Tectonically-volatile region New Zealand is located in one of the world's most tectonically-volatile regions.
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Why, for instance, is Earth tectonically active but Mars isn't?
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This evidence strongly suggests the moon is "tectonically active," the study concluded.
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It's interesting to the eye, sure, but tectonically heavy to the ear.
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New Zealand is located in one of the world's most tectonically-volatile regions.
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"Puerto Ricans should be aware that they live in a tectonically active region," Mr. Hayes said.
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The city straddles the Palu Koro fault, in one of the most tectonically violent zones on Earth.
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Every time a new technology is introduced and that tectonically shifts the way we create music, there are naysayers.
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They're comparable in scale to the small scarps found on the moon, which is also shrinking and tectonically active.
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It's an ominous, tectonically churning piece of work, suggesting some kind of deep solar exchange in dynamics and tone.
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Combined with evidence of dust and boulders moving near these faults, the researchers conclude that the Moon is tectonically active.
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Within that crinkled sphere — like a tectonically wonky planet seen from afar — Creed wrangled complexity and chaos, deformation and disorder.
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Noctis Labyrinthus is a huge region of tectonically controlled valleys located at the western end of the Valles Marineris canyon system.
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Dominant applications like Lotus 225 and WordPerfect were quickly knocked from their perches as the ecosystem tectonically shifted before they responded.
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Some landfills, in low ground in tectonically subsiding areas, will simply be buried by more strata, to be fossilized as palaeontological middens.
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The city of Palu sits in one of the most tectonically active parts of Earth, hard-wiring regular earthquakes into its constitution.
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What wasn't hard to figure out was that WeWork — also known as The We Company — is tectonically unprofitable on operating and net bases.
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The site's rocks probably tumbled down from that scarp during one of the numerous earthquakes experienced in tectonically active Chile, the researchers hypothesize.
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The discovery suggests that the moon is still tectonically active, and raises the possibility that future lunar bases may be vulnerable to shallow moonquakes.
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Since then scientists have combed over its measurements to create maps of Earth's lithosphere, the tectonically active layer that includes the planet's crust and outer mantle.
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Even though the moon lacks tectonic plates, he said, the team's use of the phrase "tectonically active" is sound, and it is supported by compelling evidence.
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The famously large island has yet to fully cleave itself tectonically from India and Africa, still crammed together with the rest of the southern supercontinent of Gondwana.
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Taking all the models together and examining images showing evidence of recent moving debris on the Moon, the researchers hypothesized that the Moon must still be tectonically active.
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The island of Lampedusa, as the Italian playwright and journalist Davide Enia explains in this quiet yet urgent memoir, is territorially European but belongs tectonically to nearby Africa.
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Scientists used an algorithm to locate their epicenters, then matched eight of those quakes to young faults on the lunar surface and found the Moon is tectonically active today.
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This means that out of all the planets in our solar system, only Mercury and the Earth are tectonically active, with crusts that change their shapes from the inside out.
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A scientific research vessel operated by Ocean Exploration Trust, E/V Nautilus is currently parked off the coast of Southern California exploring one of the most tectonically active margins of our planet.
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There was peace in this: she watched the news while exercising with a hula hoop for twenty minutes, ate, played with the cat, then walked around the neighborhood feeling her body shifting tectonically under her brain.
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The tectonically active region along the coast of South America, known to geologists as the South American arc, is more than 4,000 miles long, from just below the southern tip of Chile to just off the coast of Panama.
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By exaggerating the exigencies of capitalism, Kim circles closer to them: For people like Reseng, he seems to argue, globalization has amounted to nothing but the dim sense that some monumental unfairness, impossible to counteract, is moving tectonically beneath our feet.
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On top of this soaring mountain of tectonically suspicious behavior, we learned that Trump has repeatedly told his aides he wants to pull the US out of NATO, a move so drastic, and so clearly beneficial to Russia, that it must rank far, far above Putin's wildest dreams.
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Even if you don't participate in an Earth Day celebration, you might take a moment to consider the fact that a thin layer of nitrogen and oxygen, sustained by an even thinner layer of plants and microbes, sitting atop a tectonically active surface that's heated just the right amount thanks to our very good fortune of living in the habitable zone of a G-type star, is all that's keeping you, and everyone you love, from freezing your butts off in a cosmic void.
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Like many other small Indonesian seas, the Seram Sea is rocky and very tectonically active.
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Besides the Ljubljana Marshes, the Šalek Valley is one of the tectonically youngest basins in Slovenia.
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This group lies tectonically above the Naver Thrust. The upper boundary of this group in not seen.
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Most occurrences of the Hormuz Formation are highly disturbed tectonically. However, a broad stratigraphy has been recognised.
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Rock type is predominantly hornblende-biotite andesite to dacite. Tectonically, Labo is part of the Bicol Volcanic belt.
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Tectonically it is part of the Coffs Harbour Block which in turn is part of the New England Orogen.
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Tectonically it is part of the Coffs Harbour Block which in turn is part of the New England Orogen.
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These settings are not tectonically active, but still experience large-scale subsidence because of tectonic features of the crust.
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The geology of the Czech Republic is highly tectonically complex, split between the Western Carpathian Mountains and the Bohemian Massif.
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Recent earthquakes indicate that this area is tectonically active. It was described for the first time in 1925 at the Carlsberg Breweries.
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Images from this and subsequent flybys showed that Rhea's streaks in fact are tectonically formed ice cliffs (chasmata) similar to those of Dione.
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The Comoros location in the Mozambique Channel is tectonically complex, due to the displacement of the Malagasarian microcontinent from the margin of the supercontinent Gondwana.
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This tectonically-quiet period persisted until the Late Devonian time (about 360 million years ago) when the next period of mountain-building began, the Acadian orogeny.
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This fault belongs to a group of faults which are part of this region of the Andes, which has been highly tectonically active since the Proterozoic.
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The early Cenozoic was a tectonically active time in southern British Columbia, and the landscape of the time probably reflected the volcanism and faulting that was occurring.
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Rock type found on the mountain is andesite trending to rhyolite. Tectonically, Masaraga is part of the Bicol Volcanic Chain of volcanoes and part of the Pacific ring of fire.
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Computer simulation has shown that as mountain belts change from tectonically active to inactive, the rate of erosion drops because there are fewer abrasive particles in the water and fewer landslides.
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Confined drifts are contourite accumulations that occur within small basins. The basins in which they form tend to be tectonically active in order to allow for topographic confinement of the deposit.
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As with other islands in the Comoros chain, Mayotte's location in the Mozambique Channel is tectonically complex, due to the displacement of the Malagasarian microcontinent from the margin of the supercontinent Gondwana.
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112(B): 377– 381. Cratons themselves are tectonically inactive, but can occur near active margins,Ennih N. & Liégeois J-P. (2008). The Boundaries of the West African Craton. Geological Society, London, Special Publications.
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The Northwestern hinterland zone is a complex tectonically deformed region that includes the Peter Lake, Wollaston, and Seal River domains, and other parts of the Cree Lake Zone, now included in Hearne Province.
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Consequently, braided rivers usually exist near mountainous regions, especially those with glaciers. These braided channels usually occur in tectonically active environments and have a larger sediment load due to varying water flow and discharge.
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Rock type is predominantly andesite. Tectonically, Panay lies at the intersection of two major regional trends, the Bataan Lineament and the Palawan-Macolod Lineament. Batangas Bay, which includes Panay, may be a drowned caldera.
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The 2019 comic Star Wars #68 reveals that the Rebels considered creating their own version of a Death Star by luring Star Destroyers to a tectonically unstable planet and setting it off with proton detonators.
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Antoine et al., 2016, p.35 The formation was deposited in a tectonically relatively calmCastro Medina, 2010, p.71 tropical fluvio-lacustrine environment with oxbow lakes.Antoine et al., 2016, p.41Boivin et al., 2016, p.
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Although the Netherlands seems to be a tectonically quiet area, a number of fault activities have been shown in the past. The latest strong earthquake, the 1992 Roermond earthquake (5.4 on Richter scale), had its epicenter close to the Limburg city of Roermond. The south of the Netherlands is topographically higher and is linked to the geology of the Ardennes and the London-Brabant Massif. The Lower Rhine Graben, part of the European Cenozoic Rift System, which has been tectonically active since the Oligocene, affects the southwestern part of the Netherlands.
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The thickness of alluvial fans forming due to basin margins are influenced tectonically. If the alluvial fan gets thicker and the grains become more coarse heading up the fan, this indicates that the basin margin is tectonically active and the building of the alluvial fan being more active than the deposition rate. However, if the alluvial fan gets thinner and the grains become more fine heading up the fan, this indicate that the basin margin has no tectonic activity or the tectonic activity is less than the deposition rate or the building of the fan.
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66 During this period, especially in the Late Miocene to Pliocene, the Oca and Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Faults were tectonically active,Hernández Pardo et al., 2009, p.28 which is still observed in the present day.Cuéllar et al.
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Dinosaurs lived in Alaska during the Cretaceous. Alaska remained tectonically active into the Cenozoic era. Volcanism produced the Aleutian Islands. During the Eocene, Alaska's plants resembled those today growing in the temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of earth today.
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The Lhasa River drains an area of , and is the largest tributary of the middle section of the Yarlung Tsangpo. The average altitude of the basin is around . The basin has complex geology and is tectonically active. Earthquakes are common.
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The La Tour-Blanche Anticline, also called Chapdeuil Anticline or Chapdeuil-La Tour-Blanche Anticline, is a tectonically caused, dome-like upwarp in the sedimentary succession of the northeastern Aquitaine Basin in France. The structure is oriented west-northwest-east-southeast.
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The Lhasa River drains an area of , and is the largest tributary of the middle section of the Yaluzangbu River. The average altitude of the basin is around . The basin has complex geology and is tectonically active. Earthquakes are common.
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Nam Con Son Basin was once again reactivated tectonically by a mild inversion followed by thermal subsidence which caused a large carbonate reef buildup and infilled by sandy turbidites. Major transgression caused the depositional process to be interrupted in the early Pliocene.
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They were formed at high temperature but low pressure. The Heazlewood Ultramafic Complex solidified at . Other ultramafic occurrences include the Cape Sorell and Serpentine Hill Complexes. As part of this collision, three exotic suites of basalt were tectonically introduced into the Dundas Block.
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Where only partial rifting occurred, basins formed. By definition, a basin is any area that collects sediments. These "aborted rifts" (rifts that are tectonically inactive and no longer collecting sediments) extend from Alabama to Newfoundland. Along certain basins, rifting was not partial.
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Topographic map of Uzbekistan The geology of Uzbekistan consists of two microcontinents and the remnants of oceanic crust, which fused together into a tectonically complex but resource rich land mass during the Paleozoic, before becoming draped in thick, primarily marine sedimentary units.
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Nyainqentanglha rising above Namtso Damxung County has an area of , with rugged topography. As of 2013 the population was 40,000, up from 35,000 in 1997. It is tectonically active. On 6 October 2008 an earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter magnitude scale was reported.
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The topography of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia is located on the Sunda shelf, and is tectonically inactive. The oldest rocks in the country date from 540 million years ago, and are mostly sedimentary. The most common form of rock is limestone, formed during the Paleozoic Era.
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Blenheim sits at the confluence of the Taylor and Ōpaoa rivers. It is in a tectonically active zone and experiences several (usually small) earthquakes each year. The boundary between the Pacific plate (on which Blenheim sits) and the Indo-Australian plate passes just north of Blenheim.
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The Altai mountains are at the northern edge of the region tectonically affected by the collision of India into Asia; the area is seismically active, with a major earthquake recently as the 2003 Altai earthquake. The rock types in the mountains are typically granites and metamorphic schists.
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Ophiolites are fragments of oceanic crust as well as upper mantle material that become tectonically emplaced onto continents during orogenic events, and their occurrence is generally along suture zones. A typical ophiolitic suite contains peridotite and harzburgite, layered gabbro, sheeted dykes, pillow basalts, and pelagic sediments.
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Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22 was isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluid. Hydrothermal vents are located on the ocean floor where plates are moving tectonically apart, for example volcano sites and by mid ocean ridges. These mid ocean ridges provide a large supply of food for aquatic marine animals.
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McKerrow et al. (2002) Current understanding has it that the Caledonian orogeny encompasses a number of tectonic phases that can laterally be diachronous. The name "Caledonian" can therefore not be used for an absolute period of geological time, it applies only to a series of tectonically related events.
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Siwalik is a highland region between the Mahabharat and Chure mountain ranges in Nepal. The region has huge deposits of calcium carbonate and of important minerals such as iron, sulfur, and copper; the deposits however, are generally of sub-economic grades that currently are not worth exploiting. The Siwalik Hills are regarded as the most tectonically dynamic zone of the Himalaya, the region's altitude increasing at a rate of 3 mm to 4 mm per year. This is consistent with a rate of upward expansion of kilometres per million years, which in turn implies that the formation is geologically young and tectonically exceptionally active; the substance of the terrain is accordingly crumbly.
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View of the Kazakh Uplands which is a tectonically uplifted planation surface. The background areas are particularly flat. The Kazakh Uplands are usually referred as a peneplain. In geology and geomorphology a planation surface is a large-scale surface that is almost flat with the possible exception of some residuals hills.
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The strike of the beds is between 120° and 170° with steep dipping to the west. Some beds show graded bedding. Rocks are frequently folded, and there are also several small faults. Tectonically it is part of the Coffs Harbour Block which in turn is part of the New England Orogen.
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Potentially tectonically susceptible structure. The Acropolis is a klippe consisting of two lithostratigraphic units, the Athens schist and the overlying Acropolis limestone. The Athens schist is a soft reddish rock dating from the upper Cretaceous period. The original sediments were deposited in a river delta approximately 72 million years ago.
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Geological map of Western Carpathians The Pieniny Klippen Belt is in geology a tectonically and orographically remarkable zone in the Western Carpathians, with a very complex geological structure.Mišík, M., 1998: Slovakia. in Moores, E.M., Fairbridge, R.W. (Editors), 1998: Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer, London, p.
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This uplift has pushed up the Parautochthonous Micaschist Unit – structurally the lowermost nappe unit below the Lower Gneiss Unit – on its eastern side. Because of their high water contents (13 weight %) serpentinites are tectonically highly mobile rocks. Their spatial arrangement thus underlines major thrust planes bringing these mantle rocks into higher crustal levels.
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The Palatinate Forest is primarily characterised by a block of bunter sandstone and its underlying formations of Zechstein. The tectonically formed bedding of these rock types and their subsequent erosion led to the topography of this low mountain range that we see today.Michael Geiger et al. (ed.): Der Pfälzerwald im geografischen Überblick.
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The name flysch is currently used in many mountain chains belonging to the Alpine belt. Well-known flysch deposits are found in the forelands of the Pyrenees and Carpathians and in tectonically similar regions in Italy, the Balkans and on Cyprus. In the northern Alps, the Flysch is also a lithostratigraphic unit.
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Tectonically, the Izu peninsula results from the Philippine Sea Plate colliding with the Okhotsk Plate at the Nankai Trough. The Philippine Sea Plate, the Amurian Plate, and the Okhotsk Plate meet at Mount Fuji, a triple junction. The peninsula itself lies on the Philippine Sea Plate. Relief Map West coast of Izu.
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This property make these detrital mineral ideal to record long history of crystallization of tectonically complex source area. The figure to the right is an example of U–Pb relative age probability diagram. The upper plot shows foreland basin detrital zircon age distribution. The lower plot shows hinterland (source area) zircon age distribution.
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Felsic gneiss and granite migmatite, interlayered with supracrustal rocks and intruded by granodiorite, is intercalated in places with the supracrustal rocks of the greenstone belt. It is suggested that the likely origin for this unit is an ancient basement or earlier supracrustal succession tectonically interleaved as thrust splinters into the South Pass supracrustals.
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The Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault is tectonically active causing minor tremors and is also believed responsible by geologists for the alignment of the volcanoes of the southern section of the Southern Volcanic Zone. Along Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault there are several hotsprings such as Liquiñe, Chihuío, Termas Geométricas, Termas Vergara and Termas de Coñaripe.
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Linear structures in a rock may arise from the intersection of two foliations or planar structures, such as a sedimentary bedding plane and a tectonically induced cleavage plane. The degree of lineation compared with the degree of foliation for certain strain markers in deformed rocks are commonly plotted on a Flinn diagram.
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Therefore, the correlation between chemostatigraphic signals in conventionally datable and non-datable sequences has extended greatly our understanding of the history of tectonically quiescent regions and of biological organisms that lived in such regions. Chemostratigraphy also has acted as a check on other sub-fields of stratigraphy such as biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy.
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The basin floor subsided rapidly at first. It started filling with marine sediments as it was connected with the Mediterranean Sea. Later it became isolated and evaporites started to appear. These were then covered with continental sediments by late Tortonian 7.2 Ma. The basin became isolated as the edges were tectonically raised.
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The Helvetic zone consists of a number of tectonically very different units. The "Helvetic nappes" are a nappe stack that was thrusted over the molasse of the Molasse basin in the Alpine foreland. They are composed of Mesozoic marine limestone, marls and shales. The Helvetic nappes are completely detached from their former basement.
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Middle and Lower Ordovician formations in southernmost Nevada and adjacent California. U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1180-C. pp. C1–C101. a north-south extent of about . An isolated exposure was identified in Sonora, Mexico south of its most southerly exposure in California, but that occurrence probably was tectonically displaced there from California.
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The area is tectonically activeAkol B., Bekler T., "Assessment of the statistical earthquake hazard parameters for NW Turkey", Natural Hazards, no.1, pp.837-853, 2013 and houses the Southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault and multiple local faults. The location of the earthquakes is thought to be one of the local faults.
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Amchitka (; ; ) is a volcanic, tectonically unstable island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska. It is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The island, with a land area of roughly , is about long and wide. The area has a maritime climate, with many storms, and mostly overcast skies.
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The northern part of Quebec lies mainly on the Minto block of the Superior craton. The earthquake occurred within the Utsalik domain, which consists mainly of Archean granitic and granodioritic rocks. A number of northerly trending brittle faults zones have been recognized in the domain. The area has been tectonically quiescent since the Archean.
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Folded Morar Schist of the Morar Group, in Glen Meadail near Inverie in Knoydart. This group lies tectonically above the Moine Thrust but below the Sgurr Beag or Naver thrusts. Large slices of Lewisian-type gneisses occur within this group, locally a basal conglomerate is preserved, confirming the unconformable nature of the contact between them.
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It remained geologically and tectonically active during the Eocene, intermittently releasing puffs of poisonous volcanic gases. A virtually stagnant lake, its low oxygen levels enabled the types of preservation found in its fossils. Messel pit was surrounded by a lush tropical jungle ecosystem teeming with wildlife. Among these were several bat species, including Palaeochiropteryx.
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Volcanic in origin, the Azores lie in a tectonically complex area on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, between the European, Eurasian and African plate boundaries, forming their own microplate.Borges et al. (2007), p.37–54 The 1980 earthquake was the result of movement along the northwest to southeast trending strike-slip fault.
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The deposits are believed to be of fluvial origin. Argillites constitute about 10% of the outcrops while the sandstones and conglomerates make up the remaining 90% of outcrops. The sedimentary pile is at most not more than 1200 metres thick. The Almesåkra Group is tectonically disturbed, shows considerable folding and is intruded by diabase.
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Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, pg. 100, Tectonically, lithic sandstones often form in a wide variety sedimentary depositional environments (including fluvial, deltaic, and alluvial sediments) associated with active margins. This tectonic setting provides the source of the lithic fragments, either through arc volcanism, thin-skinned faulting, continental collisions, unroofing, and subduction roll-back.
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The Great Falls of the Missouri River formed because the Missouri is flowing over and through the Kootenai Formation, a mostly nonmarine sandstone laid down by rivers, glaciers, and lakes in the past.DeCelles, Peter G. "Sedimentation in a Tectonically Partitioned, Nonmarine Foreland Basin: The Lower Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, Southwestern Montana." Geological Society of America Bulletin. 97:8 (August 1986).
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Although the imaging available from the Galileo orbiter does not have the resolution needed to confirm this, radar and thermal data are consistent with this interpretation. The prominent markings crisscrossing Europa appear to be mainly albedo features that emphasize low topography. There are few craters on Europa, because its surface is tectonically too active and therefore young.
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The Grenville Province is a tectonically complex region, in Eastern Canada, that contains many different aged accreted terranes from various origins. It exists southeast of the Grenville Front and extends from Labrador southwestern to Lake Huron. It is bounded by the St. Lawrence River/Seaway to the southeast. The Grenville Front separates the Grenville Province from the Superior Craton.
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The geology of the Cayman Islands includes carbonates deposited and periodically eroded over the last 30 million years. The underlying Cayman Ridge is proposed as an uplifted fault block. The oldest rocks are believed to be granodiorite, followed by a cap of basalt. Situated near the Oriente Transform Fault and the Mid-Cayman Rise, the islands are tectonically active.
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Where only partial rifting occurred, basins formed, analogous to the present-day Basin and Range Province in the western United States. By definition, a basin is any area that collects sediments. These "aborted rifts" (rifts that are tectonically inactive and no longer collecting sediments) extend from North Carolina to Newfoundland. Along certain basins, rifting was not partial.
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The composition of local gas deposits varies considerably. The Dolní Dunajovice deposit produces 98% methane. The West Kostelany deposit is only 70% methane, and is high in helium and argon, which can be extracted in industrial quantities. :In Silesia, specifically between Příbor and Český Těšín, the gas deposits are mostly confined to the weathered and tectonically affected Carboniferous paleorelief.
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There, they are more vulnerable to depredation by domestic cats, dogs, and pigs. As many megabat species are located in the tectonically active Ring of Fire, they are also threatened by volcanic eruptions. Flying foxes, including the endangered Mariana fruit bat, have been nearly exterminated from the island of Anatahan following a series of eruptions beginning in 2003.
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At its foot, a few metres of dark slate-hornfels rocks of the Lower Carboniferous have been exposed. The waterfall rocks at the lookout platform consists of upper Devonian limestones, which are tectonically heavily deformed. About 290 million years ago, the molten Oker granite nearby hardened and overprinted all the nearby rocks in a process known as contact metamorphism.
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Am., p. 553–581. Fryxell and Duebendorfer argued that the strata comprising Frenchman Mountain originated as the hanging wall that originally overlied the now tectonically exhumed Gold Butte block. It was during the Miocene, that these strata were translated to their present position by movement along detachment and strike-slip faults.Fryxell, J.E. and Duebendorfer, E.M. 2005.
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Balch is a crater on Venus at latitude 29.9, longitude 282.9 in Devana Chasma, Central Beta Regio. It is 40 km in diameter and named after Emily Balch, though it was originally designated Somerville crater. This crater is one of the few examples of tectonically modified craters seen on Venus. Approximately half the crater was subsumed into a valley.
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Europa is a key demonstration of outer-planet tectonics. Its surface shows movement of ice blocks or rafts, strike-slip faults, and possibly diapirs. The question of extant tectonics is far less certain, possibly having been replaced by local cryomagmatism. Ganymede and Triton may contain tectonically or cryovolcanically resurfaced areas, and Miranda's irregular terrains may be tectonic.
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Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area. Tectonically, Indonesia is highly unstable, making it a site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire where the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate are pushed under the Eurasian plate where they melt at about deep.
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After the Karoo Supergroup rocks deposited in tectonically controlled basins, the rocks were down-faulted into several normal fault troughs in northern and southwestern Malawi. Down- faulting in the late Mesozoic through the Cenozoic formed the East Africa Rift, which filled in with Lake Malawi and other lakes. The Rift Valley continues from the Zambezi River to the Red Sea.
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The Tjörnes Fracture Zone (TFZ) is a tectonically complicated area. It connects the North Iceland Volcanic Zone (NVZ) and the southern end of the Kolbeinsey Ridge. This 50 km wide fracture zone is characterised by seismic activity, crustal extension and transform faulting. The volcanic fissure swarms of the Northern Volcanic Zone are connected to the southern end of Tjörnes Fracture Zone.
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There is a meridiolan zonation, with the southern part of the field dominated by lava flows that cap mesas and the northern part containing individual scoria cones and probable fissure vents also associated with lava flows. Miocene lava flows are tectonically tilted and partly surrounded by Pliocene lava flows. The various vents are aligned on usually northwest-southeast trending lineaments.
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Epigenetic in nature, the Ovčar- Kablar Gorge was crucial for the genesis of the entire West Morava valley (West Pomoravlje). Hydrogeological researches were insufficient, though they were conducted in two periods, 1978-83 and 1989-92. It was concluded that the area represents a complex, discontinuous water-bearing terrain. The terrain itself is the tectonically damaged and karstified limestone from the Middle Triassic.
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The Kandel is located 25 km northeast of Freiburg in the Breisgau and has a height of 1,241 m (4,072 ft).Black Forest: The Kandel - 1241 m a.s.l. The Kandel belongs to the Central Black Forest gneiss region. The overall shape of the massif was tectonically formed: the Kandel block rises table-like in a northwesterly direction from the plateau around Sankt Peter.
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The snow-capped Uhuru Peak Mount Kilimanjaro lies on a tectonic plate line intersection east of the tectonically active Rift Valley. The activity that created this stratovolcano dates back less than a million years. Steam and sulphur fumaroles here are indicative of residual activity. At one stage, most of the summit of Kilimanjaro was covered by an ice cap, probably more than deep.
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The lake was larger than present-day Mono Lake, especially in the east where it extended as far as the California-Nevada border and farther. There the land is lower and some valleys could operate as overflow sills during different epochs. Tectonically, the Mono Lake basin started forming 4-3 million years ago mostly in response to subsidence along the Sierra Nevada Fault.
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The planet's surface can be broadly characterized by its low lying plains, which cover about 80% of the surface, 'continental' plateaus and volcanic swells. There is also an abundance of small and large shield volcanoes distributed over the planet's surface. Based on its surface features, it appears that Venus is tectonically and convectively alive but has a lithosphere that is static.
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Wagner Basin is a submarine depression in the far northern part of the Gulf of California. The basin is currently tectonically active. It is the northernmost underwater depression associated with the East Pacific Rise and is located near the southern end of the Cerro Prieto fault. The depression is a result of subsidence caused by the extensional forces imparted by a spreading center.
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In historical times, Lanín has been the least active of these volcanoes. Apart from Quetrupillán and Villarrica, there are a number of old eroded remains of stratovolcanoes in the alignment. The volcano itself rests on a basement of gneisses, felsic plutons, and volcaniclastic sequences. The basement rocks constitute a tectonically elevated block limited in the west by the north- south Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault.
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The USSR left 23 unstable uranium tailings pits on the tectonically unstable hillside above the town. A breached tailings dam in April 1958 released of radioactive tailings into the Mailuu- Suu River. In 1994, a landslide blocked the river, which flowed over its banks and flooded another waste reservoir. A flood caused by a mudslide nearly submerged a tailings pit in 2002.
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Map of the Middle Jurassic During the Middle Jurassic epoch, Pangaea began to separate into Laurasia and Gondwana, and the Atlantic Ocean formed. Eastern Laurasia was tectonically active as the Cimmerian plate continued to collide with Laurasia's southern coast, completely closing the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A subduction zone on the coast of western North America continued to create the Ancestral Rocky Mountains.
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The Kootenai Formation is a Lower Cretaceous geologic formation. The Kootenai was deposited in a foreland basin east of the Sevier thrust belt in western Montana. The lithology consists of a basal conglomerate with overlying non- marine sandstones, shales and lacustrine limestones.Decelles, P. G., Sedimentation in a tectonically partitioned, nonmarine foreland basin: The Lower Cretaceous Kootenai Formation, southwestern Montana, GSA Bulletin, 1997, v.
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The Vicuña Mackenna Batholith () is a group of plutons in the Chilean Coast Range of northern Chile. The plutons of the batholith formed (cooled) between the Early Jurassic and the Late Cretaceous (192–98 Ma). The magmas that formed the batholith originated in Earth's mantle and have not suffered any significant crustal contamination. A group of Early Cretaceous plutons were intruded syn-tectonically on the Atacama Fault.
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The Los Angeles basin is still active tectonically and the region continues to experience earthquakes as a result. Due to the number of faults and fault splays, seismic activity is not concentrated in one particular area. The cities that are overlain by the Newport–Inglewood and Whittier fault zones have a higher probability of experiencing seismic activity. The region experiences earthquakes that are mostly mild (magnitude ≤2.25).
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The Mutatá Fault is located near the junction of the Malpelo, Caribbean, and North Andean Plates. There is an elongate, tectonically depressed zone between the Mutatá and Murrí Faults. The Mutatá Fault has a prominent topographic expression near the town of Mutatá, as seen on SIR-A satellite images. To the north of Río Sucio, the Mutatá Fault shows discontinuous linear valleys, notches, and trenches (grabens).
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Hotspot causing rifting of tectonic plates After suturing, the region was tectonically quiet for a few hundred million years. The Algoman Mountains had been built and then eroded into sediments that covered the area. Fragmentation of this Archean supercontinent began around under a hotspot near Sudbury and was completed by around . This is when the Wyoming province is hypothesized to have drifted away from the Superior province.
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Volcanic eruptions are not known to have occurred from the Anahim hotspot in historical times. However, since 2007 there have been recorded volcano tectonic earthquakes and carbon dioxide emissions in the vicinity of Nazko Cone. The lack of evidence for historic seismicity prior to 2007 suggests that the area is tectonically stable, making the Nechako Basin one of the most seismically inactive areas of British Columbia.
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Landslides have left numerous deposits on the floor of Valles Marineris and contributed to widening it. Possible triggers of landslides are quakes caused by tectonic activity or impact events. Both types of events release seismic waves that accelerate the ground at and below the surface. Mars is much less tectonically active than Earth, and marsquakes are unlikely to have provided seismic waves of the required magnitude.
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The Bullenkuhle in early spring. A bog pond can be seen in the background In north Germany there are numerous salt domes under the ground – relicts of the Zechstein Sea from the Permian period, which were later relocated and deformed tectonically. When rock salt comes into contact with ground water it leaches away; i.e. the salt is absorbed by the water and transported off.
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The Paranapanema block is a coherent block of lithosphere located in southeastern South America spanning roughly the same area as the Paraná Basin. The existence of a tectonically stable zone beneath the Paraná Basin was first suggested in 1975. Despite difficulties in accessing the buried Paranapanema block it is inferred it must be composed mostly of orthogneiss and the it existed before the Brasiliano orogeny.
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A common explanation of the trough's formation is that it is an aulacogen, an abandoned arm of a three-armed radial rift system. The other two arms continued to spread during the break-up of Gondwana, as South America separated from Africa. During the Santonian age, around 84 million years ago, the Benue Trough underwent intense compression and folding. Since then it has been tectonically quiet.
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The lofty Hajar Mountains and the drowned valleys of Musandam are dramatic reminders of this. Generally speaking Oman is fairly quiescent tectonically. Musandan experiences occasional tremors as the Arabian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate. During the Cretaceous Period Oman was located adjacent to a subduction zone and a portion of the upper mantle along with overlying seafloor volcanic rocks were thrust over the continental crust.
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Geologically, the Serranía del Baudó represents an extension of the Isthmus of Panama. The mountain range started forming in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene from oceanic volcanics that were compacted as the Nazca Plate and later Malpelo Plate pushed westward into and under the South American Plate. The area is still tectonically active with the Malpelo Plate estimated to move eastward at the rate of per year.
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Tectonically, movements of the plates and a sea level fall could cause an additional 4.8 degrees Celsius globally. The combined effect between magmatic and tectonic processes could have placed the Cretaceous Earth 7.6 to 12.5 degrees Celsius higher than today. A second theory on the warm Cretaceous is the subduction of carbonate materials. By subducting carboniferous materials, a release of carbon dioxide would emit from volcanoes.
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Paleogeography of the Late Triassic, around 230 Ma. The Madygen Formation was deposited north of the Paleo-Tethys ocean. Late Triassic (220 Ma) The Madygen Formation is a Fischer et al., 2018, p.25 thick succession of predominantly siliciclastic rocks accumulated in a tectonically induced basin, covering parts of the Fergana Range and Fergana Valley of Kyrgyzstan with minor outcrops in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
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Sedimentary rocks formed during the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic overlie the South Turan Platform. In the Murgab depression and Cis-Kopetdag, they reach up to eight to 10 kilometers thick, although average thickness is one to two kilometers. Turkmenistan has tectonically complex uplands, often separated by shallow deeps. Rhaetic and Liassic age Alpine cover rocks on the South Turan Platform lies unconformably atop folded basement rocks.
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Formation of passive marginPull-apart basin created by strike-slip faults Cross section of a pull-apart basin Intracontinental basins are large areal depressions that are tectonically inactive and not near any plate boundaries. Multiple hypotheses have been introduced to explain this slow, long-lived subsidence: long-term cooling since the breakup of Pangea, interaction of deformation around the edge of the basin and deep earth dynamics.
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The High Karst Unit of the External Dinarides is a tectonic unit established by French geologists, so-called Aubouin's group, as reviewed in a recent scientific literature . The unit consists of a highly tectonically deformed carbonate and clastic rock successions deposited between the Upper Carboniferous age of the Carboniferous period in the Mesozoic Era, and the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period in the Cenozoic Era.
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Hydrothermal epithermal deposits consist of geological veins or groups of closely spaced geological veins. Finally, Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) are hosted in limestone or dolomite that was deposited in a shallow marine environment in a tectonically stable intraplate environment. As expected in such an environment, volcanic rocks, folding and regional metamorphism are absent as a general rule. MVT deposits commonly lie in close proximity to evaporites.
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Figure 6 The Central Basin Platform (CBP) is a tectonically uplifted basement block capped by a carbonate platform. The CBP separates the Delaware and Midland Basins and is subdivided into several formations, from oldest to youngest Wolfcamp, Abo, Drinkard, Tubb, Blinebry, Paddock, Glorietta, San Andres, Grayburg, Queen, Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill Formations (Figure5). The sequence mainly comprises carbonate reef deposits and shallow marine clastic sediments.
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Sarah Haffner's artistic spectrum includes portraits, still lifes, landscapes and cityscapes. After 1985 her figurative style evolved from an additive object-oriented focus towards an increasingly abstract presentational approach. Her tectonically structured and strongly formed shapes, and the reduced imagery leave the forms shown as coloured surfaces. In apparent contrast to the rigidity of the forms is the intensity of the colours she uses.
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The Upper Karoo is indeed an ideal site for an astronomical observatory. This is not only because of the clear skies, absence of artificial lights, and high altitude, but also because it is tectonically completely inactive (meaning that there are no fault lines or volcanoes nearby, and no earth tremors or earthquakes occur, even at great distances).Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Macropaedia, Vol. 17. p. 60. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.
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Graptolites are normally preserved as a black carbon film on the rock's surface or as light grey clay films in tectonically distorted rocks. The fossil can also appear stretched or distorted. This is due to the strata that the graptolite is within, being folded and compacted. They may be sometimes difficult to see, but by slanting the specimen to the light they reveal themselves as a shiny marking.
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The Ubehebe Craters are associated with a fault system that runs across them. The region has been affected by volcanism for the last 10 million years. The volcanic field is part of the Death Valley National Park and is accessible to tourists. The fault system is within the tectonically active Basin and Range Province physiographic region Various estimates have been put forward for the age of the craters.
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Pleistocene lakes in the region. Note that Lake Tecopa's borders are incorrect Lake Tecopa existed during the Miocene and Pleistocene. The basin of Lake Tecopa formed between 7 and 11 million years ago, but was then tectonically stable during the Quaternary, although tectonic or magmatic activity may be occurring north of Shoshone. From about 5 million years ago to about 186,000 years before present, the lake developed inside the basin.
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The Western Block became tectonically stable after the amalgamation in Precambrian. Sediment deposition and volcanic activities began to form rocks covering the Precambrian basement. Except a gap of geological record during Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous, from Cambrian to Jurassic, various types of sedimentary rock formed a thick strata. In Early Cretaceous, extensive magmatic activities developed in the eastern part of the Western Block due to cratonic destruction.
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Yunnan lies in a tectonically complex zone affected by the broad zone of deformation associated with the ongoing collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. A rhomb- shaped fault-bounded block, known as the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, is recognised that is bounded by the active left-lateral strike-slip faults of the Xianshuihe fault system and the currently right lateral Red River Fault and Jinshajiang Fault.
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Despite the multiple reworking that has affected Lewisian-like gneisses within the Moine they show evidence of a common history, although with some important differences. The largest, the Glenelg-Attadale inlier, shows evidence of eclogite facies metamorphism within both of the tectonically juxtaposed units that make up the inlier, thought to be associated with crustal thickening during a Paleoproterozoic event at about 1.7 Ga and the Grenvillian orogenic event respectively.
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Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somalia.
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This criterion works particularly well in oceanic lithosphere, where it is reasonably simple to estimate the temperature at depth based upon the age of the rocks. The LAB is most shallow when using this definition. The MBL is rarely equated to the lithosphere, as in some tectonically active regions (e.g. the Basin and Range Province) the MBL is thinner than the crust and the LAB would be above the Mohorovičić discontinuity.
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Tessera terrain in the Maxwell Montes seen in white on the right of the image. Eastern edge of Lakshmi Planum seen in gray on the left. Tesserae are regions of heavily deformed terrain on Venus, characterized by two or more intersecting tectonic elements, high topography, and subsequent high radar backscatter. Tesserae often represent the oldest material at any given location and are among the most tectonically deformed terrains on Venus's surface.
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Despite the heavy rains of 21 May, the city was without a water supply. The river turned brown with sediment from landslides and was full of floating debris, including entire houses. The lack of potable water became a serious problem in one of Chile's rainiest regions. The earthquake did not strike all the territory with the same strength; measured with the Mercalli scale, tectonically depressed areas suffered heavier damage.
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The county has an area of , with rugged topography. Damxung is long and narrow, measuring from the northeast to southwest extremes, and at most . The county is tectonically active and was the epicenter of a 7.5Mw earthquake in the north in 1952 and a 6.4 Mw earthquake in the south in 2008. In November 2010 a moderate quake in Damxung at 5.2 on the Richter scale shook office windows in Lhasa.
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The South China Sea Basin is one of the largest marginal basins in Asia. South China Sea is located to the east of Vietnam, west of Philippines and the Luzon Strait, and north of Borneo. Tectonically, it is surrounded by the Indochina Block on the west, Philippines Sea plate on the east, Yangtze Block to the north. A subduction boundary exists between the Philippines Sea Plate and the Asian Plate.
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This large oceanic plate was consumed at subduction zones (see subduction zone). At the subduction trenches the sedimentary rock layers that were deposited within the prehistoric Tethys Ocean buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic lithosphere. These blocks form a very complex mixture or mélange of rocks that include mainly serpentinite, basalt, dolerite and chert (e.g. Bergougnan, 1975).
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When an igneous rock cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, then we can say that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. The principle of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed stratum is younger than the one beneath and older than the one above it. The principle of original horizontality states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds.
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The peninsula Peloponnese is dominated by carbonate rock, “Tripoliza” (limestone- and similar carbonate formations). These rock formations were subject of intense tectonicsJaboshagen, V. (ed), Geologie von Griechenland…German and English. See Literature that shattered the carbonate formations over time. Water, which runs through the tectonically induced fractures chemically soluted the rock (karstifikation) and thus widened the fractions over time (dissolution) to the size of subterranean waterways, even caves.
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The region of Saurashtra is a geologically active part of West India, and falls in the seismic zone 3 of the Zoning Map of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The region as a whole and the area around Bhavnagar, in particular, has been tectonically unstable. Between 9 August 2000 and 15 December 2000, there was a series of earthquakes in east Saurashtra with epicenters in Bhavnagar. 132 earthquakes between magnitude 0.5 to 3.8 were recorded.
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30 April 2012. . Steep, cliff-backing abrasion coastline The coastline along the western part of the nation consists of very steep, cliffed rock formations generally with vegetative slopes descending down and a fringing beach below. The various sedimentary, metamorphic, and volcanic rock formations assembled along a tectonically disturbed environment, all with altering resistances running perpendicular, cause the ridged, extensive stretch of uplifted cliffs that form the peninsulas, lagoons, and valleys.Collins, B., and N. Sitar.
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Although this is the first step to the process for the formation of a marine terrace, not all wave cut platforms will become a marine terrace. After the wave cut platform is formed it must be removed from interaction with the high wave energy. This process happens by either change in sea level due to glacial-interglacial cycles or tectonically rising landmasses. When the wave cut has been raised above sea level it is preserved.
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Exactly 213 boreholes would each have a nuclear explosive charge of 1,5 Megatons. Everyone of these bombs would have an explosive yield fifty times that of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima. Evacuation plans cited numbers of at least 25,000 evacuees. Further problems arose with the tectonically unstable Red Sea Rift located just 450 km away from the blast site on which the shockwaves of the explosions would not have remained without result.
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Water and ice eroded tectonically fractured rocks beginning 17 million years ago, creating deep Alpine valleys. Along strike-slip faults, the Koralpe and Saualpe mountain ranges were uplifted and tilted to the east. Elsewhere, intramontane basins such as Fohnsdorf, Tamsweg and Lavantall formed, accumulating mountain debris and coal. The Molasse Sea-Paratethys Ocean extended into the Vienna, Styrian and Pannonian basins, which became isolated as the Pannonian Lake 12 million years ago.
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Although, it can be due to changes on the Fuctuation on the Basin. Observed Mn veins and their above-proposed formation mechanism do not eliminate completely the possibility of tectonically formed Neptunian dikes elsewhere in the basin, which could well fit in the local, general tectonic environment observed, for instance in Eplény.Papp, R.Z., B.A. Topa , T. Vigh , N. Zajzon 2015: Geochemical and mineralogical study of Eplény Mn-deposit, Hungary. – Goldschmidt Abstracts, Poster board 4063, p.
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The Elbbach's broad lower reaches follow a tectonically created fault (Elzer Graben) which stretches northwards into the community of Dornburg. The Devonian bedrock here is, especially west of the Elbbach, overlain with thick sedimentary fill from the Tertiary (clays, sands, gravels) of which especially the quartz sand has afforded the region some economic importance. Overlying these in turn are layers of Ice Age loess deposits, which have laid the basis for fruitful agriculture.
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Greens Creek Mine Metal sulfides were deposited by hydrothermal fluids on or in the sea floor of a tectonically-active basin. The deposit exhibits features of both VMS and SEDEX models. Most of the ore body is zinc-lead-silver-gold-barium rich; some zones have elevated copper values. The deposit is hosted in metamorphosed, multiply deformed, and hydrothermally-altered mainly marine Triassic sediments and mafic volcanic rocks within the exotic Alexander terrane.
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Calcarenitic shore of Rodrigues island, at Pointe Coton Rodrigues is a volcanic island rising from a ridge along the edge of the Mascarene Plateau. The tectonically active Rodrigues Triple Point lies on the sea-floor nearby. Rodrigues is only 1.5 million years old, even if the plateau under the lagoon surrounding Rodrigues may be much more ancient than the island. Over time Rodrigues has developed a unique environment, including many endemic species.
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Vertically-tilted metamorphic rocks of the Glenfinnan Group, near Carn Eighe in the Northern Highlands. This group lies tectonically above the Sgurr Beag Thrust and below the Loch Eil Group. There is evidence of a true stratigraphic transition between these two groups in some areas. Slices of Lewisian-type gneisses are found above the Sgurr Beag thrust and are interpreted to represent pieces of basement to the group incorporated during the Caledonian orogeny.
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The Krol group of rocks, comprising slates, marls, sandstones, limestones and dolomites with a few small dykes intrusives, is the dominant geological formation of the lake's surroundings. The lake is deduced to have been formed tectonically. Balia Nala, which is the main stream feeding the lake is along a fault line and the subsequent streams align parallel to major joints and faults. 26 major drains feed the lake including the 3 perennial drains.
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The Siberian Altai represents the northernmost region affected by the tectonic collision of India into Asia. Massive fault systems run through the area, including the Kurai fault zone and the recently identified Tashanta fault zone. These fault systems are typically thrusts or right lateral strike-slip faults, some of which are tectonically active. Rock types in the mountains are typically granites and metamorphic schists, and some are highly sheared near to fault zones.
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Ultramafic ophiolite formed with the opening of a branch of the Tethys Ocean in the Cretaceous, followed by magmatic activity. With continued continental subduction in the Paleogene, uplift and the formation of tectonic windows began. The Adriaticum is a carbonate platform structural belt with Mesozoic-Paleogene flysch, chert and limestone superimposed on it. The Supradinaricum forms a nappe on the Dinaricum and are tectonically complex with oceanic rocks underlain by platform deposits.
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Tectonically, the field is located within the Tarvagatay terrane which formed 3,000-200 mya ago and between 1,000 and 250 mya was accreted into the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. This terrane is formed by amphibolite, gneiss, migmatite and schist. An anorthosite pluton has yielded ages of 3,050 mya and is the oldest age from this terrane. Following stabilization of the whole Hangai region in the Paleozoic, only in the late Cenozoic did tectonic activity recommence.
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The genus name Synemporion is derived from Ancient Greek "synemporos" meaning "fellow traveler or companion." The authors chose this genus name to reflect the fact that the genus traveled on the tectonically active Hawaiian Islands along with the Hawaiian hoary bat (Aeorestes semotus). The species name "keana" comes from Hawaiian "ke" meaning "the" and "ana" meaning "cave." The name keana references the fact that the holotype was discovered in a lava tube.
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However, during the Carnian time period, separation of the northern areas began to occur, which separated the Laurasian supercontinent existing at the time. In addition, the Gondwanaland supercontinent of the South also began to separate and disperse itself. However, Pangaea was still intact at this time. During these land mass separations, regions were extremely tectonically active, which caused cataclysmic flows of lava, which would eventually lead to rift lines and land separation.
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Its geomorphological counterpart is the longitudinal valley. During the course of a long valley, both forms may alternate. Geologically transverse valleys frequently form a water gap where, during the course of earth history, the erosion of a river or large stream cuts a path through a mountain or hill range that stands tectonically at right angles to it. The Val de Travers in the Jura Mountains is a longitudinal valley, despite its name.
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Amongst the rocks of Tarntal Mesozoic may be found dolomite and limestones that are the basis of rock faces (Kalkwand and Torwand) in the area of the Wattentaler Lizum. On the other hand, there are also elements of the former ocean bed, in the shape of serpentinite that make up the Lizumer Reckner. The southern perimeter of the Tux Alps belongs to the tectonically deeper-lying Penninic Hohe Tauern window.Rainer Brandner u.a.
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Minnesota is not a very tectonically active state; however, there is at least one fault zone in it, the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone, stretching from Big Stone County and Traverse County to Duluth. Seventeen earthquakes have occurred along the fault, the two largest being the Morris quake and the Staples event of 1917. However, plotting of the earthquakes suggests that there may be another hidden fault in the state somewhat adjacent to it.
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The previous phase was followed by a tectonically more quiet setting in the basins surrounding the slowly rising Pyrenees. Research published in 2014 has revealed a renewed phase of evaporitic deposition from the Coniacian to Santonian in the Cotiella Basin, west of the Tremp Basin.López Mir et al., 2014, p.14 The relative tectonic quiescence lasted until the late Santonian, approximately around 85 Ma, with other authors defining this moment at 83 Ma.Rosenbaum et al.
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Parvinatator wapitiensis was discovered in the Sulfur Mountain Formation in British Columbia, Canada, by Elisabeth Nicholls and Don Brinkman in 1995. The only fossil recovered of this genus is a partial skull and two forefins. The skull has been tectonically deformed, partially dis-articulated and broken with the posterior section rotated forward into the orbit. The left forefin is well preserved with only minor overlapping and breakage, while the right forefin is heavily overlapped and broken.
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Iran contains two major mountain ranges, the Alborz in northern Iran and Zagros in western Iran. Each range is associated with a major suture zone, the Alborz-Kopeh Dag and the Bitlis-Zagros sutures respectively. These mountain chains surround Central Iran, in whose southern part lies the Lut block and Bazman. Tectonically, southern central Iran does not follow the typical Alpide geological patterns insofar as faults are rare and the folds in the crust are broad.
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After the eruption, the Verde ignimbrites were tectonically deformed and partly buried by the Tajamar ignimbrites. The second eruption was more extensive and covered at a minimum . Starting from the caldera rim, it is clearly distinguishable in two units; the intracaldera Chorrillos and the extracaldera Tajamar units which were formerly considered to be separate events. The Chorrilos deposits are gray coloured and have pumice fragments of less than 5 cm diameter; they also contain breccia lenses.
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Geologically, the area is covered by sediments of Quaternary age and sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic- Tertiary age, with outcrops of Precambrian-Paleozoic age in mountains. The Shiyang River after a steep descent over tectonically tilted terrain flows into the Tengger Desert and enters into lake Baijian Hu. The average runoff of the Shiyang River is ; water is withdrawn for irrigation purposes and this has reduced river discharge in the Tengger Desert, causing lakes to dry up.
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The type locality and the western branch are tectonically emplaced in the lower plagioclase-bearing paragneisses. These outcrops are spatially very close to the northern edge of the Chéronnac Leucogranite, a Pennsylvanian leucogranite with a very pronounced, east-west-striking foliation. The only exception are the serpentinites from Les Soumagnes and Bonnefont situated somewhat farther north and which are already associated with leptynitic gneisses. The southeastern branch generally overlies leptynitic augen gneisses folded into the paragneisses.
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The morphology of the basin floor is divided into 2 regions, the northern and southern. The northern regions is described as "rugged, with a system of spurs and valleys running down from the Lesser Antilles arc" and the southern region is characterized by smooth, near horizontal surfaces. The morphology of the north is due to its proximity to the North American-Caribbean subduction zone. The basin itself is tectonically stable with earthquakes occurring outside the basin.
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The geology of Jan Mayen is part of the larger Jan Mayen Ridge, an undersea volcanic ridge that forms the boundary of the Iceland Plateau to the northeast. North of the island, the sea floor slopes steeply, plunging a depth of greater than two kilometers in the vicinity of Jan Mayen Rift Zone. The region is highly tectonically active, at the junction of the European and American plates. This activity produces volcanism and earthquakes on the island itself.
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Much of his work is summarized in classic papers co-authored with Franco Ricci Lucchi, and Bill Normark. Since 1989 his work has focused on stratigraphy and facies analysis of flood-dominated fluvio-deltaic deposits and their relationships to turbidite systems in many tectonically mobile basins worldwide. Emiliano is a field geologist with a very strong passion for sedimentary rocks. Anyone who has been in the field with him knows that he is a master of observation and description.
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A miogeocline is an area of sedimentation which occurs along the passive margin of a continent. The deposits occur as typically shallow water clastic sediments which thicken seaward to form a clastic wedge parallel to a tectonically quiescent coast. Modern examples include the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of North and South America. The term was coined in 1966 by Dietz and Holden from the miogeosyncline concept of the outdated geosynclinal theory.
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The northern lower levels of Southern Norway's Paleic surface are considered to be equivalent to the Muddus plains. The plains formed in connection to the uplift of the northern Scandinavian Mountains in the Paleogene. The uplift caused the surface to tilt eastward and incised valleys opened up to the east. This region in to east of the Scandinavian Mountains proper was a tectonically stable region close to a base level where topography evolved to form the Muddus plains.
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However, considerable displacement of the dikes at this location is unknown. The most recent tectonic activity of the Big Dan Shear Zone displaced a Proterozoic dike composed of diabase, which intersects the zone. A similar abundance of felsic dikes are adjacent to Arsenic Lake just west of Highway 11, indicating that similar tectonism also occurred along that structural zone. Therefore, these north-trending shear zones may have been tectonically active for at least a billion years.
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On these raised areas the Ruhpolding radiolarites did not accumulate; instead red limestones like the Agathakalk or the Hasselberg Limestone continued to be deposited here. This tectonically accentuated profile was slowly levelled later during the sedimentation of the Aptychen Beds. Another characteristic of the Ruhpolding turning point is the associated volcanic activity. The tuff layers right at the onset of the Ruhpolding formation are without doubt the precursors of the Upper Jurassic magmatic pulse in the Alps.
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The Maluku Islands or the Moluccas () (Molukken) are an archipelago in eastern Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg, mace and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked colonial interest from Europe in the sixteenth century.
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The Maritimes Basin is a Mid-Devonian to Early Permian sedimentary basin that underlies parts of the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. It is a composite basin, meaning that it consists of many sub-basins, such as the Windsor-Kennetcook Basin of Nova Scotia. Some of these basins host important natural resources, including coal, petroleum, and minerals such as sylvite, halite, and barite. The Maritimes Basin was deposited and tectonically- modified during the final assembly of Pangea.
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Fresh groundwater is unable to permeate the thick clays to reach underlying sequences, by the overlying layers of sediment deposits have a lower salinity. In the western areas of the peninsula there are outcrops of low permeability clays from the Cretaceous, Palaogene, Neogene, and Lower Pilocene. These clays are deeper in the eastern areas and covered by Quaternary sediments. Although the peninsula is tectonically a southeast continuous of the Greater Caucasus, its Quaternary deposits are isolated.
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National Route 45A, connecting Bogotá with Bucaramanga, between San Gil and Piedecuesta crosses the canyon and offers spectacular sights on both sides of the Chicamocha River. The heavy truck traffic through the canyon, with frequent accidents and very restricted access can lead to long traffic jams. The canyon is currently administered by Chicamocha National Park (, PANACHI). The Chicamocha Canyon started forming in the Early Oligocene, when Colombia was undergoing a tectonically active phase of the Andean orogeny.
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Wamdeo like most of the regions in Southern Borno is located on a Basement Complex and is defined tectonically by fault bounded basins containing sediments which vary in age from cretaceous to quaternary. The Chad basin lies to the North and the Benue Trough to the south. To the west is a shallow basin known as the Zambuk ridge which links the two main Basins. Wamdeo is located in the North Central part of the Borno Basement Region.
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The formation is interpreted as indicative of a Jurassic marine regression showing a successive shallowing of deep marine environments (pillow lavas, turbidites) to shallow marine environments (limestone) and culminating with an upper region displaying a continental environment (paleochannels). Tectonically, the formation is assumed to have deposited either in the westernmost fringes of Neuquén Basin or in an intra-arc basin. In both cases the formation must have been deposited very close to a volcanic arc, active in the Jurassic.
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Lakes, volcanic complexes and deformation zones of Strathy Township. Also shown are portions of the massive Chambers-Strathy Batholith Many north-trending shear zones intersect iron-rich tholeiitic basalts of the Arsenic Lake Formation. These zones range in width from less than up to , and might maintain a larger area of weakness that was tectonically active over the past billion years. Evidence for early tectonism, likely related to volcanic activity, include the greater density of felsic dikes concentrated immediately around these zones.
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In some places it is covered with younger deposits, for example in the Podhale basin in Poland, or in the Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia. Klippes, which are the most characteristic features of the belt, are Jurassic to lower Cretaceous lenses - rigid blocks of limestone, tectonically separated from their unknown substratum. These blocks are also cropping out in tectonic windows in the overlying middle Cretaceous to Paleogene sediments. Strong tectonic deformation is a result of two main phases during the Alpine orogeny.
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The highest shoreline occurs at about elevation (subsequently tectonically deformed) about 186,000 years before present; it appears to coincide with the Eetza highstand of Lake Lahontan and oxygen isotope stages 8, 7 and 6. Some doubts have been raised about this chronology, however. At some point after 579,000 years ago, a large slump occurred at the southwestern area of the lake, possibly triggered by an earthquake. Such earthquake activity is also responsible for the formation of seismites within the lake sediments.
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Present-day map of the main tectonic provinces The Gulf of Mexico is tectonically passive with low shear strength, but seaward slumping has produced a weak but mappable stress field. The stress map shows that in offshore Louisiana, maximum horizontal stress is oriented parallel to the shelf. Characteristics of the clastic sedimentary wedge have the greatest influence on the local stresses. Topography, lithology, and faults also affect how the stress map appears, but impermeable salt structures are significant because they resist movement.
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The area of Sundaland encompasses the Sunda Shelf, a tectonically stable extension of Southeast Asia's continental shelf that was exposed during glacial periods of the last 2 million years. The extent of the Sunda Shelf is approximately equal to the 120 meter isobath. In addition to the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra, it includes the Java Sea, the Gulf of Thailand, and portions of the South China Sea. In total, the area of Sundaland is approximately 1,800,000 km2.
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The southern Tibetan Plateau is tectonically active, and contains many geothermal springs. Although rivers in Tibet are generally considered to be clean, the water of the Duilong is affected by these springs. A 2015 study reported that during the non-monsoon season the levels of arsenic in the river, at 205.6 μg/L were higher than the WHO guideline of 10 μg/L for drinking water. The source of the pollution seems to be untreated water from the Yangbajain Geothermal Field power station.
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Except for the extreme east near Mount Cameroon, the forest zone is entirely with a series of Precambrian cratons and has not been tectonically active in Phanerozoic periods. (It is believed that these cratons came together near the end of the Precambrian). Most of it is flat to undulating lowland, with mountains only on its northern fringe, rising to 1948 metres in the Loma Massif. Many rivers cross the forest zone, with the most important being the Niger and the Volta.
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The shape of alluvial fans is mostly influenced tectonically. An alluvial fan can be completely changed due to orogenic thrusting. An alluvial fan could have been deposited and formed outside of a mountain range, however, thrusting of the mountain belt could cause the alluvial fan to become broken up by the new mountain forming. Thus, the alluvial fan would be split with the fan on either side of the new mountain range development and could change the steepness of the fan.
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The mountain is actually a hyaloclastite ridge from the Pleistocene (Weichselian). Its typical form shows well as there is not much vegetation on its slopes. Helgafell is located in a tectonically and volcanically rather active region with the last eruptions on Reykjanes peninsula in the 13th Erica A. Massey: A Comparative Study of Glaciovolcanic Palagonitization of Tholeitic and Alkaline Sideromelane in Helgafell, Icland, and Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Filed, BC, Canada. B.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 2014 or 14th century, Krýsuvík.
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The law of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. This is because it is not possible for a younger layer to slip beneath a layer previously deposited. The only disturbance that the layers experience is bioturbation, in which animals and/or plants move things in the layers. however, this process is not enough to allow the layers to change their positions.
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Geologically and tectonically, the Chatham Rise can be thought of as an extension of the eastern South Island. It was largely dry land at the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago) and formed a large peninsula extending from New Zealand to the Chatham Islands at that time. The Cretaceous landscape of the Chatham Rise was characterized by a volcanic landscape. Fossils found on the Chatham Islands characterize the flora and fauna of the Chatham Rise in the late Mesozoic.
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In almost the whole Peloponnese region, intense tectonicsJaboshagen, V. (ed), Geologie von Griechenland…German and English. See Literature shattered the limestone- and similar carbonate formations of Arcadia over time. Water runs through the tectonically induced fractures and chemically dissolves the rock (karstifikation) and thus widens the fractures over time. At the bottom of slopes, where the water of the lake is in direct contact with carbonate rock these fractures slowly enlarge to become ponors (katavothres, Greek: καταβόθρες), that drain the water.
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On the Late Early Jurassic, the zone was part of a coastal Setting, with influence of fluvial facies at the north. Sinemurian deposition from older units was tectonically affected due to seismic activity on the Middle Toarcian, leading to a vertical stratification on some locations.Ettaki, M., Sadki, D., Chellaï, E. H., & Milhi, A. (2008). Interaction eustatisme-tectonique dans le contrôle de la sédimentation au Jurassique inférieur et moyen dans la région de Todrha-Dadès (versant sud du Haut-Atlas central, Maroc).
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This > implies that the geological environment is tectonically stable and a site > suitable for carbon dioxide storage. The solubility trapping [is] the most > permanent and secure form of geological storage. In March 2009 StatoilHydro issued a study showing the slow spread of in the formation after more than 10 years operation. Phase I of the Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada has determined that the likelihood of stored release is less than one percent in 5,000 years.
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MVT deposits petrogenetic model in general - Carbonate sand banks deposited on a shallow tropical marine platform separated very shallow water evapourite basins (landward) and deeper water muds (seaward). The deposits are hosted in limestone or dolomite that was deposited on shallow marine platforms in a tectonically stable intraplate environment. As expected in such an environment, volcanic rocks, folding and regional metamorphism are absent as a general rule. MVT deposits commonly lie in close proximity to evaporites and/or beneath unconformities.
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Samad is a crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's geologically active moon Enceladus. Samad was first discovered in Voyager 2 images. It is located at 60.3° North Latitude, 4.5° West Longitude and is across. Currently available images are too low in resolution to determine if this crater has been tectonically deformed, but the lack of a prominent central dome suggests Samad has not undergone the level of viscous relaxation of other craters in its size range, like Dalilah or Ahmad.
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The hard-weathering granite is extensively rugged throughout the belt. The Insular Belt is composed of the outboard terrain with no connection to North America before accretion. There are two main terranes—Wrangellia and the Alexander—and a few smaller ones such as the Pacific Rim terrane. Because the Insular Belt is the most tectonically active of the belts, it has the greatest relief differences from the depths of the Queen Charlotte sound to the heights of the Wrangell–St.
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The mountain ranges are discontinuous in several places and are given individual names such as Serra de Bocaina, Serra de Paranapiacaba, Serra Negra, Serra dos Órgãos, Serra do Indaiá, etc. The range also extends to some large islands near the coastline, such as Ilhabela and Ilha Anchieta. With an altitude of , Pico da Caledônia in Nova Friburgo is among the highest points in Serra do Mar. Geologically, the range belongs to the massive crystalline rock platform that forms Eastern South America, and tectonically it is very stable.
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The city boundaries roughly correspond to the basin of the Lhasa River, a major tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. It lies on the Lhasa terrane, the last unit of crust to accrete to the Eurasian plate before the continent of India collided with Asia about 50 million years ago and pushed up the Himalayas. The terrain is high, contains a complex pattern of faults and is tectonically active. The temperature is generally warm in summer and rises above freezing on sunny days in winter.
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Despite its small size, Enceladus has a wide range of surface features, ranging from old, heavily cratered regions to young, tectonically deformed terrains. Enceladus was discovered on August 28, 1789, by William Herschel, but little was known about it until the two Voyager spacecraft, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, passed nearby in 1980 and 1981. In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft started multiple close flybys of Enceladus, revealing its surface and environment in greater detail. In particular, Cassini discovered water-rich plumes venting from the south polar region.
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Kazbegi is located on the Khokh Range, a mountain range which runs north of the Greater Caucasus Range, and which is pierced by the gorges of the Ardon and the Terek. At its eastern foot runs the Georgian Military Road through the pass of Darial 2,378 meters (7,805 feet). The mountain itself lies along the edge of the Borjomi–Kazbegi Fault (which is a northern sub-ending of the North Anatolian Fault). The region is highly active tectonically, with numerous small earthquakes occurring at regular intervals.
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Geologica Acta. 9 (1): 45–54. View of Valdivia from west A tectonically and eustatically stable period during the Oligocene and Early Miocene allowed erosion to create deep valleys in the Coast Range and peat swamps at what is now the estuary of the Valdivia basin. About 23.5 million years ago this stable period was interrupted by a major volcanic eruption and 23 mya ago an increase in convergence rate at the Peru–Chile Trench caused an uplift of the landscape and renewed erosion.
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These estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with faulting, volcanoes, and landslides. Inundation from eustatic sea-level rise during the Holocene Epoch has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries. There are only a small number of tectonically produced estuaries; one example is the San Francisco Bay, which was formed by the crustal movements of the San Andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers.
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Fiji lies in a tectonically complex area between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate. The Fiji Platform lies in a zone bordered with active extension fault lines around which most of the shallow earthquakes were centered. These fault lines are the Fiji Fracture Zone (FFZ) to the north, the 176° Extension Zone (176°E EZ) to the west, and the Hunter Fracture Zone (HFZ) and Lau Ridge to the east. Mio-Pliocene sandstones and marl grade into epiclastics and andesitic volcanics of the Suva Group.
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Ultimately, most of the element was thus leached out of the planet's ecosystem, concentrating it there. After that, volcanic activity was the only process that reintroduced potassium into the ecosystem. Having thus discovered the lack of potassium in Destiny's biosphere, the crew of the Cavorite landing craft took the ship to search for a volcano from which to harvest potassium. However, Destiny is a far, far older planet than Earth, and is much less tectonically active: They could find only a single major volcano.
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Iwami is around 30 minutes by train from the prefectural capital of Tottori City, and is the third stop by train heading east on the Tottori-Hamasaka line. Hyōgo Prefecture and Iwami's sister town of Shin'onsen are relatively nearby as well. Weather in Iwami can be quite changeable, with summer temperatures peaking at over 30 degrees Celsius in August and dropping as low as -2 degrees in January and February. Whilst relatively tectonically stable for Japan, the area is prone to the occasional typhoon during the season.
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It is composed of Cretaceous metamorphic rocks (predominantly schists and gneisses) and quartzdioritic intrusives of Tertiary age. The Quaternary of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is mainly represented by colluvial-alluvial valley fill and by recent beach deposits. The coastlines of the northwestern part of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta are indented, reflecting the alternation of rocky headlands and deep, NNW trending tectonically controlled bays. The headlands are typically high plunging cliffs cut into schists and granites, whereas the embayments front alluvial valley deposits.
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Fiji lies in a tectonically complex area between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate. The Fiji Platform lies in a zone bordered with active extension fault lines around which most of the shallow earthquakes were centered. These fault lines are the Fiji Fracture Zone (FFZ) to the north, the 176° Extension Zone (176°E EZ) to the west, and the Hunter Fracture Zone (HFZ) and Lau Ridge to the east. The oldest rocks on the island consist of the Eocene to Lower Miocene Wainimala Group.
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Due to development by the Soviet Union and relocation of workers and industries from European areas of the Soviet Union during World War II, the city has a high proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians. The city lies in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in the extreme south-east. It has a relatively mild climate with warm and dry summers and quite cold winters. Since the city is in a tectonically active area, it has an endemic risk of earthquakes.
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The AVA boundaries cover a series of tectonically- uplifted terraces in the southern half of a valley on the banks of Clear Lake. The Mayacamas mountains in the south and west separate the area from the southern end of Mendocino County, and the dormant Mount Konocti volcano lies to the east. The Red Hills Lake County AVA is on the south-eastern border of Kelsey Bench and when the appellation was formalized, the Red Hills boundaries were modified slightly to meet the Kelsey Bench boundaries.
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Topographic map of Mars showing the highland-lowland boundary marked in yellow, and the Tharsis rise outlined in red (USGS, 2014). Like the Earth, the crustal properties and structure of the surface of Mars are thought to have evolved through time; in other words, as on Earth, tectonic processes have shaped the planet. However, both the ways this change has happened and the properties of the planet's lithosphere are both very different when compared to the Earth. Today, Mars is believed to be largely tectonically inactive.
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Lithos, 42(1-2), 1-13. In the Taytay area of northern Palawan, a young basaltic cinder cone is another manifestation of young magmatic activity. The granitic magmatism and basaltic magmatism are both expressions of what has been identified as a widespread post-South China Sea spreading magmatism that has affected many areas around the South China Sea. Tectonically, Palawan with the Calamian Islands, is considered to be a north-east extension of the Sunda Plate, in collision with the Philippine Mobile Belt at Mindoro.
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A few puzzling outliers occur at Isla Beata and near Thomazeau, Haiti. Many species are known only from the type locality, or from an unknown locality, and thus their actual distributions remain unclear. Abbottella and its relatives appear to have evolved on mainland Hispaniola, and thus were not part of the Tiburon Peninsula species assemblage that was tectonically rafted to the island. Preliminary radular and phylogenetic studies clearly indicate that Abbottella and its relatives are a distinct monophyletic group apart from the rest of the Annulariidae.
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Tectonically deformed sedimentary rocks that accumulated during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous periods comprise Stolbovoy Island. These turbidites, which contain the fossils of marine pelecypods, consist of beds of sandstone coarsely and rhythmically interbedded with beds of siltstone and argillite. These rocks have been folded into a synclinal structure, thrust faulted, and intruded by small quartz diorite dikes.Kos’ko, M.K., B.G. Lopatin, and V.G. Ganelin, 1990, Major geological features of the islands of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas and the Northern Coast of Chukotka.
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Rainbow is located on a massif at depth, shared with two fossil (mostly inactive) vent sites Ghost City and Clamstone. As a slow-spreading ridge at approximately 2.2 cm/yr, extensive faulting has uplifted gabbro and peridotite and exposed ultramafic rock to cold seawater. Faulting may also be responsible for magnitude 3 - 3.5 earthquakes observed in hydroacoustic data, suggesting that the region is tectonically active. Unlike high-temperature basalt systems, this ultramafic setting is associated with a positive magnetic anomaly; postulated to come from magnetite precipitation.
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Save for a debris-covered ridge to the northwest, Macdonald has a circular shape, with a width of at a depth of . The slopes of Macdonald display radial ridges which may reflect tectonically- controlled rift zones, as well as isolated parasitic cones. The volume of the whole edifice has been estimated to be . Macdonald seamount bears traces of landslides, including collapse scars up on the edifice and smooth terrain formed by debris on its lower slopes; collapses have been inferred on the eastern, southern, western and northwestern flank.
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The Lower Rhine Bay is bordered to the east by the Berg Plateaux (Bergische Hochflächen), the western slopes of the Süder Uplands in the historic Bergisches Land. To the south, are the Lower Middle Rhine region including the Pleiser Hills, Siebengebirge and Lower Middle Rhine Valley, to the southwest is the Eifel. To the north, the loess strip forms the boundary with the Lower Rhine Plain. The surface of the landscape is flat or gently rolling and divided by tectonically-formed ridges and valleys that mainly run from southeast to northwest.
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The principle of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. Logically a younger layer cannot slip beneath a layer previously deposited. This principle allows sedimentary layers to be viewed as a form of vertical time line, a partial or complete record of the time elapsed from deposition of the lowest layer to deposition of the highest bed. The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks.
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The Mid-Continent Region of the United States is a physiographic province that extends from northern Texas and covers portions of Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma. This area is a transition between the Eastern Plains and drier, short grass prairies of the Great Plains Region. It is bounded by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River on the west and consists of generally low-relief, flat-lying marine and stream deposits from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. Geologically, the area is tectonically stable and part of the continental core.
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Location of Amchitka island in Alaska.In the late 1960s, the U.S. had planned an underground nuclear weapon test in the tectonically unstable island of Amchitka in Alaska without environmental organization acceptation; the plans raised some concerns of the test triggering earthquakes and causing a tsunami. A 1969 demonstration of 7,000"Protests fail to stop Nuclear Test countdown", The Free-Lance Star - 2 Oct 1969, Accessed via Google News Archive 16 November 2012. people blocked the Peace Arch Border Crossing between British Columbia and Washington,Congressional Record, 1971, p.
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During the formation of the Upper Rhine Graben in the Paleogene period (66–23.8 million years ago), these rock strata experienced tectonically induced displacements that have had a significance impact on the appearance of the landscape of the Wasgau today. At that time the edges of the Rhine Graben were uplifted and the layers of bunter sandstone and, in places also older rocks (Zechstein, Rotliegendes) were exposed after the overlying rock was eroded away. This resulted in tilting, bulging (thrusting and folding) and the fracturing (formation of faults) of the various rock strata.
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The Merlis serpentinites are tectonically emplaced as sheared lenses within paragneisses, leptynitic gneisses and augengneisses. These bodies generally strike ESE to SSE (N 120 to N 150) in the northern branch, with a medium dip angle between 30 and 60°. In the southern branch the foliation then swings into a southwesterly direction (N 045) with a rather flat dip of about 30° to the Southeast (running parallel to the La Coquille Fault Zone). All the occurrences in the North were strongly deformed – the only exception being the metaharzburgite at La Rebière as the southernmost outcrop.
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Oxnard is on a tectonically active plate, since most of Coastal California is near the boundaries between the Pacific and North American Plates. The San Andreas Fault, which demarcates this boundary, is about 40 miles away. One active fault that transverses Oxnard is the Oak Ridge Fault, which straddles the Santa Clara River Valley westward from the Santa Susana Mountains, crosses the Oxnard Plain through Oxnard, and extends into the Santa Barbara Channel. The coastline is subject to inundation by a tsunami up to 23 feet in height.
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The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes.
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Approximate location of Mesoproterozoic (older than 1.3 Ga) cratons within South America–Africa in their Gondwana configuration ( 550-130 Ma). The Congo Craton, covered by the Palaeozoic-to-recent Congo Basin, is an ancient Precambrian craton that with four others (the Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and West African cratons) makes up the modern continent of Africa. These cratons were formed between about 3.6 and 2.0 billion years ago and have been tectonically stable since that time. All of these cratons are bounded by younger fold belts formed between 2.0 billion and 300 million years ago.
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Geologically, the Little Thuringian Forest is a horst that consists of a band-like island of paleozoic materials similar to those in the bedrock of the Thuringian Forest that surfaces in the southwestern foothills of the latter mountains. Like the latter, it is part of the Variscan mountains, but the stratigraphic throws are lower and have occurred on a smaller scale. It is tectonically isolated from the Thuringian Forest and the Thuringian Highlands, and is situated outside their border fault. Its highest summit is Schneeberg near Bischofrod at 692 m a.s.l.
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This region is one of the most geologically young and tectonically active in North America. The generally rugged, mountainous landscape of this province provides evidence of ongoing mountain-building. The Pacific Province straddles the boundaries between several of Earth's moving plates:the source of the monumental forces required to build the sweeping arc of mountains that extends from Alaska to the southern reaches of South America. This province includes the active and sometimes deadly volcanoes of the Cascade Range and the young, steep mountains of the Pacific Border and the Sierra Nevada.
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The formation of the Koh-i-Sultan volcano is related to the subduction of the Arabian Plate under the Eurasian Plate Pakistan is part of the active tectonic belt which is responsible for the formation of the Himalayas following the collision of India and Asia. As a result of this activity, hydrothermal alteration and hydrothermal activity are expected to be widespread in Pakistan. Koh-i-Sultan is the youngest volcano in Pakistan. It is tectonically influenced by the Arabian Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate, forming the Chagai volcanic zone.
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The geology is complicated due to folding, faulting and thrusting and are largely unfossiliferous. Tectonically, the entire Lesser Himalayas consists of two sequences of rocks: allochthonous, and autochthonous-paraautochthonous units; with various nappes, klippes and tectonic windows. The northernmost boundary of the Siwaliks Group is marked by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), over which the low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalaya overlie. The Lesser Himalaya, also called the Lower Himalaya, or the Midlands, is a thick (about 7 km) section of para- autochthonous crystalline rocks made up of low- to medium grade rocks.
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Most recently, the M7.8 Kaikoura earthquake struck just after midnight on November 14, 2016, killing two people in the remote Kaikoura area northeast of Christchurch Numerous aftershocks of M5.0 or greater are spread over a large area between Wellington and Culverden. New Zealand is at risk from tsunamis that are generated from both local and international faults. The eastern coast of New Zealand is most at risk as the Pacific Ocean is more tectonically active than the Tasman Sea. Locally the faults along the North Islands east coast provide the greatest risk.
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Within the area of Talgarth the geology requires more long term research as a rare spider-like fossil was found at Tredomen quarry and remains of very ancient plants from the same age rocks. There is evidence of volcanic activity in the formation of air fall tuffs in the layers of rocks, blown out from a distant volcano. The nature of these tuffs infer an explosive type of eruption from volcanoes sited on the edge of a continental subduction zone. The whole area was probably tectonically unstable at the time.
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During the Late Cretaceous to Eocene, the area now occupied by the rift was a shallow sea depositing carbonates. This period was mainly quiet tectonically but the northern part of the gulf region was affected by periodic far-field effects of the Alpine orogeny. A series of WSW- ENE trending extensional basins were inverted, creating isolated uplifted and folded areas known as 'Syrian arc' structures. These structures were mainly active during the Late Santonian but there is evidence of further movements on the same structures at the end of the Cretaceous and during the Paleogene.
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Small areas of marble and limestone lenses form resistant outcrops that are prominent landscape features, often white to light gray in color. The Salinian block is made up of highly fractured, and deeply weathered meta-sediments, especially biotite schist and gneiss, intruded by plutonic (granitic) rocks such as quartz diorite and granodiorite. Both formations have been disrupted and tectonically slivered by motion on the San Andreas and associated fault systems. The Palo Colorado and Church Creek faults are prominent features influencing the linear northwest–southeast alignment of primary drainages.
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This earthquake was caused by movement on a NW-SE trending normal fault according to moment tensor solutions. Although Italy lies in a tectonically complex region, the central part of the Apennines has been characterised by extensional tectonics since the Pliocene epoch (i.e. about the last 5 million years), with most of the active faults being normal in type and NW-SE trending. The extension is due to the back-arc basin in the Tyrrhenian Sea opening faster than the African Plate is colliding with the Eurasian Plate.
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American Association of Petroleum Geologists bulletin, 86 (7), 1305-1328 The Zonguldak basin was tectonically active during the late Paleozoic and this strongly influenced its structural and burial history due to the Hercynian orogeny. The Hercynian orogeny was the result of the continent–continent collision between Laurasia and Gondwana. This collision created many E-NE/W-SW striking faults, folds, and tilted the Paleozoic sediments. This uplift of the basin, near the end of the Westphalian, halted deposition and created the angular unconformity at the top of the Karadon Formation.
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Some very smooth plains material, most of which postdates c4 craters, appears to postdate the scarps that it commonly embays. Superposition relations of scarps in other regions of Mercury indicate that tectonic activity may have continued into c5 time (Leake, 1982). However, the time of formation of c5 craters and very smooth plains material has, for the most part, been tectonically quiescent. During this period, with the exception of a scattering of extremely fresh craters and some minor mass wasting (Malin and Dzurisin, 1977), almost no geologic activity has occurred near the mercurian south pole.
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The regional geography developed during the Middle and Late Miocene, when basins and ranges were formed by thrusting and subsidence; the basins were filled with evaporites above older molasse-like material, while the ranges are mainly formed by Paleozoic rocks. Precambrian and Late Cretaceous rocks crop out in the Eastern Cordillera on the eastern margin of the Puna. The tectonic activity decreased about 9 million years ago, with the exception of a brief reactivation less than 4 million years ago. The present-day southern Puna is tectonically quiescent, although fault scarps indicate recent ground movements.
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The metamorphic and igneous rocks of the "basement complex" of Laurentia were formed 1.5 to 1.0 billion years ago in a tectonically active setting. The younger sedimentary rocks that were deposited on top of this basement complex were formed in a setting of quiet marine and river waters. During much of Mississippian time, the craton was the site of an extensive marine carbonate platform on which mainly limestones and some dolomites and evaporites were deposited. This platform extended from either the present Appalachian Mountains or Mississippi Valley to the present Great Basin.
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Ocean basins also serve as repositories for the skeletons of carbonate- and silica-secreting organisms such as coral reefs, diatoms, radiolarians, and foraminifera. Geologically, an oceanic basin may be actively changing size or may be relatively, tectonically inactive, depending on whether there is a moving plate tectonic boundary associated with it. The elements of an active - and growing - oceanic basin include an elevated mid-ocean ridge, flanking abyssal hills leading down to abyssal plains. The elements of an active oceanic basin often include the oceanic trench associated with a subduction zone.
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In contrast to the Central Eastern Alps north of the Periadriatic Seam, the geology of the Southern Alps is not characterized by nappes. Neither are high grade metamorphic rocks common in the region. The Southern Alps are tectonically characterized by large scale thrusting and folding to the south, the dominant vergence (direction of fold asymmetry) in the region is southward. As is also the case in the southern foreland of the Pyrenees, thrusts in the Southern Alps are oriented along listric fault planes with relatively shallow decollement horizons.
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Bazman volcano lies east of this field, sometimes it is even included in analyses of the field. Tectonically, the field is located between the Makran mountains in the south, a range formed by Paleocene flysch and older ophiolites, and the Lut block in the north which is a crustal block of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age that is buried beneath more recent sedimentary and volcanic rocks. To the south lies also the Jaz Murian depression. The field is in the Central Iranian volcanic belt, a mountain range with summits exceeding of altitude.
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Kurils Nature Reserve () (also Kurilsky) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict ecological reserve) covering the north and south portions of Kunashir Island, the largest and most southernmost of the Kuril Islands, which stretch between Hokkaido Island in Japan to the Kamchatka peninsula in the Russia Far East. It also covers two smaller islands nearby to the southeast. The area is one of the largest wintering sites for coastal seabirds. The reserve sits on a tectonically unstable location, and is one of two Russian national reserves (with Kronotsky Nature Reserve) that protects territory of active volcanoes.
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An artist's depiction of the subglacial lakes and rivers beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Image credit: Zina Deretsky / US National Science Foundation The largest Antarctic subglacial lakes are clustered in the Dome C-Vostok area of East Antarctica, possibly due to the thick insulating ice and rugged, tectonically influenced subglacial topography. In West Antarctica, subglacial Lake Ellsworth is situated within the Ellsworth Mountains and is relatively small and shallow. The Siple Coast Ice Streams, also in West Antarctica, overlie numerous small subglacial lakes, including Lakes Whillans, Engelhardt, Mercer, and Conway.
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Composite map of the southern hemisphere of Enceladus (2007) Images from the ISS camera onboard Cassini revealed the 4 tiger stripes to be a series of sub-parallel, linear depressions flanked on each side by low ridges. On average, each tiger stripe depression is 130 kilometers long, 2 kilometers wide, and 500 meters deep. The flanking ridges are, on average, 100 meters tall and 2–4 kilometers wide. Given their appearance and their geologic setting within a heavily tectonically deformed region, the tiger stripes are likely to be tectonic fractures.
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These brines then concentrated the base metals either along stratigraphic boundaries, or along fractures, faults or within structurally controlled 'traps' (such as the nose of a fold). The collision also produced crustal shortening, during which the stratigraphic sequence was tectonically pushed northwards on top of the Congo Craton. The Lufilian Arc contains two diamictites, megaconglomerates of glacial origin. One of those is correlated with the Sturtian glaciation, while another correlates with the Marinoan Glaciation, both global glaciation events that had profound influence on the history of the planet.
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Small areas of marble and limestone lenses form resistant outcrops that are prominent landscape features, often white to light gray in color. The Salinian block is made up of highly fractured, and deeply weathered meta-sediments, especially biotite schist and gneiss, intruded by plutonic (granitic) rocks such as quartz diorite and granodiorite. Both formations have been disrupted and tectonically slivered by motion on the San Andreas and associated fault systems. The Palo Colorado and Church Creek faults are prominent features influencing the linear northwest–southeast alignment of primary drainages.
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All the rocky planets in the solar system except Earth are generally believed to be in the stagnant lid geodynamic regime. Mars and particularly Venus have evidence of prior resurfacing events, but appear to be tectonically quiescent today. Geodynamic inferences about solar system planets have been extrapolated to exoplanets in order to constrain what kind of geodynamic regimes can be expected given a set of physical criterion such as planetary radius, presence of surface water, and insolation. In particular, the planet Venus has been intensely studied due to its general physical similarities to Earth yet completely different geodynamic regime.
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Belizean geology consists largely of varieties of limestone, with the notable exception of the Maya Mountains, a large uplifted block of intrusive Paleozoic granite and sediments running northeast to southwest across the south-central part of the country. Several major faults rive these highlands, but much of Belize lies outside the tectonically active zone that underlies most of Central America. During the Cretaceous Period, what is now the western part of the Maya Mountains stood above sea level, creating the oldest land surface in Central America, the Mountain Pine Ridge plateau. The hilly regions surrounding the Maya Mountains are formed from Cretaceous limestone.
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These areas are characterized by a karst topography that is typified by numerous sinkholes, caverns, and underground streams. In contrast to the Mountain Pine Ridge, some of the soils in these regions are quite fertile and have been cultivated during at least the past 4,000 years. Much of the northern half of Belize lies on the Yucatán Platform, a tectonically stable region. Although mostly level, this part of the country also has occasional areas of hilly, karst terrain, such as the Yalbac Hills along the western border with Guatemala and the Manatee Hills between Belize City and Dangriga.
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At a maximum, 10 bar of CO2 has been suggested as a plausible upper limit. The exact amount of carbon dioxide levels is still under debate, however. In 2001, Sleep and Zahnle suggested that increased weathering on the seafloor on a young, tectonically active Earth could have reduced carbon dioxide levels. Then in 2010, Rosing et al analyzed marine sediments called banded iron formations (BIFs), and found large amounts of various iron-rich minerals, including magnetite (Fe3O4), an oxidized mineral alongside siderite (FeCO3), and reduced mineral and saw that they formed during the first half of Earth's history (and not afterward).
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The term "isostatic" refers to changes in the level of the land relative to a fixed point in the earth, possibly due to thermal buoyancy or tectonic effects; it implies no change in the volume of water in the oceans. The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages is one example of eustatic sea level rise. The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is an isostatic cause of relative sea level rise. Paleoclimatologists can track sea level by examining the rocks deposited along coasts that are very tectonically stable, like the east coast of North America.
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Between 1965 and 1996, he cooperated with VVUU (Research Coal Institute), where he transferred his knowledge of surface seismic into the mining environment. His task was to carry out the necessary technical and safety measures and verify that the interest coal block could be utilized and that it was not tectonically disturbed. It has built up a new mining seismic facility within the SCI, which was a completely new discipline in the CSSR. He also succeeded in specifying, physically describing, evoking and using a completely new, world-known seismic so-called transverse seam wave (TSW) to which he obtained the patent.
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Praça da Liberdade (Liberty Square) and Downtown Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte lies on a region of contact between different geological series of the Proterozoic. The geology largely comprises crystalline rocks, which give rise to the varied morphology of the landscape. It is located in a large geological unit known as the craton of San Francisco, referring to extensive crustal nucleus of central-eastern Brazil, tectonically stable at the end of the Paleoproterozoic and bordering areas that suffered the regeneration at the Neoproterozoic. The archean rocks members of Belo Horizonte complex and supracrustal sequences of the Paleoproterozoic is predominant.
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Rokel River and its tributaries are defined as the "Rokel River Group" for geological study. The geological formation in this group is reported to be of the Tabe formation with glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge and are exposed along the river in some stretches; the geological formation noted in the river is granite rocks. The formation is broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. It is also reported that its orogeny belongs to the Pan African thermo- tectonic age of about 550 Ma. Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian and Pleistocene age.
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The valley is a north-south trending endorheic valley within the Great Basin (geographically), Great Basin Desert (ecologically), and Basin and Range Province (tectonically) of west-central Utah.Schneider, Bill and Ann Seifert, Hiking Utah, Falcon, 2005, p. 102 It is bounded on the west by the Confusion Range, on the east by the House Range, to the north by the Middle Range and the Great Salt Lake Desert, and the south by Wah Wah Valley and the Wah Wah Mountains. The central part of the valley has several knolls, the largest of which is Coyote Knolls.
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This is the third type of quartz-feldspar intergrowth in metasomatic granitoids. Again this process depends on tectonically deformed crystals. In this particular case an irregular subtraction of Ca, Na and Al from deformed plagioclase happens which causes an imbalance in the relative amounts of residual Al and Si. More Si remains than can fit into the lattice structure of the alkali feldspar that replaces the plagioclase. The result is ghost myrmekite – either as tiny quartz ovoids in remnant albite islands in the alkali feldspar or as tiny quartz ovoids as clusters without albite hosts in the alkali feldspar (see illustration).
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Such mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Earth, Mars, Venus, Titan and Iapetus. Ongoing hillslope processes can change the topology of the hillslope surface, which in turn can change the rates of those processes. Hillslopes that steepen up to certain critical thresholds are capable of shedding extremely large volumes of material very quickly, making hillslope processes an extremely important element of landscapes in tectonically active areas. On the Earth, biological processes such as burrowing or tree throw may play important roles in setting the rates of some hillslope processes.
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Tectonically controlled sedimentation in the Jurassic of the Bakony Mountains (Transdanubian Central Range), Hungary. Acta Geologica Hungarica, 31(3-4), 313-328. The environment of the Formation was linked to 2 settings: a series o pelagic basind, including the Zala Basin and the own Úrkút and Eplieny Basins, related to open marine conditions where bioturbation is scarce, but there is a great amount of Planktonic organisms, associated with a suboxic to anoxic conditions. Radiolarians, Sponge Spirucles, Crinoid Ossicles, Bivalves, Gastropods, Ammonites and Fish were recovered as the main local biota, deposited on a 20-40 m basinal Ore sequence.
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Situated in Bacuit Bay, El Nido, covering a land area of in the northernmost tip of mainland Palawan, is bordered by the Linapacan Strait in the north, the Sulu Sea in the east, and the South China Sea in the west. It is composed of 45 islands and islets, each has its own unique geological formations. The highest peak is at Cadlao Island, towering up to above sea level. Together with Sulu Archipelago, Sabah, and South China Sea, El Nido, being part of Palawan, is located in the tectonically active and seismically active Sunda Plate,On Shaky Ground .
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The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern edge of the Tien Shan. The southern margin of the Tien Shan is characterised by combination of dextral strike-slip faulting and southward thrusting over the Tajik Basin to the south along the Gissar-Kokshaal fault zone. At the same time the Tajik Basin is being shortened in response to oblique collision with the Pamirs, forming a series of north-south to SW-NE trending thrust faults, the earthquake is thought to have been caused by movement on the Vakhsh thrust, one of these faults.
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Glacial material and sediment covers some lava flows, and deep wells have found buried lava flows at depths of . The basement in the region is formed by plutonic rocks of Mesozoic age, metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks which crop out in the White Mountains and the Sierra Nevada; the valley floor is covered with alluvium. Tectonically, Owens Valley is a graben formed by the movement of the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley block with respect to the rest of North America. Farther south lies the Coso volcanic field, which is also geothermally active unlike Big Pine volcanic field.
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The core of the Phlegra Montes is a series of sinuous massifs that are interpreted to be of Hesperian–Noachian age, a greatly degraded remnant of a northern section of the southern Martian highlands terrain. These terrains are pockmarked by steep alcoves and are cross-cut by putatively tectonically- formed valleys, which are populated by what have been termed lineated valley fills. In addition to the central massifs, a lobate debris apron (LDA) bounds the margins of the massif. Such debris aprons are better-known for their prevalence around the mesas of fretted terrains across the northern mid- latitudes of the planet.
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In 2018, Christian Klimczak (University of Georgia), Corbin L. Kling, and Paul K. Byrne (North Carolina State University) reported a comparative assessment of eight different regions on Mars thought to have been formed through the activity of large and extensive thrust faults, comparing them to terrestrial thrust belts and certain compressive features observed on Mercury. The Phlegra Montes was among the tectonically-controlled systems examined by the researchers, who identified nine major thrust faults bounding the region. They also submitted an abstract to attend the European Planetary Science Congress in Berlin to discuss their recent work.
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Tectonically, the Mazovian Lowland is a stable, safe area of the so-called Mazovian Hutch, that is area composed of interwinding layers of Cenozoic aqueous rocks and sands. The surface of the area was shaped by the presence of Scandinavian ice sheet during the Ice Age. As the area was the southernmost border of the ice sheet's presence, the northern and southern parts of the plain differ significantly: the former is a vast open space while the latter is more rough terrain. The southern part is also covered by many gorges created during the Baltic Glacier.
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The results of seismic reflection profiling, reported in 1998, indicate that there may be a midcrustal partial-melt zone under the length of the Yangbajain-Damxung graben starting at a depth of . The reflection undulates, so the melt zone may have been tectonically deformed. North-dipping reflections deep in the crust below the Gangdese batholith at a depth of may mark the downdip of the Yarlung-Zangbo suture, or may mark a more recent reverse fault. Taken together, the results indicate that the upper crust of the Lhasa terrane was moderately shortened by the collision, with melting in the middle crust.
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The Angoumian forms part of two very open synclines striking NW-SE (the Combiers-Saint-Crépin-de-Richemont syncline in the NE) and WNW-ESE (the Gout-Rossignol-Léguillac synline in the SW) respectively. The group is therefore mainly flat-lying, yet in some places (like near Champeaux it dips 5° to the SW. Only near Beaussac a greater dip (of about 30°) can be found caused by local faulting. Nearby in the Aucors quarry, a slump overlies the rudist reef, followed by a grain flow. These synsedimentary structures point to a tectonically disturbed setting possibly related to the rising Mareuil Anticline.
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109-112 of late Mississippian age. The Big Clifty Sandstone was deposited in deltaic to marginal marine environment by the paleo Michigan River which in modern directions flowed south from the Canadian shield, the sediment source, and then westward depositing sediment across Illinois, Kentucky,Swann, D.H., 1963, Classification of Genevivian and Chesterian (Late Mississippian) Rocks of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations 216, 91 p.Treworgy, J.D., 1998, The Illinois Basin-a Tidally and Tectonically influenced Ramp During the Mid-Chesterian Time, Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 544, 20 p. and Indiana, as the Big Clifty Formation of the Stephensport Group.
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Guangdong Province lies in a tectonically stable part of China, which has relatively low seismicity. The area forms part of the passive margin between the continental crust of China and the oceanic crust of the northern part of the South China Sea. Within the stable South China Block, there are three zones of higher earthquake activity, one of which is the Southeast China Coast seismic zone running through Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. This zone follows the South China Maritime Fold Belt, which was formed by a subduction event during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous epochs.
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Only starting in the Late Ordovician and continuing into the Silurian did the gradual regional subsidence of this part of the Canadian Shield form the Hudson Bay basin. The formation of this basin resulted in the accumulation of black bituminous oil shale and evaporite deposits within its centre, thick basin-margin limestone and dolomite, and the development of extensive reefs that ringed the basin margins that were tectonically uplifted as the basin subsided. During Middle Silurian times, subsidence ceased and this basin was uplifted. It generated an emergent arch, on which reefs grew, that divided the basin into eastern and western sub-basins.
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The California Coast Ranges are relatively young mountain ranges being tectonically uplifted faster than the pace of erosion by several millimeters a year. These rapidly uplifted, unstable slopes produce natural landslides which have filled the channel for tens of thousands of years. Tree stump evidence from the banks near the estuary shows that the area around the mouth of the Eel dropped in the January 26, 1700, Cascadia earthquake. The basin which holds both the Eel and the Salt is underlain by the Eel river syncline, crossed by the Russ and Ferndale faults and affected by the Little Salmon Fault to the north.
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The belt is tectonically separated from surrounding plates, it is also regarded as an "independent block" or "microplate" in the Philippines. Regardless of the uncoupling with surrounding tectonic units, the Philippine Mobile Belt has an affinity to both the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. It contains volcanic arc materials from the Philippine Sea Plate, as well as crustal materials from the Eurasian Plate. It is very difficult to define a clear tectonic boundary as much information along the Philippine Mobile Belt is swept away by a strike-slip fault (Philippine Fault) traversing the mobile belt.
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The earliest geological history of Turkey is poorly understood, partly because of the problem of reconstructing how the region has been tectonically assembled by plate motions. Turkey can be thought of as a collage of different pieces (possibly terranes) of ancient continental and oceanic lithosphere stuck together by younger igneous, volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Istanbul and the Bosphorus During the Mesozoic era (about 250 to 66 million years ago) a large ocean (Tethys Ocean), floored by oceanic lithosphere existed in-between the supercontinents of Gondwana and Laurasia (which lay to the south and north respectively; Robertson & Dixon, 2006).
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Changes in oxygen-18 ratios over the last 500 million years, indicating climate change Major drivers for the preindustrial ages have been variations of the sun, volcanic ashes and exhalations, relative movements of the earth towards the sun, and tectonically induced effects as for major sea currents, watersheds, and ocean oscillations. In the early Phanerozoic, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been linked to driving or amplifying increased global temperatures. Royer et al. 2004 found a climate sensitivity for the rest of the Phanerozoic which was calculated to be similar to today's modern range of values.
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Because basement and "cover" were not detached, geologists do not call the Infrahelvetic units "nappes". At places throughout the Alps the European basement was, after being detached of its cover rocks, tectonically uplifted in a late stage of the orogeny. Thus the "external massivs" were formed, places where the Hercynian basement rock crops out in large anticlinoria at the southern (or in France eastern) side of the Helvetic zone. Seen from the north (or in France from the west) the hard competent crystalline rocks of these external massivs form the first of the higher ranges of the Alps.
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The Chaman Fault is a major, active geological fault in Pakistan and Afghanistan that runs for over 850 km."USGS Unveils How Earthquakes Pose Risks to Afghanistan" News Release, 30 May 2007, United States Geological Survey Tectonically, it is actually a system of related geologic faults that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indo-Australian Plate. It is a terrestrial, primarily transform, left-lateral strike-slip fault. The slippage rate along the Chaman fault system as the Indo-Australian Plate moves northward (relative to the Eurasian Plate) has been estimated at 10 mm/yr or more.
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Also present within the Vishnu Basement Rocks, are thin, discontinuous, and unnamed lenses of ultramafic rocks. They are found in several places within the Inner Gorge, such as at River Miles 81, 83, and 91; Salt Creek; Granite Park; and Diamond Creek. These ultramafic rocks occur typically as tectonic fault-bounded slivers, which are often associated with tectonic shear zones and exhibit coarse-grained relict cumulate textures. These rocks are interpreted to be the tectonically dismembered parts of the bases of large 1.74 and 1.71 billion years ago plutons that have intruded the Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite.
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The drowning of the Takuyo-Daisan platform was simultaneous to the drowning of carbonate platforms elsewhere around the world and may have been caused by tectonically-induced sea level fluctuations. After cessation of the platform activity, manganese crusts and chalks later modified by phosphate developed on exposed rocks. During the Neogene, oozes, terrigenous sediments, wind-borne material such as pollen and volcanic ash from the approaching Japanese volcanic arc accumulated on Takuyo-Daisan. Presently, Takuyo-Daisan lies in a region of high plankton productivity which has led to a high diatom deposition rate as well as high sedimentation rates in general.
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The area around the Messel Pit is believed to have been geologically and tectonically active during the Eocene. Leading scientists hypothesize that events much like the 1986 volcanic gas releases at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, could account for the large deposition of non-aquatic species (Franzen & Koster, 1994). Periodic subsurface shifts possibly released large concentrations of reactive gases (such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) into the lake and adjoining ecosystems, killing susceptible organisms. During these releases, birds and bats might have fallen in if near the lake surface and terrestrials could be overwhelmed when near the lake shore.
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The Anning River Plain Unlike other larger river valleys in the region, including those of the deeply-incised Yalong and Jinsha Rivers, the Anning River has a relatively flat valley known as the Anning River Plain (). For the section of river between Mianning and Dechang, the valley stretches between and wide. The Anning River Plain is the largest valley plain in southwest Sichuan with an area of and its fertile soils support a variety of agricultural activities. The plain, and in fact the entire Anning River's course, follows the tectonically active Anninghe Fault where a southeastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau abuts the Yangtze Plate.
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The Archean complexes are highly weathered and deformed, and are economic sources of aluminium and nickel, along with other minor metals. As the craton is tectonically inactive and hasn’t dropped below sea level since the Mesozoic, it has resulted in sparse zones of sedimentary rock layers such as lignite, siltstones, sandstones, and marine limestones. These deposits are primarily thought to have been deposited during the last two marine transgressions of the Tertiary, which allowed some of the incised valleys to be filled with seawater and other marine sediments. Paleodrainage from rivers ended in the lake Eocene and the Darling Range uplift successfully dammed river flow and created isolated lake basins.
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Close-up of south pole terrain Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges. The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites; modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain are possibly as young as 500,000 years or less. Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded by ridges, unofficially called "tiger stripes".
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All the units where vinculated to the Transdanubian Range Unit, where the Sachrang Formation and the Úrkút Manganese shared the paleogeographic evolution present on the southern near land margin, influenced by a continuous process of Rifting present on the Tethys Ocean. On the Hettangian the vinculated central European platforms drowned and where affected by Sinemurian-Pliensbachian tensional tectonic events along with marine sedimentation, reoriented by the emersion of horsts on the Úrkút area. The Pliensbachian basin had near 200 m depth, and the presence of slope environments, tectonically influenced basins are indicated on locations such as the Hiertlaz Limestone.LA VÖRÖS, A. T. T. I. (1991).
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The range is part of the Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps and is separated from its neighbouring groups by the Mürz valley (part of the tectonically active Mur-Mürz Furrow), the upper reaches of the Mürz (main settlement: Mürzsteg) and the road over the Styrian Seeberg Pass. It is described by geologists as a ridge-and-basin facies. The majority of its rocks date to the Triassic period and include Wetterstein Dolomite, Hallstatt Limestone and Mürztal strata (dark, hornstein- dominated limestones and marls with foraminifers, brachiopods and other fossils). The south of the range belong to the greywacke zone (rocks from the New Palaeozoic and the Lower Triassic).
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About 180 million years ago, a mantle plume under southern Gondwana caused bulging of the continental crust in the area that would later become southern Africa. Within 10 – 20 million years rift valleys formed on either side of the central bulge, which became flooded to become the proto-Atlantic Ocean and proto-Indian Ocean. The stepped, steep walls of these rift valleys formed escarpments that surrounded the newly formed Southern African subcontinent. With the widening of the Atlantic, Indian, and Southern Oceans, southern Africa became tectonically quiescent. Earthquakes rarely occur, and there has been no volcanic or orogenic activity for approximately 50 million years.Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Macropaedia, Vol. 17. p. 60.
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The Itcha Range as seen from the south with a forested volcanic cone in the foreground The composition of the volcanoes' magma has changed significantly with time as they grow over the hotspot and migrate away. Volcanic activity 14.5 to 3.0 million years ago was predominately felsic, producing large volumes of rhyolite and trachyte lava. This can be explained by the presence of thick granitic structures under these volcanoes, which have been tectonically compressed from being near the North American Plate margin. A unique characteristic of the felsic lava flows is that although they were high in silica content, the flows were overly fluid in nature.
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The Anahim hotspot was stationed in a tectonically complex region of the Chilcotin Plateau between 3.9 and 1.4 million years ago. This complexity may have given rise to interactions of the hotspot with pre- existing fracture systems, such that magma rose along normal faults to create a long north–south chain of volcanoes. The Itcha Range developed directly over the intersection whereas the Satah Mountain volcanic field developed along the more distal portions of the fracture system and away from the Itcha Range. A lack of extensive volcanic fields adjacent to the neighbouring Ilgachuz and Rainbow ranges might indicate an absence of fracture systems associated with those volcanoes.
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Seram is traversed by a central mountain range, the highest point of which, Mount Binaiya, is covered with dense rain forests. Its remarkably complex geology is because of its location at the meeting of several tectonic microplates, which have been described as "one of the most tectonically complex areas on Earth". Seram actually falls on its own microplate, which has been twisted around by 80° in the last 8 million years by the relatively faster movement of the Papua microplate. Meanwhile, along with the northward push of the Australian Plate, this has resulted in the uplift that gives north-central Seram peaks of over 3000m.
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The range's topography is skewed from north to south: the northern slopes drop very abruptly down to the Volga River, while to the south the hills descend much more gently, forming a wide plateau dissected by a labyrinth of narrow valleys and gullies. The western part of Zhiguli is separated from the main plateau by the broad inlet of the Usa river. The central, highest part of the Zhiguli is an almost flat plateau, which also forms the highest point in the entire central zone of European Russia. The Zhiguli are considered the only tectonically active mountains in European Russia, first having formed around 7 million years ago.
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Franciscan rocks are thought to have formed prior to the creation of the San Andreas Fault when an ancient deep-sea trench existed along the California continental margin. This trench, the remnants of which are still active in the Cascadia and Cocos subduction zone, resulted from subduction of oceanic crust of the Farallon tectonic plate beneath continental crust of the North American Plate. As oceanic crust descended beneath the continent, ocean floor basalt and sediments were subducted and then tectonically underplated to the upper plate. This resulted in widespread deformation with the generation of thrust faults and folding, and caused high pressure-low temperature regional metamorphism.
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Geologists indicate that the region of the northern Sudan is tectonically active and this activity has caused the river to take on "youthful" characteristics. The Nubian Swell has diverted the river's course to the west, while keeping its depth shallow and causing the formation of the cataracts. Even as the river bed is worn down by erosion, the land mass is lifted, keeping parts of the river bed exposed. These distinctive features of the river between Aswan and Khartoum have led to the stretch being often referred to as the Cataract Nile, while the downstream portion is occasionally referred to as the "Egyptian" Nile.
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He has expressed reluctance to use his powers in tectonically unstable areas, for fear that he could not control the effects, as when he visited the fictional island of Madripoor, which is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, in New Mutants #93 (September 1990). In New X-Men #130 Jean Grey also states that Rictor has some kind of telepathic defense against Weapon XII's infestation. In issue #1 of the 2005 relaunch of X-Factor, he is depicted as suicidal, lamenting the loss of his power after M-Day. During the series he talks about how he had some sort of empathic connection with the earth itself and misses it.
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The nature of the fluids caused them to absorb and concentrate trace amounts of zinc and lead contained in the rocks the fluids were passing through. These metals were then caused to precipitate, by chemical or biological or physical agents, from the fluid onto or into the seafloor to form the Red Dog deposits. One model holds that very saline brines formed in a restricted ocean basin within a hundred kilometers of the site of the Red Dog deposits. The brine fluid infiltrated the subsurface and was tectonically pumped through the rock mass, becoming enriched in metals as it stripped those metals from the rocks it passed through.
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In some areas, such as the edge of the Po Basin, the edge of the range is unambiguous, but where the Alps border on other mountainous or hilly regions, the border may be harder to place. These neighbouring ranges include the Apennines, the Massif Central, the Jura, the Black Forest, the Böhmerwald, the Carpathians, and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The boundary between the Apennines and the Alps is usually taken to be the Colle di Cadibona, at 435 m above sea level, above Savona on the Italian coast. The Rhône forms a clear boundary between the tectonically-formed Alps and the largely volcanically-formed Massif Central.
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Death Valley began forming about 14 million years ago, and by the Pliocene it was well developed. The valley remains deep due to vertical faulting, which occurs faster there than anywhere else in the US. Various types of rocks form the surface areas of Death Valley, some going back as far as the Precambrian. The Death Valley is tectonically active, with faults including the Black Mountains fault, Furnace Creek Fault, Grandview Fault, Northern Death Valley Fault, Southern Death Valley fault and Towne Pass Fault. Thus, shorelines from the same lake stands are often not at the same elevation in various parts of the basin.
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A similar situation occurs in central Halland. Further west, parts of the Paleic surface in Norway have been interpreted to be part of the peneplain that has been tectonically uplifted and is apparently disrupted by NNE-SSW trending faults. Near the 1,100 m high Hardangervidda plateau in Norway is the Sub-Cambrian peneplain has been uplifted at least thousand meters, albeit Hardangervidda itself is part of a much younger peneplain formed in the Miocene epoch. At Stöttingfjället in northern Sweden the peneplain occur, as result of tectonic uplift, at about 650 meters giving origin to a series of water gaps including those of Ångermanälven, Indalsälven and Ljusnan.
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During that time period, a number of volcanic eruptions occurred in Antarctica as recorded by ash layers in ice; this coincides with the coldest period of the Wisconsin glaciation and it is possible that the effects of ash clouds from the Antarctic eruptions caused this period of cold global temperatures. On the other hand, it is also possible that growing ice sheets during this period compressed magma chambers and thus triggered explosive eruptions. Toney Mountain lies in Marie Byrd Land, a tectonically and volcanically active region of Antarctica. There, a layer of basaltic rocks up to thick underlie a series of felsic volcanic edifices.
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The Arnspitze Group is part of the Northern Limestone Alps and belongs tectonically to the Inn Valley range (Inntaldecke), only the northernmost part from the Riedberg ridge (Riedbergscharte) is part of the Lech Valley range (Lechtaldecke). The Arnspitze Group is, for the most part, made up of rocks of Wetterstein limestone, which dip towards the southeast. In the area of the Hoher Sattel, a band of Raibler strata runs from west to east, while the Zunteregg, which is 1682 m above sea level and lies south of the Arnspitze, is made of main dolomite (Hauptdolomit) rock.Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50.000, Blatt 117 Zirl, Federal Geological Office, Vienna, 1992.
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The Buck Creek basin is a structural basin on the Nechako Plateau in the central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located north of François Lake between the towns of Houston and Burns Lake. It consists of a faulted depression wide and long, with its base lying to below its rim and the surrounding hills, which are composed of metamorphic rocks. The structure of the Buck Creek basin is rift-related, controlled by a series of northwest- southwest trending strike-slip faults. These faults are related to a period of rifting that trended to the southwest when the Nachako Plateau area was tectonically active during the Late Cretaceous, Eocene and Early Oligocene periods.
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Paleotologists compared the taxonomic diversity and patterns of morphological disparity in mosasaurs with sea level, sea surface temperature, and stable carbon isotope curves for the Upper Cretaceous to explore factors that may have influenced their evolution. No single factor unambiguously accounts for all radiations, diversification, and extinctions; however, the broader patterns of taxonomic diversification and morphological disparity point to niche differentiation in a "fishing up" scenario under the influence of "bottom-up" selective pressures. The most likely driving force in mosasaur evolution was high productivity in the Late Cretaceous, driven by tectonically controlled sea levels and climatically controlled ocean stratification and nutrient delivery. When productivity collapsed at the end of the Cretaceous, coincident with bolide impact, mosasaurs became extinct.
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The region is part of the stable continent and away from plate boundaries and other tectonically active areas. Earthquakes in Oklahoma have been observed in the areas of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen and of the Amarillo-Wichita uplift; in southwestern Oklahoma they are rare and of moderate intensity. In the wider area around the Meers fault such as in the Texas Panhandle, the Arbuckle Mountains and around Enola, Arkansas there is evidence of recent seismic and fault activity which may be part of a larger seismic zone. The activity of the Meers fault and other seismicity has been related to a continent-spanning fault zone and there might be a relation to the Brevard Zone in Atlanta as well.
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The fertility of the soil is dependent on the underlying rock; this line is a vegetation boundary as well as the border between the ("old settlement land") and the Black Forest, which was not permanently settled until the High Middle Ages. From north to south, the Black Forest extends for over , attaining a width of up to in the south and in the north.Information Service for Agriculture, Nutrition and Regional Planning at the Ministry for Regional Planning, Nutrition and Consumer Protection in Baden-Württemberg Tectonically, the range forms a lifted fault block, which rises prominently in the west from the Upper Rhine Plain; from the east, it has the appearance of a heavily forested plateau.
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The Ediacaran to early Cambrian evaporites of the Salt Range Formation have been thrust southward over Neoproterozoic to Eocene sedimentary rocks by many kilometers, which tectonically incorporated fragments of the underlying younger strata within these evaporites. The Salt Range is the southern edge of a well-described fold-and-thrust belt, which underlies the entire Pothohar Plateau and developed south of the Himalayas as a result of ongoing collision between India and Eurasia.Jaumé, S.C. and Lillie, R.J., 1988. Mechanics of the Salt Range‐Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold‐and‐thrust belt underlain by evaporites. Tectonics, 7(1), pp.57-71.Grelaud, S., Sassi, W., de Lamotte, D.F., Jaswal, T. and Roure, F., 2002.
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The Proterozoic Eon was a very tectonically active period in the Earth's history. The late Archean Eon to Early Proterozoic Eon corresponds to a period of increasing crustal recycling, suggesting subduction. Evidence for this increased subduction activity comes from the abundance of old granites originating mostly after 2.6 Ga. The occurrence of eclogite, (a type of metamorphic rock created by high pressure, > 1 GPa), is explained using a model that incorporates subduction. The lack of eclogites that date to the Archean Eon suggests that conditions at that time did not favor the formation of high grade metamorphism and therefore did not achieve the same levels of subduction as was occurring in the Proterozoic Eon.
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This research involves the use of seismography, analytical and numerical modeling efforts, and space geodetic techniques, such as laser ranging, artificial satellites, and interferometric observations of radio waves emanating from deep space. An important component of CIRES research in geodesy/geodynamics is participation in the multi- university consortium developed to assemble, test, and administer the deployment of instrument packages that use radio signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to determine distances between points on Earth's surface. The scientific objective is to monitor crustal deformation in tectonically active areas. Weather and Climate Dynamics Division (WCD) This division focuses on understanding how global processes are intertwined to create the weather and climate observed from the troposphere to the mesosphere.
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Location map of the Paradox BasinVito F. Nuccio and Steven M. Condon (1996) Burial and Thermal History of the Paradox Basin, Utah and Colorado, and Petroleum Potential of the Middle Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 2000-O The Paradox Basin is an asymmetric foreland basin located mostly in southeast Utah and southwest Colorado, but extending into northeast Arizona and northwest New Mexico. The basin is a large elongate northwest to southeast oriented depression formed during the late Paleozoic Era. The basin is bordered on the east by the tectonically uplifted Uncompahgre Plateau, on the northwest by the San Rafael Swell and on the west by the Circle Cliffs Uplift. Its areal size is around 33,000 square miles (85470 km2).
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2.1-billion-year-old rock showing banded iron formation One hypothesis suggests that the oxygen increase had to await tectonically driven changes in the Earth, including the appearance of shelf seas, where reduced organic carbon could reach the sediments and be buried. The newly produced oxygen was first consumed in various chemical reactions in the oceans, primarily with iron. Evidence is found in older rocks that contain massive banded iron formations apparently laid down as this iron and oxygen first combined; most present-day iron ore lies in these deposits. It was assumed oxygen released from cyanobacteria resulted in the chemical reactions that created rust, but it appears the iron formations were caused by anoxygenic phototrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria, which does not require oxygen.
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In the centre of the basin is the large county town of Freital; although the basin is named after Döhlen, one of the villages in its borough. The highest point in the area is the Lerchenberg near Possendorf at 425 m above sea level (NN); the lowest point is in the river valley of the Weißeritz at 160 m above NN. The Karsdorf fault forms the geological boundary with the Eastern Ore Mountains to the south. The formation and sedimentation of the basin lasted from Upper Carboniferous to the Lower Permian and were tectonically affected by the adjacent NW-SE trending fault zone (the Elbe Valley zone). About half of the 800-metre-thick basin filling is made of pyroclastic rock.
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Krier proposes functional programs greatly varied within each block and plot. For him the building’s design should always be typologically or tectonically justified and the variety of building types and volumes should reflect this functional variety in an evident and natural way; in short all gratuitous uniformity or gratuitous variety should be avoided designing neighboring building lots of dimensional, functional and thus formal variety and in such a way as to generate networks of public spaces consisting of public streets, squares, avenues, boulevards, parks. For Krier it is essential to compose at once the harmony of the urban blocks and of the inseparable public spaces generated between them. In searching for such a typological architecture, Krier’s work has been termed “an architecture without a style”.
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Periodic excavations and findings, along with few existing ruins and monuments, already ask for thorough validation of their age. Eventually a large portion of Bhavnagar district falling under tectonically unstable zone, possibility of a major natural calamity in form of earthquake, tsunami or volcanic eruption can not be ruled out too. And therefore, the relics and old Vedic civilization may have been a matter of disappearance especially when the Vallabhi and Maitraka dynasty struggled to exist further, either a natural calamity or attacks by barbarians and/or later the known and frequent attacks by Mongols and Turks have to be the reasons behind the diminishing of a flourishing era of this region. Sihor is considered to be a prominent Buddhist circuit from about 5th-6th Centuries BC through Maitraka dynasty (till 8th century).
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R. R. Wilson and P. M. Schenk: From Tohil to Inachus: An Ionian Topography Progress report. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII (2002) Retrieved January 19, 2008 from NASA The main massif of Tohil Mons has ridges and grooves, which indicate the presence of materials that have been tectonically displaced, including younger mottled crustal materials that were displaced during mass wasting processes. The area between the mountain and the nearby volcanoes, Radegast Patera and Tohil Patera contain a number of dark and white silicate flows, which are thought to be lava ponds or small lava lakes. Radagast PateraTopographical studies of the terrain indicate that there is less than 1 km of relief in the Culann–Tohil region and that there is no discernible correlation between centers of active volcanism and topography.
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The Höllental is one of the valleys in the Black Forest that cuts through the asymmetric ridgeline of mountains from its plateau-like eastern uplands and runs down its steep western escarpment. The valley follows the line of the Bonndorf Rift Valley (Bonndorfer Graben), which runs from Kaiserstuhl via the Wutach gorge and Hegau to Lake Constance and is part of this tectonically formed fault. Additionally, it could have been created as a result of repeated glaciation of the Black Forest's uplands by ice lakes that could have spilled westwards over the eroded ridgeline. As a result, the tributaries of the Höllenbach east of the ridgeline flow initially southeast, turning almost 180° towards the northeast into the Höllental itself, a situation similar to that of the Maloja Pass in Engadin.
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In 1980 the Institute of British Geographers marked the fortieth anniversary of Structure, Surface and Drainage in South-East England by the publication of The Shaping of Southern England (,Jones D.K.C. (Ed) (1980), The Shaping of Southern England, Institute of British Geographers Special Publication, No 11, London: Academic Press a collection of papers which both emphasised the importance of the work, and showed how dated it had become. Fundamentally, the 'Wooldridge and Linton Model' was based on the view that the south-east region had been tectonically stable except for two brief periods, in the Upper Cretaceous and the mid-Tertiary. Subsequent work has shown that this view is far too simplistic, throwing much of the interpretation of cycles of landscape evolution into doubt. More serious are criticisms of Wooldridge's overemphasis on form over process.
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In 2014, researchers noted that the librational motion of Mimas has a component that cannot be explained by its orbit alone, and concluded that it was due to either an interior that is not in hydrostatic equilibrium (an elongated core) or an internal ocean. However, in 2017 it was concluded that the presence of an ocean in Mimas' interior would have led to surface tidal stresses comparable to or greater than those on tectonically active Europa. Thus, the lack of evidence for surface cracking or other tectonic activity on Mimas argues against the presence of such an ocean; as the formation of a core would have also produced an ocean and thus the nonexistent tidal stresses, that possibility is also unlikely. The presence of an asymmetric mass anomaly associated with the crater Herschel may be a more likely explanation for the libration.
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Germany is transected by parts of the European Cenozoic Rift System, particularly the Upper and Lower Rhine Grabens, and these areas remain tectonically active today. This zone of intraplate deformation is caused by the continuing effects of the Alpine orogeny as the African Plate continues to push northwards into the Eurasian Plate."System Explanation of Earthquakes in Germany and Central Europe", Natural Disasters Networking Platform, quoting from G. Grünthal, "Erdbeben und Erdbebengefährdung in Deutschland sowie im europäischen Kontext", Geographie und Schule 151 (2004), 14–23 Seismologists consider earthquakes up to 6.4 on the Richter scale theoretically possible in the Lower Rhine Graben seismic zone.Klaus-G. Hinzen and Sharon K. Reamer, "Seismicity, seismotectonics, and seismic hazard in the northern Rhine area", Geological Society of America special papers, Abstract, 29 November 2006, retrieved 29 May 2010, refers to a maximum magnitude of 7.0.
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The Narryer Gneiss Terrane is a geological complex in Western Australia that is composed of a tectonically interleaved and polydeformed mixture of granite, mafic intrusions and metasedimentary rocks in excess of 3.3 billion years old, with the majority of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in excess of 3.6 billion years old. The rocks have experienced multiple metamorphic events at amphibolite or granulite conditions, resulting in often complete destruction of original igneous or sedimentary (protolith) textures. Importantly, it contains the oldest known samples of the Earth's crust: samples of zircon from the Jack Hills portion of the Narryer Gneiss have been radiometrically dated at 4.4 billion years old, although the majority of zircon crystals are about 3.6-3.8 billion years old. The Narryer Gneiss Terrane is adjacent to the northernmost margin of the Yilgarn Craton and is abutted on the north by the Gascoyne Complex metasedimentary and metagranite orogen.
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Between the middle Albian and early Cenomanian, a series of pull-apart basins developed, producing a local unconformity in the Tremp Basin. A first phase of tectonic compression commenced in the Cenomanian, lasting until the late Santonian, around 85 Ma, when Iberia started to rotate counterclockwise towards Europe, producing a series of piggyback basins in the southern Pre- Pyrenees. A more tectonically quiet posterior phase provided the Tremp Basin with a shallowing-upward sequence of marine carbonates until the moment of deposition of the Tremp Formation, in the lower section still marginally marine, but becoming more continental and lagoonal towards the top. Shortly after deposition of the Tremp Formation, the Boixols Thrust, active to the north of the Tremp Basin and represented by the Sant Corneli anticline, started a phase of tectonic inversion, placing upper Santonian rocks on top of the northern Tremp Formation.
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The amount of Messinian salts has been estimated as around (but this estimate may be reduced by 50 to 75% when more information becomes available) and more than 1 million cubic kilometres, 50 times the amount of salt normally in the Mediterranean waters. This suggests either a succession of desiccations or a long period of hypersalinity during which incoming water from the Atlantic Ocean was evaporated with the level of the Mediterranean brine being similar to that of the Atlantic. The nature of the strata points strongly to several cycles of the Mediterranean Sea completely drying and being refilled (Gargani and Rigollet, 2007), with drying periods correlating to periods of cooler global temperatures; which were therefore drier in the Mediterranean region. Each refilling was presumably caused by a seawater inlet opening, either tectonically, or by a river flowing eastwards below sea level into the "Mediterranean Sink" cutting its valley head back west until it let the sea in, similarly to a river capture.
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These two rock fractures, known as the Tintina and Denali fault systems, have been tectonically active since the Cretaceous period as strike-slip faults. The Denali fault to the west and the Tintina fault to the east are nearly long, extending from northern British Columbia to central Alaska. Other mechanisms suggested for triggering volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province include mantle plumes, deglaciation and slab windows, although continental rifting is the most accurate mechanism for activating volcanism in the volcanic zone. Further evidence for continental rifting in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is magmas are mainly alkaline, it includes highly alkaline and peralkaline rock types, the main spatial-temporal pattern of volcanism is in the middle of the volcanic province followed by movement to the south, north and possibly northeast, heat flow in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is high, seismic activity is largely absent in the volcanic province and the largest period of volcanism correlates with an interval of net extension between the Pacific and North American plates.
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