922 Sentences With "thicknesses" | Random Sentence Generator

The sans serif font includes five different "weights," or thicknesses.

Nowadays, most are goatskin or cowhide, which is available in three thicknesses.

Dr Rickett therefore predicted that the thicknesses of bands of travertine of the same age from all around the world would be correlated, and that those thicknesses would decrease and increase with the coming and going of ice ages.

The company said it has already had success in testing a range of thicknesses.

"There's been a silicon reduction of wafer thicknesses, 130 nanometers to 75," says Callow.

The charcoal sticks come in various thicknesses, so you can work big or small.

As you can see, there&aposs a nice mixture of textures, thicknesses, and gemstones.

Two skin-skull-brain models of different thicknesses were used to account for human variance.

You can choose from five pen thicknesses and 45 different colors — but sadly only one font.

This involves modeling it on a computer, and working out things like exact thicknesses and specifications.

The panel's bottom hinges can slide out slightly for different phone thicknesses, or phones in cases.

Using a machine called a skiver, foam can be split into thicknesses only half a millimeter apart.

Its cradle holds firm, it can be placed on vents of all thicknesses and it's easy to position.

Natural fabric shower curtains are usually made of cotton or linen and come in various weaves and thicknesses.

When the device is held, the slope between its two thicknesses acts as a grip for the hand.

I've chopped, cut, sliced, and diced countless ingredients (vegetables, fruits, meats, tofu) of different thicknesses and textures with ease.

Once Graham pours the resin in different pigments and thicknesses, she sands down the outside layer to reveal what's underneath.

You can also create dynamic garden displays by cutting trunk pieces at different thicknesses and using them as pot risers.

In "Iterations (III)," her exhibition at Higher Pictures, concentric squares of varying thicknesses and colors pulse and pop against monochrome backgrounds.

In historical descriptions of mirages, too, the images seem cut into facets, or viewed through thicknesses of inferior glass with bubbles trapped inside.

Mighty Patch, which comes in various shapes and thicknesses, is carried at a variety of retailers, including Target, Neiman Marcus, Goop, and Anthropologie.

Thanks to their inconsistencies — T's with uneven arms, letters that repeat with varying thicknesses — these super-geometric letters add up to something incredibly human.

Their material, though, consisted of seven alternating layers of hafnium dioxide and silicon dioxide of varying thicknesses, laid onto a wafer made of silicon.

The next day, another fish guy, Jimmy Hoehlein, got off the subway in TriBeCa carrying a scalpel-tailed fish in four thicknesses of plastic bag.

The Saatva Classic Mattress comes in six standard sizes, two thicknesses (11.5 inches and 14.5 inches), and three firmness levels: plush soft, luxury firm, and firm.

The hoops are made from snag-free plastic and have screw and wing-nut adjusters to accommodate different thicknesses of fabric and hold the fabric securely.

Fabric weight: Jersey has a lot of variations and thicknesses, which then affects how the shirt hugs and feels on your body, and what bras you should wear.

In addition to six standard mattress sizes, you can choose between three firmness levels (luxury firm, plush soft, and firm) and two thicknesses (11.5 inches and 1203 inches).

While learning how to hoist the sail, they handled colored ropes of varying thicknesses — black, red, blue and black and orange, which attach the sail to the boat.

To his delight, when Dr Rickett plotted these ages against the thickness of the bands reported, he found that those thicknesses did indeed rise and fall in step.

The layers' thicknesses and compositions are chosen so as to force light waves to add together or subtract from one another as they are reflected from the various layers.

Already the pole-mounted snowflake garlands are up in parts of Brooklyn, and down jackets of various lengths and thicknesses have been pulled out of storage, or procured anew.

His brother Kerope assumed the company helm in 1865, establishing a line of instruments named K Zildjian in several sizes and thicknesses that are still prized by percussionists today.

Different grape varietals — a pinot noir grape, a merlot grape — are different colors, with skins of different thicknesses, explains Cha McCoy, a very patient sommelier based in New York City.

Their first attempt involved stacks of 90 alternating layers of silica and tantalum oxide, two common coating materials, of varying thicknesses, from 17 to 426 nanometres (billionths of a metre).

So far the largest blocks they've turned clear measured five inches by five inches — about the size of your hand — with thicknesses ranging from paper-thin to a centimeter wide.

To figure this out, the researchers applied sunscreen layers of varying thicknesses to the "upper buttocks" of 2100 fair-skinned people and exposed them to UV light using a specialized lamp.

At my company, Indigo, on the walls are these beautifully colored maps on the thicknesses of zones and the structures that look very similar to the paintings on the walls here.

Let's examine these two side by side: Clearly, we're dealing with different beard shapes and thicknesses here which might lead us to believe that these are not in fact the same man.

"Typically speaking, most hardware you buy is going to work just fine on an-inch-and-three-eighths to an-inch-and-three-quarters door," which are standard thicknesses, Mr. Bean said.

From the front, the iPhone 25 should look like the iPhone XR and the iPhone 25 Pros should resemble the iPhone XS and XS Max: same screen sizes, notches, and bezel thicknesses.

This one has been carved up so many times by surgical tools rolling over it again and again, like a pizza cutter, that different sections have taken on different colors, textures and thicknesses.

"Celestial" (2016), an eight-foot-diameter circle of nearly 50 sections of unglazed black earthenware extruded in rope-like thicknesses, recalls Richard Long's floor-based disks made of shards and chunks of slate.

A girth weld is used to join two pieces of pipe together, while a transition weld connects different thicknesses of pipe in locations where a thicker pipe is needed, such as under a road.

Of particular interest in the scans was the varying thicknesses of the brain's cortical layers between the two groups and also among schizophrenic subjects that have had the disorder for longer and shorter periods of time.

Researchers asked them to place the mugs of various sizes and thicknesses in order of aroma, bitterness, energy (as in, how the caffeine affects you), temperature, intensity, individual liking, sweetness, and how much they'd be willing to pay for them.

The Vaquform's digital smarts come in the form of a IR probe for monitoring the temperature of the plastic and preset settings for different material thicknesses and types, making it relatively easy to just start making dozens of horrifying, realistic masks.

It employs the most sophisticated angle sensitivity and pressure responsiveness of any digital pen on the market, and allows for a full range of brush options and line thicknesses so you can write or sketch in whatever style fits your fancy.

While other smartwatch companies have tried different shapes, size, and thicknesses, Apple has remained consistent and captured a huge chunk of the market (Apple claims the Apple Watch is both the No. 1 smartwatch — or any watch — in the world).

Grossen's freehand style is particularly evident in a 62 by 44-inch wall hanging made in 1981, in which loose braids and textured ridges, made from golden, partially dyed strands of Manila rope of varied thicknesses, replace the precision of a loom weaving.

Currently, Daydream is only working on Google's new Pixel and Pixel XL phones, but the View is supposed to hold any phone that ends up supporting the platform — the hinges slide out slightly to accommodate different thicknesses or even phones in cases.

Thomas is at pains to make sure we realize the collage is a photo: the different thicknesses of the constituent paper stocks and other materials are evident from subtle but telling shadows, and the image includes bits of tape and other glimpses of studio kit at the margins.

She was one of those people—the kind to create an Excel spreadsheet of everything she owned and send it to him, so that he could then highlight what he also owned and specify quantity and type, since it might make sense to have seven paring knives if they were of different thicknesses and lengths and could pare different things.

For nearly 30 years, she was a medical illustrator for the Navy and the Federal Aviation Administration, where she worked with Clyde Snow, a forensic anthropologist who recognized that research by German scientists in the late 19th century into various facial tissue thicknesses could be used to help identify victims who had been burned beyond recognition in events like air crashes.

A517 steel has equal tensile yield strength, but slightly higher specified ultimate strength of for thicknesses up to and for thicknesses .

These sheets come in a range of thicknesses from 100 µm to over 1mm. DJMicrolaminates also sell a thinner range, ADEX TFDS, which are available in thicknesses from 5 µm through to 75 µm.

Bread of this thickness, is sold, amongst other thicknesses, within Japan.

Photosynthetic rates vary among lichen growth forms due to differences and variations in thalli thicknesses. Irregular thicknesses in crustose lichens result in greater variation in photosynthetic rates relative to more uniformly thick forms such as foliose lichens.

Coatings of PTFE or varying thicknesses of silver plating are also available.

These oscillations can be used to infer layer thicknesses and other properties.

It is also capable of consistent high strength through relatively large section thicknesses.

Depending on the material being processed, slice thicknesses of 10 to 100 micrometers are feasible.

Therefore exchanging hinges, locks, steel sheet thicknesses, etc. is generally not possible without additional tests.

A 3D-printed microstructure with different thicknesses of the lattice to show different elastic behavior.

The total volume of the volcanic rocks is about , the rocks reach thicknesses of about maximally.

The thicknesses and depths of each seam are not given as they vary across the coalfield.

If to be used at all it should be used in judicious amounts and again not in large thicknesses.

The overburden at some points compressed twelve-inch overhead crosspieces, or caps, to two-inch thicknesses in a year.

The fitness for service analysis was based on field measurements of wall thicknesses at the extrados of the elbows.

The thicknesses of the BK7 glass substrates are usually less than 1 millimeter for OLED fabrication. Due to its optical and mechanical characteristics in relation with cost, BK7 is a common substrate in OLEDs. However, depending on the application, soda-lime glass substrates of similar thicknesses are also used in OLED fabrication.

Drywall panels in the United States are manufactured in wide panels in varying lengths to suit the application, though 48-inch is by far the most common width. Lengths up to are commonly available, though the most common length is . Common panel thicknesses are , and thicknesses are also used in specific applications.

Nanolaminates can be grown using atom-by-atom deposition techniques that are designed with different stacking sequences and layer thicknesses.

It was available in a number of thicknesses."NOT A SIGN OF A SLIP-UP!". The Tech. October 14, 1960.

Thicknesses of up to 50 μm can be achieved. Organic acid anodizing is called Type IC by MIL-A-8625.

Discovering and dating the lava flows in a tuya has proven useful in reconstructing past glacial ice extents and thicknesses.

Small and regular shaft thicknesses may be available as well to offer smaller paddlers more comfort while gripping the paddle.

There are four basic parameters that are involved in spin coating: solution viscosity, solid content (density), angular speed, and spin time. A range of thicknesses can be achieved by spin coating. Most commonly the thicknesses range from 1-200 μm. The main properties that affect the thickness of the film are viscosity and spin speed.

They have different appearances depending on the side; the northwestern flows form lateral lava levees and ogives and reach thicknesses of while the other flows have lobate structures with thicknesses of . These thicknesses may be the result of high-viscosity magma and/or low eruption rates. A major block and ash deposit with the volume of covers a surface area of ; it was highly mobile considering the distances it reached from the volcano on all three sides of the younger crater. It contains large blocks and has long flow ridges.

In this algorithm, approximate layer thicknesses, compressional and shear velocities, as well as density values must be input for the model.

Thicknesses may be 6mm, 1.2 cm (1/2 inch), 2 cm (3/4 inch), 3 cm (1¼ inch) or 4 cm (1½ inch).

Most soils in the ACT are Podzols. They have a duplex structure with red or brown clayey layer. Typical thicknesses are 2 metres.

For the purposes of radiation shielding, many materials have a characteristic halving thickness: the thickness of a layer of a material sufficient to reduce gamma radiation exposure by 50%. Halving thicknesses of common materials include: 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead, 6 cm (2.4 inches) of concrete, 9 cm (3.6 inches) of packed earth or 150 m (500 ft) of air. When multiple thicknesses are built, the shielding is additive. A practical fallout shield is ten halving-thicknesses of a given material, such as 90 cm (36 inches) of packed earth, which reduces gamma ray exposure by approximately 1024 times (210).

EKWB offer radiators in a number of sizes and thicknesses, marketed as CoolStream. They offer their 120mm radiator options as single (120mmx120mm), dual (240mmx120mm), triple (360mmx120mm) and quad (480mmx120mm) fan places in thicknesses of 28mm (SE line) 38mm (PE line) and 60mm (XE line). They offer 140mm radiator options as single (140mmx140mm), dual (280mmx140mm), triple (420mmx140mm) and quad (560mmx140mm) fan places in thicknesses of 28mm (SE Line) and 45mm (CE line). Recently, following the revival of 180mm fans, they also started offering 180mm size rads, in single (180mmx180mm), dual (360mmx180mm) and triple (540mmx180mm) in a thickness of 35mm (WE line).

The final product is a homogeneous nearly 100%-cellulose mass free from any artificial glues, resins, or binders. The finished vulcanized fibre has useful mechanical and electrical properties. It offers high tear and tensile strength, while in the thinner thicknesses allowing flexibility to conform to curves and bends. In thicker thicknesses, it can be moulded to shape with steam and pressure.

Many have a light that goes off when the iron is reaches the set temperature. Modern versions offer multiple choices. Some make a very thin waffle, capable of making waffle cones or Pizzelle. While there is no set standard for waffle shapes or thicknesses, models that produce the most common shapes and thicknesses are often labeled as "traditional" or "classic".

Residential aluminum and glass storm door, US The main advantage of aluminum over wood as a storm door material is aluminum's corrosion resistance. Aluminum storm doors do not need to be painted frequently to protect them from the elements. Aluminum storm doors are available in a variety of thicknesses. All of these thicknesses can accommodate interchangeable glass and screen panels.

There are two basic types of EMFi films that are manufactured currently, O01 and HS01, their thicknesses being 37 μm and 70 μm respectively.

The strings, of catgut or wire, are all of the same length but of different thicknesses, and are all tuned to the same note.

The middle belt stretched between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes, ending in four-inch transverse bulkheads at each end. The upper belt only ran from 'A' barbette to the end of the machinery spaces and ended in another four-inch transverse bulkhead. Five of Hoods decks were armoured with thicknesses varying from , with the greatest thicknesses over the magazines and the steering gear.Raven and Roberts 1976, pp.

C–V measurements can reveal oxide thickness, oxide charges, contamination from mobile ions, and interface trap density in wafer processes. A C–V profile as generated on nanoHUB for bulk MOSFET with different oxide thicknesses. Notice that the red curve indicates low frequency whereas the blue curve illustrates the high-frequency C–V profile. Pay particular attention to the shift in threshold voltage with different oxide thicknesses.

The Carnegie Ridge consists of thickened oceanic crust. Wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction data acquired over the central and eastern part of the ridge give crustal thicknesses of 13 km and 19 km respectively for crust that has estimated ages of about 11 Ma and 20 Ma. Layer 2 thicknesses are similar to the neighbouring normal oceanic crust with thickening taking place in layer 3.

ISO 128 specifies preferred line thicknesses for technical drawings and ISO 9175 specifies respective pens. The steps between nominal sizes are based on a factor of √2 ≈ 1.414 in order to match ISO 216 paper sizes. Since the set of sizes includes thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm, there is also one of 0.35 mm which is almost exactly 1 pica point.

The original white foamcore board was made in thicknesses for the graphic arts industry by Monsanto Company under the trade name "Fome-Cor®" starting in 1957.

They are available fresh, frozen, or dried, in various shapes, thicknesses and textures. Fresh noodles are also highly perishable; their shelf life may be just several days.

The Chaile flows are actually formed by two separate units and are found on the southwest flanks of the volcano, up to a distance of . They reach thicknesses of in the upper unit and in the lower one. The Saltar flow reached widths of and thicknesses of , increasing to where the flow entered valleys. At least nine units form the Saltar deposit, with the northern flows displaying flow welding.

The tower, central tube and legs are assembled of cylindrical or conical sections, cans, with an individual length of 2 to 4m. The wall thicknesses are in the range of 40 to 60mm in the central column, a few cans in high-stress areas up to 90mm. The wall thicknesses of the conical legs range from 20 to 30mm. The lifetime is a central requirement to the design.

The design of a mold is one of the most important factors in correcting defects due to it controlling most of the process. For flow marks specifically, some causes that can be addressed are varying wall thicknesses, mold gate locations, and rough flow paths. Prevention for varying wall thicknesses is to round the corner where the thickness varies. This prevents the flow rate from suddenly decreasing or changing direction.

The thicknesses of the armour deck ranged from . The walls of the forward conning tower were thick and the aft conning tower was protected by 3-inch plates.

After two hours of contact, wash the zinc with distilled water, drain the platinized zinc on several thicknesses of blotting paper, dry and place in a dry bottle.

In the construction professions, abscissas are increased by increasing values, according to a proportional scale in 5√d, compromised between the progress of the thicknesses and that of modules.

The cavity can conceptually be thin while still resonant, as long as the ratio of thicknesses is satisfied. This can, in principle, provide possibility for subwavelength, thin, compact cavity resonators.

SIPs come in various thicknesses. When building a house, they are glued together and secured with lumber. They provide the structural support, rather than the studs used in traditional framing.

Varying the amount of TES allows for different thicknesses of shells formed. This technique is popular due to the ability to add a variety of functionality to the exposed silica surface.

Unlike the Orions, the anti-torpedo bulkheads were extended to cover the engine rooms, as well as the magazines with thicknesses ranging from . The boiler uptakes were protected by armour plates.

It has also been found that Triton X can lead to cell lysis and in turn tissue inflammatory responses even at low concentrations. In order to avoid adverse side-effects from the possible presence of surfactants, an alternative casting process can be used involving a frit compression method that did not require the use of surfactants or surface modification. The dimensions can be controlled through the size of the syringe housing and through the mass of carbon nanotubes added. Their thicknesses are typically much larger than surfactant-cast buckypaper and have been synthesized from 120 μm up to 650 μm; whilst no nomenclature system exists to govern thicknesses for samples to be classified as paper, samples with thicknesses greater than 500 μm are referred to as buckydiscs.

In May 2004 and 2005, electromagnetic measurements from helicopters revealed insights into the thickness of the sea ice in the Lincoln Sea and surrounding waters. With thicknesses ranging between 3.9 and 4.2 m, multi-year ice dominates south of 84°N. First-year ice, with thicknesses ranging between 0.9 and 2.2 m, denotes the refreezing of the Lincoln Polynya ice. These helicopter measurements concur with satellite-based radar imagery as well as ground-based electromagnetic observations.

From the forward barbette a three-inch bulkhead extended out to the ship's side between the upper and lower decks and a comparable bulkhead was in place at the rear barbette as well. Four decks were armoured with thicknesses varying from , with the greatest thicknesses over the magazines and the steering gear. After the loss of three battlecruisers to magazine explosions during the Battle of Jutland, of extra protection was added to the deck around the magazines.Burt, pp.

The Deadwood Formation is present beneath large areas of the northern plains, and its thickness can vary over short distances due largely to the substantial topographic relief on the eroded Precambrian surface. It reaches thicknesses of up to about in the northern Black Hills. It thins to zero eastward and is absent in northeastern North Dakota and most of eastern Saskatchewan. It is present in the extreme southwestern corner of Manitoba where it may reach thicknesses of .

"Biofluid Mechanics," Annual Review Fluid Mechanics, 21(1989)167:204. By knowing the Reynolds and Womersley numbers for a given flow it is possible to calculate both the transient and the convective boundary layer thicknesses, and relate them to a flow in another system. The boundary layer thickness is also useful in knowing when the fluid can be treated as an ideal fluid. This is at a distance that is larger than both boundary layer thicknesses.

Nanolamination is the production of materials that are fully dense, ultra-fine grained solids that exhibit a high concentration of interface defects. The properties of fabricated nanolaminates depend on their compositions and thicknesses.

The degree of connectivity between nucleation sites increases with film thickness, so that thicknesses near the critical value are characterized by isolated star-shaped crack junctions and thick films show more complete networks.

Debris thickness generally increases from a few centimetres at asl to over at the terminus at ~ asl, although the spatial distribution of thicknesses is heterogeneous especially on parts of the northern terminal lobe.

T5 temper 6063 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least in thicknesses up to , and from thick, and yield strength of at least up to and from. It has elongation of 8%.

There are special plastic shields that stop beta particles, and air will stop most alpha particles. The effectiveness of a material in shielding radiation is determined by its half-value thicknesses, the thickness of material that reduces the radiation by half. This value is a function of the material itself and of the type and energy of ionizing radiation. Some generally accepted thicknesses of attenuating material are 5 mm of aluminum for most beta particles, and 3 inches of lead for gamma radiation.

In some situations the insulation is in reference to noise mitigation. In these circumstances a large air space improves the noise insulation quality or sound transmission class. Asymmetric double glazing, using different thicknesses of glass rather than the conventional symmetrical systems (equal glass thicknesses used for both lights) will improve the acoustic attenuation properties of the IGU. If standard air spaces are used, sulfur hexafluoride can be used to replace or augment an inert gas and improve acoustical attenuation performance.

In the next step the sum of the converted layer thicknesses is calculated. This sum is called granular base equivalency, which is a popular and important measure in pavement design and pavement performance modeling.

Primasheet 1000 is PETN based, and contains 65% PETN, 8% nitrocellulose, and 27% plasticizer. Primasheet 1000 is olive green colored, and manufactured in 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 mm thicknesses.

Whitetopping is the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete. Whitetopping is divided into types depending on the thickness of the concrete layer and whether the layer is bonded to the asphalt substrate. Unbonded whitetopping, also called conventional whitetopping, uses concrete thicknesses of 20cm (8") or more that is not bonded to the asphalt. Bonded whitetopping uses thicknesses of 5 to 15cm (2-6") bonded to the asphalt pavement and is divided into two types, thin and ultrathin.

The Hawkins-class cruisers were protected with an armour that had a maximum thickness of 4 inches abreast the ships' magazines and a minimum thickness of . It consisted of two layers of high-tensile steel of varying thicknesses that covered most of the ships' sides. The decks had a maximum thickness of over the engine rooms, boilers, and the steering gear. The conning tower and its communication tube were protected by the only Krupp cemented armour in the ships and had thicknesses of 3 inches and respectively.

It is available in a variety of thicknesses, from 75 to 150 micrometers, with a variety of adhesive strengths, designed for various chip sizes and materials."Standard Dicing Tape". Semiconductor Equipment Corp. Accessed 9/27/2016.

The sheet metal called for in the design was 2024-T3, in .020 and .040 inch thicknesses. Power is derived from a Volkswagen air-cooled engine with modifications laid out by the designer in the plans.

T1 temper 6063 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least in thicknesses up to , and from thick, and yield strength of at least in thickness up to and from thick. It has elongation of 12%.

The Severstal Dearborn's cold mill produces 1.8 million tons (1.6 million metric tons) of steel in thicknesses from 0.014 in. through 0.110 in. (0.36 mm through 2.79 mm) with widths form 28 in. to 61 in.

This has the advantage that the bottom layers are less compressed by thinning than they would otherwise be: NGRIP annual layers at 105 kyr age are 1.1 cm thick, twice the GRIP thicknesses at equal age.

Steel can wall thicknesses are now 30% thinner and weigh 40% less than 30 years ago, reducing the amounts of raw materials and energy required to make them. They are also up to 40% thinner than aluminium.

The processing of mixian in Yunnan is unique, involving a fermentation process. In many areas there are at least two distinct thicknesses produced, a thinner form (roughly 1.5mm diameter) and a thicker form (roughly 3.5-4mm diameter).

Fred Miller, et al. The Complete Book of Baton Twirling, 1978. The rod can be one of several thicknesses. Thicker, heavier rods are said to be better for rolling, while thinner ones are better for finger rolls.

These nutrient-poor, acidic sands reach thicknesses of tens of meters, and support the highly threatened Cape Flats Sand Fynbos. The upper edge of the sands expose silcrete/ferricrete deposits, which have been mined in the past.

T6 temper 6063 has an ultimate tensile strength of at least and yield strength of at least . In thicknesses of or less, it has elongation of 8% or more; in thicker sections, it has elongation of 10%.

The Florida dyke swarm (also known as Piedra Alta dyke swarm and Uruguayan dyke swarm) crops out in the Piedra Alta Terrane of Río de la Plata Craton west of Sarandí del Yí Shear Zone. The strike of the dykes has an arcuate pattern: it changes from west to east from NE-SW to E-W and then near the shear zone to NW-SE. The Florida dykes have dips between 90° and 70°. Common thicknesses are of , with occasional dykes reaching thicknesses of and and the smaller dykes being .

Any three points of a plane define the complete plane. It means that if in three wells the thicknesses of layers belonging to the same stratigraphic unit are known, then the thicknesses of these layers can be calculated for any location in the basin. Accordingly, if the structure of the top border of the stratigraphic unit is known, the structure of any other border in this unit can be calculated. The model of creating such sophisticated geometrical pattern is based on the first Steno's principle: the strata are originally horizontal, i.e.

Copper provides the highest thermal conductivity among non-noble metals and is therefore fast heating with unparalleled heat distribution (see: Copper in heat exchangers). Pots and pans are cold-formed from copper sheets of various thicknesses, with those in excess of 2.5 mm considered commercial (or extra-fort) grade. Between 1 mm and 2.5 mm wall thickness is considered utility (fort) grade, with thicknesses below 1.5 mm often requiring tube beading or edge rolling for reinforcement. Less than 1mm wall thickness is generally considered decorative, with exception made for the case of .

The air inside is usually atmospheric air, but some inert gases, such as argon or krypton may be used to offer better thermal transmittance values. Curtain wall architecture building In residential construction, thicknesses commonly used are 1/8 inch (3 mm) monolithic and 5/8 inch (16 mm) insulating glass. Larger thicknesses are typically employed for buildings or areas with higher thermal, relative humidity, or sound transmission requirements, such as laboratory areas or recording studios. Glass may be used which is transparent, translucent, or opaque, or in varying degrees thereof.

The nozzle mandrel must be adjusted eccentrically to the drawing nozzle in order to avoid uneven wall thicknesses. Therefore, the resulting tube initially has different wall thicknesses, which balance out after the bending. With this method, tube diameters between 1.5 and 70 mm can be generated; The throughput is higher than it would have been with the Danner method. Furthermore, it is possible here to use glasses with highly volatile components, such as borates (borosilicate glass) and lead oxides (lead glass), since the temperatures at the drawing nozzle are lower than in the Danner muffle.

In 2012 Williams received the Sinnott Hall of Fame Award by the Inkwell Awards."2012 Winners". Inkwell Awards. June 25, 2012 His style of inking is done using a brush and a crow quill nib achieving precise thicknesses.

The wheel disc in section is either two skin thicknesses at the spokes, or zero (i.e. open space) between them. Lightweight corrugated wheels, of a standard 860mm diameter, appeared in the 1980s for local commuter trains in Japan.

Niobium anodizes in a similar fashion to titanium with a range of attractive colors being formed by interference at different film thicknesses. Again the film thickness is dependent on the anodizing voltage. Uses include jewelry and commemorative coins.

Deligne et al (2016) argue that the field also has calc-alkaline basalt. Morphologically, Sand Mountain Field lavas have blocky appearances, reaching thicknesses up to though certain parts of the Lost Lake group have a ropy, pāhoehoe surface.

In Europe, most plasterboard is made in sheets, though sheets are also made. Plasterboard 120 cm wide is most commonly made in lengths, though or longer (if ordered) are commonly available. Thicknesses of plasterboard available are .Hegger, Manfred.

7 The internal structure of this volcano, which is in height above sea level (at Pico das Cruzinhas), is marked by layers of basaltic pyroclasts of various thicknesses (between centimetres and metres thick) forming a lithificated palagonite tuff.

Another issue is whether or not the interior shell, the walls of the working space, should be removable. How heavy should this wall be? Representative metal thicknesses range from 18 gauge (.0478 inch) up to 1/8 inch (.

If it is under-welded, the seal is incomplete. Variations in the thicknesses of materials can cause variations in weld quality. Some other food items sealed using ultrasonic welding include candy bar wrappers, frozen food packages and beverage containers.

They come in many forms based upon: where they clip on, shape, and type of thread. Each clip-on nut is designed for only a small range of sheet metal gauges (thicknesses). They are usually made from spring steel.

The Coalspur Formation is present in the Alberta foothills from south of the Wapiti River to the North Saskatchewan River. The formation is estimated to reach thicknesses of up to about , and the Coalspur coal zone is about to thick.

Corian is manufactured in three thicknesses: , , and . Most Corian is manufactured at a DuPont facility near Buffalo, New York. Cross-section cuts show consistent color and particulate patterning evenly distributed throughout the material, giving rise to the category name "solid surface".

Polypropylene strap (oriented or tensilized) is an economical material designed for light to medium duty unitizing, palletizing and bundling. It is available in various widths, thicknesses, and polymer variations (e.g., copolymers). Most polypropylene is embossed, some of which is also printed.

Overall the region is characterized by an eroded plateau with bedrock overlain by varying thicknesses of loess. Most characteristically, the river valleys are deeply dissected. The bluffs lining this reach of the Mississippi River drainage basin currently climb to not quite .

The size of a part puts a limit on how thin the wall thickness can be. For packaging containers thin wall means wall thicknesses that are less than 0.025 inch (0.62mm) with a flow length to wall thickness greater than 200.

The process was also referred to as the Held Take process. Perhaps the most famous example of a held take is the long shot of astronauts clambering down into a lunar excavation in 2001: A Space Odyssey. The technique, if used with a camera not specially designed for contact printing, runs the risk of jamming the camera, due to the double thickness of film in the gate, and damaging both the exposed and unexposed stock.Professional production cameras will accept two thicknesses of film; process cameras will accept three thicknesses of film or two plus a splice.

In geology, the Jacob's staff is mainly used to measure stratigraphic thicknesses in the field, especially when bedding is not visible or unclear (e.g., covered outcrop) and when due to the configuration of an outcrop, the apparent and real thicknesses of beds diverge therefore making the use of a tape measure difficult. There is a certain level of error to be expected when using this tool, due to the lack of an exact reference mean for measuring stratigraphic thickness. High-precision designs include a laser able to slide vertically along the staff and to rotate on a plane parallel to bedding.

The basic procedure is to manufacture the oxide layer with at least two known thicknesses (the layer can be made with photolithographic techniques and the thickness measured by ellipsometry). The thicknesses used depends on the sample being measured. For a sample with fluorophore height in the range of 10 nm, oxide thickness around 50 nm would be best because the FLIC intensity curve is steepest here and would produce the greatest contrast between fluorophore heights. Oxide thickness above a few hundred nanometers could be problematic because the curve begins to get smeared out by polychromatic light and a range of incident angles.

Harunas armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (up from varying thicknesses of 6 to 8 inches), while diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from now reinforced the main armored belt.McCurtie, p. 185.

The most commonly used shrink wrap is polyolefin. It is available in a variety of thicknesses, clarities, strengths and shrink ratios. The two primary films can be either crosslinked, or non crosslinked. Other shrink films include PVC, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and several other compositions.

The Windermere is both thick and extensive. It reaches thicknesses of more than more than , and is present parts of Montana, Idaho, and Washington in the United States, and parts of Alberta, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon in Canada.

With the touchfoil being applied one side of the glass, and the user being the other side, the controller and electronics are completely safe from vandalism and weather conditions. The electronics can be programmed for different thicknesses of glass up to 25mm thick.

These armor thicknesses were less than those of contemporary British () and French (Richelieu) designs. Conversely, the secondary battery was better-protected than most rivals. The 15 cm gun turrets had thick roofs, sides, and 100 mm fronts. The 10.5 cm guns had shields.

In parts the group reaches thicknesses of 2 to 4 km. Paleogeographic reconstruction of Pangea, 237 million years ago. The Choiyoi Group was deposited immediately east of the Proto-Andes. The plutonic equivalent of the Choiyoi Group volcanic material are mostly granitoids.

The deposit thicknesses range from 4–5 meters (maximum of 5.3 meters) near the center of the fan to around 0.5 meters near the pre-flood shoreline. Maximum boulder sizes decreased towards the shoreline due to the decreasing slope of the fan.

The formation members and their thicknesses are highly variable across the Chinle. The stratigraphically lowest formation is the Temple Mountain Member. However, in most areas, the basal member is the Shinarump Member. The Shinarump is a braided-river system channel-deposit facies.

Chato Aislado has been proposed as a geosite location for Chile. Chato Aislado features a caldera formed by explosive activity. This caldera has a diameter of . Ignimbrites with thicknesses of more than are exposed in the caldera, and crop out over a surface area of .

Snips and shears are used for cutting metal. Various types of snips and shears are used for different metals and thicknesses. Some shears allow longer or shorter cuts depending on the shear's style. Certain types of snips and shears are recommended for aviation metalworking.

Some gamma radiation from fallout will penetrate into even the best shelters. However, the radiation dose received while inside a shelter can be significantly reduced with proper shielding. Ten halving thicknesses of a given material can reduce gamma exposure to less than of unshielded exposure.

Neoprene wetsuit gloves Wetsuit gloves are worn to keep the hands warm and to protect the skin while working. They are available in a range of thicknesses. Thicker gloves reduce manual dexterity and limit feel. Wetsuit gloves are also commonly worn with dry suits.

This makes the slab much lighter than a massive solid concrete floor slab of equal thickness or strength. The reduced weight also lowers material and transportation costs. The slabs are typically 120 cm wide with standard thicknesses normally between 15 cm and 50 cm.

The Crowsnest Volcanics are exposed along a series of folded, west-dipping fault plates in the Front Ranges and foothills of the southern Canadian Rockies. They reach maximum thicknesses of along a trend that extends northward from Coleman along McGillivray Ridge to Ma Butte.

OSSB boards are available in thicknesses varying from in different densities. Novofibre Panel Board Holding China, Ltd., manufactures 3 standard products: # OSSB1 - General purpose boards for construction and interior decoration. # OSSB 3 - Load-bearing boards for use in construction with high strength stability needs.

Man applying surfboard wax to a skimboard. Riders typically favor a board length which reaches about their mid-chest height when stood on end. Thickness of the board depends somewhat on the materials used in construction, but typically ranges from . The most common thicknesses are .

The Synthetic Printing (SPID) grade of Teslin is ideal for use with laser printers. SPID grade is coated on both sides to enable the sheets to be fed into and through laser printers and copiers. It is normally available in 10 and 14 mil thicknesses.

There is a surviving design for a duckbill shoe by Albrecht Dürer; he describes it as made on an absolutely straight, symmetric last, and as having an entirely flat sole of two thicknesses of leather. They were also to have straps over the instep.

Altogether 17 southeast-northwest-striking lodes are encountered. They only reach thicknesses of about 3 centimeters, an exception being the Puyssechet lode near the Moulin Blanc quarry, which is 30 cm thick and strikes east-west. Besides the lodes there are also some pegmatite dikes.

Some of the sediments found as part of the formation may have been sourced from ancestral versions of other Pacific Northwest rivers like the Clearwater and Pend Oreille. Layers of volcanic ash can also be found, with thicknesses ranging from being barely noticeable to thick.

It erupted about 11,500 years ago. Oroscocha () is a dome with two associated lava flows that reach thicknesses of . The volcano covers a surface area of . Oroscocha was erupted from a fissure about 4450 BCE, and the flow modified the course of the Vilcanota river.

This is referred to as one-dimensional multiple quantum well confinement and leads to the splitting of the band of permitted energies into a number of discrete electronic subbands. By suitable design of the layer thicknesses it is possible to engineer a population inversion between two subbands in the system which is required in order to achieve laser emission. Because the position of the energy levels in the system is primarily determined by the layer thicknesses and not the material, it is possible to tune the emission wavelength of QCLs over a wide range in the same material system. In quantum cascade structures, electrons undergo intersubband transitions and photons are emitted.

In the particular case of parallel layers the inclination of the correlation line is 450. The Perspective Geological Correlation also states that #each sedimentary basin consists of a number of stratigraphic units (sequence of layers without unconformities), and #in each unit the relations between the thicknesses of the layers in two cross-sections satisfy the perspective geometry conditions with individual ratios K. Heites also concludes that all strata in each unit were governed by the same rate of deposition, and their borders are synchronous time-planes. Each layer has different thicknesses in different locations, but they lasted equally long. It was a significant input in chronostratigraphy.

134, 136, 139 The four armoured decks ranged in thickness from with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the roof was 3 inches thick. The spotting tower behind and above the conning tower had 6-inch sides and the torpedo-control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof. Like the Colossus-class ships, the Orions eliminated the anti-torpedo bulkheads that protected the engine and boiler rooms, reverting to the scheme in the older dreadnoughts that placed them only outboard of the magazines with thicknesses ranging from .

Wool insulation commonly comes in rolls of batts or ropes with varied widths and thicknesses depending on the manufacturer. Generally, wool batts have thicknesses of 50 mm (2 in) to 100mm (4 in), with widths of 400 mm (16 in) and 600 mm (24 in), and lengths of 4000 mm (13 ft 4 in), 5000 mm (16 ft 8 in), 6000 mm (20 ft) and 7200 mm (24 ft). The widths of 16 in and 24 in are the standard measurements between studs in a stud frame wall. Most manufacturers provide custom sizes as well and batts and ropes are easy to cut once on site.

The Flume Formation reaches thicknesses of up to . It has been exposed by thrust faulting in the main and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies in a belt extending from the Kakwa Lakes area in northeastern British Columbia to south of the Bow River in Alberta.

Art Deco portfolio with chrome-plated cover, ca 1925 ' is designed to be aesthetically pleasing and durable. Thicknesses range from , however they are usually between . The chromium plating is usually applied over bright nickel plating. Typical base materials include steel, aluminium, plastic, copper alloys, and zinc alloys.

The gun turrets had faces and sides with roofs. The three armoured decks ranged in thicknesses from . The front and sides of the forward conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick, respectively.Burt, pp.

In the Carpenter Center the Modulor system was used for the brise-soleil distances, the floor to floor heights, the bay distances and the column thicknesses. Le Corbusier conceived that the dimensioning of the entrance ramp would be "visible essay on the mathematics of the human body".

They were paper doll cut- outs that he photographed and then touched up with chalk, ink, and color pencil. Additionally, he used many different fonts of varying sizes and thicknesses. He was assisted in illustrating the book by Dick Elffers. The book was finally published in 1938.

The machine-carded roving is produced in disc-shaped rolls. This is the original unspun lopi first used for knitting c.1920s. More recently, lightly spun lopi yarn in different thicknesses has become available. Most wool produced in Iceland is processed by Ístex, the Icelandic Textile Company.

It is also most commonly used by diabetics during blood glucose monitoring. The depth of skin penetration can be adjusted for various skin thicknesses. Long lancing devices are used for fetal scalp blood testing to get a measure of the acid base status of the fetus.

The edict included a ban on grazing and oaks, pines, maples and elms with trunk thicknesses of more than were excluded from felling.T. K. K Goryschyna: istorii sapowednika «Les na Worskle». In: Russkij ornitologitscheskij Journal. 2012. – Belgorod, 2005, Teil 21. – Express-wypusk Nr. 785, p.1949–1963.

2D materials are crystalline materials consisting of a two-dimensional single layer of atoms. The most important representative graphene was discovered in 2004. Thin films with nanoscale thicknesses are considered nanostructures, but are sometimes not considered nanomaterials because they do not exist separately from the substrate.

Fuller, Chicago Tribune, December 7, 1958. The majority of brick walls are however usually between one and three bricks thick. At these more modest wall thicknesses, distinct patterns have emerged allowing for a structurally sound layout of bricks internal to each particular specified thickness of wall.

Among the components of the cone are scoria and large blocks of basalt. The cone is breached at the location of a lava tube. Its eruption also generated an eastward pointing ash deposit with thicknesses of . It also contains lapilli and lava bombs with dimensions of .

The casemates were protected by 6 inches of Krupp armour. The thicknesses of the mild steel decks ranged from . The walls of the forward conning tower were 10 inches of Harvey armour with a roof and the aft conning tower had three inches of nickel steel.Burt, pp.

Clinical Interpretation based on results from GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer from Carl Zeiss Meditec. Firstly, this instrument is used to measure thickness of nerve fiber layer in our retina. But, GDx give monochromatic image. Then this system will analyze and give colors for certain various thicknesses.

If the incident light is broadband, or white, such as light from the sun, interference patterns appear as colorful bands. Different wavelengths of light create constructive interference for different film thicknesses. Different regions of the film appear in different colors depending on the local film thickness.

This expertise may include metal of all thicknesses with hand tools, welders and very large cutting, forming and shaping equipment. Having had other ratings such as molder, patternmaker, carpenter, pipefitter and others absorbed into the rating, HTs may be tasked with working with all types of materials.

Black became the standard industry color for vinyl standard tape, primarily because of its ultraviolet resistance. Thicknesses originally were 4 mil (100 µm), 8 mil (200 µm) and 12 mil (300 µm). These were standardized to 7 mil (180 µm) and 10 mil (250 µm) in 1948.

These depressions were again filled with lake sediments with occasional volcanic intercalations, the so-called peperites. The sediments can reach considerable thicknesses e.g. 2500 meter in the Limagne. Towards the end of the Miocene the precursors of the great stratovolcanoes Cantal and Monts Dore started to form.

The Willow Creek Formation is present in southwestern Alberta, south of the Bow River, and extends a short distance into northern Montana. It thins eastward from the foothills of the Canadian Rockies to its limit east of Vulcan, Alberta. Thicknesses exceeding 1000 meters have been reported.

If the resultant tongues are different width or thicknesses, the drum will produce two different pitches. It is used throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. In Africa such drums, strategically situated for optimal acoustic transmission (e.g., along a river or valley), have been used for long-distance communication.

One is shipped on the handgun and three extra are in the case. The backstraps are two different thicknesses and two different patterns (a cross-hatch pattern similar to the sides of the grip, and horizontal lines similar to the front of the grip). barrel; 2. slide; 3.

Parts are made from sheet, angle, and tubular stock. The aluminum sheet and extruded angles are limited to two required thicknesses, thus simplifying purchases. Components are fastened using steel mandrel blind rivets of various length. The sheet metal is formed over wooden templates traced from the full sized plans.

Their thicknesses and widths range , increasing on gentler slopes. Especially on the upper slopes, old colluvium conceals the surface of Vinta Loma lava flows. The texture of the lavas ranges from porphyritic to seriate. Two-pyroxene andesite is the dominant component but dacite has been found as well.

By the end of the second year, the Soviet industry was to produce 20 copies of the aircraft, ready for state acceptance trials.Gordon, 2002, p.26 The Soviet Union used the metric system and so sheet aluminium in thicknesses matching the B-29's imperial measurements were unavailable.

The corresponding metric-gauge metal was of different thicknesses. Alloys and other materials new to the Soviet Union had to be brought into production. Extensive re- engineering had to take place to compensate for the differences, and Soviet official strength margins had to be decreased to avoid further redesign.

Noto is a font family designed to cover all the scripts encoded in the Unicode standard. It is designed with the goal of achieving visual harmony (e.g., compatible heights and stroke thicknesses) across multiple languages/scripts. Commissioned by Google, the font is licensed under the SIL Open Font License.

In the western part of the depression, six Holocene cinder cones are found which have generated lava flows. These lava flows have thicknesses of . These cones include Khorog and Dzan Tologai. An arcuate chain of volcanoes named Odnobokii, Listvennichnyi, and Sosnovyi is found directly southwest of Khorog/Khorgo.

In Portuguese rusk is called tosta. "Tosta" word means a hard, biscuit-textured slice of bread - it can be sweet, but most often it is savory. It can have various shapes and thicknesses. When ground, it is called "pão ralado", literally ground bread and has various culinary uses.

Parts are made from sheet, angle, and tubular stock. The aluminum sheet and extruded angles are limited to two required thicknesses, thus simplifying purchases. Components are fastened using steel mandrel blind rivets of various length. The sheet metal is formed over wooden templates traced from the full sized plans.

The term plasterboard is used in Australia and New Zealand, and in the latter country it is also known as Gibraltar ("Gib") board; it is manufactured in thicknesses of 10 mm, 13 mm, and 16 mm, and sometimes other thicknesses up to 25 mm. Panels are commonly sold in 1200 × 2400 mm, 1200 × 4800 mm, and 1200 × 6000 mm sheets. Sheets are usually secured to either a timber or cold-formed steel frames anywhere from 150 to 300 mm centres along the beam and 400 to 600 mm across members. In both countries, plasterboard has become a widely used replacement for scrim and sarking walls in the renovation of 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.

Generally three are used: one for the thumb, and one each for the middle and index fingers. Fingerpicks worn on the thumb are generally called "thumbpicks". Most players use a plastic thumbpick while using metal fingerpicks. Fingerpicks come in a variety of thicknesses to accommodate different musicians' styles of playing.

The Perdrix Formation is present as outcrops in the front and main ranges of the Canadian Rockies from the Kakwa Lakes area in northeastern British Columbia to the Ram River area of Alberta. It is also recognized in the subsurface immediately adjacent to the mountain front. Thicknesses range from about to .

The Hulcross Formation is present in northeastern British Columbia throughout the foothills of the Canadian Rockies between the Peace and Kakwa Rivers, where it reaches thicknesses of up to . It is exposed along the Peace River eastward from the foothills almost as far as its confluence with the Halfway River.

Other similar materials are composed of aluminium-titanium, or titanium-amorphous silicon, are used for joining materials by reactive bonding. Other similar intermetallic compositions used in pyrotechnics are titanium-boron and aluminium-palladium ("Pyrofuze"). These foils are made in a range of thicknesses, e.g. 60, 80, 100, and 150 micrometers.

The resulting heating causes the material to melt and then evaporate. Temperatures in excess of 3500 degrees Celsius can be reached. The vapor from the source condenses onto a substrate, creating a thin film of high-purity material. Film thicknesses from a single atomic layer to many micrometers can be achieved.

Tantalum anodizes similarly to titanium and niobium with a range of attractive colours being formed by interference at different film thicknesses. Again the film thickness is dependent on the anodizing voltage and typically ranges from 18 to 23 Angstroms per volt depending on electrolyte and temperature. Uses include tantalum capacitors.

Stratigraphic thicknesses in outcrop range from , but offshore the interval thickens to as much as .May, 2019 Together with the Catahoula, Fleming and Oakville Formation, the Goliad Formation is part of the Gulf Coast aquifer, an extensive artesian aquifer that produces water primarily for irrigation and municipalities.Page et al., 2005, p.

A588 has a yield strength of at least , and ultimate tensile strength of for all rolled shapes and plate thicknesses up to thick. Plates from have yield strength at least and ultimate tensile strength at least , and plates from thick have yield strength at least and ultimate tensile strength at least .

Before her invention, the best measurement instruments were only accurate to a few thousandths of an inch. Her glass "ruler" much more precisely showed the progression of colors and their corresponding thicknesses. Measuring thickness became as simple as matching colors. Blodgett and Langmuir also worked on improvements to the light bulb.

The barbettes were protected by compound armour, ranging in thickness from , and the casemates for the 6-inch guns were protected by armour equally thick. The thicknesses of the deck armour ranged from . The walls of the forward conning tower were thick and the aft conning tower was protected by 3-inch plates.

The R-120's structure is covered with 6061-T6 sheet of varying thicknesses. The wings are supported by conventional "V" struts. 6061-T6 is predominantly used for its lower cost and also its better corrosion resistance, since many R-120s are flown on floats. Its span wing has an area of .

Unlike Laojiao (re-education through labor) inmates, Laogai criminals are issued clothing. Depending on the locale and its economic situation, the quality of clothing can vary significantly. Some prisoners may receive black or grey while others wear dark red or blue. Also depending on location, the clothing is available in different thicknesses.

But a mechanism which would allow letters of various sizes, shapes and thicknesses to pass through a sorter proved a stumbling block. In 1875 Thomas Leavitt and his brother Martin were issued United States Patent Number 175,290 for a device which would allow different sizes of letters to have their postage stamps cancelled.

The crystals arrange in various shapes and even thicknesses throughout the chitin matrix. Still, depending on the formation of the chitin matrix, this can have varying profound effects on the formation of the goethite crystals. The space in between the crystals and the chitin matrix is filled with an amorphous hydrated silica (SiO2).

5/16" or 3/8" angle thicknesses are common. See above photo of round duct elbows, transitions, and stiffeners. The duct elbow radius is from 1 1/2 to 2 times the duct diameter. The round duct has ovaling, and shipping rings at 20 foot nominal spacing, and larger support rings at supports.

Also called "burning stabilized laser gas cutting", "flame cutting". Reactive cutting is like oxygen torch cutting but with a laser beam as the ignition source. Mostly used for cutting carbon steel in thicknesses over 1 mm. This process can be used to cut very thick steel plates with relatively little laser power.

The castle was a single rectangular tower probably with a full or partial ring wall on top of a small hill. The ruins are in poor condition and generally over grown. The tower is about with wall thicknesses of between . The south wall is about the most visible and is about high.

Blades consist of elongated diamonds. The thickness is controlled and blades are available in thicknesses from . # Grit-type tools are of a tough grade, and can be used for bench grinders. # Since small points are used, the diamonds have a cutting edge with natural points, unlike single- point tools, which have brutted points.

A few high-flotation foam core boards and "soft" boards have been built with thicknesses in excess of . A board is capable of sharper turns while sacrificing a little speed. A board will be able to glide out farther, but turns slightly slower. Most skimboards will have some nose lift, or rocker.

Butted tubing has increased thickness near the joints for strength while keeping weight low with thinner material elsewhere. For example, triple butted means the tube, usually of an aluminum alloy, has three different thicknesses, with the thicker sections at the end where they are welded. The same material can be used in handlebars.

Therefore, this method is suitable for very thick moldings. Since veneer is a natural product, it is necessary to observe certain limitations in the pressing process. The smallest radius is dependent on the veneer thicknesses used and is 12 mm at a 90 degree angle. A taper of the moulded parts is possible.

Andesitic-dacitic materials dominate, including block-and-ash flows, lahars and tuff. Andesitic lava flows have thicknesses of ; two at Miri are and thick. The dacites form lava domes and subsidiary centres. Rock fragments are widely buried by long lava flows, and an Eocene mélange makes up part of the volcano's basement.

The lavas cover a surface area of and tend to have thicknesses . Many of these were erupted from fissures with no clear vents. Cinder cones have average heights of above basis. There is some geographical differentiation with the largest cones found on the western side and the cones concentrated on the easternmost edge.

Marl and siliceous rocks deposited during continued transgression in the Albian, Turonian, Santonian, Campanian and Maastrichtian, while continental deposition took place in the Nubo-Arabian Shield in the southeast. The Sirhan Basin, Al Jafr Basin and Al Azraq Wadi all accumulated significant sediment thicknesses. Chert and phosphorite layers are common from the period.

This gives the layers in this intrusion a syncline formation. Examples of this type of intrusion can be seen in the Bushveld Igneous Complex and the Great Dyke. Chromite can be seen in stratiform deposits as multiple layers which consist of chromitite. Thicknesses for these layers range between 1 cm to 1 m.

RooR offers a wide range of products, the cornerstone of which are their bongs. They offer straight tube bongs, as well as beaker bottoms. They come in thicknesses as small as 2mm up to 9mm. RooR also offers a multitude of customization options to their standard bongs, as well as various collaboration pieces.

The Macusani volcanics belong to the so- called "inner volcanic arc" in the Cordillera Oriental. The Macusani ignimbrites are unwelded, unsorted and only weakly stratified. Individual flow sheets reach thicknesses of . They are rich in crystals and contain lithics and obsidian splinters; some of these may be the remnants of eroded lava flows.

Low-iron, or water white glass, is made using special iron free silica, and is generally only available in 2.0 mm thicknesses for picture framing applications. Because low iron glass light absorption can be as low as 0.5% vs. ~ 2% for clear glass, the light transmission will be significantly better vs. clear glass.

It reaches thicknesses of on Mount Merapi, on Mount Bromo, at Ijen and on Bali's Agung volcano. In Lake Logung away from Samalas on Java it is thick. Most of the tephra was deposited west-southwest of Samalas. Considering the thickness of Samalas Tephra found at Mount Merapi, the total volume may have reached .

The age of collapse is not yet known, but it is presently filled with ice to thicknesses of . The ice drains through two glaciers in the west and the north of the caldera. Sollipulli has developed on a basement formed by Mesozoic and Cenozoic geological formations. Sollipulli was active in the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs.

It consists of a group of monogenetic vents that surround the Cerro Negro mountain. North of the mountain two dykes have been found, while lava flows with thicknesses of are found embedded within sediments on its southern side. Antilla rocks are compositionally trachybasalts to trachytes. They are porphyritic and contain phenocrysts of amphibole and clinopyroxene.

Once it is processed, cotton can be spun into yarn of various thicknesses to be woven or knitted into various different products such as velvet, chambray, corduroy, jersey, flannel, and velour that can be used in clothing tapestries, rugs, and drapes, as shown in the image of the cotton tapestry that was woven in India.

Fuel on top of water creates a thin film, which interferes with the light, producing different colours. The different bands represent different thicknesses in the film. An iridescent biofilm on the surface of a fishtank diffracts the reflected light, displaying the entire spectrum of colours. Red is seen from longer angles of incidence than blue.

The Golden Valley Formation is present as a series of outliers in western North Dakota. It is underlain by the Sentinel Butte Formation and unconformably overlain by the White River Group. It reaches thicknesses of up to and is subdivided into two members: the Bear Den Member (lower) and the Camels Butte Member (upper).

The viscosity depends on the mixture with the solvent for different layer thicknesses (1.5 to 500 µm). Using multilayer coating a layer thickness up to 1 mm is reachable. The lithographic structuring is based on a photoinitiator triaylium-sulfonium that releases lewis acid during UV radiation. This acid works as catalyst for the polymerization.

Diagenesis may play a role in the formation of some dikes.Richard J. Davies, R.J.; Huuse, M.; Hirst, P.; Cartwright, J.; Yang, Y., 2006, Giant clastic intrusions primed by silica diagenesis, Geology, 34, p. 917-920 Clastic dikes are commonly vertical or near-vertical. Centimeter-scale widths are common, but thicknesses range from millimetres to metres.

The thicknesses of the air and dielectric layers are 0.8 and 0.2 of the period, respectively. The wavelength in the figures below, corresponds to multiples of the cell period. This DBR is also a simple example of a 1D photonic crystal. It has a complete TE band gap, but only a pseudo TM band gap.

Isometric, plan and elevation images of KV9 taken from a 3d model The entrance is decorated with a disk containing a scarab and an image of the ram-headed Ra between Isis and Nephthys who are kneeling. The jambs and thicknesses, mentions the name of Ramesses VI. The jambs are usurped from Ramesses V.

Compositionally, volcanic rocks from Ioah resemble these of the Rarotonga hotspot. During the Aptian-Cenomanian, limestones and volcanic rocks formed sediments on Ioah Guyot which developed a reef system. A secondary reefal phase occurred during Santonian to Maastrichtian times. Ioah developed the largest reefs of the Magellan Seamounts, with coral material accumulating to thicknesses of .

It lies in the Cordillera Occidental. The city of Oruro lies northwest of Morococala, and the town of Llallagua is just south. Morococala consists of a high plateau, and is a field consisting of ignimbrites and tuffs, which were deposited on top of the basement. These form sequences with thicknesses on average less than .

Both options require huge efforts and are connected with a lot of expertise. In 1995 the minimum thickness of the dielectric was 4 µm. By 2005 some manufacturers produced MLCC chips with layer thicknesses of 1 µm. , the minimum thickness is about 0.5 µm. The field strength in the dielectric increased to 35 V/µm.

The deposits are formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in lithics. This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of and fell from a eruption column. The Soncor ignimbrite extended as much as west from the volcano, north and south. It is white, heterogeneous and mostly featureless with only weak sorting, but features a noticeable compositional zonation.

The caldera forming eruption commenced with a phreatoplinian eruption that generated deposits of fine ash. Several yellowish rhyolitic ignimbrites were erupted, reaching a thickness of over . These ignimbrites filled gullies around the lake and also reach thicknesses of several tens of centimetres in the Vychenkiya River and Unkanovich River valleys. This eruption phase occurred through the lake.

The cast iron pressure cylinder is wrapped with several thicknesses of a special material made of wool and cotton lapping, the object of which is to provide the elasticity necessary to enable it to properly force the cloth to be printed into the lines of engraving.Mastering the Art of Fabric Printing and Design. Laurie Wisbrun. 2012. 208 pag.

Specific lava flows normally extend over and reach a thickness of . But in some areas, lava flows reach thicknesses of . A number of pillow lava and pillow breccia deposits are exposed throughout the Chilcotin Group. Pyroclastic fall deposits, composed of lapilli, were erupted from volcanoes in the Pemberton Belt and are overlain by subsequent basaltic lava flows.

Paper-based microfluidics utilizes the wicking ability of paper for functional readouts. Paper-based microfluidics is an attractive method because paper is cheap, easily accessible, and has a low environmental impact. Paper is also versatile because it is available in various thicknesses and pore sizes. Coatings such as wax have been used to guide flow in paper microfluidics.

Pasa Jell wet and dry hone are chemical etchants produced by Semco. They create oxide thicknesses of 10-20 nm. It is recommended to degrease the titanium surface and remove any corrosion by way of sanding and/or grit blasting prior to application. Typical application times are 10–15 minutes followed by a rinse with tap water.

Parkes, pp. 498–99 The ships were also fitted with three 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and the third in the stern. The Bellerophon-class ships had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was thick between the fore and aftmost barbettes. The three armoured decks ranged in thicknesses from .

Different thicknesses are used for different kinds of music, and the alloy for each manufacturer's models varies. A thick cymbal is likely to be used by a metal or rock band, while thinner cymbals are generally used in lighter rock. Darker crashes are best used for jazz. The sound of a crash is changed by its luster.

H. Cho et al, Nature Materials, 19 October 2008. are formed by moving the print head, equipped with a mechanical stop/start shutter, relative to the substrate. The resulting patterns can have features ranging from 10 µm wide, with layer thicknesses from tens of nanometers to >10 µm.B. Kahn, Organic and Printed Electronics, Volume 1, Issue 2 (2007).

The domes cover an area of about , are up to high and are isolated and little eroded. The domes are accompanied by intrusions and lava and pyroclastic flow deposits. The volcanism appears to come from fissure vents and the volcanoes have been affected by faulting. These deposits reach thicknesses of and also occur on neighbouring volcanic centres.

The life of a road can be prolonged through good design, construction and maintenance practices. During design, engineers measure the traffic on a road, paying special attention to the number and types of trucks. They also evaluate the subsoil to see how much load it can withstand. The pavement and subbase thicknesses are designed to withstand the wheel loads.

Rubber mats evolved by industries seeking sustainable products made from recycled materials. The rubber crumb recycled from scrap tires is a primary petroleum based material. Depending on the site soil conditions, there are various thicknesses of mats that can be manufactured. The base material of the rubber mat is crumb rubber, urethane, and fibre from recycled motor vehicle tires.

The ses strings were made of twisted silk, in varying thicknesses. According to Lüshi Chunqiu on the number of strings that the se has: "A five stringed se, then became a fifteen stringed se. When Shun came to power, he added eight strings, so it became twenty-three." Another view suggests that the se started out with 50 strings.

A bubble is made of transparent water enclosing transparent air. However the soap film is as thin as the visible light wavelength, resulting in interferences. This creates iridescence which, together with the bubble's spherical shape and fragility, contributes to its magical effect on children and adults alike. Each colour is the result of varying thicknesses of soap bubble film.

When viewed with monochromatic light, Newton's rings appear as a series of concentric, alternating bright and dark rings centered at the point of contact between the two surfaces. When viewed with white light, it forms a concentric ring pattern of rainbow colors, because the different wavelengths of light interfere at different thicknesses of the air layer between the surfaces.

In the peeling line, the peeling blade is led with high pressure against the rotating log section. The result is a continuous veneer strip which is cut into the required widths. You can create veneers with thicknesses of 0.6 mm to 2.3 mm. The veneers are still wet when they come out and run through the drying area.

The roots form a perennial rhizome. Various forms of leaf blades have been observed, both in larger ranges and smaller individual populations. Petioles range from green to green-purple to purple with a medium green blade petiole lengths between 38 and 98 centimeters and blade length being between 9 and 57 centimeters. Lateral veins also have variable thicknesses.

Standard home or office machines normally use 80–250 micrometre pouches, depending on the quality of the machine. The thicker the pouch, the higher the cost. Pouches can also measured in mil, which equals one thousandth of an inch. The most common pouch thicknesses are 3, 5, 7 and 10 mil (76, 127, 178 and 254 μm).

The lateral profile of the bridge deck comprises a single box section and an Orthotropic deck inclined at 3.8%. The horizontal profile of the support floor is wide. There is therefore a difference between the thicknesses of the two sides of the bridge support which is on the inner side of the road's curvature, and on the outer side.

Wall safes are designed to provide hidden protection for documents and miscellaneous valuables. Adjustable depth allows the maximization of usable space when installed in different wall thicknesses. Some wall safes feature pry-resistant recessed doors with concealed hinges for anti-theft protection. A painting can be hung over a wall safe to obscure it from public view.

Histogram of crustal thickness versus area on Mars, adapted from Neumann et al., 2004. The hemispheric dichotomy is clear in the two peaks in the data. Gravity and topography data show that crustal thickness on Mars is resolved into two major peaks, with modal thicknesses of 32 km and 58 km in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively.

The method of installation and type of drywall can reduce sound transmission through walls and ceilings. Several builders' books state that thicker drywall reduces sound transmission, but engineering manuals recommend using multiple layers of drywall, sometimes of different thicknesses and glued together, or special types of drywall designed to reduce noise.Ballou, Glen. Handbook for sound engineers. 3rd ed.

Visible light cannot pass through large thicknesses of the opal. This is the basis of the optical band gap in a photonic crystal. The notion that opals are photonic crystals for visible light was expressed in 1995 by Vasily Astratov's group. In addition, microfractures may be filled with secondary silica and form thin lamellae inside the opal during solidification.

Magma genesis mainly involved fractional crystallization processes. Rocks from Emi Koussi were used as raw material by Neolithic societies of the region. During the early Holocene, Era Kohor was filled with a deep, circular lake. Diatom beds have been found above the floor of Era Kohor and in depressions without outlet elsewhere in the caldera, they reach thicknesses of .

The Type 97 automatic cannon is a Japanese anti-tank rifle that began development in the 1930s. It was used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts and the Pacific War. Ever-greater thicknesses of armour on tanks rendered the Type 97 obsolete by about 1942.

In general, Peruvian glaciers form the bulk of the world's tropical glaciers. The ice cap consists of three ice domes and many glaciers. Perennial snow fields are present on Coropuna, sometimes making it hard to measure the true extent of glaciation or glacier retreat. On average, the ice cap of Coropuna is about thick, with maximum thicknesses exceeding .

The engraved image of Washington was modeled after a painting by Gilbert Stuart.McKinney, BSA Journal, 1962 The first issues were printed on hard brittle paper and later printed on soft woven paper of varying thicknesses. Colors were generally dull for stamps printed before 1868. The stamps were issued in sheets perforated with 12 gauge perforations or 'imperforate', i.e.

7 and 1 meter. The longitudinal beams are rectangular hollow sections 1 x .5 meters and plates with varying thicknesses between and . In the central zone (with the arch above the deck) the beams have a central web connected to the web of the arch, allowing transfer of the vertical load of the longitudinal beam to the arch.

A large lava field with thicknesses of formed during the Late Pliocene, when the largest eruptions took place. These flows reached a thickness of approximately . Nine volcanoes bearing evidence of having formed beneath ice are found in the southeastern part of the field. Volcanoes on the plateau are about high and have the form of tables.

The section through the water-fissured strata is lined with iron tubing, although throughout its life the electric pumps were required to extract per day. Both shafts had a diameter of , with No.1 shaft having a depth of , and No.2 with a depth of , to enable access to the Bensham seam, with thicknesses between to .

Ferromanganese crusts on the seamount contain apatite, asbolane, buserite, calcite, clay, feldspar, ferrihydrite, feroxyhyte, goethite, hematite, quartz and todorokite and reach thicknesses of , although they only cover small sectors of Ioah Guyot. Phosphate-containing minerals were deposited over time on Ioah; presently the guyot contains about of phosphorite ore. Some of these ferromanganese deposits form nodules encased within limestones.

Laminated glass offers shatter-resistance and protection from malicious breakage to art glazing. The most commonly used configuration is Glass + PVB Foil + Glass. Some variations of foils and glass thicknesses can offer shatter- and breakage-resistance or even bullet-resistance. The absorption of laminated glass depends on the glass substrates and foils used in the laminating process.

Oceanic crust thickens with distance from the mid-ocean ridge at which it originated. Therefore, as the Pacific plate migrated, the magma from the Cobb hotspot interacted with different thicknesses of crust. A thicker ocean crust would result in more differentiated basalt, while thinner crusts, like those at the current hotspot location, create less differentiated magma.

Composition, biomass, and mineral soil physical and chemical properties are affected. In Alaska, the accumulation of organic layers (to greater thicknesses in mature stands of spruce than those in hardwood stands on similar sites) leads to decreased soil temperatures, in some cases leading to the development of permafrost (Viereck 1970a, b, Viereck et al. 1983).Viereck, L.A. (1970a).

In Japan, there are several similar dishes to tamagoyaki, such as usuyaki-tamago, kinshi- tamago, and iri-tamago. They differ by their thicknesses, and the manner in which they are fried. Usuyaki-tamago is thinner, kinshi-tamago is a kind of usuyaki-tamago that cuts like fine threads, and iri-tamago is similar to scrambled eggs.

One series of ignimbrites surrounding Taftan which reaches thicknesses of and reaches distances of from the edifice may be 2 million years old. The basement of Taftan is formed by various sedimentary rocks, along with some mafic volcanic rocks and metamorphic rocks. At Taftan, the Nehbandan-Khash flysch borders the Makran zone. The oldest rocks are limestones from the Cretaceous period.

The resulting gold bars are then readied for rolling. The alloyed gold bars are rolled by presses to different thicknesses for different types of jewelry. Each part is carefully stamped, one at a time, out of the rolled gold sheets using patterns and dies. The solid gold leaves and other patterns are then ready to be added to a cast jewelry base.

In some locations this saprolite reaches thicknesses of about . The development of this weathering is attributed to the humid climate and to stable conditions with limited amounts of erosion. Where the batholith-derived saprolite is eroded, inselbergs, such as El Peñón de Guatapé, crop out. Inselbergs correspond to rock masses of the batholith that resisted weathering and erosion by being less fractured.

Several fitting algorithms have been attempted for X-ray reflectivity, some of which find a local optimum instead of the global optimum. The Levenberg-Marquardt method finds a local optimum. Due to the curve having many interference fringes, it finds incorrect layer thicknesses unless the initial guess is extraordinarily good. The derivative-free simplex method also finds a local optimum.

The Fairholme Group is present in the Canadian Rockies from the Kakwa Lakes area of northeastern British Columbia, south through Alberta to the Flathead River region of southeastern British Columbia, as well as in the subsurface beneath the immediately adjacent plains to the east. Where fully developed, the group reaches thicknesses from about 300 to 728 m (980 to 2400 feet).

The Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event in the mid Cretaceous deposited shales with an average organic content 6-10%, including samples that have reached over 15% organic content. On average, these shales have thicknesses of 22 meters. Overlying shales provide additional thickness for the source rocks of this system. The maturity levels for the shales range from immature to the main oil window.

Hard brick was used for the foundation walls up to the basement story, above which large granite blocks were placed in the wall. The foundation used of yards, sand, plaster, lime, and cement. The World Building contained a hybrid cage-frame structure whose exterior walls were partially load-bearing. The exterior walls' thicknesses had been prescribed by city building codes of the time.

The thickness of the formation increases, more or less, from east to west and averages about in the Santa Ynez Mountains. However, thicknesses vary widely, ranging from a maximum of west of San Marcos Pass, to thick in the subsurface of the offshore Hondo Oil Field, and only thick in the offshore Molino Gas Field, which is located west of Hondo.

The lintel contains hetep di nesu texts mentioning Penamun and his wife Neb(t)nuhet. The offerings from the king invoke Ptah, Hathor and Horus, son of Isis. The doorjambs and thicknesses contain texts mentioning a servant in the Place of Truth named Wennenufer, and Penamun's parents Baki and Taysen. In one text Penamun is said to be the son of Amennakht.

Composed in 1942 for a dance by Valerie Bettis. Ten individual notes are prepared, mostly with small screws, and a whole range from G1 to C3 is prepared using "two thicknesses of woolen material". This material is placed between the strings in the following manner: over the first string, under the second, over the third, under the fourth, etc.Score: Edition Peters 6811.

Due to the softness of the metal, it may be alloyed with magnesium, copper, or bronze to increase its strength. Sheet aluminium is commonly used for baking sheets, pie plates, and cake or muffin pans. Deep or shallow pots may be formed from sheet aluminium. Cast aluminium can produce a thicker product than sheet aluminium, and is appropriate for irregular shapes and thicknesses.

Both resins belong to a class of thermosetting resins which crosslink during the press cycle creating irreversible chemical bonds that produce a nonreactive, stable material with characteristics different and superior to those of the component parts. HPL can be produced using both continuous and discontinuous (batch) manufacturing processes. HPL are supplied in sheet form in a variety of sizes, thicknesses and surface finishes.

Bismuth telluride is a well-studied topological insulator. Its physical properties have been shown to change at highly reduced thicknesses, when its conducting surface states are exposed and isolated. These thin samples are obtained through either epitaxy or mechanical exfoliation. Epitaxial growth methods such as molecular beam epitaxy and metal organic chemical vapor deposition are common methods of obtaining thin Bi2Te3 samples.

The hinges consist of thick pintles at the top and bottom of the left side of the door. The door is said to weigh 1,000 pounds. The door is six feet wide and eight feet high and is of two thicknesses. There is a large, horizontal board at the top, then two small boards, and at the bottom four more horizontal boards.

On the territory of the deposit are located the village Tolvuya and several other villages, including abandoned. Layers of shungite rocks interspersed with tuffs, dolomite and siltstone. Within the Zazhoginskoe field are sills and dikes of metadiabases and metagabbro. Thickness of the sills is typically less than 50 m, but at the upper base sills reach thicknesses of over 150 m.

Aida cloth is manufactured with various size spaces or holes between the warp and weft to accommodate different thicknesses of yarn. These are described by the count. For example, a 10-count aida cloth would have 10 squares per linear inch. Typical sizes are 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 22, and 28 count, ranked from the coarsest to the finest count.

Figures for Kniaz Pozharskys armor protection vary between sources. They agree that she had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that had a total height of with below the waterline. Thicknesses for the belt are quoted from thick. The guns were protected by a section of 114-millimeter armor, long; no information on any armored transverse bulkheads is available.

However, some molds contain both aluminum and steel. This allows for variable thicknesses in the walls of the product. While this process is not as precise as injection molding, it does provide the designer with more options. The aluminum addition to the steel provides more heat capacity, causing the melt-flow to stay in a fluid state for a longer period.

Due to the uniform thicknesses achieved, large stretched sections are nonexistent, which makes large thin panels possible (although warping may occur). Also, there is little flow of plastic (stretching) but rather a placing of the material within the part. These thin walls also limit cost and production time. Another cost advantage with rotational molding is the minimal amount of material wasted in production.

17 Kirishimas armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (as opposed to varying thicknesses of 6–8 inches before the upgrades), while diagonal bulkheads of a depth ranging from reinforced the main armored belt.McCurtie, p. 185 The turret armor was strengthened to , while were added to portions of the deck armor.

The sum of the thicknesses of the two dielectric materials remains constant but the thickness of each can vary. The thickness of the material to be measured displaces the other dielectric. The gap is often an air gap, (dielectric constant = 1) and the material has a higher dielectric. As the material gets thicker, the capacitance increases and is sensed by the system.

18 Kongōs armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from were added to reinforce the main armored belt.McCurtie (1989), p. 185. The turret armor was strengthened to , while were added to portions of the deck armor.

Construction began in 1968 and finished in 1973 at a cost of approximately $12 million. Made of steel pipe of various diameters and thicknesses, the structure weighs . The central pipe, or core, where the elevator is located, is in diameter and made of pipe that is 12 mm thick. It sits on a four-legged base that is about meters tall.

Farellones Formation () is a geological formation of Miocene age in the Andes of Central Chile up almost entirely of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. At some location reaches thicknesses in excess of . It overlies the Oligo–Miocene Abanico Formation across a diachronous unconformity. The best exposure of the formation is said to be at the ski resort of Farellones east of Santiago.

Different thread thicknesses are used for different parts of a subject in embroidery. Third, start the embroidery. Su Xiu can be divided into two categories according to its appearance: single-sided embroidery and double- sided embroidery. Single-sided embroidery has a front side and a back side of the fabric, and the design is only displayed on the front side.

After assuming a free surface boundary where no stresses or strains cross, the Rayleigh wave equation is simplified. Inputting different values for layer thicknesses, densities, and elastic parameters in the form of P and S wave velocities into the equation will yield a dispersion curve. Parameters can be modified to fit the derived dispersion curve to actual data (Figure 4).

The pouch containing the print, laminate, and substrate is passed through a set of heated rollers under pressure, ensuring that all adhesive layers bond to one another. Pouch laminators are designed for moderate use in the office or home. For continuous, large-volume lamination projects, a roll laminator performs more efficiently. Pouches can be bought with different thicknesses in micrometres.

Fresh pastas do not expand in size after cooking; therefore, of pasta are needed to serve four people generously. Fresh egg pasta is generally cut into strands of various widths and thicknesses depending on which pasta is to be made (e.g. fettuccine, pappardelle, and lasagne). It is best served with meat, cheese, or vegetables to create ravioli, tortellini, and cannelloni.

Agglomerates can be non-welded or welded, such as coarse basaltic 'spatter'. They typically form proximally during Strombolian eruptions, and are common at strongly peralkaline volcanoes. Some large agglomerate deposits are deposited from pyroclastic density currents during explosive caldera-forming eruptions, such as at Santorini, Taal, and Campi Flegrei. They may be massive to crudely bedded, and can attain great thicknesses.

Wall thicknesses are limited to . Typical part sizes range from 100 g to 75 kg (several ounces to 150 lb). Other advantages include the ease of inducing directional solidification by changing the mold wall thickness or by heating or cooling portions of the mold. The fast cooling rates created by using a metal mold results in a finer grain structure than sand casting.

Andesites from the Lauca volcano, active in the Late Miocene as of 10.5 million years ago,Kött et al., 1995 exist in two groups, plagioclase rich ones which underwent alteration and fine grained silicic ones that are fresher. The territory is underpinned with a crust formed from rocks of Precambrian to Cretaceous age, with thicknesses up to .Wörner et al.

They were also armed with two submerged torpedo tubes. The Harvey armor belt of the Gueydon-class cruisers covered most of the ships' hull. The lower strake of armor was generally thick, although it reduced to forward, aft, and thinned to at its lower edge. The upper strake of armor had thicknesses of and between the main and upper decks.

Ellipsometry is a technique that is often used to measure properties of thin films. In a typical ellipsometry experiment polarized light is reflected off a film surface and is measured by a detector. The complex reflectance ratio, \rho, of the system is measured. A model analysis in then conducted in which this information is used to determine film layer thicknesses and refractive indices.

Thermal oxide incorporates silicon consumed from the substrate and oxygen supplied from the ambient. Thus, it grows both down into the wafer and up out of it. For every unit thickness of silicon consumed, 2.17 unit thicknesses of oxide will appear. If a bare silicon surface is oxidized, 46% of the oxide thickness will lie below the original surface, and 54% above it.

The Vatnajökull glacier which covered the location at time of eruption had a thickness of 500-600 m. In other places the glacier shield can have thicknesses of up to 900 m. Vatnajökull covered an area of 8.200 km2 in 1996,P. Einarsson, Bryndis Brandsdottir, Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, Helgi Bjornsson, Karl Gronvold and Freysteinn Sigmundsson: Center of Icelandic Hotspot experiences Volcanic Unrest.

Aluminium is the common choice for the reflection layer. It typically has a thickness of at least 20 nm, with a reflectivity of 0.88 to 0.90. Chromium is a good choice for the emission layer on the face away from the Sun. It can readily provide emissivity values of 0.63 to 0.73 for thicknesses from 5 to 20 nm on plastic film.

Plate thicknesses up to are used to keep the stress levels acceptable. MOL Comforts sister ship, 2007-built , was the first container ship classified by Nippon Kaiji Kyokai to use ultra-high-strength steel with a yield strength of 470MPa in these structures to reduce the steel weight by avoiding extreme plate thicknesses.YP47. ClassNk Magazine, 60th edition. 2008. Hirota, K. et al.

Haskelite panel, is largest plywood panel ever made in the world The largest plywood panels ever made were manufactured by the Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation. They were built for a US Navy boat designed to go over . The panels were made of veneers with mahogany on the faces and a Spanish cedar center core. The thicknesses of the plywood panels were from .

One-ply Bristol is thin enough to be translucent, and two and three ply bristol are the most popular thicknesses. Bristol board is commonly used for technical drawing, illustration projects, comic book art, and other two-dimensional art forms. It provides two working surfaces, front and back. This quality separates it from illustration board, which has only a front working surface.

Individual volcanoes in the Azas Plateau volcanic field include the Derbi-Taiga tuya (), which is formed by several layers of hyaloclastite and lava flows and displays a prominent "winged" topography. The hyaloclastite layers were formerly considered to be tuffs and reach thicknesses of . Pillow lavas also exist. A system of ancient valleys formed by floods are found near to Derbi-Taiga.

In the case of Ita Mai Tai these crusts have been found all over the seamount and sometimes reach thicknesses of over , with geochemical differences between the various sectors of the seamount. These ferromanganese crusts have aroused scientific interest in the seamount. Some evidence of hydrothermal alteration has been found in the form of barite deposits within the ferromanganese crusts.

Early Lally columns were made with structural steel, "standard" pipes, with wall thicknesses slightly less than 1/4". Modern Lally columns are typically made with 16 ga. (approx. 0.06") shells. Modern Lallies are therefore much lower in strength than the older ones (typically less than half the strength), and are also much more subject to damage by corrosion in moist environments.

J&W;, when placing their order for steel from BHP, failed to require additional tests as per the CRB specifications. As a result, BHP only supplied ladle analyses. BHP even stated to J&W; at some stage that Izod tests for ductility as per the CRB specifications were useless. Not all tensile and Izod tests for different plate thicknesses were carried out.

Late Viséan hidden basins in the internal zones of the Variscan Belt : U-Pb zircon evidence from the French Massif Central, Geology 26, p. 627-630 They consist of pyroclastic tuffs with rhyolitic or dacitic composition, cover a large area and reach large thicknesses. The name is derived from occasional interbedded anthracite layers that indicate a paralic environment near a shallow sea.

The projectors cover the tracked area with structured patterns called a binary m-sequence that resemble barcodes. The series of bars encodes a series of an assortment of vertical lines of varying thicknesses, without repeating any combination of seven adjacent line types anywhere in the projected image. The sensors read the bars to assess motion. The initial implementation offers sub-millimeter accuracy.

Like other kinds of silks, habutai comes in a variety of weights (thicknesses) which is measured in mommes (abbreviated mm). A lightweight and sheer habutai silk might be 8 mommes ("8mm"); a 16mm habutai is considered quite thick. Habutai is a lightweight, shimmering material once used mainly for making silk kimonos. It is sheer and often has an ivory color.

Powerlifters pulling on a bench shirt. A bench shirt is a stiff supportive shirt, used to improve performance in the bench press, most often in powerlifting competitions. Bench shirts are usually made of polyester, denim, or canvas and come in single- or multi-ply thicknesses. The extremely tight fit of a bench shirt supports the weightlifter's shoulders and deltoid muscles.

Hard chrome plating ', also known as ' or ', is used to reduce friction, improve durability through abrasion tolerance and wear resistance in general, minimize galling or seizing of parts, expand chemical inertness to include a broader set of conditions (such as oxidation resistance), and bulking material for worn parts to restore their original dimensions. It is very hard, measuring between 65 and 69 HRC (also based on the base metal's hardness). Hard chrome tends to be thicker than decorative chrome, with standard thicknesses in nonsalvage applications ranging from , but it can be an order of magnitude thicker for extreme wear resistance requirements, in such cases or thicker provides optimal results. Unfortunately, such thicknesses emphasize the limitations of the process, which are overcome by plating extra thickness then grinding down and lapping to meet requirements or to improve the overall aesthetics of the "chromed" piece.

STS was used as homogeneous armor that was less than thick; homogeneous armor for gun mounts and conning towers, where the thicknesses were considerably greater, used Bureau of Ordnance Class "B" armor which had similar protective properties as STS. Somewhat more ductile than the average for any similar armor, even Krupp's post-World War I "Wotan weich" armor, STS could be used as structural steel, whereas traditional armor plate was entirely deadweight. STS was expensive, but the United States could afford to use it, lavishly, and did so on virtually every class of warship constructed from 1930 through the World War II era, in thicknesses ranging from bulkheads to splinter protection to armored decks to lower armor belts. After World War II, the Bureau of Ships conducted a research program for developing a high strength steel for ship and submarine construction.

Layered deposits containing ash, lava bombs and lapilli are found around them. These cones are frequently aligned and an average diameter of and the heights range . Other structures associated with the cones are clastogenic lava flows and eroded pyroclastic mounds, as well as dykes that cut the cones. The volcanic field is dominated by a plateau made of lobate lava flows, typically having thicknesses of .

A wide range of body hammers are used in metalworking. Hammers range from small, lightweight "pick" hammers (that provide stubby pick point and high-crown peen-type faces that will ding out small dents in high fins), to specialty hammers and heavy-duty "bumping" hammers for heavy gauge truck fenders and panels. There are dozens of hammers that are designed for specific tasks or metal thicknesses.

Later, a new stratovolcano grew over the Soncor vent. This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. Lava flows from this stage have thicknesses of and lengths reaching . It has a volume of . The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,800–20,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period.

The Tumbres eruption occurred around 7250 BCE, commencing with the eruption of pumice falls that reach thicknesses of less than . Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each thick, formed deposits up to long. At the end of the eruption, a caldera and the two western craters formed. The deposits left by this eruption contain basaltic andesite-andesite and were subject to agglutination and welding.

Both the gender of the wearer and the formality of the occasion affects the choice of . Regardless of variety, are almost always worn with socks. Women's are seldom flat, save for straw imitation resembling tatami mats. The soles come in different thicknesses and angles, and are typically covered by vinyl or fabric, though some modern varieties feature a hard black plastic sole with a non-slip base.

Up to six individual firings are used to achieve the final result. The different thicknesses create the contrast of the pattern and with the glaze giving the vessel a visual dimension. As well as gold, other noble metals such as silver (yūri-ginsai 釉裏銀彩) or platinum may be used. In 2011 it was registered by the government as an Intangible Cultural Property.

According to USGS, global production in 2007 was 135 metric tons. One gigawatt (GW) of CdTe PV modules would require about 93 metric tons (at current efficiencies and thicknesses). Through improved material efficiency and increased PV recycling, the CdTe PV industry has the potential to fully rely on tellurium from recycled end-of-life modules by 2038. In the last decade, new supplies have been located, e.g.

Zuhlke, R, Bouaoudab, M. Ouajhainb, B, Bechst, T., Leinfelder, R. Quantitative Meso-Cenozoic development of the eastern Central Atlantic continental shelf, western High Atlas, Morocco. Marine and Petroleum Geology, Issue 21, pages 225-276. These mid-Cretaceous shales also serve as source rock for reservoirs found in Paleogene turbidites and basin fan complexes. During the Cenozoic, shale intervals deposited in the Miocene reach thicknesses over 1,000 meters.

Tubular nodes are the characteristic design element in lattice structures, where tubes intersect each other. It is preferred that incoming tubes, the stubs, remain in certain ratio of the diameters (0.8) to the continuous tube, the chord, to achieve efficient load bearing effects. This effect determines to the final dimensional ratios. The plate thicknesses within offshore foundations are well adapted to the local load situations.

The wings used a unique double layered corrogated aluminum skin with a smooth exterior that required custom presses to handle the various thicknesses of material along the span. The center section was straight with dihedreal in the outer bays. The spar was also aluminum with a U shaped profile. The aircraft was powered by an Anzani 3 cylinder radial engine, Superior radial or LeBlond 60-5-D.

Observations of feeding behavior revealed that Carpilius maculatus initially attack the legs or small claws of its prey, before utilizing its master claw in order to crush the shells of its prey. There was no distinct difference between the manus heights and thicknesses between females and males of the species.Vermeij G J. 1976. Interoceanic differences in vulnerability of shelled prey to crab predation. Nature.

ISO 216 standard specifies the A sizes of paper, including the very common A4, wherein the base size of A0 is one square meter, and the ratio between the height and width is , which results in all sizes of paper having the same aspect ratio. Also related is the set of pen thicknesses for technical drawings (0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.50, 0.70, 1.00, 1.40, and 2.00 mm).

However, the reviewers note that no method exists for determining sensor nerve thresholds, and so sensory perception in the mouth is often measured by interdental thickness discrimination (ITD), or the ability to differentiate between the sizes of objects (thin blocks) placed between teeth. In one study, occlusal dysesthesia patients showed greater ability to differentiate these thicknesses than control, healthy individuals, but these differences were not statistically significant.

The Scollard Formation is present in the subsurface throughout much of southwestern Alberta, and it outcrops extensively along the banks of the Red Deer River in the area of Trochu. Both the upper and lower members thin from west to east. Thicknesses for each member range from more than near the foothills of the Canadian Rockies to less than near the outcrops in south-central Alberta.

Well core data indicate that the Santa Clara valley aquifer consists of between four and six different water bearing units. The aquifer is composed of both confined and unconfined units. Water bearing units are generally coarse-grained and separated by relatively fine-grained units. The thicknesses of coarse-grained sections vary between in the southeast and between in the south-central and southwestern areas of the valley.

Pirurayo is a volcano in the Pirurayo range, Jujuy Province of Argentina. It is formed by several sequences of block and ash flows with subordinate lava flows which reach thicknesses of . They were erupted from possibly two vents, although the intense tectonic deformation makes it impossible to tell. These vents probably generated a compound volcano consisting of lava domes, which repeatedly grew and collapsed.

Towards the east in Assam, Nummulitic limestone is found in the Khasi hills. Oil is associated with these rocks of the Oligo-Miocene age. Along the foothills of the Himalayas the Siwalik molasse is composed of sandstones, conglomerates and shales with thicknesses of to and ranging from Eocene to Pliocene. These rocks are famous for their rich fossil vertebrate fauna including many fossil hominoids.

Of the bread types currently available, flatbrauð (flatbread) and laufabrauð (leaf bread) have the longest traditions. Flatbrauð came in various sizes and thicknesses and was made from rye-flour and hot water. Sometimes wheat was added as well. The bread was kneaded and flattened into a round form by a cake roller or by hand, picked and baked on a hot stove or in ashes.

The largest sand channels occur in the Middle Member where, in places, they reach thicknesses of more than . They are flanked by off-channel deposits that consist primarily of mud and silt that accumulated in the floodplain, tidal flat, swamp, and brackish-bay environments that existed contemporaneously with the channels.Flach, P.D. and Mossop, G.D., 1985. Depositional Environments of Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta.

MGD is typically used to define limits on mammography exposures by national and international organisations such as the European Union and International Atomic Energy Agency, at <2.5 milligray (mGy) per exposure to a standard breast (4.5 cm PMMA). In routine quality assurance testing of mammographic equipment, MGD measurements for a range of effective breast thicknesses with PMMA, and from real patient exposures, is widely recommended.

These flows are blocky, have lobe structures and reach thicknesses of ; the total thickness of this pile of lava flows is about . Pyroclastic flow deposits are also found, but they might originate from Ampato rather than Sabancaya. Sabancaya, like its two neighbours, is covered by an ice cap which in 1988 extended to distances of from the summit. In 1997, a surface area of was reported.

We draw the layer lines schematically without showing their true thicknesses. The bold lines of the diagram inclined by αb degrees are the base layer lines. The bold lines inclined by αr degrees are the revealing layer lines. The base layer lines are vertically spaced by a distance equal to pb, and the revealing layer lines are vertically spaced by a distance equal to pr.

Prinz Heinrich was protected by Krupp armor. Her armor belt was thick in the central portion of the ship, which protected the ammunition magazines, machinery spaces, and other vital areas of the cruiser. The belt was reduced to on either end of the main belt, and the bow and stern were unarmored. The entire length of the belt was backed by equal thicknesses of teak planks.

To highlight the delicate flavor as well as for texture, the chef cuts fish into different thicknesses by variety of the fish, its age and by the season. The hira-zukuri cut (literally "flat slice"), is the standard cut for most sashimi. Typically this style of cut is the size of a domino and thick. Tuna, salmon, and kingfish are most commonly cut in this style.

However, thicknesses of the order of 20 nm or less are required to attain the maximal resolution in the TEM and STEM modes 5 kV.. These thickness are sometimes achievable with the use of an ultramicrotome. in 2015 these limitations were overcome with a 25 kV low voltage electron microscope that can produce high quality results with thin sectioned samples up to around 100 nm+.

Standard sizes for polyimide tapes include widths of 35 mm, 45 mm, and 70 mm and thicknesses between 50 and 100 micrometers. Since the tape is in the form of a roll, the length of the circuit is measured in terms of sprocket pitches, with each sprocket pitch measuring about 4.75 mm. Thus, a circuit size of 16 pitches is about 76 mm long.

Another disadvantage to Kapton tape is that at temperatures above 200 °C the tape becomes elastic and, hence, the TCs have a tendency to lift off the substrate surface. The result is erroneous readings characterized by jagged lines in the profile. Aluminum tape comes in various thicknesses and density. Heavier aluminum tape can defuse the heat transfer through the tape and act as an insulator.

Ground flat stock is annealed steel that has been ground to close tolerances (compare to drill rod). There are four types of materials available: O-1 tool steel, A-2 tool steel, A-6 tool steel, and 1018 steel (low-carbon or low-carb steel). Lengths are either long, various widths up to are available, and thicknesses range from . Some geometrical sizes are known as '.

The ice-marginal lava flows reach thicknesses of up to . Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. At least three eruptions have occurred at Pali Dome East. The age of the first volcanic eruption is unknown, but it could have occurred in the past 10,000 years.

This indicates that the lavas were erupted about 10,000 years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. The ice-marginal lava flows reach thicknesses of up to . Pali Dome West consists of at least three andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material; its vent is presently buried under glacial ice. At least three eruptions have occurred at Pali Dome East.

Cone- building eruptions took place within short periods of time. Shield volcanoes fed Mazama's expansion with basaltic andesite lava flows that covered large expanses on the slopes of the mountain. Forming lava fountains similar to those observed in Hawaiian eruptions, the shield volcanoes erupted incandescent lava bombs and were deposited on the southern, western, and eastern flanks of the complex. They have average thicknesses of .

The caldera has a so-called trapdoor morphology. Outflow sheets surround the caldera on its northern and northwestern side. The Kari-Kari dome was originally assumed to be a batholith; later it is being interpreted as a resurgent ignimbrite structure. It has dimensions of and is formed by a pluton inside the welded ignimbrite, reaching thicknesses of over , with a total uplift of about .

Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high performing strings with thicknesses ranging from about 0.62 to 0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the range of 80 to 160 N (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between 80 and 110 N (18 and 25 lbf).

This sequence reaches thicknesses of . In the Miocene-Pliocene a major lava plateau was formed on the eastern end of the Taryat depression, with a surface area of . The depression itself however does not appear to contain lavas from this plateau. Between 0.75 and 0.36 mya the Taryat–Chulutyn lava river was erupted from several Pleistocene-Holocene centres and grew to a length of .

Such industrial machines are primarily used for high quantity/quality output by printers or print finishers. Whether small office or industrial machines their primary function is to embellish or protect printed works. Such laminators are used to apply varying thicknesses of lamination film onto substrates such as paper or fabrics. The main advantage to the use of heated roll laminators is that of speed.

The expression for these coefficients in terms of the constants of the optical system, i.e. the radii, thicknesses, refractive indices and distances between the lenses, was solved by L. Seidel (Astr. Nach., 1856, p. 289); in 1840, J. Petzval constructed his portrait objective, from similar calculations which have never been published (see M. von Rohr, Theorie und Geschichte des photographischen Objectivs, Berlin, 1899, p. 248).

Facts, p. 72 The pipe is of two different thicknesses: of it is thick, while the remaining is thick. More than 78,000 vertical support members hold up the aboveground sections of pipeline,Facts, p. 71 and the pipeline contains 178 valves.Facts, p. 70 At the end of the pipeline is the Valdez Marine Terminal, which can store of oil across eighteen storage tanks.Facts, p.

The Synthetic Printing (SP) grade of Teslin is the standard grade of Teslin. It's ideally used with an offset press or pigment-based inks in an inkjet printer. It should not be used with dye- based inks. Because this is the standard grade of Teslin, it is available in the greatest number of thicknesses: 6 mil, 7 mil, 8 mil, 10 mil, 12 mil and 14 mil.

A refractory cement is used between each tile. Metal liners may be stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized iron and may be flexible or rigid pipes. Stainless steel is made in several types and thicknesses. Type 304 is used with firewood, wood pellet fuel, and non-condensing oil appliances, types 316 and 321 with coal, and type AL 29-4C is used with non-condensing gas appliances.

Transmission scans directly measure attenuation values at 511keV. Attenuation occurs when photons emitted by the radiotracer inside the body are absorbed by intervening tissue between the detector and the emission of the photon. As different LORs must traverse different thicknesses of tissue, the photons are attenuated differentially. The result is that structures deep in the body are reconstructed as having falsely low tracer uptake.

The geometry of the workpiece is limited only by the size of the paint booth or tank. Using electrostatic coating, it is possible to apply paint in various thicknesses being limited only by the paint's tendency to run and therefore ruin the coating if applied in too thick a manner. It is usually preferred to apply many thin coats as opposed to one thick coat.

Nueva Guinea has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am). The average annual rainfall of 2,245 millimeters. The territory on which sits the town consists of Tertiary basaltic volcanic deposits, and on these rocks primarily an upper layer of red clay with thicknesses ranging between 50 and 60 feet in the subsequent layer is often gravel. All these soils have low fertility rates to media.

At the sculpture hangs from the ceiling of the Museum's Fortune balcony which is accessible by the Asian Art gallery. It consists of different thicknesses of black painted wire aluminum tubing strewn together in a flowing-like manner as if to depict a river hanging above the viewers head. Above and Below is visible from the 3rd floor galleries and the 4th floor windows.

Middle Miocene (15 Ma) The Goliad Formation was described by Plummer in 1933,Baskin & Hulbert, 2008, p.94 as consisting of three members; the Lapara Sand, overlain by the Lagarto Creek Beds, in turn overlain by the Labahia Beds with outcrop thicknesses ranging from . The Goliad Formation comprises claystone, sand, sandstone, marl, caliche, limestone, and conglomerates and reaches in certain areas a thickness of .Page et al.

The lower strake of armor was generally thick, although it reduced to forward, aft, and thinned to at its lower edge. The upper strake of armor had thicknesses of and between the main and upper decks. The curved lower protective deck ranged in thickness from 2 to 2.2 inches. In addition there was a light armor deck thick at the top of the lower armor strake.

A lightweight, warm and soft fabric, fleece has some of wool's good qualities but weighs a fraction of the lightest available woolens. Fleece is categorised by weight – in gsm, or grams per square metre. Polar fleece garments traditionally come in different thicknesses: micro, 100, 200, and 300, with 300 being the thickest and least flexible. It is hydrophobic, holding less than 1% of its weight in water.

Due to widespread availability and low cost, Soda Lime Glass is most commonly used for picture framing glass. Glass thicknesses typically range from thin 2.0 mm, to 2.5 mm. Clear glass has light transmission of ~ 90%, absorption of ~ 2%, and reflection of ~ 8%. Whereas absorption can be reduced by using low- iron glass, reflection can only be reduced by an anti-reflective surface treatment.

The area of present-day Jinan has been inhabited for more than 4000 years. The Neolithic Longshan culture was first discovered at Chengziya to the east of Jinan (Zhangqiu District) in 1928. One of the characteristic features of the Longshan culture are the intricate wheel-made pottery pieces it produced. Most renowned is the black "egg-shell pottery" with wall thicknesses that can go below 1 millimeter.

The dates obtained from absolute dating techniques and measurements of weathering rind thicknesses are then used to construct an age versus thickness curve for dating rocks in other sedimentary deposits. This dating method has often been applied to glacial deposits in alpine regions.Chinn, T (1981) Use of rock weathering-rind thickness for Holocene absolute age-dating in New Zealand. Arctic and Alpine Research 13(1):33–45.

Bridges and strings of a yangqin. This particular image is of the lower strings, which are thicker and wound with copper. Modern yangqin usually have 144 strings in total, with each pitch running in courses, with up to 5 strings per course, in order to boost the volume. The strings come in various thicknesses, and are tied at one end by screws, and at the other with tuning pegs.

Should the hailstone move into an area where mostly water vapour is available, it acquires a layer of opaque white ice. Furthermore, the hailstone's speed depends on its position in the cloud's updraft and its mass. This determines the varying thicknesses of the layers of the hailstone. The accretion rate of supercooled water droplets onto the hailstone depends on the relative velocities between these water droplets and the hailstone itself.

The ships are > constructed by assembling several thicknesses of side planks, for the boards > are thin and that they fear they would break. Their length is over 60 meters > (...). Sails are hoisted to make use of the winds, and these ships cannot be > propelled by the strength of the men alone. Kuang Ya was a dictionary compiled by Chang I about 230 AD, while Ssu-ma Piao lived from ca.

This would leave you with about five hundred million mummies. Add to that the number of mummified animals including cats, bulls and crocodiles, and the number drastically rises. Deck also states, “it is by no means rare to find above 30 lbs. weight of linen wrappings on mummies…A princess from the late Mr. Pettigrew’s collection was swathed in 40 thicknesses, producing 42 yards of the finest texture.”Deck, 87.

Additional surfaces were covered by ash cloud surges, reaching thicknesses of no more than on the sides of the pyroclastic flows. In some parts of the edifice, ejecta formed layers thick enough to undergo landsliding. The deposits and small structures, such as levees and lobes, were conserved by the dry climate in the region. The ash from the volcano was carried by western wind towards Argentina and the Atlantic Ocean.

The history of the Tubophon started in 2004 when engineer Stefan Schubert discovered by accident the sound characteristics of district heating steel tubes covered with plastic caps. The unique archaic sound inspired Schubert to construct a percussion instrument comprising different tube lengths and thicknesses. Together with Prof. Peter Sadlo he built a prototype for the musical highlight during the inauguration of the geothermal energy project in Pullach/ Germany.

Baking in the Wonder Pot without the metal disc will produce a cake that is dry on the bottom and thick and wobbly in the center. The metal disc is sold in different thicknesses and diameters to accommodate different baking times and larger flames. The lid of the Wonder Pot is perforated with small holes to release steam. Baking time in a Wonder Pot varies from 40 to 50 minutes.

These can include jade, agate, and jasper. Stone (usually granite) countertops and bathroom vanities both involve a finished slab of stone, usually polished but sometimes with another finish (such as honed or sandblasted). Industry standard thicknesses in the United States are 3/4" (2 cm) and 1.25" (3 cm). Often 2 cm slabs will be laminated at the edge to create the appearance of a thicker edge profile.

Teponaztli are made of hollow hardwood logs, often fire- hardened. Like most slit drums, teponaztlis have two slits on their topside, cut into the shape of an "H". The resultant strips or tongues are then struck with rubber-head wood mallets, or with deer antlers.Guggenheim. Since the tongues are of different lengths, or carved into different thicknesses, the teponaztli produces 2 different pitches, usually near a third or fourth apart.

The R-80's structure is covered with 6061-T6 sheet of varying thicknesses; wing bottom skins are inches thick while the top is inches. The wings are supported by conventional "V" struts. 6061-T6 is predominantly used for its lower cost and also its better corrosion resistance, since many R-80s are flown on floats. Its span wing has an area of and does not fit flaps.

Shorelines at Santa Rosa Mountains, California Shorelines lie at altitudes of above sea level; the variation is probably caused by slumping, measurement problems, different wave cut and beach deposit thicknesses. The most recent highstand lasted long enough to allow the formation of well developed shorelines. Fish fossils found off the coastline suggest that lagoons connected to the lake formed there. Fluctuations of the lake level caused the deposition of beach berms.

At East Mesa, a long barrier beach may have formed from sediments deposed by flash floods. Material eroded from the eastern and southwestern shores was deposited in the form of gravel and sand bars off the coast. As lake levels rose, at least one tributary stream had its valley filled in with Lake Cahuilla sediments. Tufas formed along shorelines, reaching maximum thicknesses of ; they are found especially on the northwestern shores.

Their length to width ratio ranges from 2:1 to 10:1. They can accumulate to thicknesses greater than 2 km and can form anywhere from the upper slope to the deepest parts of the basin depending on the specific location of the bottom-current. Sedimentation rates range from 20 – 100 m/Ma. They tend to be finer-grained with a lot of mud, silt and biogenic material.

A Florence Flask/Boiling Flask is a type of flask used as an item of laboratory glassware. It is used as a container to hold liquids. A Florence flask has a round body, a long neck, and often a flat bottom. It is designed for uniform heating, boiling, distillation and ease of swirling; it is produced in a number of different glass thicknesses to stand different types of use.

The eastern part of the steppe is a plain, lying for the most part 30 to 40 ft. below the level of the sea and sloping gently towards the Volga. Post-Pliocene Aral-Caspian deposits, containing the usual fossils (Hydrobia, Neritina, eight species of Cardium, two of Dreissena, three of Adacna and Lithoglyphus caspius), attain thicknesses varying from 105 ft. to 7 or 10 feet, and disappear in places.

498 The three centreline barbettes were protected by armour thick above the main deck that thinned to below it, except for the rear barbette which was 9 inches thick for its entire height. The wing barbettes were similar except that they had of armour on their outer faces. The gun turrets had faces and sides with 3-inch roofs. The three armoured decks ranged in thicknesses from to 4 inches.

The gun turrets had 11-inch faces and sides with roofs. The three armoured decks ranged in thickness from with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick respectively. The torpedo control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof.

The second largest deposits of the world's bituminous coal are contained within Permian strata in Russia. Australian deposits in the Bowen Basin in Queensland, the Sydney Basin and Perth Basin are Permian coal, where thicknesses in excess of 300 m are known. Current reserves and resources are projected to last for over 200 years. Australia exports the vast majority of its coal for coking and steel making in Japan.

Superlattices can be produced using various techniques, but the most common are molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and sputtering. With these methods, layers can be produced with thicknesses of only a few atomic spacings. An example of specifying a superlattice is []20. It describes a bi-layer of 20Å of Iron (Fe) and 30Å of Vanadium (V) repeated 20 times, thus yielding a total thickness of 1000Å or 100 nm.

A variety of portable cords, differing in styles, lengths, and thicknesses exists in the marketplace. Common types include Type SJT, SVT, SEOW, SJ, SJOW, SJOOW, SO, and SOW, each designed for specific applications. A portable cord is usually made of thermoset polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, or thermoplastic. Thermoset cords have heavy-duty- grade rubber jackets, are extremely sturdy and oil-resistant, and may remain flexible over a temperature range of .

In 1961, Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi designed the rainbow tallit (prayer shawl) as a symbol of the Kabalah for the members of the Jewish Bene Ohr ("The Children of Light"). It is a vertically presented rainbow, with each colour separated by black stripes of varying thicknesses. The colors represent aspects of God; the black stripes and white spaces represent aspects of creation and protection. \- retrieved 6 December 2011.

The third experiment was to determine the optimal line thickness. Various thicknesses of the border and fringe were drawn for the stimulus pattern. The observers compared the strength and uniformity of the illusion between the various stimuli. The color spreading was perceived the strongest when the contour and fringe subtended a visual angle of 6 arcminutes; The strength of the illusion was discovered to decrease as the thickness of lines increased.

Other than that, most flows extend southwards from the vent, and with the exception of a due south flow thick they are thin, with thicknesses of . One of the oldest flows has been compared in length to the 50% longer Chao Dacite flow but is much thinner. The flows from this stage are weakly weathered and partially overlie glacial deposits. The total volume is , indicating a flux rate of .

The gun turrets had 11-inch faces and sides with roofs. The three armoured decks ranged in thickness from with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick respectively. The torpedo control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof.

Macá specifically is formed by basalt and basaltic andesite. 1,440 ± 40 calibrated radiocarbon years ago a moderate explosive eruption deposited the MAC1 tephra, which reaches thicknesses of east of Macá. Ash from past eruptions has been tentatively identified close to Cochrane Lake. A more recent eruption occurred in 410 ± 50 AD. In the early 20th century volcanic activity was observed at Ensenada Pérez, close to the southwestern flank of Macá.

Natural wicker is well known for its strength and durability, as well as the high level of beauty and comfort that an expert craftsperson can create. Materials used can be any part of a plant, such as the cores of cane or rattan stalks, or whole thicknesses of plants, as with willow switches. Other popular materials include reed and bamboo. Natural wicker requires maintenance to keep it in good shape.

Tablet Rock Overlook in Wisconsin's Devils Lake State Park, located in the Baraboo Range Overall the region is characterized by an eroded plateau with bedrock overlain by varying thicknesses of loess. Most characteristically, the river valleys are deeply dissected. The bluffs lining this reach of the Mississippi River currently climb to nearly . In Minnesota, pre-Illinoian-age till was probably removed by natural means prior to the deposition of loess.

Above the belt was a strake of nickel-steel armour closed off by transverse bulkheads. The barbettes were protected by compound armour, ranging in thickness from and the casemates for the 6-inch guns had a thickness equal to their diameter. The thicknesses of the armour deck ranged from . The walls of the forward conning tower were thick and the aft conning tower was protected by 3-inch plates.

The metal films can be deposited by evaporation, sputtering or electroplating. Evaporation and sputtering, producing high quality films with limited impurities, are slow and hence used for micrometre and sub-micrometre layer thicknesses. The electroplating is commonly used for thicker films and needs careful monitoring and control of the film roughness and the layer purity. The gold film can also be deposited on a diffusion barrier film, i.e.

14 craters are found within the field, two of which are separate from the rest of the group. The craters have diameters of and depths up to ; the largest crater ("Great Crater" () reaches a diameter of and depth of ; it also contains a salt pan. This crater has an altitude of about above sea level. These craters are surrounded by rims of fragmentary rocks, which form beds with thicknesses of several .

The Sadler effect describes variation in apparent sediment accumulation rates and bed thicknesses back through time inherent to the geological sedimentary record.Sadler, Peter M. "Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections." The Journal of Geology (1981): 569–584. Peter Sadler analysed what structure you would expect in a stratigraphic section under the hypothesis that bigger geological events – episodes of deposition, erosion, and the gaps between those events – are rarer.

The rate at which this could occur was constrained by osmotic forces. If the rate at which the vulcanized fibre was subjected to lower and lower concentrations of zinc chloride solution were too rapid, the osmotic forces could result in ply separations. The final leaching bath concentration was 0.05% zinc chloride. Thicknesses up to 0.093”, can be made on continuous lines that stretch up to 1,000 feet (305m) in length.

The stratigraphy of Bangladesh begins with Precambrian units below ground. Geologists have found an unconformity between Precambrian and Paleozoic units. Gondwanan sedimentary units, including the early Permian Kuchma and late Permian Paharpur range between 494 meters and 1.2 kilometers in thickness. Ascending the stratigraphic column, a second unconformity separates Permian units from late Jurassic Rajmahal basalts and early Cretaceous Sibganj sedimentary rocks, with thicknesses between 131 and 546 meters.

The earliest attempts to produce restored sections were on foreland fold and thrust belts. This technique assumed a stratigraphic template with unit thicknesses either constant or smoothly varying across the section. Line lengths were measured on the present-day deformed section and transferred to the template, to rebuild the section as it was before deformation started. This method does not guarantee that area is conserved, only line length.

It was also supposed to work with different chain thicknesses and lengths of chain link, and independently of their orientation (e.g. angled or on their side). Even if a knot formed in the chain the design was supposed to respond without a problem. The chain was engaged in the transmission area by many movable side pins that hooked the chain from the left and right hand sides (Diagram 2).

The Cadomin Coal Company began operations in 1917 and four underground mines were eventually developed, as well as a surface mine that operated from 1944 to 1950. The main coal seam, called the No. 1 Seam, averaged in thicknesses. The strata in the area are strongly folded and faulted, and the seam is strongly inclined to overturned, so a variety of methods were employed to work it.Melnyk, N. 1942.

One, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), gives highly accurate information on the cloud's altitude, length, and width. Balloon-carried hygrometers give information on the humidity of the cirrus cloud but are not accurate enough to measure the depth of the cloud. Radar units give information on the altitudes and thicknesses of cirrus clouds. Another data source is satellite measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) program.

Thick sequences of sedimentary rock deposited during the Paleozoic, reaching thicknesses of up to 10,000 feet. Sixteen miles west of Missoula and further west, all Paleozoic rocks have eroded away. To the east, Paleozoic rocks are exposed and upturned along the Rocky Mountains. Most Paleozoic rocks originated in a marine environment, particularly dolomite and limestone together with shale, siltstone, sandstone, and evaporites such as gypsum, anhydrite and salt.

After the formation of the caldera trachyandesitic lava flows rich in biotite and pyroxene were erupted, forming layers with thicknesses of . At the northeastern margin of the caldera a dacitic lava dome with a surface area of . On the western margin the formation of a granodiorite intrusion body with a surface area of was accompanied by hydrothermal alteration. northeast of the caldera lies the dacitic Sierra Los Chilenos structure.

In these crystals, visible light cannot pass through large thicknesses, which is the basis of the optical band gap. Dawes developed the framework to create and characterise opals, inverse opals and opals that include waveguides for photonic devices. Dawes uses the waveguides for pump- probe measurements, in an effort to make efficient optical amplifiers for photonic chips. She also demonstrated that metal opals could be used for nanoplasmonics.

The thermal resistance R-value provided by Thinsulate products varies by the specific thickness and construction of the fabric. Values (US units) range from 1.6 for 80-gram fabric to 2.9 for 200-gram fabric. Thinsulate is considered "the warmest thin apparel insulation" available. In fact, when equal thicknesses are compared, it provides about 1½ times the warmth of down and about twice the warmth of other high-loft insulation materials.

The formation appears again to the east of Bwlch y Groes and can be found in thicknesses up to as far east as Welshpool. There is a further outcrop approximately long west of Glyn Ceiriog. There is a further significant layer of the Nod Glas running along the Conwy and Lledr vallies. Within the Dolwyddelan syncline the shales have been compressed and are quarried in Chwarel Ddu as slate.

It can come in thicknesses which generally range from about 0.18 mm to 0.5 mm. Instead of being sewn, latex clothing is generally glued along its seams. Because latex sheet is relatively weak, latex clothing needs special care to avoid tearing. While latex can be repaired using materials similar to those provided in a bicycle repair kit, the result is rarely as attractive as the original appearance of the garment.

The thickness of the units is highly variable, but most of the major horizons have maximum thicknesses of the order of tens of meters. Both pits contain abundant fault- and joint-related silicate veins. These veins contain the distinctive green mineral known as garnierite (actually pimelite, a form of nickeliferous talc) as well as quartz and chalcedony, and they can have a Ni content of up to 30% to 40%.

Willis's paintings are made form a variety of paper and materials. He tries to achieve subtle, three-dimensional shifts by painting on different kinds of paper with various thicknesses and collaging them together on the same canvas. Willis refers to this product as a "set-in" because the different materials are set together like puzzle pieces. Willis used primarily watercolors and acrylic paints on paper, pasteboard, cardboard, and plywood.

The middle deck behind this splinter belt was thick. The steering gear was protected by of armor on the sides, a deck and a armored bulkhead aft. Additional armored plates were fixed to the third bulkhead of the underwater protection system to protect against diving shells hitting below the level of the waterline belt. Their thicknesses varied depending on location and ranged oddly from amidships to over the 305 mm magazines.

Stromatolites are alternating layers of cyanobacteria and sediments. The grain size of sediment portion of stromatolites is affected by the depositional environment. During the Proterozoic, stromatolites' compositions were dominated by micrite and thinly laminated lime mud, with thicknesses no greater than 100 microns.C. M. FRANTZ , V. A. PETRYSHYN , AND F. A. CORSETTI, (2015) Grain trapping by filamentous cyanobacterial and algalmats: implications for stromatolite microfabrics through time, Geobiology (2015), 13, 409–423.

The Léon Gambetta-class ships were protected by of armour. It consisted of a waterline armour belt of Harvey armour that was thick amidships and reduced to at the bow and at the stern. Its plates were tall and tapered to a thickness of at their lower edge. Above this was a strake of armour that reduced to thicknesses of 80 millimeters at the bow and 70 millimeters at the stern.

The lower part of the formation is correlated with the Serra Alta Formation and the upper part with the Teresina Formation of the Paraná and Pelotas Basins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.Horsthemke et al, 1990, p.74 Due to increased subsidence in the central Paraná Basin, thicknesses of the correlative units are considerably greater than that of the Gai-As Formation, attaining a maximum of .Horsthemke et al, 1990, p.

The General Report of 1814 stated: > The quarries of Carmyllie, near Arbroath, are famous for paving freestone, > and are the most esteemed in Scotland. The stones are easily quarried; of > various thicknesses; large dimensions; and so smooth, that they require > little dressing, yet are hard and durable. These advantages, however, are > lessened by the tedious land carriage to the port of shipping (Arbroath), > distant seven miles, and without a railway.

About 1500 are commercially important and most have thicknesses of three to seven meters, with a maximum of 16.7 meters in the Haanja Heights. Lake chalk is sometimes used to neutralize high acidity and for art material. Estonia also has iron ore in the crystalline basement, pyrite and glauconite and, as well as lead and zinc sulfide ore. Granite rock near Tallinn is often extracted for road work.

Although the thick disk is mentioned as a bona fide galactic structure in numerous scientific studies and it's even thought to be a common component of disk galaxies in general, its nature is still under dispute. The view of the thick disk as a single separate component has been questioned by a series of papers that describe the galactic disk with a continuous spectrum of components with different thicknesses.

Designs can be traditional or abstract. The pieces are held together by a crystal clear, flexible adhesive that was developed in the Netherlands which allowed the glass to naturally expand and contract. Entire walls could be designed in decorative thicknesses of glass. The farbigem technique eventually fell out of favor due to the deficient technology of the adhesive which, with time, allowed the multiple layers of glass to separate.

The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution. Several successive periods are represented, including all of the Palaeozoic periods. Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian (542-488 million years ago) rocks. A notable feature of the Ordovician system (488-444 million years old) is a major subsidence area, or basin, which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment.

A common processing defect known as nerve may occur when contact time between the rollers and extrudate is too brief, resulting in insufficient cooling time. Coextrusion is common in sheet and film extrusion, allowing for speedy production of multi-layered parts. This is accomplished by joining multiple polymer melts in either the manifold or approach stage. Layers of different thicknesses may be formed by introducing melts at different flow rates or different manifold sizes.

They reach thicknesses of and contain small amounts of hyaloclastite. The feeder of their origins has not been discovered but is likely located at the summit of the mound. These lavas form ice- marginal edifies, suggesting that every lava flow was erupted about 10,000 years ago when the vast Cordilleran Ice Sheet was retreating and remains of glacial ice were sparse. Exposed along the Cheakamus River and its tributaries are the Cheakamus Valley basalts.

The resulting whip is both flexible and durable. A plastic version was made for the apartheid era South African Police, and used for riot control. The sjambok was heavily used by the Voortrekkers driving their oxen while migrating from the Cape of Good Hope, and remains in use by herdsmen to drive cattle. They are widely available in South Africa from informal traders to regular stores from a variety of materials, lengths and thicknesses.

The Lower Jurassic rocks conformably overlie the Upper Triassic units; so are the Early Cretaceous deposits over the Upper Jurassic strata (e.g., Zagros). In North and Central Iran, the Upper Triassic and Lower–Middle Jurassic sediments have a detrital nature, consisting mainly of shale and sandstone with thicknesses varying from a few meters to more than . The presence of plant remains and coal beds suggest a continental or lagoon environment for the deposits.

The hull was a structure of complex shape, welded from armor panels of various thicknesses. The frontal leaf was originally 10 mm thick, later this parameter increased to 16 mm. The sides and bottom had a thickness of 7 and 4 mm, respectively, and the engine compartment on top was covered with a 5 mm sheet. In front of the casing, between the wheel arches, a flat platform was provided for mounting the gun.

Dredge pipe pieces may have different thicknesses, shapes and lengths, they are also provided with lifting lugs for easy handling. They supposed to have smooth surface for low frictions. In most cases the flanges are cast together with the pipe to provide a stronger connection between flange and pipe. It is also very important that the entire dredge pipe pieces to follow the shape of the flow resulting in low frictions and to avoid vortexes.

Among the minerals found at various sites are calcite, gaylussite, halite and sepiolite. After the lake was breached, these deposits were deeply eroded and exposed, showing thicknesses exceeding . Mining for bentonite and pumicite took place from the 1920s to the 1950s. Tufa deposits are found within the lake and partly embedded in its sediments; they were generated from carbonate precipitation within the lake, a process facilitated by the physical properties of the lake water.

The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary. Because piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost. Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances. Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR), defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness.

These products usually have wall thicknesses of 1.5 to 6mm (1/16" to 1/4") and are used primarily for support packaging applications. Thick-Wall is also commonly referred to as "Slush Molded." The surfaces are very rough on one side and moderately smooth on the opposite side. Product definition is moderate due to the use of relatively inexpensive single-pass molds and the use of mixed recovered paper and kraft paper slurries.

From the former forward barbette, a 3-inch bulkhead extended out to the ship's side between the upper and lower decks and a comparable bulkhead was in place at the former location of the rear barbette as well. Four decks were armoured with thicknesses varying from , thickest over the magazines and the steering gear. After the Battle of Jutland, of extra protection was added to the deck around the magazines.Burt 1986, pp.

Stratified slope deposits or grèzes litées (original French name) are accumulations of debris that are traditionally associated with periglaciation but that can also form in other settings. The deposits have a weak sorting and a coarse bedding. Stratified slope deposits are usually found at the lower slopes of valleys where thicknesses vary but may exceed 10 meters. Periglacial stratified slope deposits are thought to be the result of rock fragmented by frost being accumulated downslope.

Burt 1986, pp. 176–78 The four armoured decks ranged in thickness from with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the roof was 3 inches thick. The gunnery control tower behind and above the conning tower had 4-inch sides and the torpedo-control tower aft had 6-inch sides and a 3-inch roof.

This supports the conjecture that the variations were due to an increasing "crustal" component in subducted sediments as the continental blocks in the north were approached (China and Taiwan). The sediment thicknesses increased toward the north along the trench. The geochemistry and tectonic setting of the southern Luzon arc has been studied in detail. The geochemistry suggested that continental crust (probably from sediments) played an important role in the Macolod corridor and the Mindoro segments.

Although late Jurassic rocks are widespread in the south, unconformably overlying the Precambrian basement and the Hercynian platform, the early Jurassic has not been found anywhere. Red clay, gypsum, anhydrite and sandstone are all typical Jurassic rocks, sometimes reaching thicknesses of up to two kilometers. Except in the southwest, Cretaceous deposits are also common. Marine calcareous rocks are characteristic of the Paleogene in southern and central Moldova, while reef limestone and gypsum records the Miocene.

Black structural glass was sometimes silvered, to give it a reflective finish. Pigmented structural glass could be manufactured in flat panels or curves, and in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses. Small mosaic tiles, affixed to flexible fabric, were another option for fitting the product to curved surfaces. In time, manufacturers learned that pigmented structural glass could be carved, cut, inlaid, laminated, sandblasted, and sculpted to create a wide range of finishes and textures.

6061-T6 Aluminum Standard Heat Treating Process T6 temper 6061 has been treated to provide the maximum precipitation hardening (and therefore maximum yield strength) for a 6061 aluminum alloy. It has an ultimate tensile strength of at least and yield strength of at least . More typical values are and , respectively.Material Properties Data: 6061-T6 Aluminum In thicknesses of or less, it has elongation of 8% or more; in thicker sections, it has elongation of 10%.

The machine runs through the wool quite easily. It is just guided to any part, and goes round the ears the same as down the side; you can shear either very close, or can leave wool on by altering the comb. They are made in several thicknesses; in cold parts it is a great advantage to leave a little wool on the sheep. A careful man with the machine will never cut a sheep.

One benefit of rotational molding is the ability to experiment, particularly with wall thicknesses. Cost is entirely dependent on wall thickness, with thicker walls being costlier and more time consuming to produce. While the wall can have nearly any thickness, designers must remember that the thicker the wall, the more material and time will be required, increasing costs. In some cases, the plastics may significantly degrade due to extended periods at high temperature.

The two towers at Washington Square are constructed of steel reinforced concrete and are classified as "Type I Construction". Each tower is 24-stories to ensure slab thicknesses and columns spacing at efficiencies that match the seismic and wind loading in the Northwest. By post-tensioning the tower floor slabs the weight is reduced and the greater column spacing offers unit layouts with greater circulation and exterior views than if the columns were closer together.

In the USA, the majority of swamp mats are made from mixed hardwoods, although they are often referred to as oak. It is also usual to find hardwood mats in Canada, however the availability of durable coniferous species such as various firs, pines, and spruces make their use a more economical prospect. Common dimensions are 8' x 14' and 8' x 16'. Thicknesses vary between suppliers from 4.5” to a full 6”.

TC Attachment Methods "" Epoxies are good at securing TC conductors to the profile board to keep them from becoming entangled in the oven during profiling. Epoxies come in both insulator and conductor formulations The specs need to be checked otherwise an insulator can play a negative role in the collection of profile data. The ability to apply this adhesive in similar quantities and thicknesses is difficult to measure in quantitative terms. This decreases reproducibility.

Safety and security films are used where there is a potential for injury from broken glass (such as glass doors or overhead glazing). These films can be applied to toughened, annealed, or laminated glass. They are available in various thicknesses, from 100 micrometer (or 4 mils minimum 2 ply) through to 525 micrometers + (21 mils). The film thickness is selected for level of protection desired and the dimensions of the glass pane.

Lava flows reach lengths of and have thicknesses of and sometimes lava flows from separate cones overlap, such as in Papoose Canyon. In the past, pluvial lakes and glaciers extended over the Owens Valley. Volcanic activity occurred at the Big Pine volcanic field during that time and was influenced by these lakes and glaciers. Owens Lake spread through much of the valley during glacial times and cut shorelines into the lava flows.

Hydrophobic mismatch is the difference between the thicknesses of hydrophobic regions of a transmembrane protein and of the biological membrane it spans.Duque, D.; Li, X. J.; Katsov, K.; Schick, M. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 10478-10484. In order to avoid unfavorable exposure of hydrophobic surfaces to water, the hydrophobic regions of transmembrane proteins are expected to have approximately the same thickness as the hydrophobic (lipid acyl chain) region of the surrounding lipid bilayer.

Kusumi, A.; Hyde, J.S. Biochemistry 1982, 21, 5978-5983. Electron microscopy studies on bacteriorhodopsin, reconstituted in saturated and unsaturated fluid PC bilayers with varying chain length, showed that protein aggregation occurred only with a rather large mismatch, and that bilayer thicknesses of 4 angstrom thicker and 10 angstrom thinner than the estimated hydrophobic thickness of the protein are allowed without induction of significant aggregation.Lewis, B.A.; Engelman, D.M. J. Mol. Biol. 1983, 166, 203-210.

Polyvinyl chloride is formed in flat sheets in a variety of thicknesses and colors. As flat sheets, PVC is often expanded to create voids in the interior of the material, providing additional thickness without additional weight and minimal extra cost (see closed-cell PVC foamboard). Sheets are cut using saws and rotary cutting equipment. Plasticized PVC is also used to produce thin, colored, or clear, adhesive-backed films referred to simply as vinyl.

Olimunllum CF/PEEK is obtained by thick gauge thermoforming of thin layers of previously impregnated fibres to form fully consolidated sheets, whose main difference to custom-made composite plates lies in the standardized orientation of the reinforcing fibres, standardized weight content of the polymer and standardized sheet thicknesses, thus allowing easy design and post-processing using identical or similar tools as commonly used when working with metallic light-weight materials like aluminium, titanium and steel.

Four of Agincourts decks were armoured with thicknesses varying from .Burt, pp. 244–245 The armour of the barbettes constituted a major weakness in Agincourts protection. They were 9 inches thick above the upper deck level, but decreased to 3 inches between the upper and main decks and had no armour at all below the main deck except for "Sunday" barbette (which had 3 inches), and "Thursday" and "Saturday" barbettes (which had 2 inches).

The walls are of varying thicknesses and alignments, indicating that the building was built in stages. It may have incorporated earlier outbuildings, possibly those constructed for servants accommodation between 1815 and 1816, as part of the Macquaries improvements to the house. The building was constructed to provide additional accommodation for the officers who formed the Governor's staff and for household servants. The four rooms for the officers faced the rear courtyard of the house.

Many different natural stones are cut into a variety of sizes, shapes, and thicknesses for use as flooring. Stone flooring uses a similar installation method to ceramic tile. Slate and marble are popular types of stone flooring that requires polishing and sealing. Stone aggregates, like Terrazzo, can also be used instead of raw cut stone and are available as either preformed tiles or to be constructed in-place using a cement binder.

Available thicknesses run from 7 mil to 18 mil, though only sizes 10 mil and 14 mil are sized at 8.5" by 11" for printing with most consumer printers. Also available are perforated versions, specifically, 1up, 2up, 3up, 6up, and 8up. Teslin is commonly used for producing waterproof maps, door hangers, flash cards, horticultural tags, parking permits, and more. Teslin is also widely used in the plastic gift and loyalty card industry.

Detailed descriptions of the ignimbrite were provided by Soler et al. 2007. Inside the caldera, the Vilama ignimbrite was emplaced as several flow units which are usually thick; some units reach thicknesses of . These units together are at least thick and form a uniform layer of densely welded ignimbrites with poorly preserved pumice and lithic fragments. The ignimbrite deposit inside the caldera shows evidence of flow forms and alteration by vapour interactions.

A sheet of sterling silver was heat-fused onto the top of a thick copper ingot. When the ingot was repeatedly rolled under pressure to produce thin sheets, the relative thicknesses of the two layers of metal remained constant. The alternative was to electroplate a layer of pure silver onto a bare copper sheet. The two technologies were sometimes combined, the Sheffield plate being given a finishing coat of pure silver by electroplating.

Bison meat is lower in fat and cholesterol than beef, but has a higher protein content. Bovid leather is tough and durable, with the additional advantage that it can be made into leathers of varying thicknesses - from soft clothing leather to hard shoe leather. While goat and cattle leather have a wide variety of use, sheepskin is suited only for clothing purposes. Wool from Merino hoggets is the finest and most valuable.

Strapping used on shipment of chemical weapons slated for destruction Softgoods strapped in a bale or bundle Steel is the oldest and highest tensile strength strapping. It is available in a variety of widths and thicknesses as well as variations in the grade of steel. Steel is used for heavy duty holding where high strength and minimal stretch are desired. Surface finishes for steel strap include: paint, paint and wax, bluing or zinc and wax.

Williston Basin Symposium, 1995 Guidebook, p. 3-11 The Precambrian basement rocks in the center of the basin beneath the city of Williston, North Dakota lie about below the surface. Deposition of sediments began in the Williston area during Cambrian time, but subsidence and basin filling were most intense during the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian Periods, when thick accumulations of limestone and dolomite, with lesser thicknesses of sandstones, siltsones, shales, and evaporites were laid down.

The Elk Formation is present in the Rocky Mountain Front and foothills of the Canadian Rockies in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta. It can be traced from Flathead Ridge south of Fernie to Barrier Mountain near the Red Deer River in the foothills of western Alberta. Measured thicknesses range from a maximum of at Mount Allan in Alberta to north of Coleman, Alberta. Farther to the east it was truncated by pre-Aptian erosion.

Macintosh and Mary Moore, and was first employed as a clerk. Charles devoted his spare time to science, particularly chemistry, and before he was 20 resigned his clerkship to take up the manufacture of chemicals. In this he was highly successful and invented various new processes. His experiments with naphtha led to his invention of waterproof fabric; the essence of his patent was the cementing of two thicknesses of cloth together with natural rubber.

Haskell aeroplane body patent Haskelite 5/16th inch thick plywood The Haskell Manufacturing Company was a manufacturing company. It was located on Rowe Street about a mile north of downtown Ludington, Michigan. Their main product was haskelite, a plywood made from a waterproof glue developed by Henry L. Haskell in the early 1900s. The plywood was veneer wood panels of different thicknesses and was used to made novelty items, furniture, and paneling for construction.

The Shōkaku class had a waterline belt that consisted of of Copper-alloy Non-Cemented armor (CNC) that covered most of the length of the ship. The belt was high, of which was below the waterline. The lower strake of the armor was backed by of Ducol steel. The magazines were protected by of New Vickers Non-Cemented (NVNC) armor, sloped at an inclination up to 25° and tapered to thicknesses of .

Thicknesses are typically converted from centimeters to Angstrom units. Common practice is to report the calculated copper and silver corrosion levels per ISA 71.04 [see Specification, below] reactive environment exposure severity levels. The levels are “G1” (mild), “G2” (moderate) and “G3” (harsh), reported as equivalent months or years. For equivalent months, for copper, the thickness of the deposits in Angstrom units is divided by 300 for G1, 1000 for G2 and 2000 for G3.

The armor scheme of the battlecruisers was quite complex with armor plates of no less than 25 different thicknesses used. Although only designed to withstand cruiser shellfire no less than , or 29% of the total displacement was devoted to armor. The citadel armor was intended to provide an immunity zone against armor-piercing shells at ranges between and . The remainder of the armor was intended to resist high explosive shells and HE bombs.

Cold metal transfer is used to weld different types of metal with various thicknesses. This low voltage, low heat welding works well on thin sheet metal. It is also being used for thicker material where the integrity of the weld is important. When metal is overheated it affects its structural properties, CMT welding keeps the heat to a minimum, resulting in little change to the structure of the metal, providing a stronger weld.

The American flamingo's four-chambered heart is myogenic, meaning that all the muscle cells and fibers have the ability to contract rhythmically. The rhythm of contraction is controlled by the pace maker cells which have a lower threshold for depolarization. The wave of electrical depolarization initiated here is what physically starts the heart's contractions and begins pumping blood. Pumping blood creates variations in blood pressure and as a result, creates different thicknesses of blood vessels.

Faults in the Calabrian segment were responsible for the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes sequence. In the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active normal faults, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of Quaternary sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border half-grabens with fills of up to and respectively.

Before patenting the range in 1882, Shacklock introduced many features to appeal to potential customers. The curves and angles were designed for aesthetics as well as strength. The fire doors would stay open by themselves, the chimney and flue damper could be removed for cleaning, and the door was also made with varying thicknesses to distribute the heat evenly. By the late 1880s, the Orion range grew to include many different models.

A body briefer is a form-fitting garment which smooths and shapes the wearer's figure. They typically come in a variety of control levels, achieved by using different materials or thicknesses things of materials in the body areas they are designed to control. Like sleep teddies, body briefers tend to use simpler materials and styles than teddies designed for visual appeal. Body briefers are also commonly referred to as "body shapers" or "women's shapers".

With the increasing popularity of board games with game card components such as Settlers of Catan, Ticket to Ride and Dominion, Mayday Games launched card sleeves specifically for board games in 2008. These card sleeves are now offered in six sizes and two thicknesses for over 500 board games. In 2009 Fantasy Flight Games also entered the board-game card sleeve market with a line of premium thickness sleeves of its own.

Eruptions occurred at Monte Burney during the Pleistocene. Two eruptions around 49,000 ± 500 and 48,000 ± 500 years before present deposited tephra in Laguna Potrok Aike, a lake approximately east of Monte Burney; there they reach thicknesses of and respectively. Other Pleistocene eruptions are recorded there at 26,200 and 31,000 years ago, with additional eruptions having occurred during marine isotope stage 3. Holocene tephras from Monte Burney have also been found in this lake.

The upper of the Bank are formed by carbonate sediments, while the eastern slope terrace may be part of the original volcanic edifice that was carried to this depth by thermal subsidence of the oceanic crust; seismic data may support the existence of a volcano within the carbonate sediments that form the bulk of Alexa Bank as well. Such thicknesses of the sediments are comparable to these of Bikini Atoll and Eniwetok.

Material thickness affects costs as a function of the length of time to etch through. Most alloys etch at rates between of depth per minute per side. In general, steel, copper or aluminium workpieces with a thicknesses up to , part costs will approximate $0.15–0.20 per square inch. As the geometry of the part becomes more complex, photochemical machining gains greater economic advantage over sequential processes such as CNC punching, laser or water-jet cutting, and electrical discharge machining.

Outcrops of the Boulder Creek Formation can be seen along the Peace River eastward from Hudson's Hope, and it is present in the subsurface in the Peace River plains to the east. It is well exposed in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies between the Peace and Wapiti Rivers, where it reaches thicknesses of up to . It can be traced southward through the foothills almost as far the Kakwa River near the British Columbia-Alberta boundary.

Though a Salmson 7A radial engine of the same power was an alternative, there is no evidence that it was fitted. Behind the rubber-mounted engine frame, the fuselage had rectangular sections, widest in the cockpit area. It was built around a frame of square section tubes, with a light metal skin; the tubes had the same outer dimensions everywhere but their wall thicknesses increased where greater strength was required. The cockpit located the two seats over mid-chord.

The Linner hue index,R T Linner, "Caramel color: a new method of determining its color hue and tinctorial power." Proceedings of the Society of Soft Drink Technologists Annual Meeting, 1970, p 63-72. H_L, is used to describe the hues which a given caramel coloring may produce. In conjunction with tinctorial strength, or the depth of a caramel coloring's color, it describes the spectra which a solution of the coloring may produce at different dilutions and thicknesses.

Carbon films are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon. They include plasma polymer films, amorphous carbon films (diamond-like carbon, DLC), CVD diamond films as well as graphite films. Carbon films are produced by deposition using gas-phase deposition processes in most cases taking place in a vacuum: chemical vapor deposition, CVD or physical vapor deposition, PVD. They are deposited in the form of thin films with film thicknesses of just a few micrometres.

In the Svalbard province, the HALIP is expressed as an extensive system of alkaline intrusive doleritic rocks. The intrusions largely appear in the form of sills that can reach thicknesses of and continuously extend for up to laterally. The basaltic rocks found in Svalbard have an intra-plate composition and are thought to originate from a source near the Alpha Ridge. The Svalbard province is also closely associated with the Franz Josef Land province (discussed below).

The Upper Herto member changes to yellow sandstone (from the fluvial and lake- margin deposits of the lower layer), and dates to between 160 and 154 kya. Immediately above the erosion surface separating the two layers is a sequence of volcanic sandstone and gravel deposits of variable thicknesses. It shows cross-bedded sedimentation containing pumice rocks and has produced all the human fossils and tools found in the Upper layer. The Upper layer is topped by a volcanic tuff.

The fastener is an anchor, an expandable sleeve that slides into a hole drilled into the wall. A lip wider than the hole prevents it from falling behind the wall and rotating when being compressed. A machine screw is then screwed into the sleeve, causing the anchor to bend, expand, spread and grip against the inside of the drywall. Mollies come in various diameters and "grip lengths" for different drywall thicknesses and to support different loads.

308 cartridges are typically loaded to higher pressures than 7.62×51mm NATO service cartridges.SAAMI Velocity and Piezoelectric Transducer Pressure: Centerfire Rifle, 2013, p. 9, Even though the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) does not consider it unsafe to fire the commercial round in weapons chambered for the NATO round, there is significant discussion about compatible chamber and muzzle pressures between the two cartridges based on powder loads and wall thicknesses of the military compared to commercial rounds.

However, advances in technology are expected to reduce wafer thicknesses to 140 μm by 2026.Solar Industry Technology Report 2015–2016, Canadian Solar, October 2016. Other manufacturing methods are being researched, such as direct wafer epitaxial growth, which involves growing gaseous layers on reusable silicon substrates. Newer processes may allow growth of square crystals that can then be processed into thinner wafers without compromising quality or efficiency, thereby eliminating the waste from traditional ingot sawing and cutting methods.

The overall shell thicknesses for both the Orion and the early Pro-Ms of 2005 - 2006 were identical at 6.1 mm. This was the case only till early 2006 when production changed at the factory in Tianjin. All Pro-Ms received a changed ply configuration and thickness resulting in an overall shell thickness of 5.8mm, and the Orion kept its 6.1 mm shell thickness. The Orions are actually priced lower than most of their high-end market competition.

They also claim that the steel gets too brittle if higher Brinell values are used.Shooters Element Hardened steel is available in different Brinell values or thicknesses, and stainless variants are also available. A common trademark in the United States for hardened steel is AR500. Regular steel is too soft, resulting in bullets either punching through the target or making a crater whereupon subsequent bullets may bounce back toward the shooter or spectators, often with great force.

Also, different materials have different thermal conductivity, meaning they require different times in the heating chamber and cooling chamber. Ideally, the part will be tested to use the minimum thickness required for the application. This minimum will then be established as a nominal thickness.. For the designer, while variable thicknesses are possible, a process called stop rotation is required. This process is limited in that only one side of the mold may be thicker than the others.

Branding irons are applied for a longer time to cattle than to horses, due to the differing thicknesses of their skins. If a brand is applied too long, it can damage the skin too deeply, thus requiring treatment for potential infection and longer-term healing. Branding wet stock may result in the smudging of the brand. Brand identification may be difficult on long-haired animals, and may necessitate clipping of the area to view the brand.

Due to the way solid ink printers put the ink onto the page, print quality is considered to be precise and accurate, with bright colors. Excellent results can be achieved with low-quality stock, as the Solid ink covers the stock with a glossy, almost opaque, surface. Solid ink printers are able to print on many different types and thicknesses of media. They are much less sensitive to changes in media type than are color laser printers.

The frescoes can be found in the apse and in the southern nave of the Church. The apse is dominated by a basin, which is the most important feature of the complex as it highlights the altar and catches the eye of the visitors whom enter the church. The frescoes have been subject to several changes and were replaced by new frescoes with more modern features. This coverage can be seen by the different thicknesses on the wall.

The paper also served as a patch in smoothbore firearms, which fired balls that were smaller than the diameter of the bore, and wrapped a paper or cloth patch to make them fit snugly. The paper used in cartridges varied considerably. The instructions for making Enfield paper cartridges, published in 1859, which uses three pieces of paper of two different thicknesses, shows the complexity that could be involved. Some cartridges, such as those for percussion revolvers, used nitrated paper.

In certain applications, such as the deposition of ceramic materials, voltages above 3–4V cannot be applied in aqueous EPD if it is necessary to avoid the electrolysis of water. However, higher application voltages may be desirable in order to achieve higher coating thicknesses or to increase the rate of deposition. In such applications, organic solvents are used instead of water as the liquid medium. The organic solvents used are generally polar solvents such as alcohols and ketones.

As at other guyots in the Pacific Ocean pelagic sedimentation commenced later; the foraminifera fossils indicate an age of Maastrichtian to Pliocene for such sediments. These sediments reach thicknesses of in Hole 866B and consist of a Quaternary (last 2.58 million years), a thin early Pleistocene (2.58 – 0.0117 million years ago) and a thick Pliocene layer. Some of the sediments take the form of pelagic limestones. In Paleogene (66 to 23.03 million years ago) sediments ostracods have been found.

Aperiodic multilayers have been proposed to reduce the sensitivity at the cost of lower reflectivity but are too sensitive to random fluctuations of layer thicknesses, such as from thickness control imprecision or interdiffusion. In particular, defocused dense lines at pitches up to twice the minimum resolvable pitch suffer wavelength-dependent edge shifts.Chromatic Blur in EUV Lithography A narrower bandwidth would increase sensitivity to mask absorber and buffer thickness on the 1 nm scale.M. Sugawara et al.

Layer thicknesses are chosen to produce destructive interference in the beams reflected from the interfaces, and constructive interference in the corresponding transmitted beams. This makes the structure's performance change with wavelength and incident angle, so that color effects often appear at oblique angles. A wavelength range must be specified when designing or ordering such coatings, but good performance can often be achieved for a relatively wide range of frequencies: usually a choice of IR, visible, or UV is offered.

In another landmark study, researchers from the Lovinkhoeve Experimental Farm in the Netherlands examined the flow of carbon and illustrated transfer rates with arrows of different thicknesses. In order to create a flow web, a topological web is first constructed. After the members of the web are decided, the biomass of each functional group is calculated, usually in kg carbon/hectare. In order to calculate feeding rates, researchers assume that the population of the functional group is in equilibrium.

In June 1906, she relieved the battleship Colossus as the gunnery training ship at Portsmouth and was assigned to the gunnery school HMS Excellent.Burt, pp. 92, 94 On 13 June 1908, Revenge was struck by the merchant ship when the latter was cut loose by her tugboat during a sudden squall in Portsmouth Harbour. In October 1909, she conducted gunnery tests on the obsolete battleship to evaluate the effects of shells against varying thicknesses of armour.

To achieve the look of an Impressionist painting for the film, director Weir and director of cinematography Russell Boyd were inspired by the work of British photographer and film director David Hamilton, who had draped different types of veils over his camera lens to produce diffused and soft-focus images. Boyd created the ethereal, dreamy look of many scenes by placing simple bridal veil fabric of various thicknesses over his camera lens. The film was edited by Max Lemon.

Olallie Butte is at least 25,000 years old, making it of Pleistocene age. It was likely built up by eruptions prior to the last glacial period. Comparisons of its morphology with Mount Jefferson suggest an age between 70,000 and 100,000 years. Thayer (1939) grouped eruptive activity at Olallie Butte with deposits at Mount Jefferson, Mount Hood, and Crater Lake (Mount Mazama) into the Olallie Lava group, which display highly variable thicknesses ranging from extremely thin to up to .

The cutter is then pressed firmly against the surface of glass and a line is briskly scribed to form a "score" or "cut". The glass is now weakened along this line and the panel is ready to be split. Running pliers may then be used to "run" or "open" to the split. General purpose glass is mostly made by the float glass process and is obtainable in thicknesses from 1.5 to 25 mm ( to 1 in).

Calcium carbonate formations are associated with regions where meteoric waters become enriched with calcium carbonate by direct dissolution of CaCO3-rich rocks underground only to resurface and re-precipitate calcite. It is well known that the geology of the Portneuf watershed contains large thicknesses of limestone and dolomite strata that are mostly Paleozoic.Crane, Tracy J., P. K. Link, Steven S. Oriel, Diana Boyack, and Beau Johnson. 2001. "Geologic Map of the Lava Hot Springs Quadrangle, Bannock County, Idaho" Map.

Sand seas that have accumulated in subsiding structural and topographic basins, such as the Murzuk Sand Sea of Libya, may attain great thicknesses (more than 1000 mGlennie, K. W. 1970. Desert sedimentary environments: Developments in sedimentology 14, Enclosure 4. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Co.) but others, such as the ergs of linear dunes in the Simpson Desert and Great Sandy Desert of Australia, may be no thicker than the individual dunes superposed on the alluvial plain.

Some non-wavelength-selective photovoltaics achieve semi-transparency by spatial segmentation of opaque solar cells. This method uses any type of opaque photovoltaic cell and spaces several small cells out on a transparent substrate. Spacing them out in this way reduces power conversion efficiencies dramatically while increasing transmission. Another branch of non-wavelength-selective photovoltaics utilize visibly absorbing thin-film semi-conductors with small thicknesses or large enough band gaps that allow light to pass through.

Subsidence continued on a reduced scale into the Mississippian and was largely ended by Pennsylvanian time. Regional subsidence returned during the Mesozoic Era, although total sediment thicknesses were much less than during the Paleozoic. Near the end of the Cretaceous, tectonic activity during the Laramide Orogeny rejuvenated several basement structures in the Williston Basin to produce anticlines that serve as oil traps today.Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, CO, 1972: p.

These are flexible, closed- cell, rubber foams based on NBR or EPDM rubber. Flexible elastomeric foams exhibit such a high resistance to the passage of water vapour that they do not generally require additional water-vapour barriers. Such high vapour resistance, combined with the high surface emissivity of rubber, allows flexible elastomeric foams to prevent surface condensation formation with comparatively small thicknesses. As a result, flexible elastomeric foams are widely used on refrigeration and air-conditioning pipework.

POM sheets can be cut cleanly and accurately using an infrared laser, such as in a CO2 laser cutter. Because the material lacks the rigidity of most metals, care should be taken to use light clamping forces and sufficient support for the work piece. As can be the case with many polymers, machined POM can be dimensionally unstable, especially with parts that have large variations in wall thicknesses. It is recommended that such features be "designed-out" e.g.

After a number of tests at various speeds, orifice diameters, and orifice thicknesses, they concluded that the whistle was created by a Helmholtz resonance in the cylinder volume. There was enough data for one case in their study to calculate the Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. The results are shown in the figure on the right. The Strouhal number was essentially constant over the limited speed range, suggesting hole tone operation with class I or class II feedback.

The largest stage sets the bandwidth and the smallest stage sets the Free Spectral Range. If you use two of the second largest crystals it will increase the contrast of the desired line. If you split the crystals in half and add a 1/2 waveplates in the middle you can increase the field of view of the filter. The separation and narrowness of the transmission peaks depends on the number, thicknesses, and orientation of the plates.

It may also provide lower material cost. RTRC conduit can be used in a variety of indoor and outdoor applications. Fiberglass conduit is available in multiple wall thicknesses to suit various applications and has a support distance very similar to steel. High temperature, low smoke, no flame, classified area (Class I Division 2), and zero halogen versions are also manufactured for specialty applications such as subway tunnels and stations and in the US can meet NFPA 130 requirements.

If a second tin pot is used, called the wash pot, it contains tin at a lower temperature. This is followed by the grease pot, which contains oil and a tinning machine. The tinning machine has two small rollers that are spring-loaded together so that when the tinned plate is inserted the rolls squeeze off any excess tin. The springs on the tinning machine can be set to different forces to give different thicknesses of tin.

Researchers from the CAST Cooperative Research Centre and M. Murray Associates developed flow and thermal control methods for the high pressure die casting of thin-walled aluminum components with thicknesses of less than 1 mm. FLOW-3D simulation predicted the complex structure of the metal flow in the die and subsequent casting solidification.Thang Nguyen, Vu Nguyen, Morris Murray, Gary Savage, John Carrig, “Modeling Die Filling in Ultra-Thin Aluminium Castings,” Materials Science Forum, Volume 690, 2011.

The elements are displayed in order of decreasing atomic concentration. Hence, the distinction between these two metallic glasses lies in their most dominant element, namely Ca and Mg. These Ca-based bulk glassy alloys had compositions of Ca55Mg15+XZn30−X, Ca60Mg10+YZn30−Y, and Ca55+ZMg25−ZZn20, where X = 0, 5 and 10; Y = 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15; and Z = 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15. Critical casting thicknesses of up to 10 mm were achieved.

Canelo is a type of bruñido is named for the color the fired clay turns out, which is various shades of cinnamon (canela in Spanish). It is burnished with lard and painted with ochre and brown tones. The decorative lines are generally horizontal with different thicknesses and tone with other stylized objects such as leaves, waves and more added. It is popular and used mainly for water jugs because it is good for keeping liquid cool.

The geologist Juan Brüggen in 1950 estimated that there were about 800 volcanoes in northern Chile, about 37 of them east of the Salar de Atacama. Also part of the volcanism are large ignimbrites, which are usually thought to be of Miocene age. Those in the area of Sairecabur often originated in the neighbourhood to the conical volcanoes. The volcanoes formed over crust with thicknesses reaching , thus the erupted magmas are heavily influenced by the crust.

The Katahdin, built first, used the same iron framed masonry construction as the original. The Wachusett was entirely steel framed. Where the north half required great thicknesses of brick in the load-bearing walls, the addition employed only a thin facing of brick and terracotta trim, affording larger expanses of glass and faster, less expensive construction. The south half cost 15 percent less, weighed 15 percent less, and had 15 percent more rentable space than the north half.

Judogi are sold in many thicknesses, which can be generally grouped together in the two classes: single-weave and double- weave. Single-weave judogi are thinner and weigh less (upper jacket textile fabric weight usually 300–550 g/m2). The thinner judogi are less durable, although some judoka (judo practitioners) may prefer them for long practices as they are less likely to foster overheating. Double-weave judogi are thicker and weigh more (fabric weight usually 650–1050 g/m2).

Clouds obscure the view of other objects in the sky, though varying thicknesses of cloudcover have differing effects. A very thin cirrus cloud in front of the moon might produce a rainbow-colored ring around the moon. Stars and planets are too small or dim to take on this effect, and are instead only dimmed (often to the point of invisibility). Thicker cloudcover obscures celestial objects entirely, making the sky black or reflecting city lights back down.

Volcanic activity formed breccia, lava flows with thicknesses of about and volcanic sediments. The volcanic rocks were subject to weathering, forming over thick soils. Phreatomagmatic deposits and rocks interpreted as peperite have also been found, implying that some lava flows may have interacted with wet soils as they were emplaced. Takuyo-Daisan at this time might have been an at least and possibly as much as high tropical volcanic island with marshes that were inhabited by bioturbatory organisms.

Two large Holocene eruptions have been identified at Melimoyu, called MEL1 and MEL2 and whose deposits are known as the La Junta and Santa Ana tephras respectively. The larger MEL1 eruption occurred between 2,790 – 2,740 years ago and produced a layered basaltic-dacitic tephra consisting of pumice with lithics and scoria inclusions. The MEL2 eruption took place about 1,680 ± 100 calibrated radiocarbon years ago and consists of pumice of andesitic composition. MEL1 deposits have thicknesses of depending on the layer at distance of the volcano, while MEL2 units rech thicknesses of at the same distance. At Palena Lake east from Melimoyu the MEL1 layer is still thick. A thick tephra deposit at Lago Shaman and Mallín El Embudo in the Río Cisnes valley has been attributed to the MEL2 eruption. Other findings of tephra are MEL2 layers at Laguna Junco and Laguna Las Mellizas. Overall, both eruptions appear to have had a volcanic explosivity index of 5 and produced about and tephra for the MEL1 and MEL2 eruption, respectively.

The initial work by Martin Bott suggested that the batholith had an overall trapezoidal shape with a base to the batholith at about 10-12 km. However, current understanding of granite pluton shape suggest that most are either laccolithic or lopolithic. Comparisons with other examples would suggest that the thicknesses of the individual plutons would be in the range 3-5 km, based on their outcrop widths. The volume of the batholith was estimated in 1989 to be around 68,000 cubic kilometres.

However, to support this skin, rather than using traditional bulkheads and metal ribs, Maddock specified a lining of aviation- grade honeycomb structure aluminium with a fibreglass inner skin, forming a sandwich structured composite. The resulting chassis (sometimes referred to as the Cooper T69) was far stiffer than previous Cooper products, but with variable wall thicknesses and bonded-in fuel cells it was complex to manufacture. With development over runs and limited finances Cooper decided to drop the concept.Nye (2003), p. 269.

The scattering rates are tailored by suitable design of the layer thicknesses in the superlattice which determine the electron wave functions of the subbands. The scattering rate between two subbands is heavily dependent upon the overlap of the wave functions and energy spacing between the subbands. The figure shows the wave functions in a three quantum well (3QW) QCL active region and injector. In order to decrease W_{32}, the overlap of the upper and lower laser levels is reduced.

In the simplest case the surface of the target horizon is a plain in general position, and the linear interpolation gives the correct result. The assumptions of the convergence method are consequences of the perspective correlations theory, so, the method obtains the theoretical background. The theory also gave an additional criteria for the validity of the reconstructed surface. It defines the stratigraphic interval where layers were deposited without interruption, and where the layers' thicknesses satisfy the law of perspective geometry.

An attempt to import of steel and armor plate from the United States in 1939 failed, probably as a result of the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939. Armor plate production was even more problematic as only were delivered in 1940 of the anticipated and 30–40% of that was rejected. Furthermore, the armor plants proved to be incapable of making cemented plates over 230 mm and inferior face-hardened plates had to be substituted for all thicknesses over .McLaughlin, p.

If the ratio of the two thicknesses is d1 / d 2 = n2 / n1, then the total phase difference between the front and back faces is zero. This demonstrates how the NIM slab at chosen frequencies acts as a phase compensator. It is important to note that this phase compensation process is only on the ratio of d1 / d 2 rather than the thickness of d1 \+ d1. Therefore, d1 \+ d1 can be any value, as long as this ratio satisfies the above condition.

Just before the onset of the Upper Cretaceous, the pyrenean domain had separated in the Albian into two very different sedimentary facies realms. On the northern edge of Iberia (in the South Pyrenean Zone and in the Axial Zone), shelf carbonates were then being deposited. Because of several emersions, they only show very reduced thicknesses. Due to transtension in the North Pyrenean Zone, a very strongly subsiding flysch basin (North Pyrenean Basin) developed, which follows essentially the east–west-trending Variscan fracture zones.

Rizla, commercially styled Rizla+ ("Riz La Croix") , is a French brand of rolling papers and other related paraphernalia in which tobacco, or marijuana, or a mixture, is rolled to make handmade joints and cigarettes. The company was sold in 1997 to Imperial Tobacco. The name "Rizla" came in 1886 ("Riz" being the French word for rice and "La+" as an abbreviation of Lacroix). Rizla rolling papers are available in a range of thicknesses, indicated by the colour of the packaging, and sizes.

Corrosion resistance relies on what is called the passivation layer, which is determined by the chemical composition and processing, and is damaged by cracks and pores. In a special case, micropores can help distribute the electrochemical potential that accelerates galvanic corrosion between the layers of nickel and chromium. Depending on the application, coatings of different thicknesses will require different balances of the aforementioned properties. Thin, bright chrome imparts a mirror-like finish to items such as metal furniture frames and automotive trim.

It was thick from there to the stern while the portion abreast the forward barbette was thick and then reduced to 6 inches to the bow. Below the belt at the stem, a strake of armour projected downwards to support the ship's plow-type ram. The middle strake consisted of armour plates; it continued forward to the bow, albeit in 6- then 4-inch thicknesses. Aft it terminated in an oblique 8-inch bulkhead that connected the armour to the aft barbette.

Detail of east doors of barn, said (with some exaggeration) to be able to accommodate a "ten-horse wagon laden with hay." The foundation was set on stone abutments quarried from rock in a canyon located about away. Armstrong stated they were driven twelve feet below the water table and set on bedrock. The walls were of wooden planks, made of three thicknesses of lumber deep, said to be insulated with "double sheets of building paper" between each layer of lumber.

Standard metric paper sizes use the square root of two () as factors between neighbouring dimensions rounded to the nearest mm (Lichtenberg series, ISO 216). An A4 sheet for example has an aspect ratio very close to and an area very close to 1/16 square metre. An A5 is almost exactly half an A4, and has the same aspect ratio. The factor also appears between the standard pen thicknesses for technical drawings (0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.50, 0.70, 1.00, 1.40, and 2.00 mm).

This volcanic arc extends along the Zagros mountain range and has been interpreted as being caused by subduction of the Neotethys, starting during the Triassic. Volcanism reached a peak during the Eocene. The volcanic succession of the arc reaches thicknesses of in some places and is dominated by calc-alkaline rocks. Another volcanic arc in Iran is found in the Makran area and is formed by the Bazman, Taftan and Koh-i-Sultan volcanoes, the second of which lies in Pakistan.

At the Gutai exhibition held at the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York in 1958, Jenkins is invited by Jiro Yoshihara to work with Gutai in Osaka; however, Jenkins waited until 1964 to implement this invitation.Paul Jenkins Archive. Gutai. From the artist's studio in Paris in 1959, Peggy Guggenheim purchased "Osage," a work on canvas, and continued to later purchase the artist's work. Jenkins continued to experiment with flowing paints, pouring pigment in streams of various thicknesses, with white linear overlays.

To better resist the compression and tension efforts, the elements were assembled at 16 degrees next to the root, reverting to the more conventional ninety degrees on the tips, longitudinal elements locking everything in place. The thicknesses of the elements was also reduced towards the tips. No two joints had the same angle on the wing, an authentic production engineer's nightmare. Instead of doped Irish linen covering used on the earlier geodetic aircraft, a stiff and light skin was used on the Windsor.

It was built as a single assembly around three box-spars located at 21, 40 and 65 percent chord: there was an intermediate spruce stringer between each pair of spars to prevent buckling. The ribs were made of birch ply and spruce. The outboard 6 ft (1.5 m) were skinned with various thicknesses of ply because of the difficulty of machining spruce planking to less than 0.07 in thickness. The leading edge, forward of the front spar, was also ply covered.

Lake Cabana is an ancient lake in the Altiplano. The lake reached a water level of over the central and northern Altiplano, above the current lake levels of Lake Titicaca. The Capalla-Ulloma sill, which separates the Altiplano into a northern and southern basin, did not exist at that time and it did not split up the Cabana lake body. It left deposits reaching thicknesses of of thickness; they have been found on the western and eastern sides of the basin.

To this it adds the large nepheline syenite bodies of the Lovozero Massif and the Khibiny Mountains. An estimate puts the total volume of the rocks of the Kola Alkaline Province at 15,000 ±2,700 km3. The more mafic silicate rocks of the province originated from small degrees of partial melting in a source region in Earth's mantle made up of garnet-bearing peridotite. The lithosphere had thicknesses similar to present-day (200 km) conditions when magmas originated in the Devonian.

They reach thicknesses of greater than as far as from the Sand Mountain cinder cone and greater than up to from the cinder cone. Microfractures within Sand Mountain clastic rock along with the blocky, equant shapes and density of sideromelane and tachylite clastic rock in the field suggest that Sand Mountain Field lava interacted with water. According to McKay (2012), this likely came from groundwater. There is a lava tube system at Lucy's Cavern that fed deposits in the Sand Mountain Volcanic Field.

The sedimentation of the radiolarites represents a sudden and drastic change in the sedimentation history of the Northern Calcareous Alps. This event was termed the Ruhpolding turning point (Ruhpoldinger Wende in German). It was a decisive and not a transient, repetitive change, because the deep-water radiolarites and later Aptychen Beds clearly differ in character from the lower and mid-Jurassic sediments. During the Dogger the turning point was preceded by a rapid drop in sedimentation rates and ensuing thicknesses.

Plastic bags for rubbish or litter are sold in a number of sizes at many stores in packets or rolls of a few tens of bags. Wire twist ties are sometimes supplied for closing the bag once full. Varying thicknesses are commonly manufactured - thicker bags are used for heavy-duty applications such as construction waste, or in order to be able to withstand being compacted during recycling processes. In the mid-1990s bin bags with drawstrings for closure were introduced.

Test holes 60 to 75 ft. deep to determine the character of foundation for the concrete piers disclosed compact sand, gravel and large boulders in layers of varying thicknesses, suitable for carrying pier loading without foundation piles. Erection of 504 foot span (November 29, 1920) Pier construction started in May, 1920, when the head of track was 22 miles south of the bridge site. Supplies were freighted by sleds on the ice until the river broke and then by boats and wagons.

Betta splendens builds nests of varying sizes Male Betta with Bubbles. Betta splendens fry in a bubble nest Bubble nests are built even when not in presence of female or fry (though often a female swimming past will trigger the frantic construction of the nest). Males will build bubble nests of various sizes and thicknesses, depending on the male's territory and personality. Some males build constantly, some occasionally, some when introduced to a female and some do not even begin until after spawning.

Coextrusion is the extrusion of multiple layers of material simultaneously. This type of extrusion utilizes two or more extruders to melt and deliver a steady volumetric throughput of different viscous plastics to a single extrusion head (die) which will extrude the materials in the desired form. This technology is used on any of the processes described above (blown film, overjacketing, tubing, sheet). The layer thicknesses are controlled by the relative speeds and sizes of the individual extruders delivering the materials.

She was called a "Black Snake" by Napoleon III, but was soon superseded. When armoured ships were first introduced, in-service guns had very little ability to penetrate their armour. However, starting in 1867, guns started to be introduced into service capable of penetrating the armour of the first generation iron-clads, albeit at favourable angles and at short range. This had already been anticipated, and armour thicknesses grew, resulting in turn in a gun calibre-race as larger guns gave better penetration.

High-chromium white iron alloys allow massive castings (for example, a 10-tonne impeller) to be sand cast, as the chromium reduces cooling rate required to produce carbides through the greater thicknesses of material. Chromium also produces carbides with impressive abrasion resistance. These high-chromium alloys attribute their superior hardness to the presence of chromium carbides. The main form of these carbides are the eutectic or primary M7C3 carbides, where "M" represents iron or chromium and can vary depending on the alloy's composition.

To hit the bottom panel of an enemy tank, the bazooka operator had to wait until the tank was surmounting a steep hill or other obstruction, while hitting the top armor usually necessitated firing the rocket from the upper story of a building or similar elevated position. Even the heavy King Tiger tank only possessed hull and turret top armor thicknesses of 44 mm (1-3/4 in) thickness at best, capable of being pierced by the bazooka's shaped-charge rocket ordnance.

Dark gray to light gray in color, Boring Lava produces columnar and platy joints, which can be seen in Oregon east of Portland and in Clark County in Washington state. It is usually phyric, though one sample from Rocky Butte consists of labradorite with olivine phenocrysts that have been transformed to iddingsite. The Boring Lava reaches thicknesses of more than . Boring Lava has a more mafic (rich in magnesium in iron) composition than the nearby volcano Mount Hood, but they have similar ages.

Once a grid has been established, the clay thicknesses at the center of each grid node are estimated. These estimations are based on a weighted average of the values associated with the surrounding control points (Figure 3). A variety of interpolation methods or “algorithms” are available for performing these estimations. A popular and simple technique called inverse distance weighting (IDW) varies the influence of surrounding points based on the inverse of the distance between the control point and the interpolated point.

In 2007, theoretical work indicated that under certain conditions gravastars as well as other alternative black hole models are not stable when they rotate. Theoretical work has also shown that certain rotating gravastars are stable assuming certain angular velocities, shell thicknesses, and compactnesses. It is also possible that some gravastars which are mathematically unstable may be physically stable over cosmological timescales. Theoretical support for the feasibility of gravastars does not exclude the existence of black holes as shown in other theoretical studies.

The greatest degree of indeterminacy is reached by the third type of indeterminate music, where traditional musical notation is replaced by visual or verbal signs suggesting how a work can be performed, for example in graphic score pieces. Earle Brown’s December 1952 (1952) shows lines and rectangles of various lengths and thicknesses that can read as loudness, duration, or pitch. The performer chooses how to read them. Another example is Morton Feldman’s Intersection No. 2 (1951) for piano solo, written on coordinate paper.

Plastic tubing for use as electrical conduit. PVC conduit has long been considered the lightest in weight compared to steel conduit materials, and usually lower in cost than other forms of conduit. In North American electrical practice, it is available in three different wall thicknesses, with the thin-wall variety only suitable for embedded use in concrete, and heavier grades suitable for direct burial and exposed work. Most of the various fittings made for metal conduit are also available in PVC form.

Since the widespread adoption of reel-to-reel audio tape recording in the 1950s, audio tapes and tape cassettes have been available in many formats. This article describes the length, tape thickness and playing times of some of the most common ones. All tape thicknesses here refer to the total tape thickness unless otherwise specified, including the base, the oxide coating and any back coating. In the USA, tape thickness is often expressed as the thickness of the base alone.

It is the northernmost strongpoint in the Siegfried Line. These strongpoints differed from the other roughly 15,000 fortifications of the Siegfried Line in having an armoured cupola and wall thicknesses of at least 1.0 metre. 32 examples of such structures were built to construction thickness "B" with exterior walls of reinforced concrete up to 2 metres thick. Another of these so called B-Werke ("B Works") that has been open to the public since 2006 is B-Werk Besseringen in the Saarland.

Lastarria is formed by two coalesced edifices, the main cone and the older South Spur ('), which are joined at an altitude of about and form a long ridge. The main cone comprises lava domes, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and scoria, with most of the volcano covered by pyroclastic material, some of which extends to the southeastern margin of the . Lava flows are exposed mainly on the northwestern slope, where they reach thicknesses of . The South Spur has also generated lava flows.

Should the hailstone move into an area where mostly water vapor is available, it acquires a layer of opaque white ice. Severe thunderstorms containing hail can exhibit a characteristic green coloration Furthermore, the hailstone's speed depends on its position in the cloud's updraft and its mass. This determines the varying thicknesses of the layers of the hailstone. The accretion rate of supercooled water droplets onto the hailstone depends on the relative velocities between these water droplets and the hailstone itself.

Each SRR is electrically isolated and all dimensions are carefully specified to optimize absorption at a specific radar wavelength. Not being a closed loop "O", the opening in the "C" presents a gap of specific dimension which acts as a capacitor. At 35 GHz, the diameter of the "C" is near 5 mm. The resonator can be tuned to specific wavelengths and multiple SRRs can be stacked with insulating layers of specific thicknesses between them to provide a wide-band absorption of radar energy.

Some of the volcanoes are surrounded by pyroclastic flow or pyroclastic fallout deposits, others are linked with lava flows. Flows run along valleys, spread over flat terrain or form delta-like structures at slope breaks, and reach lengths of over but more commonly from the source vents. The lava flows have thicknesses of and feature flow structures typical for aa lava. Pyroclastic material was often rafted by lava flows, forming isolated deposits on these, and spatter deposits were generated by Hawaii-like fire fountaining.

The Yahatinda Formation is present as discontinuous outcrops in the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies in Alberta, from the Brazeau River in the north to near the Kananaskis Lakes in the south, and possibly at Mount Wilson in extreme southern Alberta. The thickness of the Yahatinda is highly variable because it was deposited on an erosion surface with high topographic relief. It is typically less than thick and is absent over paleotopographic highs, but it can reach thicknesses as great as in deeply incised paleovalleys.

In its 50 production establishments in Italy and overseas (Europe, USA, South America, Asia), it processes around 5.0 million tonnes of steel every year and produces daily almost 5,500 kilometres of welded tubes, sections, drawn products, panels, strips and sheets in stainless steel, carbon steel and aluminium, of all sizes and thicknesses, for use in the manufacture of automobiles, electrical appliances, heat exchangers, furniture and shelving; in the construction of buildings and large infrastructures; in metal structural work; in the papermaking industry, food industry, etc.

A basic fallout shelter consists of shields that reduce gamma ray exposure by a factor of 1000. The required shielding can be accomplished with 10 times the thickness of any quantity of material capable of cutting gamma ray exposure in half. Shields that reduce gamma ray intensity by 50% (1/2) include 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead, 6 cm (2.4 inches) of concrete, 9 cm (3.6 inches) of packed earth or 150 m (500 ft) of air. When multiple thicknesses are built, the shielding multiplies.

The pumice deposits have been affected by erosion and possibly by fumarolic activity, forming structures resembling overturned boats that were named "Khutk's boats" by native settlers. Ash from the eruption spread west-northwest of Kurile Lake, covering a total surface of over ; it can be found at large distances from the caldera; layers have been found in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River, away from Kurile Lake. Thicknesses still reach several centimetres in Magadan. In the northern Kuriles, the thickness reaches several tens of centimetres.

A neutron supermirror is a highly polished, layered material used to reflect neutron beams. Supermirrors are a special case of multi-layer neutron reflectors with varying layer thicknesses. Supermirrors are produced by depositing and polishing large numbers of layers of a reflecting substance, such as silicon, nickel, titanium or nickel/titanium composite, on a substrate. In this way, the critical angle of total reflection becomes n\cdot\theta_c, where n is the number of layers and \theta_c the angle of total reflection for a single layer.

Special considerations are needed when this depolarizer is to be used for a particular application, because the optimal wave-plate thicknesses depend on the signal wavelength and optical spectrum with which it is to be used. It is commercially available for broadband visible applications. This device is especially attractive in fiber optics, where two pieces of correct length of polarization-maintaining optical fiber spliced together at a 45° angle are used instead of the wave-plates, thus no other components such as beam splitters are required.

The elevation near the mouth of Willow Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Willow Brook includes alluvium (which contains stratified silt, sand, and gravel), a till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. In the vicinity of the lower reaches of the stream, there are patches of alluvium and wetlands, as well much Wisconsinan Till, all typically having thicknesses of or more in the general area.

The clarity of the plastic will vary with the thickness of the pocket due to the semicrystalline nature of the polymers and Light scattering by particles. Typically, biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP) is used to improve clarity of punched pockets. Using the customary unit of plastic thickness, the mil, punched pockets are produced in various thicknesses for different uses, and may or may not cover both sides of the document completely. The thinnest pockets may be less than 2 mil, while the thickest are over 4 mil.

Diamond is hard, chemically inert, and has high thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. These properties make diamond superior to any other existing window material used for transmitting infrared and microwave radiation. Therefore, synthetic diamond is starting to replace zinc selenide as the output window of high-power CO2 lasers and gyrotrons. Those synthetic polycrystalline diamond windows are shaped as disks of large diameters (about 10 cm for gyrotrons) and small thicknesses (to reduce absorption) and can only be produced with the CVD technique.

The building also had a large vault with two series of locks that required two people to operate. A night watchman was stationed in the basement, with directions to "send electric signals to the office of the burglar Police every half-hour." The structure as a whole was considered "solidly fireproof": it incorporated iron floor beams, as well as brick exterior walls whose thicknesses ranged from at the upper floors to in the foundation. Iron girders and terracotta blocks were also used to fireproof the annex.

The floodplain of Johnson Creek is a remnant of large glacial floods known as the Missoula Floods that deposited thick sediments between 18,000 and 13,000 years ago in the Columbia River Basin, including much of the Willamette Valley. Underlying the sediments are substantial thicknesses of basalt lavas from the Columbia River Basalt Group. The lava, exposed mainly in the uplands, has been folded and faulted to form a series of sub-basins, including the Johnson Creek watershed. The watershed is a roughly rectangular area of about .

The three armoured decks ranged in thickness from with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick respectively. The torpedo control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof. Neptune had two longitudinal anti-torpedo bulkheads that ranged in thickness from and extended from the forward end of 'A' barbette to the end of 'Y' magazine.

Chursch of St. Petka before reconstruction In the first phase, St. Nikola's church was built as a humble rectangular church with semi-circular altar apse on the east with a total length of 8.9 meters and a width of 5.1 meters. Arched barrel vault, built of cut limestone, whose themes is about 5.6 meters above the floor level. The walls were crudely constructed with bumps that are visible on the surface, which is covered with paintings. Their uneven thicknesses are decreasing towards the higher zones.

The Devonian is marine and rich in fossils (spiriferids and trilobites like phacops). It consists of six depositional areas (and a wealth of formations) differing considerably in their sedimentary evolution (especially in the Basque Pyrenees). Generally in the western Pyrenees, shallow marine facies prevail, whereas in the eastern Pyrenees, hemipelagic facies with occasional high grounds predominate. The Devonian has highly variable thicknesses, its 100–600 m—and in places 1400 —thick succession is made up of many different sedimentary facies like greywackes, reefal limestones, and sandstones.

The process offers a range of important benefits, from both the design and production aspects. To begin with there is the ability to form components with double curvature and smooth contours from single sheet in one operation, with exceptional dimensional accuracy and surface finish, and none of the "spring back" associated with cold forming techniques. Because only single surface tools are employed, lead times are short and prototyping is both rapid and easy, because a range of sheet alloy thicknesses can be tested on the same tool.

The concept for the grill was created by Michael Boehm of Batavia, Illinois. The original intention was to create an indoor grill that would provide a unique benefit of cooking on both sides at once. A second key benefit was to reduce the fat content of hamburgers and other meats by draining away the fat into a separate reservoir. Michael Boehm designed the product with a floating hinge and slanted grilling surface to accommodate foods of different thicknesses and drain fat away from the food.

The high electric field at these junctions can split up the excitons, while the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) can act as a pathway for the electrons. The dispersion of CNTs in a solution of an electron donating conjugated polymer is perhaps the most common strategy to implement CNT materials into OPVs. Generally poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) are used for this purpose. These blends are then spin coated onto a transparent conductive electrode with thicknesses that vary from 60 to 120 nm.

According to Maryam Ekhtiar, "tiraz inscriptions were written in Kufic or floriated Kufic script, and later, in naskhi or throughout the islamic world." Those inscriptions include the name of God or the ruler. As an example, the inscription inside the Dome of the Rock is written in Kufic. Throughout the text, we can notice the calligraphic line created by the reed pen which is usually a steady stroke with various thicknesses based on the changes in direction of the movement that has created it.

The volcanic member of the Combia Formation is predominantly composed of basaltic and andesitic leaks, volcanic breccias and porphyry deposits of andesitic to dacitic composition. The mineralizations occur in porphyry veins in the andesitic sections without visible hydrothermal alterations. Two types of structures are present; parallel veins with a 065-075 strike dipping 58 degrees to the west with variable thicknesses between and a principal vertical vein that is east-west oriented and between thick. These veins are mainly composed of quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite.

Each scale contains cuticle layers with randomly located blocks of cuticle that hold them in place and maintain an air gap between them. The layers and air gaps are narrower than the wavelength of visible light. The structure varies from one layer at the proximal end of each scale, to about six layers at the distal end. This multilayer structure strongly reflects certain wavelengths of light, which are determined by the thicknesses of the layers and the angle at which the light hits the scale.

Twelve million years ago, the Porco Tuff was erupted from the volcano, causing the formation of the Porco caldera. This welded tuff accumulated to thicknesses of more than inside the caldera and extended outside of the caldera, where it crops out in patches outside of its western margin. Material from the pre- caldera basement consisting of Cretaceous sandstone breccia was embedded in the tuff on the southern and eastern side of the caldera. Porco is also considered to be the source of the Cebadillas ignimbrite.

While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano- tectonic settings, such as rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations.

His method of obtaining impressions of brasses involved: French paper kept damp in a specially prepared case; printer's ink; and rags. He inked the brass, wiped it clean, laid on the paper, covered it with some thicknesses of cloth, and then trod on it. He finished the outlines at home, cut out the figures, and pasted them in a large portfolio. His collection of impressions of brasses, bound in two volumes, in deal boards over six feet in height, was purchased by Thorpe the bookseller in 1830.

Special bipolar capacitors designed for AC operation, usually referred to as "bipolar", "non-polarized" or "NP" types, are available. In these, the capacitors have two anode foils of opposite polarity connected in series. On each of the alternate halves of the AC cycle, one anode acts as a blocking dielectric, preventing reverse voltage from damaging the opposite anode. The voltage rating doesn't need to be symmetrical; "semi-polar" capacitors can be made with different thicknesses of oxide coatings, so they can withstand different voltages in each direction.

Nirosta stainless steel cover the Chrysler Building Microscopic close-up of mild steel sheet metal Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate steel or "structural steel".

On the northern and northwestern flank, block-and-ash flows up to long and with thicknesses of , down to less than thick farther away from the volcano, have covered a surface of . They often have lahars up to thick cropping out in their distal regions. At this time, Taapaca likely was a large stratovolcano consisting of steep lava domes. The third stage featured volcanic activity similar to the second stage, with its products covering especially in the central, eastern and southwestern parts of the edifice.

A trench box in use with chains still attached and a ladder in place Trench shields (also called Trench Boxes or Trench Sheets) are steel or aluminum structures used for protecting utility workers while performing their duties within a trench and avoid cave-ins. They are customarily constructed with sidewalls of varying thicknesses held apart by steel or aluminum spreaders. Spreaders can be interchanged to match the width of the trench. The different materials and building designs lead to a variety of depth ratings, i.e.

The Prairie Evaporite Formation is present in the subsurface in the Western Canada and Williston sedimentary basins, extending from northern Alberta to northern North Dakota, a distance of more than . It reaches thicknesses of more than near Saskatoon in Saskatchewan, and more than north of Fort McMurray in Alberta. The formation is nowhere exposed in outcrop because its minerals are easily dissolved by water. Intact sequences are usually found at depths of more than below ground surface, where they are protected by overlying aquitards.

The Russian armor-plate industry had not yet mastered the process for forming thick steel plates so the armor for these ships was ordered from companies in Germany and the United States. Even they could not produce enough of the latest types of armor plate in the quantities required for all three ships. Petropavlovsk had ordinary nickel steel, while Sevastopol used Harvey armor and Poltava was fitted with the latest Krupp armor. The thicknesses of the armor plates varied in an attempt to equalize their effectiveness.

This allows a range of plate thicknesses and sizes to be produced without the cost of expensive molds for each size, as the blocks are made in standard "block form" machines that produce blocks of industry standard sizes (such as 0.5 x 1 x 2 m). To produce plates shorter than the usual length of the massive blocks, the blocks are simply pre-cut to the desired length before slicing. This method is a common way of making the EPS (Styrofoam/Styropor) sheets used in construction.

Ripstop nylon is the primary material used in hot air balloons Ripstop nylon is a light-weight nylon fabric with interwoven ripstop reinforcement threads in a crosshatch pattern. The material comes in many different colors, sizes, and thicknesses. It is woven with coarse, strong warp and filling yarns at intervals so that tears will not spread. Ripstop nylon may be waterproof, water resistant, fire resistant, or have zero porosity (will not allow air or water through), and comes in light, medium and heavy weights.

The Lula field is located in the geological formation known as the Brazilian pre-salt layer, which lies below of water and then of salt, sand and rocks. The Lula accumulation, in block BM-S-11 of the Santos basin, contains at least of recoverable oil which could increase Brazil's reserves by 62%. This would make it twice the size of the Roncador, previously Brazil's largest field. Lula is a sub-salt discovery—held in rocks beneath a salt layer that, in places, reaches thicknesses of over .

The first was thick, the second was , the third was 50 mm and the fourth . Presumably the thinner thicknesses were at the ends of the ships where the bulkheads were squeezed together. The outer space was left empty, but the two middle spaces were filled with oil that was intended to be exchanged with sea water as it was consumed, and the inner space was also to be left empty. One curious feature was that the first and second bulkheads were concave in profile.

Sedimentary rocks deposited on top of the two microcontinents beginning in the Mesozoic. Faulting during the Triassic through the Early Cretaceous limited deposition to only a few small depressions. Sandstone, shale and conglomerate from the Triassic are found in the Ustyurt Plateau and southern Uzbekistan, containing units of bauxite deposited above an unconformity. Particularly in the Fergana Basin and the Kughitang and Zaravshansky ridges or the Gasly-Bukhara Depression, Jurassic coal and fine grained sedimentary rocks are more common, with thicknesses of 150 to 300 meters.

Rima Hadley is interpreted as one of the most defined sinuous rilles on the lunar surface. Outcrops of rock were observed by the Apollo 15 crew on both the near and far sides of the rille and were photographed and, in the case of outcrops on the near rim, were sampled. Layering in these outcrops is evident from the photos taken of them by the crew. Some of the strata observed have thicknesses of up to about and appear to vary in albedo (reflectivity) and texture.

This list covers optical lens designs grouped by tasks or overall type. The field of optical lens designing has many variables including the function the lens or group of lenses have to perform, the limits of optical glass because of the index of refraction and dispersion properties, and design constraints including realistic lens element center and edge thicknesses, minimum and maximum air-spaces between lenses, maximum constraints on entrance and exit angles, and even cost. Some lenses listed are overall types with sub-designs (as noted).

Léal Souvenir is one of the earliest surviving examples of secular portraiture in medieval European art and one of the earliest extant unidealised representations. This is apparent in its realism and acute observation of the details of the man's everyday appearance. Van Eyck worked in the early Renaissance tradition and pioneered the manipulation of oil paint. Oil allowed smooth translucent surfaces, could be applied across a range of thicknesses and was manipulable while wet, which allowed far more subtle detail than available to previous generations of painters.

Dedicated or partially dedicated GISAXS beamlines exist at many synchrotron light sources (for instance SSRL, APS, CHESS, ESRF, HASYLAB, NSLS, Pohang Light Source) and also Advanced Light Source at LBNL. At neutron research facilities, GISANS is increasingly used, typically on small-angle (SANS) instruments or on reflectometers. GISAS does not require any specific sample preparation other than thin film deposition techniques. Film thicknesses may range from a few nm to several 100 nm, and such thin films are still fully penetrated by the x-ray beam.

The company produces T-shirts, Henley shirts, sweatshirts, sweatpants, undergarments and socks for men and women with styles referencing vintage workwear and sportswear to contemporary garments. The shirts have been praised by fashion insiders such as Nick Carvell from British GQ as one of the most comfortable, as well as best-looking shirts, one will own. Most garments are made of 100% organic cotton from Greece without chemical finishings, with different thicknesses or alternatively of cotton blends with Viscose or Merino wool. Another characteristic of Merz b.

On the northern flank is found a volcaniclastic fan with a surface area of , a volume of and thicknesses of , presumably, considering its geochemical composition, formed by a mass failure of the San Antonio stage edifice. The scarp was probably formed by the same event but was not accompanied by explosive activity or a pyroclastic flow. This flank collapse may have been triggered by magma injection. A structure on the southern side of the volcano may also be a collapse scar, but no deposit is identifiable.

A related process, plasma arc welding, also uses a tungsten electrode but uses plasma gas to make the arc. The arc is more concentrated than the GTAW arc, making transverse control more critical and thus generally restricting the technique to a mechanized process. Because of its stable current, the method can be used on a wider range of material thicknesses than can the GTAW process and is much faster. It can be applied to all of the same materials as GTAW except magnesium; automated welding of stainless steel is one important application of the process.

Twenty percent of soil in Rhode Island resulted from glacial outwash and tend to be thick, well sorted layers of sediment with stratified layers of sand and gravel. The remaining soil in the state are 10% fine, wind-blown loess sediments that range from 6 inches to 4 feet in thickness, with an average thickness of 30 inches. Loess soils hold large quantities of water and are deemed high quality agricultural soils. An additional 5% of soils entirely organic, forming in freshwater wetlands, with thicknesses between one foot and 20 feet.

Retaining wall, as seen from the bikepath, 2008 A mass concrete wall topped by a brick parapet wall and wrought iron railing which extends for a length of about along the northern river bank between Boomerang Street and Eagle Terrace. It is built into bedrock at depths varying from . The wall, which is almost thick at ground level extends by a series of gradations to thicknesses between at the base. The view of the wall from the road reveals only the brick piers and decorative wrought iron railings of the parapet wall.

This line of rulers held the castle and its estate until its dissolution by French Revolutionary troops in 1794, when the bastions were built as part of the expansion measures for artillery. Particularly noteworthy is the transition from round bastions (southwest bastions) to polygonal bastions (northern bastions), which took place during this construction phase. The wall thicknesses were increased as part of this building work until they finally reached about 5.5 metres. This process is unusual for such an old castle, as it was now built like a fortress.

They are strengthened with longitudinal suberect rounded costae, whereof there are 12 on the penultimate whorl and about 16 on the body whorl (those towards the outer lip being finer), gradually vanishing a little below the middle. Between the more slender ribs there are a few fine intermediate ones, but this may only be an individual peculiarity. The whorls are also transversely lirate. Lirae of different thicknesses, numerous, raised equally between and upon the costae, fewer and coarser upon the upper whorls, and about 30 on the body whorl.

These shields comprised cylinders whose diameters were wider than the tunnel bores, and these cylinders contained steel plates of various thicknesses on the face that was to be driven under the riverbed. Four of the shields would dig the Hudson River Tunnel under the river, while the remaining two shields would dig from the Hudson River west bank to the Jersey City portals. They could dig through rock at a rate of per day, or through mud at a daily rate of . The air compressors would provide an air pressure of .

Japanese tissue is used in the conservation of books and manuscripts. The tissue comes in varying thicknesses and colors, and is used for a variety of mending tasks, including repairing tears, mending book hinges, and reinforcing the folds of signatures (the groups of pages gathered and folded together at the spine) or for reinforcement of an entire sheet through backing. The mender will select a piece of Japanese tissue that closely matches the color of the paper being mended, and chooses a thickness (weight) suitable to the job at hand.

The piston of this engine is "top-hat"-shaped; the upper section forms the regular cylinder, and the lower section performs a scavenging function. The units run in pairs, with the lower half of one piston charging an adjacent combustion chamber. This system is still partially dependent on total-loss lubrication (for the upper part of the piston), the other parts being sump lubricated with cleanliness and reliability benefits. The piston weight is only about 20% heavier than a loop-scavenged piston because skirt thicknesses can be less.

Illustration depicting the manufacture of velvet fabric Velvet is woven on a special loom that weaves two thicknesses of the material at the same time. The two pieces are then cut apart to create the pile effect, and the two lengths of fabric are wound on separate take-up rolls. This complicated process meant that velvet was expensive to make before industrial power looms became available, and well- made velvet remains a fairly costly fabric. Velvet is difficult to clean because of its pile, but modern dry cleaning methods make cleaning more feasible.

230: "The armour thicknesses and underwater protection scheme evolved from tests completed prior to design work...tests on , , , and Empress of India [sic] led to the conclusion that side armour should extend as far below the standard load waterline as practicable." Along the ship, the belt started just forward of the forward turret and finished just aft of the aft turret. The armour consisted of three equal-depth strakes, The strakes were tongue-and-grooved together, and each individual plate in a strake was keyed into neighbouring plates.Brown 2006, pp.

This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tesserae to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

So it is helpful to eliminate some of the unknowns . For example, the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of one or more of the films may be known from the literature or previous measurements, and held fixed (not allowed to vary) during the regression. To obtain the results shown in Example 1, the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of the SiO2 layer was fixed, and the other parameters, n(λ) and k(λ) of a-Si, plus thicknesses of both a-Si and SiO2 were allowed to vary.

Typically, microelectronics on InP is based on High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT) or on Heterostructure Bipolar Transistors (HBT). The sizes and volumes of both transistors based on InP material is very small: 0.1 µm x 10 µm x 1µm. Typical substrate thicknesses are < 100 µm. These transistors are assembled into circuits and modules for the following applications: • Security scanning systems: Imaging systems for airport security imaging and scanners for civil security applications • Wireless communications: High-speed 5G wireless communications will explore InP technology due to its superior performance.

In the late 18th to early 19th century, Sir Humphry Davy performed many experiments to determine how to lessen the corrosion that the seawater caused on unprotected copper sheathing. To this end he had various thicknesses of copper submerged on the shore and then measured how much the sea water had degraded each one. Sheets of different metals remained in the seawater for four months and then were examined. Two harbour ships were also used in this test, one with an additional zinc band, the other with an iron one.

Blade breakage is much rarer than with a fretsaw. A coping saw (with the correct blade) can also be used to cut through aluminium tubing and other metal objects, though a hacksaw is much more efficient for this task. The thin blade tends to make wavy cuts in thick materials unless skill is achieved through much practice on a wide variety of materials of varying thicknesses. The stroke length before the frame strikes the material above or below is the limiting factor in the maximum thickness of material.

Wetsuits are available in different thicknesses depending on the conditions for which they are intended. The thicker the suit, the warmer it will keep the wearer, but the more it will restrict movement. Because wetsuits offer significant protection from jellyfish, coral, sunburn and other hazards, many divers opt to wear a thin suit which provides minimal insulation (often called a "bodysuit") even when the water is warm enough to comfortably forego insulating garments. A thick suit will restrict mobility, and as the thickness is increased the suit may become impractical, depending on the application.

The finished product has near-perfect parallel surfaces. The side of the glass that has been in contact with the tin has a very small amount of the tin embedded in its surface. This quality makes that side of the glass easier to be coated in order to turn it into a mirror, however that side is also softer and easier to scratch. Glass is produced in standard metric thicknesses of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19 and 25 mm, with 10mm being the most popular sizing in the architectural industry.

As with the final Dunkerque- class design, the main artillery was concentrated entirely forward. The design was rejected by the French parliament in July 1931 and sent back for revision. The final revision grew to 26,500 tons; the 305 mm guns were replaced by /50 Modèle 1931 guns, the armor was slightly improved, and the speed slightly decreased. Parliamentary approval was granted for the first member of the class in early 1932, and Strasbourg was ordered on 16 July 1934 with the design unchanged but with greater armor thicknesses and increased weight.

The initial design left little weight to distribute amongst protection. Thus, the traditional side-belt of armour was dispensed with and the side plating was sufficient to only give protection against shell splinters. A protective deck covered the machinery spaces and there were "box citadels" protecting the magazines and shell rooms; crowns and sides, closed by 2.5-inch bulkheads. The aft box citadel had slightly reduced thicknesses at the ends and the citadel amidships had thinner armour as it lay within the confines of the armoured deck and side plating.

For this specific design, the gas used was isobutane at pressures of 20-90 mbar with a flow rate that was electronically controlled, the previous figure. A polypropylene foil was used as the entrance window. It has to be noted that the foil thickness homogeneity is of more importance for the detector energy resolution than the absolute thickness. If heavy ions are used and detected, the effect of energy loss straggling will be easily surpassed by the energy loss variation, which is a direct consequence of different foil thicknesses.

DOHC engine with a bucket tappet Double overhead camshaft (DOHC) engines were first developed as high performance aircraft and racing engines, with the camshafts mounted directly over the valves and driving them through a simple 'bucket tappet'. Most engines used a crossflow cylinder head with the valves in two rows in line with their corresponding camshaft. The tappet clearance adjustment is typically set using a small shim, located either above or below the tappet. Shims were made in a range of standard thicknesses and a mechanic would swap them to change the tappet gap.

However, an exception is the cummerbund of the men's tuxedo. ; Wetsuits : Rear openings on wetsuits and diving suits can make it easier for a wearer to enter them. Most such suits are intended to be worn as skin-tight garments and are made of rubber or neoprene, which do not stretch easily at the thicknesses needed to insulate the wearer against cold water. ; Protective clothing : Aprons and smocks typically fasten at the rear as they have no openings at the front which could admit staining or hazardous substances.

The Federal Trade Commission allows the use of the terms "rolled gold plate," "R.G.P" or "gold overlay" on items with lower thicknesses of gold than are required for "gold- filled." An example would be an item stamped as "1/40 10kt RGP" meaning that the object is plated with 10kt gold at a thickness that makes weight of the plated layer equal to one-fortieth of the weight of the metal parts of the object. "Double clad" gold-filled sheet is produced with 1/2 the thickness of gold on each side.

In 2008, scientists were able to create a nanostructured lamellar structure that provides an ideal design for bulk heterojunction solar cells. The observed structure is composed of ZnO and small, conducting organic molecules, which co-assemble into alternating layers of organic and inorganic components. This highly organized structure, which is stabilized by π-π stacking between the organic molecules, allows for conducting pathways in both the organic and inorganic layers. The thicknesses of the layers (about 1–3 nm) are well within the exciton diffusion length, which ideally minimizes recombination among charge carriers.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is mostly used to measure the force between atoms located at the sharp point of the tip (located on the cantilever) and atoms at the sample surface. The bending of the cantilever as a result of the interaction between the tip and the sample is detected and converted to an electrical signal. The electrostatic force microscopy mode of AFM has been used to detect the surface potential of graphene layers as a function of thickness variation allowing for quantification of potential difference maps showing distinction between graphene layers of different thicknesses.

The material needs for building runways suitable for heavy bombers were approximately 18,000 tons of dry cement and 90,000 tons of aggregate. Expected stress factors of 2,000 pounds per square inch led to runway thicknesses of six to nine inches of concrete slab laid on a hardcore base, covered with a layer of asphalt. In areas where there was no natural rock, such as East Anglia, stone had to be imported for the hardcore. Up to six trains ran daily from London to east Anglia carrying rubble from destroyed buildings in Luftwaffe raids.

Packing can speed the bonding process and strengthen the structure. Small sticks, approximately 30 to 35 cm (12–14 inches) are pushed into the structure to act as thickness guides when the interior is hollowed out. According to Halfpenny and Ozane, the wall at the base should be at least 30 cm (12 inches) wide and at the top about 20 cm (8 inches) thick, though wall-base thicknesses of >60 cm (2 ft) are possible. Winter: An Ecological Handbook', James C. Halfpenny & Roy Ozanne, Johnson, 1989, p.

Sodium Iodide crystal co-doped with Thallium and Lithium [NaI(Tl+Li)] a.k.a. NaIL has the ability to detect Gamma radiation and Thermal Neutrons in a single crystal with exceptional Pulse-shape Discrimination.The use of low 6Li concentrations in NaIL and large thicknesses can achieve the same neutron detection capabilities as 3He or CLYC or CLLB detectors at a lower cost.6Li (95% enriched) co-doping introduces efficient thermal neutron detection to the most established gamma-ray scintillator while retaining the favorable scintillation properties of standard NaI(Tl).

Beds about thick form units of "bedded sandsheets"—layers of sand blown by the wind—which form a characteristic lithology of this facies. Eolian indicators such as adhesion surfaces and warts are widespread, but may simply indicate regular emergence in an intertidal setting rather than support for eolian deposition and dunes. Low angle (<20°), cross-stratified sandstones form units up to thick, rarely reaching thicknesses as much as . The current directions here are to the southeast - up slope - and was considered to reinforce their interpretation as aeolian dunes.

KJ 314 KJ 314 Work Envelope Industrial paint robots have been used for decades in automotive paint applications. Early paint robots were hydraulic versions - which are still in use today but are of inferior quality and safety - to the latest electronic offerings. The newest robots are accurate and deliver results with uniform film builds and exact thicknesses. Originally industrial paint robots were large and expensive, but robot prices have come down to the point that general industry can now afford the same level of automation used by the large automotive manufacturers.

The eruption was one of several postglacial mafic events in the area, which are more common in the Sisters Reach than anywhere in the Cascade arc. It was part of a pulse of more than a dozen mafic eruptions during the late Holocene epoch in the McKenzie and Santiam Passes region between 4,500 and 1,100 years ago. Isopach mapping of the deposits from Blue Lake Crater suggest an eruptive volume of . The eruption was predominantly fed by magma and produced thick scoria fall, which overlies phreatomagmatic surge deposits with thicknesses up to .

The electron injector typically consists of a longer series of InAs/AlSb quantum wells. To maximize the InAs/AlSb superlattice miniband width, the InAs layer thicknesses are varied across the injector so that their ground state energies nearly align when the device is biased. The quantum well energy gaps in the injector must be large enough to preclude reabsorption of the photons generated by the active quantum wells. An additional feature that differentiates the ICL from all other laser diodes is its provision for electrically-pumped operation without a p-n junction.

The peat reaches thicknesses of about , much of which is located above sea level. It is also not precisely known where the last connection of the inland waters to the ocean were, and when they closed. The southeast end is more likely however, as the island is in the Equatorial Counter Current which runs west to east, and drifting coral and other reef- builder larvae as well as flotsam would therefore predominantly land at the island's western side. Thus, it is to be expected that land build up faster there.

Tricouni Southeast, another volcanic sequence south of Tricouni Peak, consists of at least four andesite or dacite lava flows that outcrop as several small cliffs and bluffs on extensively vegetated flanks. They reach thicknesses of and contain small amounts of hyaloclastite. The feeder of their origins has not been discovered but is likely located at the summit of the mound. These lavas form ice- marginal edifies, suggesting that every lava flow was erupted about 10,000 years ago when the vast Cordilleran Ice Sheet was retreating and remains of glacial ice were sparse.

During the first phase, shortly after the eruption of the Cleetwood flow, a vent at a higher elevation on the northern side of the Mazama complex (but still below the summit) produced a high ash column into the stratosphere. Ash extended to eight states in the west and three Canadian provinces. As a result, Mazama Ash has become a commonly used benchmark for measuring the relative age of objects, compared to its orange colored deposits. Pumice deposits reached depths of adjacent to Mazama's base, still reaching thicknesses more than as far as to the northeast.

Some of the fossils are as much as 16.5 million years old. During construction there were allegations of corruption and safety issues, including cost overruns and tunnel walls having thicknesses less than specified or required by law. Even relatively early, ridership began to outpace original plans for the system: the Blue Line was originally operated by two-car trains, but proved more popular than expected and 19 platforms were lengthened to accommodate three-car trains in 2002-2003 at a cost of US$11 million ($ adjusted for inflation).

Consequently, thickness fluctuations of tenths of nanometer in the SiO2 film could create electrically weak spots that reduce the reliability of the whole dielectric film, as the dielectric breakdown (BD) is a stochastic process. The capability of the CAFM for determining the thickness of thin oxides was further demonstrated by Frammelsberger and co-workers who statistically analyzed more than 7200 I-V curves, and reported SiO2 thicknesses with a sensitivity of ±0.3 nm. Other local phenomena like charge trapping, trap assisted tunneling and stress induced leakage current (SILC) can be also easily monitored with CAFM.

Wetsuits are limited in their ability to preserve warmth by three factors: the wearer is still exposed to some water, the suit is compressed by the ambient pressure, reducing effectiveness at depth, and the insulating neoprene can only be made to a certain thickness before it becomes impractical to don and wear. The thickest commercially available wetsuits are usually 10 mm thick. Other common thicknesses are 7 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm, and 1 mm. A 1 mm suit provides very little warmth and is usually considered a dive skin, rather than a wetsuit.

Thesis fonts have become popular and can be seen in various publications or logotypes. To create a varied range of fonts of different thicknesses and levels of condensation, Thesis was developed using multiple master technology, in which weights were created by 'averaging' and extending the trend between a thick and thin design to create a smooth, continuous trend in styles from thin to very bold. The fonts also include a large number of stylistic alternate characters. The family is a font superfamily, since it includes both serif and sans-serif designs.

After UV come X-rays, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the Compton effect. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as radiography).

Engineered stone is typically worked in the same way as natural stone using a water jet cutter or a diamond blade. This is in contrast with solid surface materials which can be cut with regular saws. The material can be produced in either 12 mm, 20 mm or 30 mm thicknesses. The most common slab format is 3040 mm x 1440 mm for Quartz and 3050 mm x 1240 mm for Breton-based marbles, but other sizes like 3040 mm x 1650 mm are produced according to market demand.

A second limitation of the current-carrying capacity is caused by the ohmic bulk resistance of the electrodes themselves. For metallized film capacitors, which have layer thicknesses from 0.02 to 0.05 μm the current-carrying capacity is limited by these thin layers. Shape-optimized metallization to increase the surge current rating The surge current rating of film capacitors can be enhanced by various internal configurations. Because metallization is the cheapest way of producing electrodes, optimizing the shape of the electrodes is one way to minimize the internal resistance and to increase the current-carrying capacity.

By one, and likewise by several, and even by an infinite number of thin lenses in contact, no more than two axis points can be reproduced without aberration of the third order. Freedom from aberration for two axis points, one of which is infinitely distant, is known as Herschel's condition. All these rules are valid, inasmuch as the thicknesses and distances of the lenses are not to be taken into account. :(2) The condition for freedom from coma in the third order is also of importance for telescope objectives; it is known as Fraunhofer's condition.

The cornerstone for the building, under Frederick's new design, was not laid until 1867; construction was completed eight years later. At a cost of more than $2 million (in 1870s money), the Baltimore City Hall is built largely of many courses and rows of thicknesses of brick with the exterior walls faced with white marble. The marble alone, quarried in Baltimore and Baltimore County (famous "Beaver Dam" quarry), cost $957,000. The segmented dome capping the building is the work of Baltimore engineer Wendel Bollman, known for his iron railroad bridges.

SMAW is often used to weld carbon steel, low and high alloy steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and ductile iron. While less popular for non-ferrous materials, it can be used on nickel and copper and their alloys and, in rare cases, on aluminium. The thickness of the material being welded is bounded on the low end primarily by the skill of the welder, but rarely does it drop below . No upper bound exists: with proper joint preparation and use of multiple passes, materials of virtually unlimited thicknesses can be joined.

IGUs are often manufactured on a made to order basis on factory production lines, but standard units are also available. The width and height dimensions, the thickness of the glass panes and the type of glass for each pane as well as the overall thickness of the unit must be supplied to the manufacturer. On the assembly line, spacers of specific thicknesses are cut and assembled into the required overall width and height dimensions and filled with desiccant. On a parallel line, glass panes are cut to size and washed to be optically clear.

Corrugated plastic box used as reusable packaging Corrugated plastic dividers used to pack automotive components. Corrugated plastic or corriboard – also known under the tradenames of Cartonplast®, Polyflute, Coroplast, FlutePlast, IntePro, Proplex, Correx, Twinplast, Corriflute or Corflute – refers to a wide range of extruded twinwall plastic-sheet products produced from high-impact polypropylene resin with a similar make-up to corrugated fiberboard. It is a light-weight tough material which can easily be cut with a utility knife. Manufacturers typically offer a wide variety of colors and thicknesses (quite commonly 3, 4, 5 mm).

It has been judged too thin to withstand a torpedo's detonation, but possibly the far-side bulkhead might survive intact, which would cause a list from asymmetrical flooding. The armor of the Project 26 ships was vulnerable even to destroyer-class weapons at ranges under and the last four ships were given additional armor. The belt, traverse bulkheads, barbettes and turret face thicknesses were all increased to and the box protecting the steering gear was increased to . One oddity of the later ships' armor scheme was the joint between the armour deck and belt.

The surface of the regular board, like many other types of paper, is slightly acidic. However, for modern archival picture framing and art mounting purposes it can be produced in a neutral, acid-free version with a buffered surface paper, in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses. Foam-cored materials are also now available with a cladding of solid (non-foamed) polystyrene and other rigid plastic sheeting, some with a textured finish. Foamcore does not adhere well to some glues, such as superglue, and certain types of paint.

Ganymede appears to be fully differentiated, with an internal structure consisting of an iron- sulfide–iron core, a silicate mantle and outer layers of water ice and liquid water. The precise thicknesses of the different layers in the interior of Ganymede depend on the assumed composition of silicates (fraction of olivine and pyroxene) and amount of sulfur in the core. Ganymede has the lowest moment of inertia factor, 0.31, among the solid Solar System bodies. This is a consequence of its substantial water content and fully differentiated interior.

For species of mammals, larger brains (in absolute terms, not just in relation to body size) tend to have thicker cortices. The smallest mammals, such as shrews, have a neocortical thickness of about 0.5 mm; the ones with the largest brains, such as humans and fin whales, have thicknesses of 2–4 mm. There is an approximately logarithmic relationship between brain weight and cortical thickness. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI) makes it possible to get a measure for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex and relate it to other measures.

Eventually the stresses caused by this bending will be sufficient to fault the overburden. The types of structures developed depend on the initial salt thickness. In the case of a very thick salt layer there is no direct spatial relationship between the faulting beneath the salt and that in the overburden, such a system is said to be unlinked. For intermediate salt thicknesses, the overburden faults are spatially related to the deeper faults, but offset from them, normally into the footwall; these are known as soft-linked systems.

The floors consisted of hollow-tile flat arches or concrete with cinder filling, and were surfaced with mosaic or terrazzo tiles. The distributing girders on the third story of the Broadway wing were the largest and heaviest to be used in the building; they comprised a triple girder weighing about and spanning the entire width of that wing. Portal braces and curved knee braces were included to provide wind resistance, but also contributed to the building's weight. The exterior walls were curtain walls whose thicknesses had been prescribed by city building codes of the time.

Until the nineties, the border was marked by a change of stripe colour, from yellow to white, alongside a sign in the tunnel indicating the precise location of the border—this is now gone, although its former location can still be discerned from a change of lighting systems, and the different thicknesses of asphalt. In the opposite direction, the A10 intersects with the A6, towards Turin, the A26, towards the Po Valley, Switzerland, and other major cities in the north of Italy, before finally joining the A7, towards Milan and Tuscany.

Spiral wound gaskets are also used in high pressure pipelines and are made with stainless steel outer and inner rings and a center filled with spirally wound stainless steel tape wound together with graphite and PTFE, formed in V shape. Internal pressure acts upon the faces of the V, forcing the gasket to seal against the flange faces. Most spiral wound gasket applications will use two standard gasket thicknesses: 1/8 inch and 3/16 inch. With 1/8 inch thick gaskets, compression to a 0.100 inch thickness is recommended.

Paleostress evolution in the Moroccan African margin from Triassic to Present. Tectonophysics, 357(1-4), 187-205. This basins were fault-bounded basins, with variations of the sedimentary thicknesses and intra-formational breccias related to major blocks. The Magmatic Province of the Atlas influenced the deposition of the main strata, where the Terrestrial settings of some Formations (Including Azilal) was disposed over a series of cut extensional faults depicting a mosaic of horsts and grabens oriented to the East, North-East and East-West, with the Middle Atlas among the main areas of subsidence.

The film holder usually contains a number of filters that attenuate radiation, such that radiation types and energies can be differentiated by their effect when the film is developed. To monitor gamma rays or x-rays, the filters are metal, usually lead, aluminum, and copper. To monitor beta particle emission, the filters use various densities of plastic or even label material. It is typical for a single badge to contain a series of filters of different thicknesses and of different materials; the precise choice may be determined by the environment to be monitored.

The image processing software bridges the glass printer and the inks and is also the design tool for preparing the graphic file for printing. The software is more than a photo raster; it calculates ink usage to control levels of translucency and opacity, to control color matching and mixing, and to compensate for different glass sizes and thicknesses. The precision and complexity of the calculations and measurements executed by the software allows designers can achieve their desired outcome. Digital ceramic printing on glass has expanded the options for printing on glass.

However, the nature of the attachment of the silane molecules to the substrate is uncertain, although siloxane bond formation can be favored by soaking the substrate in water following deposition. In a recent study by Chen et al., APTES monolayers were obtained consistently at different temperatures and deposition times. The thicknesses of the layers obtained were 5 Å and 6 Å at 70 °C and 90 °C respectively, which corresponds to the approximate length of an APTES molecule and indicates that monolayers formed on the substrates in each case.

The so-called "Dillingen platemaker's gauge", covering twenty-four different plate thicknesses, had by then long become the definitive standard throughout Europe. Dillinger Hütte was also well ahead of comparable companies in the social sphere: an assistance and a pension fund were set up, and a works hospital, a residential estate for the plant's workers and a works school founded. The plant was 65% destroyed during the Second World War - nearly 200,000 shells fell on the plant site. The consequences were months of clearance work, and a completely fresh start.

It has a 18,000 m2 logistic capability, which allows storage of up to 3,000 tons of material. In addition, the shipyard can carry, cut and shape materials such as steel and aluminum alloys in different quality grades, thicknesses and sizes, for later assembly at the client projects or delivering the final product. Finally, the company makes engineering developments for chemical, mining, gas&oil;, shipbuilding, aeronautical, wind and railway sectors. Also for granite industry, wood or for different areas such art, where the shipyard has actively collaborated with the madrilenian sculptor Carlos Albert.

Chapter 7 Metal Packaging Materials. For thicknesses below , two layers are usually put together for the final pass and afterwards separated which produces foil with one bright side and one matte side. The two sides in contact with each other are matte and the exterior sides become bright; this is done to reduce tearing, increase production rates, control thickness, and get around the need for a smaller diameter roller. Some lubrication is needed during the rolling stages; otherwise, the foil surface can become marked with a herringbone pattern.

3D printers build objects by solidifying one layer at a time. This requires a series of closed 2D contours that are filled in with solidified material as the layers are fused together. A natural file format for such a machine would be a series of closed polygons corresponding to different Z-values. However, since it is possible to vary the layer thicknesses for a faster though less precise build, it was easier to define the model to be built as a closed polyhedron that can be sliced at the necessary horizontal levels.

After being directly fed into a hot rolling mill, the as-cast bar is typically rolled into 8 mm diameter rod to be used for wire drawing. Copper anode casting: Special dam blocks which contain anode lug molds and a traveling hydraulic shear are added to the twin-belt casting machine to continuously cast net shape copper anodes. Anode width of approximately 1 meter (excluding lugs) and thicknesses from 16 mm to 45 mm. The primary advantage of this process is uniformity of the as-cast anode in terms of size and surface quality.

The next potential of molybdenium found in the mountains west of Malala Village, Dondo Subdistrict, Tolitoli Regency, is in porphyry sediment veins of quartz diorite, with thicknesses varying from 4 to 20 centimeters, at depths above 200 meters. It is estimated that the potential of Molybdenium seeds is around 85 million tons. Other potentials are ironsand, hematite and magnetite blocks, located along the Ulubongka coastline, with rates below 50 percent. This mineral is also found in the titanium-mixed Buol Regency, on the shore of Timbulon Bunobogu-Oyak.

The tower foundation consists of a circular reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 1 meter and a diameter of 13.40 meters . The foundation is laid in the altitude of 1004.75 meters. The load-bearing element of the structure consists of two concentric reinforced concrete rollers with inner diameters of 4.4 and 12.5 meters (and a wall thicknesses of 30 centimeters); the narrower is 42.4 meters high, the wider (external) is 22.5 meters high. On the tubes the individual floors are suspended on a steel structure, starting with the second floor.

A two-dimensional semiconductor (also known as 2D semiconductor) is a type of natural semiconductor with thicknesses on the atomic scale. The rising research attention towards 2D semiconductors started with a discovery by Geim and Novoselov et al. in 2004, when they reported a new semiconducting material graphene, a flat monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a 2D honeycomb lattice. A 2D monolayer semiconductor is significant because it exhibits stronger piezoelectric coupling than traditionally employed bulk forms, which enables 2D materials applications in new electronic components used for sensing and actuating.

Setting up for a dado stack is approximately the same as for preparing keystones and cornerblocks, but requires less layout, as the length of stiles, rails and, toggles are equal to the face of your flat. Hollywood or studio flats can be made in various thicknesses to suit a particular design, but are most often made of nominal ( actual) pine boards. The boards are laid out on edge on the shop floor, the ends are glued together and stapled or screwed. Keystones and corner blocks are not normally used.

Tailor welded blank behind a lightweight door inner panel Tailored blanks are semi-finished parts, which are typically made from sheets with different alloys, thicknesses, coatings or material properties. After joining, these will be subjected to deep drawing or stamping. Tailored blanks were developed by ThyssenKrupp to make sheets that were wider than those made on available rolling mills of the time. These days, tailored blanks are used to make items such as door panels which are thick near the hinges and thin near the lock to withstand different types of loads or corrosion attacks.

The ignimbrite appears in an eastward-heading ephemeral river valley and the southern Quebrada del Veladero, possibly also next to the Rio Salado headwaters. Thicknesses range from ; the ignimbrite is underlain by a lithic- and-ash rich surge deposit with a thickness of . The ignimbrite displays banding features away from the caldera and in Quebrada de Veladero football- sized clasts are mixed within fine ash. Rocks from the ignimbrites farther away from their source indicate the ignimbrite probably formed from the mixing of less viscous dacitic magma with rhyolite.

Such uses have become more and more popular in the US since their standardization in 1946. Cold- formed steel building Cold-formed steel members have been used also in bridges, storage racks, grain bins, car bodies, railway coaches, highway products, transmission towers, transmission poles, drainage facilities, firearms, various types of equipment and others. These types of sections are cold-formed from steel sheet, strip, plate, or flat bar in roll forming machines, by press brake (machine press) or bending operations. The material thicknesses for such thin-walled steel members usually range from 0.0147 in.

Golden eagles did not prove as susceptible to poisoning from the pesticide DDT as other large raptors, probably because of their diet of mammals. Eggs from golden eagle nests that were collected after 1946 in North America had shell thicknesses similar to (less than a 10% difference) those collected in earlier years. However, in Scotland egg shell thickness did decrease by around 10% from 1951 to 1965. A dead golden eagle collected on the Isle of Lewis had the highest concentration of organochlorine known from a modern bird in Scotland.

The Inflexible as shown in Brasseys Naval Annual (1888) showing the armor-clad central citadel All or nothing is a method of naval warship armour, best known for its employment on dreadnought battleships. The concept involves heavily armoring the areas most important to a ship while the rest of the ship receives significantly less armor. The "all or nothing" concept avoided light or moderate thicknesses of armor: armor was used in the greatest practicable thickness or not at all, thereby providing "either total or negligible protection".Friedman, Norman.

These series form the Belarus Series Vendian deposits are divided into three subseries from bottom to top, including the Vilcha Series, Volyn Series and Valdai Series. The Vilcha series is made up of tillite, clay and sandstones that originated during the Neoproterozoic glaciations.. They form a sheet 310 meter thick on the surface. This layer is mostly composed of andesite, dacites, basalts, tuff, trachyliparites with tuff, and tuff- siltstone intercalations with thicknesses of about 550 meters. The Valdai series can be seen as a layer of alternating clays, siltstones, sandstones, and some gravels.

Volcanic formations fill the Tatio graben, including the Miocene Rio Salado ignimbrite and related volcanics which reach thicknesses of in some places, the Sifon ignimbrite, the Pliocene Puripicar ignimbrite and the Pleistocene Tatio ignimbrite; the Puripicar ignimbrite crops out farther west. Active volcanoes in the area include Putana and Tocorpuri. Hydrothermal alteration of country rock has occurred at El Tatio, it has yielded large deposits of alteration minerals such as illite, nobleite, smectite, teruggite and ulexite. Likewise, the summit parts of several volcanoes of the El Tatio volcanic group have been bleached and discoloured by hydrothermal activity.

Despite reduced thicknesses in belt and deck armor compared to the Pennsylvania class, the Tennessees carried 30 percent more weight in armor and related protective systems and boasted the heaviest, most comprehensive protection of any U.S. cruiser until the . This increase was due in large part to increased armor on the main turrets and redoubts, which were larger due to the increase in main gun caliber, and an increased area of side armor coverage. The latter offered ample protection to magazines and ammunition supply systems for all weapons. Armored bulkheads offered a complete subdivision of the main battery.

This is often achieved through designing the layer thicknesses such that the upper laser level is mostly localised in the left-hand well of the 3QW active region, while the lower laser level wave function is made to mostly reside in the central and right-hand wells. This is known as a diagonal transition. A vertical transition is one in which the upper laser level is localised in mainly the central and right-hand wells. This increases the overlap and hence W_{32} which reduces the population inversion, but it increases the strength of the radiative transition and therefore the gain.

The term "flexible" is used because of the asphalts ability to bend and deform slightly, then return to its original position as each traffic load is applied and removed. It is possible for these small deformations to become permanent, which can lead to rutting in the wheel path over an extended time. The service life of a flexible pavement is typically designed in the range of 20 to 30 years. Required thicknesses of each layer of a flexible pavement vary widely depending on the materials used, magnitude, number of repetitions of traffic loads, environmental conditions, and the desired service life of the pavement.

Thus, a practical fallout shield is ten halving-thicknesses of packed earth, reducing gamma rays by approximately 1024 times (210). Usually, an expedient purpose-built fallout shelter is a trench; with a strong roof buried by 1 m (3 ft) of earth. The two ends of the trench have ramps or entrances at right angles to the trench, so that gamma rays cannot enter (they can travel only in straight lines). To make the overburden waterproof (in case of rain), a plastic sheet may be buried a few inches below the surface and held down with rocks or bricks.

Due to the shortage of combat means and materials, heavy vehicles such as trucks, buses or agricultural machinery were reinforced with steel plates of different thicknesses. They began to be informally known as "tiznaos" for their disparate colored camouflage. The armor of these makeshift armored vehicles was not usually very effective because the steel plates were unevenly attached, or not thick enough, to the extent that on some occasions the "tiznaos" included mattresses as a protection measure. It also happened that sometimes, when wanting to install vehicles with thicker plates to increase protection, the maneuverability and speed of the vehicle were impaired.

6 He is best known for his drawings and prints in which the entire surface of the paper is covered with monochromatic lines of varying thicknesses, and for his Stage Series. Topographic Landscape is an example of the former. The Stage Series consists of paintings with a single horizontal line and varying numbers of vertical lines that connect the horizontal line with the top or bottom edge of the painting. Unlike his monochromatic drawings and prints, a myriad of color combinations have kept the artist occupied with this series, which is both geometric and minimalist, for over forty years.

Real heads are non-spherical and have largely anisotropic conductivities (particularly white matter and skull). While skull anisotropy has a negligible effect on MEG (unlike EEG), white matter anisotropy strongly affects MEG measurements for radial and deep sources. Note, however, that the skull was assumed to be uniformly anisotropic in this study, which is not true for a real head: the absolute and relative thicknesses of diploë and tables layers vary among and within the skull bones. This makes it likely that MEG is also affected by the skull anisotropy, although probably not to the same degree as EEG.

277: "Der Beweis, welcher für die ausgesprochene Behauptung hier gegeben werden soll, … vollkommen schwarze, oder kürzer schwarze, nennen." (The proof, which shall be given here for the proposition stated [above], rests on the assumption that bodies are conceivable which in the case of infinitely small thicknesses, completely absorb all rays that fall on them, thus [they] neither reflect nor transmit rays. I will call such bodies "completely black [bodies]" or more briefly "black [bodies]".) See also (Kirchhoff, 1860) (Philosophical Magazine), p. 2. Black-body radiation is also called thermal radiation, cavity radiation, complete radiation or temperature radiation.

Hayden Peak and Mount Agassiz seen from Bald Mountain The Uinta Mountains are Laramide uplifted metasedimentary rocks deposited in an intracratonic basin in southwest Laurentia during the time of the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia. The marine and fluvial metasedimentary rocks in the core of the Uinta Mountains are of Neoproterozoic agePaleomagnetic results from the Neoproterozoic Uinta Mountain Group (between about 700 million and 800 million years old) and consist primarily of quartzite, slate, and shale. These rocks comprise the Uinta Mountain Group, and reach thicknesses of . Most of the high peaks are outcrops of the Uinta Mountain Group.

The majority of commercially available pads are manufactured by work-at-home moms or small businesses and can be purchased through some health food stores, specialty stores, and via Internet stores and marketplaces. They are available in a range of lengths and thicknesses, similar to disposable pads, with longer pads for night use and thinner and shorter pads for light use. Some manufacturers will allow the buyer to select the fabrics, shape and size of the pad so that they can be custom made to fit an individual woman and be as efficient as possible. Some women make their own cloth menstrual pads.

Wall thicknesses should be similar to a thermal storage wall. If a water wall is used between the sunspace and living space, about 0.20 ft2 of thermal mass wall surface per ft2 of floor area being heated (0.2 m2 per m2 of floor area) is appropriate. In most climates, a ventilation system is required in summer months to prevent overheating. Generally, vast overhead (horizontal) and east- and west-facing glass areas should not be used in a sunspace without special precautions for summer overheating such as using heat-reflecting glass and providing summer-shading systems areas.

Kazakh culture seems also to be strongly influenced by the nomadic Scythians. Because animal husbandry was central to the Kazakhs' traditional lifestyle, most of their nomadic practices and customs relate in some way to livestock. Traditional curses and blessings invoked disease or fecundity among animals, and good manners required that a person ask first about the health of a man's livestock when greeting him and only afterward inquire about the human aspects of his life. The traditional Kazakh dwelling is the yurt, a tent consisting of a flexible framework of willow wood covered with varying thicknesses of felt.

The castle lies on a roof-shaped, west-facing muschelkalk ridge immediately south of the village of Saaleck, at a height of about 172 metres above sea level and is just under 23 metres high. The characteristic picture of the castle is dominated by its two bergfrieds, which have wall thicknesses of about 2 metres and are visible from a long way off. In the masonry of the west tower is a medieval garderobe and a stove that indicate where the residential level was. The centre of the castle was once surrounded by inner and outer defensive walls.

Some Japanese tissues Japanese tissue is a thin, strong paper made from vegetable fibers. Japanese tissue may be made from one of three plants, the kōzo plant (Broussonetia papyrifera, paper mulberry tree), the mitsumata (Edgeworthia chrysantha) shrub and the gampi tree (Diplomorpha sikokiana). The long, strong fibers of the kōzo plant produce very strong, dimensionally stable papers, and are the most commonly used fibers in the making of Japanese paper (washi). Tissue made from kōzo, or kōzogami (楮紙), comes in varying thicknesses and colors, and is an ideal paper to use in the mending of books.

A selection of makisu mats with bamboo sticks of different thicknesses In Japanese cooking, a makisu (巻き簾) is a mat woven from bamboo and cotton string that is used in food preparation. Makisu are most commonly used to make a kind of rolled sushi called makizushi (巻き寿司), but they are also used to shape other soft foods such as omelets, and to squeeze excess liquid out of food. A makisu is usually 25 cm × 25 cm, although this may vary. There are two variations, one with thick bamboo strips and the other with thin.

Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressures commanding greater thickness. Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses: type DWV (thinnest wall; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code), type 'L' (thicker, standard duty for water lines and water service), and type 'K' (thickest, typically used underground between the main and the meter). Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size.

The gap may require adjustment from the out-of-the-box gap. A spark plug gap gauge is a disc with a sloping edge, or with round wires of precise diameters, and is used to measure the gap. Use of a feeler gauge with flat blades instead of round wires, as is used on distributor points or valve lash, will give erroneous results, due to the shape of spark plug electrodes. The simplest gauges are a collection of keys of various thicknesses which match the desired gaps and the gap is adjusted until the key fits snugly.

Dimensions of the cranium or its structures are determined with the ultrasound “time-of-the-flight” technique that measures the transit time of an ultrasound wave and its (potentially multiple) echoes on their path through the cranium and calculates the corresponding distance(s) using known ultrasound propagation velocities in different tissues (e.g. bone, brain, or fluid). Unfortunately, a reproducible quantitative relationship between the diameter of the cranium and ICP could not be established because ICP-induced changes in the cranium diameter are very small compared to the inter-individual variability of skull sizes, shapes and thicknesses.

Supporters of the megaflood hypothesis note that the streamlined forms seen in the Athabasca Valles are inconsistent with a glacial hypothesis. They are unlikely to be drumlins, which are streamlined and teardrop-shaped in all three dimensions. In the Athabasca Valles, many relict features (including crater rims) still appear on the top of streamlined forms. Because Martian gravity is weaker, Martian glaciers would have to be much thicker than their terrestrial counterparts in order to overcome frictional basal forces and begin flowing (with estimated thicknesses up to 4–5 km); such theoretical glaciers would have covered such landforms.

Along with coating thickness, it is widely being used for thicknesses of glass, wood, and plastics and also serves as major testing equipment in the corrosion industry. A rugged ultrasonic thickness gauge determines sample thickness by measuring the amount of time it takes for sound to traverse from the transducer through the material to the back end of a part and back. The ultrasonic thickness gauge then calculates the data based on the speed of the sound through the tested sample. The first ultrasonic thickness gauge was made in 1967 by Werner Sobek; a Polish engineer from Katowice.

Aluminum is typically clad on both the inside and the exterior pan surfaces, providing both a stainless cooking surface and a stainless surface to contact the cooktop. Copper of various thicknesses is often clad on its interior surface only, leaving the more attractive copper exposed on the outside of the pan (see Copper above). Some cookware use a dual-clad process, with a thin stainless layer on the cooking surface, a thick core of aluminum to provide structure and improved heat diffusion, and a foil layer of copper on the exterior to provide the "look" of a copper pot at a lower price.

Doane presented a talk about the problem at a meeting of the Amateur Telescope Makers of Boston whose clubhouse is located on the grounds of MIT's Haystack Observatory. Bob Simcoe, a club member and retired engineer, volunteered to help design a machine suitable for the task. The machine needed to position and record the stellar images on the plates to within half a micron and account for different emulsions, plate thicknesses and densities, exposure times, processing methods and so on. Software was developed by Mink, Edward Los, another volunteer from the club, and Silas Laycock, a researcher.

Metasequoia occidentalis, upper Scollard Formation, central Alberta The coal seams of the Ardley coal zone attain thicknesses in excess of in some areas. The zone is present at shallow depths and, in places, exposed at surface, along a trend between Red Deer and Edmonton. The coal is typically of sub-bituminous B to C rank, although more deeply buried Scollard coals farther to the west reach high-volatile bituminous rank. The Ardley coal has been mined in the Red Deer area, and is currently being mined west of Edmonton to fuel mine-mouth electric power generating stations.

In 1929, the American Standard Association (ASA) Sectional Committee issued a tentative standard for cement-mortar linings, which was published in 1932. In 1939, American Standard A21.4 was published, which defined a Type I cement coating on the inside of waterline pipe to be used. When the standard was updated in 1953, the Type I cement was replaced with Type II, since it was believed that Type II was a more closely controlled product. The standard was further revised in 1964, which included the use of either Type I or Type II cement, and making two different mortar thicknesses available.

He also found conglomerate at altitudes that demonstrated the extent of erosion of the strata, and said of this that "we never should have dreamed of meeting with what we now perceived". Hutton reasoned that there must have been innumerable cycles, each involving deposition on the seabed, uplift with tilting and erosion then undersea again for further layers to be deposited. On the belief that this was due to the same geological forces operating in the past as the very slow geological forces seen operating at the present day, the thicknesses of exposed rock layers implied to him enormous stretches of time.

During the second half of the 19th century, during the Colonial period, a new style of Sinhala letterforms emerged in opposition to the monolinear and geometric form being high contrast in appearance and having varied thicknesses. This high contrast type gradually replaced the monolinear type as the preferred style which continues to be used in the present day. The high contrast style is still preferred for text typesetting in printed newspapers, books and magazines in Sri Lanka. Today, the alphabet is used by over 16,000,000 people to write Sinhala in very diverse contexts, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.

The majority of the hull is welded, but the front is a single massive casting. The upper part of the forward armor, or glacis, has a thickness of 95 mm and is at an angle of 65 degrees from vertical. The thickness of the roof and floor of the hull around the driver's compartment is 51 and 19 mm respectively; the thicknesses of said areas are 25 and 13 mm, respectively, around the fighting and engine compartments. The thickness of the main side plates vary from 102 mm up front down to 32 mm around the engine.

Much of its central volcanic cone formed within the last 200,000 years, including lava flows on the sides of the mountain that are between 30,000 and 20,000 years old. The volcano has a volume of , and its lava is predominantly basaltic andesite with silicon dioxide content between 53 and 57 percent, though it also has andesite. During the last ice age, a large ice cap buried most of the High Cascades, reaching thicknesses in the thousands of feet. Pleistocene glaciers carved out McLoughlin's major volcanic cone, excavating two solidified lava tubes that reached the summit crater.

These landforms suggest that the mountain was formerly glaciated. Three sets of moraines have been described, one at elevation possibly linked to the last glacial maximum, an older one at elevation and a third at elevation which may have formed during the Little Ice Age; moraines reach thicknesses of . There is an additional set of moraines at elevation that has been correlated to pre-last glacial maximum glaciations, as well as traces of ice cored moraines and rock glaciers. Some rock glaciers still exist; unlike other glacial bodies in Chile the fronts of rock glaciers on Tacora are not retreating.

The medal was struck at the Calcutta Mint in gold and in silver, with the gold version produced in three thicknesses, reflecting the status of the recipient. All types were just under 2 inches (50 mm) in diameter with the following design:Joslin, page 103. The obverse depicts the figure of a Coorg warrior raising a knife in his right hand ready to strike, while his left hand holds a musket. Around the perimeter is the inscription in Canarese script: A mark of favour given for loyalty to the Company's Government in suppressing rebellion in the months of April and May 1837.

The Coppermine River Group was formed when vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large area of the northwestern Canadian Shield about 1,267 million years ago. These basalts form flood basalts that reach thicknesses ranging from to and consists of about 150 lava flows, each about 10–25 m thick. Except for the lowermost flows, which contain evidence of interaction with water, the entire sequence was erupted subaerially. Eruption of plateau lavas near the Coppermine River, built an extensive volcanic plateau about 1,200 million years ago with an area of about representing a volume of lavas of at least .

By far the most common glazing type, glass can be of an almost infinite combination of color, thickness, and opacity. For commercial construction, the two most common thicknesses are 1/4 inch (6 mm) monolithic and 1 inch (25 mm) insulating glass. 1/4 inch glass is typically used only in spandrel areas, while insulating glass is used for the rest of the building (sometimes spandrel glass is specified as insulating glass as well). The 1 inch insulation glass is typically made up of two 1/4-inch lites of glass with a 1/2 inch (12 mm) airspace.

Map of the road to the lava tube The cones have given rise to about 60 lava flows. Lava flows reach lengths of , thicknesses of and have surface features similar to pahoehoe or aa lava depending on how steep the slopes they flowed down were. The lava flows display structures like levees, finger-like and lobe-like edges at the lava flow margins, spines and spires and material from the cones that was rafted away by the lavas. One can distinguish between long flows which dominate the field, and shorter rougher flows covered by blocks with sizes of up to .

A major field of application became their use in integrated passive devices and integrated circuits, where the electrical network among active and passive devices like transistors and capacitors etc. is built up from thin Al or Cu layers. These layers dispose of thicknesses in the range of a few 100 nm up to a few µm, and they are often embedded into a few nm thin titanium nitride layers in order to block a chemical reaction with the surrounding dielectric like SiO2. The figure shows a micrograph of a laterally structured TiN/Al/TiN metal stack in a microelectronic chip.

Wave action in the lake washed sediments back and forth in the shallows on the southwestern shore, forming ooids and depositing them on steeper benches near the shore in 2- to 40-foot thicknesses. When the lake drained (2 to 4 million years ago), the oolite was left behind, along with siltstone, volcanic tuffs and alluvium from adjacent mountain slopes. The other sediments eroded away, while the more resistant oolite weathered into hummocks, small arches and other intriguing natural "sculptures." The Shoofly Oolite lies on public land west of Bruneau, Idaho managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Rifting in the GLTZ began about at the end of the Algoman orogeny. The orogeny affected adjacent regions of northern Minnesota and Ontario in the Superior province as well as the Slave and the eastern part of the Nain province, a far wider region of influence than in subsequent orogenies. It is the earliest datable orogeny in North America and brought the Archean Eon to a close. The end of the Archean Eon marks a major change in the development of the Earth's crust: the crust was essentially formed and achieved thicknesses of about under the continents.

Soon after, ensemble membranes consisting of multi-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes were fabricated and studied. It was shown that water can pass through the graphitic nanotube cores of the membrane at up to five magnitudes greater than classical fluid dynamics would predict, via the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, both for multiwall tubes (inner diameter 7 nm) and double-wall tubes (inner diameter <2 nm). In experiments by Holt et al., pure water (~1.0020 cP viscosity) was transported through three samples of double-walled carbon nanotubes in a silicon nitride matrix with varying membrane fluxes and thicknesses.

This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared with conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations. In a prestressed concrete member, the internal stresses are introduced in a planned manner so that the stresses resulting from the superimposed loads are counteracted to the desired degree. Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved performance can allow for longer spans, reduced structural thicknesses, and material savings compared with simple reinforced concrete. Typical applications include high-rise buildings, residential slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks, industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures.

Special shapes were available to attach to and to fit around structural steel shapes, providing a fire-resistant enclosure for the load- bearing steel members. Structural clay tiles are manufactured in a variety of standard sizes, including , , , and thicknesses, and typically x or x face dimensions. Tile was also manufactured in a series of graduated wedge shapes for installation between steel members as a fireproof flat arch floor structure, to be covered with a concrete wearing surface above. In other cases, structural clay tile was used as a permanent form material to reduce the bulk and weight of structural concrete floor slabs.

The axons of neurons in the human peripheral nervous system can be classified based on their physical features and signal conduction properties. Axons were known to have different thicknesses (from 0.1 to 20 µm) and these differences were thought to relate to the speed at which an action potential could travel along the axon – its conductance velocity. Erlanger and Gasser proved this hypothesis, and identified several types of nerve fiber, establishing a relationship between the diameter of an axon and its nerve conduction velocity. They published their findings in 1941 giving the first classification of axons.

It is assumed that it originally reached thicknesses as great as in some areas prior to erosion. The formation is exposed at the surface along a trend that extends from Calgary to west of Edmonton. Good outcrops can be seen in the eastern reaches of the foothills, and along the Bow River in and around Calgary (for example at Paskapoo Slopes), the Red Deer River near Red Deer, the North Saskatchewan River west of Edmonton, and the Athabasca River. The Dalehurst Member is an erosional remnant and is confined to an area adjacent to the foothills near Hinton and Obed.

The last of the pyroclastic flows erupted contained andesitic, gray scoria that was deposited above the pale orange and yellow rhyodacite pumice from earlier phases of the eruption. The final eruptions formed the Pumice Desert, a treeless plain on the northern and northeastern side of Mazama, as well as filling the Pumice Creek valley and parts of the Klamath Marsh. Reaching thicknesses between , the emplacements from these flows yielded fumarolic activity, still detectable in the Annie Creek and Sand Creek canyons. Erosion from rain and stream flow has left pipes from the andesitic lava flows as columns and spires.

Shield volcanoes near Mazama feature lava flows made of agglutinated mafic andesite, which form sheets about thick, as well as more deposits from more viscous andesite and dacite magma that reach thicknesses up to . Many of these deposits (both dacitic and andesitic) contain undercooled, crystal-poor segments of andesite, including at Mount Scott and Phantom Cone. Lava and ice interactions are suggested by exposures of glassy breccia in Mazama's caldera, and lava flows cover glaciated lava deposits. About 70,000 years ago, several silicic (rich in silicon dioxide), explosive eruptions occurred, including a significant event at Pumice Castle on the eastern wall of Mazama.

The largest single pane measures six meters by five meters by thirty centimeters and weighs roughly 10 tons. At the thicknesses used, regular glass would be unwieldy and would not have the desired transparency. The "New Interactive Area" that opened in 2013 allows visitors to see the animals up close and possibly touch them. In the "New Interactive Area", 3 zones are constructed, the Arctic zone, in which you see rounding ringed seals, Falkland Islands Zone, where you can see the rockhopper penguins, and the Maldives Zone, in which you can directly touch sharks and rays.

First Tile Cutter Invented by Boada Brothers The ceramic tile cutter works by first scratching a straight line across the surface of the tile with a hardened metal wheel and then applying pressure directly below the line and on each side of the line on top. Snapping pressure varies widely, some mass- produced models exerting over 750 kg. The cutting wheel and breaking jig are combined in a carriage that travels along one or two beams to keep the carriage angled correctly and the cut straight. The beam(s) may be height adjustable to handle different thicknesses of tiles.

Non-hydrothermal chemical alteration has taken place and has formed carbonate, celadonite, chlorite, hematite, prehnite, quartz, smectite and rare zeolites. Thick ferromanganese deposits were recovered from the seamount in 1992 by the and are found especially on the western flank but also in the summit region, often over partly consolidated sediments. They have the appearance of a black crust. Components include carbonate fluorapatite, goethite and manganese dioxide as well as minor calcite and quartz; the crusts which occur on the Canary Islands Seamounts including at Tropic Seamount reach thicknesses of and are rich in cobalt and other elements of industrial importance.

Additionally, the thicknesses of Citipati and Deinonychus eggshells are almost identical, and since shell thickness correlates with egg volume, this further supports the idea that the eggs of these two animals were about the same size. A study published in November 2018 by Norell, Yang and Wiemann et al., indicates that Deinonychus laid blue eggs, likely to camouflage them as well as creating open nests. The study also indicates that Deinonychus and other dinosaurs that created open nests likely represent an origin of color in modern bird eggs as an adaptation both for recognition and camouflage against predators.

A 2009 study by Derda et al. aimed to improve in vivo- like conditions for 3D tissue via "stacking and de-stacking layers of paper impregnated with suspensions of cells in extracellular matrix hydrogel, making it possible to control oxygen and nutrient gradients in 3D, and to analyze molecular and genetic responses". It is possible to manipulate gradients of soluble molecules, and to characterize cells in these complex gradients more effectively than conventional 3D cultures based on hydrogels, cell spheroids, or 3D perfusion reactors. Different thicknesses of paper and types of medium can support a variety of experimental environments.

The ash fall from the eruption reaches thicknesses of as far as away from Deriba, while pyroclastic flows have been identified as far as from the caldera. The eruption has an estimated volcanic explosivity index of 4 and may be associated with the volcanic cone inside the caldera. The volcano was formerly considered to be extinct. Hot springs whose temperature reaches and which may be supplied by magmatic water and fumaroles, both within the caldera around the volcanic cone and in the surrounding Marra Mountains, indicate that Jebel Marra and the Deriba caldera are a dormant volcano.

Aeolian harp made by Robert Bloomfield An Aeolian harp (also wind harp) is a musical instrument that is played by the wind. Named for Aeolus, the ancient Greek god of the wind, the traditional Aeolian harp is essentially a wooden box including a sounding board, with strings stretched lengthwise across two bridges. It is often placed in a slightly opened window where the wind can blow across the strings to produce sounds. The strings can be made of different materials (or thicknesses) and all be tuned to the same pitch, or identical strings can be tuned to different pitches.

If more than this amount of manganese is added, then manganese carbide forms, which increases hardness and chilling, except in grey iron, where up to 1% of manganese increases strength and density. Nickel is one of the most common alloying elements because it refines the pearlite and graphite structure, improves toughness, and evens out hardness differences between section thicknesses. Chromium is added in small amounts to reduce free graphite, produce chill, and because it is a powerful carbide stabilizer; nickel is often added in conjunction. A small amount of tin can be added as a substitute for 0.5% chromium.

The Fires Prevention (Metropolis) Act placed buildings into seven classes, with the required thicknesses of the external and party walls stipulated for each of the classes. It also included provisions stating a maximum floor area for stores and warehouses. The Act brought into being the first legislation that dealt with human life and escape, rather than just building safety. The Act stated that London boroughs were to appoint surveyors and "every parish should provide three or more proper ladders of one, two and three storeys high, for assisting persons in houses on fire to escape therefrom".

A no-dig system is easier than digging.Ruth Stout, Gardening Without Work It is a long term process, and is reliant upon having plentiful organic matter to provide mulch material. It is also helpful to remove any perennial weed roots from the area beforehand, although their hold can be weakened by applying a light- excluding surface layer such as large sheets of cardboard or several thicknesses of spread out newspaper before adding the compost mulch. The newspaper or cardboard should be thoroughly wet to help it lie flat and keep it from blowing away until the overlying material is added.

The manufacture spread over the Balearic Islands, and among the populations that border the Mediterranean. It is still made all over Italy, and in Portugal, Malta, North Macedonia, Albania, the Ionian Islands and many other parts of Greece. That of the Greeks is sometimes on a large scale, with several thicknesses of wires alternating with larger and smaller bosses and beads, sometimes set with turquoises, and mounted on convex plates, making rich ornamental headpieces, belts, and breast ornaments. Filigree silver buttons of wire-work and small bosses are worn by the peasants in most of the countries that produce this kind of jewellery.

Presumably, irregular surface topography obstructs ice flow and locally creates atmospheric conditions suitable for the development of blue-ice areas. Irregular topography does not need to be exposed to the surface to generate blue-ice areas, although they must have an effect on the ice surface topography to induce the formation of blue-ice areas. Consequently, many blue-ice areas form when ice thicknesses decrease, which has been postulated to happen during interglacials although in general the past history of blue-ice areas is poorly known. Such areas may not have existed at all during glacial times when the ice sheet was thicker.

Compensated nut on a Music Man Bongo 5 bass guitar Some fretted instruments have a compensated nut. This type of nut provides better average theoretical intonation across the instrument, although this improved accuracy may be below the threshold of human ability to hear it and may also be below the threshold of uncontrollable note-to-note intonation variability. The principle given that strings are different thicknesses and have different tensions, the temperament of each fret is not 100% accurate for an equal temperament instrument. This is especially evident on the first few frets of an electric guitar.

The facies and distribution of the Thallichtenberg Formation, named after Thallichtenberg, were investigated by Konrad in 1969 on the Palatine Saddle's southeast flank. The deposits, mainly made up of grey and red fine-grained sediments (fine sandstone, claystones and siltstones) from a fluvial floodplain environment of the Thallichtenberg Formation, can be found north and northwest of Abtweiler, towards the Hühnerhof. Cropping up locally are lacustrine deposits, some with biogenic limestone horizons, and coarse, fluvial layers. While thicknesses of up to 260 m are reached in the basin's southwest, this entity to the northeast is very much thinner.

The colours have been retained ever since. Jerseys over the years, although in keeping with the red and white tradition, have varied slightly in the sense that certain seasons saw Derry wear thinner stripes while others saw thicker or stripes with varying thicknesses being worn by the players on the field.Derry now wear white socks when sporting their full home rig, while they originally wore black ones. Similarly, the club adopted white shorts instead of black ones for a spell in the early 1970s and later in 1985 for their initial season in the League of Ireland.

The SA-32T was developed by Ed Swearingen from his Swearingen SX300 piston-engined homebuilt aircraft on behalf of the Jaffe Aircraft Corporation, who hoped to sell it as a relatively low-cost military trainer. The resulting design was a low-wing cantilever monoplane, with a mainly metal structure, but with composite engine cowlings and tips of wings and tails. Skin thicknesses were increased by 50% compared with the SX300 to make the airframe stronger. A laminar flow wing was used, which was claimed to give jet-like handling capabilities, while hardpoints could be fitted to allow weapons to be carried.

To withstand and adapt to the pressures within, arteries are surrounded by varying thicknesses of smooth muscle which have extensive elastic and inelastic connective tissues. The pulse pressure, being the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, is determined primarily by the amount of blood ejected by each heart beat, stroke volume, versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries. A blood squirt also known as an arterial gush is the effect when an artery is cut due to the higher arterial pressures. Blood is spurted out at a rapid, intermittent rate, that coincides with the heartbeat.

The lower two units coincide with the Lower and Middle Omingonde Formation, the upper two units make up the Upper Omingonde Formation. Thicknesses and architectural style of the units vary laterally and are influenced by syn-sedimentary tectonic activity of the Waterberg-Omaruru Lineament. The full range of facies is best developed in the Mt. Waterberg area, whereas farther west in the Erongo Region more proximal facies are favored. This proximal facies association has been termed the Krantzberg Formation in the western, northern and eastern Erongo area, and interfingers with the Lions Head Formation towards the southeastern Erongo Region.

Performance requirements can include: #Optical performance (image quality): This is quantified by various metrics, including encircled energy, modulation transfer function, Strehl ratio, ghost reflection control, and pupil performance (size, location and aberration control); the choice of the image quality metric is application specific. #Physical requirements such as weight, static volume, dynamic volume, center of gravity and overall configuration requirements. #Environmental requirements: ranges for temperature, pressure, vibration and electromagnetic shielding. Design constraints can include realistic lens element center and edge thicknesses, minimum and maximum air- spaces between lenses, maximum constraints on entrance and exit angles, physically realizable glass index of refraction and dispersion properties.

4A/OP or, Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas, is an operational fast and accurate radiative transfer model for the infrared. 4A/OP is a user-friendly software for various scientific applications (surface, balloon or space-based observations), co-developed by LMD (Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique) and NOVELTIS with the support of CNES (the French Space Agency). NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model. 4A allows fast and accurate computation of transmittance and radiance, owing to the use of a comprehensive database (atlases) of monochromatic optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species.

Sheet sizes vary slightly from manufacturer to manufacturer but generally they range between 2400 – 3000 mm in length and 900 –1200mm in width (600 & 450 mm increments). This manufactured size minimizes on-site wastage as residential floor, wall and roof structures lay structural members at 450 or 600mm centres. When used as siding boards, widths between 130mm and 300mm (5.25 inch to 12 inch) are available. Fiber cement thicknesses vary between 4.5-18mm and also vary in density – the lower density resulting in a fibrous rough edge when cut and the higher density having a cleaner smoother edge when cut.

In the southern part of the eastern coast of Sicily, investigations have identified a series of active normal dip-slip faults, dipping to the east. Most of these lie offshore, and some control basins that contain large thicknesses of Quaternary sediments. The two largest faults, known as the western and eastern master faults, border half-grabens, with fill of up to and respectively. Onshore, two ages of faulting have been recognised, an earlier phase trending NW-SE and a later phase trending SSW-NNE that clearly offsets the first group, including the Avola fault and the Rosolini-Ispica fault system.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1719. He introduced a theory of rock formations known as Stratum, based on a pictorial cross-section of the geology under his estate at Bishop Sutton and Stowey in the Chew Valley and coal seams in nearby coal works of the Somerset coalfield, projecting them according to their measured thicknesses and attitudes into unknown areas between the coal workings. The purpose was to enhance the value of his grant of a coal-lease on parts of his estate. This work was later developed by William Smith.

Long hole stoping as the name suggests uses holes drilled by a production drill to a predetermined pattern as designed by a mining engineer. Long hole stoping is a highly selective and productive method of mining and can cater for varying ore thicknesses and dips (0 - 90 degree). It differs from manual methods such as timbered and shrinkage as once the stope has begun blasting phase it cannot be accessed by personnel. For this reason the blasted rock is designed to fall into a supported drawpoint or removed with remote control LHD (load, haul, dump machine).

Once introduced, nonreflective lenses were used for projectors and cameras by the post-war movie industry. Blodgett's glass was also used for submarine periscopes and airplane spy cameras during World War II. Blodgett also invented the color gauge, a method to measure the molecular coatings on the glass to one millionth of an inch. The gauge employs the concept that different thicknesses of coatings are different colors. While examining the layering of stearic acid on a glass plate, she realized that the addition of each layer, about 2/10,000,000 inch thick, reliably changed the color of the plate.

This region belongs to the back-arc region of the Andes, and the formation of melts is dependent on the melting of a heated mantle, whereas melt generation under the arc proper is dependent on the interaction between fluids and mantle rocks, leading to a reduction in their melting point. There is tomographic evidence that lithospheric delamination is currently underway beneath Tuzgle. The highest unit of the Cerro Tuzgle volcano is the "Platform" unit, which covers a surface area of and is capped off by a well-preserved summit crater. It consists of well-preserved blocky lava flows with maximum thicknesses of .

West of the San Rafael Swell, near Price Canyon, Utah, the basal contact for the North Horn Formation is Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) in age, whereas its base is Paleocene in age on the eastern side of the swell. Some of the most complete sections of the North Horn Formation are exposed west of the San Rafael Swell at North Horn Mountain in which the local stratigraphy sometimes exceeds in thickness. Further to the east, towards Green River, Utah, stratigraphic sections are significantly thinner compared to sections in the west with thicknesses varying between as little as .

Triassic sediments such as quartz sandstone and siltstone, together with dacite and rhyolite are part of the Dizi Series, with thicknesses of 80 to 500 meters. Jurassic black shales, sandstone, turbidite and rhyolite sequences are up to five kilometers thick. In the Late Jurassic, limestone and marl formed in a shallow marine environment, with alternating layers of basalt-andesite-dacite volcanic rocks exposed on the western edge of the Khrami Massif and in the Lock-Karabakh Zone. The Early Cretaceous is marked by clastic limestone and greywacke siltstone flysch 750 meters to 1.6 kilometers thick in the Mestia-Tianeti flysch zone.

A thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR or TFBAR) is a device consisting of a piezoelectric material manufactured by thin film methods sandwiched between two electrodes and acoustically isolated from the surrounding medium. FBAR devices using piezoelectric films with thicknesses ranging from several micrometres down to tenth of micrometres resonate in the frequency range of roughly 100 MHz to 20 GHz , . Any material like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) or barium strontium titanate (BST) from the list of piezoelectric materials could act as an active material in an FBAR resonator. However aluminium nitride (AlN) and zinc oxide are two most studied piezoelectric materials for FBAR realisations.

X-ray reflectivity measurements are analyzed by fitting to the measured data a simulated curve calculated using the recursive Parratt's formalism combined with the rough interface formula. The fitting parameters are typically layer thicknesses, densities (from which the index of refraction n and eventually the wavevector z component k_{j,z} is calculated) and interfacial roughnesses. Measurements are typically normalized so that the maximum reflectivity is 1, but normalization factor can be included in fitting, as well. Additional fitting parameters may be background radiation level and limited sample size due to which beam footprint at low angles may exceed the sample size, thus reducing reflectivity.

Profile extrusion, the extrusion of complex shapes such as rain gutters, structural supports, and other components, brings with it some of the most complex die designs of any extrusion process.. This difficulty is due to two primary concerns: producing the initial, still molten profile, and then controlling for asymmetrical shrinkage and die swell due to varying wall thicknesses. Unlike in blown film, pipe, and sheet extrusion, the dies used in profile extrusion are rarely round or completely flat. Whereas a round (or flat) profile has uniform flow rates along all edges, this is not the case for more complex shapes. Take, for instance, the example of a simple, solid, square profile.

In every stratigraphic interval correlated ends of the range (FAD or LAD) belong to the same time surface, and in each geological cross-section (well or outcrop) this interval has identical duration but different thickness. It means that accumulation rates (thickness-to-duration ratio = tg β) are different in different locations. From the fact that the relation of durations of the units and their thicknesses are linear follows that in the limits of the linear section of LOC all strata have the same accumulation rate. The reliability and accuracy of Shaw's method have been tested by EdwardsEdwards, L.E. (1984) Insights on why graphic correlation (Shaw's method) works.

In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) might be used to manufacture more complex lenses. Fresnel lens design allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus mass and volume of material), at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens, which is why precise imaging applications such as photography usually still use larger conventional lenses. Fresnel lenses are usually made of glass or plastic; their size varies from large (old historical lighthouses, meter size) to medium (book-reading aids, OHP viewgraph projectors) to small (TLR/SLR camera screens, micro-optics). In many cases they are very thin and flat, almost flexible, with thicknesses in the range.

Spent direct time for excavation and ringbuild were around 3,500 and 1,700 hours, respectively. In Trakya formation, 28 dyke zones were excavated with an average frequency of 90 m and thicknesses were varying between 1 and 120 m. Furthermore, 440 disc cutters, 85 scrapers and 475 brushes were replaced by TBM crew and four times hyperbaric maintenance operations (total of 45 days) with specially trained divers (max. under 10.8 bar first time in the world) were successfully performed. 15,048 piece 600-mm-thick precast segments (1,672 rings) with the high performance (average charge passed is 280 Coulomb (1,000 Coulomb limit) were produced and connected to each other by using 30,765 bolts.

Therefore, the thickness of dust layers covering the nuclei of a comet can indicate how closely and how often a comet's perihelion travels are to the Sun. If a comet has an accumulation of thick dust layers, it may have frequent perihelion passages that don't approach the Sun too closely. A thick accumulation of dust layers might be a good description of all of the short period comets, as dust layers with thicknesses on the order of meters are thought to have accumulated on the surfaces of short-period comet nuclei. The accumulation of dust layers over time would change the physical character of the short-period comet.

Woman playing Shímiàn luó [十面锣, 十面鑼], from Chinese watercolours in the 1800s (Qing Dynasty) The yunluo is a set of usually ten small tuned gongs mounted in a wooden frame, with each gong being about 9-12 cm in diameter, and the height of the frame being about 52 cm. The yunluo's gongs are generally of equal diameter but different thicknesses; the thicker gongs produce a higher pitch. It is often used in wind and percussion ensembles in northern China. Old drawings also depict a smaller yunluo with just five gongs, which was held by a handle by one hand and played with the other.

In commerce, the sizes of wire are estimated by devices, also called gauges, which consist of plates of circular or oblong form having notches of different widths around their edges to receive wire and sheet metals of different thicknesses. Each notch is stamped with a number, and the wire or sheet, which just fits a given notch, is stated to be of, say, No. 10, 11, 12, etc., of the wire gauge. The circular forms of wire gauge measurement devices are the most popular, and are generally in diameter, with thirty-six notches; many have the decimal equivalents of the sizes stamped on the back.

In vertical slot-waveguides, the slot and strips widths are defined by electron- or photo-lithography and dry etching techniques whereas in horizontal slot-waveguides the slot and strips thicknesses are defined by a thin-film deposition technique or thermal oxidation. Thin film deposition or oxidation provides better control of the layers dimensions and smoother interfaces between the high-index-contrast materials than lithography and dry etching techniques. This makes horizontal slot-waveguides less sensitive to scattering optical losses due to interface roughness than vertical configurations. Fabrication of a non-planar (fiber-based) slot-waveguide configuration has also been demonstrated by means of conventional microstructured optical fiber technology.

These deposits contain prismatic jointed blocks and poorly sorted pumice, with their thickness ranging from a thick layer to scattered rocks. Their formation was probably due to the steep incline of San Pedro's slopes which tended to destabilize lava bodies high on the edifice, similar to regular landslides. At least one Plinian fall deposit is known from San Pedro; the size of the deposit indicates that it was as large as the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius in Italy. This Plinian eruption was accompanied by the formation of an ignimbrite that covers much of the southern, southwestern and western slopes of San Pedro and reaches thicknesses of .

Taken together, these finds show that Wiwaxia had a truly cosmopolitan distribution, occurring at all palaeolatitudes and on most palaeocontinents. The Chinese material was originally considered to represent a separate species; like W. corrugata, it possessed spines and regions of sclerites (although it is only known from disarticulated remains), but the sclerites bear a higher density of ribs, and there are two distinct thicknesses of rib (i.e. larger and smaller). At a microscopic level, the sclerites do not differ from Burgess Shale or Mount Cap sclerites, but the Chinese material seems to have developed spines from an early age, distinguishing it from the W. corrugata.

In a round, the tag is read first, followed by the cite and the body. As pieces of evidence accumulate use, multiple colors of highlighting and different thicknesses of underlining often occur, sometimes making it difficult to determine which portion of the evidence was read. If debaters stop before finishing the underlined or highlighted portion of a card, it is considered good form to "mark" the card to show where one stopped reading. To otherwise misrepresent how much of a card was read—either by stopping early or by skipping underlined or highlighted sections—is known as "cross-reading" or "clipping" which is generally considered cheating.

Miter saws are inherently low- hazard as the work piece is held stationary against a fence while the saw head moves, making kick-back almost impossible, and normally allowing hands to be kept clear of the blade. Also the saw head is usually drawn back, then lowered and fed forward through the material so that binding is unlikely. Sliding compound miter saws are relatively portable, easy to set up, and robust enough to maintain accuracy even when moved around. Because they cut from above it is not necessary to adjust blade depth for different thicknesses of work piece and, like any bench machine, repeat cuts are very easy.

While leather is preferred for latigos, nylon web is sometimes used, particularly on cheaper saddles, though it is prone to slip when knotted and the holes may tear more easily. When used, a back cinch, made of several thicknesses of leather, is held on by a simple heavy leather billet on each side of the saddle that buckles just tight enough to touch the underside of the horse, but not tight enough to provoke discomfort or bucking. At the belly midline, the front and back cinches are joined by a light belly strap, called a cinch hobble, that prevents the back cinch from moving too far back.

The thicknesses of SAMs can be measured using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which also give information on interfacial properties. The order in the SAM and orientation of molecules can be probed by Near Edge Xray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) studies. Numerous other spectroscopic techniques are used such as Second-harmonic generation (SHG), Sum-frequency generation (SFG), Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as well as High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The structures of SAMs are commonly determined using scanning probe microscopy techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).

The pointed arches which dominate visually the present-day structure, or rather its remains, are testimony to numerous reconstruction and maintenance works executed in Islamic times.Reconstructed arches: ; other repairs: The typical clear span of the Pol-e Kaisar was between 6.6 and 9 m. The piers, protected on their upstream side by pointed cutwaters, were of rectangular shape and pierced by high-set floodways; their considerable thickness of 5 to 6.4 m restricted the waterway by nearly one-half. By comparison, pier thicknesses of Roman bridges located within the empire’s frontiers commonly made up one-fourth of the length of the bridge and did not exceed a maximum of one-third.

Hawaiian eruptions from neighboring shield volcanoes also built up Mazama, producing basaltic andesite lava flows that ranged from on average in thickness. These flows, present on the southern, western, and eastern walls of Mazama's caldera, also contained lava bombs. Viscous eruptions of andesitic lava that reached thicknesses of several hundred feet further built up Mazama's cones, creating a solid, dense interior rich with angular lava blocks. Research by Howel Williams superimposed the Crater Lake caldera on other Cascade stratovolcanoes including Mount Shasta in California and Mount Rainier in Washington state, and concluded that Mazama stood at pre- collapse, which has been accepted as the standard estimate by geologists.

NASA landsat photo of the Tarim Basin The Tarim Basin is the result of an amalgamation between an ancient microcontinent and the growing Eurasian continent during the Carboniferous to Permian periods. At present, deformation around the margins of the basin is resulting in the microcontinental crust being pushed under Tian Shan to the north, and Kunlun Shan to the south. A thick succession of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks occupy the central parts of the basin, locally exceeding thicknesses of . The source rocks of oil and gas tend to be mostly Permian mudstones and, less often, Ordovician strata which experienced an intense and widespread early Hercynian karstification.

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films with silicon thicknesses of 0.05 µm to 10 µm above a buried silicon dioxide layer are increasingly popular for semiconductor devices due to the increased dielectric isolation associated with SOI/ SOI wafers contain a thin-layer of silicon on an oxide layer and a thin-film of single-crystal silicon, which reduces the effective thermal conductivity of the material by up to 50% as compared to bulk silicon, due to phonon-interface scattering and defects and dislocations in the crystalline structure. Previous studies by Asheghi et al., show a similar trend. Other studies of thin-films show similar thermal effects .

This particular plating process uses a steel core that is electro-magnetically plated with a thin layer of nickel, then a layer of copper and finally another layer of nickel.Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Edition, 2006 As a smaller quantity of copper and nickel is required, this process has reduced circulation coin production costs. The composition of plated coins is more durable, thereby reducing the number of damaged coins in circulation and increasing their overall efficiency. By varying the thicknesses of the alternating layers of nickel and copper, the Mint can create coins with unique electromagnetic signatures, preventing fraud and producing the most secure circulation coins on the market.

The Glenns Ferry Formation is composed primarily of poorly consolidated lacustrine and fluvial sediments. The primary exposures of lacustrine sediments consist of laterally continuous very fine-grained sandstone and mudstone beds that outcrop near Glenns Ferry, Idaho (47 km west of Hagerman, Idaho) (Richmond and others, 2002). In the Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, the Glenns Ferry Formation has a maximum thickness of approximately 183 meters (600 feet) and spans the interval 4.5 to 3.0 Ma. The Glenns Ferry Formation consists of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and shales. Basaltic flows and deposits of basaltic tephra and ash of varying thicknesses are interbedded within the sedimentary strata.

The low density of small craters in the oldest class, c1, results from their destruction by impacts and obscuration by ejecta and volcanic material over a long period of mercurian history. The intercrater plains and younger plains materials probably have mixed origins, and they consist of both volcanic and impact ejecta-related deposits. The plains materials accumulated mostly in low-lying areas and have buried or partly buried older craters and surfaces. Their relative ages and thicknesses are reflected by the number of craters visible on their surfaces: where crater densities are high, the plains material is relatively old or thin; low crater densities indicate relatively thick, young deposits.

The L03 used hydraulic roller lifters, which allowed it to recover some of the lost horsepower from its factory design, while further increasing efficiency (reduced rotational drag). Despite downfalls in its aspiration restrictions, the L03 had one thing going for it: reliability (87-90 F-bodies that carry the L03 did not use a rev limiter). They used dished pistons with a 9.3:1 to 9.5:1 compression ratio (thanks to the dished pistons, and varying head gasket thicknesses over the years) that left a lot to be desired. The L03 TBI featured a 3.736" bore and 3.48" stroke, the same as its TPI cousin, the LB9.

The amount of water present at the time of polymer attachment to the surface also has a high correlation to the packing density of the polymer film. The effect of film thickness and RI on nonfouling properties can be better studied by varying the water content of the solution. This is because increasing the amount of water increases the accessibility of the chain end due to the superhydrophilicity of zwitterionic materials and results in an increase in the polymerization rate, resulting in larger film thicknesses. However, when the water concentration is too high, film thickness is decreased due to increased radical recombination of the polymer chain.

Milk caps generally involves two types of playing discs: milk caps and slammers. Milk caps are typically flat circular cardboard discs which are decorated with images on one or both sides. Traditional (or traditional-style) milk caps are made of rougher cardboard, are printed with limited colors, and often have a staple in them (as they appeared when used as actual POG bottlecaps), while modern commercial pogs were stiffer, thicker and are often printed with colorful glossy imagery. The other equipment that is used is a slammer: a heavier game piece often made of metal, rubber, or more commonly plastic, which come in various thicknesses and weights.

Defocusing is the most basic variant of the technique and it does not provide a complete separation between excitation and collection zones, rendering this variant less effective. Nonetheless, defocused measurements have the great advantage to be easily performed with a conventional micro-Raman without any hardware nor software modifications. Defocusing consists in the enlargement of the excitation and the collection zones that is achieved by moving the microscope objective out of focus (Δz movements) from the surface of the object or sample under analysis. The Δz movements range goes typically from few tens to two millimeters, depending on the numbers and thicknesses of the materials.

Injection molding is a traditional cost-effective method for manufacturing of short-fiber thermoplastics. The processing conditions such as mold temperature and pressure as well as filling time, the part geometry, position and number of injection gates are main factors influencing distribution of fibers. As a result, depending on the total thickness of the manufactured parts as well as the distance from mold wall, different fiber orientation distributions can be observed. In a thin layer in mid-thickness fiber orientations are preferably perpendicular to the mold flow direction, while in two near wall thicknesses fibers are preferably in line with the mold flow direction.

Cosponsored tests result in code recognized designs with assigned fire- resistance ratings. The resulting designs become part of the code and are not limited to use by any one manufacturer. However, individual manufacturers may also have proprietary designs that they have had third-party tested and approved. This is provided that the material used in the field configuration can be demonstrated to meet the minimum requirements of Type X drywall (such as an entry in the appropriate category of the UL Building Materials Directory or in the Gypsum Association Fire Resistance and Sound Control Design Manual) and that sufficient layers and thicknesses are used.

These proved difficult to incorporate, as the requested changes increased topweight, which necessitated reductions in armor thicknesses to keep the ship from becoming too top-heavy. The navy refused to allow the reductions, however, and so further rearrangements were considered. On 23 December, the designers evaluated a pair of proposals for the secondary gun turrets from Schneider-Creusot and the government-run Direction de l'artillerie (Artillery Directorate), and that from the latter was adopted for the new ship. These were new two-gun turrets, which allowed for a greater number of the secondary weapons to be carried in turrets, which were more flexible mounts than traditional casemates.

Parallels come in pairs of two, which are machined to be the same dimensions their corresponding faces. They come in a variety of thicknesses and size, allowing them to be stacked up or to support a workpiece which doesn't have a flat profile. Parallels commonly have a series of holes drilled on the 'front' face - allowing them to be used to position a workpiece or secured using t-slot clamps, and a countersink on each side to remove any sharp edges. Generally, workshop parallels have 4 faces that are machined and ground - the front, back and sides, although some do have the ends with a smooth surface.

These proved difficult to incorporate, as the requested changes increased topweight, which necessitated reductions in armor thicknesses to keep the ship from becoming too top-heavy. The navy refused to allow the reductions, however, and so further rearrangements were considered. On 23 December, the designers evaluated a pair of proposals for the secondary gun turrets from Schneider-Creusot and the government-run Direction de l'artillerie (Artillery Directorate), and that from the latter was adopted for the new ship. Another meeting on 28 April 1899 settled on the final characteristics of the design, and on 29 May, Bertin was directed to alter the design to conform to the adopted specifications.

The Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the University of Texas at Brownsville undertakes teaching and research. Current research projects include wetland restoration at the Bahia Grande Unit of Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, artificial reef monitoring in the Gulf of Mexico, and the impacts of the US-Mexico border fence. Students work with organic molecules, assembling them at the thicknesses of a single molecule as well as nanotechnology. The department has also looked into the recent swine flu epidemic, and work on furthered understanding of how indigenous medicinal plants used in the US-Mexico Border region may be used in the treatment of diabetes.

Advances after the year 2000 include the generation of picosecond acoustic solitons by the use of millimeter propagation distances and the generation of picosecond shear waves by the use of anisotropic materials or small (~1 μm) optical spot sizes. Acoustic frequencies up to the terahertz range in solids and up to ~ 10 GHz in liquids have been reported. Apart from thermal expansion, generation through the deformation potential or through piezoelectricity is possible. Picosecond ultrasonics is currently used as a thin film metrology technique for probing films of sub-micrometer thicknesses with nanometer resolution in depth, that sees widespread use in the semiconductor processing industry.

It is possible to insert wiring without the proper tool, but this requires great care to avoid damaging the connectors. For example, pushing a screwdriver down the middle of the block is a bad practice as it forces the two blades of the terminal post apart, leading to bad contacts. It is also possible to punch-down multiple wires on top of each other in a single post of a punch-down block, but this practice is discouraged because of reliability concerns. If these multiple wires are of different thicknesses (wire gauges), it is even more likely that the thinner wire will develop contact problems.

This and thinner tapes were not commonly used on ten-and-a-half-inch reels, as the tape was too fragile for the angular momentum of the larger reels, particularly when rewinding. Thinner tapes with thicknesses of 12.5 µm or 0.5 mil fitting 3600' on a seven-inch reel and 1800' on a five-inch reel were known as triple-play tapes. Triple-play tape was too fragile for many tape decks to safely rewind even on a full seven-inch reel, and was more commonly used on five-inch- and smaller reels. However 3600' tapes on seven-inch reels were commercially available for those who wanted them.

It was initially backed by a memorable television advertising campaign filmed in China, starring actress Janet Mas and an elderly gentleman, whose character was simply known as Mr. Wong. Citroën AX five-door The car was very economical, largely because of excellent aerodynamics for its class of car (drag coefficient of 0.31) and a very light weight of for the basic version. This was due to the extensive use of plastic panels in non-load bearing areas and varying the thicknesses of steel in the bodyshell to be the minimum needed to take required loads. Another target for the engineers was lowering friction in the engines.

A simple two-element air-spaced lens has nine variables (four radii of curvature, two thicknesses, one airspace thickness, and two glass types). A multi-configuration lens corrected over a wide spectral band and field of view over a range of focal lengths and over a realistic temperature range can have a complex design volume having over one hundred dimensions. Lens optimization techniques that can navigate this multi-dimensional space and proceed to local minima have been studied since the 1940s, beginning with early work by James G. Baker, and later by Feder,D.P. Feder, "Automatic Optical Design," Appl. Opt. 2, 1209–1226 (1963). Wynne,C.

The geotechnical reporting includes the subsurface investigation findings and recommendations for (a) sub excavation and/or soil improvement of the weak swampy materials comprising wet, soft clayey silt and organics in the west; (b) excavation of overburden soils and soft rock (volcanic tuff) and blasting and excavation of hard rock (grey andesite) in the middle high ground and quarry; and (c) additional subgrade preparation and engineered fill placement in the east section near the seasonal pond at Rutland Bay. Based on the aircraft loading conditions a design for the new asphalt pavement thicknesses, asphalt overlays for the existing apron and runway, and subsurface drainage requirements were provided.

The vast majority of commercial grade griddles are made from A36 steel from thick, though some are composed of stainless steel or even composites of aluminum and stainless steel of varying thicknesses. Griddle plate depth (front-to-back) is typically 24-inches (610mm), though compact units may be as shallow as , and deep units can be up to in depth. Typical commercial gas griddles have plates between 3/4 and 1-inch thick (19 to 25mm). Electric griddle plates are typically thinner, from thick, to reduce the response lag between the control and plate surface common in such designs (less material improves heat transfer time).

The tunnel Tegel Airport Berlin, shorter tunnel Tegel Airport (TFT), was taken in 1979 in the course of the construction of the A 111 in operation. The length of the tunnel tube east (north direction) is 967 m, the tunnel tube west (south direction) extends over a length of 878 m. The two separate tunnels were built in an open construction in a pit with groundwater lowering and then covered, so that the runway of the airport is located above. The outer wall thicknesses are 80 cm, the middle wall was designed with a thickness of 60 cm. The base plate has a control plate thickness of 1.20 m.

The majority of the island is formed from highly faulted and folded sedimentary rocks of the Ordovician period. There is a belt of younger Silurian rocks along the west coast between Niarbyl and Peel, and a small area of Devonian sandstones around Peel. A band of Carboniferous period rocks underlies part of the northern plain, but is nowhere seen at the surface; however similar age rocks do outcrop in the south between Castletown, Silverdale and Port St Mary. Permo-Triassic age rocks are known to lie beneath the Point of Ayre but, as with the rest of the northern plain, these rocks are concealed by substantial thicknesses of superficial deposits.

So that wearers can choose the size they want, there are standards for body jewelry sizes, used by jewelry makers and sellers. Generally, the system of gauge-and-inches is used: In gauge notation, jewelry less than ″ thick is typically measured in a system originally devised for measuring wire thickness. A gauge number denotes a thickness on a standardized scale which, for most purposes, starts at 20g (0.812 mm thick— often used for the posts for nose studs), and increases in thickness (as the gauge number decreases) to 0g, then 00g, and rarely goes any further as these thicknesses come closer and closer to ″. From there, sizes of ″ and thicker are always specified in fractions of an inch.

The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products, and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences within volcanic zones and even between neighboring volcanoes. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a broad range of volcano-tectonic settings, as it has rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains as well as a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths and different amounts of crustal assimilations. Romeral in Colombia is the northernmost active member of the Andean Volcanic Belt.

Windows can be placed in the wall for natural lighting or aesthetic reasons, but this tends to lower the efficiency somewhat. The thickness of a thermal storage wall should be approximately 10 to 14 in (250 to 350 mm) for brick, 12 to 18 in (300 to 450 mm) for concrete, 8 to 12 in (200 to 300 mm) for earth/adobe, and at least 6 in (150 mm) for water. These thicknesses delay movement of heat such that indoor surface temperatures peak during late evening hours. Heat will take about 8 to 10 hours to reach the interior of the building (heat travels through a concrete wall at rate of about one inch per hour).

Black Buttes was active during the mid-Pleistocene from 495,000 to 288,000 years ago, producing viscous, andesitic lava flows with a steep dip (the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane) that reach thicknesses of up to , though they were could actually be larger as they are covered by ice. Its most active eruptive period took place between 350,000 and 330,000 years ago. During the construction of its main edifice, at least four flank eruptions from satellite vents separate from its central crater generated lava flows. The first three eruptions produced andesitic flows, while the fourth and most recent event yielded lava composed of basaltic andesite.

The parameters usually concern the geometry of and distances in the domain to be modelled and those physical properties of the aquifer that are more or less constant with time but that may be variable in space. Important parameters are the topography, thicknesses of soil / rock layers and their horizontal/vertical hydraulic conductivity (permeability for water), aquifer transmissivity and resistance, aquifer porosity and storage coefficient, as well as the capillarity of the unsaturated zone. For more details see the article on hydrogeology. Some parameters may be influenced by changes in the groundwater situation, like the thickness of a soil layer that may reduce when the water table drops and/the hydraulic pressure is reduced.

One model used is a power law distribution of thicknesses, with the thickness of the ith bilayer as a/(b+i)^c for some optimised a, b, c. An optimum multilayer design depends on the graze angle, so ideally a different prescription would be used on each shell of a multi-shell X-ray Wolter mirror; in practice the same prescription is used for about ten shells. Characterising such coatings requires a synchrotron as a variable- wavelength X-ray source. The Danish Space Research Institute in Copenhagen is (in 2012) the world centre of excellence for such coatings, though a good deal of the earlier research and development was done in Russia.

The Birch Mountain (BM) kimberlite field was discovered in 1998 and lies about north of Edmonton and northwest of Fort McMurray. It is part of the Northern Alberta kimberlite province, along with the Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field and the Mountain Lake cluster. The BM diatremes are hosted in the marine shales and silty shales of the Late Cretaceous Smoky or La Biche Group, and they are thought to have been erupted in an open marine to near shore marine setting in the Western Interior Seaway. Unconsolidated Quaternary sediments that reach thicknesses of more than now cover the bedrock in the area, so the diatremes were located primarily by aeromagnetic surveys followed by drilling.

They had an armoured belt that was thick in the main portion of the belt; the transverse bulkhead on the aft end of the belt was thick. Unlike previous British battleships, the forward part of the central citadel was not capped with a transverse bulkhead; instead, this was omitted to save weight that was used to extend the belt armour all the way along the side of the ship, albeit at reduced thicknesses. Forward of the barbette, the belt was reduced to , then tapered to , then to , and finally to at the extreme end of the bow. Their main battery turrets sides were thick, and unlike earlier battleship classes that had curved turrets, the Londons had flat-faced turrets.

The central contact in these detectors is opposite to the surface contact, making the dead layer in n-type detectors smaller than the dead layer in p-type detectors. Typical dead layer thicknesses are several hundred micrometers for an Li diffusion layer, and a few tenths of a micrometer for a B implantation layer. The major drawback of germanium detectors is that they must be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures to produce spectroscopic data. At higher temperatures, the electrons can easily cross the band gap in the crystal and reach the conduction band, where they are free to respond to the electric field, producing too much electrical noise to be useful as a spectrometer.

For that reason, consumers should ensure that the new brake pads installed are those specified or supplied by the vehicle's manufacturer. Brake pads should always be replaced in pairs on both sides of a vehicle, as the different lining thicknesses (and possibly material types) will cause uneven braking, making the vehicle pull in the direction of the more effective brake. For most vehicles, replacing pads (and therefore linings) is easy for a mechanic, requiring a minimum of tools and time -- the linings are designed to be consumable and should therefore be easy to service. Brake linings can also be found just about everywhere there are braking systems and clutches, from elevator safety brakes to spindle brakes inside a VCR.

Other natural stone tiles such as slate are typically "riven" (split) on the top surface so that the thickness of the tile varies slightly from one spot on the tile to another and from one tile to another. Variations in tile thickness can be handled by adjusting the amount of mortar under each part of the tile, by using wide grout lines that "ramp" between different thicknesses, or by using a cold chisel to knock off high spots. Some stone tiles such as polished granite, marble, and travertine are very slippery when wet. Stone tiles with a riven (split) surface such as slate or with a sawn and then sandblasted or honed surface will be more slip-resistant.

A 1994 innovation for insulated glazing is evacuated glass, which as yet is produced commercially only in Japan and China.Sumitomo Group Public Affairs World’s First Evacuated Glazing Glass The extreme thinness of evacuated glazing offers many new architectural possibilities, particularly in building conservation and historicist architecture, where evacuated glazing can replace traditional single glazing, which is much less energy-efficient. An evacuated glazing unit is made by sealing the edges of two glass sheets, typically by using a solder glass, and evacuating the space inside with a vacuum pump. The evacuated space between the two sheets can be very shallow and yet be a good insulator, yielding insulative window glass with nominal thicknesses as low as 6 mm overall.

With the advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques, continued miniaturization of the conventional optical lenses has always been requested for various applications such as communications, sensors, data storage, and a wide range of other technology-driven and consumer-driven industries. Specifically, ever smaller sizes as well as thinner thicknesses of micro lenses are highly needed for subwavelength optics or nano-optics with extremely small structures, particularly for visible and near-IR applications. Also, as the distance scale for optical communications shrinks, the required feature sizes of micro lenses are rapidly pushed down. Recently, the excellent properties of newly discovered graphene oxide provide novel solutions to overcome the challenges of current planar focusing devices.

The inside diameters under IPS were roughly as we know them today under the Ductile Iron Pipe Standard (DIPS) and Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Standards, and some of the wall thicknesses were also retained with a different designator. In 1948, the DIPS came into effect, when greater control of a pipe's wall thickness was possible. CTS diameter always specifies the outside diameter (OD) of a tube, where pipe diameter specifications only approximate the pipe inside diameter (ID) for sizes of 12 inch or less, and STD wall thickness. The IPS number (reference to an OD) is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong, (XS) and Double Extra Strong (XXS).

Standard profile angle In tools for cutting, grinding, and gaging gear teeth, the profile angle is the angle between a cutting edge or a cutting surface, and some principal direction such as that of a shank, an axis, or a plane of rotation. Standard profile angles are established in connection with standard proportions of gear teeth and standard gear cutting tools. Involute gears operate together correctly after a change of center distance, and gears designed for a different center distance can be generated correctly by standard tools. A change of center distance is accomplished by changes in operating values for pitch diameter, circular pitch, diametral pitch, pressure angle, and tooth thicknesses or backlash.

It may be performed on a join surface of theoretically any size with no increase in processing time; practically speaking, the surface tends to be limited by the pressure required and physical limitations. It may be performed with similar and dissimilar metals, reactive and refractory metals, or pieces of varying thicknesses. Diffusion bonding is most often used for jobs either difficult or impossible to weld by other means, due to its relatively high cost. Examples include welding materials normally impossible to join via liquid fusion, such as zirconium and beryllium; materials with very high melting points such as tungsten; alternating layers of different metals which must retain strength at high temperatures; and very thin, honeycombed metal foil structures.

William Hemsley (1893) Oats for porridge may be whole (groats), cut into two or three pieces (called "pinhead", "steel-cut" or "coarse" oatmeal), ground into medium or fine oatmeal or steamed and rolled into flakes of varying sizes and thicknesses (called "rolled oats", the largest size being "jumbo"). The larger the pieces of oat used, the more textured the resulting porridge. It is said that, because of their size and shape, the body breaks steel-cut oats down more slowly than rolled oats, reducing spikes in blood sugar and making the eater feel full longer. The US Consumer Reports Web site found that the more cooking required, the stronger the oat flavor and the less mushy the texture.

Various bacteria live on Vailulu'u, including in microbial mats on basalts, which are related to bacteria from Tangaroa Seamount in the Kermadec Ridge, Loihi in Hawaii and in the East Pacific Rise. A number of mostly pigmented yeasts and other fungi have been identified in deposits from the Nafanua Cone and in iron mats and might play important roles in the ecosystems of Vailulu'u. Microbial mats with thicknesses of (though possibly thicker in depressions) have been found at Vailulu'u; they often contain iron hydroxide/iron oxide deposits. The widespread production of siderophores by microorganisms may not only serve to make iron available to them but also to reduce the trapping of the organisms within iron oxides.

On the trip he got to know a number of other painters better, including Arnold Böcklin, Ludwig Thiersch, and Heinrich Dreber with whom he spent a long time in Olevano. Thiersch once commented how differently the artists processed their impressions of the landscapes: Dreber drew elaborate pencil sketches, Böcklin simply let himself experience the environment and recorded relatively little in his sketchbook, while Achenbach and Flamm both painted oil studies outdoors. Achenbach's surviving studies show that he was not overly interested in details but concentrated on the characteristic colors and forms and the distribution of light and shadow. He focused on his color impressions, setting layers of paint in different thicknesses over one another to find the desired tone.

Dehydration protection provided by a maternal cuticle improves offspring fitness in the moss Funaria hygrometrica and in the sporophytes of all vascular plants. In angiosperms the cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf (adaxial surface), but is not always thicker. The leaves of xerophytic plants adapted to drier climates have more equal cuticle thicknesses compared to those of mesophytic plants from wetter climates that do not have a high risk of dehydration from the under sides of their leaves. "The waxy sheet of cuticle also functions in defense, forming a physical barrier that resists penetration by virus particles, bacterial cells, and the spores and growing filaments of fungi".

The folded dipole is therefore well matched to 300 Ohm balanced transmission lines, such as twin- feed ribbon cable. The folded dipole has a wider bandwidth than a single dipole. They can be used for transforming the value of input impedance of the dipole over a broad range of step-up ratios by changing the thicknesses of the wire conductors for the fed- and folded-sides. Instead of altering thickness or spacing, one can add a third parallel wire to increase the antenna impedance to 9 times that of a single-wire dipole, raising the impedance to 658 Ω, making a good match for open wire feed cable, and further broadening the resonant frequency band of the antenna.

The Forest of Dean, situated between the rivers Severn and Wye, is formed of a raised basin of Palaeozoic rocks folded in the Variscan Orogeny, similar to the South Wales Coalfield to the west. Underlain by great thicknesses of the Old Red Sandstone, the basin is filled with Carboniferous limestones, sandstones and coal measures - all of which have contributed to the industrial history of the region. Sometimes called ‘the prettiest coalfield in Britain’, the Forest's main coal output was in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, although for hundreds of years coal has been won in the area via ‘free-mines’, which could only be operated by local people known as freeminers. One or two survive today.

VACIS (vehicle and container imaging system) Gamma rays provide information about some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe; however, they are largely absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Instruments aboard high-altitude balloons and satellites missions, such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, provide our only view of the universe in gamma rays. Gamma-induced molecular changes can also be used to alter the properties of semi-precious stones, and is often used to change white topaz into blue topaz. Non-contact industrial sensors commonly use sources of gamma radiation in refining, mining, chemicals, food, soaps and detergents, and pulp and paper industries, for the measurement of levels, density, and thicknesses.

The U.S. Navy's ZMC-2 was one of the few airships to be constructed in the late 1920s. Like the Schwarz airship of the 1890s, the ZMC-2 had a system of framework integrated with stressed-skin construction that presaged both the pressurized fuselage construction used decades later in commercial airliners, and even elements of American lunar rockets, such as the Saturn V launch vehicle. The ZMC-2 was successful both in performance and longevity. Its manufacture required the development of a riveting machine and final assembly that are comparable to later rockets and transport aircraft fuselages, while being capable of dealing with aluminum skin thicknesses thin enough to allow aerostatic lift.

Cenozoic units are largely absent in Latvia, except from the past 2.5 million years of the Quaternary, which cover the entire country, except where wave erosion has stripped them away on the east-central shore of the Gulf of Riga (or in some river valleys). In buried valleys, these sediments can be up to 310 meters thick, although the average thickness is up to 20 meters in lowlands 40 to 60 meters in highlands. Between Cesis and Madona and in the Vidzeme Highland in south-central part of the country, thicknesses can reach up to 200 meters. The Latgale Formation includes Precambrian crystalline clasts and gray clay left over from the first Pleistocene glaciation.

Comparative measurements of go stones For the most expensive clamshell and slate Go stones, stone thickness is carefully controlled and ranked according to size. Typical stone sizes are size 25 (7.0 mm thick) to size 37 (10.4 mm), and even thicker stones are available for a correspondingly much higher price. Commonly used shell and slate Go stone thicknesses are size 32 (8.8 mm) and size 33 (9.2 mm) for most individuals and size 36 (10.1 mm) for professionals. Stones thicker than 10.1 mm are difficult to place on the board, while many Go players prefer stones that are 8.8 and 9.2 mm thick, considering these the optimum thickness for aesthetic and practical reasons.

The optical lens has been playing a critical role in almost all areas of science and technology since its invention about 3000 years ago. With the advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques, continued miniaturization of the conventional optical lenses has always been requested for various applications such as communications, sensors, data storage and a wide range of other technology- driven and consumer-driven industries. Specifically, ever smaller sizes, as well as thinner thicknesses of micro lenses, are highly needed for subwavelength optics or nano-optics with extremely small structures, particularly for visible and near-IR applications. Also, as the distance scale for optical communications shrinks, the required feature sizes of micro lenses are rapidly pushed down.

In a round, the tagline, the debater's summary of the evidence, is read first, followed by the body and citation. As pieces of evidence accumulate use, multiple colors of highlighting and different thicknesses of underlining often accrue, sometimes making it difficult to discern which portion of the evidence was read. If debaters begin and end outside of the underlined or highlighted portion of a card, it is considered good form to "mark" the card to show where one has done the reading during a speech. For that reason, highlighting or underlying once only throughout a year's worth of active debating in tournaments is much preferred practice over re-clipping over the same cards.

Other changes included a reduction of engine capacity from 988 cc to 930 cc; this strengthened the engine by increasing the bore wall thicknesses by 1 mm, and allowed cars using it to enter competition classes not otherwise possible due to rules on forced induction. The first prototypes of these engines were installed in the March Superturbo R/March R (EK10FR type) in 1988, shortly after the engine was installed in the March Superturbo. The MA09ERT was the first series-charged engine available in Japan; series charging combines the increased low-speed torque of supercharging with the increased high-speed torque and power of turbocharging. The presence of the supercharger also mimizes the effects of turbo lag.

The armor- piercing round, weighing , had a muzzle velocity of . During test firing at armour plates with different thicknesses, the ISU-152BM successfully penetrated a maximum of of RHA at 90° at ranges of up to . However, during trials in July 1944, the gun showed some deficiencies, such as being difficult for the crew to operate, unreliability of the muzzle brake and the breech block, and unsatisfactory performance of the shells. In addition, the gun, protruding far forward of the hull front, limited the maneuverability of the vehicle. The self-propelled gun carried 21 rounds of two-piece (shell and charge) ammunition, and had a rate of fire of 2 rounds per minute.

This is a standard design feature of stringed instruments; however, it differs from the piano, which has only one location for each of its 88 notes. For instance, the note of open A on the violin can be played as the open A, or on the D string (in first to fourth positions) or even on the G string (very high up in sixth to ninth positions). Each string has a different tone quality, because of the different weights (thicknesses) of the strings and because of the resonances of other open strings. For instance, the G string is often regarded as having a very full, sonorous sound which is particularly appropriate to late Romantic music.

Tape about 11.2 µm in thickness is used in C90 cassettes, and also for those intermediate between a C60 and a C90, for example the C74 produced specifically for recording a standard length CD. Most equipment manufacturers optimize their equipment for C90 cassettes but fully support shorter cassettes using either 11.2 µm or 16 µm tape. A cassette longer than a C90, such as a C120, must use even thinner tape. Many equipment manufacturers discourage the use of these longer cassettes, partly because the tape is so fragile, and also because of the difficulty of providing optimum recording over an extended range of tape thicknesses (thinner tape is more prone to "print through" echo).

The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au75Si25) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960. This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (in the order of one mega-kelvin per second, 106 K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms (typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one or more dimensions were small so that heat could be extracted quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rates. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometers.

Some of the tuyas in the Azas Plateau may have formed through complex eruptive processes. Based on the tuyas of the Tuvan field, it has been determined that ice thicknesses in the area exceeded and that at least three different ice ages occurred in the field. The tuyas in the Azas plateau have been compared to volcanic edifices in the Valles Marineris on Mars. Non-tuya volcanic ice interaction landforms are also found, such as Albine-Bondok, Charash-Dag and Sagan which are subglacial mounds. Glaciation was already in progress under marine isotope stage 5 (127,000 - 71,000 years ago) and by the stage 4 (71,000 - 57,000 years ago) it was continuous over the Azas Plateau.

Hot-worked tool steel such as AISI H13 has proven perfectly acceptable for welding aluminium alloys within thickness ranges of 0.5–50 mm but more advanced tool materials are necessary for more demanding applications such as highly abrasive metal matrix composites or higher-melting-point materials such as steel or titanium. Improvements in tool design have been shown to cause substantial improvements in productivity and quality. TWI has developed tools specifically designed to increase the penetration depth and thus increasing the plate thicknesses that can be successfully welded. An example is the "whorl" design that uses a tapered pin with re-entrant features or a variable- pitch thread to improve the downwards flow of material.

These are the youngest stages of Tuzgle volcanism and are well preserved. Radiating away from the central summit of the volcano, another lava flow unit forms the so-called Azufre synthem; these lava flows reach maximum thicknesses of and are gray to brownish-red with some evidence of hydrothermal alteration. On the northwestern and southern flanks, lava emission from one emission area down steep slopes form the San Antonio synthem (unconformity bounded unit), with lava flows up to thick. These San Antonio stage lavas have been cut by a long fault scarp trending NNE-SSW that may have been formed by a mass failure of the Tuzgle edifice, which was then rebuilt by the Azufre stage lavas.

As the result of substrate effects producing preferred crystallite orientations, pronounced textures tend to occur in thin films Highly oriented TiO2 films on quartz substrates Surface coatings and technology . Modern technological devices to a large extent rely on polycrystalline thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer and micrometer ranges. This holds, for instance, for all microelectronic and most optoelectronic systems or sensoric and superconducting layers. Most thin film textures may be categorized as one of two different types: (1) for so-called fiber textures the orientation of a certain lattice plane is preferentially parallel to the substrate plane; (2) in biaxial textures the in-plane orientation of crystallites also tend to align with respect to the sample.

Porphyry copper deposits represent an important resource and the dominant source of copper that is mined today to satisfy global demand.Kesler, S.E. and B.H. Wilkinson, Earth's copper resources estimated from tectonic diffusion of porphyry copper deposits, Geology, 2008, 36(3): pp. 255-258. Abstract Via compilation of geological data, it has been found that the majority of porphyry deposits are Phanerozoic in age and were emplaced at depths of approximately 1 to 6 kilometres with vertical thicknesses on average of 2 kilometres. Throughout the Phanerozoic an estimated 125,895 porphyry copper deposits were formed; however, 62% of them (78,106) have been removed by uplift and erosion. Thus, 38% (47,789) remain in the crust, of which there are 574 known deposits that are at the surface.

The Newark Supergroup's lithologies and structure are the classic hallmarks of a rift valley; the fault-blocking illustrates the crustal extension forces in play during the breakup of Pangea during the late Triassic Period. The Appalachian Mountains had already been nearly eroded flat by the end of the period; the uplift and faulting that was the first part of the rifting provided new sources of sediment for the vast thicknesses deposited in the Newark Supergroup; the igneous intrusions are similarly diagnostic of a rift valley. Coarse sediments were deposited near the eastern mountain front, while progressively finer ones were deposited farther west. Evidence suggests the climate at the time was subtropical and rainy, though divided between wet and dry months.

In an extension of the second experiment, he measured the rate of triple coincidences as a function of the amount of the lead above the counters. A plot of this rate against thickness, which came to be known as the Rossi curve, showed a rapid rise as the lead layer was increased, followed by a slow decline. These experiments showed that ground- level cosmic rays consist of two components: a "soft" component which is capable of prolific generation of multiple particle events, and a "hard" component which is capable of traversing great thicknesses of lead. At the time, the physical nature of both was a mystery, for they did not yet fit into the growing body of knowledge about nuclear and particle physics.

A massive thick cross bedded fine to medium grained quartz sandstone separates the Tunbridge Wells Sands from the overlying Grinstead Clay. This horizon is known as the Ardingly Sandstone and occurs in thicknesses of up to 18m. It is particularly well exposed throughout the region between East Grinstead, West Sussex, and Tunbridge Wells, Kent, at localities such as; Stone Farm south of East Grinstead; Chiddinglye Rocks near West Hoathly; Toad Rock, Bull's Hollow and Happy Valley west of Tunbridge Wells; and Harrisons Rocks, Bowles Rocks and High Rocks near Crowborough. At all of these places the Ardingly Sandstone forms a weathering-resistant layer, relative to the rest of the formation, which has become very popular with rock climbers and is known locally as Southern Sandstone.

Trout Creek Hill erupted approximately 340,000 years ago during the Pleistocene, producing a lava flow that extended to the southeast and temporarily dammed the Columbia River. This eruption produced high-alumina olivine basalt, which make up the shield volcano and possess a dark gray color. Lava flows from the two cinder cones on Trout Creek Hill did not move far to the west from their source vents, instead moving to the southeast down the Wind River Valley into the Columbia River and around Bunker Hill. Within Wind River valley, these deposits reach depths of more than at the Bear Creek, Panther Creek, and Wind River junction; the shorter flows that extended to the west likely exceed thicknesses of with lengths of .

The player then strikes the plates with a wooden, hard plastic, or metal mallet which can be covered in varying thicknesses of felt to create a variety of sounds. A softer mallet, which has a thicker felt covering, can achieve a greater sounding of the fundamental pitch of the plate, while a harder mallet with a thinner covering of felt will produce stronger overtones and possibly overshadow the fundamental pitch of the plate. The sound can also be manipulated by striking different areas of the plate. Greater volume can be achieved by striking the center of the lower or upper third of the instrument, and a clearer pitch can be produced by striking the plate at the center or near the bottom edge.

When disengaged the movable jaw may be moved in or out throughout its entire range of motion, vastly speeding up the process of adjustment. Common thread types are Acme and buttress. Traditional workbench vises are commonly either face vises, attached to the front of the workbench, near the left end (for a right-handed worker) or end vises, attached to or forming part of the right end of the bench. One common variety of face vise is the leg vise, which has a long extension down to the floor, with a provision to adjust the spacing of the bottom of the leg, to keep the clamping surfaces of the jaws approximately parallel, even though the work to be clamped may be of various thicknesses.

The first consists of lapilli, pumice and scoria and individual layers form thick sequences at large distances from the volcano, but are heavily eroded and thus difficult to measure in extent. Scoria flows identified on the southwestern-southern flanks of Ampato correspond to this unit. The dacitic Corinta deposits conversely were created during one large eruption which also left a crater on Ampato; it generated stratified thick tephra deposits which contain pumice embedded within ash-rich layers, and it is probably also the source of the pumice flow deposits on the south-southwestern flank. These contain dacitic pumice fragments in a matrix rich in ash and have thicknesses of more than in the few outcrops; much of this unit was likely eroded away by glacial activity.

The uplift of the Serranía del Perijá made the Cesar-Ranchería Basin an intermontane basin A second phase of compressive margin has been noted in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin by the strong differences between the sedimentary thicknesses of the Paleocene formations. During this stage in the basin development, the Cesar-Ranchería Basin was connected to the Middle Magdalena Valley to the west. The Paleocene Lisama Formation has a reduced thickness in the northern part of the Middle Magdalena Valley due to erosion, while the Paleocene section in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin is very thick. This has been explained by the tilt of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the formation of several thick-skinned thrust faults in the basin.

Cobb often used his expertise in anatomy and biology in order to combat racist explanations for perceived differences between African Americans and European Americans. One of the most widely cited studies in this effort was Cobb's "Race and Runners," published in 1936. In this work, Cobb took the case of Jesse Owens to dispel the idea that his success as a quadruple gold medal winner could be explained by his " African American genes," an argument that stemmed from the idea that black people were stronger and more athletic than whites at the cost of decreased intelligence. Proponents of this idea often pointed to the supposed existence of extra musculature or differences in nerve thicknesses that allowed African American athletes to excel relative to European Americans.

Other techniques use varying thicknesses of the coatings. By using two or more layers, each of a material chosen to give the best possible match of the desired refractive index and dispersion, broadband anti-reflection coatings covering the visible range (400–700 nm) with maximal reflectivities of less than 0.5% are commonly achievable. The exact nature of the coating determines the appearance of the coated optic; common AR coatings on eyeglasses and photographic lenses often look somewhat bluish (since they reflect slightly more blue light than other visible wavelengths), though green and pink-tinged coatings are also used. If the coated optic is used at non-normal incidence (that is, with light rays not perpendicular to the surface), the anti-reflection capabilities are degraded somewhat.

Dredging at Echo Bank has yielded basaltic lapillistones, carbonates, coral debris, intermediate volcanic rocks, limestone of hemipelagic origin, manganese crusts, sandstone of volcanic and calcarenite origin and vesicular basalt. The volcanic rocks at the Canary Islands seamounts like those of the Canary Islands are classified as alkalic; the basaltic rocks contain clinopyroxene while the rare intermediary volcanic rocks contain amphibole. Dredged samples of the ferromanganese crusts consist mainly of goethite and manganese dioxide and minor amounts of calcite, phyllosilicate and quartz. The ferromanganese deposits which occur on the Canary Islands Seamounts including at Echo Bank reach thicknesses of and are rich in cobalt and other elements of industrial significance; thus such submarine deposits have been considered to be targets for future mining efforts.

Detail of the bridge and strings Gut strings The history of the double bass is tightly coupled to the development of string technology, as it was the advent of overwound gut strings, which first rendered the instrument more generally practicable, as wound or overwound strings attain low notes within a smaller overall string diameter than non-wound strings.Strings, standing waves and harmonics, Prof. Joe Wolfe, University of New South Wales Professor Larry Hurst argues that had "it not been for the appearance of the overwound gut string in the 1650s, the double bass would surely have become extinct". because thicknesses needed for regular gut strings made the lower-pitched strings almost unplayable and hindered the development of fluid, rapid playing in the lower register.

It was built using the same bay dimensions, wall thicknesses and elevations as the Norman parts of the nave, but with an Early English Gothic style that makes it 'the most refined and richly decorated English building of its period'. St Etheldreda's remains were translated to a new shrine immediately east of the high altar within the new structure, and on completion of these works in 1252 the cathedral was reconsecrated in the presence of King Henry III and Prince Edward. As well as a greatly expanded presbytery, the new east end had the effect of inflating still further the significance of St Etheldreda's shrine. Surviving fragments of the shrine pedestal suggest its decoration was similar to the interior walls of the Galilee porch.

This is because light traveling toward the rear of a mirror will enter the glass plate, incurring k phase shift, and then reflect from the mirror with no additional phase shift, since only air is now behind the mirror, and travel again back through the glass plate, incurring an additional k phase shift. The rule about phase shifts applies to beamsplitters constructed with a dielectric coating and must be modified if a metallic coating is used or when different polarizations are taken into account. Also, in real interferometers, the thicknesses of the beamsplitters may differ, and the path lengths are not necessarily equal. Regardless, in the absence of absorption, conservation of energy guarantees that the two paths must differ by a half-wavelength phase shift.

Wooden type for English printing Letterpress can produce work of high quality at high speed, but it requires much time to adjust the press for varying thicknesses of type, engravings, and plates called makeready. The process requires a high degree of craftsmanship, but in the right hands, letterpress excels at fine typography. It is used by many small presses that produce fine, handmade, limited-edition books, artists' books, and high-end ephemera such as greeting cards and broadsides. Because of the time needed to make letterpress plates and to prepare the press, setting type by hand has become less common with the invention of the photopolymer plate, a photosensitive plastic sheet that can be mounted on metal to bring it up to type high.

The upper cooling unit was emplaced on a flat surface as a uniform deposit with thicknesses ranging from in its southern sector to north. The upper cooling unit is itself subdivided into a basal and an upper section; the basal section is strongly welded sometimes to the point of being vitrophyric with few fiamme and lithic fragments, whereas the upper section is poorly welded and light brown to pink in colour, with columnar jointing. A transitional area separates the thick upper unit with moderate quantities of lithics and fiamme from the lower unit. The two cooling units may have formed under different eruption conditions: High fountains may be the source of the lower cooling unit and lower and less stable fountains that of the upper cooling unit.

Regionally, the thickest crust is associated with the Tharsis plateau, where crustal thickness in some areas exceeds 80 km, and the thinnest crust with impact basins. The major impact basins collectively make up a small histogram peak from 5 to 20 km. The origin of the hemispheric dichotomy, which separates the northern plains from the southern highlands, has been subject to much debate. Important observations to take into account when considering its origin include the following: (1) The northern plains and southern highlands have distinct thicknesses, (2) the crust underlying the northern plains is essentially the same age as the crust of the southern highlands, and (3) the northern plains, unlike the southern highlands, contain sparse and weak magnetic anomalies.

Hitting a sloped thick homogeneous plates such a long-rod penetrator will, after initial penetration into the armour's LOS thickness, bend toward the armour's normal thickness and take a path with a length between the armour's LOS and normal thicknesses. Also the deformed penetrator tends to act as a projectile of a very large diameter and this stretches out the remaining armour, causing it to fail more easily. If these latter effects occur strongly – for modern penetrators this is typically the case for a slope between 55° and 65° – better protection would be provided by vertically mounted armour of the same area density. Another development decreasing the importance of the principle of sloped armour has been the introduction of ceramic armour in the seventies.

Generally, all lava flows in the field can be traced to specific vents in the field, but documented source vents have been confirmed through chemical analysis or petrographic comparisons, with a few exceptions. In the eastern part of the Boring cluster, volcanic vents have average diameters less than , with average heights less than from base to summit. The lava flows from Highland Butte and Larch Mountain, both shield volcanoes, encompass a wide area, with Boring Lava deposits averaging thicknesses of not considering areas next to volcanic cones in the field. Most of the summit craters have been destroyed, though there are partial craters at Bobs Hill (located northeast of Portland) and Battleground Lake (located north of Portland); Mount Scott also has an intact summit crater.

Guarneri's career is a great contrast to that of Stradivari, who was stylistically consistent, very careful about craftsmanship and finish, and evolved the design of his instruments in a deliberate way over seven decades. Guarneri's career was short, from the late 1720s until his death in 1744. Initially he was thought to be a man of restless creativity, judging by his constant experimentation with f-holes, arching, thicknesses of the top and back and other design details. However, what has become clear is that, like other members of his family, he was so commercially overshadowed by his illustrious and business-savvy neighbor, Antonio Stradivari, that he was unable to command prices commensurate with his rival, hence needed to make more instruments and work hastily.

This feature, known as the West Milk Creek cirque, includes the two Milk Creek glaciers and extends into the interior of Mount Jefferson, exposing tephra and pyroclastic rock in the main volcanic cone. The final two advances of glaciers during the Pleistocene removed about a third of the volcano's original volume, decreasing the overall elevation by . Currently, the Whitewater Glacier and the Milk Creek glaciers erode the mountain's eastern and western flanks, respectively, and are likely to gradually form a cleft between the northern and southern horns of the summit. Within Jefferson's main volcanic cone, more than 200 andesitic lava flows are now exposed, with mean thicknesses from , as well as an immense, pink dacitic lava flow with a thickness of .

The collision did, however, aggravate the damage to Virginias bow from when she had previously rammed Cumberland. Monitor was also unable to do significant damage to Virginia, possibly because her guns were firing with reduced charges, on advice from Commander John Dahlgren, the gun's designer, who lacked the "preliminary information" needed to determine what amount of charge was needed to "pierce, dislocate or dislodge iron plates" of various thicknesses and configurations.Dahlgren, 1882, p. 279 During the battle Stodder was stationed at the wheel that controlled the turning of the turret, but at one point when he was leaning against its side the turret received a direct hit directly opposite to him which knocked him clear across the inside, rendering him unconscious.

Four different topography layers of the Earth2014 model. Clockwise from top left: (1) Earth's surface, (2) bedrock, (3) rock-equivalent topography, (4) bathymetry and ice surface The most recent global relief model is Earth2014, developed at Curtin University (Western Australia) and TU Munich (Germany). Earth2014 provides sets of 1 arc-min resolution global grids of Earth's relief in different representations based on the 2013 releases of bedrock and ice-sheet data over Antarctica (Bedmap2) and Greenland (Greenland Bedrock Topography), the 2013 SRTM_30PLUS bathymetry and 2008 SRTM V4.1 SRTM land topography. Earth2014 provides five different layers of height data, including Earth's surface (lower interface of the atmosphere), topography and bathymetry of the oceans and major lakes, topography, bathymetry and bedrock, ice-sheet thicknesses and rock-equivalent topography.

Sweetman 1987, p. 46. The GAU-8 is optimized for a slant range of with the A-10 in a 30-degree dive.Jenkins 1998, pp. 64–73. Front view of the A-10's GAU-8 installation The fuselage of the aircraft is built around the cannon. The GAU-8/A is mounted slightly to the port side; the barrel in the firing location is on the starboard side at the 9 o'clock position so it is aligned with the aircraft's centerline. The gun's 5-foot, 11.5-inch (1.816 m) ammunition drum can hold up to 1,350 rounds of 30 mm ammunition, but generally holds 1,174 rounds. To protect the GAU-8/A rounds from enemy fire, armor plates of differing thicknesses between the aircraft skin and the drum are designed to detonate incoming shells.

From then until at least 400 years later, type started with cutting punches, which would be struck into a brass "matrix". The matrix was inserted into the bottom of the adjustable mold and the negative space formed by the mold cavity plus the matrix acted as the master for each letter that was cast. The casting material was an alloy usually containing lead, which had a low melting point, cooled readily, and could be easily filed and finished. In those early days, type design had to not only imitate the familiar handwritten forms common to readers, but also account for the limitations of the printing process, such as the rough papers of uneven thicknesses, the squeezing or splashing properties of the ink, and the eventual wear on the type itself.

In a homogeneous specimen, there is no difference between the two beams, and no contrast is being generated. However, near a refractive boundary (say a nucleus within the cytoplasm), the difference between the ordinary and the extraordinary beam will generate a relief in the image. Differential interference contrast requires a polarized light source to function; two polarizing filters have to be fitted in the light path, one below the condenser (the polarizer), and the other above the objective (the analyzer). Note: In cases where the optical design of a microscope produces an appreciable lateral separation of the two beams we have the case of classical interference microscopy, which does not result in relief images, but can nevertheless be used for the quantitative determination of mass-thicknesses of microscopic objects.

Dupuy de Lôme had carefully studied the details of the Great Britain, which he had seen being built at Bristol, and was convinced that full steam power should be used on line-of-battle ships. He held fast to this idea; as early as 1845 he addressed a report to the Minister of Marine suggesting the construction of a screw-driven frigate, to be built with an iron hull, and protected by a belt of armour formed by several thicknesses of iron plating. This report alone would justify his claim to be considered the leading naval architect of that time; such a ship was not built for several years, but the idea of the "classic" iron battleship was clearly stated in this report. Napoléon, the first steam battleship.

These pyroclastic flows reached volumes of on Lombok, and thicknesses of as far as from Samalas. The phases of the eruption are also known as P1 (phreatic and magmatic phase), P2 (phreatomagmatic with pyroclastic flows), P3 (Plinian) and P4 (pyroclastic flows). The duration of the P1 and P3 phases is not known individually, but the two phases combined (not including P2) lasted between 12 and 15 hours. The pyroclastic flows altered the geography of eastern Lombok, burying river valleys and extending the shoreline; a new river network developed on the volcanic deposits after the eruption. The eruption column reached a height of during the first stage (P1), and of during the third stage (P3); it was high enough that in it and its isotope ratio was influenced by photolysis at high altitudes.

Trifels strata visible on a rock terrace: the Jungfernsprung near Dahn The Wasgau, as part of the Palatine Forest and the North Vosges, is characterized by rock strata of bunter sandstone and, to a lesser extent, Zechstein, which was deposited in the late Permian (256–251 million years ago) and early Triassic (251–243 million years ago), predominantly under desert-like climatic conditions. Sedimentary sequences were formed with a thickness of about 500 metres, of different strengths, thicknesses and colouring, and comprising mainly strongly hardened, silica-cemented, medium- and coarse-grained sandstones, but also some fine-grained sandstones, bonded with clay cement, and shales. These rocks are divided into various strata that, in the case of the bunter sandstone region, comprise Lower, Middle and Upper levels. "Der Pfälzerwald im geographischen Überblick", pp. 24–29.

The first attempts to use digital system in Z scale were based on NEM standard, Selectrix, which offered the smallest decoders in the market, with thicknesses of less than 2 mm. German company Müt brought also the first digital control central unit designed specially for Z scale in the market in the early 2000s. Use of the popular National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) Digital Command Control (DCC) standard has expanded substantially in Z scale recently as locomotive decoders with sizes comparable to the sizes of smallest Selectrix decoders have become available. Z scale is now a mature modelling scale, with model locomotives, rolling stock, buildings, signalling and human and animal figures becoming available in increasing numbers from an expanding variety of established and particularly smaller, fast-growing manufacturers.

Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are not loose, nor mats, but which incorporate the best features of both into a block that can be manufactured into various sizes, shapes and thicknesses. These media have the advantage that they do not break down for 10 to 15 years, can be made to have a higher or lower water holding capacity depending on the plant selection for the wall, can have their pH and EC's customized to suit the plants, and are easily handled for maintenance and replacement. There is also some discussion involving "active" living walls. An active living wall actively pulls or forces air through the plants le quality to the point that the installation of other air quality filtration systems can be removed to provide a cost-savings.

Frozen ground (permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) occupies approximately 54 million km2 of the exposed land areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Zhang et al., 2003) and therefore has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere. Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) may occur where mean annual air temperatures (MAAT) are less than −1 or −2 °C and is generally continuous where MAAT are less than −7 °C. In addition, its extent and thickness are affected by ground moisture content, vegetation cover, winter snow depth, and aspect. The global extent of permafrost is still not completely known, but it underlies approximately 20% of Northern Hemisphere land areas. Thicknesses exceed 600 m along the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia and Alaska, but, toward the margins, permafrost becomes thinner and horizontally discontinuous.

As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as cross members, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements. The TRIP effect can also be utilized in forming operations, where improvements to ductility enable greater bend angles and more aggressive forming operations without cracking. The most common TRIP range of steels comprises 2 cold rolled grades in both uncoated and coated formats (TRIP 690 and TRIP 780) and one hot rolled grade (TRIP 780), identified by their minimum ultimate tensile strength expressed in MPa. TRIP steels are well suited to armor applications, where increases in uniform ductility (and therefore ballistic energy absorption) can improve protection against projectiles and ballistic threats while maintaining or reducing plate thicknesses.

These weapons, however, were dangerously prone to failure, frequently explosively, and an alternative armament became urgently necessary. An initial attempt at an alternative was the 100-pounder smoothbore Somerset cannon, which, while it was an improvement over previous smoothbore guns of lesser calibre, could not penetrate armour of thicknesses currently being shipped by British or foreign battleships. The type of gun finally adopted was a muzzle-loading weapon which fired projectiles with external studs which engaged with the rifling. This system was the "Woolwich" system; while it was possible with this system to fire shells at a higher muzzle velocity, and therefore with greater penetrative power, than before, the studs tended to shear, there was excessive wear of the gun liner, and the shells tended to wobble in flight.

The ultramictrotome advances the rotating, drum- mounted specimen sample in such small increments (utilizing the very low thermal expansion coefficient of Invar) past the stationary diamond knife that sectioning thicknesses of several Angstrom units are possible. He also helped to advance the field of electron cryomicroscopy - the use of superconductive electromagnetic lenses cooled with liquid helium in electron microscopes to achieve the highest resolution possible - among many other research topics. Fernández-Morán was commissioned in 1957 with the supervision of the first Venezuelan research nuclear reactor, the RV-1 nuclear reactor, one of the first in Latin America. He was appointed Minister of Science during the last year of the regime of Marcos Pérez Jiménez and was forced to leave Venezuela when the dictatorship was overthrown in 1958.

In an attempt to accept or reject the hypothesis, researchers measured membrane thickness. In 1925 it was determined by Fricke that the thickness of erythrocyte and yeast cell membranes ranged between 3.3 and 4 nm, a thickness compatible with a lipid monolayer. The choice of the dielectric constant used in these studies was called into question but future tests could not disprove the results of the initial experiment. Independently, the leptoscope was invented in order to measure very thin membranes by comparing the intensity of light reflected from a sample to the intensity of a membrane standard of known thickness. The instrument could resolve thicknesses that depended on pH measurements and the presence of membrane proteins that ranged from 8.6 to 23.2 nm, with the lower measurements supporting the lipid bilayer hypothesis.

USGS The North German Basin is a passive-active rift basin located in central and west Europe, lying within the southeasternmost portions of the North Sea and the southwestern Baltic Sea and across terrestrial portions of northern Germany, Netherlands, and Poland. The North German Basin is a sub- basin of the Southern Permian Basin, that accounts for a composite of intra- continental basins composed of Permian to Cenozoic sediments, which have accumulated to thicknesses around . The complex evolution of the basin takes place from the Permian to the Cenozoic, and is largely influenced by multiple stages of rifting, subsidence, and salt tectonic events. The North German Basin also accounts for a significant amount of Western Europe's natural gas resources, including one of the world's largest natural gas reservoir, the Groningen gas field.

P. M. Kosaka, J. Tamayo, J. J. Ruiz, S. Puertas, E. Polo, V. Grazu, J. M. de la Fuente and M. Calleja: Tackling reproducibility in microcantilever biosensors: a statistical approach for sensitive and specific end-point detection of immunoreactions, Analyst 138, 863–872 (2013) However, it has been shown that microcantilever thicknesses can be precisely measured and that this variation can be quantified.A. R. Salmon, M. J. Capener, J. J. Baumberg and S. R. Elliott: Rapid microcantilever- thickness determination by optical interferometry, Measurement Science and Technology 25, 015202 (2014) Controlling residual stress can also be difficult. MEMS cantilever in resonanceP. C. Fletcher, Y. Xu, P. Gopinath, J. Williams, B. W. Alphenaar, R. D. Bradshaw, R. S. Keynton, "Piezoresistive Geometry for Maximizing Microcantilever Array Sensitivity," presented at the IEEE Sensors, Lecce, Italy, 2008.

Lath seen from the back with brown coat oozing through Traditionally, plaster was laid onto laths, rather than plasterboard as is more commonplace nowadays. Wooden laths are narrow strips of straight-grained wood depending on availability of species in lengths of from two to four or five feet to suit the distances at which the timbers of a floor or partition are set. Laths are about an inch wide, and are made in three thicknesses; single ( thick), lath and a half ( thick), and double ( thick). The thicker laths should be used in ceilings, to stand the extra strain (sometimes they were doubled for extra strength), and the thinner variety in vertical work such as partitions, except where the latter will be subjected to rough usage, in which case thicker laths become necessary.

Earlier establishments had merely laid out the principal dimensions for each type of warship from the 100-gun first rates down to the 20-gun sixth rates, although with effect from the 1719 Establishment this was augmented by defining the sizes and thicknesses of wood to be used in the construction. These establishments had left the actual design of each vessel to the Master Shipwright in each Naval Dockyard, with the Surveyor of the Navy responsible only for common designs for those ships built by contract by mercantile shipbuilders. However, under the new 1745 Establishment the responsibility for preparing designs ("draughts") for all ships was given to the Surveyor of the Navy, with the Master Shipwrights now responsible only for constructing ships to those common Surveyor's designs for each vessel type.

The oldest geological units on Lombok are from the Oligocene-Miocene, with old volcanic units cropping out in southern parts of the island. Samalas was built up by volcanic activity before 12,000 BP. Rinjani formed between 11,940 ± 40 and 2,550 ± 50 BP, with an eruption between 5,990 ± 50 and 2,550 ± 50 BP forming the Propok Pumice with a dense rock equivalent volume of . The Rinjani Pumice, with a volume of dense rock equivalent, may have been deposited by an eruption from either Rinjani or Samalas; it is dated to 2,550 ± 50 BP, at the end of the time range during which Rinjani formed. The deposits from this eruption reached thicknesses of at distance. Additional eruptions by either Rinjani or Samalas are dated 11,980 ± 40, 11,940 ± 40, and 6,250 ± 40 BP. Eruptive activity continued until about 500 years before 1257.

Visual glossary of Japanese sword terms Japanese swordsmithing is the labour- intensive bladesmithing process developed in Japan for forging traditionally made bladed weapons (nihonto) The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums, Volume 91 of Linguistic Insights. Studies in Language and Communication, Author Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani, Publisher Peter Lang, 2008, , 9783039117116 P.150] The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology, Complete Idiot's Guides, Authors Evans Lansing Smith, Nathan Robert Brown, Publisher Penguin, 2008, , 9781592577644 P.144 including katana, wakizashi, tantō, yari, naginata, nagamaki, tachi, uchigatana, nodachi, ōdachi, kodachi, and ya (arrow). Japanese sword blades were often forged with different profiles, different blade thicknesses, and varying amounts of grind. Wakizashi and tantō were not simply scaled-down katana but were often forged without a ridge (hira-zukuri) or other such forms which were very rare on katana.

Some bottles are ballasted with dry sand so that they float vertically at or near the ocean surface, and are less influenced by winds and breaking waves than other bottles that are purposely not ballasted. Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are more influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of plastic waste that is less dense than glass containers. A research program from the University of Oldenburg (Germany) involves 100,000 wooden blocks of various thicknesses. An early-20th-century "bottom" (or seabed) drift bottle design by George Parker Bidder III involved weighting a bottle with a long copper wire that causes it to sink until the wire trails upon the sea bottom, at which time the bottle tends to remain a few inches above the bottom to be moved by the bottom current.

The Implacable class had its origin as an improved version of the Illustrious- class aircraft carriers for the 1938 Naval Programme while still remaining within the available from the tonnage allowed by the Second London Naval Treaty. The initial change was to increase the carriers' speed to no less than which required the addition of a fourth steam turbine and associated propeller shaft. Offsetting the additional weight of the machinery meant reductions in armour thicknesses in the hangar deck and the bulkheads at the ends of the hangar. At the same time the Director of Naval Construction (DNC) was developing a different modified Illustrious design (Design D) to carry an additional dozen aircraft (a total of 48) in a lower hangar that also incorporated the additional machinery of the initial design with the sacrifice of even more armour.

Drawer with a false bottom (actually a false back in this case) A false bottom is an internal partition in a container, typically at the bottom of a drawer, suitcase or similar item, enabling the concealment of objects from a cursory examination of the item's contents. A false bottom may be present if the internal dimensions of a container do not match its external dimensions after taking into account the thicknesses of constituent materials and structures used to build the object. The term false bottom can also refer to the deep scattering layer in the ocean, a phenomenon where a layer of marine organisms deep in the ocean can be mistaken by sonar for the seabed.Hersey JB and Backus RH (2005) "Sound Scattering by Marine Organisms" In: M. N. Hill and A. R. Robinson (Eds)Physical Oceanography, Page 499, Harvard University Press. .

Ground shaking animation The Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. The duration of the heaviest shaking in the Santa Cruz Mountains was about 15 seconds, but strong ground motion recordings revealed that the duration of shaking was not uniform throughout the affected area (due to different types and thicknesses of soil). At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking was much less intense, and at locations with unconsolidated soil (like the Marina District in San Francisco or the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland) the intensity of the shaking was more severe and lasted longer. The strong motion records also allowed for the causative fault to be determined – the rupture was related to the San Andreas Fault System.

In the process, Gray and Wheler discovered the importance of insulating their thread 'conductor' from earth contact (the wall of the house) by using silk for suspension. They noticed that if a wire was used to support the pack- thread, all the 'electrical virtue' leaked away. Initially, they thought the difference was due to the relative thicknesses of the silk, thread and wire, but later they realised that silk itself was much less conducting than the wire—so they used only silk to support (and thereby insulate) the hemp pack- thread used as their main conductor. The next day they dropped the thread from the house tower to the garden and then extended it out across a paddock to a distance of 800 feet using paired garden-stakes with short spans of silk to keep the pack-thread from touching the ground.

During its early development, accuracy experts noted that perfectly concentric thicknesses of the cartridge neck were beneficial in lining up bullet to the bore - a feature mostly lacking in commercially available brass of the time. Most 6PPC chamber reamers are ground with a tight neck section that requires removing some case neck material ("turning the necks") to create a cartridge with a concentric fit and consistent neck-to-chamber clearances, which contribute to the 6PPC's accuracy. While the SAAMI specification for neck thickness in a 6mm cartridge is usually , 6PPCs with , , or custom neck sizes are commonly seen, hence modern factory ammunition is not commonly produced for the 6PPC as it would be dangerous to shoot in these custom chambers. To help clarify this, factory guns and ammunition are usually specified as the "6PPC-USA" cartridge which has a CIP/SAAMI specification.

Volcanism on the North Arch volcanic field occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene between 1.5 million years ago and less than 500,000 years ago, at the same time as the Honolulu Volcanics although even younger flows have been found. The timing of volcanic activity has been inferred from the thicknesses of palagonite and sediment layers as well as the stratigraphy and overlaps with rejuvenated volcanism on Oahu, Kauai and Niihau. In contrast, the South Arch volcanic field was emplaced in the last 10,000 years. Apparently the central part of the field was emplaced first, with the surrounding parts forming later; in addition, lava flows which make up the surrounding parts appear to preferentially originate at the foot of Cretaceous ridges and seamounts; perhaps these ridges and seamounts can act as pathways for magma to reach the surface.

Powder particles are typically produced by cryogenic grinding in a ball mill at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature of the material, which can be reached by running the grinding process with added cryogenic materials such as dry ice (dry grinding), or mixtures of liquid nitrogen and organic solvents (wet grinding). The process can result in spherical or irregular shaped particles as low as five microns in diameter. Powder particle size distributions are typically gaussian and range from 15 to 100 microns in diameter, although this can be customized to suit different layer thicknesses in the SLS process. Chemical binder coatings can be applied to the powder surfaces post-process; these coatings aid in the sintering process and are especially helpful to form composite material parts such as with alumina particles coated with thermoset epoxy resin.

The performances of these supports are estimated from the measurement of the contrast (C) of the sample defines by: C = (I1-I0)/(I0+I1) where I0 and I1 represent the intensities reflected by the bare surf and by the analyzed sample on the surf, respectively. For a one nanometer-film thickness, the surfs display a contrast 200 times higher than on silicon wafer. This high contrast increase allows the visualization with standard optical microscope of films with thicknesses down to 0.3 nm, as well as nano- objects (down to 2 nm diameter) and this, without any kind of sample labelling (neither fluorescence, nor radioactive marker). An illustration of the contrast enhance is given hereafter with the observation in optical microscopy between cross polarizers of a Langmuir-Blodgett structure on a silicon wafer and on a surf.

Walnuts are also very hardy against drought. Interplanting walnut plantations with a nitrogen fixing plant, such as Elaeagnus × ebbingei or Elaeagnus umbellata, and various Alnus species, results in a 30% increase in tree height and girth (Hemery 2001). When grown for nuts, care must be taken to select cultivars that are compatible for pollination purposes; although some cultivars are marketed as "self fertile", they will generally fruit better with a different pollination partner. Many different cultivars are available for growers, and offer different growth habits, flowering and leafing, kernel flavours and shell thicknesses. A key trait for more northerly latitudes of North America and Europe is phenology, with ‘late flushing’ being particularly important to avoid frost damage in spring. Some cultivars have been developed for novel ‘hedge’ production systems developed in Europe and would not suit more traditional orchard systems.

Sheets of EPS are commonly packaged as rigid panels (Common in Europe is a size of 100cmx50cm, usually depending on an intended type of connection and glue techniques, it is, in fact, 99.5cmx49.5 cm or 98cmx48cm; less common is 120x60cm; size 4 by 8 or 2 by 8 feet in the United States). Common thicknesses are from 10mm to 500mm. Many customizations, additives, and thin additional external layers on one or both sides are often added to help with various properties. Thermal conductivity is measured according to EN 12667. Typical values range from 0.032 to 0.038 W/(m·K) depending on the density of the EPS board. The value of 0.038 W/(m·K) was obtained at 15 kg/m3 while the value of 0.032 W/(m·K) was obtained at 40 kg/m3 according to the datasheet of K-710 from StyroChem Finland.

This cross-section illustrates how the reactivation of the Sabine Uplift in the East developed the Woodbine/Eagle Ford Unconformity that is present in the subsurface of Far East Texas In the Cretaceous after the Woodbine and Eagle Ford formations were deposited, the Sabine Uplift started to become elevated again due to its reactivation ~88 mya. A decrease in the effective elastic plate thicknesses caused the basin to subside as the uplift became increasingly elevated. As a result, an estimated 150 m of uplift over the Sabine region caused the eastern parts of the Woodbine and Eagle Ford formations to have a subaerial exposure, which eventually resulted in their easterly erosion. Deposition of the Austin Chalk after this erosional occurrence caused a sealing of the East Texas petroleum reservoir and the creation of a middle Cretaceous unconformity.

This is the same principle used in multi-layer anti-reflection coatings, which are dielectric stacks which have been designed to minimize rather than maximize reflectivity. Simple dielectric mirrors function like one-dimensional photonic crystals, consisting of a stack of layers with a high refractive index interleaved with layers of a low refractive index (see diagram). The thicknesses of the layers are chosen such that the path-length differences for reflections from different high-index layers are integer multiples of the wavelength for which the mirror is designed. The reflections from the low-index layers have exactly half a wavelength in path length difference, but there is a 180-degree difference in phase shift at a low-to-high index boundary, compared to a high-to-low index boundary, which means that these reflections are also in phase.

The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (Au75Si25) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960. This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (on the order of one megakelvin per second, 106 K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms (typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one dimension was small so that heat could be extracted quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rate. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometers. In 1969, an alloy of 77.5% palladium, 6% copper, and 16.5% silicon was found to have critical cooling rate between 100 and 1000 K/s.

Components for these two ships had to be manufactured at Leningrad and shipped via the White Sea – Baltic Canal to Molotovsk. Also, the turret shop at Nikolaev proved to be too poorly equipped to assemble the 406 mm mountings and the propeller shafts had to be ordered in 1940 from Germany and the Netherlands as the domestic plants were already overburdened with orders. Shipbuilding steel proved to be in short supply in 1940, and a number of batches were rejected because they did not meet specifications. Armor plate production was even more problematic as only of the anticipated were delivered in 1939, and more than half of that was rejected. Furthermore, the armor plants proved to be incapable of making cemented plates over 230 mm, and inferior face-hardened plates had to substitute for all thicknesses over 200 mm.

It was emplaced over a pre-existent topography, which resulted in the ignimbrites having irregular thicknesses; they reach maxima of but on average the thickness is about . They consist of mostly welded tuffs with column-like joint structures; a total volume of has been estimated for the plateau, which is a large size. Several potential vents have been identified, such as Cerro Condor Nasa and Cerro Livicucho (both of which appear to be circular structures with post-ignimbrite extrusions) in the northern part of the field, and Cerro Pascual Canaviri, Cerro Villacollo and Nuevo Mundo in its southern part. Cerro Villacollo in the western sector of the plateau is a deep and wide collapse structure, and is accompanied by dacitic lava flows, whereas Cerro Pascual Canaviri and Nuevo Mundo are complexes of lava domes, the latter of which also contains ash deposits that have been in part transported away by wind.

Banded iron formation in the North Pit area of Sherman Mine, showing the red lateral lines of jasper and grey lateral lines of magnetite typical of Neoarchean (2,800–2,500 million year old) banded iron formations Layered chert-magnetite and lesser chert-pyrite-pyrrhotite iron formations are located at the base of the Arsenic Lake Formation. Former drilling near Vermilion Lake and spatial relationships observed on the surface, suggest that the sulfide-rich iron formation lies up to stratigraphically under the oxide facies iron formation. Iron production from the West and North Pits of Sherman Mine came from this chert-magnetite iron formation unit while chert-magnetite iron formations at the South and East Pits compose the Turtle Lake Formation. The South and East Pit iron formations reach thicknesses of and overlie a thinly bedded turbidite package on the southern limb of the Tetapaga Syncline.

The Kettles are two pools that are the end result of catastrophic subsidence in 1179: the Permian rocks underlying the area include substantial thicknesses of evaporites--gypsum and gypsiferous mudstone--and subsidence resulting from subterranean dissolution of these beds is a frequent occurrence, though the scale of the Hell Kettles subsidence is exceptional. Surface runoff and seepage from calcareous springs has created the two pools, one of which is the only body of spring-fed open water in County Durham: there were originally four subsidence depressions, but one filled in and two are now linked in a pond aptly named 'Double Kettle'. The name "hell-kettle" is often applied to ponds that are popularly believed to be bottomless; these particular ponds are mentioned in Holinshed's Chronicles: and, it has been suggested, may have inspired the scene in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in which Alice tumbles down a rabbit hole.

Stille (2008), p. 18 The elevation of her main and secondary guns was increased, and she was equipped with two Nakajima E8N "Dave" and Kawanishi E7K "Alf" reconnaissance floatplanes. To this end, catapults and launch-rails were also fitted aft of turret #3. Fourteen of her 6-inch guns were refitted, and an antiaircraft suite of eight 5-inch dual-purpose guns and ten twin mounts of Type 96 autocannons were mounted. Her superstructure was rebuilt as a prototype of the tower-mast that would eventually be used on the , then still in the design phase.Stille (2008), p. 19 Hieis armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was reapplied and strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (as opposed to varying thicknesses of 6–8 inches before the upgrades), while diagonal bulkheads of a depth ranging from reinforced the main armored belt.McCurtie (1989), p.

Diagram of a simple VCSEL structure; not to scale Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have the optical cavity axis along the direction of current flow rather than perpendicular to the current flow as in conventional laser diodes. The active region length is very short compared with the lateral dimensions so that the radiation emerges from the surface of the cavity rather than from its edge as shown in the figure. The reflectors at the ends of the cavity are dielectric mirrors made from alternating high and low refractive index quarter-wave thick multilayer. Such dielectric mirrors provide a high degree of wavelength- selective reflectance at the required free surface wavelength λ if the thicknesses of alternating layers d1 and d2 with refractive indices n1 and n2 are such that n1d1 \+ n2d2 = λ/2 which then leads to the constructive interference of all partially reflected waves at the interfaces.

A depth-graded multilayer coating is a multi-layer coating optimised for broadband response by varying the thickness of the layers used. A multi-layer coating consisting of alternating layers with different optical properties and the same thickness will tend to have a narrow frequency response, getting narrower as more layers are added; for some applications such as precise focussing of a monochromatic laser light source this is exactly what's desired, but it is useless for astronomical optics where it is often required to detect a whole range of frequencies emitted by some source of interest. The design of such coatings generally starts with an approximate analytical solution and then uses the simplex method of multi-variable optimisation to solve for optimal thicknesses of the layers. Typically the thin layers (to reflect high-energy X-rays) are on the inside since low-energy X-rays are absorbed more readily.

Lath seen from the back with brown coat oozing through Wood laths are narrow strips of some straight-grained wood, generally Baltic or American fir, in lengths of from two to four or five feet to suit the distances at which the timbers of a floor or partition are set. Laths are about an inch Lathing-wide, and are made in three thicknesses; single (1/8 to 3/16 inch thick), lath and a half (1/4 inch thick), and double (3/8-1/2 inch thick). The thicker laths should be used in ceilings, to stand the extra strain, and the thinner variety in vertical work such as partitions, except where the latter will be subjected to rough usage, in which case thicker laths become necessary. Laths are usually nailed with a space of about 3/8 of an inch between them to form a plaster key.

Ordinary-strength ABS shipbuilding steel comes in a number of grades, A, B, D, E, DS, and CS. On certified steels, the plates are marked with the grade and a preceding "AB/", e.g. AB/A etc.Steel Vessel Rules 2010, Part 2 - Materials and Welding, American Bureau of Shipping, 2010, Chapter 1, Sections 2 and 3 Yield point for all ordinary-strength ABS steels is specified as 34,000 psi (235 MPa), except for ABS A in thicknesses of greater than 1 inch (25 mm) which has yield strength of 32,000 psi (225 MPa), and cold flange rolled sections, which have yield strength of 30,000 psi (205 MPa). Ultimate tensile strength of ordinary strength alloys is 58,000 - 71,000 psi (400-490 MPa), except for ABS A shapes and bars with 58,000 - 80,000 psi (400-550 MPa), and cold flanged sections with 55,000 - 65,000 psi (380-450 MPa).

With this design (marketed by E. Leitz) 60 mm beam separation was achieved in microscopy but here the new difficulty has arisen of balancing optical thicknesses of two separate microscope slide preparations (sample and dummy) and maintaining this critical balance during longer observations (e.g. time-lapse studies of living cells maintained at 37 °C), otherwise a gradual change in background interference colour occurs over time. The main advantage offered by interference microscopy measurements is the possibility of measuring the projected dry mass of living cells, which was first effectively exploited by Andrew Huxley in studies of striated muscle cell structure and function, leading to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. Interference microscopy became relatively popular in the 1940–1970 decades but fell into disuse because of the complexity of the instrument and difficulties in both its use and in the interpretation of image data.

It was later cut on its southern side by a debris avalanche that probably occurred over 376,000 years ago. The last activity of Ubinas I generated more than four units of pyroclastic flows, with a total volume of about , and possibly an old caldera before 261,000 ± 10,000 years ago. Ubinas II is steeper and rises above the Ubinas I shield. It consists mainly of lava flows but also several lava domes with accompanying block-and-ash flows, all of which formed between 261,000 ± 10,000 and 142,000 ± 30,000 years ago. A lack of more recent volcanic outcrops suggests a period of dormancy lasting until 25,000–14,700 years ago during which glaciation took place on the volcano. Reactivated volcanic activity started between 25,000 and 14,700 years ago and led to the emplacement of ash flows, pumice layers and tephra from phreatomagmatic and explosive eruptions, with deposits having thicknesses ranging from in many places.

He > feels that, as a craft jeweller, he has considerable advantage over > commercial jewellers, in that he is independent, and can design and work > where and when he pleases, developing and following out his own idea, > without the pressures of a mass market. In 1970 Bosshard's work was included in Silver, Gold, Greenstone at New Vision Gallery in Auckland, the first substantial exhibition of contemporary jewellery in New Zealand. In 1972 he was included in Craft 72, an exhibition of New Zealand potters, weavers, wood-turners and jewellers organised by the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council and toured overseas through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In a 1985 interview Bosshard described his preference for using a limited number of machines in his jewellery making and avoiding pre- cut metals: 'If you buy pieces of silver cut to standard thicknesses, you are tempted to stay with those measurements.

The supplementing, and later hypothesis is that marine conditions, to the west of the proto-North American continent, had created an estuarine region, with accumulations from continental erosion. With apparent uniform thicknesses of the Surprise Canyon, as opposed to a highly variable thickness, near sea-level conditions, and a probable lack of high terrains on the eroding Redwall surface, these are all suggested factors leading to creation of the thin, discontinuous accumulations, and thin lenses, that appear regionally extensive in the estuary (sea level) region. The Redwall Limestone member itself is massive, and is very continuous, and is found as a base geologic unit for much of Grand Canyon; it also forms the walls of Marble Canyon in the northeast canyon, where the Colorado River makes its entrance, about 30-mi,Arizona Road & Recreation Atlas, Benchmark Maps, 2nd Edition, c. 1998, pp. 62-63.

Subsequently, the reel is guillotined edge to edge to create a large number of properly rectangular sheets because ever since the invention of Gutenberg's press paper has been closely associated with printing. To this day, all other mechanical printing and duplicating equipments devised in the meantime, including the typewriter (which was used up to the 1990s for addressing envelopes), have been primarily designed to process rectangular sheets. Hence the large sheets are in turn are guillotined down to the sizes of rectangular sheet commonly used in the commercial printing industry, and nowadays to the sizes commonly used as feed-stock in office-grade computer printers, copiers and duplicators (mainly ISO, A4 and US Letter). Using any mechanical printing equipment to print on envelopes, which although rectangular, are in fact folded sheets with differing thicknesses across their surfaces, calls for skill and attention on the part of the operator.

Claude Vermette also felt the need to pursue research that initially evolved into the creation of small- scale ceramic works where he experimented with new forms, textures and glazes and later also included engravings, sculptures and especially painting. He was further distinguished by mastery in engraving, taking advantage of relief materials that linked the play of light: evidenced by its white on white prints and art book Blanc-Seeing when it operates in its many variations, the latter accompanied by texts by the poet Eugene Cloutier. These prints have inspired the realization of small sculptures. The artist uses his experiences as game textures, reliefs and light of his prints into white concrete works, thereby making the building for the Caisse populaire Laurier in Ottawa a dozen bas-reliefs of white concrete, large and small dimensions, varying textures, thicknesses and relief printed to the material.

Spray transfer GMAW was the first metal transfer method used in GMAW, and well-suited to welding aluminium and stainless steel while employing an inert shielding gas. In this GMAW process, the weld electrode metal is rapidly passed along the stable electric arc from the electrode to the workpiece, essentially eliminating spatter and resulting in a high-quality weld finish. As the current and voltage increases beyond the range of short circuit transfer the weld electrode metal transfer transitions from larger globules through small droplets to a vaporized stream at the highest energies. Since this vaporized spray transfer variation of the GMAW weld process requires higher voltage and current than short circuit transfer, and as a result of the higher heat input and larger weld pool area (for a given weld electrode diameter), it is generally used only on workpieces of thicknesses above about 6.4 mm (0.25 in).

Ash fall from Huaynaputina reached a thickness of within a area of southern Peru, Bolivia and Chile; the tephra was emplaced in a major westerly lobe and a minor northerly lobe, which is an unusual distribution as tephra from volcanoes in the Central Andes is usually carried eastward by winds. The deposition of the tephra was influenced by topography and wind changes during the eruption, which led to changes in the fallout pattern. The ash deposits from the eruption are visible to this day, and several archeological sites are preserved under them. Some tephra was deposited on the volcanoes El Misti and Ubinas, into lakes of southern Peru, possibly into a peat bog close to Sabancaya volcano where it reached thicknesses of , as far south as in the Peruvian Atacama Desert where it forms discontinuous layers and possibly as far north as the Cordillera Vilcabamba.

The eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps began 265 million years ago (Ma) or earlier. The main eruptive period is between 262 and 261 Ma, and the volcanism activities end 259 Ma. In volume, the Emeishan Traps are dwarfed by the massive Siberian Traps, which occurred, in terms of the geological time scale, not long after, at approximately 252 Ma. The Emeishan basalts covers an area of more than 250,000 km2 with thicknesses ranging from several hundred meters up to 5.5 km (the average flood basalt thickness throughout the entire region is estimated to be around 700 m), but the Emeishan traps may have initially covered an area as much as 500,000 km2. Thus the entire volume of the Emeishan basalts is estimated to be 300,000 km3. Evidence suggests that the initial volcanism of the central Emeishan Traps occurred in a deep submarine environment without any significant prevolcanic uplift.

It is made up of titanium plates with thicknesses from determined by a study of likely trajectories and deflection angles. The armor makes up almost six percent of the aircraft's empty weight. Any interior surface of the tub directly exposed to the pilot is covered by a multi-layer nylon spall shield to protect against shell fragmentation. The front windscreen and canopy are resistant to small arms fire.Spick 2000, pp. 30–33. Kim Campbell suffered extensive damage during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, including damage to the hydraulic system, but she flew it safely back to base on manual reversion mode. The A-10's durability was demonstrated on 7 April 2003 when Captain Kim Campbell, while flying over Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, suffered extensive flak damage. Iraqi fire damaged one of her engines and crippled the hydraulic system, requiring the aircraft's stabilizer and flight controls to be operated via the 'manual reversion mode.

Short and stubby icebreakers are generally built using transverse framing in which the shell plating is stiffened with frames placed about apart as opposed to longitudinal framing used in longer ships. Near the waterline, the frames running in vertical direction distribute the locally-concentrated ice loads on the shell plating to longitudinal girders called stringers, which in turn are supported by web frames and bulkheads that carry the more spread-out hull loads. While the shell plating, which is in direct contact with the ice, can be up to thick in older polar icebreakers, the use of high strength steel with yield strength up to in modern icebreakers results in the same structural strength with smaller material thicknesses and lower steel weight. Regardless of the strength, the steel used in the hull structures of an icebreaker must be capable of resisting brittle fracture in low ambient temperatures and high loading conditions, both of which are typical for operations in ice-filled waters.

The series of cutting that was done at Kibiro showed a series of stratified deposits that had accumulated over a period of 700–800 years up to the present and they seemingly resulted from both domestic and industrial activities. When the cuttings were more closely examined, they found that Cuttings I, III and IV were all found to be horizontal but in comparison, Cutting II was found to be tilted, in areas that were very steep. “Cutting II was located at the edge of what seemed the deepest archaeological deposits, revealed sloping rock rubble which had probably resulted from long continuance of the practice of removing stones from adjacent salt-gardens and heaping them out of the way”. The other cuttings had a variety of thicknesses which were made up of earth, sand, gravel or silt, blended with stones that were different sizes and also had a phenomenal number of potsherds in the majority of the cases.

The Bentley Supergroup Volcanics are a sequence of bimodal supracrustal volcanic rocks formed during the ~1080 Warakurna Large Igneous Province, and are widely considered comagmatic with the mafic to ultramafic Giles Complex intrusions. The Bentley Supergroup is composed primarily of bimodal volcanism, with several hundred-metres thicknesses each of alternating rhyolite and basaltic volcanism adding up to several kilometres true thickness in the area of the Warburton Range to the southwest of the Palgrave caldera. The Bentley Supergroup is divided into the Cassidy Group, Pussycat Group and Tollu Group. The prevailing theory of the formation of the Bentley Supergroup is that the Warakurna Large Igneous Province, primarily represented by the Giles Complex intruding into the lower crust, breached the crust and erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows, and when enough heat had been added to the crust by the massive intrusions below, intracrustal felsic and intermediate melts were produced, forming A-type intracontinental granites of the Winburn Suite, and the felsic volcanic rocks.

In 2006, Jeff Hungerford, a student of the University of Pittsburgh in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States, focused on fieldwork on the region surrounding Edziza's Tennena Cone, located immediately west of Ice Peak which formed subglacially during the early Holocene period when this area had remnants of glacial ice from the last ice age. Hungerford's studies in 2006 focused on subglacial volcanism, sampling pillow lavas to be used for degassing studies aimed at determining ice thicknesses during a subglacial eruption, and describing coeval glaciogenic sediments immediately underlying pillow lavas at the distal end of the lava flows. Hungerford also worked on describing glaciogenic sediments immediately underlying lava flows from Ice Peak adjacent to Tennena Cone, which may preserve a record of a one-million-year-old ice sheet. Satellite image of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex Kristen LaMoreaux, another student of the University of Pittsburgh, focused on the emplacement of trachyte lava flows and domes.

Interest in Hermogenes of Priene (late 3rd - early 2nd century BCE), the Hellenistic architect of a temple of Artemis Leukophryene (Artemision) at Magnesia in Lydia, an Ionian colony on the banks of the Maeander river in Anatolia, has been sparked by references to his esthetic made by the 1st- century Roman architect Vitruvius (De Architectura, books iii, 2 and 6). Hermogenes' rules on symmetry and proportion define what Vitruvius calls "eustyle" (eu stylos "right column"), an architectural ideal that prescribed a series of proportional relationships for temples that was all derived from the diameter of the column, as a module or unit of measure. Ideal "eustyle" intercolumniation (the space between the columns) should be two-and-a-quarter column-thicknesses, and the height of the Ionic column nine-and-a-half times its diameter. If the intercolumniation was to be tighter, columns should be taller in their proportions, and thicker if they were farther spaced.

The theme of the Minotaur and/or the labyrinth, had already appeared in the work of several artist and writers including Georges Bataille, André Breton, Max Ernst, André Masson, as well as a number of drawings that Pablo Picasso had made on Greek mythology subjects. In the age of Freud, the metaphor of the Minotaur and the labyrinth had been popular in several circles of intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s; the labyrinth being analogous to the mind, the Minotaur representing mysterious irrational impulses hidden within, and Theseus - the conscious mind, entering the labyrinth and slaying the Minotaur, emerging victorious, - with a greater self-knowledge; a paradigm for psychoanalyst and the surrealist theater as well. Minotaure was a luxurious review in its day, featuring original artworks on the cover by prominent artists like Matisse, Picasso, Duchamp, Miró, and Dali, and it grew more lavish with each passing year. Some volumes had various entries printed on papers of different colors, textures, and thicknesses bound into one.

From those studies, bulk glass alloys were made of La, Mg, and Zr, and these alloys demonstrated plasticity even when their ribbon thickness was increased from 20 μm to 50 μm. The plasticity was a stark difference to past amorphous metals that became brittle at those thicknesses. In 1988, alloys of lanthanum, aluminium, and copper ore were found to be highly glass-forming. Al-based metallic glasses containing Scandium exhibited a record-type tensile mechanical strength of about 1500 MPa. Before new techniques were found in 1990, bulk amorphous alloys of several millimeters in thickness were rare, except for a few exceptions, Pd- based amorphous alloys had been formed into rods with a 2 mm diameter by quenching, and spheres with a 10 mm diameter were formed by repetition flux melting with B2O3 and quenching. In the 1990s new alloys were developed that form glasses at cooling rates as low as one kelvin per second.

The Central Andes in Chile consist of five separate geological domains. From east to west these are the Western Cordillera with active volcanoes, the Pre-Andean Depression which contains a number of Tertiary basins such as the Salar de Atacama and the Salar de Punta Negra, the Cordillera de Domeyko, the Central Depression and finally the Cordillera de la Costa. With the exception of the Salar de Atacama, the geology of the Pre-Andean Depression is usually poorly known, as most geological research is focused on the eastern side of the Andes where oil reserves are suspected and on the copper-bearing domains of the western Andes. The area is largely covered by Cenozoic sediments and volcanic rocks, but in outcrops a number of older formations can be observed: Devonian-Carboniferous marine deposits (Zorritas Formation), pyroclastic rocks (La Tabla Formation), both of which reach thicknesses of over , 300-280 million years old plutons, the Triassic sediment-volcanic Sierra Guanaco and the fluvial-lacustrine Sierra de Varas and the marine Rhaetian-Jurassic Profeta Formation.

A woman wears sunglasses featuring a highly reflective optical coating High-reflection (HR) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings. The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials, one with a high index, such as zinc sulfide (n=2.32) or titanium dioxide (n=2.4), and one with a low index, such as magnesium fluoride (n=1.38) or silicon dioxide (n=1.49). This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called band-stop, whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only (for quarter-wave systems), while the maximum reflectivity increases up to almost 100% with a number of layers in the stack. The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter-wave (then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in comparison to the non-quarter-wave systems composed from the same materials), this time designed such that reflected beams constructively interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission.

To the east of the Shannon, the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period, but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin, there is no proper surface river network. In these areas, rainfall disappears underground, flows through openings in the rock and then rises at distant springs: large springs can be found to the west of the area, flowing into Lough Corrib and Galway Bay. In winter, when the underground water level (or water table) rises, and when the underground flow increases, and when the underground flow routes to the springs are not capable of dealing with the amount of water entering them, groundwater may appear temporarily at the surface in the form of a turlough. Many of the rivers seen in these areas today are largely artificial, constructed by drainage engineers from the nineteenth century up to the present day, often linking a series of turloughs.

Violence ferocity > regularity pendulum play fatality > '...these weights thicknesses sounds smells molecular whirlwinds chains nets > and channels of analogies concurrences and synchronisms for my Futurist > friends poets painters and musicians zang-tumb-tumb-zang-zang-tuuumb > tatatatatatatata picpacpampacpacpicpampampac uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu > ZANG-TUMB > TUMB-TUMB > TUUUUUM > In keeping with a number of early artist's books,See also Wyndham Lewis' BLAST and Dada works such as Cabaret Voltaire the book also contains essays and manifestoes, including the Manifesto tecnico della letteratura Futurista (technical manifesto of futurist literature) (11 May 1912) 'which was to revolutionize poetic techniques and contemporary prose'Moma Online and includes the lines; > 'We must destroy syntax by placing nouns at random as they are born' > 'We must abolish the adjective so that the naked noun can retain its > essential colour.' The book is an unsigned, unnumbered mass-produced paperback that depends exclusively on industrial typography for its visual impact, making it one of the first artist's books to eschew some form of craftsmanship.V&A; online The book originally cost 3 lire.

They moved beyond the flat perspective and outlined figuration of earlier painting in favour of three-dimensional pictorial spaces. The position of viewers and how they might relate to the scene became important for the first time; in the Arnolfini Portrait, Van Eyck arranges the scene as if the viewer has just entered the room containing the two figures.Smith (2004), 58–60 Advancements in technique allowed far richer, more luminous and closely detailed representations of people, landscapes, interiors and objects.Jones (2011), 9 Dieric Bouts's The Entombment, c. 1440–55 (National Gallery, London), is an austere but affecting portrayal of sorrow and grief, and one of the few surviving 15th-century glue-size paintings.Campbell (1998), 39–41 Although, the use of oil as a binding agent can be traced to the 12th century, innovations in its handling and manipulation define the era. Egg tempera was the dominant medium until the 1430s, and while it produces both bright and light colours, it dries quickly and is a difficult medium in which to achieve naturalistic textures or deep shadows. Oil allows smooth, translucent surfaces and can be applied in a range of thicknesses, from fine lines to thick broad strokes.

He introduced a theory of rock formations known as stratum, based on a pictorial cross-section of the geology under the estate and coal seams in nearby coal works of the Somerset Coalfield. He projected them according to their measured thicknesses and attitudes into unknown areas between the coal workings. The purpose was to enhance the value of his grant of a coal-lease on parts of his estate. This work was later developed by William Smith. Edward Strachey Henry Strachey, the grandson of the geologist and a senior civil servant, was created a baronet in 1801. When he inherited the house in the 18th century the house had been mortgaged, however the mortgage was redeemed by Strachey's employer Clive of India. Henry Strachey, the 2nd Baronet, was appointed High Sheriff of Somerset in 1832 and Edward Strachey the 3rd Baronet High Sheriff in 1864. In 1858 much of the house was remodelled for the 3rd Baronet by Thomas Henry Wyatt. The 4th Baronet who was also Edward Strachey, a Liberal politician, was returned to Parliament for Somerset South at the 1892 general election.