91 Sentences With "tetraplegic" | Random Sentence Generator

And it's all because 10 years ago, I became a tetraplegic after a car accident.

Unlike any previous experiments, a man who is nearly completely paralyzed -- or tetraplegic -- regained his ability to reach and grasp by virtue of a neuroprosthetic.

The issue will also feature tetraplegic journalist Melanie Reid, architectural historian Shumi Bose, ice-cream entrepreneur Kitty Travers and Unruly Media co-founder Sarah Wood.

The 74-year-old, whose team won seven drivers titles and nine constructors' championships between 1980 and 1997, has been tetraplegic and in a wheelchair since a car accident in France in 1986.

They included a fourth paratrooper, Loïc Liber, who survived but is now tetraplegic, as well as Samuel Sandler, whose son Jonathan and grandsons Arié and Gabriel, 5 and 3, were killed in the attack.

The digital entrepreneur, a tetraplegic since the age of 18, came up with the idea a year ago after a disappointing experience during his wedding anniversary party at a restaurant, which advertised itself as being accessible.

"Our findings could move us a step closer to helping tetraplegic patients to drive computers using brain signals alone," explained Professor Stephan Chabardes, a neurosurgeon from the CHU of Grenoble-Alpes, France, in the press release.

That has all been done before, including by Schwartz's group and one at Brown University, where in 2011 two tetraplegic patients who had been implanted with the "BrainGate" neural interface system were able to control robotic arms with their thoughts, including lifting a bottle of coffee and drinking it.

"Our findings could move us a step closer to helping tetraplegic patients to drive computers using brain signals alone, perhaps starting with driving wheelchairs using brain activity instead of joysticks and progressing to developing an exoskeleton for increased mobility," Professor Stephan Chabardes, a neurosurgeon from Grenoble University Hospital and author of the study, said in a press release.

The Men's Double Advanced Metric Round Tetraplegic was an archery competition in the 1984 Summer Paralympics."Stoke Mandeville & New York 1984 Paralympic Games: Archery: Men's Double Advanced Metric Round Tetraplegic" , International Paralympic Committee The Austrian competitor, G. Frank, won the gold medal.

That was equalled in the Men's Tournament Tetraplegic snooker, Taylor's second medal in the sport.

He is married to a party activist and has six children. His youngest daughter is tetraplegic.

Rainer Küschall (born 17 April 1947 in Flims, Switzerland) is a Swiss tetraplegic, car racer, inventor and designer.

Two-stage reconstruction of the tetraplegic hand in master techniques in orthopaedic surgery. House JH, Walsh T., In: Strickland JW, editor. The hand.

Australia represented by: Men - Cliff Rickard Cliff Rickard won the silver medal in the men's tetraplegic snooker event, finishing second to Haslam of Great Britain. This was the first time the event for tetraplegic (quadriplegic) athletes was held at the Paralympics and Rickard's medal was Australia's second in snooker after John Newton's bronze at the 1968 games in Tel Aviv.

On July 12, 1998, Fisher suffered from a spinal cord injury after diving into shallow water near the Jersey Shore. She became a tetraplegic.

While Watson walked away from the collision with minor injuries, Pendergrass suffered a spinal cord injury, leaving him a tetraplegic, paralyzed from the chest down.

Rickham was born on 11 September 1981 in Kingston, Jamaica. She is a tetraplegic athlete who became disabled as a result of a shallow diving accident in 1995.

Opinions on the treatment of people with tetraplegia: Contrasting perceptions of physiatrists and hand surgeons; Catherine M. Curtin et al., J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30:256–262 Each tetraplegic patient is unique, and therefore surgical indication should be based on the remaining physical abilities, wishes and expectations of the patient.General indications for functional surgery of the hand in tetraplegic patients; Yves Allieu, Hand Clin 18 (2002) 413–421 In 2007 a resolution was presented and accepted at the world congress in reconstructive hand surgery and rehabilitation in tetraplegia, that stated that every patient with tetraplegia should be examined and informed about the options for reconstructive surgery of the tetraplegic arms and hands.

So, it is not uncommon to have a tetraplegic with fully functional arms but no nervous control of their fingers and thumbs. It is possible to suffer a broken neck without becoming tetraplegic if the vertebrae are fractured or dislocated but the spinal cord is not damaged. Conversely, it is possible to injure the spinal cord without breaking the spine, for example when a ruptured disc or bone spur on the vertebra protrudes into the spinal column.

Pathophysiologically, the spinal cord of the tetraplegic patient can be divided into three segments which can be useful for classifying the injury. First, there is an injured functional medullary segment. This segment has unparalysed, functional muscles; the action of these muscles is voluntary, not permanent and hand strength can be evaluated by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale. This scale is used when upper limb surgery is planned, as referred to in the 'International Classification for hand surgery in tetraplegic patients'.

Great Britain sent fifteen athletes to compete in archery at the Games; British archers won three silver medals and one bronze medal. Anderson was Britain's most successful archer winning silver in the women's St. Nicholas round tetraplegic event and teaming up with Taylor and Jane Blackburn to win silver in the mixed St. Nicholas round team tetraplegic event. Margaret Maughan, who won Britain's first ever Paralympic gold medal during the 1960 Games, finished sixth in the women's FITA round open.

Functional mobility range of an H2 classified cyclist F2 sportspeople can participate in cycling. Competitors from this class compete in H2 provided they are a tetraplegic C7/C8 with severe athetosis/ataxia/dystonia, or a tetraplegic with impairments corresponding to a complete cervical lesion at C7/C8 or above. This classification can use an AP2 recumbent, which is a competition cycle that is reclined at 30 degrees and has a rigid frame. This classification can also use an AP3 hand cycle which is inclined at 0 degrees and is reclined on a rigid competition frame.

Matthew Nagle (October 16, 1979 – July 24, 2007) was the first person to use a brain-computer interface to restore functionality lost due to paralysis. He was a C3 tetraplegic, paralyzed from the neck down after being stabbed.

To be able to hold objects a patient needs to have a functional pinch grip, this can be useful for performing daily living activities.Pinch and elbow extension restoration in people with tetraplegia: a systematic review of the literature; Cynthia Hamou, et al., JHS vol 34A April 2009 A large survey in patients with tetraplegia demonstrated that these patients give preference to improving upper extremity function above other lost functions like being able to walk or sexual function. Surgical procedures do exist to improve the function of the tetraplegic patient's arms, but these procedures are performed in fewer than 10% of the tetraplegic patients.

Cliff Rickard (born 1943) is an Australian Paralympic athlete, snooker player and table tennis player. At the 1972 Heidelberg Games, he won a silver medal in the Men's Tetraplegic snooker event and competed in athletics and table tennis. and . Retrieved 7 August 2012.

It includes paraplegic archers, while ARW1 includes tetraplegic archers. People in this class participate can participate in sit skiing. In the United States, domestic competitions have used different classification than the one used internationally. Two groups are used instead of LW10 to LW12.

He was transferred from the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka and flown to Lodge Moor Hospital, Sheffield, UK for specialist treatment. After 6 months of treatment and rehabilitation at Lodge Moor hospital he returned to Zambia to live life as a tetraplegic.

Holmes is credited as stuntman in The Deathly Hallows. Since becoming disabled, he has taken up driving a specially-modified car around race tracks at 150 mph and has set up a production company, Ripple Productions, with two friends, who are also tetraplegic.

Three British snooker players competed at the Games, each won a medal. In the men's paraplegic event Michael Shelton won gold for the third consecutive Games. In the men's tetraplegic event Great Britain won gold and bronze through Haslam and Mcgann respectively.

Zancolli EA., A study of 97 cases. Clin Orthop 1975;12:101–13. House et al.Restoration of strong grasp and lateral pinch in the tetraplegic due to cervical spinal cord injury. House JH, Gwathmey FW, Lundsgaard DK., J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976;1:152–9.

Allan Chadwick is an Australian Paralympic shooter. At the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Games, he won a gold medal in the Men's Rifle Prone – Tetraplegic (Aids) 1A–1C event. He also competed in shooting but did not win any medals at the 1988 Seoul Games.

One of the sports open to people in this class is archery. People in this class compete in ARW2. This class is for people who have limited to good trunk function and normal functioning in their arms. It includes paraplegic archers, while ARW1 includes tetraplegic archers.

Marcelo Rubens Paiva. Marcelo Rubens Paiva (born 1959, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian writer born in São Paulo, Brazil. He is the son of Rubens Paiva, who disappeared during Brazil's military dictatorship in 1971. When jumping off a waterfall, Paiva fractured his spine and became tetraplegic.

On 4 December 2010 Samuel Koch was heavily injured during the show Wetten, dass..? during a stunt where he attempted to jump over multiple moving cars in succession. He failed to clear one of the moving vehicles and was left tetraplegic after suffering severe injuries to his neck and spine.

Most injuries were cervical fracture or major cervical ligament injuries. One of the athletes died, one third became tetraplegic, one paraplegic, and six others suffered residual neurologic deficit. Catastrophic wrestling injuries are preventable, and associated risk factors include incorrectly performing a manoeuvre, lack of supervision by the coach, and inappropriate injury management.

In 1967, Alvin Freehafer of Cleveland, Ohio, contributed valuable ideas towards achieving independence in the arms of tetraplegic patients. He and his team published the results of six patients who underwent transfer of the m. brachioradialis to restore active wrist extension.Transfer of the brachio radialis to improve wrist extension in high spinal cord injury.

Patients with chronic complete high cervical spinal cord lesions have intact efferent vagal neural pathways directed to the sinus node. However, an LF component can be detected in HRV and arterial pressure variabilities of some tetraplegic patients. Thus, the LF component of HRV in those without intact sympathetic inputs to the heart represent vagal modulation.

Luciana is a rival of Helena Toledo (Taís Araújo), wife of her father. She suffers a road accident that leaves her tetraplegic thus bringing her career to a halt. Moraes played Queen Cristina in the 2011 telenovela Cordel Encantado, and in the same year she played Lili in the telenovela O Astro. Moraes played Silvia in the film Heleno.

Writing about the 2009 season of hurling club side St. Joseph's Doora-Barefield, Christy O'Connor won the 2010 award for The Club. Winning the 2011 Irish Sports Book of the Year award with his biography of tetraplegic former rugby union player Matt Hampson, Paul Kimmage was the first author to win both the Irish and International awards (1990).

Upper limb paralysis refers to the loss of function of the elbow and hand. When upper limb function is absent as a result of a spinal cord injury it is a major barrier to regain autonomy. People with tetraplegia should be examined and informed concerning the options for reconstructive surgery of the tetraplegic arms and hands.

Reconstructive surgery of the upper limb in tetraplegic patients began during the mid-20th century. The first attempts at regaining gripping function of the hand probably took place in Europe at the end of the 1920sThe upper limb in tetraplegia: a new approach to surgical rehabilitation. Moberg E., Stuttgart, Germany: George Thieme; 1978. with the construction of flexor-hinge splints.

Snooker at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of two men's events. The competitions were held at Stoke Mandeville Stadium between 22 July and 1 August 1984. There were six competitors: five from Great Britain, and one from the Republic of Ireland. Jimmy Gibson won the gold medal in the Men's paraplegic event, and P. Haslam won gold in the Men's tetraplegic competition.

Williams met Virginia Berry in 1967. They married in 1974. They had two sons, Jonathan and Jamie, and a daughter, Claire Williams (who would go on to become the deputy team principal of Frank's future Formula One team Williams Grand Prix Engineering). Williams has used a wheelchair since a car accident in France, on 8 March 1986, rendered him tetraplegic.

Development of useful function in the severely paralyzed hand. Nickel VL, Perry J, Garret A., J Bone Joint Surg 1963;45:933–52. In the early 1940s, a surgeon called Sterling Bunnell (1882–1957) was probably one of the first to refer to the reconstruction of gripping function for the tetraplegic hand. He described surgeries of combining tenodeses and tendon transfers to restore hand function.

In the individual events, Australia reigned the sport contest by winning nine gold medals (eight in the women's events by Libby Kosmala and Barbara Caspers who both won four golds each and Allan Chadwick won the men's rifle- prone tetraplegic event). Shooting at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, saw three competitors tied for bronze medals which meant there were 25 bronze medals awarded instead of 23.

Melanie Reid MBE (born 13 April 1957) is a British journalist. Her weekly column for The Times magazine, "Spinal Column", is about disability and her life as a disabled person. She broke her neck and back in April 2010 while horse riding, and is now a tetraplegic. Following her accident she spent twelve months in the spinal unit of Southern General Hospital in Glasgow, Scotland.

One of the injured people became tetraplegic and eventually died on 25 January 2019. In June 2019, a third investigation was started based on peculation. She was found guilty of falsehood on September 21, 2020 and handed a six-month suspended sentence. Despite this, she did not resign as prescribed by the code of ethics of the Five Star Movement but she self-suspended from her party.

With the example of her parents, Tada lived a very active life all through her growing up years. She enjoyed riding horses, hiking, tennis, and swimming. On July 30, 1967, she dove into the Chesapeake Bay after misjudging the shallowness of the water. She suffered a fracture between the fourth and fifth cervical levels and became a quadriplegic (or tetraplegic), paralyzed from the shoulders down.

The Bone Collector is a 1999 American thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Denzel Washington and Angelina Jolie. It was produced by Martin Bregman. The film is based on the 1997 crime novel of the same name written by Jeffery Deaver, concerning the tetraplegic detective Lincoln Rhyme. The film received mixed reviews, and earned about $150 million against a budget of $48 million.

Taylor found other Paralympic successes in 1980, winning medals in a fifth sport: lawn bowls. He won a bronze medal in singles competition and, alongside David Cale, won gold in the Men's Pairs 1A-1B. Taylor's final successes at the Paralympics came in 1984 in the Games jointly hosted by Stoke Mandeville and New York. Entered in the Men's Singles Tetraplegic category lawn bowls he won a bronze medal.

At least 1,672 people were injured, including seven who were seriously injured. On 15 June, less than two weeks after the stampede, a 38-year-old woman, Erika Pioletti, died in hospital of her sustained injuries. Another woman, Marisa Amato, became tetraplegic and eventually died in hospital on 25 January 2019. A man, Anthony Bucci, died on 31 January 2020, in hospital after two years of battling with an amputated foot.

My Way to Olympia is a 2013 feature documentary produced and directed by Niko von Glasow, which follows disabled athletes preparing to compete at the London 2012 Paralympics. The film focuses on Matt Stutzman, an armless American archer; Norwegian table tennis player Aida Dahlen; the Rwandan sitting volleyball team; one-legged German swimmer Christiane Reppe and the tetraplegic Greek boccia player Greg Polychronidis. The film was produced by Palladio Film.

Edward Rainey (born 8July 1961) is a Scottish tetraplegic painter; he uses a brush held in his mouth to create his works. Rainey was born in Glasgow, Scotland. At sixteen he left school and after a short time as a trainee butcher he joined the British Army. During a summer holiday in Spain in 1984 when Edward was 23 he had a diving accident and was left paralysed from the neck down.

General indications for functional surgery of the hand and arm in tetraplegic patients: There are different views on optimal timing of surgery after a spinal cord injury. The general consensus is to operate the patient when he or she is neurologically stable. Some surgeons try to operate a patient as early as possible. The advantages of this are that the patient can take advantage of the new functional possibilities before new adjustments and apaptations develop.

While spinal cord injury is a broad and widely-encompassing term, root stimulators may be used for many instances of SCIs. For example, certain cases of spinal cord injuries may sever key nerves necessary to maintain bladder and bowel control. The severance is often the cause of Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction. Similarly, spinal cord injuries can potentially cause a loss of motor control in lower limbs, such as with paraplegic and tetraplegic patients.

A tetraplegic, he is very competent with computer networks, sometimes hacking into the school's database. His storylines are some of the first representations of the Internet in British television. Moffat felt that he was unable to sustain the character, and he appears only sporadically after the first series. The main adults are deputy headmaster Bill Sullivan (Nick Stringer), maverick editor Matt Kerr (Clive Wood) and experienced Gazette reporter Chrissie Stewart (Angela Bruce).

Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia includes a number of surgical interventions that can help improve the quality of life of a patient with tetraplegia. Loss of upper-limb function in patients with following a spinal cord injury is a major barrier to regain autonomy. The functional abilities of a tetraplegic patient increase substantially for instance if the patient can extend the elbow. This can increase the workspace and give a better use of a manual wheelchair.

The post-operative regimens depend on the surgical procedures used. However, they tend to constrain the tetraplegic patient considerably. During most regimens they are not allowed to drive hand-driven wheelchairs, or to make transfers alone, because of the risk of rupturing a tendon suture. In general the elbow extension reconstructions are immobilised for a few weeks and then slowly allowed to flex the elbow in the following weeks, at a rate of 10 degrees per week.

Miss Coughlan claimed she should be able to remain at Mardon House, Exeter, purpose built for her and seven others with severe disabilities. After a 1971 road traffic accident, she became tetraplegic, needing constant care. Devon HA decided it should be closed in 1996, although she had been assured before it was a ‘home for life’. The Health Authority argued Mardon House had become ‘a prohibitively expensive white elephant’ which ‘left fewer resources available for other services’.

Swimming classification is done based on a total points system, with a variety of functional and medical tests being used as part of a formula to assign a class. Part of this test involves the Adapted Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. For upper trunk extension, C8 complete are given 0 points. S3 swimmers tend to have 91 to 115 points, and, for people spinal cord injuries, are tetraplegics with complete lesions below C7 or an incomplete tetraplegic below C6.

S3 swimmers tend to have 91 to 115 points, and, for people spinal cord injuries, are tetraplegics with complete lesions below C7 or an incomplete tetraplegic below C6. These S3 swimmers have leg drag when swimming as a result of their hips staying below the surface of the water during a race. Their hand usage is such that they cannot use them effectively to catch water. Because of their disability, they normally start in the water.

Open Hearts (), is a 2002 Danish drama film directed by Susanne Bier using the minimalist filmmaking techniques of the Dogme 95 manifesto. It stars Mads Mikkelsen, Nikolaj Lie Kaas, Sonja Richter and Paprika Steen. Also referred to as Dogme #28, Open Hearts relates the story of two couples whose lives are traumatized by a car crash and adultery. Joachim, a young man, is made a tetraplegic and hospitalized indefinitely by a car crash after being hit by Marie.

In September 1975, Jethro was involved in a serious road traffic accident which left him with C2/C3 spinal cord injuries. He was transferred from UTH to Lodge Moor Hospital, Sheffield for specialist treatment. After six months of treatment and rehabilitation he returned to Zambia as a tetraplegic. Supported and cared for by his wife, Masiliso who worked full-time as a matron at UTH, Jethro started rebuilding his life at the family home in Lusaka.

López is a tetraplegic as a result of an accident and only has functionality from the chest up. In March 2011, she was part of a delegation who went to the Zarzuela Palace and were received by Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón and Letizia, Princess of Asturias. It was part of a wider program aimed at integration of people with disabilities in Spanish society through sports. In 2012, she was a 36-year graduate student in business.

Barbara Anderson is a British athlete who won five gold medals at the Paralympic Games. A multi-discipline athlete, Anderson found particular success in class 1 swimming events in which she won three of her gold medals. Her other two gold medals came in table tennis both as an individual and with Jane Blackburn in the women's doubles. Anderson won a silver in the Mixed St. Nicholas Round Team tetraplegic archery event alongside Blackburn and Tommy Taylor as well as a silver in the individual event.

At the 1998 World Shooting Championships for the Disabled in Santander, Spain, Bremner competed in Air, Sport and Free Pistol shooting events. At the 1999 Oceania Championships Cecil Park Sydney, Bremner competed in Air, Sports and Free Pistol shooting events. At the 1999 Korean Open Shooting Championships for the Disabled Seoul, Bremner finished in 9th position Air Pistol shooting. In addition to his shooting career, Bremner competed in Male Tetraplegic Double FITA Archery, Discus and Shot Putt at the 1981 Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games.

Matthew "Hambo" Hampson (born 29 November 1984) is a former English rugby union prop who became paralysed from the neck down (C4/5 tetraplegic), after a scrummaging accident when practicing with England under-21 squad in March 2005. His condition requires permanent use of a ventilator to breathe. Hampson took up rugby as a 5-year old for Oakham, joining Syston RFC when he was 12. He joined Leicester Tigers academy at the under 16 age group and was made an apprentice for the 2001/2 season.

He has performed and collaborated with Bruno Canino, with whom he has recorded a number of albums. He has featured with Vittorio Sgarbi in the theatre project Il Fin la Maraviglia, an account of the Baroque age via images and sounds, which was performed at the theatre in Chiasso (Switzerland) in 2015. In April 2009, he developed a viral infection that led to his becoming tetraplegic, as a result of Guillain-Barré syndrome, but succeeded in playing the violin again two years later. He has also performed in several recitals in Europe.

He also served as a Vice-President of the European Parliament Delegation for the Relations with the Mashrek Countries. He was the European Parliament Rapporteur on the human rights in the world for 2007.European Parliament page A nonviolent activist for Fundamental Rights and Liberties, in 2017 he undertakes a Civic Disobedience to push the national Parliament approve new rules allowing Legal Euthanasia in Italy. Cappato breaches the Law, by helping an Italian tetraplegic and blind man from Milan to reach a Switzerland clinic where assisted suicide is legal.

Inspired by meeting tetraplegic Formula One team owner Sir Frank Williams, he founded Sam Schmidt Motorsports, which has become the most successful team in the history of the Indy Lights series, winning the 2004 series championship with Thiago Medeiros, the 2006 title with Jay Howard, and the 2007 title with Alex Lloyd. Sam Schmidt Motorsports was a full-time IndyCar series team in 2001 and 2002, and continues to participate annually in the Indianapolis 500. In the Firestone Indy Lights series, as of August 2009 the team had posted 30 victories out of 100 starts.

On Saturday, 27 December, shortly after midnight, the claimant, Donoghue, dived into the sea at Folkestone Harbour, Kent from a slipway. In doing so, he hit his head on a submerged object, rendering him tetraplegic. He commenced proceedings against Folkestone Properties Limited who owned and occupied the Harbour. His original claim was under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957, seeking compensation for his injuries, for the loss of quality of life and for the cost of future care he would require, as well as loss of potential future earnings.

Krishnan was also a known as an advocate for patients with Spinal Cord Injury; as a member of the SCI Consensus group, a multinational group of clinicians and researchers, he assessed health-related quality of the life (HRQL) for SCI patients and available instruments for its measurement. He was also the president of the CALIES Network (Computer-Aided Locomotion by Implanted Electro-Stimulation), a pan-European non-profit organization of rehabilitation centers focusing on pioneering mobility using implanted muscle stimulation. At the time of his death, he was writing a book on tetraplegic ventilatory management.

Snooker at the 1972 Summer Paralympics consisted of two men's events. The competitions were held at the sports grounds of the Institute for Sport and Sports Science of the University of Heidelberg and the National Institute for Sport in August 1972. There were eight competitors, from six countries: three from Great Britain, and one each from Australia, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Kenya and the United States. Michael Shelton won the gold medal in the men's paraplegic event, following his wins at the 1964 and 1968 games, and P. Haslam won the gold in the Men's tetraplegic competition.

The Catholic Church has been critical of the decision that led to Englaro's biological death. When the final judicial decision was handed down, Ennio Cardinal Antonelli, president of the Pontifical Council for the Family objected to the ruling citing Eluana's humanity as cause for her to be treated with dignity and that she is not a 'vegetable'. Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi even stated that Eluana "looks fine and healthy" and "could even give birth to a child" despite the young woman being tetraplegic because of injuries sustained in the car accident. The reaction to Englaro's death was mixed.

A more recent study focused on a tetraplegic SCI patient whose stimulator was infected by Pseuomana aeruginosa which was found after blood- stained fluid started leaking out of a post-operative wound several days after the device was implanted. As in the aforementioned case, the patient had the device removed and lost considerable function of bowel and urinary bladder control. He had recurring instances of fecal incontinence which left him almost completely immobile and reported significant distress due to the incident. Other issues due to the failed implantation included constipation, an inability to empty the bladder, and a loss of reflexive penile erection.

In May 1995, the claimant, John Tomlinson (then aged 18), visited an artificial lake, part of a country park in Brereton, Cheshire in the borough of Congleton with his friends. While there, Tomlinson dived into the water and hit his head on the sandy bottom, leaving him tetraplegic as a result of a break to the fifth vertebra of his neck. He subsequently brought proceedings against Congleton Borough Council under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1984 (as a trespasser), claiming for loss of earnings, loss of quality of life and the cost of the care he would require as a result of his injuries.

This is a Paralympic archery classification. In 2000, BBC Sport defined this classification as "W1, spinal cord and cerebral palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs." In 2008, BBC Sport defined this classification was "ARW1: spinal cord and cerebral palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs" In 2008, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation defined this classification was "The main difference between ARW1 and ARW2 is the amount of functional ability athletes have in their upper bodies.". In 2012, the Australian Paralympic Education Programme defined this classification as "ARW1 - spinal cord and cerebral palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs" In 2010, World Archery defined this classification as: a tetraplegic archer in a wheelchair or comparable disability.

On Thursday, 15 March, at around 14:00, two uniformed soldiers, 25-year-old Corporal Abel Chennouf and 23-year-old Private Mohamed Legouad, were shot and killed and a third, 27-year-old Loïc Liber, was seriously injured by shooting (and left tetraplegic) as the three were withdrawing money from a cash machine outside a shopping centre in Montauban, around 50 km north of Toulouse. They were all from the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment ('), whose barracks are close to the town. The security cameras showed the killer riding a powerful maxi-scooter and wearing a black helmet. While taking aim, the killer reportedly pushed aside an elderly woman waiting to withdraw money from the cash machine.

Jethro Mukenge Mutti (3 May 1934 – 18 January 2013), was a Zambian politician who between the years 1964 to 1975 served as Member of Parliament, Ambassador, Minister and Member of the Central Committee under the ruling party UNIP led by Kenneth Kaunda. He died on 18 January 2013 after suffering from aspiration pneumonia following a series of mini strokes and poor health in the last few years of his life, linked to his tetraplegic condition. Not in favour of the "one party democracy" policy adopted by UNIP, Jethro Mutti resigned from office in April 1975 to become a business man. In September 1975, he was involved in a vehicle accident which left him with severe spinal injuries.

An off-duty policeman, Constable Lionel Siljeur, while pursuing persons who had attempted to rob him, shot the respondent, Allister Roy Luiters, an innocent third party, thereby rendering him a tetraplegic. It appeared from the evidence that, in pursuing the would-be robbers, Siljeur had used his firearm in a manner which was contrary both to the standing orders of the SAPS and to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act.Act 51 of 1977. The respondent succeeded in an action for damages in the High Court on the basis that, at the time of the incident, Siljeur had been acting within the course and scope of his employment as a member of the SAPS, making the appellant vicariously liable to the respondent.

In 2004, two Israelis, suspected agents working for Mossad, Eli Cara and Uriel Kelman, were convicted and jailed for attempting to obtain New Zealand passports by submitting fraudulent applications. A third suspected Mossad agent, Zev William Barkan, who was a former Israeli diplomat based in Europe was involved in stealing the identity of a tetraplegic Auckland resident to obtain a passport fraudulently in his name. A year later the Israeli government formally apologised to the New Zealand government for the actions of its citizens. In the immediate aftermath of the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, concerns were raised that a group of Israelis may have again been attempting to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports, but scant evidence of this has been found to-date.

Functional mobility range of an H1 classified cyclist Competitors from this class compete in H1 provided they are tetraplegia C6 or above and severe athetosis/ataxia/dystonia, tetraplegic with impairments corresponding to a complete cervical lesion at C6 or above or have a similar dysfunction. People in this class can use an AP2 recumbent, which is a competition cycle that is reclined at 30 degrees and has a rigid frame. This classification can also use an AP3 hand cycle which is inclined at 0 degrees and is reclined on a rigid competition frame. Tetraplegics have reduced respiration rates of 55–59% less compared to paraplegics when they are engaged in rigorous handcycling. In track events, SP2 women in H2 have faster laptimes than SP1 men in H1.

The second major group of cases concern claims that a public body defeated an applicant's 'legitimate expectations'. This is similar to a contract (without the need for consideration) or estoppel, so that if a public body promises or assures somebody something, but does not deliver, they will be able to claim a 'legitimate expectation' was defeated.Contrast Crabb v Arun DC [1975] EWCA Civ 7 and O'Neill v Phillips [1999] UKHL 24 For example, in R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan, Miss Coughlan claimed that she should be able to remain in social housing, a care home for people with severe disabilities after the health authority had assured her it was a 'home for life'. Coughlan had become tetraplegic after a severe road accident.

As mentioned above, The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is used to measure a tetraplegic patient's performance and satisfaction before and after upper limb surgery.Biceps-to- Triceps Transfer for Elbow Extension in Persons With Tetraplegia; Scott H. Kozin, Elsevier This is done by identifying important goals of hand surgery and evaluating patient-perceived performance and satisfaction of hand surgery for these goals. Goals are identified through an interview between the therapist and the patient based on past experience. Published reports are provided about the expected outcomes of elbow extension transfers on strength and function of patients with a spinal cord injury. For each goal, the subject rated performance and satisfaction using a 10-point Likert scale, in which 1 was negative (“cannot perform,” “not satisfied”) and 10 was positive (“performs very well,” “very satisfied”).

The second major group of cases concern claims that a public body defeated an applicant's 'legitimate expectations'. This is similar to a contract (without the need for consideration) or estoppel, so that if a public body promises or assures somebody something, but does not deliver, they will be able to claim a 'legitimate expectation' was defeated.Contrast Crabb v Arun DC [1975] EWCA Civ 7 and O'Neill v Phillips [1999] UKHL 24 For example in R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan, Miss Coughlan claimed that she should be able to remain in social housing, a care home for people with severe disabilities after the health authority had assured her it was a 'home for life'. Coughlan had become tetraplegic after a severe road accident.

The case was an appeal from a decision in the Cape Provincial Division by Thring J. A subsequent application to appeal it further to the Constitutional Court was rejected. The central issue was the vicarious liability of an employer for the delictual acts of its employee: in particular, the liability of the Minister of Safety and Security for criminal acts committed by police officers while off duty. An off-duty policeman had pursued persons who had attempted to rob him and shot an innocent third party, rendering him tetraplegic. To determine whether or not the Minister was vicariously liable for the damage thus caused, the court used the two-stage test for vicarious liability, asking first whether or not the employee's acts were committed solely for his purposes and, if so, secondly, whether there was a sufficiently close link between the employee's acts and the employer's purposes and business.

In 1998 Davis, a committed Christian, was left a tetraplegic after suffering spinal injuries as a result of a fall from a tree in St Vincent suffered whilst helping clear land for a new church. He was flown to England for treatment unavailable on the island, and now lives in Worcestershire, England. He has appeared in a film, Because of You, made by Worcestershire County Council's Social Services department; he said of this film, "People with a disability can often be seen as just takers and so for me, starring in this film gave me the opportunity to give something back to the community". Several benefit matches have been held with the object of raising money to help him live a more comfortable life, and have featured a number of high-profile cricketers: in 2005 a Lashings Cricket Club side beat a Winston Davis XI by 87 runs in a match graced by such names as Chris Cairns, V. V. S. Laxman and Alvin Kallicharran.

Tetraplegic Matt Nagle became the first person to control an artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine-month human trial of Cyberkinetics's BrainGate chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle's right precentral gyrus (area of the motor cortex for arm movement), the 96-electrode BrainGate implant allowed Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV. One year later, professor Jonathan Wolpaw received the prize of the Altran Foundation for Innovation to develop a Brain Computer Interface with electrodes located on the surface of the skull, instead of directly in the brain. More recently, research teams led by the Braingate group at Brown University and a group led by University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, both in collaborations with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, have demonstrated further success in direct control of robotic prosthetic limbs with many degrees of freedom using direct connections to arrays of neurons in the motor cortex of patients with tetraplegia.