foot pedals or Treadles. These allowed for greater maneuverability when clearing a tree.
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The halt consisted of a wooden crossing and a pair of platforms, each with GWR pagoda style shelters. Electric lighting was installed 1939 at an estimated cost of £108. Electric treadles and bells were provided either side of the crossing to warn passengers of trains approaching. Closure of the halt came in November 1964 following the withdrawal of local stopping passenger services on the line.
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A dobby loom is a type of floor loom that controls the whole warp threads using a dobby head. Dobby is a corruption of "draw boy" which refers to the weaver's helpers who used to control the warp thread by pulling on draw threads. A dobby loom is an alternative to a treadle loom, where multiple heddles (shafts) were controlled by foot treadles – one for each heddle.
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A booking office and waiting room was provided.Kirkpatrick, Page 21 A station master's house was provided. The passing loop and signal box at Newtonairds remained even after the 'one engine in steam' method of working was introduced circa 1936.Kirkpatrick, Page 69 Trains were controlled by a 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.
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More complex systems use a variety of sensors. Inductive sensors embedded in the road surface can determine the gaps between vehicles, to provide basic information on the presence of a vehicle. Treadles permit counting the number of axles as a vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle installations, also detect dual-tire vehicles. Light-curtain laser profilers record the shape of the vehicle, which can help distinguish trucks and trailers.
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Locomotives are steamed there and then switched into the running line on a turntable. A facility for checking boiler pressure performance is located here. As early as the 1950s, the railway incorporated a treadle operated signalling system to regulate the traffic. The weight of the wheels operated the treadles, which caused the signal behind to change to red and being cleared to green at the next treadle along the line.
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The valves are weighted to maintain them in the open position, either by weights hung directly from lugs on the arbors or linked through rods to weights, with treadles to allow adjustment, on the floor below. In front of the arbors, in a position where they can move the handles up or down as required are one or two plug rods. These move with the beam, being connected with the parallel motion to limit them to a vertical path.
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The treadle in turn powered a reciprocating beam, and the power from that was transferred to the machinery. On a loom, these reciprocating beams were called lams, and were connected with the treadles by strings which were also connected with jacks to work the '. In big factories, power could be transferred from one large drive wheel to another across a wide room via a reciprocating beam, called in that situation a crossbeam. Out of skew is a dialect expression meaning in incorrect position.
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Moniaive had been one of the last places in Scotland to be connected to the railway network. Home and starting banner signals were used, electrically controlled, for each direction.Kirkpatrick, Page 23 Trains were, at that time uniquely, controlled by a development of the Syke's 'lock and block' system whereby the trains operated treadles on the single line to interact with the block instruments.Kirkpatrick, Page 39 The station building was extended to provide the station master with his own office in October 1916.
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Among the early velocipedes there were designs with one, two, three, four, and even five wheels. Some two-wheeled designs had pedals mounted on the front wheel, while three- and four-wheeled designs sometimes used treadles and levers to drive the rear wheels. The earliest usable and much-copied velocipede was created by the German Karl Drais and called a Laufmaschine (German for "running machine"), which he first rode on June 12, 1817. He obtained a patent in January 1818.
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The halt originally consisted of a pair of ground level platforms and a wooden crossing, but the platforms were subsequently replaced by standard height platforms. GWR pagoda style shelters were provided but these were later replaced by rectangular metal shelters. Access to the halt was from the adjacent level crossing, and Electric treadles and bells were provided warning passengers and other pedestrians of trains approaching. Closure of the halt came in November 1964 following the withdrawal of local stopping passenger services on the line.
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These are depressed by cam referred to as eccentrics.. The loom is powered by a leather steam-belt which drives the driving shaft. Here there is a flywheel to smooth the motion and a crank mechanism to drive the battens (swords) and a toothed wheel. This engages a second shaft known as the tappet shaft or wiper shaft whose job is to lower the treadles and throw the shuttle. This turns half the speed of the driving shaft, so its toothed wheel is twice the size.
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It was introduced ca.1900 and the makers claimed that a speed of 160 picks per minute could be easily attained with from 2 to 8 shafts weaving a variety of fabrics. Because foot pedals, or treadles, operate the loom it is still classed as a handloom, but it is much easier and faster to weave as all the motions of the loom are connected via crankshaft and gear wheels. Because the loom is designed to use only one shuttle when weaving, giving a solid colour in the weft, it is termed a plain loom.
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Power from each treadle was transferred to the rear wheel by a leather strap over a ratchet mechanism. (See image in gallery below.) The attachment point of the leather strap could be moved to provide multiple gear ratios, and both treadles could be pressed simultaneously for a brief increase in torque. A spring attached to the ratchet rewound the strap when the foot was raised. This treadle arrangement also allowed riders of different sizes to ride the same bike comfortably without modification, as the pedals were not constrained to trace a circle about an axle.
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Vision has also been shown to be a dominant modality in pigeons, according to a study by Randich, Klien and LoLordo. Pigeons were trained to perform an auditory-visual discrimination task by depressing two different foot treadles, one when an auditory tone was presented, and another treadle in the presence of a red light. The results from this experiment showed that pigeons demonstrated the Colavita visual dominance effect. When presented with a bimodal (auditory and visual) stimulus, the pigeons always responded on the visual treadle, implying visual dominance.
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Mechanism of the machine, from Lowndes's patent application. Figure 2 shows a treadle and the crankrod it drives, figure 3 the flange that supports the upper cranks (labeled K). The Gymnasticon depended on a set of flywheels that connected the wooden treadles for the feet to cranks for the hands, which could drive each other or operate independently."Specification of the Patent granted to Francis Lowndes," The Repertory of Patent Inventions, London: T. G. Underwood, 1797, 88-93; Google Books scan. The figure on the right shows the inner workings of the machines.
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Charlotte's consultation business and Treadles's investigation overlap when she realizes that one of her clients, Mrs. Marbleton, who claims to be looking for her absent husband, is actually a woman named Sophia Lonsdale, who was disgraced by an affair with a married man (much the same way Charlotte herself was) and fled to Europe twenty years earlier. She has returned to England, and fabricated a case for "Sherlock Holmes" to discover more about "his" progress in the Sackville case. Treadles eventually confronts Sackville's valet, Hodges, who admits to poisoning Sackville with arsenic, but with the intent of incapacitating, not killing, him.
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In late 1897 contracts were let for the signalling equipment; the electric interlocking was to be carried out by W R Sykes, who had a call-off contract with the LSWR; a supplement to their standard prices for the tunnel work was agreed. There were signalboxes at Waterloo at the south end of the northbound platform, and at south end of the northbound platform at City. There were conventional semaphore signals in the open south of Waterloo station, but all other signals were electric lights only. Sykes' lock-and-block system was used with depression-type treadles.
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Hattersley domestic loom The plain Hattersley Domestic Loom was specially developed for cottage or home use and designed to replace the wooden handloom; the Domestic is similar in construction to a power loom. It was introduced ca.1900 and the makers claimed that a speed of 160 picks per minute could be easily attained with from 2 to 8 shafts weaving a variety of fabrics. Because foot pedals, or treadles, operate the loom it is still classed as a handloom, but it is much easier and faster to weave as all the motions of the loom are connected via crankshaft and gear wheels.
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Labels A, B, C, and D show the structural frame. The treadles are marked E, and are connected to the frame by metal brackets or cocks (F), derived from clockmaking. "Each treadle has two, and the centered Screws which pass through them embrace the cross, or lower extremities of the treadle-lifters, GG, so as to admit of easy motion." The lower cranks, labeled I, are adjustable, to suit the needs of the patient, as are the upper cranks, K. The upper cranks are connected to the lower by means of two flywheels (M); a band fixing the motion of the two together can be attached or removed as needed.
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Rover safety bicycle (right) The first bicycle to be called a "safety" was designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson (Henry Lawson) in 1876, although other bicycles which fit the description had been developed earlier, such as by Thomas Humber in 1868. Unlike with penny-farthings, the rider's feet were within reach of the ground, making it easier to stop. The pedals powered the rear wheel, keeping the rider's feet safely away from the front wheel. The original treadle bicycle model used treadles to transfer power to the rear wheel, while the later 1879 model used a chain drive, an important new technology that had previously only been used on tricycles.
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Honey lost track of passing trains and formed the belief that he had released the train from Tonbridge and it had passed the cabin and was therefore out of the section. When Parks Bridge offered him the next London-bound train, the 7 am from Hastings, consisting of an engine and tender and six carriages, Honey went to accept it and, seeing the interlocking was still locked, assumed the treadles had malfunctioned and therefore used his special key to override the interlocking, allowing the Hastings train into the section. The Tonbridge train had not passed and was still at the up home signal. The Hastings train ran into the back of the Tonbridge train.
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Quadracycle for two. McCall's first (top) and improved velocipede of 1869 – later predated to 1839 and attributed to MacMillan Though technically not part of two-wheel ("bicycle") history, the intervening decades of the 1820s–1850s witnessed many developments concerning human-powered vehicles often using technologies similar to the draisine, even if the idea of a workable two-wheel design, requiring the rider to balance, had been dismissed. These new machines had three wheels (tricycles) or four (quadracycles) and came in a very wide variety of designs, using pedals, treadles, and hand-cranks, but these designs often suffered from high weight and high rolling resistance. However, Willard Sawyer in Dover successfully manufactured a range of treadle-operated 4-wheel vehicles and exported them worldwide in the 1850s.
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When constructed, the line had a novel signalling system, consisting of a modification of Sykes Lock and Block system for single lines, obviating train staffs, and elevated disc fixed signals. Treadles at stations verified the passage of trains and interlocked signals for conflicting moves; if a train operated the treadle at the entrance to the line to the next block post, it had to proceed, there being no method of cancelling the movement. The system was somewhat complicated, and it was removed in 1936, being then replaced by a conventional key token system between Cairn Valley Junction (on the main line) and Dunscore. The other passing places were abolished, and the line from Dunscore to Moniaive was operated under the One Engine in Steam arrangement, with a train staff.
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Unfit to pace the treadles from the brevity of > my yet ungrown limbs, they had at first to nail bars to enable me to work > them with success. I wrought at the trade of making table covers for the > more fortunate portions of society for many years, giving my earnings to my > parents to enable them to live and bring up the rest and I arrived at > manhood with one suit of clothes and my brain as unfurnished as my back with > anything more substantial than politics.Working Man's Bye Hours p 50 It was the custom of the men in the heckling shop to buy various newspapers and they took turns at reading them out loud while the work went on. > We had two newspapers and a weekly political pamphlet.
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The first mechanically propelled two-wheel vehicle is believed by some to have been built by Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, in 1839. A nephew later claimed that his uncle developed a rear- wheel drive design using mid-mounted treadles connected by rods to a rear crank, similar to the transmission of a steam locomotive. Proponents associate him with the first recorded instance of a bicycling traffic offence, when a Glasgow newspaper reported in 1842 an accident in which an anonymous "gentleman from Dumfries-shire... bestride a velocipede... of ingenious design" knocked over a pedestrian in the Gorbals and was fined five shillings. However, the evidence connecting this with Macmillan is weak, since it is unlikely that the artisan Macmillan would have been termed a gentleman, nor is the report clear on how many wheels the vehicle had.
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When Lady Shrewsbury (Roger Shrewsbury's domineering mother), dies soon after a violent argument with Charlotte's older sister, Olivia, Charlotte becomes alarmed that "Livia" or her parents will be suspected in the death. "Sherlock Holmes" writes a letter to Scotland Yard, suggesting a connection between Lady Shrewsbury's death, and the deaths, occurring within weeks of each other, of Lady Amelia Drummond and The Honourable Harrington Sackville. All three victims were connected by family or marriage ties, and all three appeared to have died from an accidental overdose of chloral hydrate. Inspector Treadles, a firm believer in "Sherlock Holmes"' abilities, investigates Sackville's death more closely, but does not find any definite proof of foul play until a consultation with "Holmes" via Charlotte, leads him to discover that the local doctor's supply of strychnine – the most effective antidote for an overdose of chloral – was removed before the night of Mr. Sackville's death.
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In a typical frame loom, as used previous to the invention of the flying shuttle, the operator sat with the newly woven cloth before him or her, using treadles or some other mechanism to raise and lower the heddles, which opened the shed in the warp threads. The operator then had to reach forward while holding the shuttle in one hand and pass this through the shed; the shuttle carried a bobbin for the weft. The shuttle then had to be caught in the other hand, the shed closed, and the beater pulled forward to push the weft into place. This action (called a "pick") required regularly bending forward over the fabric; more importantly, the coordination between the throwing and catching of the shuttle required multiple operators if the width of the fabric exceeded that which could be reasonably reached across (typically or less).
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The various boxes on this section of the railway used Sykes electromechanical "Lock and Block" interlocking, which used treadles to detect the presence of trains on the line rather than electrical track circuits, and prevented unsafe signal indications by mechanically locking the signal slides in the box, rather than interrupting an electrical circuit. A feature of the Sykes system was that the various actions needed to set up a route for a train and clear the appropriate signals had to be completed in the correct order, otherwise the apparatus would lock up and require releasing. On the boxes to the south of Battersea Park, the apparatus could be released by the signalman alone using a key, but Battersea Park and the boxes to the north required the signalman to request a release from the next box in the chain – for Battersea Park, this was Battersea Pier box. This procedure required the signalman making the request to send a bell signal, then for both signalmen to press the appropriate button in their respective boxes – the interlocking would only be released if both buttons were pressed simultaneously.
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