The password is coming from the Zhuyin Fuhao system for transliterating Mandarin.
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European security services often do not share lists of suspects and they do not have a common system for transliterating Arabic names.
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To help make typing in Chinese easier, Mandarin speakers use various forms of input editors to type in "pinyin," the standard system of romanized spelling for transliterating Chinese.
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The cartoon people at this low-poly party kinda look like jerks I've avoided at real parties, and the countdown timer is an effective way of transliterating the sort of slow, mounting anxiety that situations like this tend to cause.
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Nahala, plural nahlaot (with different ways of transliterating/spelling it), is a Hebrew word for either heritage or estate.
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There are several systems of romanizing (transliterating) written Belarusian texts; see Romanization of Belarusian. Rarely is the Belarusian Latin alphabet used.
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This character is also used in strict Library of Congress transliteration when transliterating the Cyrillic letter Э э into the Latin alphabet.
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Mtskheta and Tbilisi romanized Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.
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When transliterating Arabic in the Hebrew alphabet, it is either written as (the letter for ) or as (tsadi with geresh), which is also used to represent the /tʃ/ sound.
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A transliterated document thus presents the reading preferred by the transliterating scholar as well as an opportunity to reconstruct the original text. There are differing conventions for transliterating Sumerian, Akkadian (Babylonian), and Hittite (and Luwian) cuneiform texts. One convention that sees wide use across the different fields is the use of acute and grave accents as an abbreviation for homophone disambiguation. Thus, u is equivalent to u1, the first glyph expressing phonetic u.
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The Harvard-Kyoto Convention is a system for transliterating Sanskrit and other languages that use the Devanāgarī script into ASCII. It is predominantly used informally in e-mail, and for electronic texts.
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The ring is used in the transliteration of the Abkhaz language to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol ॰ when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.
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"Ch" is frequently used in transliterating into many European languages from Greek, Hebrew, Yiddish, and various others. In Mandarin Chinese ch is used in Pinyin to represent an aspirated voiceless retroflex affricate .
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The symbol is also used as the romanisation of Cyrillic ш in ISO 9 and scientific transliteration and deployed in the Latinic writing systems of Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Bashkir. It is also used in some systems of transliterating Georgian to represent (). In addition, the grapheme transliterates cuneiform orthography of Sumerian and Akkadian or , and (based on Akkadian orthography) the Hittite phoneme, as well as the phoneme of Semitic languages, transliterating shin (Phoenician 16px and its descendants), the direct predecessor of Cyrillic ш.
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This article details the history of Laos since 1945. :Note: this article follows the system for transliterating Lao names used in Martin Stuart-Fox's History of Laos. It may differ from systems used in other articles.
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There is no single accepted system of transliterating the Khmer alphabet. The spelling used is that most commonly found in Western scholarly work. Variants include m'ring kung veal, mereng kung veal, merang keng veal, mreñ ganval and mrén kongvial.
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There is no official transliteration standard for transforming the Cyrillic-based Tuvan alphabet into Latin. Common schemes in use by various media sources rely upon international standards for transliterating other Cyrillic languages such as Russian while scholars of Turkology generally rely upon common Turkic-styled spelling.
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The Kontsevich system () is a cyrillization system for the Korean language and currently the main system of transcribing and transliterating Korean words into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Kontsevich system was created by the Soviet- Russian scholar Lev Kontsevich () in the 1950s based on the earlier transliteration system designed by Aleksandr Kholodovich ().
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Its early date is attested to by not being combined with the pseudepigraphic later Second Epistle of Clement, as all the other translations are found, and by showing no knowledge of the church terminology that became current later—for example, translating Greek presbyteroi as seniores rather than transliterating to presbyteri.
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If Bengali script has "ত" and Bengalis pronounce it /to/ there is nevertheless an argument based on writing-system consistency for transliterating it as "त" or "ta." The writing systems of most languages do not faithfully represent the spoken sound of the language, as famously with English words like "enough," "women," or "nation" (see "ghoti").
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The British Museum describes the inscription as "Bactrian", transliterating it: "(1) saso reo iastoo (2) algo", translated as: "Sas-re(w) the leader of worship (?)". It appears to have been found in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India, now the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan, leading to the border with Afghanistan.
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These are the languages that constitute the great majority of written documents of the Peninsula at that time. Mozarabic is first documented in writing in the Peninsula as choruses (kharjas) (11th century) in Arabic lyrics called muwashshahs. As these were written in the Arabic script, the vowels had to be reconstructed when transliterating it into Latin script.
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A sun radiating gold can also be seen, that very traditional Chinese color, over an ocean glowing with the deep blue representative of Hong Kong. Supporting these emblems are the three Greek letters upsilon (υ), psi (ψ), and tau (Τ), that is: υψΤ transliterating as UST. The logo entwines many meanings, as does the University itself.
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Watson asked Prince Gong to name the asteroid. Gong's choice was 瑞華星 (roughly, "Star of China’s Fortune"). Watson used only the first two characters, transliterating them as Juewa according to the conventions of his time (in modern pinyin, it would be transliterated as ruìhuá). Multichord occultation by 139 Juewa, observed 31 August 2013 from N.S.W., Australia.
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He coincidentally encountered a set of manuscripts that he considered very likely to have been written by Maiorica. This discovery elicited excitement among Vietnamese historians, and several individuals published transliterated reproductions of these works. In the half century since then, progress has been made in verifying the authenticity of, preserving, transliterating, and publishing Maiorica's works, which once were assumed to be completely lost.
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"Sàisīhēi" is a Chinese transliterating words of a Manchu term which has traditionally been translated as "dog" in Chinese. However it is a false rumour. According to Hei tu dang (黑图档), a Manchu script document now kept in Liaoning Provincial Museum, the original term is "Seshe" (). There is some dispute as to whether that is an accurate translation.
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In the transcription of Arabic, it corresponds to the letter ṭāʾ (ط). It is also used in the Bhojpuri language as a single consonant to represent 'tr'. In transliterating Indo-Aryan, East Iranian and Dravidian languages it represents a retroflex t. It was also formerly used for the same sound in Javanese, but has now been replaced by the digraph "th".
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Note that in this scheme, č (signifying չ) collides with the Hübschmann-Meillet transliteration (where it signifies ճ). This system is recommended for international bibliographic text interchange (it is also the base of simplified romanizations found to localize the Armenian toponomy of for transliterating human names), where it works very well with the common ISO/IEC 8859-2 Latin encoding used in Central Europe.
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Theodotion's Daniel is also the one embodied in the authorised edition of the Septuagint published by Sixtus V in 1587.Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) Theodotion's caution in transliterating Hebrew words for plants, animals, vestments and ritual regalia, and words of uncertain meaning, rather than adopting a Greek rendering, gave him a reputation of being "unlearned" among more confident post-Renaissance editors, such as Bernard de Montfaucon.
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21:19) \-- (). The same rendering is had when transliterating the Hebrew Shihlayim into Greek, and which in English has been rendered as Sallis () in Josephus' The Jewish War (3.2.2.), and Saaleim () in Eusebius' Onomasticon (160:9–10). Israeli historical geography, Yoel Elitzur, noting the same phonetic factors, wrote that place names bearing the Hebrew glottal consonants /h/ is not known in surviving names from the Onomasticon.
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"Āqínà" () is a Chinese transliterating words of a Manchu term which has traditionally been translated as "pig" in Chinese. However it is a false rumour. Some scholars suggest the original Manchu term is "Acina" (), which actually means "to carry (with your crime)". But according to Hei tu dang (黑图档), a Manchu script document now kept in Liaoning Provincial Museum, the original term is "Akina" ().
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Given the various other ways of transliterating his name, it could be the case that G. P. Zelenyi was indeed G. P. Zeliony.G. P. Zelenyi is a "literal" transliteration of the usual Cyrillic spelling, Г. П. Зеленый. In addition to the French spelling, Zéliony, other known variations on transliterations of Zeliony's eponym include Zeleny and Zélény, with or without the middle initial, P. See Girden (1983: 246).
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Transgender people may change their first names. Foreign names in writing systems that are not based on Latin are transliterated according to rules which may conflict with the system of transcribing or transliterating names that is used in the country of origin. Former titles of nobility became integrated into the last names in 1919 but continue to be adapted according to gender and other circumstances..
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Here documents are available in many Unix shells. In the following example, text is passed to the `tr` command (transliterating lower to upper- case) using a here document. This could be in a shell file, or entered interactively at a prompt. $ LANG=C tr a-z A-Z << END_TEXT > one two three > four five six > END_TEXT ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE SIX `END_TEXT` was used as the delimiting identifier.
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Jani Vreto's most known work is an epic poem titled Histori e Skënderbeut (), dedicated to national hero of Albania Skanderbeg. In 1888 he edited and published the poem Erveheja of Muhamet Kyçyku transliterating it into Latin script completely removing all Turkish or Arabic words Kyçyku had used. Part of Vreto's own work was published in Spiro Dine's work Valët e Detit (), a collection of Albanian history and literature.
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Nihon-shiki, or Nippon-shiki Rōmaji (, "Japan-style," romanized as Nihon-siki or Nippon-siki in Nippon-shiki itself), is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. In discussion about romaji, it is abbreviated as Nihon-shiki or Nippon-shiki. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has a one-to-one relation to the kana writing system.
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The consuls for the year 260 BC, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Gaius Duilius (transliterating to Bilius in Greek) were assigned the First Punic War; specifically, the invasion of Sicily. They both were to be imperatores, Duilius of the land forces, Scipio of the naval forces.The story is told mainly in Polybius, Book I, Chapters 20-23, but Pliny the Elder, Florus and a few others add information.
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Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts or fonts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration or look-alike "volapuk" encoding to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
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In December 2009, Google released its offline version named Google IME. This tool from Google is based on dictionary based phonetic transliteration approach. In contrast to older Indic typing tools, which work by transliterating under a particular scheme, Google transliterates by matching the Latin alphabet words with an inbuilt dictionary. Since users do not need to remember the transliteration scheme, the service is so easy that it is suitable for total beginners.
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In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" , as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions (such as many romanisations of Russian, where it is transliterating the Soft sign), the apostrophe represents palatalization: = IPA . In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: .
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Efraim Feinstein created a demonstration of a transliteration engine for automatically transliterating texts according to adaptable transliteration schemas. The Jewish Publication Society shared its digital edition of the JPS 1917 through the project. In 2011, the Open Siddur helped to share a complete digital transcription of Yehoash Blumgarten's Yiddish translation of the Tanakh. In 2012, the project completed its first transcription of a prayer book, transcribing Fanny Schmiedl-Neuda's Stunden Der Andacht at German Wikisource.
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Wallisian has been heavily influenced by French. French missionaries arrived at the end of the 19th century; in 1961, Wallis and Futuna became a French oversea territory and French is now the official language. According to many linguists such as Dr Karl Rensch, French did not affect much the language in the beginning but is now profoundly transforming Wallisian. Many neologisms have been created by transliterating French words into Wallisian, as in the vocabulary of politics.
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As a result of the difficulty of transliterating Russian names into English and of Golanchikova's own variations in the use of her name, there are a number of variants. These include Ljuba Galantchikova (from Russian), Lioubov Golantchikova (French), Ljuba Galantschikoff (German), and Ljuba Golantšikova (Estonian). An example of her own signature in northern European cursive longhand (see photo in box) is probably L. Galantchikoff. The 'T' has sometimes been interpreted as an 'S', giving L. Galanschikoff.
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By not only showing the original inscription, but also transliterating, transcribing and translating, scholars present the analysis in a way that allows the reader to follow their interpretation of the runes. Every step has its challenges, but most Younger Futhark inscriptions are quite easy to interpret. Most Scandinavians can learn to read runic inscriptions with a little training. The Elder Futhark inscriptions, however, are much more challenging and they demand a great deal of knowledge in historical linguistics.
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A romanised form of Eskayan is used in the cultural schools for the purpose of exposition. Although not strictly standardised, this orthography has elements in common with the Spanish system once used for transliterating Cebuano. E.g., the letters and are interchangeable symbols representing the sound ; the ‘ll’ combination is pronounced and the letter will be pronounced when it precedes a front vowel, as in Spanish. A notable innovation in Eskayan romanised orthography is the letter combination ‘chd’ which represents the sound .
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At the Star Awards 2007 anniversary special, he revealed that he had insisted on using the term "Kopi O" in its original Hokkien rather than transliterating it into Mandarin according to the Speak Mandarin Campaign regulations. In early 2006, Moo shifted his focus to the mainland Chinese market. He was a judge on four Chinese singing competition TV shows, Super Girl, Happy Girl, The King Returns and Voice Legend. He held a controversial concert on 27 May 2012 at Suntec City.
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Wylie's original scheme is not capable of transliterating all Tibetan-script texts. In particular, it has no correspondences for most Tibetan punctuation symbols, and lacks the ability to represent non-Tibetan words written in Tibetan script (Sanskrit and phonetic Chinese are the most common cases). Accordingly, various scholars have adopted ad hoc and incomplete conventions as needed. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library at the University of Virginia developed a standard, Extended Wylie Tibetan System or EWTS, that addresses these deficiencies systematically.
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Viz edition differs in a few ways from Japan release. Including graphic sexual scenes being censored, the major differences are the changing of place names. The series names places, spells and some people after various heavy metal bands, such as Metallica, Judas Priest, Whitesnake, Anthrax, Megadeth, Venom, Guns N' Roses, and Helloween. Fearing lawsuits, Viz Media (and Pioneer for the OVA adaptation) took the Japanese transliterations of these band names and changed them somewhat, then transliterating them back to English, e.g.
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His activities in the Niš region are reflected in the construction and restoration of Serbian churches and monasteries, as well as in the work of producing book, printing and publishing. In the seventeenth century, Patriarch Pajsije made great efforts to save older manuscripts, which he himself rebound and placed in safer monasteries or returned to their owners. Patriarch Pajsije used his time in rebuilding and repairing churches, transliterating, and translating books. The church in Morača Monastery was painted in 1614 by Hilandar monks.
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Although there are several transliteration conventions on transliterating Hindi to Roman, most of these are reliant on diacritics. As most Indians are familiar with the Roman script through the English language (which traditionally does not use diacritics), these transliteration systems are much less widely known. Most such "Romanagari" is transliterated arbitrarily to imitate English spelling, and thus results in numerous inconsistencies. It is also detrimental to search engines, which do not classify Hindi text in the Roman script as Hindi.
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There is no universally accepted standard for transliterating Arabic words and Arabic names into English; however, bin Laden's name is most frequently rendered "Osama bin Laden". The FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as other U.S. governmental agencies, have used either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin". Less common renderings include "Ussamah bin Ladin" and, in the French-language media, "Oussama ben Laden". Other spellings include "Binladen" or, as used by his family in the West, "Binladin".
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From this day, the spelling as used by institutions subordinated to the ministry of education is in line with the Romanian Academy's 1993 recommendation. This order, however, has no application to other government institutions and neither has Law 3462 of 1989 (which provided for the means of transliterating of Cyrillic to Latin) been amended to reflect these changes; thus, these institutions, along with most Moldovans, prefer to use the spelling adopted in 1989 (when the language with Latin script became official).
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Indian Paleography (Bühler) A large number of Kadatas are preserved at the Sringeri Math in Sringeri, Karnataka. Dr Shastry's research focuses on social, political, economic and religious aspects of Sringeri Dharmasamsthana in particular and Karnataka in general, during this time period. Dr Shastry's major work involves reading, translating/transliterating from "modi kannada" Modi alphabet - an old Kannada script, and generating source material from these manuscripts. He has written several large volumes of source material books that capture these documents verbatim with commentary and analysis.
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Kheysa, a now abandoned Soviet rocket launching site, was located on this island. Now Heiss Island is home to the Krenkel hydrometeorological station (80°37′ N, 58°03′ E). This island (including the Komsomol Islands) was originally named after veteran Arctic explorer Isaac Hayes, who undertook a historical Polar expedition in 1850. The island's name in English should have been Hayes Island, but German cartographers Germanized its name after transliterating from the Russian and the corrupted name "Heiss" (meaning "hot" in German) has stuck.
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Ju Si-gyeong, the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace Eonmun or "Vulgar Script" in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society), which further reformed orthography with Standardized System of Hangul in 1933. The principal change was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical as possible given the existing letters. A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940. Japan banned the Korean language from schools in 1938 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation, and all Korean-language publications were outlawed in 1941.
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' While this Shelfield in Warwickshire is not listed in Domesday, another Shelfield in Staffordshire is mentioned as containing a hide of waste belonging to the Manor of Walsall. Transliterating the Domesday Latin the entry reads: In Scelfeld est hida vasta pertinens eidem Manerio. In English: In Shelfield there is one hide of waste appertaining to the said Manor. Although the grammar would mandate that Scelfeld is in the ablative (being the place in which the hide of waste exists), that fact that there is no proper justification for an ablative noun to end in -d.
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There was no way to indicate vowels clearly in Hebrew writing until the time of the Second Temple. Since an earlier time, multiple geographically separated communities have used Hebrew as a language of literature rather than conversation. One system of assigning and indicating pronunciation in Hebrew, the Tiberian vocalization, is broadly authoritative for Hebrew text since the end of the Second Temple period (Sáenz-Badillos, page xi). It is possible to accommodate the pronunciations of different communities by transliterating the Tiberian vocalization without attempting to transcribe a specific phonetic pronunciation.
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She quickly seduces a Russian senior officer, Colonel Kovrin, with liquor and sex play, and obtains the top secret plans for the attack, transliterating them into a musical composition for piano. Captain Kranau, who is stationed at the barracks, observes X-27's black cat stalking the hallway, alerting him to her presence. After a brief chase, he captures the disguised spy and seizes her music manuscript. When he performs the atonal piece on the piano, he realizes it is a code, and promptly burns the score, confident that he has thwarted X-27's mission.
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Haier Building in Manhattan In 1991, Qingdao Refrigerator was renamed Qingdao Haier Group, borrowing and transliterating the last syllable of its German partner, Firmengruppe Liebherr. Zhang Ruimin stayed on as general manager, but he concurrently enrolled himself at the University of Science and Technology of China to study towards a master's degree in business administration; he graduated in 1994. He was named the chief executive officer of Haier Group (the company had dropped "Qingdao" from the name) in 1993. Zhang began a concerted effort to expand Haier's presence abroad, beginning in Europe, where Haier already had connections thanks to its partnership with Liebherr.
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Wylie transliteration of Tibetan script Wylie transliteration is a method for transliterating Tibetan script using only the letters available on a typical English-language typewriter. The system is named for the American scholar Turrell V. Wylie, who created the system and described it in a 1959 paper published in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. It has subsequently become a standard transliteration scheme in Tibetan studies, especially in the United States. Any Tibetan language romanization scheme faces the dilemma of whether it should seek to accurately reproduce the sounds of spoken Tibetan or the spelling of written Tibetan.
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Indeed, Lepsius even coined the phrase Totenbuch ("Book of the Dead"). He was also a leader in the field of African linguistics, though his ideas are now mainly considered to be outdated. Based on his work in the ancient Egyptian language, and his field work in the Sudan, Lepsius developed a Standard Alphabet for transliterating African Languages; it was published 1855 and revised in 1863. His 1880 Nubische Grammatik mit einer Einleitung über die Völker und Sprachen Afrika's contains a sketch of African peoples and a classification of African languages, as well as a grammar of the Nubian languages.
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One curiosity remains at Pankstraße station: the silver letters affixed to the walls spell the name as "Pankstrasse", transliterating the eszett and ignoring the correct German spelling ("Pankstraße"). The line continues along Schwedenstraße to the previously prepared Osloer Straße station. A service track was added here so that trains can also be transferred from the U8 to the U9. Residenzstraße station are intended to recall carpets in the now destroyed Stadtschloß Not until 10 years later, on 27 April 1987, was it possible to open the next section of the line, to Paracelsus-Bad (construction had begun on 12 September 1980).
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Another theory about Korean and Japanese having similarities is that due to their geographical closeness, there must be a linguistic area of convergence. It has been a contested topic as most linguists disagree with this theory. In comparison, Chinese and Korean have a historical connection between their use of writing systems, as Korea began to use Classical Chinese from the fourth century or earlier. By the seventh century, a writing system called Idu was introduced as a way of transliterating Classical Chinese into Korean, which later allowed for Chinese characters to represent Korean particles of speech and inflectional endings.
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University scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds; it includes solutions to problems such as representing Old Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan languages side by side in library catalogues, etc.
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In the 1950s Martin worked on issues relating to Japanese and Korean orthography and romanizations. At this time he coined the term "Sino-Xenic" in creating a common nomenclature for Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, Sino-Korean vocabulary and Sino-Japanese vocabulary. He published a monograph on Japanese orthography in 1952, and in 1954 he was invited by Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, to give his ideas on the orthographic reform of the Korean script, which were published in 1954 in various Korean newspapers. In 1954 he devised the Yale romanization system for transliterating Korean, which is extensively used by linguists.
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In 1925, the Ukrainian SSR created a Commission for the Regulation of Orthography. During the period of Ukrainization in Soviet Ukraine, the 1927 International Orthographic Conference was convened in Kharkiv, from May 26 to June 6. At the conference, a standardized Ukrainian orthography and method for transliterating foreign words were established, a compromise between Galician and Soviet proposals, called the Kharkiv Orthography, or Skrypnykivka, after Ukrainian Commissar of Education Mykola Skrypnyk. It was officially recognized by the Council of People's Commissars in 1928, and by the Lviv Shevchenko Scientific Society in 1929, and adopted by the Ukrainian diaspora.
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The term "meiosis" is derived from the Greek word , meaning 'lessening'. It was introduced to biology by J.B. Farmer and J.E.S. Moore in 1905, using the idiosyncratic rendering "maiosis": > We propose to apply the terms Maiosis or Maiotic phase to cover the whole > series of nuclear changes included in the two divisions that were designated > as Heterotype and Homotype by Flemming.J.B. Farmer and J.E.S. Moore, > Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science 48:489 (1905) as quoted in the > Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, June 2001, s.v. The spelling was changed to "meiosis" by Koernicke (1905) and by Pantel and De Sinety (1906) to follow the usual conventions for transliterating Greek.
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Li Bai is influential in the West partly due to Ezra Pound's versions of some of his poems in the collection 'Cathay', (Pound transliterating his name according to the Japanese manner as "Rihaku"). Li Bai's interactions with nature, friendship, his love of wine and his acute observations of life inform his more popular poems. Some, like Changgan xing (translated by Ezra Pound as "The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter"), record the hardships or emotions of common people. An example of the liberal, but poetically influential, translations, or adaptations, of Japanese versions of his poems made, largely based on the work of Ernest Fenollosa and professors Mori and Ariga.
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A new official system was introduced for transliteration of Ukrainian personal names in Ukrainian passports in 2007. An updated 2010 version became the system is used for transliterating all proper names and was approved as Resolution 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, January 27, 2010.Resolution no. 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, January 27, 2010Romanization system in Ukraine, paper presented on East Central and South- East Europe Division of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names This modified earlier laws and brought together a unified system for official documents, publication of cartographic works, signs and indicators of inhabited localities, streets, stops, subway stations, etc.
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The SUP soon lost virtually all influence on this group, which became seen by many SUP members as being controlled by agents of the Syrian government. In late 2013, the split between this branch and the rest of the Sutoro became clear. Now transliterating its name as "Sootoro" (alternately referring to itself as the "Syriac Protection Office"), the militia in Qamishli adopted an entirely different logo and started openly asserting a separate identity. In November, the media office of the Qamishli Sootoro stated that it operated exclusively in the city of Qamishli and had not formed branches anywhere else, furthermore accusing militias outside the city of having appropriated their name.
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In transliterating Arabic words, the system adopted by the Royal Asiatic Society has been followed. In explaining difficult places or expressions, the authors, according to the Ahmadiyya beliefs, have adopted an order of precedence: Quran having precedence over Hadith, after the Hadith, the Arab Lexicons, and then the factual evidence of historical events. The authors believe, the Chapters (Surahs) in the Quran, have a natural order, which also runs through the verses of each Chapter. At the beginning of each Chapter, an introduction has been given, explaining the main subject of the Chapter, the Chronology of Revelation and the questions of how every Chapter is linked to the previous one.
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Vesta was the fourth asteroid to be discovered, hence the number 4 in its formal designation. The name Vesta, or national variants thereof, is in international use with two exceptions: Greece and China. In Greek, the name adopted was the Hellenic equivalent of Vesta, Hestia (); in English, that name is used for 46 Hestia (Greeks use the name "Hestia" for both, with the minor- planet numbers used for disambiguation). In Chinese, Vesta is called the 'hearth-god(dess) star', ', naming the asteroid for Vesta's role rather than literally transliterating her name into Chinese, as is done with other bodies discovered in modern times, including Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
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Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka and Hainanese. The schemes utilized similar elements with some differences in order to adapt to their respective spoken varieties. In certain respects, Guangdong romanization resembles pinyin in its distinction of the alveolar initials z, c, s from the alveolo-palatal initials j, q, x and in its use of b, d, g to represent the unaspirated stop consonants . In addition, it makes use of the medial u before the rime rather than representing it as w in the initial when it follows g or k.
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The Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (RAACS or, transliterating the Russian acronym, RAASN) (, РААСН) is an official academy of the Russian Federation specializing in architecture and construction, notably of urban buildings. It was established by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on March 26, 1992; its precursors were the Academy of Architecture of the USSR (1934–1956) and the Academy of Construction and Architecture of the USSR (1956–1964). It has 60 full members (academics), 115 corresponding members, 64 honorary members, and 75 foreign members from 25 countries. The Academy is headquartered in Moscow and it has five regional divisions: Saint Petersburg, Volga, Uralian, Siberian, and Southern.
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Nahalat Binyamin is translated as "the estate of Benjamin". Nahala (with different ways of transliterating/spelling it), is a Hebrew word for either heritage or estate. The second part of the name, Binyamin (the original Hebrew form of the English name Benjamin) has two possible origins: officially it refers to the Hebrew name of Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. However, local lore has it that the founders of Nahalat Binyamin asked for money from both the Jewish National Fund (JNF) organisation, closely linked to Herzl's activity, and from Baron Edmond de Rothschild, whose Hebrew name was also Benjamin, a man famous for being a major benefactor of Jewish settlement in Ottoman Palestine.
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John is a common masculine given name in the English language of Hebrew origin. The name is derived from the Latin Ioannes and Iohannes, which are forms of the Greek name Iōánnēs (), originally borne by Jews in Judea transliterating the Hebrew name Yohanan (), "Graced by Yah", or (), "Yahweh is Gracious". There are numerous forms of the name in different languages; these were formerly often simply translated as "John" in English but are increasingly left in their native forms (see sidebar). It is among the most common given names in Anglophone, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and European countries; traditionally, it was the most common, although it has not been since the latter half of the 20th century.
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Perhaps the most comprehensive of these publications was Manichaeische Dogmatik aus chinesischen und iranischen Texten (Manichaean Dogma from Chinese and Iranian texts), by Ernst Waldschmidt and Wolfgang Lentz, published in Berlin in 1933.Waldschmidt, E., and Lentz, W., Manichäische Dogmatik aus chinesischen und iranischen Texten (SPAW 1933, No. 13) More than any other research work published before or since, this work printed, and then discussed, the original key Manichaean texts in the original scripts, and consists chiefly of sections from Chinese texts, and Middle Persian and Parthian texts transcribed with the Hebrew alphabet. After the Nazi Party gained power in Germany, the Manichaean writings continued to be published during the 1930s, but the publishers no longer used Hebrew letters, instead transliterating the texts into Latin letters.
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They are primarily used for indicating a voiced consonant in the middle of a compound word (see rendaku), and they can never begin a word, although some people will write the word for hemorrhoids (normally じ) as ぢ for emphasis. The dakuten form of the shi character is sometimes used when transliterating "di", as opposed to チ's dakuten form; for example, Aladdin is written as アラジン Arajin, and radio is written as ラジオ. More common, though, is to use ディ instead, such as ディオン to translate the name Dion. In the Ainu language, チ by itself is pronounced , and can be combined with the katakana ヤ, ユ, エ, and ヨ to write the other sounds as well as sounds.
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Avagraha (') is a symbol used to indicate prodelision of an ' in many Nepali and Indian languages as shown below. It is usually transliterated with apostrophe in roman script, in case of Devanagari, as in the Sanskrit philosophical expression ' ('), which is a sandhi of ( + ) ‘I am Shiva’. The avagraha is also used for prolonging vowel sounds in some languages, for example Hindi for ‘Mãããã!’ when calling to one’s mother, or when transliterating foreign words in instant messaging: for example, 'cool' can be transliterated as . In case of Hindi, the character is also sometimes used as a symbol to denote long or heavy syllables, in metrical poetry. For example, the syllables in the word ' ‘metre’ (in nominative) can be denoted as "", meaning two long syllables. (Cf.
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In their minds, the word "priest" meant "someone who offers a sacrifice", and was therefore related in their minds to Catholic teaching on the Eucharist as a sacrifice. After the Reformation, the term "minister" (meaning "one who serves") was generally adopted by Protestants to describe their clergy; Puritans argued in favor of its use, or else for simply transliterating the Koine Greek word presbyter used in the New Testament, without translation. The Puritans were also dismayed when the Laudians insisted on the importance of keeping Lent, a practice which had fallen into disfavor in England after the Reformation. They favored fast days specifically called by the church or the government in response to the problems of the day, rather than days dictated by the ecclesiastical calendar.
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Giles criticized Williams as "the lexicographer not for the future but of the past", and took nearly twenty years to compile his (1892) A Chinese-English Dictionary (Wilkinson 2013: 85). Censuring Williams' dictionary for transliterating pronunciation from a "general average" of regional variants rather than Peking pronunciation, James Acheson wrote an index arranged according to Thomas Francis Wade's orthography, citing the frustration that many dictionary users who after "repeated failures to find the commonest characters without reference to the radical index or, failing here as often happens, to the List of Difficult Characters" (1879: 1). The American sinologist Jerry Norman (1988: 173) credits Williams' A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language as apparently the first dictionary to properly distinguish between aspirated and unaspirated stops.
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Polivanov system is a system of transliterating the Japanese language into Russian Cyrillic script, either to represent Japanese proper names or terms in Russian or as an aid to Japanese language learning in those languages. The system was developed by Yevgeny Polivanov in 1917. In terms of spelling the system is a middle ground between Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn romanisations, matching the former everywhere except for morae hu and tu, which are spelled as in Hepburn (fu and tsu), moras starting with z (which are spelled with dz, as in archaic Hepburn, but following the consistency of Kunrei-shiki with Jun being spelled as Dzyun) and syllabic n, which is changed to m before b, p and m as in traditional Hepburn. The following cyrillization system for Japanese is known as the Yevgeny Polivanov system.
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The Soviet Ground Forces (, SSV) was the main land warfare uniform service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces existed between February 1946 until when the Soviet Union ceased to exist in December 1991. It was principally succeeded by the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation. Until 25 February 1946, it was known as the Red Army, established by decree on 15 (28) January 1918 "to protect the population, territorial integrity and civil liberties in the territory of the Soviet state." In Russian, the term 'armiya,' literally transliterating to 'Army,' was often used to cover the Strategic Missile Forces first in traditional Soviet order of precedence; the Ground Forces, second; the Air Defence Forces, third, the Air Forces fourth, and the Soviet Navy, fifth, among the branches of the Soviet Armed Forces as a whole.
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The same version is accepted for the Karakalpak language. Turkmenistan also introduces its own alphabet in 1995, which is only partially similar to the general Turkic, but differs from it in a number of letters. As a result, only Azerbaijani (1991, with one letter changed in 1992), Gagauz (1996), Crimean Tatar (1992, officially since 1997), Tatar in Tatar Wikipedia (since 2013) and some mass media use the common Turkic alphabet with minor changes (since 1999).. The Tatar Latin script, introduced in September 1999 and canceled in January 2005, uses a slightly different set of additional letters (ŋ instead of ñ, ə instead of ä), and the letter ɵ instead of Turkish ö. Since December 24, 2012, the common Turkic alphabet has been officially used as a means of transliterating the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet.
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Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder (lines 15–21), giving the genealogy of Cyrus the Great and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC Cuneiform has a specific format for transliteration. Because of the script's polyvalence, transliteration requires certain choices of the transliterating scholar, who must decide in the case of each sign which of its several possible meanings is intended in the original document. For example, the sign DINGIR in a Hittite text may represent either the Hittite syllable an or may be part of an Akkadian phrase, representing the syllable il, it may be a Sumerogram, representing the original Sumerian meaning, 'god' or the determinative for a deity. In transliteration, a different rendition of the same glyph is chosen depending on its role in the present context.
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A standard transliteration convention not just for Devanagari,Devanagari comparison: ISO, ALA-LC, Hunterian in 2005 by Thomas T. Pedersen at Eesti Keele Instituut Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts but for all South-Asian languages was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001, providing the basis for modern digital libraries that conform to International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) norms. ISO 15919 defines the common Unicode basis for Roman transliteration of South-Asian texts in a wide variety of languages/scripts. ISO 15919 transliterations are platform-independent texts so that they can be used identically on all modern operating systems and software packages, as long as they comply with ISO norms. This is a prerequisite for all modern platforms so that ISO 15919 has become the new standard for digital libraries and archives for transliterating all South Asian texts.
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The Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System, commonly referred to by its acronym SATTS, is a system for writing and transmitting Arabic language text using the one-for-one substitution of ASCII-range characters for the letters of the Arabic alphabet. Unlike more common systems for transliterating Arabic, SATTS does not provide the reader with any more phonetic information than standard Arabic orthography does; that is, it provides the bare Arabic alphabetic spelling with no notation of short vowels, doubled consonants, etc. In other words, it is intended as a transliteration tool for Arabic linguists, and is of limited use to those who do not know Arabic. SATTS, a legacy of Morse and teleprinter systems (see "Background," below), has historically been employed by military and communications elements of Western countries for handling Arabic text without the need for native fonts or special software.
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It may bind typographically with the letter encoded before it to its left, to create ligatures for example with in tʽ, and it is used for the modern Latin transcription of Armenian (which no longer uses the combining version). It is also encoded for compatibility as mostly for usage in the Greek script, where it may be used before Greek capital letters to its right and aligned differently, e.g. with , where the generic space+combining dasia should be used after the letter it modifies to its left (the space is inserted so that the dasia will be to the left instead of above that letter). Basically, U+1FFE was encoded for full roundtrip compatibility with legacy 8-bit encodings of the Greek script in documents where dasia was encoded before the Greek capital letter it modifies (it is then not appropriate for transliterating Armenian and Semitic scripts to the Latin script).
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In Arabic there is no such choice, and the almost invariable rule is that a long vowel is written with a mater lectionis and a short vowel with a diacritic symbol, but the Uthmanic orthography, the one in which the Quran is traditionally written and printed, has some differences, which are not always consistent. Also, under influence from orthography of European languages, transliterating of borrowed words into Arabic is usually done using matres lectionis in place of diacritics, even when the latter is more suitable or when words from another Semitic language, such as Hebrew, are transliterated. That phenomenon is augmented by the neglect of diacritics in most printed forms since the beginning of mechanical printing. The name given to the three matres lectionis by traditional Arabic grammar is , ‘consonants of softness and lengthening’, or , ‘causal consonants‘ or ‘consonants of infirmity’, because as in Greek grammar, words with ‘accidents’ were deemed to be afflicted, ill, in opposition to ‘healthy’ words without accidents.
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Depending on the context, a cuneiform sign can be read either as one of several possible logograms, each of which corresponds to a word in the Sumerian spoken language, as a phonetic syllable (V, VC, CV, or CVC), or as a determinative (a marker of semantic category, such as occupation or place). (See the article Transliterating cuneiform languages.) Some Sumerian logograms were written with multiple cuneiform signs. These logograms are called diri-spellings, after the logogram 'diri' which is written with the signs SI and A. The text transliteration of a tablet will show just the logogram, such as the word 'diri', not the separate component signs. Not all epigraphists are equally reliable, and before a scholar publishes an important treatment of a text, the scholar will often arrange to collate the published transcription against the actual tablet, to see if any signs, especially broken or damaged signs, should be represented differently.
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Since most Romance languages have more sounds than can be accommodated in the Roman Latin alphabet they all resort to the use of digraphs and trigraphs – combinations of two or three letters with a single phonemic value. The concept (but not the actual combinations) is derived from Classical Latin, which used, for example, TH, PH, and CH when transliterating the Greek letters "θ", "ϕ" (later "φ"), and "χ". These were once aspirated sounds in Greek before changing to corresponding fricatives, and the H represented what sounded to the Romans like an following , , and respectively. Some of the digraphs used in modern scripts are: :CI: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican and Romanian to represent before A, O, or U. :CH: used in Italian, Romance languages in Italy, Corsican, Romanian, Romansh and Sardinian to represent before E or I (including yod ); in Occitan, Spanish, Astur-leonese and Galician; or in Romansh before A, O or U; and in most other languages.
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Seebold (1990) reads (transliterating g for j, v for B, ë for A, ô for œ): :ophæmu givëda amluþ:iwi ok upduna (a)le wimôv æh þusë Looijenga (1997) reads: :op hæmu jibada æmluþ : iwi ok up duna (a)le wimœd æh þusa This reading gives rise to an interpretation along the lines of :"luck (amluþ) stays (gibada) at home (op hæmu); and (ok) at the yew (iwi) may it grow (ale) on the hill (up duna); Wimœd has (æh) this (þusa)." or paraphrased more loosely, "At the homestead stays good fortune, may it also grow near the yew on the terp; Wimœd owns this." In a controversial suggestion going back to 1937, the sequence æmluþ has often been interpreted as a reference to Amleth ("Hamlet"). N. Kapteyn, 'Zwei Runeninschriften aus der Terp von Westeremden', Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 57 (1937), 160-226. H. Arntz, Handbuch der Runenkunde 2nd ed.
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