1000 Sentences With "taxa" | Random Sentence Generator

Em causa, estavam instrumentos derivados de taxa de juro complexos, conhecidos como 'snowball', através dos quais as empresas recebem do Banco Santander Totta uma taxa de juro variável.

In the meantime, Taxa is working on creating more scents.

"Any of those taxa might be the superarchaics," Rogers said.

TAXA Outdoors also claims the flooring of the Mantis is non-slip.

"Herpesviruses are widespread in all vertebrate taxa, including humans," the Smithsonian said.

The hormones are virtually identical across taxa, from humans to birds to invertebrates.

This skull will help show that Pachycephalosaurus, Stygimoloch and Dracorex are DISTINCT taxa. pic.twitter.

They were able to see the taxa – the group of organisms – responsible for the disease.

TAXA is still working on perfecting the glowing plant, though a few prototypes have shipped.

Garrett Finney had designed habitation modules for the International Space Station before founding Taxa in 5003.

One of the taxa on our list here for Dorian is one called the red swamp crayfish.

Any taxa listed as "Near Threatened" or more, based on the IUCN Red List, is automatically obscured.

TAXA has multiple trailer models currently on the market: the Cricket, Woolly Bear, Tiger Moth, and Mantis.

The trailer is 19-feet long which allows it to be stored in a garage, TAXA claims.

This month Bay Area biotechnology startup Taxa debuted Orbella, moss that has been genetically engineered to produce a fragrance.

Bioengineering startup TAXA Biotechnologies managed to raise nearly $50,000 on Wefunder by Tuesday night, according to CEO Antony Evans.

TAXA Outdoors has unveiled the 2020 Mantis trailer that has a pop-up roof for extra sleeping space and ventilation.

The end of 2017 seemed to come packed with incredible new taxa adorned with great art, and several made the cut.

That's the vision of Bay Area-based TAXA Biotechnologies, which has synthesized a moss that produces the earthy scent of patchouli.

The moss TAXA used thrives in moist conditions and would require watering once a week, as well as plenty of shade.

At least two groups of human species, or taxa, lived in Eurasia during the time the superarchaics broke off from our lineage.

Paleobiologist William Schopf of UCLA published his discovery of the strange squiggles in 1993 and identified 11 distinct microbial taxa in the samples.

No prazo mais curto, a taxa média ponderada (TMP) regressou a terreno positivo nos 22,261 pct, face aos -22,26 pct num leilão em Abril.

TAXA Outdoors has unveiled its 2020 trailer models, including the new Mantis, which has a pop-up roof for extra sleeping space and ventilation.

O EBITDA da Biedronka foi de 583 ME, 13,9 pct acima do registado há um ano ou mais 11,5 pct a taxa de câmbio constante.

Dados económicos tépidos, incluíndo uma taxa de desemprego crescente, alimentaram as expectativas de que o banco central australiano reduza as taxas de juro em Julho.

No mercado secundário, a taxa das Obrigações do Tesouro portuguesas a 13 anos cai 5 pontos base para 3,35 pct, após ter disparado para máximos de quatro meses ontem.

He said that the next step for TAXA is to genetically engineer a plant that can mop up toxic gases commonly found in the home, like formaldehyde and benzene.

"One of the big reasons that nobody has been able to detect it is that the fossil record has not been included in studies about modern taxa," Gates said.

"This specimen is one of several hinting at greater disparity within Azhdarchidae than previously considered, but is the first to demonstrate such proportional differences within giant taxa," the researchers wrote.

Before Wefunder, TAXA had already raised nearly $1 million through the startup coaching program known as Y Combinator, angel investments and pre-orders for its plants through Kickstarter, another crowdfunding platform.

At this site, there are five common taxa and five present taxa, with 10 to 25 and 3 to 9 individuals being observed, respectively. Eleven taxa are rare, with fewer than three individuals being observed. At another site, there are two abundant taxa, three common taxa, four present taxa, and eight rare taxa. At a third site on the creek, there are three abundant taxa, four common taxa, three present taxa, and seven rare taxa.

Endangered turtles and smooth-coated otters, listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, are found in the wetland. 26 species of fish are recorded which include rohu, catla, Puntius, Cirrhina, Channa, Mystus, Chitala chitala, Cyprinus, and Ambassis ranga. Invertebrates recorded are: molluscs (39 & 4 taxa), insects (6 & 32 taxa), crustaceans (27 taxa), annelids (7 taxa), nematodes (7 & 4 taxa), rotifers (59 & 13 taxa), and protozoans (5 & 21 taxa).

Secale montanum descended directly from S. sylvestre and other perennial taxa originated from S. montanum. Perennial taxa are the progenitors of annual taxa. All annual taxa are most closely related and form a monophyletic group.

In microbiology, taxa that are thus seen as excluded from their evolutionary grade parent group are called taxa in disguise. Paraphyletic taxa will often, but not always, represent evolutionary grades. In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups, and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa which may even be polyphyletic.

Calciavis is recovered as a sister taxa to Pseudocrypturus, as sister-taxa to all other lithornithids.

Ariaspidae encompasses the taxa Ariaspis and the taxa formerly contained within Anglaspididae (Anglaspis, Liliaspis and Paraliliaspis).

The Total Taxa Richness ranges from 10.00 to 11.00. The Taxa Richness and the EPT Taxa Richness are the total number of macroinvertebrate taxa observed in a sample and the total number of those taxa that are in the three aforementioned orders, respectively. The Percent Intolerance Index ranges from 4.2% to 7.9% and the Beck's Index value ranges from 2.00 to 6.00. These two methods count individuals with PTVs of 0 to 3 and taxa with PTVs of 0 to 2, respectively.

Accession Number: 4000 Special collections: Systematic and plant geography collection – 905 species, Ericaceae family plants – 300 taxa, Ornamental plants – 1200 taxa, Alpine plants – 987 species, Ligneous plants – 600 species. Lithuanian native flora – 180 taxa.

For the same authors, the taxa proposed as hybrids by Hinkelmann, could be valid taxa, especially P. longuemareus imatacae.

Thirdly, I continue to attempt to interdigitate the taxa in our flora with taxa of the remainder of the world.

The Taxa Richness and the EPT Taxa Richness are the total number of macroinvertebrate taxa observed in a sample and the total number of those taxa that are in the three aforementioned orders, respectively. The Percent Intolerance Index ranged from 2.5% to 53% and the Beck's Index value ranged from 10.00 to 26.00. These two methods count individuals with PTVs of 0 to 3 and taxa with PTVs of 0 to 2, respectively.

Most taxa differ morphologically from other taxa. Typically, closely related taxa differ much less than more distantly related ones, but there are exceptions to this. Cryptic species are species which look very similar, or perhaps even outwardly identical, but are reproductively isolated. Conversely, sometimes unrelated taxa acquire a similar appearance as a result of convergent evolution or even mimicry.

Jointly they introduced about 70 new taxa, and the two of them (together and independently) introduced a total of approximately 500 new taxa.

Based on a distance matrix relating the n taxa, calculate Q as follows: where d(i,j) is the distance between taxa i and j.

He named a great many new taxa, and several taxa are named in his honour. He published significant work on both mantids and phasmids (1842).

Taxa are defined as "common" if they are known to overlap with a large fraction of the taxa with which they are implied to overlap.

The time required for a parsimony analysis (or any phylogenetic analysis) is proportional to the number of taxa (and characters) included in the analysis. Also, because more taxa require more branches to be estimated, more uncertainty may be expected in large analyses. Because data collection costs in time and money often scale directly with the number of taxa included, most analyses include only a fraction of the taxa that could have been sampled. Indeed, some authors have contended that four taxa (the minimum required to produce a meaningful unrooted tree) are all that is necessary for accurate phylogenetic analysis, and that more characters are more valuable than more taxa in phylogenetics.

Many empirical case studies start with exploratory detection of putative hybrid taxa or individuals with genomic clustering approaches, such as those used in the software STRUCTURE, ADMIXTURE or fineSTRUCTURE. These methods infer a user- specified number of genetic groups from the data and assign each individual to one or a mix of these groups. They can be applied to closely related taxa without having to preassign individuals to taxa and may thus be particularly useful in the study of closely related taxa or species complexes. However, uneven sampling of the parental taxa or different amounts of drift in the included taxa may lead to erroneous conclusions about evidence for hybridization.

Ross, A.J. 2019b. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line supplement v.2019.2. 33pp. For the sake of brevity, a complete list of taxa is not given here, and the classification is mostly at family level. For a more complete list of taxa, see Paleobiota of Burmese amber.

Today the arboretum has grown to contain more than 370 taxa of woody plants, including major collections of Acer (130 taxa including 90 species and subspecies, with the remainder cultivars), Viburnum (27 taxa), Quercus (27), Cornus (23), Euonymus (15), Rhus (10), Tilia (9), and Liquidambar (4).

Below is their phylogeographic tree they have recovered, in which displays the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa as well as the continents those taxa have been found.

Schepman described and named a large number of taxa of molluscs, mostly species, especially species of marine gastropods. For example, in November 2012, the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) listed 182 valid marine taxa (181 marine gastropods, 1 marine bivalve) that were described by Schepman.WoRMS Taxon search Scientific name contains Schepman, Limit to accepted taxa, accessed 1 November 2012. Schepman originally described about 450 taxa, including many turrids.

Generalized ancestral taxa are identified and specialized descendant taxa are noted as coming off the lineage with a line of one color representing the progenitor through time. A Besseyan cactus or commagram is then devised that represents both shared and serial ancestry. Progenitor taxa may have one or more descendant taxa. Support measures in terms of Bayes factors may be given, following Zander's method of transformational analysis using decibans.

About 2000 plants in the garden are set out within 32 beds according to the early Bentham & Hooker system of classification. The garden has undergone only minor changes since its inception. Today the garden contains about 2,200 species (2,700 taxa) as follows: systematic plant collection (2,000 taxa), trees and shrubs (315 taxa), greenhouse plants (250 species), useful and medicinal plants (175 taxa), and aromatic and spice plants (22 species).

Protopteraspididae was once thought to be a family of primitive or basal pteraspidids. A recent analysis of Pteraspidiformes shows that Protopteraspididae is paraphyletic, as its various taxa show a gradual transition from primitive taxa similar to the Anchipteraspidids towards more derived taxa (such as Panamintaspis) closer to the Pteraspidoidei.

Hemithrinax ekmaniana in the Caribbean section. As of 2016, the plant collection includes at least 1853 plant taxa, with focus on island floras. 420 plant taxa are in the IUCN red list: 73 are critically endangered and 2 extinct in the wild. The palm collection has 573 taxa.

Blue-listed species includes any indigenous species or subspecies (taxa) considered to be vulnerable in their locale. Vulnerable taxa are of special concern because of characteristics that make them particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Blue-listed taxa are at risk, but are not extirpated, endangered or threatened.

A feature of the game is that all taxa of multicellular animals are on an equal footing, and thus it is possible to evolve, for example, sapient molluscs.{SimEarth User Manual, p. 143} The two single-celled lifeform taxa, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (or Bacteria and Amoebas, in-game respectively) are treated specially. Some examples of animal taxa include Radiates and Cetaceans as well as more well known taxa such as fish and birds.

In enzymology, a taxadien-5alpha-ol O-acetyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :acetyl-CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol \rightleftharpoons CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol, whereas its two products are CoA and taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate. This enzyme participates in diterpenoid biosynthesis.

These three taxa are nested within S. erythrothorax sensu lato; however, using the phylogenetic species concept, the study recommended the treatment of all eight forest robin taxa as distinct species.

Higher-level taxa are presented in likely or suspected phylogenetic order. Genus-level taxa and lower are sorted chronologically, in ascending order (i.e., older taxa first). The higher-level groups of non-Neornithes are arranged based on the phylogeny proposed by Luis Chiappe,Chiappe (2001, 2002) updated and expanded to incorporate recent research.

It seems that one miscounted and the others used those figures. Another count of Appendix C of the Protected Site Application and Appendix E of Revisioning an Historic Landscape, which appear to be identical show the plan to be for 282 deciduous trees of 141 taxa, 428 conifers of 93 taxa, 3,250 shrubs of 276 taxa, 76 vines of 13 taxa and ground cover taxa to be 32 for a total of 555 woody plant species. In addition the formal shrub and hedge display section 5C of the original plan was not included in either of those appendices.

Its landscaped gardens contain national collections of agaves (more than 100 taxa) and yuccas (more than 40 taxa), as well as palm trees. This garden is now called Jardin zoologique tropical.

Any pair of > adjacent means is considered different and given different integer scores > ... if the means are separated by a "gap" greater than the within-group > standard deviation ... times some arbitrary constant. If more taxa are added to the analysis, the gaps between taxa may become so small that all information is lost. Generalized gap coding works around that problem by comparing individual pairs of taxa rather than considering one set that contains all of the taxa.

Recently, the effects of the fluoranthene-spiked sediments on the gut microbiome were investigated and several taxa of bacteria were identified; these taxa may play a role in the metabolism of fluoranthene.

Norfolk Island has 523 taxa of vascular plants, 136 of which are indigenous, and 387 naturalised. Forty-four of the indigenous taxa are endemic. There are two endemic genera, Ungeria and Streblorrhiza.

A recombinational hybrid taxon typically also has a substantial proportion of the genome derived from the donor of introgressed material, although variation exists both between taxa and within lineages of hybrid taxa.

The plus symbol ("+") between taxa indicates the given taxa is a node-based clade, defined as comprising all descendants of the last common ancestor of the "added" taxa. The greater-than symbol (">") indicates the given taxon is a stem-based taxon, comprising all organisms sharing a common ancestor that is not also an ancestor of the "lesser" taxon.

In 2001, a total of five macroinvertebrate taxa were observed on North Mahanoy Creek. The taxa Chironomidae and Simuliidae were classified as "common", with 10 to 24 individuals being observed. The taxa Limnephilidae and Rhyacophilidae were classified as "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. Oligochaeta was classified as "rare", with only one or two individuals being observed.

TreeBASE is a repository of phylogenetic data published in scientific journals. In phylogenetic studies, research data are collected or generated, such as comparative observations (e.g. character state matrices or multiple sequence alignments) made on a set of taxa, metadata about these taxa, and the phylogenetic trees that are inferred to best describe the evolutionary relationships between the taxa.

Some taxa have been suggested as mimics of various hymenopterans, including bees and ants. However this was mostly rejected in another study. Some taxa were probably predators adapted to moving through dense foliage.

Temnospondyl amphibian remains are present within the Organ Rock Formation. Three taxa have been reported. These include: Trimerorhachis, Eryops, and Zatrachys. Of these three taxa, fragments of Eryops are the most commonly recovered.

A recent study indicates that it likely includes cryptic taxa.

Australaugeneria michaelseni is commensal. Its host taxa are alcyonacean corals.

A. pottsi is commensal. Its host taxa are alcyonacean corals.

Australaugeneria rutilans is commensal. Its host taxa are alcyonacean corals.

These taxa are considered sister groups of the Alligator clade.

No new taxa have been erected to accommodate the research.

In biological classification, circumscriptional names are taxon names that are not ruled by ICZN and are defined by the particular set of members included. Circumscriptional names are used mainly for taxa above family-group level (e. g. order or class), but can be also used for taxa of any ranks, as well as for rank-less taxa. Non-typified names other than those of the genus- or species- group constitute the majority of generally accepted names of taxa higher than superfamily.

In the past, taxa which had petiolate leaves with reticulate venation were considered "primitive" within the monocots, because of the superficial resemblance to the leaves of dicotyledons. Recent work suggests that while these taxa are sparse in the phylogenetic tree of monocots, such as fleshy fruited taxa (excluding taxa with aril seeds dispersed by ants), the two features would be adapted to conditions that evolved together regardless. Among the taxa involved were Smilax, Trillium (Liliales), Dioscorea (Dioscoreales), etc. A number of these plants are vines that tend to live in shaded habitats for at least part of their lives, and this fact may also relate to their shapeless stomata.

They found that the West USDA-NRCS geographical region has the highest soil taxa richness, followed by the Northern Plains. The South Central region has the highest taxa evenness, while taxa evenness in the West region is the lowest. The West or the South Central regions have the highest overall soil diversity in the four highest taxonomic categories, while the West or Northern Plains regions have the highest diversity in the two lowest taxonomic levels. The high diversity index in the West region results from high taxa richness while the high diversity index in the South Central region results from an evenness of taxa.

In North America, the genus is found in the Aleutian Islands and British Columbia.Hong, Won Shic. 1987. "The Distribution of Western North American Hepaticae. Endemic Taxa and Taxa with a North Pacific Arc Distribution".

Paul Bartsch proposed 3278 taxa, 2,979 of which are of new species and subspecies, and 299 are supraspecific names. Of these 1257 were published together with another author. These taxa, except three, were all mollusks.

Two important extinct taxa are the Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites).

Most of the taxa within the order are basal-branching pleurocarps.

Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. No infraspecific taxa have been described.

It was listed in the appendix under TAXA OF UNCERTAIN POSITION.

Both taxa are now recognized as paraphyletic groups of basal archosauriforms.

Bieberstein is recognised as the scientific authority for 1,695 plant taxa.

Cyathaspidae encompasses the taxa of the families Cyathaspididae, Irregularaspididae, and Poraspididae.

The taxa Eurycope nobili, Periclimenaeus nobilii and Paranchistus nobilii commemorate him.

Such conservatism is usually seen in ecological generalists or eurytopic taxa.

In a sense, these taxa have gynoecia that are effectively apocarpous.

Cast of "Plesiosaurus" macrocephalus found by Mary Anning, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris Pliosauroidea is a stem-based taxon that was defined by Welles as "all taxa more closely related to Pliosaurus brachydeirus than to Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus". Pliosauridae and Rhomaleosauridae are stem-based taxa too. Pliosauridae is defined as "all taxa more closely related to Pliosaurus brachydeirus than to Leptocleidus superstes, Polycotylus latipinnis or Meyerasaurus victor". Rhomaleosauridae is defined as "all taxa more closely related to Meyerasaurus victor than to Leptocleidus superstes, Pliosaurus brachydeirus or Polycotylus latipinnis".

The latter two are rain forest- dwelling taxa that had earlier been described as separate species, but botanists Axel Dalberg Poulsen and Inger Nordal reduced the taxa to varieties of C. comosum in 2005.Poulsen, AD, and I Nordal. 2005. A phenetic analysis and revision of Guineo-Congolean rain forest taxa of Chlorophytum (Anthericaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 148: 1-20.

Hadrosauromorpha is a cohort of iguanodontian ornithopods, defined in 2014 by David B. Norman to divide Hadrosauroidea into the basal taxa with compressed manual bones and a pollex, and the derived taxa that lack them. The clade is defined as all the taxa closer to Edmontosaurus regalis than Probactrosaurus gobiensis. This results in different taxon inclusion depending on the analysis.

An alternative definition offered for anagenesis involves progeny relationships between designated taxa with one or more denominated taxa in line with a branch from the evolutionary tree. Taxa must be within the species or genus and will help identify possible ancestors. When looking at evolutionary descent, there are two mechanisms at play. The first process is when genetic information changes.

During the period of resistance the plants are less likely to become extinct and can diversify and speciate, and as such taxa with latex and resin canals are more diverse than their canal lacking sister taxa.

The flora of Greenland consists of a total of 575 species or 606 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular plants, of which 13 are endemic, and 87 taxa introduced by humans, most of which are naturalized.

A large number of MPTs is often seen as an analytical failure, and is widely believed to be related to the number of missing entries ("?") in the dataset, characters showing too much homoplasy, or the presence of topologically labile "wildcard" taxa (which may have many missing entries). Numerous methods have been proposed to reduce the number of MPTs, including removing characters or taxa with large amounts of missing data before analysis, removing or downweighting highly homoplastic characters (successive weighting) or removing wildcard taxa (the phylogenetic trunk method) a posteriori and then reanalyzing the data. Numerous theoretical and simulation studies have demonstrated that highly homoplastic characters, characters and taxa with abundant missing data, and "wildcard" taxa contribute to the analysis.

In enzymology, a taxadiene 5alpha-hydroxylase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :taxa-4,11-diene + AH2 \+ O2 \rightleftharpoons taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol + A + H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are taxa-4,11-diene, an electron acceptor AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol, the reduction product A, and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derive from O miscellaneous. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taxa-4,11-diene,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (5alpha-hydroxylating).

One study from Wang et al. (2012) using 30 nuclear loci from 28 taxa found Falconidae and Cariamidae being sister taxa to each other. This is, however, not been supported by the latest major neoavian phylogenetic studies.

The profound change in the taxonomic composition was partly a result of the selectivity of the extinction event, which affected some taxa (e.g., brachiopods) more severely than others (e.g., bivalves). However, recovery was also differential between taxa.

In 1993, Aha was both included in a list authored by Menke of animal taxa names he considered "funny" or "curious" and in an article by May Berenbaum in American Entomologist on creative names for insect taxa.

The Carnivorous Plant Newsletter has published formal descriptions of the following taxa.

The following cladogram shows the possible relationship of Porrhothele to related taxa.

The virus taxa Chuviridae and Jingchuvirales are named in honor of Chǔ.

Sympatric species or taxa in secondary contact may or may not interbreed.

Trout have been observed in Whitelock Creek, as have numerous macroinvertebrate taxa.

Southwestern Naturalist 28: 303-314. and others not recognizing any subspecific taxa.

Hydnangiaceae taxa have a widespread distribution in both temperate and tropical zones.

Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription may vary, even widely). This may be species-group taxa of the same rank with the same type specimen, genus-group taxa of the same rank with the same type species or if their type species are themselves objective synonyms, of family-group taxa with the same type genus, etc.ICZN, Art. 61.3 In the case of subjective synonyms, there is no such shared type, so the synonymy is open to taxonomic judgement,ICZN, Art. 61.3.

However, only a small fraction of the macroinvertebrates belong to pollution-sensitive taxa (specifically, 25 percent in the upper reaches, 10 percent in the middle reaches, and 5 percent in the lower reaches). Common macroinvertebrate taxa in Miller Run at site MR-1 include Diptera, Amphipoda, Turbellaria, and Isopoda. Macroinvertebrate taxa in the stream at site MR-2 include Diptera, Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Oligochaeta. At the site MR-3, taxa include Diptera, Amphipoda, Turbellaria, and Isopoda, while at site MR-4, Diptera is by far the most common order.

These taxa are typically tall shrubs and trees that occur in moist areas; they have unbeaked follicles and soft, short- lived leaves that are in many cases needle-like. The clade includes all eastern taxa of the series Salicinae and Spicigerae (that is, all taxa except B. serrata, B. aemula and B. ornata) and also the western Spicigerae, Quercinae, Grandes, Abietinae and Dryandroideae. The /Cryptostomata were defined as those taxa in which the leaf stomata occur in crypts with constricted entrances. These are usually small shrubs that occur on dry, infertile sandplains.

Dissorophidae is a diverse clade that was named in 1902 by George A. Boulenger. Junior synonyms include Otocoelidae, Stegopidae, and Aspidosauridae. Early in the study of dissorophoids when the relationships of different taxa were not well-resolved and most taxa had not been described, Dissorophidae sometimes came to include taxa that are now not regarded as dissorophids and may have excluded earlier described taxa that are now regarded as dissorophids. Amphibamiforms were widely regarded as small-bodied dissorophids, and at one point, Dissorophidae was also suggested to also include Trematopidae.

Chromosome counts and advances in molecular systematics have enabled greater understanding of evolutionary relationships within Solidago. At the time a taxonomy of Solidago was published, related taxa causing contention, such as Chrysoma, Euthamia, Oligoneuron, and Petradoria were excluded from this genus. The number of Solidago species has remained relatively stable, around 120 species, with approximately 80 in North America. Due to monophyletic support for the New World taxa and taxonomic difficulties with Old World taxa, the taxonomy provided in the 1990s only includes North American taxa and thus treats Solidago as non-monophyletic.

Some specimens previously thought to be new species of Globidens have since been reassigned to other taxa such as Prognathodon, or placed in a new taxa, such as G. aegypticus which is now a type specimen for Igdamanosaurus.

Hisonotus and Microlepidogaster have, until recently, been considered as synonymous, although they are now recognized as separate and valid taxa. In the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses, both Hisonotus and Parotocinclus are relatively basal taxa within the Otothyrini clade.

Spring Run is considered to be a Coldwater Fishery. However, no trout inhabit the stream. Twenty percent of the macroinvertebrate taxa inhabiting Spring Run are of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera. None of the taxa are mayflies.

The zoological code does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa,Dubois, A. (2006). Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. Zoosystema, 28 (1): 165‒258, .

Rarer taxa included Isoperfa (4 individuals), Optioservus (4 individuals), Lanthus (4 individuals), Drunella (3 individuals), Pycnopsyche (3 individuals), Polycentropus (3 individuals), Rhycophi (3 individuals), Agapetus (2 individuals), and Nigronia (2 individuals). The rarest taxa were Lepidostoma, Boyeria, and Cambaridae (1 individual each). The modified Hilsenhoff Biotic Index value of Green Run is 2.83. The modified EPT Index value is 12 and the total taxa richness is 23.

The ICZN regulates names of taxa up to family group rank (i. e. superfamily). There are no generally accepted rules of naming higher taxa (orders, classes, phyla, etc.). Under the approach of circumscription-based (circumscriptional) nomenclatures, a circumscriptional name is associated with a certain circumscription of a taxon without regard of its rank or position. Some authors advocate introducing a mandatory standardized typified nomenclature of higher taxa.

Recent molecular phylogenetic work has shown that some taxa are complexes of multiple species segregated by host, for example Hesperomyces virescens. The classification of the order Laboulbeniales follows Isabelle Tavares (1985) but several taxa in that system are polyphyletic.

The genus Fritillaria includes about 150 subordinate taxa, including species and subspecies. Estimates of the number of species vary from about 100 through 130–140. The Plant List (2013) includes 141 accepted species names, and 156 taxa in total.

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference and (modified) CC-BY-3.0 text from the referenceWatters G. T. (2013). "New taxa and distributional notes on Abbottella and related taxa (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae)". Zootaxa 3646(1): 1-22. .

Morefield, J. D. (2004). New taxa and names in North American Ancistrocarphus, Diaperia, and Logfia (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae: Filagininae) and related taxa. Novon 14:4 463-75. Ancistrocarphus keilii grows in sandy soils in chaparral habitat adjacent to oak woodlands.

Stereospondyls were particularly diverse during the Early Triassic, with small-bodied taxa such as lapillopsids and lydekkerinids that were likely more terrestrially capable present alongside larger taxa that would continue into the Middle Triassic, such as brachyopoids and trematosauroids. The vast majority of stereospondyls, particularly the large- bodied taxa, have been inferred to have been obligately aquatic based on features of the external anatomy such as a well-developed lateral line system, poorly ossified postcranial skeleton, and occasional preservation of proxies of external gills. Many taxa also reflect adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle as evidence in bone histology, which is pachyostotic in many taxa, although some studies suggest a greater terrestrial ability than historically inferred. Most of the aquatic taxa resided in freshwater environments, but some trematosauroids in particular are thought to have been euryhaline based on their preservation in marine sediments with marine organisms.

Two fish taxa, bullhead (Ameiurus) and sunfish (Centrarchidae), have also been found there.

Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7: 13-64.

He named about 200 new taxa, the complete list has never been published.

Many taxa have since been transferred to more appropriate genera, such as Senna.

Mollusca: Adamussium colbecki CCAMLR VME Taxa Classification Guide(2009). Retrieved 2012-04-07.

The presence or absence of indusium is also used to identify fern taxa.

Six frog species and up to 80 aquatic invertebrate taxa have been recorded.

2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. No infraspecific taxa have been described.

This is a list of Scatopsidae taxa that occur in the Australian region.

Louis Embeerger is the authority for 168 taxa, such as Agropyron pseudofestucoides Emb.

Vittorio Calestani is the authority for 37 taxa, such as Arabis cardamine Calest.

Examples of Lazarus taxa include: coelacanths and the Philippine naked-backed fruit bat.

Both taxa have pronounced notches in the cephalon to accommodate the stalked eyes.

Four new Drosera taxa from south western Australia. Nuytsia, 8(3): 323-332.

Moreover, it is apparent that some taxa were eurytopic whereas others were stenotopic.

This means, at times, long and perhaps overly discursive discussions of other taxa.

This is a classical problem in exclosure experiments in other habitats and taxa.

To support this hypothesis Kondrahov et al. compared sets of orthologous proteins from 15 taxa, which represent three domains of life. As a result, Ser, His, Met, Phe and Cysaccure in 14 taxa. Gly, Glu, Ala, Pro was pretty much lost.

Ichthyoconodon's teeth were found in marine deposits, alongside taxa like hybodontid sharks, ornithocheirid pterosaurs,Wilton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. . ray-finned fish and sea turtles, as well as several terrestrial taxa like theropods.

Four early synapsid taxa are present within the Organ Rock Formation. These include Ophiacodon, as well as three sphenacodontids: Ctenospondylus, Dimetrodon, and Sphenacodon ferocior. Most taxa are known from fragmentary material. Early synapsids were dominant members of the terrestrial Permian ecosystem.

Peytoia infercambriensis may represent a transitional form between taxa with two rows of similar ventral spines such as Anomalocaris pennsylvanica and taxa with highly differentiated ventral spines such as Peytoia nathorsti. It bears particular similarity to Anomalocaris pennsylvanica and Tamisiocaris borealis.

Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be given names. Alternative approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem.Kluge N.J. 1999. A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa.

In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. A taxon (e.g. species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa.

Banksia marginata resolves as the closest relative, or "sister", to B. saxicola, the two taxa part of a larger group containing B. paludosa and the three subspecies of B. integrifolia. Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons.

A phylogenetic analysis will group these taxa together as a clade unless other synapomorphies outweigh the homoplastic features to group together true sister taxa. These problems may be minimized by using methods that correct for multiple substitutions at the same site, by adding taxa related to those with the long branches that add additional true synapomorphies to the data, or by using alternative slower evolving traits (e.g. more conservative gene regions).

Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 simply included the Anomphalidae in "basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda".

Nepenthes bicalcarata varies little across its range. Consequently, no infraspecific taxa have been described.

Consequently, the taxa recently have gone from nine to at least thirty-three species.

E. pallida is commensal; its host taxa are sea stars and possibly sea cucumbers.

"New molluscan taxa and scientific writings of Fritz Haas".Fieldiana 53(2): 71–144.

Adults are insectivores, usually consuming taxa such as Drosophila, Musca, Phormia, Lucilia, and Calliphora.

E. depress is commensal. Its host taxa are hermit crabs and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea).

The plant species _Kali paulsenii_ is among the many plant taxa named for him.

The formation is also well known for its fossil footprints, representing many different taxa.

Conoesucidae caddisflies (riffles), larval and adult elimids (riffles) and Oniscigastridae (pool edges) distinguished the snow melt rivers from regulated Snowy River. Marchant and Hehir (2002) reported that AUSRIVAS models (>50% probability) predicted Conoesucidae and elmids to be present in the upper Snowy River, but these taxa were not found in their study. The greater density of these taxa in snowmelt rivers compared the Snowy River is consistent with river regulation. Marchant and Hehir attribute the absence of these taxa to dams acting as a barrier to drift and limiting recolonisation of these taxa and not to flow regulation.

Many of these findings were published in the Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn.IPNI List of taxa described & co-described by Didrichsen. Taxa with the specific epithet of didrichsenii are named in his honor.JSTOR Global Plants Type of Mastigobryum didrichsenii Steph.

Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.

Several plant taxa are named for Dieck, including Brachythecium dieckii and maple Acer × dieckii hybrids.

This is because taxa may be conserved across landscape levels, if not at local levels.

Other interests include insects and spiders, of which Ashmole discovered and described some new taxa.

This species lives in taiga and tundra. It feeds on a variety of plant taxa.

Later stages of development across all taxa of animals and the length of gestation vary.

She has described a number of taxa, in particular amphibians but also a few reptiles.

The following tree represents the current insights in the relationships of Roussea with other taxa.

Eurytopic taxa would be expected to have flatter fossil recovery potentials than more stenotopic forms.

The Declared Rare and Priority Flora List is the system by which Western Australia's conservation flora are given a priority. Developed by the Government of Western Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation, it is used extensively within the department, including the Western Australian Herbarium. The herbarium's journal, Nuytsia, which has published over a quarter of the state's conservation taxa, requires a conservation status to be included in all publications of new Western Australian taxa that appear to be rare or endangered. The system defines six levels of priority taxa: ;X: Threatened (Declared Rare Flora) – Presumed Extinct Taxa: These are taxa that are thought to be extinct, either because they have not been collected for over 50 years despite thorough searching, or because all known wild populations have been destroyed.

Although excluding characters or taxa may appear to improve resolution, the resulting tree is based on less data, and is therefore a less reliable estimate of the phylogeny (unless the characters or taxa are non informative, see safe taxonomic reduction). Today's general consensus is that having multiple MPTs is a valid analytical result; it simply indicates that there is insufficient data to resolve the tree completely. In many cases, there is substantial common structure in the MPTs, and differences are slight and involve uncertainty in the placement of a few taxa. There are a number of methods for summarizing the relationships within this set, including consensus trees, which show common relationships among all the taxa, and pruned agreement subtrees, which show common structure by temporarily pruning "wildcard" taxa from every tree until they all agree.

To date, almost 38,000 taxa have been recorded. However, the actual number is estimated to be much higher, with estimates ranging from a minimum of 50,000 to over 100,000.DZZP.hr Wild taxa The Register contains 817 protected and 2,307 strictly protected wild and domesticated taxa.DZZP.hr Protected and strictly protected wild and domesticated taxa For particularly protected species the Red List of Plants and Animals of the Republic of Croatia has been created.

PeerJ, e1778 Below is a cladogram from Ezcurra (2016), that reexamined all historical members of the "Proterosuchia" (a polyphyletic historical group including proterosuchids and erythrosuchids). The placement of fragmentary taxa that had to be removed to increase tree resolution are indicated by dashed lines (in the most derived position that they can be confidently assigned to). Taxa that are nomina dubia are indicated by the note "dubium". Bold terminal taxa are collapsed.

Cladogram from Parrish (1992): Below is a cladogram from Ezcurra (2016) that reexamined all historical members of the "Proterosuchia" (a polyphyletic historical group including proterosuchids and erythrosuchids). The placement of fragmentary taxa that had to be removed to increase tree resolution is indicated by dashed lines (in the most derived position that they can be confidently assigned to). Taxa that are nomina dubia are indicated by the note "dubium". Bold terminal taxa are collapsed.

These were published on many groups of crustaceans, their natural history and nomenclature, and the history of carcinology. This steady stream of publications resulted in the description of 428 new taxa: 2 new families, 5 subfamilies, 83 genera and 338 species. 67 taxa were named after him between 1953 (Hippolyte holthuisi) and 2009 (Caridina holthuisi, Lysmata holthuisi). However, in Fransen, C.H.J.M., De Grave, S., Ng, P.K.L. 2010, an additional 50 taxa were named after him.

In 2008 a group of scientists from the University of Salento published a study of biodiversity in 26 Italian lagoons. They compared "the taxonomic composition of benthic macro-invertebrate guilds" in the lakes, where a guild is a group of taxa that subsist in the same way. The 944 taxa included 343 families. Any two lakes can be given a percentage similarity based on the number of taxa they contain in common.

The framework then for ζ-diversity can then be extended beyond measures of diversity in one (α-diversity), or between two communities (β-diversity), to describing diversity across sets of three or more communities. If ζ1 describes the number of distinct taxa in community A, and ζ2 describes the number of distinct taxa held in common between communities A and B, then ζn describes the number of distinct taxa held in common across n communities.

Today the garden contains more than 1,000 plant taxa, including medicinal and aromatic plants (38 species), cosmetic/perfume plants (92 species), fruit plants (50 taxa), industrial plants (23 species), dye plants (19 species), useful plants of the tropics (150 species), and desert plants (250 species).

This list of fossil fishes described in 2013 is a list of new taxa of placoderms, fossil cartilaginous fishes and bony fishess of every kind that have been described during the year 2013. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

These teeth features also characterize the other extinct toothed whale genera, Diaphorocetus, Idiorophus and Scaldicetus, sometimes placed with Hoplocetus in the subfamily Hoplocetinae. However, some of these taxa are fragmentary and have been used as wastebasket taxa for non- diagnostic material of stem physeteroids.

This increase often boosts phytoplankton production and favors taxa that do better in nutrient rich environments .

Small shelly fossils have been recovered – primitive taxa only. The setting is nearshore or open shelf.

In these taxa, the MDO is defined based on their shallowest depth during their diel migration.

However, since that species is confined to Peninsular Malaysia, the two taxa are not easily confused.

Spirulida is an order of cephalopods comprising one extant species (Spirula spirula) and several extinct taxa.

The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa.

Several taxa have been named in Stelfox's honour including Heterospilus stelfoxi a species of parasitoid wasp.

Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.

The placement of some more poorly known (Brevidorsum) or anatomically distinct (Scapanops) taxa is less resolved.

Several taxa were named after Roman Kenk, such as the freshwater planarian genera Kenkia and Romankenkius.

1917, where these taxa are extant species > included in the crown clade defined by this name.

New animal taxa tend to originally develop at a small size, as hypothesized by S.M. Stanley.

Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.

We demonstrate similarities and dissimilarities in ossicles of three pleuronectiform taxa obtained from the Baltic Sea.

Moreover, it is apparent that some taxa were eurytopic whereas others were stenotopic, similar recent ones.

The following are incomplete lists of mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrate species and genera included in the Riversleigh fauna, according to the compilation of taxa by researchers at the University of New South Wales and Queensland (wakaleo.net). A survey of species-level taxa described in the Riversleigh Fauna in the decades of research preceding 2006, resulted in a total greater than 290 species. The fauna of Riversleigh includes placental mammals, especially bats, and the various families of marsupials. Due to the novelty of some taxa discovered in the area, some species have been placed in tentative arrangements or unknown lineages placed as sometimes undescribed higher taxa.

Lazarus taxa are observational artifacts that appear to occur either because of (local) extinction, later resupplied, or as a sampling artifact. The fossil record is inherently sporadic (only a very small fraction of organisms become fossilized, and an even smaller fraction are discovered before destruction) and contains gaps not necessarily caused by extinction, particularly when the number of individuals in a taxon is very low. After mass extinctions, such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the Lazarus effect occurred for many taxa. However, there appears to be no link with the abundance of fossiliferous sites and the proportion of Lazarus taxa, and no missing taxa have been found in potential refuges.

The fossil record of Cixiidae is limited, and a number of taxa which have placed into the family may need to be reexamined and moved to different families. The oldest confirmed taxa are from the Early Cretaceous with ‘Cixius’ petrinus described from Barremian deposits in England, Karebodopoides aptianus from Hauterivian to Aptian Lebanese amber and Cretofennahia cretacea plus an unnamed specimen from the Aptian of Brazil. Due to the abundant nature of Cixiidae as inclusions in Eocene Baltic amber a number of taxa have been described, including Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni and Autrimpus sambiorum. Several taxa have also been described from Miocene Dominican amber including Oligocixia electrina and Oliarius kulickae.

This list of fossil arthropods described in 2010 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods of every kind that have been described during the year 2010. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

A concurrent-range zone uses the overlapping range of two taxa, with the lowest boundary defined by the appearance of one taxon and the highest boundary defined by the disappearance of the other taxon. Concurrent-range zones are named after both of the taxa in it.

Metasuchia is a major clade within the superorder Crocodylomorpha. It is split into two main groups, Notosuchia and Neosuchia. Notosuchia is an extinct group that contains primarily small-bodied Cretaceous taxa with heterodont dentition. Neosuchia includes the extant crocodylians and basal taxa, such as peirosaurids and pholidosaurids.

This list of fossil arthropods described in 2015 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods of every kind that have been described during the year 2015. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

The Limnanthaceae are a small family of annual herbs occurring throughout temperate North America. There are eight species and nineteen taxa currently recognized. Members of this family are prominent in vernal pool communities of California. Some taxa have been domesticated for use as an oil seed crop.

FloraBase is a public access web-based database of the flora of Western Australia. It provides authoritative scientific information on taxa, including descriptions, maps, images, conservation status and nomenclatural details. In addition to native species, FloraBase provides information on alien taxa that have naturalised in Western Australia.

Ayla Kalkandelen (14 March 1939 – 28 April 2002) was a Turkish entomologist. Her specialty was in Auchenorrhyncha, a suborder of true bugs or insects order Homoptera. She described ten taxa and has five taxa named after her. Ayla Kalkandelen was born in Gaziantep on 14 March 1939.

The only known specimens were discovered in the underwater cave system of Hoyo Negro in Quintana Roo, consisting of a partial skull and mandible. It was found to be closer to other Mexican Sloth taxa, like Xibalbaonyx, Meizonyx and Zacatzontli than North American taxa like Megalonyx.

This list of gastropods described in 2019 is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2019. The list only includes taxa at the rank of genus or species.

This list of fossil arthropods described in 2014 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods of every kind that have been described during the year 2014. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

Seki et al. (1991), considered Jamides cunilda synonymous with J. virgulatus and this was followed by Eliot (1992). However, Hirowatari (1986) and (1992) retains J. cunilda for the taxa from Burma to Java and uses J. virgulatus in a strict sense for taxa from Borneo and Palawan.

Through history, many proposals have been made to split it into different (often numerous) taxa. Popular characters to distinguish between taxa concern the follicle. Most of the differences between populations are probably phenotypic adaptations to particular circumstances without a genetic basis. Variability within populations is also considerable.

How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species.Naganowska, B., et al. (2005).

This list of gastropods described in 2018 is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2018. The list only includes taxa at the rank of genus or species.

This list of fossil arthropods described in 2012 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods of every kind that have been described during the year 2012. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

"Appendix: Classification of the Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha—a list of the family- group names and higher taxa: prosobranch phylogeny". Malacological Review, 4, 288–326. and Kabat & Hershler (1993)Kabat A. R. & Hershler R. (1993). "The prosobranch snail family Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): review of classification and supraspecific taxa".

Allopolyploids or amphipolyploids or heteropolyploids are polyploids with chromosomes derived from two or more diverged taxa. As in autopolyploidy, this primarily occurs through the fusion of unreduced (2n) gametes, which can take place before or after hybridization. In the former case, unreduced gametes from each diploid taxa – or reduced gametes from two autotetraploid taxa – combine to form allopolyploid offspring. In the latter case, one or more diploid F1 hybrids produce unreduced gametes that fuse to form allopolyploid progeny.

In their description of Paeonia lutea var. ludlowii, these authors indicate that it is distinctly different from variety lutea. Recent analysis shows that these differences between ludlowii and the other described taxa in the P. delavayi-group are consistent whilst the character states within the other taxa occur in any combination. Therefore Hong concludes that ludlowii should be acknowledged as a distinct species, while the other taxa cannot be upheld and should be synonymized with P. delavayi.

In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). This specifies a 'three part name' for infraspecific taxa, plus a 'connecting term' to indicate the rank of the name.

These included two beetle genera, the caddisfly genus Macrostemum, the crayfish genus Orconectes, the dragonfly genus Boyeria, and the leech genus Macrobdella. Other taxa included three midge genera, a mayfly family, two scud genera, and the snail genus Physidae. A total of 13 taxa were observed at the site and the EPT taxa richness was 3. The Becks Index value was 1, the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index value was 5.077, and the Shannon Diversity Index value was 1.676.

In enzymology, a taxane 13alpha-hydroxylase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol + NADPH + H+ \+ O2 \rightleftharpoons taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha,13alpha-diol + NADP+ \+ H2O The 4 substrates of this enzyme are taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha,13alpha-diol, NADP+, and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha- ol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (13alpha-hydroxylating).

The scientific name commemorates Thomas Vernon Wollaston, an entomologist who has discovered several insect taxa on Madeira.

He described 950 taxa.Number of taxa described by Claude Hertbulot The complete list should be published soon.

There are four defined taxa: O. p. pallasi, O. p. pricei, O. p. sunidica, and O. argentata.

The order includes taxa with some of the largest genomes among Angiosperms, particularly Melanthiaceae, Alstroemeriaceae and Liliaceae.

Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64.

Averyanov, L.. (2012). New orchid taxa and records in the flora of Vietnam. Taiwania 57: 127-152.

A. iberica is commensal. Its host taxa are alcyonacean corals such as Acanella or a similar genera.

Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64.

Blumea 42(1): 1–106. The subsequent monograph of Charles Clarke treats these taxa as distinct species.

Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64.

Taylor, Peter. (1963). New taxa and combinations in West African Lentibulariaceae and Gentianaceae. Taxon, 12: 293-294.

Taxa named after him include Plutarchia giraulti, which B. R. Subba Rao named in a 1974 paper.

Or a multi branched, spreading perennial herb. This species is under review, and new taxa are planned.

This is reflected in his main work Die Vogelarten der Erde (The Bird Taxa of the World).

This species feeds on several plant taxa, including milkvetches, thistles, wild blackberries, goldenrods, comfrey, clovers, and vetches.

The sister-group relationship between these taxa is most parsimoniously explained by the break-up of Gondwana.

A recent phylogenetic tree of Testudinata included Angolachelonia and Testudines as sister-taxa and subgroups of Testudinata.

Although it has been lumped with Africallagma fractum, most authorities now recognize both taxa as valid species.

Several taxa known from the Jurassic are present as well as typical Triassic taxa as Telemachus elongatus and Pagiophyllum. The formation is the only fossiliferous latest Triassic formation. The Paso Flores Formation is correlated with the Garamilla, Los Menucos and Sierra Colorada Formations elsewhere in Argentina.Benedini, 2015, p.

The Mazon Creek flora comprises over 400 species from at least 130 genera. However, the true number of species is difficult to determine. Paleobotanists name separate plant structures with different names by convention, inflating the number of fossil plant taxa. Paleobotanists are currently determining which taxa are valid.

While in phylogenetic nomenclature each taxon must consist of a single ancestral node and all its descendants, evolutionary taxonomy allows for groups to be excluded from their parent taxa (e.g. dinosaurs are not considered to include birds, but to have given rise to them), thus permitting paraphyletic taxa.

Two main groupings within the genus Anopheles are used: one formed by the Celia and Anopheles subgenera and a second by Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia and Nyssorhynchus. Subgenus Stethomyia is an outlier with respect to these two taxa. Within the second group, Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus appear to be sister taxa.

Banksia dentata resolves as an early offshoot within the Salicinae. In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons.

In enzymology, a taxadiene synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :geranylgeranyl diphosphate \rightleftharpoons taxa-4,11-diene + diphosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, geranylgeranyl diphosphate, and two products, taxa-4,11-diene and diphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, taxa-4,11-diene- forming). Other names in common use include geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing,, and taxadiene-forming).

Compared to the number of taxa found at older Hoabinhian sites in northern Vietnam, which often included over 20 different taxa, the number of taxa hunted at Man Bac is clearly more limited. This suggests that hunting was likely less of a primary subsistence pursuit for the people of Man Bac. Many fish remains were also recovered from the site. The fish assemblage was dominated by the remains of marine and brackish water fish, with Acanthopagrus being the predominate species found.

First, there are prevailing sequencing impediments in representatives of certain taxa, such as the mollusk classes Solenogastres and Tryblidia, selected bivalve taxa, and the enigmatic crustacean class Remipedia. Failure to obtain 18S sequences of single taxa is considered a common phenomenon but is rarely ever reported. Secondly, in contrast to initially high hopes, 18S cannot resolve nodes at all taxonomic levels and its efficacy varies considerably among clades. This has been discussed as an effect of rapid ancient radiation within short periods.

Euconcordia is still the earliest known captorhinid as all other captorhinid taxa are known only from Permian deposits.

In the 1960s cladistics emerged: a system arranging taxa based on clades in an evolutionary or phylogenetic tree.

Several infraspecific taxa of Ericusa fulgetra have been named, on the basis of colour patterns of the shell.

M. savini and related taxa (novocarthaginiensis and matritensis) are split into the separate genus Praedama by some scholars.

The Plant List recognises about 266 accepted taxa (of species and infraspecific names) in the plant genus Scleria.

In most taxa, the flowers occur in densely packed heads or spikes, and the fruit is a follicle.

Pontohedyle (and many other meiofauna taxa) are rare and can be expected to have small effective population sizes.

The hindwings are pale greyish brown with a faint darker line.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Fungal taxa named in his honour include the polypore genera Leifiporia and Ryvardenia, and the species Daedalea ryvardeniana.

List of species formally described and other new taxa of organism in 2015 classified by time of publication.

Nesbitt et al. (2015) refrained from officially synonymizing the two taxa pending further study of other advanced trilophosaurids.

Friar 1996, p. 109 Most important part of the collection are about 50 different taxa of Mexican oaks.

Several of the other taxa, including D. glomerata. subsp. himalayensis (syn. D. himalayensis), D. glomerata subsp. lobata (syn.

All other analyses from around the same time have instead found these latter taxa to be within Iguanodontia.

A Field Guide to the Birds of China. Oxford University Press. The placement of the taxa L. n.

List of species formally described and other new taxa of organism in 2016 classified by time of publication.

Because many characters involve embryological, or soft-tissue or molecular characters that (at best) hardly ever fossilize, and the interpretation of fossils is more ambiguous than that of living taxa, extinct taxa almost invariably have higher proportions of missing data than living ones. However, despite these limitations, the inclusion of fossils is invaluable, as they can provide information in sparse areas of trees, breaking up long branches and constraining intermediate character states; thus, fossil taxa contribute as much to tree resolution as modern taxa. Fossils can also constrain the age of lineages and thus demonstrate how consistent a tree is with the stratigraphic record; stratocladistics incorporates age information into data matrices for phylogenetic analyses.

Paleorhinus, Rutiodon and Mystriosuchus are dolichorostral phytosaurs, but do not form a distinct group of taxa (named Mystriosuchinae of Friedrich von Huene) as other morphotypes such as Pseudopalatus are more closely related to Mystriosuchus than it is to the other long-snouted taxa. Brachyrostral ("short snouted") forms are the opposite, having a massive, broad snout, and very strong skulls and jaws. They are heterodont, as the front teeth are prominent fangs, and the rear teeth are blade-like for slicing food into chunks that can easily be swallowed. Taxa like this, such as Nicrosaurus and Smilosuchus, were powerful taxa that fed on stronger prey, such as terrestrial animals that came to the water to drink.

Several species within the genus have been described: Asterolepis concatenata, Asterolepis maximus, Asterolepis ornata, Asterolepis verrucosa, Asterolepis estonica, Asterolepis chadwiki, Asterolepis cornutus, Asterolepis dellei, Asterolepis essica, Asterolepis radiata, and Asterolepis sysasiensis. Asterolepis has two sister taxa, Microbrachium and Pterichthys. Both sister taxa are also carnivores and Pterichtyhs is similarly blind.

To assess the threat level of coral, scientists developed a coral imbalance ratio, Log(Average abundance of disease associated taxa / Average abundance of healthy associated taxa). The lower the ratio the healthier the microbial community is. This ratio was developed after the microbial mucus of coral was collected and studied.

While other fossil taxa like Acaenoplax and Phthipodochiton showed intermediate features between aplacophorans and polyplacophorans, no unambiguous fossil with an aplacophoran-like body and a polyplacophoran-like shell has been found before Kulindroplax. Below is a cladogram of mollusk phylogeny according to Sutton et al., 2012. Taxa marked with † are extinct.

The systematics of other gorgonopsian subfamilies remain chaotic due to a high degree of cranial homomorphism between taxa, making it difficult to distinguish different taxa effectively.Sigogneau-Russell, D., 1989. Theriodontia 1: Phthinosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia. Dinogorgon shares many characteristics with Rubidgea and Clelandina, which has led some authors to synonymize them.

The cladogram is based on a phylogenetic analysis of 46 taxa using 204 characters by B. Swartz in 2012.

Taxa K 1640 efterlyses is a 1956 Danish drama film directed by Lau Lauritzen Jr. and starring Poul Reichhardt.

Where possible common names for taxa are given while links point to the scientific name used by the IUCN.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Inouye, D. W. (2019). Climate change in other taxa. Effects of Climate Change on Birds, 257.

Thomas obtained the specimens used to describe the taxa from the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi located in Belém, Pará.

Some included taxa are cultivated by ants. More recently the family was recognized in an analysis that included Porotheleum.

The bees forage on various plant taxa, such as wild onions, rabbitbrush, thistles, goldenbushes, coyote mints, penstemons, and phacelias.

Sub-taxa within any given Taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule. Synonyms may be listed where useful.

They remained circumspect in placing this primate taxonomically as it had shared characteristics with a number of platyrrhine taxa.

HypocreomycetidaeEriksson OE, Winka W (1997) Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota. Myconet. 1:1-16. is a subclass of sac fungi.

Chromosome number of Adonis flammea (Fam. Ranunculaceae) and infraspecific taxa: n = 16.IOPB. Chromosome data 7 (ed. A. Stace).

Family Ariaspidae contains Ariaspis, and its sister-taxa originally contained within Anglaspididae/Anglaspidinae, including Anglaspis, Listraspis, Liliaspis, and Paraliliaspis.

Thysanoteuthis is a genus of large squid comprising one well-known species, the diamond squid, and two dubious taxa.

Sub- taxa within any given taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule. Synonyms may be listed where useful.

Taxa are found growing on the ground or associated with rotten wood, and are mostly ectomycorrhizal with woody plants.

The species lists is based on The Malacological Society of Japan (1984)"Molluscan Taxa Described by Dr. Iwao Taki".

Where possible common names for taxa are given while links point to the scientific name used by the IUCN.

An amateur working on the rich collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, he described 7894 taxa of Cerambycidae.

Sub-taxa within any given taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule. Synonyms may be listed where useful.

The bycatch was comprised of 250 taxa, mainly gurnards, whiting, lizard fish, flathead, dragonets, portunid crabs, turretfish and flounders.

The garden was established in 1974 and focuses on vegetation in south-west Germany since the last Ice Age. It contains about 7,000 plant taxa in various groupings, including a systematic garden of about 5,000 taxa (2 hectares), a medicinal plant garden, and tropical and subtropical greenhouses containing about 1,200 taxa, including about 250 Begoniaceae species. Other collections include Gymnocalycium (65 species), Peperomia (41 species), Viscum (40 species), and Maranthes (14 species), as well as collections of useful plants and North American trees and shrubs.

All taxa within the clade (except Drymodes) are united in a strongly supported, monophyletic subfamily (Eopsaltriinae). Within the genus Poecilodryas, the Australian species P. cerviniventris and P. superciliosa are strongly supported as sister taxa, with Poecilodryas albispecularis as sister to this pair. Genetic similarity between P. superciliosa and P. cerviniventris is consistent with allopatric speciation as a result of geographic isolation of the two taxa on either side of the lower Gulf of Carpentaria. The binominal name translates as stag-bellied dappled tree-nymph.

The park contains 400 kinds of iris in spring and 100 cultivars (varieties) of dahlias in summer, trees shaped into fantastic forms, and a collection of rare and endangered plants that includes Catharanthus from Madagascar (7 taxa), Canary Islands (22 taxa), and Madeira (11 taxa). It also features a garden of the senses for the blind, with signs in braille and plants chosen for their smell and touch. The park is listed by the French Ministry of Culture as one of the Remarkable Gardens of France.

Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) is a multilingual database of names of taxa of plants. It is located at the University of Melbourne and it is managed and maintained by Michel H. Porcher. This database includes the names of taxa of more than 900 genera of higher plants (not counting mushrooms). In addition to the scientific name and synonyms, it contains the names of the taxa in 82 major languages (its website says it includes 70 languages) in which 40 languages or dialects more are included).

The list of taxa is extraordinarily diverse, with over 42 classes, 108 orders, 569 families, 1017 genera and 1379 species described as of the end of 2019, with over 300 species described in 2019 alone, the vast majority (94%) of which are arthropods. A complete list of taxa up until the end of 2018 can be found in Ross 2018Ross, A.J. 2018. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line checklist v.2018.2 104pp And a supplement covering most of 2019 can be found in Ross 2019b.

Based on a phylogenetic analysis that was conducted along with its initial description, Liushusaurus is closely related to Scleroglossa, a group that includes geckos, skinks, worm lizards, monitor lizards, and snakes. However, it is classified as a more basal member of the clade Scincogekkonomorpha, which includes Scleroglossa and all taxa more closely related to Scleroglossa than to Iguania. This encompasses several other extinct taxa, such as Ardeosaurus and Bavarisaurus from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen limestone of Germany. Together, these extinct taxa are considered stem scleroglossans.

In 2014, Brady et al. synonymized the army ant subfamilies and their closest relatives under Dorylinae; this clade, the dorylomorph subfamilies, previously also contained Aenictinae, Aenictogitoninae, Cerapachyinae, Ecitoninae and Leptanilloidinae. The last three decades have seen a proliferation of subfamily names, as a result of three factors: (1) the realization that some subfamilies were assemblages of unrelated taxa; (2) abandonment of paraphyletic taxa, and (3) the discovery of novel fossil taxa. Seventeen extant subfamilies of ants are currently recognized, along with four extinct subfamilies.

As research progresses, records of species new to science can be expected, and the knowledge of the ranges of already-known taxa will increase. Another accretion in taxa numbers may be caused by the resolution of cryptic species clusters with the help of DNA sequencing methods, the Barcoding Project, and other related activities.

J Willard Marriott Library (University of Utah), accessed 23 August 2011TreeLink.org Utah State Arboretum, accessed 23 August 2011 It now contains over 8,000 trees (300 species and varieties, including over 200 taxa of conifers). The arboretum's conservatory () contains over 400 exotic taxa. Red Butte Garden and Arboretum contains more than 1,500 conifers.

The flora is highly diverse. A total of 231 taxa of species or morphospecies have been identified in 40 botanical families. The families with the most species were Orchidaceae (38), Araceae (34), Arecaceae (29), Rubiaceae (11), Marantaceae (10) and Bromeliaceae (9). These families account for 56.27% of all taxa recorded in the forest.

The outputs of the Australian Plant Census interface provide information on all native and naturalised vascular plant taxa of Australia, including its offshore islands, but excludes taxa only known in Australia from their cultivation and not (yet) naturalised. The classification of plant families is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system (2009).

Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.

Datonglong was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free-to-read journals.

Korf described or reclassified hundreds of species of fungi. The standard author abbreviation Korf is applied to taxa he described.

A study incorporating several metatherian taxa showcases it as a non-marsupial but marsupialiform metatherian, most closely related to peradectids.

Mosaiceratops was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free-to- read journals.

S. L. Welsh & N. D. Atwood, New taxa of western plants -- In tribute. Brittonia. 33: 294-303, fig. 8. 1981.

"Narrow-range taxa of Cerion (Mollusca: Cerionidae) in the northeastern province of Cuba". The Festivus. 49': 3–17 – via ResearchGate.

Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.

2013 places Majungasaurus in a new subfamily, Majungasaurinae. A simplified version showing the taxa within the group is shown below.

Spermacoce hepperiana). Epizoochorous taxa are limited to herbaceous Rubiaceae (e.g. Galium aparine fruits are densely covered with hooked bristly hairs).

A recent analysis has found Eotyrannus to be a megaraptoran closely related to taxa like Megaraptor (Porfiri et al., 2014).

Paromomyidae is a family of mammals that may include the earliest primates, or taxa closely related to them, including Acidomomys.

The species name refers to the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Goetsch (2011) gives the number of species as 320, and the total taxa including subspecies, forms and varieties as 380.

It is closely related to common yellowthroat, Altamira yellowthroat and Belding's yellowthroat, and is also considered conspecific with these taxa.

This DNA evidence also led to the additional conclusion that the Cuban oriole and Bahama oriole were close sister taxa.

"THE ALL TAXA BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY OF GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK."Florida Entomologist. (2001): 556-564. Web. 27 Jun. 2012. .

2004 Real-time observation of taxa- specific plankton abundance: An optical sampling method. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Series 284:77-96.

San Clemente Island Sage Sparrow After decades with no breeding by raptors, because of DDT contamination and Naval activity, there is now at least one breeding pair of bald eagles and more than one pair of peregrine falcons. There is a live camera of the bald eagle nest operated by the Institute for Wildlife Studies and Explore.org. Island flora includes 300 native taxa and approximately 135 non-native taxa with distribution of at least 47 of the island’s native taxa being restricted to two or more of the California Islands, 15 plant taxa being only found on San Clemente Island, and one insular endemic of the island thought to be extinct. The flora of the island includes some plant species found nowhere else in the world.

The parasitism and its different modes have been suggested to have an impact on genome evolution, with increased DNA substitution rates in parasitic organisms compared to non-parasitic taxa. For example, holoparasite taxa of Orobanchaceae exhibit faster molecular evolutionary rates than confamilial hemiparasites in three plastid genes. In a study comparing the rates of molecular evolution of parasitic versus non parasitic taxa for 12 pairs of angiosperm families — including Apodanthaceae, Cytinaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Cynomoriaceae, Krameriaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Boraginaceae, Orobanchaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lauraceae, Hydnoraceae, and Santalaceae/Olacaceae —, parasitic taxa evolve on average faster than their close relatives for mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genome sequences. Whereas Orobanchaceae fit to this trend for plastid DNA, they appear to evolve slower than their non parasitic counterpart in comparisons involving nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.

Pseudoextinction for such higher taxa appears to be easier to prove. However, pseudoextinct higher taxa are paraphyletic groups, which are rejected as formal taxa in phylogenetic nomenclature; either all dinosaurs are stem-group birds, or birds are derived dinosaurs, but there is no taxon Dinosauria, acceptable in cladistic taxonomy, that excludes the taxon Aves. Pseudoextinction cannot be applied to the genus or family levels as, “when a species evolves to a new form, causing the pseudoextinction of the ancestral form, the new species is normally assigned the same higher taxa as the ancestor.” When a family or genus goes extinct it must be true extinction, because pseudoextinction would mean that at least one member of the family or genus is still extant.

Seeds from hybrids give rise to variable offspring, which may spread through vegetative propagation. The variability has led to what has been described as "paroxysms of species and subspecific taxa"; for example, one taxonomist published 434 new mint taxa for central Europe alone between 1911 and 1916. Recent sources recognize between 18 and 24 species.

It closed in 2003 due to financial difficulties, but was maintained and restored by a regional gardeners' association, and in 2006 re-opened to the public. Today the garden contains about 3,000 plants, including about 150 taxa of Erica, a further 150 taxa of roses, an alpine garden, summer flowers, and greenhouse (150 m²).

Today it is one of the most extensive collections of alpine plants in France, containing about 4,100 alpine taxa (2,500 genera) representing 3,700 species and 400 cultivars, with 450 taxa of Saxifraga and many threatened species. It also contains fine tree specimens including Cedrus libani, Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus cembra, Sequoiadendron, and Taxodium distichum.

Prieto-Marquez reviewed the phylogeny of Hadrosauridae in 2010, including many taxa potentially within the family. Premaxilla of Eotrachodon, the taxon named by Prieto-Marquez et al. 2016 Below is a cladogram from Prieto-Marquez et al. 2016. This cladogram is a recent modification of the original 2010 analysis, including more characters and taxa.

However, Pozzi et al. later argued that although Saadanius is a significant discovery, because it is a stem catarrhine, it could not be used to date the divergence of the crown group. The presence of stem taxa in the fossil record does not indicate that crown groups have evolved, and stem taxa may survive for millions of years after the crown taxa appear. For this reason, the fossil record can only suggest a hard minimum boundary for divergence dates, which corresponds to the first appearance of a crown taxon.

Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most cases a monophyletic group with a common ancestor, but there are exceptions. It may represent an early stage after speciation but may also have been separated for a long time period without evolving morphological differences. Hybrid speciation can be a component in the evolution of a species complex.

Any attempt at ancestral reconstruction begins with a phylogeny. In general, a phylogeny is a tree-based hypothesis about the order in which populations (referred to as taxa) are related by descent from common ancestors. Observed taxa are represented by the tips or terminal nodes of the tree that are progressively connected by branches to their common ancestors, which are represented by the branching points of the tree that are usually referred to as the ancestral or internal nodes. Eventually, all lineages converge to the most recent common ancestor of the entire sample of taxa.

Annulatascus is a genus of fungi in the Annulatascaceae family of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the Sordariomycetes class is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order. The genus is characterized by taxa that are saprobic on submerged, decaying plant material in freshwater habitats. Morphologically the taxa possess dark brown to black perithecia, long tapering hyaline septate paraphyses, eight-spored asci with relatively massive J- apical rings, and ascospores that may or may not possess gelatinous sheaths or appendages.

Retrotransposon markers are components of DNA of which are used as cladistic markers. They assist in determining the common ancestry, or not, of related taxa. The "presence" of a given retrotransposon in related taxa suggests their orthologous integration, a derived condition acquired via a common ancestry, while the "absence" of particular elements indicates the plesiomorphic condition prior to integration in more distant taxa. The use of presence/absence analyses to reconstruct the systematic biology of mammals depends on the availability of retrotransposons that were actively integrating before the divergence of a particular species.

Gamauf et al. (2005) therefore suggest the island taxa which are obviously at higher risk of extinction are, for conservation considered evolutionary significant units regardless of their systematic status. This case also demonstrates that a too-rigid interpretation of cladistics and the desire for monophyletic taxa, as well as universal application of single-species concept to all birds will undermine correct understanding of evolutionary relationships. It would even not be inconceivable to find mainland lineages to group closely with the western island taxa, if little genetic drift had occurred in the initial population.

For each of the taxa in the pair being joined, use the following formula to calculate the distance to the new node: and: : \delta(g,u)=d(f,g)-\delta(f,u) \quad Taxa f and g are the paired taxa and u is the newly created node. The branches joining f and u and g and u, and their lengths, \delta(f,u) and \delta(g,u) are part of the tree which is gradually being created; they neither affect nor are affected by later neighbor-joining steps.

George's B. ser. Cyrtostylis was found to be "widely polyphyletic", as six of the fourteen taxa in that series occurred singly in locations throughout Thiele and Ladiges' cladogram. The remaining eight formed a clade that further resolved into two subclades, with B. epica appeared in one of them: Shrub in Kings Park, Western Australia Thiele and Ladiges preferred to give series rank to the subclades, rather than the entire clade, so they transferred the taxa of the second clade into B. ser. Ochraceae, retaining only the taxa of the first clade in B. ser. Cyrtostylis.

Sometimes referred to as tip dating, tip calibration is a method of molecular clock calibration in which fossils are treated as taxa and placed on the tips of the tree. This is achieved by creating a matrix that includes a molecular dataset for the extant taxa along with a morphological dataset for both the extinct and the extant taxa. Unlike node calibration, this method reconstructs the tree topology and places the fossils simultaneously. Molecular and morphological models work together simultaneously, allowing morphology to inform the placement of fossils.

I. A description of four new taxa, and the transfer of Gonioceros septentrionalis and G. armatus. Diatom research. 9:27-51.

Vanamo 6:1-231 The codomain of this distance function ranges from 1 (identical proportional abundances) to 0 (no taxa shared).

With the exception of especially vulnerable taxa, the majority of native species may be capable of maintaining viable populations in anthromes.

Meylan Herbarium CJB - Collections Taxa with the specific epithet of meylanii honor him, two examples being Calypogeia meylanii and Hymenostomum meylanii.

Her Orchids of Guatemala: A revised annotated checklist (2000) based on extensive field collections covers 734 taxa, including 207 new records.

Paeonia delavayi is problematic because taxonomists differ on the number and status of taxa that should be distinguished in this group.

The hindwings are pale greyish brown with thin darker brown lines toward the apex.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Therefore, reappearance of Lazarus taxa probably reflects the rebound after a period of extreme rarity during the aftermath of such extinctions.

"A revision of the genus Mustilia Walker, 1865, with descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae)". Neue Entomologischen Nachrichten. 60: 187-205.

Members of Karpatiosorbus are hybrids of two divergent Malinae taxa that were previously all considered to part of the genus Sorbus.

The same high-level taxa are used, without ranks, by Adl et al. in their "Revised Classification of Eukaryotes" of 2012.

At least some non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs survived into the Late Cretaceous, postulating a Lazarus taxa situation for late Cretaceous pterosaur faunas.

New names and new combinations in 34 taxa of Western Australian tuberous and pygmy Drosera. Kew Bulletin, 47(2): 315-328.

"Description of new taxa of tiger moths from China, with some synonymic notes (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)". Atalanta. 36 (3/4): 526-537.

Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture.

The species is named in honour of Dr. John W. Brown.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

"A revision of the genus Mustilia Walker, 1865, with descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae)". Neue Entomologischen Nachrichten. 60: 187-205.

Further dogged defense of paraphyletic taxa. Taxon 52(4), 803-04.Nelson, G., et al. (2003). Brummitt on paraphyly: a response.

New names and new combinations in 34 taxa of Western Australian tuberous and pygmy Drosera. Kew Bulletin, 47(2): 315-328.

In many taxa, however, including all eusocial vertebrates and many insects, nonbreeding or subordinate group members are potentially capable of reproduction.

Taxa is a Danish television drama in 56 episodes, written by Stig Thorsboe and produced by Rumle Hammerich for Danmarks Radio. The series was a success from the start, 14 September 1997 on DR1. It was broadcast during the period 1997-1999 for a total of five seasons. Taxa was also screened in Sweden on SVT1.

Edwards considers the placement of Danziella to be uncertain. It has a simpler organization than most of the genera assigned to the zosterophylls, somewhat resembling taxa such as Cooksonia caledonica and Renalia. Renalia is placed outside the zosterophylls as one of a set of sister taxa in the cladogram for the polysporangiophytes which Crane et al. published in 2004.

Schoch (2018) erected the new clade Amphibamiformes to include the traditional amphibamids and the nested branchiosaurids and subsequently restricted the Amphibamidae to two taxa: Doleserpeton annectens from the Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry near Richards Spur, Oklahoma and Amphibamus grandiceps from Mazon Creek, Illinois. These taxa are united by several features, such as a medially expanded choana.

Genes homologous to FAM98A are predicted to occur in many taxa within Animalia, but there are other taxa outside of Animalia that may have homologous FAM98 genes in their genomes. Eukaryotes such as the opisthokonts Monosiga brevicollis (XP_00174505.1) and Capraspora owczarzaki (XP_004346371.1), and even the protist Chlorella variabilis (XP_005845167.1), a green alga, may contain FAM98 in their genomes.

The objectives of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses are: # To develop an internationally agreed taxonomy for viruses. # To establish internationally agreed names for virus taxa. # To communicate the decisions reached concerning the classification and nomenclature of viruses to virologists by holding meetings and publishing reports. # To maintain an official index of agreed names of virus taxa.

Section Phoma itself was considered incertae sedis. However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore, taxa identified as Phoma have been identified across several different families within Pleosporales, but most within Didymellaceae (type genus Didymella). Furthermore, the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.

The filiform, stylate or aristate antennae correlate with the Nematocera, Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha taxa respectively. It displays substantial morphological uniformity in lower taxa, especially at the level of genus or species. The configuration of integumental bristles is of fundamental importance in their taxonomy, as is wing venation. It displays a complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa, adult), or holometabolous development.

This list of sauropodomorph type specimens is a list of fossils serving as the official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the dinosaur clade Sauropodomorpha, which includes the long-necked dinosaurs. Type specimens are definitionally members of biological taxa, and additional specimens are only "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar.

Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. plagiocarpa is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.

Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. canei is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.

The group Pteropoda was established by Georges Cuvier as "'" in 1804.Mémoire sur l'Hyale et Ie Pneumoderme; Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., 4 p. 232) François Péron and Charles Alexandre Lesueur thought the group to be larger, and so they also included the opisthobranch taxa (Phyllirhoë and Glaucus), the heteropoda taxa (Carinaria and Firola), and even the Ctenophora (Callianira).

However, these abundances are still under the guidelines and its unclear if this is solely related to river regulation, but also reflects other catchment inputs. The composition of algae in the free flowing snow melt rivers are typically defined by diatoms. Over 58% of taxa are diatoms, with Fragilaria spp. being the most numerically abundant taxa.

The dry forests of central India and Indochina are notable for their diverse large vertebrate faunas. Madagascar dry deciduous forests and New Caledonia dry forests are also highly distinctive (pronounced endemism and a large number of relictual taxa) for a wide range of taxa and at higher taxonomic levels. Trees use underground water during the dry seasons.

Tangasaurids are known to have been a highly derived group of diapsids. One subfamily, Kenyasaurinae, is composed of taxa that were fully terrestrial. They had long toes and highly developed sternums that made them well suited to life on land. On the other hand, the other subfamily, Tangasaurinae, is composed of taxa that were adapted to an aquatic life.

Five taxa, related to the subgenus Psephaea, are described from the Paleocene strata of California, from the lower Miocene to the Pliocene.

Taxa with the specific epithet of stolzmanni commemorate his name.Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm.

In particular Rhodobryum roseum is often confused with Rhodobryum ontariense, and Plagiomnium actum, Plagiomnium maximoviczii and Mnium laevinarve from closely allied taxa.

In: Engler, A. Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus. IV. 278. Leipzig.Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies.

Even Linnaean genera such as Hyacinthus, Scilla and Ornithoglum proved heterogeneous and characters useful in other families failed to define satisfactory taxa.

These domains also act in DNA repair and mediating protein-protein interactions. Aliases of RNF113A across taxa include RNF113, CWC24, and ZNF183.

Other introductions include 18 species of ant, one of the most abundant taxa in leaf litter habitats.Reagan and Waide, pp. 159–160.

The hindwings are white with a faint yellowish terminal line at the apex and termen.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Contemporary taxa that also occur in the so-called "Nevadella" Zone include Esmeraldina, Holmiella, Palmettaspis, Bradyfallotaspis, Geraldinella, Paranevadella, Nevadia, Buenellus, and Cirquella.

A diverse assemblage of flowers and smaller plants – around 2,000 plant taxa – make up the mosaic of habitats within the karri forests.

Together with two closely related taxa, M. ferrugineum and M. audouinii, the clade is thought to have an African center of origin.

If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Strong v-shaped postparacone/prematacone cristae are present in I. graybullianus. These cristae are less obliquely oriented in the other three taxa.

If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Michel François-Jacques Kerguélen (1928–1999) was a French botanist. He was the author or co-author of over 250 plant taxa.

Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. No infraspecific taxa of this species have been described.

Gonorynchidae is a family of the Gonorynchiformes which has a number of fossil taxa and one extant genus, Gonorynchus, the beaked salmons.

Apart from beetles he also collected numerous other taxa including reptiles and small mammals. Many genera and species are named after him.

In addition, the two were found to be the second-most basal taxa in their genus, after the common stingray (D. pastinaca).

The species name refers to Costa Rica, where the holotype was collected.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Some authors choose to treat Dichanthelium lindheimeri and many other closely taxa as varieties of an expanded, highly polymorphic Dichanthelium acuminatum complex.

Pararotadiscus is an abundant jellyfish-like fossil from the mid-Cambrian, and one of the most abundant taxa in the Kaili biota.

Other taxa were not included in this examination for so far unspecified reasons, rendering their status as part of the clade unknown.

Victorian Naturalist, 83: 107-112.Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64.

In marine systems, where soft sediment bottoms are common, hard substrates represent islands, supporting a variety of obligate epiphytic and epizoic taxa.

The majority of the characteristics of the species are lost in herbaria specimens, especially in the congested inflorescence of the scapeless taxa.

A tooth from a Tyrannosaurus Dinosaur teeth have been studied since 1822 when Mary Ann Mantell (1795-1869) and her husband Dr Gideon Algernon Mantell (1790-1852) discovered an Iguanodon tooth in Sussex in England. Unlike mammal teeth, individual dinosaur teeth are generally not considered by paleontologists to be diagnostic to the genus or species level for unknown taxa, due morphological convergence and variability between teeth. and many historically named tooth taxa like Paronychodon and Richardoestesia are today considered nomina dubia, and are used as form taxa to refer to isolated teeth from other localities displaced considerably in time and space from the type specimens. However, it is possible to refer isolated teeth to known taxa provided that the tooth morphology is known and the teeth originate from a similar time and place.

In fact, the Malacostracan has a well-documented fossil record, that, although patchy or missing entirely (ghost lineage) for certain clades, offer a unique opportunity to analyse the morphology of the ancestral taxa of a clade or a dead-end sister taxa (plesion), whose age (determined by its stratigraphy) gives an estimate of how long has a group been around. However, the major limitation to fossilized samples is that typically the soft parts do not fossilize and are therefore lost, as a consequence a much more limited amount of information that can be gathered. Furthermore, some taxa may not fossilize well, and therefore leave no trace even though they existed, when this occurs in the fossil record, the period where the taxa are expected to appear is called a ghost range.

Taxonomic inflation is a pejorative term for what is perceived to be an excessive increase in the number of recognised taxa in a given context, due not to the discovery of new taxa but rather to putatively arbitrary changes to how taxa are delineated. The best known case is the elevation of a group of subspecies to species rank, through the arbitrary decision that the differences between the various taxa warrant distinguishing them at species rank. Taxonomic inflation is often claimed to occur for conservation reasons. It may be difficult to make a case for the protection of an isolated and unusual population of a common and widespread species, but it becomes much easier to do so if that population is recognised as a rare subspecies or species.

The discrepancy is thought to have arisen due to the difference between using numerous taxa versus using various genes for constructing a phylogeny.

Flora of North America, Holozonia Greene, 1882. Thompson, W. C. 1983. A Biosystematic Study of Lagophylla (Compositae: Heliantheae) and Related Taxa. Ph.D. dissertation.

The phylogenetic analysis of González-Riga et al. (2019) placed Colossosauria as sister taxa to Epachthosaurus, Pitekunsaurus and a larger clade including Saltasauridae.

National council for Science and the Environment . Washington, DC Gymnosperm taxa like Bennettitales and Hirmeriella died out before the end of the period.

Averyanov, L.. (2012). New orchid taxa and records in the flora of Vietnam. Taiwania 57: 127-152. The epithet is sometimes spelled findleyanum.

Out of these 10 taxa are critically endangered, 5 are endangered, 10 are considered vulnerable to extinction, and 107 are still data deficient.

These large bracts are the defining feature of the genus Helminthotheca. A number of infraspecific taxa are recognised, varying in their leaf shape.

In addition, larvae have also been recorded using introduced species of the following taxa as food plants: Choisya, Citrus, Murraya, Poncirus and Zanthoxylum.

The only difference between the taxa, according to Maisch (2010), is that Tholodus specimens are at average twice as large as Xinminosaurus holotype.

Cable bacteria are defined by their function rather than their phylogeny, and it is possible that further cable bacteria taxa will be discovered.

For some time, it also contained the horned curassow taxa as subspecies. Nowadays its southern congener is considered a distinct species P. unicornis.

The Sirobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. Taxa are widespread, primarily tropical, and typically grow on wood and bark.

2018.2 104pp its supplement Ross 2019b covers most of 2019.Ross, A.J. 2019b. Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line supplement v.2019.2. 33pp.

You and Dodson (2004) included P. guyangensis in a table of valid taxa, but did not include it as such in their text.

Coyne and Orr contend that, "true reinforcement is restricted to cases in which isolation is enhanced between taxa that can still exchange genes".

The taxa show several different levels of polyploidy. Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata and D. glomerata subsp. hispanica are tetraploid forms with 28 chromosomes.

Many lack common names. Many have more than one common name, but only one is listed. Native and non-native taxa are included.

"Lepidoptera — annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa". Fauna of New Zealand. Number 14. Entomology Division Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Eacles silkae is a moth in the family Saturniidae. It is found in French Guiana. & 2011g. Fifty new taxa of Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

The genus is distinguished from similar taxa in the tribe Plectoderini by the shape of the edges of the frons and pronotal disk.

As with nearly all Pliopithecoid taxa, Crouzliines are distinguished from the other Pliopithecoidea subfamilies, Dionysopithecinae and Pliopithecinae, on the basis of dental morphology.

Gustav Adolf Hugo Dahlstedt (8 February 1856, Linköping – 2 October 1934, Lidingö) Zurich herbaria Biographical sketch was a Swedish botanist who worked at the Bergianska Trädgården and Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm. In 1907 he received his honorary doctorate. Dahlstedt specialized in research of the plant genera Taraxacum and Hieracium, of which he circumscribed many species.IPNI List of taxa described and co-described by Dahlstedt The botanical genus Dahlstedtia from the subfamily Faboideae is named in his honor, as are taxa with the specific taxa of dahlstedtii, an example being Taraxacum dahlstedtii, a plant sometimes referred to as "Dahlstedt's dandelion".

Below the acid mine drainage, there were only two taxa, neither of which belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Above the acid mine drainage on Middle Branch, ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed, of which five belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. Below the acid mine drainage, there were two taxa, neither of which belonged to Ephemeroptera or Plecoptera. In 1999, the macroinvertebrate density ranged from 197 to 1916 individuals per square meter. The concentration of fecal coliform in the water at Cross Fork is 2000 individuals per liter and the concentration of fecal streptococcus is 2400 individuals per liter.

Hadrosauromorpha was defined by Norman (2014 and 2015) as hadrosauroid taxa closer to Edmontosaurus regalis than Probactrosaurus gobiensis. This definition was contested by Mickey Mortimer, who stated that to follow the PhyloCode the taxon Hadrosaurus must be included in the definition, as it is the type genus of Hadrosauromorpha. By this definition, Norman (2015) considered Hadrosauromorpha to include Hadrosauridae, as well as the taxa Tethyshadros and Bactrosaurus. Norman in 2014 had included more taxa in Hadrosauromorpha, those of Norman (2015) as well as Levnesovia, Gilmoreosaurus and Telmatosaurus, the last of which was considered inside Hadrosauridae by Norman in 2015.

As noted below, theoretical and simulation work has demonstrated that this is likely to sacrifice accuracy rather than improve it. Although these taxa may generate more most- parsimonious trees (see below), methods such as agreement subtrees and reduced consensus can still extract information on the relationships of interest. It has been observed that inclusion of more taxa tends to lower overall support values (bootstrap percentages or decay indices, see below). The cause of this is clear: as additional taxa are added to a tree, they subdivide the branches to which they attach, and thus dilute the information that supports that branch.

The property was ceded to the city in 1960, and his former home now houses the Botany Department of the Museum of Natural Sciences of Angers. Today the arboreum contains an excellent collection of trees: approximately 4,300 specimens represent 1,600 taxa, including 705 taxa of conifers and 50 of oaks, with notable specimens of Quercus variabilis, Pseudocydonia sinensis, and Tilia mongolica. In 1980 the arboretum was augmented with a national collection of hydrangeas, which now contains approximately 750 taxa. Three new gardens have been added: a shade garden (2000 m²), test garden (4000 m²), and garden of the five senses (1200 m²).

The IUCN also lists seven subspecies and five varieties as conservation dependent. Of the animal subpopulations evaluated by the IUCN, one species subpopulation and one subspecies subpopulation has been assessed as conservation dependent. The conservation dependent category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (v3.1) system these taxa are classed as near threatened, but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "conservation dependent" category.

Cyrtostylis occurred singly in locations throughout the cladogram; these were transferred to other series or left incertae sedis. The remaining eight taxa formed a clade, which further resolved into two subclades: Thiele and Ladiges preferred to give series rank to the subclades, rather than the entire clade, so they transferred the taxa of the second clade into B. ser. Ochraceae, retaining only the taxa of the first clade in B. ser. Cyrtostylis. No formal definition was given for the new circumscription, although Thiele and Ladiges attached no fewer than seven synapomorphies to the clade, three of which were reversals, the other four parallelisms.

Type specimen for Nepenthes smilesii, a tropical pitcher plant The "definition" of a taxon is encapsulated by its description or its diagnosis or by both combined. There are no set rules governing the definition of taxa, but the naming and publication of new taxa is governed by sets of rules. In zoology, the nomenclature for the more commonly used ranks (superfamily to subspecies), is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Code). In the fields of phycology, mycology, and botany, the naming of taxa is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN).

Calvo et al. (2007) coined Elasmaria to accommodate Macrogryphosaurus and Talenkauen, which they recovered as basal iguanodonts distinct from other iguanodontians in having mineralized plates on the ribs. In 2016, a paper describing the genus Morrosaurus found Elasmaria to be far larger than its initial contents of two taxa, instead containing a variety of ornithopods from the Southern Hemisphere. In 2019, Matthew C. Herne and colleagues redefined Elasmaria as "all taxa closer to Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus and Talenkauen santacrucensis than to Hypsilophodon foxii or Iguanodon bernissartensis", expanding the definition to include the large number of taxa now found to be part of the clade.

Hyphalosaurus Monjurosuchus splendens Long considered to be a morphologically conservative group, recent phylogenetic analyses and descriptions of new taxa have revolutionized understanding of this taxon. The order Choristodera comprises two monophyletic groups and three basal taxa. Primitive choristoderes are characterized by small body size, a large, dorsally directed orbit and closed lower temporal fenestrae. Cteniogenys is the most basal choristodere.

Beck recognised and enumerated 67 major taxa, almost half of which were hybrids. Additionally, seven taxa and unnamed horticultural hybrids are listed at the end of the work under "Ungenügend bekannte Arten, Mischarten" (insufficiently known species, mixed species). Beck described four new species: N. fallax (later synonymised with N. stenophylla, although this is disputed),McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World.

An assemblage zone is a biozone defined by three or more different taxa, which may or may not be related. The boundaries of an assemblage zone are defined by the typical, specified fossil assemblage's occurrence: this can include the appearance, but also the disappearance of certain taxa. Assemblage zones are named for the most characteristic or diagnostic fossils in its assemblage.

84:6 suppl.6FF assembled additional DNA sequence data sets for glucosinolate taxa and applied cladistic methods to generate hypotheses about relationship. They discovered that all the glucosinolate- producing taxa save Drypetes, form a clade. Despite the paucity of morphological synapomorphies (and therefore, to the surprise of many taxonomists), rbcL sequences have provided well supported evidence for the group's monophyly.

A 2018 cladistic analysis of the stem-turtle Eorhynchochelys recovers Acerosodontosaurus as the sister taxa of Claudiosaurus rather than Hovasaurus. Acerosodontosaurus and Claudiosaurus were found to be the earliest pan-testudines, part of the lineage that leads to turtles as well as Eunotosaurus, Pappochelys, Eorhynchochelys, and Odontochelys under a very specific set of parameters (excluding a majority of taxa from the analysis).

This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to B. ser. Abietinae, George's 1999 arrangement was fundamentally the same as his 1981, but differed in the ranking of some taxa, the inclusion of some newly published taxa, and changes to the phyletic order.

Isostylis; yet the clade appears fairly derived (that it, it evolved relatively recently), implying that B. subgenus Isostylis may not merit subgeneric rank. Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons.

Pyrola crypta is a member Pyrola sect. Scotophylla Křísa, which also contains P. picta, P. dentata, and P. aphylla. These taxa together are generally recognized as forming a species complex. Relationships among these taxa are difficult to disentangle, but evidence from chloroplast genetic loci suggest P. crypta is sister to P. dentata, despite its closer morphological similarity to P. picta.

Current phylogeny agrees on a monophyletic Tetanurae that includes a series of generally large-bodied basal taxa outside a monophyletic Coelurosauria. Coelophysoids are basal to Tetanurae, with Ceratosauria forming a sister taxa that diverged during the late Triassic. After their initial appearance, Tetanurae radiated into two main clades, Spinosauroidea or Megalosauroidea and Avetheropoda or Neotetanurae. Spinosauroidea are believed to represent basal Tetanurans.

Grevilleoideae are mainly a Southern Hemisphere family. The main centre of diversity is Australia, with around 700 of 950 species occurring there, and South America also contains taxa. However, the Grevilleoideae are barely present in Africa; almost all of the Proteaceae taxa there belong to the subfamily Proteoideae. The Brabejum tree of Cape Town is the exception, and the only grevilleoid in Africa.

In this way the PCI takes into account the chloroplasts of broken cells and small phytoplankton which cannot be counted during the microscopic analysis stage. After determination of the PCI, microscopic analysis is undertaken for each sample, and individual phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa are identified and counted. Nearly 500 phyto- and zooplankton taxa have been identified on CPR samples since 1948.

Both the mouth and lid are considerably larger in N. talangensis. The two taxa also differ somewhat in growth habit; N. talangensis occurs only terrestrially and is a weak climber, whereas N. aristolochioides occasionally grows as an epiphyte and climbs high into the forest canopy.Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra .

The continuous classification of new taxa reveals that the class is not fully described. The class comprises around 900–1000 species. According to a 2000 inquiry, there were 1012 officially accepted taxa, including 866 on species level. Another study in 2007 stated a number of more than 1000, in which the Myxogastria comprised the biggest group of slime moulds, with over 900 species.

The drainage basin of Whitelock Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. Wild trout naturally reproduce in the creek and its tributary Mill Creek from their upper reaches downstream to their mouths. Numerous macroinvertebrate taxa have been observed in Whitelock Creek. At one site in the summer of 2012, 162 individuals from 17 taxa were observed at the creek.

Before the hominoid lived, the vegetation in the area was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved taxa with a few temperate deciduous taxa. During the hominoid's time, the landscape changed and evergreen broad-leaved forests and grasses began to take over. The dominant species at the times were Quercus and Alnus. The vegetation was mostly angiosperms, followed by gymnosperms, and pteridophytes.

Botanical Latin is a technical language based on New Latin, used for descriptions of botanical taxa. Until 2012, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature mandated Botanical Latin to be used for the descriptions of most new taxa. It is still the only language other than English accepted for descriptions. The names of organisms governed by the Code also have forms based on Latin.

They suggest all names of higher taxa to be derived in the same manner as family-group names, i.e. by modifying names of type genera with endings to reflect the rank. There is no consensus on what such higher rank endings should be. A number of established practices exist as to the use of typified names of higher taxa, depending on animal group.

Reinforcement's ubiquity is unknown, but the patterns of reproductive character displacement are found across numerous taxa and is considered to be a common occurrence in nature. Studies of reinforcement in nature often prove difficult, as alternative explanations for the detected patterns can be asserted. Nevertheless, empirical evidence exists for reinforcement occurring across various taxa and its role in precipitating speciation is conclusive.

Lambeosaurines have also been traditionally split into Parasaurolophini and Lambeosaurini. These terms entered the formal literature in Evans and Reisz's 2007 redescription of Lambeosaurus magnicristatus. Lambeosaurini is defined as all taxa more closely related Lambeosaurus lambei than to Parasaurolophus walkeri, and Parasaurolophini as all those taxa closer to P. walkeri than to L. lambei. In recent years Tsintaosaurini and Aralosaurini have also emerged.

Verhoeff was one of the most prolific authors of myriapod taxa in history. He described thousands of taxa, including over a thousand species of millipede alone. Verhoeff ranks among Ralph Vary Chamberlin and Carl Attems as the three most prolific millipede taxonomists. The 1962 compilation of Gisela Mauermayer records 670 scientific works by Verhoeff, including major contributions to the series '.

Intercept Limited, U.K, pp. 509. The flora of the serpentines is recognized globally for its high level of biological diversity which includes over 1600 taxa of plants occurring in serpentine areas of the eastern U.S., with as many as 2000 taxa considered to be endemic to serpentine rich soils.Kruckeberg, A. (1984). California serpentines: flora, vegetation, geology, soils, and management problems.

Drosera peltata was first described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1797. Due to its large range and varied habit, D. peltata has accumulated a number of synonyms and infraspecific taxa, including varieties and subspecies. Most subspecies have been reduced to synonymy, but the two taxa that are still considered valid are D. peltata subsp. peltata, which is an autonym, and D. peltata subsp.

Figure 1: Phylogenies showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived trait states.In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy (“near form”) is an ancestral character state. A symplesiomorphy ( from syn- “together”) is a plesiomorphy shared by two or more taxa (including taxa earlier in the clade). Pseudoplesiomorphy is any trait that can neither be identified as a plesiomorphy nor as an apomorphy.

The western taxa of the Andean slopes and the eastern taxa of the Tepui region are sometimes considered separate species, with the former retaining the scientific and common name, while the latter is named the copper-tailed hummingbird (Saucerottia cupreicauda, with races duidae and laireti). As the variation largely is clinal, most authorities, notably SACC, consider it a single species.

Vickaryous et alii in 2004 stated that Tarchia was basal to two distinct clades of Late Cretaceous ankylosaurids: one comprising North American taxa (Ankylosaurus, Euoplocephalus) and the other comprising Asian taxa (Pinacosaurus spp., Saichania, Tianzhenosaurus, Talarurus).Vickaryous, Maryańska, and Weishampel, 2004, Chapter Seventeen: "Ankylosauria", in: The Dinosauria (2nd edition), Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H., editors. University of California Press.

Calydiscoides euzeti A number of taxa were named in the honour of Louis Euzet by many researchers. Most of these taxa are parasites. They include 5 genera and a large number of species. Genera include Euzetiella de Chambrier, Rego & Vaucher, 1999 (Cestoda), Euzetia Chisholm & Whittington, 2001, Euzetplectanocotyle Mamaev & Tkachuk, 1979 and Euzetrema Combes, 1965 (Monogenea), and Euzetacanthus Golvan & Houin, 1964 (Acanthocephala).

Acleistorhinidae is an extinct family of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian- aged (Moscovian to Kungurian stage) lanthanosuchoid parareptiles. Presently, the clade consists of only three taxa: Colobomycter and Acleistorhinus, both collected from the Permian of Oklahoma, and Carbonodraco from the Carboniferous of Ohio. Sister taxa include Chalcosaurus, Lanthaniscus and Lanthanosuchus. Acleistorhinidae is notable for being the oldest-known parareptilian clade.

Cider Run is being considered for designation as a wild trout stream by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. There are palustrine forested wetlands along an unnamed tributary to Cider Run. In a 2012 study, 173 individual macroinvertebrates from 20 taxa were observed on Cider Run. These taxa included four caddisfly genera, three stonefly genera, two beetle genera, and two cranefly genera.

Amphibamiformes is an unranked clade with Dissorophoidea created by Schoch (2018). It encompasses all of the taxa traditionally considered to be "amphibamids" (subsequently restricted to Doleserpeton annectens and Amphibamus grandiceps by Schoch), branchiosaurids, and hypothetically lissamphibians under the traditional temnospondyl hypothesis of lissamphibian origins. These taxa are typically small-bodied dissorophoids and form the sister group to Olsoniformes, which comprises dissorophids and trematopids.

"On Trochoidea geyeri (Soos, 1926) and some conchologically similar taxa (Mollusca: Gastropoda Pulmonata: Hygromiidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen 67(19): 303-320. Figures 1-29. PDF.

Furthermore, the taxonomical definition of the taxa as a species has been accepted with the public use of the taxonomical rank, Pachypodium bicolor apparently.

Jungle Notes, February 2, 2012. Two "incompletely diagnosed taxa" are also included: N. sp. Anipahan and N. sp. Luzon (later described as N. aenigma).

This species as well as Geitodoris planata are similar to Geitodoris pusae. Further review is necessary to clarify the taxonomic status of these taxa.

Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren, into Asparagales, with other taxa placed in Dioscoreales, resulting in a much reduced order.

About half the taxa of vascular plants are considered rare, endemic, or threatened. Of those, fifty have populations so reduced they require maximum protection.

The Testudinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, especially in xeric habitats, and are mostly saprobic.

Wilson, Mark VH, and Tiiu Märss. "Thelodont phylogeny revisited, with inclusion of key scale-based taxa." Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 58.4 (2009): 297œ310.

Endangered animal taxa include Tristram's woodpecker, Korean goral, and Korean musk deer. Cultural landmarks in the reserve include the Buddhist temples Baekdamsa and Sinheungsa.

Die Raubvögel der Heimat. Leipzig.Mayr, E., & Short, L. L. (1970). Species taxa of North American birds: a contribution to comparative systematics. Nuttall Ornithological Club.

"Systematics of Parnassia (Parnassiaceae): Generic overview and revision of North American taxa". Ph.D thesis. University of California at Berkeley. Parnassia palustris is widely cultivated.

Sparganothina anopla is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina cristata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina veracruzana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina nana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina volcanica is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina trispinosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina pollicis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Etheostoma whipplei is named after Amiel Weeks Whipple, a United States Army officer on whose expeditions many plant and animal taxa were first described.

The Laboulbeniaceae are a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, and are parasitic to various orders of insects.

The Ceratomycetaceae are a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, and are epibiotic or parasitic on insect cuticles.

Peter Gantzler (born 28 September 1958) is a Danish actor. He is perhaps best known for his parts in Taxa and Italian for Beginners.

Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists. New YorK: Columbia University Press. . and naming taxa,Lawrence, George H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.

Red fox sparrow is the collective name for the most brightly colored taxa in the American sparrow genus Passerella, the Passerella iliaca iliaca group.

Flowers are lavender to pinkish- purple.Welsh, Stanley Larson, & Neese, Elizabeth C. 1981. New taxa of western plants – In tribute. Brittonia 33(3): 294–303.

A phylogenetic analysis in 2016 recovered Septencoracias as the sister taxon of Primobucco. The most parsimonious tree, based on 21 taxa, is shown below.

Oxford: Clarendon Press have concluded that A. bilineatus and A. piscivorus are sister taxa, with A. contortrix being a sister species to them both.

The taxa first described by Rathbun include important commercial species such as the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus, and the tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi.

He is the authority for at least 192 taxa including: His life and works have been honored as part of the Hoy Heritage project.

Further evidence shows that scientists discovered major rises in sea level towards later years of the stage, in which new taxa came into play.

She moved G. alpherakii, G. selenophora and G. sincera to the genus Lachana, but refrained from making a decision regarding the newer Chinese taxa.

Category:Morganucodonts Category:Hettangian life Category:Jurassic mammals of Europe Category:Jurassic France Category:Fossils of France Category:Fossil taxa described in 2011 Category:Taxa named by William A. Clemens Jr.

They also provide the first evidence of Devonian tetrapods from the continent of Africa, and only the second and third such taxa from Gondwana.

Fieldiana Geology, 10, pp.461-509. In 1988 R.L Carol designated parent taxa as identified as Captorhinidae.Carroll, R.L., 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. Freeman.

In sources pre-dating the Linnean system, the above terms are also seen in the more extensive descriptions used to name taxa back then.

Fragmentary taxa, missing data, and ambiguity: mistaken assumptions and conclusions. Systematic biology 51(2): 369-381. DOI:10.1080/10635150252899824Xi, Z., Liu, L., & Davis, C.C. 2016.

Cactus and Succulent Journal 38(2):55-57. Dr. Benson and Ms. Woodruff later collaborated in connection with other Sclerocactus taxa in the Intermountain West.

He was "one of the most influential carcinologists of the 20th century", and named 200 taxa in the Decapoda and Stomatopoda, most of them shrimp.

Nepenthes edwardsiana is most closely related to N. macrophylla and N. villosa. There has been much taxonomic confusion surrounding the status of these three taxa.

Later studies have considered the species to be distinct.Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso, 7(1): 13-64.

The Cucurbitariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa are widespread in temperate regions and are necrotrophic or saprobic on woody plants.

The Sporormiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa have a cosmopolitan distribution and are saprobic on dung (coprophilous) and rotting vegetation.

Apharia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Amphisphaerina is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Acrospermoides is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Calosphaeriopsis is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Bombardiastrum is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Anthostomellina is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Amphisphaerellula is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Acerbiella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Caleutypa is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Byssotheciella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Dryosphaera is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Cucurbitopsis is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Cryptovalsa is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Cryptomycina is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Cryptoascus is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Chaetoamphisphaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Caproniella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mangrovispora is a genus of fungi within the order Phyllachorales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Leptosphaerella is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Kurssanovia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Kravtzevia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Hypotrachynicola is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Hyaloderma is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Heliastrum is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Frondisphaera is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Esfandiariomyces is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Endoxylina is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pontogeneia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pleosphaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pleocryptospora is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Phyllocelis is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Phomatospora is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Plectosphaerella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pedumispora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pareutypella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Ophiomassaria is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Oceanitis is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Neothyridaria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Neolamya is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Monosporascus is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mirannulata is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Microcyclephaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Melomastia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Ornatispora is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Scharifia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Sartorya is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Sarcopyrenia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Saccardoëlla is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Romellina is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rivulicola is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rhynchosphaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rhopographella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rimaconus is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rhizophila is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rhamphosphaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rehmiomycella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pumilus is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pulvinaria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Protocucurbitaria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Porodiscus is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Trichospermella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Thyrotheca is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Thyridella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Thelidiella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Tamsiniella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Synsphaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Sungaiicola is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Strickeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Stomatogenella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Stellosetifera is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Stegophorella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Stearophora is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Sporoctomorpha is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Servaziella is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Scotiosphaeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Scoliocarpon is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Zignoina is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Vleugelia is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Trichosphaeropsis is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

A total of 590 higher plant and fern taxa have been recorded.Ball. M.E. "Botany, Woodland and Forestry" in Clutton-Brock and Ball (1987) page 48.

"Records of Tortricidae from the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)". SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología. 37 (147) :371–384. (as C. neka).

The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa: Cladoselache, Eugeneodontiformes, Symmoriida, Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes, Galeomorphi, Squaliformes and Batoidea.

Extrusothecium is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pleostigma is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Plejobolus is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Plagiostromella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Placostromella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Phragmosperma is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Thyrospora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Thalassoascus is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Stuartella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Semifissispora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Scolecobonaria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rosenscheldia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rosellinula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Rhopographus is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Yoshinagella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Valsaria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Brooksia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Bryorella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Bryosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Bryostroma is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Buelliella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Calyptra is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Capnodinula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Catinella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Ceratocarpia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Coccochora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Cyrtidula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mytilostoma is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mycothyridium is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mycoporopsis is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mycopepon is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Mycoglaena is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Montagnella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Microdothella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Microcyclella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Didymopleella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Didymocyrtidium is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Dawsophila is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Dawsomyces is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Dangeardiella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Hysteropsis is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Hypobryon is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Hyalosphaera is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Hyalocrea is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Homostegia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Heptameria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Helicascus is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Globulina is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Globoa is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Gilletiella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Maireella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Macroventuria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Macrovalsaria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Leptospora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Lembosiopeltis is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Lanatosphaera is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Kusanobotrys is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Kullhemia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Koordersiella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Kirschsteiniothelia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Karschia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Philonectria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Phaeopeltosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Passeriniella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Paropodia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Neopeckia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pteridiospora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Passerinula is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Pycnocarpon is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Acrogenotheca is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Allosoma is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Amylirosa is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Ascocoronospora is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Bifrontia is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Brefeldiella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).

Sparganothina beckeri is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina lutea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Pichincha Province, Ecuador.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Sparganothina tena is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Napo Province, Ecuador.Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Jülich W. (1981). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Biblio. Mycol. 85. J. Cramer, Stuttgart. Molecular phylogenetic studies show that the Echinodontiaceae belong in the Russuloid clade.

The Herpomycetaceae are a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, and are ectoparasitic or epibiotic on cockroaches (family Blattidae).

The matrix includes 19 pterosaur groups (most of which are supra-specific) plus a single outgroup (Euparkeria capensis). The taxa were coded for 60 characters.

Plants of the World Online recognises about 300 accepted taxa (of species and infraspecific names) in the plant genus Pavonia of the mallow family Malvaceae.

Hadrosaurs from these localities include Tanius, Tsintaosaurus, Laiyangosaurus and Shantungosaurus. Other taxa uncovered include the theropods Chingkankousaurus and cf. Szechuanosaurus campi, and the testudine Glyptops.

Dugdale, J. S. 1988. Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue and keys to family group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand 14, 264 pages. Published 23 Sep 1988. Online.

Arthoniomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi. It includes the single order Arthoniales. Most of the taxa in this class are tropical and subtropical lichens.

Lepidosaurs show a distinct capitellum and trochlea on the centre of the ventral (anterior in upright taxa) surface of the humerus at the distal end.

The species name refers to La Selva Biological Station were the type specimen was collected.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Comments on the Chrysothamnus - Ericameria connection. Phytologia 78(1): 61-65.Welsh, Stanley Larson. 1993. New taxa and new nomenclatural combinations in the Utah flora.

Evolution of the C12orf40 gene (and its more conserved sub-region of the first 4 exons) across several taxa. Information available from NCBI BLAST software.

It is also a common predator of numerous native and non-native zooplankton taxa (Bythotrephes longimanus, Leptodiaptomus ashlandi, Leptodiaptomus minutus, Leptodiaptomus sicilis, and Leptodora kindtii).

Plants of the World Online recognises about 330 accepted taxa (of species and infraspecific names) in the plant genus Lithocarpus of the beech family Fagaceae.

Salter has several plant taxa named in his honor, including the genus Saltera (Penaeaceae), the orchid Disa salteri, Lachenalia salteri, Lampranthus salteri and Oxalis salteri.

Part IV. Microcotylidae sensu stricto and its repartition into subsidiary taxa. American Midland Naturalist, 366-398. However, this combination was suppressed. Mamaev, Y. L. (1986).

New taxa of Neosartorya and Aspergillus in Aspergillus section Fumigati. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 93(1-2):87-98 It has been reported to produce kotanins.

New taxa in Aspergillus section Usti. Studies in Mycology. 69:81-97 It has been isolated from the shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum in California, United States.

IPNI List of taxa described & co- described by Binnendijk The specific epithet of binnendijkii commemorates his name, two examples being Garcinia binnendijkii and Ficus binnendijkii.

The abbreviation "cf." (i.e. confer in Latin) is used to compare individuals/taxa with known/described species. Conventions for use of the "cf." qualifier vary.

However, the assignment of AGG to lysine in pterobranchian mitogenomes is not found elsewhere in deuterostome mitochondria but it occurs in some taxa of Arthropoda.

Also as seen in graptolites, many of the taxa that were common during the Hirnantian were eurytopic species, high-latitude immigrants, or endemic, relict faunas.

The Gosslingiales are shown to be a paraphyletic group, basal to the Zosterophyllales, in one analysis by Hao and Xue: The implication of the cladogram is that the Zosterophyllales – species with terminal sporangia – evolved from within the Gosslingiales. However, a study of zosterophyll diversity over time showed that the proportion of taxa with terminal sporangia declined in the Late Lochkovian when taxa without terminal sporangia evolved.

Diplomys is a member of the Echimyini clade of arboreal Echimyidae rodents. The closest relative of Diplomys is Santamartamys, reflecting the fact that these taxa have once been classified in the same genus. These two genera constitute the sister group of the "Dactylomyines", a clade of South American bamboo rats. All these taxa are closely related to the genera Echimys, Phyllomys, Makalata, Pattonomys, and Toromys.

Santamartamys is a member of the Echimyini clade of arboreal Echimyidae rodents. The closest relative of Santamartamys is Diplomys, reflecting the fact that these taxa have once been classified in the same genus. These two genera constitute the sister group of the "Dactylomyines", a clade of South American bamboo rats. All these taxa are closely related to the genera Echimys, Phyllomys, Makalata, Pattonomys, and Toromys.

This was followed by pioneering work on India's biogeography by MS Mani in 1974. Numerous schemes divide India into biogeographic regions as part of global schemes based on varying parameters, e.g. the Global 200 scheme of the Worldwide Fund for Nature. In addition, ongoing research focusing on particular taxa have included biogeographic aspects particular to the taxa under study and the area under consideration.

This list of gastropods described in 2011, is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2011. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species. For changes in taxonomy above the level of genus, see Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

This list of gastropods described in 2013 is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2013. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species. For changes in taxonomy above the level of genus, see Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

Mitochondrial studies show that the two larger defined taxa of O. pallasi are paraphyletic to O. argentata. However, morphometric data shows that the taxa O. p pricei and O. p. pallasii show similar traits to one other than to O. argentata. O. argentata differ in that they show a rufous type coloration in the summer and a more silver type coloration in the winter.

Furthermore, he found monophyletic Eudimorphodon clade (unlike Wang et al., 2009 and Dalla Vecchia, 2009), and defined two subfamilies within Eudimorphodontidae. The Eudimorphodontinae includes all taxa more closely related to Eudimorphodon ranzii than to Raeticodactylus filisurensis while the Raeticodactylinae includes all taxa more closely related to Raeticodactylus filisurensis than to Eudimorphodon ranzii. More recently, Raeticodactylus and Caviramus were moved into their own family, Raeticodactylidae.

Today the arboretum contains about 2000 trees, representing 112 genera, 485 species, and 400 cultivars and varieties (885 taxa), as well as several collections of shrubs representing about 1,000 taxa. Of particular interest are its collections of heritage apple and pear trees (about 400 varieties), and its excellent lilac collection (about 300 varieties) which has been recognized by the Conservatoire des Collections Végétales Spécialisées (CCVS).

Pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia and was published in Hamburg. This was in fact a sale catalogue, and it was ignored as a taxonomic work until William Healey Dall recognized that it introduced new valid taxa, though with long names and short descriptions. Thus Röding is credited with naming many taxa. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus…, the sale catalogue, is a rare book.

A female in hand All taxa within the genus Stiphrornis were considered part of a single species, S. erythrothorax, until 1999, when it was argued, based on the phylogenetic species concept, that all then-recognized taxa should be considered monotypic species.Beresford, P. & Cracraft, J. (1999). Speciation in African forest robins (Stiphrornis): species limits, phylogenetic relationships, and molecular biogeography. American Museum Novitates 3270: 1–22.

This list of pterosaur type specimens is a list of fossils serving as the official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the reptile clade Pterosauria, which includes the famous winged reptiles of the Mesozoic. Type specimens are definitionally members of biological taxa, and additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

FloraBase is a public access web-based database of the flora of Western Australia. It provides authoritative scientific information on 12,978 taxa, including descriptions, maps, images, conservation status and nomenclatural details. 1,272 alien taxa (naturalised weeds) are also recorded. The system takes data from datasets including the Census of Western Australian Plants and the Western Australian Herbarium specimen database of more than 803,000 vouchered plant collections.

Based on external morphology, lobopdians may fall under different categories — for example the general worm-like taxa as "xenusiid" or "xenusian"; xenusiid with sclerite as "armoured lobopodians"; and taxa with both robust frontal appendages and lateral flaps as "gilled lobopodians". Some of them were originally defined under a taxonomic sense (e.g. class Xenusia), but neither any of them are generally accepted as monophyletic in further studies.

Parkinsonia aculeata is ranked as the worst weed in Australia. Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) is a list of the most problematic plant species in Australia as determined by the federal government. Initially a list of 20 taxa were listed and given a rank based on invasiveness, impacts, potential for spread, and socioeconomic and environmental values. An expanded list of 32 taxa was released in April 2012.

Members of this family feed on monocotyledonous hosts as do members of the Aclerdidae which is believed to be a sister clade. The Asterolecanoid taxa form a well-defined group of families which also includes the Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Lecanodiaspididae and Pollinia pollini. The placement of the latter is problematic as it seems to be the sister group to the rest of the Asterolecanoid taxa.

This may result in different chironomid species with different ecological preferences grouped together, resulting in inaccurate assessment of water quality. DNA barcoding provides the opportunity to resolve taxa, and directly relate stressor effects to specific taxa such as individual chironomid species. For example, Beermann et al. (2018) DNA barcoded Chironomidae to investigate their response to multiple stressors; reduced flow, increased fine-sediment and increased salinity.

With the rise of phylogenetic nomenclature, the use of evolutionary grades as formal taxa has come under debate. Under a strict phylogenetic approach, only monophyletic taxa are recognized. This differs from the more traditional approach of evolutionary taxonomy. The difference in approach has led to a vigorous debate between proponents of the two approaches to taxonomy, particularly in well established fields like vertebrate palaeontology and botany.

This list of gastropods described in 2012, is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2012. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species. For changes in taxonomy above the level of genus, see Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

Furthermore, the traits on which basis Williston used to distinguish the two taxa are either known to vary intraspecifically in kannemeyeriiforms or were too badly preserved in Brachybrachium to display clear morphological differences from Eubrachiosaurus. Thus, Kammerer et al. (2013) concluded the it is probable that these two taxa are synonymous, but noted that on a strict apomorphy basis Brachybrachium brevipes must be considered a nomen dubium.

In 2008, Conrad published a large phylogenetic analysis of squamates including 222 taxa and 363 characteristics, which attempted to address the problem of incomplete taxon sampling (i.e. an insufficient number of included taxa) causing phylogenetic instability. To include Eichstaettisaurus, he combined data from E. schroederi and E. gouldi. He found that both Eichstaettisaurus and Ardeosaurus, along with Bavarisaurus, were part of the stem group of Scleroglossa.

The most recent formal definition of Rhinesuchidae, advocated by Mariscano et al. (2017) is that of a stem-based clade containing all taxa more closely related to Rhinesuchus whaitsi than to Lydekkerina huxleyi or Peltobatrachus pustulatus. A similar alternate definition is that Rhinesuchidae is a stem-based clade containing all taxa more closely related to Uranocentrodon senekalensis than to Lydekkerina huxleyi, Trematosaurus brauni, or Mastodonsaurus giganteus.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2014 is a list of new taxa of placoderms, fossil cartilaginous fishes and bony fishess of every kind that have been described during the year 2014, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2014. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

Vertebrate fossils are most commonly found in the mudstone deposits of the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone, especially within the calcareous nodules. This biozone is characterized by the presence of Pristerognathus polyodon and its other subspecies Pristerognathus baini and Pristerognathus vanderbyli. Pristerognathus fossils are usually found associated with those of Diictodon. The fossils of both these taxa are the most commonly found; other fossil taxa are markedly more rare.

The species Bartsch's squid (Uroteuthis bartschi ) was named in his honor by Harald A. Rehder. The World Register of Marine Species lists 61 taxa with the epithet, bartschi, many of which have become synonyms.WORMS: taxa with the epithet "bartschi" A species and a subspecies of Caribbean lizards were named in his honor: Anolis bartschi and Cyclura carinata bartschi.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).

Two new species were also named, Nyctophilus gouldi and Nyctophilus unicolor, both based on specimens supplied by John Gould. The availability of the name Nyctophilus timoriensis is uncertain and recognised or excluded in some treatments, following a revision and new taxa published in 2009. This followed the 2008 publication of unknown taxa noted as Nyctophilus sp., subspecies of T. timoriensis or new and separate species.

Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, Leiden, 1735 This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants). There are two main criteria for this list.

This list of gastropods described in 2015 is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2015. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species. For changes in taxonomy above the level of genus, see Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

The composition of terrestrial species on the Kuril islands is dominated by Asian mainland taxa via migration from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands and by Kamchatkan taxa from the North. While highly diverse, there is a relatively low level of endemism. The WWF divides the Kuril Islands into two ecoregions. The southern Kurils, along with southwestern Sakhalin, comprise the South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests ecoregion.

A more robust 2013 study by Godefroit et al. (using a dataset of 1,500 characters scored for 358 taxa) found that troodontids were possibly more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurids; forcing troodontids to remain in a monophyletic Deinonychosauria required four extra steps in the analysis, making this result less likely but not implausible.Mortimer, M. (2012) The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa . Retrieved 2013-AUG-15.

Metriorhynchoidea is an extinct superfamily of thalattosuchian crocodyliforms from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous (Toarcian \- Valanginian, possibly as late as early Aptian) of Europe, North America and South America. Metriorhynchids are fully aquatic crocodyliforms. Named by Fitzinger, in 1843, it contains the basal taxa like Teleidosaurus and Eoneustes and the family Metriorhynchidae. Two unnamed taxa are also known, from Oregon and Chile.

Many taxa which survived or diversified after the first pulse were finished off in the second pulse. These include the Hirnantia brachiopod fauna and Mucronaspis trilobite fauna, which previously thrived in the cold glacial period. Other taxa such as graptolites and warm-water reef denizens were less affected. Sediments from China and Baltica seemingly show a more gradual replacement of the Hirnantia fauna after glaciation.

This list of gastropods described in 2017 is a list of new taxa of snails and slugs of every kind that have been described (following the rules of the ICZN) during the year 2017. The list only includes taxa at the rank of genus or species. For changes in taxonomy above the level of genus, see Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

Phylogenetic trees based on the molecular genetics sequenced in this study showed that the genus Fonticula was a sister taxon to the genus Nuclearia. Those two sister taxa as a clade are in turn a sister taxa to Fungi. Fonticula therefore represents the first evolution of an organism with a cellular slime mold-like morphology within the broad-group Opisthokonta (Brown et al., 2009); (Brown, 2010).

Odoardo Beccari subsumed this taxon as a variety under B. capitata in 1916 (as B. capitata var. odorata) along with a number of other taxa such as Cocos pulposa, C. elegantissima, C. erythrospatha and C. lilaceiflora, which he all made different varieties of B. capitata. He also named two new taxa as varieties of B. capitata: B. capitata var. subglobosa and B. capitata var. virescens.

Caudofoveates generally burrow into the substrate while solenogasters are usually epibenthic. Both taxa are most common in water regions deeper than where some species may reach densities up to four or five specimens per square metre (three or four per square yard). Solenogasters are typically carnivores feeding on cnidarians or sometimes annelids or other taxa while caudofoveates are mostly detritovores or feed on foraminiferans.

In their phylogenetic analyses, Zanno and colleagues in 2019 recovered Moros as a basal pantyrannosaurian alongside Asian taxa from the middle of the Cretaceous such as Xiongguanlong and Timurlengia. This phylogenetic affinity with Asian basal tyrannosauroids suggests that Moros was part of a transcontinental exchange between the biotas of Asia and North America during the mid-Cretaceous that is well-documented in other taxa.

At site Sutn04 166 individual macroinvertebrates were observed in Sutton Creek in August 2012. These included the beetle genus Dubiraphia, two caddisfly genera, the dancefly genus Chelifera, and the dragonfly genus Boyeria. Other macroinvertebrates included five mayfly genera, the midge family Chironomidae, and the scud genus Crangonyx. A total of 14 taxa were observed at this site and the EPT taxa richness was 7.

As a supplementary volume to Pitcher Plants of the Old World, the book covers taxa documented since the publication of that work in 2009, including 18 new species, 2 revised species, 1 new variety, and 2 new incompletely diagnosed taxa. The book provides detailed accounts of all of these taxa, often in the format of its predecessor, and these are accompanied by expedition reports and formal species descriptions. The content is arranged in broad geographical categories. Seven species are formally described as new: N. appendiculata and N. epiphytica from Borneo, N. ceciliae and N. pulchra from the Philippines, N. nigra and N. undulatifolia from Sulawesi, and N. monticola from New Guinea.

George's arrangement was superseded by Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement in 1996, but in 1999 George largely restored it in his 1999 treatment of the Flora of Australia series. George's 1999 treatment included a number of taxa described after 1981, followed Thiele and Ladiges in a few minor rankings, and altered the phyletic order of taxa in places, but it was otherwise identical to his 1981 arrangement. None of Thiele and Ladiges' four promotions to species rank was accepted, and none of the thirteen infrageneric taxa introduced by Thiele and Ladiges was retained. George's 1999 taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg.

S.A. Cameron observed that bees of the genus Bombus tend to have a comparable morphology throughout their range, thus signifying that behavioral adaptations may play a large part in colonizing different habitats. Mimetic evolution is postulated to account for both interspecific and intraspecific variation in colour pattern. Eastern North American B. pensylvanicus and western North American B. sonorus are taxa that have a similar morphology, but have distinct color patterns and different male genitalia. In areas where the two taxa overlap, there is genetic introgression between B. sonorus and B. pensylvanicus, suggesting that the two taxa may actually be conspecific (as they produce fertile offspring), and best considered as subspecies.

Thus, traditional palaeontological works are often using evolutionary grades as formal or informal taxa, including examples such as labyrinthodonts, anapsids, synapsids, dinosaurs, ammonites, eurypterids, lobopodians and many of the more well known taxa of human evolution. Organizing organisms into grades rather than strict clades can also be very useful to understand the evolutionary sequence behind major diversification of both animals and plants. Evolutionary grades, being united by gross morphological traits, are often eminently recognizable in the field. While taxonomy seeks to eliminate paraphyletic taxa, such grades are sometimes kept as formal or informal groups on the basis of their usefulness for laymen and field researchers.

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Zanno and colleagues placed all three taxa within a single group of Tyrannosauridae to the exclusion of all other members of the group. A detailed phylogenetic analysis, conducted by Loewen and colleagues to accompany their 2013 description of Lythronax, based on 303 cranial and 198 postcranial features, placed it and Teratophoneus within the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae. Lythronax was a sister taxon of a group consisting of the Maastrichtian taxa Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus and the late Campanian Zhuchengtyrannus. It was more closely related to this group than other taxa such as Daspletosaurus and Teratophoneus, which were younger than Lythronax but older than the group.

The differences between these two species and remaining taxa in the Mormopterus planiceps group', or planiceps–beccarii–loriae complex', previously published as an interim arrangement, led to the erection of four new subgenera in 2014. Prior to 2014, two subgenera were recognized within Mormopterus: subgenus Mormopterus and subgenus Micronomus. The two new subgenera included Setirostris, isolating this species as a monotypic taxon, and Ozimops, a subgenus containing seven other Australian taxa, as well as several Indo-Papuan taxa, all formerly in the planiceps group. Other mollosid populations were separated to the monotypic genus Micronomus and those outside of the same austral region remained within the subgenus Mormopterus.

For each vice-county in which a taxon has been recorded, the status (native, archaeophyte, neophyte or casual) in that vice-county is indicated (through the use of different typefaces). A distinction is made between two time-periods: (i) taxa recorded since 1970 and still believed to be extant in the vice-county and (ii) taxa which have not been recorded since 1970 or which have and which are known to be extinct in that vice-county. The catalogue contains separate entries for every species (including microspecies for all apomictic groups), as well as separate entries for all subspecies and interspecific hybrids. In total 4880 taxa are listed.

There are several potential evolutionary outcomes of hybridization. If early generation hybrids are not viable or sterile, hybridization may reduce the reproductive success of the parent species. This could potentially lead to reinforcement, selection to strengthen premating isolation or if the species fail to evolve premating isolation, it could increase their extinction risk due to wasted reproductive effort. If the fitness of early generation hybrids is non-zero and that of some later generation hybrids is as high or even higher than the fitness of one or both parent taxa, hybrids may displace the parent taxa and the hybridizing taxa may fuse (speciation reversal).

There is some debate where the finfoot family, Heliornithidae, fits within Gruiformes. The Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds, based on DNA- DNA Hybridization, suggested that they are sister taxa to limpkins, the Aramidae, and even placed the limpkins within Heliornithidae in 1990. However, more recent genetic analyses suggests that limpkins are sister taxa to cranes, the Gruidae, and that finfeet are instead sister taxa to rails, the Rallidae. Other studies suggest that finfeet and the Afro-Madagascan flufftails, a group originally thought to be nested within rails, form a lineage called Sarothruridae that separated from each other at the end of the Eocene, probably in Africa.

The authors placed Aorun in a basal position in the Coelurosauria, but is in any case more derived than the Tyrannosauroidea. Possibly it is a member of a Coeluridae that is the basalmost clade of the Maniraptora. The assignment of Aorun to this position is due to its lack of synapomorphies that would provide evidence of its affinity with more derived coelurosaurian taxa. Tykoski (2005) and others have demonstrated that when immature taxa, as is the case with this specimen, are coded as adults in a phylogenetic analysis, the immature taxa were recovered in artificially basal positions relative to adults of the same taxon.

Desert Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in Papago Park, at 1201 N. Galvin Parkway in Phoenix, central Arizona. Founded by the Arizona Cactus and Native Flora Society in 1937Deborah A. Starr, "Desert Botanical Garden", Horticulture, March 1994:48-54. and established at this site in 1939, the garden now has more than 50,000 plants, in more than 4,000 taxa, one-third of which are native to the area, including 379 species, which are rare, threatened or endangered. Of special note are the rich collections of agave (4,026 plants in 248 taxa) and cacti (13,973 plants in 1,320 taxa), especially the Opuntia sub-family.

Downstream of the reservoir, the modified Hilsenhoff Biotic Index value is 3.1 and the modified EPT Index value is 17. The total taxa richness is 26.

Blooming occurs in July and August.Packera musiniensis, Flora of North America.Welsh, Stanley Larson, & Goodrich, Sherel. 1993. New taxa and new nomenclatural combinations in the Utah flora.

Etlingera maingayi grows to less than high.Lim, C.K. (2000). “Taxonomic notes on Etlingera Giseke (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia: the Nicolaia taxa”. Folia Malaysiana 1: 1–12.

Some exotic taxa were also first described in Der Naturforscher, including the fish species Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781 and the Indomalayan butterfly Euploea phaenareta (Schaller, 1785).

Another Asian taxa, Homalocephale calathocercos was also found exhibit juvenile characteristics in the fossil holotype though it has been proposed some species of pachycephalosaur exhibit pedomorphism.

They are also distinguished by the lack of a cleavage furrow and the presence of several phycocyanins and phycoerythrins not observed in any other cryptomonad taxa.

Laurence J. Dorr and Kevin C. Nixon. 1985. Typification of the Oak (Quercus) Taxa Described by S. B. Buckley (1809-1884). Taxon 34(2): 211-228.

The Melanommataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa are widespread in temperate and subtropical regions, and are saprobic on wood and bark.

These groups are said to be primarily apterous. Apterous animals which belong to or are phylogenetic descendants of winged taxa are said to be secondarily apterous.

The species name refers to the spined sacculus and is derived from Latin spinula (meaning a small spine).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

The species name refers to the high altitude collecting site and is derived from Latin alta (meaning high).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Reisen in Brasilien HathiTrust Digital Library Taxa with the specific epithet of freyreissii honor his name, examples being the botanical species Ophryosporus freyreissii and Paepalanthus freyreissii.

Restoration of Larnovaspis Pteraspidoidei contains the more derived taxa within Pteraspidiformes, though, some protopteraspidids, such as Doryaspis and Panamintaspis, share various features with these derived pteraspidids.

Parosphromenus was established by Brown, 1987. Since 1950s, the additional taxa have been described on a sporadic basis and there are 20 recognised members at present.

Park and Kim examined which microbes found in an automobile air conditioner could produce bad smelling volatile compounds and identified candidate taxa producing some such compounds.

The genus is named for Dr. Thierry Deuve (MNHN).The Epicopeiidae: phylogeny and a redefinition, with the description of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Drepanoidea) Joël Minet, 2002.

Adults have been recorded on wing in October."Neotropical microlepidoptera. XXIII: First report of the family Eriocottidae from the New World, with descriptions of new taxa".

These six genera share a radially symmetric rhizome, which may be a synapomorphy for this clade (although the trait appears in other grammitid taxa, probably independently).

These represent the major taxa of mammals (e.g., beaver, otter, polar bear), birds (e.g., penguins, ducks), reptiles (e.g., anaconda, bog turtle, marine iguana) and amphibians (e.g.

At maturity, the peridium opens up and remains as a volva at the base of the receptaculum.Jülich W. (1982). Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Mycologia 85.

All the other digger wasp taxa that were formerly included in Sphecidae (sensu lato) are now placed in the family Crabronidae, which is however itself paraphyletic.

The Roccellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Arthoniomycetes. Most taxa are lichenized with green algae, although some are lichenicolous, growing on other lichens.

Alsophila nigrolineata is thought to be even more similar and further study is needed to determine whether these two taxa represent the same species or not.

Sparganothina covelli is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Bolivia.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Sparganothina venezolana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Venezuela.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

A 2015 genetic study found the other Mascarene Psittacula taxa to group within a clade of rose- ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) subspecies from Asia and Africa.

Leucospermum mundii differs from all other taxa in the section Crinitae by its broad wedge to inverted egg-shaped leaves, topped by seven to seventeen teeth.

In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on the morphological characters of the taxa, such as the shell characteristics (including the protoconch) in shelled species, and the internal anatomy, including the structure of the radula and details of the reproductive system. Recent advances are based more on the molecular characteristics of the DNA and RNA. This shift in emphasis has meant that the newer taxa and their hierarchy are subject to debate, a debate that is not likely to be resolved soon. This proposed classification has tried to integrate the results of recent molecular work by using unranked clades for taxa below the traditional rank of class (class Gastropoda) but above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks subclass, superorder, order, and suborder), while still using the traditional Linnaean ranks for superfamilies and all taxa below the rank of superfamily (i.e.

Mey, F.S. 2013. Nepenthes samar and N. viridis: two new taxa and the emergence of two Nepenthes taxonomy schools? Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, October 23, 2013.

It is primarily distinguished from these taxa by having shorter inflorescences and a short, squat, bushy habitus. Rourke (1980) states possible hybrids between the two may exist.

As variations in scalation and color pattern are apparent in different populations of B. brazili, new taxa will likely be defined as a result of further research.

Numerous macroinvertebrate taxa also inhabit the stream. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream's lower reaches mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, and Boulder Colluvium.

The Delitschiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa are widespread, especially in temperate regions, and are saprobic, often found growing in herbivore dung.

The Diademaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa are widespread, especially in temperate regions, and are parasitic or saprobic in stem and leaves.

Numerous species are commonly known as globe cactus, nipple cactus, fishhook cactus or pincushion cactus though such terms may also be used for related taxa, particularly Escobaria.

Hercospora is a genus of fungi within the Diaporthales order, class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis).

Cryptonectriella is a genus of fungi within the Diaporthales order, class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis).

Chromendothia is a genus of fungi in the Diaporthales order, class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis).

Caudospora is a genus of fungi within the Diaporthales order, class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis).

Apiosporopsis is a genus of fungi within the Diaporthales order, class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis).

Anisomycopsis is a genus of fungi within the Diaporthales order, class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown (incertae sedis).

Given the recently recognised paraphytic nature of several of the taxa above, the introduction of new genera and possibly families in the near future seems highly likely.

Groenlandibelidae is a family of coleoid cephalopods believed to belong to the spirulids. Morphologically, its taxa seem to have some belemnoid characteristics, suggesting a possible intermediate relationship.

In biology, trinomial nomenclature refers to names for taxa below the rank of species. These names have three parts. The usage is different in zoology and botany.

Hipposideros bernardsigei is a hipposiderid species of bat known by fossil specimens, one of the many new taxa of microchiropterans discovered in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area.

Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.McPherson, S.R. 2011. Observations of Nepenthes philippinensis and related taxa. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 382–395.

Cladistic analysis of DNA data has strongly supported Handroanthus, but sampling of taxa and DNA has not been sufficient to strongly support any relationships within the genus.

Line one (the oldest) with three subgenera is predominantly bulbous, the second, with five subgenera and the third with seven subgenera contain both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa.

Three rodent taxa were named after him: the species Ctenomys pearsoni (Lessa & Langguth, 1983) and Andalgalomys pearsoni (Myers, 1977), in addition to the genus Pearsonomys Patterson, 1992.

Below is a cladogram showing these results after the exclusion of three taxa that can be coded only for one character (clade names follow Andres & Myers, 2013).

Some of the synonyms and intraspecific taxa are: Boehmeria austrina Small, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell, and Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. scabra Porter.

Shan et al. (2009) found that G. americanus and G. eggenburgensis are not sister taxa. However, they didn't include T. antiqua and G. carolinensis in their analysis.

The skull is unique among coexisting taxa for having fused frontal bones, and Purbicella is likely closer to modern lacertoids than any of the other British forms.

Carex micropoda was first described by Carl Anton von Meyer in 1831. It is very similar to, and possibly synonymous with, a number of other published taxa.

Category:Morganucodonts Category:Hettangian life Category:Early Jurassic mammals Category:Jurassic mammals of Europe Category:Jurassic Wales Category:Fossils of Wales Category:Fossil taxa described in 2011 Category:Taxa named by William A. Clemens Jr.

Taxa have apothecia, cup- or saucer- shaped ascoma in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity. These apothecia are bitunicate - with clearly differentiated inner and out walls.

Coelostathma cocoana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Coelostathma continua is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Coelostathma pygmaea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

Coelostathma xocoatlana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

A 2005 study by scholars from Karadeniz Technical University, published by Istanbul University, found 545 taxa from 84 families in the area, 30 of which were endemic.

Major animal taxa in terrestrial ecosystems include the classes Insecta (insects) with about 900,000 species, Aves (birds) with 8,500 species, and Mammalia (mammals) with approximately 4,100 species.

Among these, it belonged to the Hesperornithidae, along with Hesperornis, the well-known namesake genus.Mortimer, M. (2004). The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa . Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.

The species is dedicated to Dr. Mark I. Falkovitsh, a Russian lepidopterist who discovered several new taxa of Scythrididae from the deserts of Uzbekistan in the 1940s.

The bloater is one of the several taxa in the Coregonus artedi complex of freshwater whitefishes, which sometimes all are considered to belong to a single species.

This is because of the need to homologize morphologically disparate structures, a procedure which is effectively the converse of attempting to accommodate these taxa in crown-groups.

Less common taxa included the genus Psephenus (9 individuals), the genus Rhyacophila (9 individuals), the genus Acroneuria (8 individuals), the genus Neophylax (8 individuals), the genus Hexatoma (6 individuals), and the genus Agapetus (5 individuals). Rarer taxa included the genus Argentina (4 individuals); the genera Baetis, Stenonema, and Paraleptophlebia (3 individuals each); and the genus Cambarus. Only one individual each of several genera were observed: Drunella, Pteronarcys, Pycnopsyche, Promoresia, and Prosimulium.

Thylacosmilus atrox reached the lowest value in that analysis, just barely surpassed by Smilodon fatalis. The authors concluded that both taxa, with low bite forces and peculiar cranial and postcranial anatomies, had a killing technique to dispatch large bodied preys without a true analogue between modern taxa. An analysis by Goswami et al. in 2010 tested if the metatherian mode of reproduction has produced any constraint in their cranial morphological evolution.

Although the species has been observed for more than 110 years, it wasn't recognized as an official species until 2010. Prior to that, it was assumed to be the same species as B. buteo. There has been much debate about the taxonomic position of the Socotra buzzard. It is genetically closest to the taxa rufinus and bannermani, but its plumage is most similar to the taxa trizonatus/oreophilus.

Many taxa assigned to Felicia occur in fynbos and in the Karoo. Some are sand dune specialists, such as F. amelloides and F. amoena, while others prefer to grow on rocky substrate, like F. petiolata and others in the section Neodetris. The East-African annuals can be found in Miombo woodland, while a few, such as F. uliginosa, strongly associate with wet habitats. Further taxa exemplified by F. muricata subsp.

In the United States and Canada, areas home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world, there are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa. Of the 297 known species, 213 (71.7%) taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, of special concern. The main factors contributing to the decline of freshwater mussels include destruction from dams, increased siltation, channel modification, and the introduction of invasive species like the Zebra mussel.

The terms shrimp and prawn are common names, not scientific names. They are vernacular or colloquial terms which lack the formal definition of scientific terms. They are not taxa, but are terms of convenience with little circumscriptional significance. There is no reason to avoid using the terms shrimp or prawn when convenient, but it is important not to confuse them with the names or relationships of actual taxa.

This list of plesiosaur type specimens is a list of fossils serving as the official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the reptile clade Plesiosauria, which includes the short-necked pliosaurs and long necked plesiosauroids. Type specimens are those which are definitionally members of biological taxa and additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

This list of mosasaur type specimens is a list of fossils that are official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the squamate clade Mosasauroidea, which includes the line of predatory marine lizards that culminates in the mosasaurids. Type specimens are definitionally members of biological taxa, and additional specimens are "referred" to these taxa only if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

The position of Kundurosaurus within Edmontosaurini collapses when fragmentary taxa are excluded from the analysis. In the full analysis, Kundurosaurus is placed as the sister-taxon of Kerberosaurus, which is known from the same region. It may therefore be postulated that K. nagornyi is a second species of the genus Kerberosaurus. This clade, however, is very weakly supported and synapomorphies uniting both taxa can only been found under optimization.

Three-taxon analysis (or TTS, three-item analysis, 3ia) is a cladistic based method of phylogenetic reconstruction. Introduced by Nelson and Platnick (1991) to reconstruct organisms' phylogeny, this method can also be applied to biogeographic areas. It attempts to reconstruct complex phylogenetic trees by breaking the problem down into simpler chunks. Rather than try to resolve the relationships of all X taxa at once, it considers taxa 3 at a time.

There is research to indicate that it may qualify as a separate species, while C. petersi may just be a variant of C. chilensis, the variances being clinal variations in adjacent populations. However, these taxa mentioned have all been formally synonymised and accepted. The morphological variation is explainable as a factor of elevation. Historically, these have been viewed as separate taxa, with little work done to confirm or deny it.

Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. The Spaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile unicellular or colonial taxa that have biflagellate zoospores with flagella that are directly opposed in direction (the DO arrangement): Sphaeroplea, Atractomorpha, Neochloris, Hydrodictyon, and Pediastrum. All of these taxa have basal body core connections.

Thirteen early saurian species, as well as Aenigmastropheus, and 107 characters from Dilkes (1998), Müller (2004) and Senter (2004), as well as some new characters were added to the matrix, and some taxa were scored differently. The resultant data matrix includes 40 amniote taxa, scored based on 219 morphological traits. The cladogram recovered by Ezcurra et al. (2014) was almost entirely consistent with that of Reisz et al. (2009).

Karyotypes of three species of the genus Aporrectodea Örley (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the Ukraine. Comparative Cytogenetics 1(1) 59-62. Among the most familiar species is Aporrectodea caliginosa, which has been known as a species complex made up of several very similar taxa whose relationships were not clear. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed that these taxa are separate species, including A. trapezoides, A. tuberculata, A. longa, and A. nocturna.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that have been described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2016. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

As far back as 1974, DNA sequence similarity was recognized as a valuable tool for determining relationships among taxa. Structural genes in general are more highly conserved due to functional constraint, and so can prove useful in examinations of more disparate taxa. Original analyses enriched samples for structural genes via hybridization to mRNA. More recent phylogenetic approaches focused on structural genes of known function, conserved to varying degrees.

The Siluriphysi originated before the breakup of Gondwana into South America and Africa in the Aptian (c. 110 Ma) but the presence of several basal Siluriphysan taxa in modern South America (Gymnotiformes, Diplomystidae, Loricaridea) suggest that the Siluriphysi may have originated on the western portion of Gondwana. Alternatively, these basal taxa have subsequently become extinct in Africa. The modern distribution of Siluriformes is cosmopolitan due to subsequent dispersal.

A simple measure of taxonomic biodiversity is the count or listing of taxa found within a region. This may be recorded as species checklists. Since the number of species may be large, a checklist may be split into lists of species in a specified taxon at whatever level is convenient. For some taxa, a list by phylum is manageable, for others lists may be broken down to family level.

This list of marginocephalian type specimens is a list of fossils serving as the official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the dinosaur clade Marginocephalia, which includes the thick-headed pachycephalosaurs and the horned ceratopsians. Type specimens are those which are definitionally members of biological taxa and additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

This list of ornithopod type specimens is a list of fossils serving as the official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the dinosaur clade Ornithopoda, which includes the line of herbivorous dinosaurs culminating in the duck-billed hadrosaurs. Type specimens are definitionally members of biological taxa and additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

In addition to their proper use for inferring phylogenetic patterns among taxa, phylogenetic analyses are often employed to represent relationships among gene copies or individual organisms. Such uses have become central to understanding biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and genomes. Taxonomy is the identification, naming and classification of organisms. Classifications are now usually based on phylogenetic data, and many systematists contend that only monophyletic taxa should be recognized as named groups.

The cladogram is based on a data matrix that includes 56 avialan taxa, scored based on 262 morphological traits. The Wang et al. phylogenetic analysis was reused during the description of Linyiornis in 2016. This study it indicated that previously known bohaiornithid taxa formed a polytomy with Linyiornis and Fortunguavis, supporting the possibility that those two genera are also examples of the family, although Fortunguavis is notoriously difficult to place phylogenetically.

Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis, or RASA, is a method that aims to determine whether a given character is shared between taxa due to shared ancestry or due to convergence. A synapomorphy is a shared trait found among two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor in turn does not possess the trait. RASA assigns a score to the character based on its potential to be informative.

Insects display a wide variety of sexual dimorphism between taxa including size, ornamentation and coloration. The female-biased sexual size dimorphism observed in many taxa evolved despite intense male-male competition for mates. In Osmia rufa, for example, the female is larger/broader than males, with males being 8–10 mm in size and females being 10–12 mm in size. In the hackberry emperor females are similarly larger than males.

All other tetrapods have a pisiform, being the most common sesamoid.Liem (2005) functional anatomy of the vertebrates In mammals and non-human primates, the pisiform is an enlarged and elongated bone that articulates with the distal ulna. In some taxa, the pisiform even articulates with the hammate or radius. In these non-human taxa, the pisiform develops from two ossification centers that are divided by a palmar epiphyseal plate.

In 1992, Horner, David Varricchio and Mark Goodwin published an article in Nature based on the six-year field study of sediments and dinosaurs from Montana. They proposed that the expeditions had uncovered three "transitional taxa" spanning the gap between the already known Styracosaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus. For the moment, they declined to name these taxa. The oldest form was indicated as "Transitional Taxon A," mainly represented by skull MOR 492.

Potential evolutionary outcomes of hybridization. While most hybridization events are evolutionary dead ends, hybridization may also lead to speciation reversal where two taxa merge into one or form a hybrid zone between parapatric taxa. Alternatively, only one species may disappear through genetic swamping if introgression is highly asymmetrical. When one or few heterospecific alleles are advantageous these can also introgress into one of the parent species’ genomes through repeated backcrossing.

This pattern has been shown for a variety of taxa including Drosophila, birds and fish. Hybrid fitness may also differ with cross direction, between first generation and later generation hybrids, and among individuals within generations of the same cross-type. In some cases hybrids may evolve into new hybrid species with reproductive isolation to both parent taxa. Below is described the evolutionary outcomes of hybridisation that result in persistent hybrid genomes.

Differentiation occurs within groups, represented as branches in the cladogram. In a cladistic context, transitional organisms can be seen as representing early examples of a branch, where not all of the traits typical of the previously known descendants on that branch have yet evolved. Such early representatives of a group are usually termed "basal taxa" or "sister taxa," depending on whether the fossil organism belongs to the daughter clade or not.

The most recent diagnosis was provided by Maddin et al. (2011) and includes features such as a short, wide skull with a well-ossified anterior braincase. Some of the diagnostic features have been shown to be shared with other taxa following similar CT analyses of additional 'microsaurs'; more recent work on other brachystelechids including Glienke (2015) and Pardo et al. (2015) have provided additional features that separate those taxa from Carrolla.

Later experimental gingivitis studies, using culture, provided more information regarding the specific bacterial species present in plaque. Taxa associated with gingivitis included Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies polymorphum, Lachnospiraceae [G-2] species HOT100, Lautropia species HOTA94, and Prevotella oulorum (a species of Prevotella bacterium), whilst Rothia dentocariosa was associated with periodontal health. Further study of these taxa is warranted and may lead to new therapeutic approaches to prevent periodontal disease.

However, many of the taxa that supposedly distinguished it as a separate fauna have since been found in older sediments. In particular, Gryposaurus latidens and Hypacrosaurus have been found to coexist with Maiasaura. Further, there are fossil teeth that seem to show the presence of certain taxa are unbroken throughout the whole formation. Nevertheless, some true changes in faunal composition seems to occur in the upper Two Medicine.

In the figure at right, f and g are joined to the new node u. # Calculate the distance from each of the taxa in the pair to this new node. # Calculate the distance from each of the taxa outside of this pair to the new node. # Start the algorithm again, replacing the pair of joined neighbors with the new node and using the distances calculated in the previous step.

These taxa do intergrade with each other, so Flora of North America and the Kew Garden Plant ListThe Plant List, Gaillardia pinnatifida Torr. does not recognise any of these as separate taxa. Many populations in Arizona have unlobed leaves, unlike the deeply divided leaves farther to the east, and populations in Utah have yellow rather than brown or purple disc flowers, as well as gland-dots embedded in the leaves.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2015 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that have been described during the year 2015, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2015. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

Introduction of dietary MACs in the diet is insufficient to regain the lost taxa, to restore the gut microbiota to its original state requires the administration of missing taxa ,which can be achieved either by administering probiotics (food) or live biotherapeutics (drugs), in combination with dietary MAC consumption. Enriching the food supply with dietary fiber might have an essential role in preventing loss of certain beneficial bacterial species.

The species was first formally described by the botanists Bruce Maslin and Richard Sumner Cowan in 1995 as a part of the work Acacia Miscellany. New taxa and notes on previously described taxa of Acacia, mostly section Juliflorae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), in Western Australia as published in the journal Nuytsia. It was reclassified as Racosperma cylindricum in 2003 by Leslie Pedley then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006.

However, many of the taxa that supposedly distinguished it as a separate fauna have since been found in older sediments. In particular, Gryposaurus latidens and Hypacrosaurus have been found to coexist with Maiasaura. Further, there are fossil teeth that seem to show the presence of certain taxa are unbroken throughout the whole formation. Nevertheless, some true changes in faunal composition seem to occur in the upper Two Medicine.

At first it was placed in its own family, the Rhipaeosauridae, and considered the type species. Other taxa, such as Parabradysaurus and Leptoropha, later joined it in this family. However, when more remains of these additional taxa were found, they were determined not to be rhipaeosaurids at all. Parabradysaurus was found to be an estemnosuchid, more closely related to mammals, and Leptoropha was identified as a seymouriamorph amphibian.

Klüge, N. J. (2010). Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda. Bionomina, 1, 15-55, . The botanical code is applied primarily to the ranks of family and below.

50 (2): 425-440.Kear, B. P. 2007. Taxonomic Clarification of the Australian Elasmosaurid Genus Eromangasaurus, with Reference to Other Austral Elasmosaur Taxa. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum.

It is more widely agreed upon that adapiforms are closely related to modern lemurs and lorises, although there much speculation as to which taxa are more closely related.

However, the genitalic structure of the holotype reveals slight differences compared to A. flavata. Additional study material is needed to properly evaluate the status of these two taxa.

Jaime Eduardo Powell (January 13, 1953 – February 1, 2016) was an Argentine paleontologist who described the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur taxa Aeolosaurus and found evidence that titanosaurs that osteoderms.

New taxa of Claytonia section Claytonia (Portulacaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 50(9): 1895–1896.Cody, W. J. 1996. Flora of the Yukon Territory i–xvii, 1–669.

The range previously extended eastwards to Southeast Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia but when the taxa in these regions were assigned to other species, the English name was changed.

The two taxa may be closely related, having evolved in isolation in western North America after the formation of the Rocky Mountains separated them from rhineurids further east.

Originally described from Siberia, Wronascolex should now be considered to include all taxa with Hadimopanella sclerites that have 3–10 nodes in a single circle, perhaps including Yunnanoscolex.

A praying mantis Harpegnathos saltator Idiopid spider endemic to India Deccan mahseer Tor khudree This section provides links to lists of species of various taxa found in India.

Neurocossus khmer is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Cambodia., 2004: New taxa of Cossidae from SE Asia. Atalanta 35(3-4): 369-382.

Bob bought a typewriter to produce it. It was published in 1972. It contained almost 3000 different taxa. Updating the catalogue of Eastwoodhill remained Bob's task until 1986.

194 pp. This research showed that a natural evolutionary lineage results if some Pleurotellus species and several taxa formerly aligned with Melanomphalia are included in the generic description.

He married Elisabeth Mayer in 1912. Laubmann described many taxa including the species Alcedo hercules and Otocichla mupinensis. He is also commemorated in the names of several subspecies.

Sparganothina decagramma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Santa Catarina, Brazil.Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

In her honor, several species- group taxa bear the name rozellae, including a subspecies of snake, Tantillita lintoni rozellae, 1940, and a species of lizard, Celestus rozellae, 1942.

Huck, R. B. (2001). Two new infraspecific taxa in Florida Dicerandra (Labiatae). Novon 11:4 417-20. This plant grows in white- and yellow-sand Florida scrub habitat.

This species is endemic to the islands of Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire- many populations are quite different in terms of morphology and represent diverse makeup of infraspecific taxa.

Sea daisies (infraclass Concentricycloidea; order Peripodida) make up an unusual group of deep-sea taxa belonging to the phylum Echinodermata, with three species described in the genus Xyloplax.

The taxa listed within this article were compiled from numerous collections within Paleobiology Database . authorized by John Alroy, Ph.D.. Further documentation on these genera and species are available.

In the history of the Linnaean classification system, many taxa (e.g. species, genera, families, and higher taxonomic ranks) have become defunct or obsolete, and are no longer used.

Taxa named for Nalbant include genus Nalbantichtys (Schultz, 1967), subgenus Nalbantius (Mauge and Bauchot, 1984) and species Schistura nalbanti (Mîrza and Bănărescu, 1979) and Cyclaspis nalbanti (Petrescu, 1998).

Rose concludes that, as Astrodon is not based on the diagnostic material, "new discoveries should not be aligned with that genus" and that "the argument to synonymize the two taxa, Astrodon and Pleurocoelus, seems unfounded". The type material of Pleurocoelus may not be diagnostic as well, according to the author. Vertebrae of P. nanus A similar argument was made by Michael D. d'Emic (2013). The author did not find any diagnostic features of the type material of Astrodon johnstoni, Pleurocoelus nanus and P. altus and considered the three taxa to be nomina dubia; according to the author there is no direct evidence that any sauropod bones from the Arundel Formation other than their type series can be referred to these taxa. D’Emic also stated that the exact provenance of the bones from the type series of Pleurocoelus nanus is uncertain and thus "these bones could represent a chimera of individuals or taxa".

Where the branch length in coalescent units (T) is also written in an alternative form: the number of generations (t) divided by twice the effective population size (Ne). Pamilo and Nei also derived the probability of congruence for rooted trees of four and five taxa as well as a general upper bound on the probability of congruence for larger trees. Rosenberg followed up with equations used for the complete set of topologies (although the large number of distinct phylogenetic trees that becomes possible as the number of taxa increases makes these equations impractical unless the number of taxa is very limited). The phenomenon of hemiplasy is a natural extension of the basic idea underlying gene tree-species tree discordance.

Aureoboletus mirabilis is commonly known as the "admirable bolete", the "bragger's bolete", and the "velvet top". In a 2001 analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences for a number of taxa in the Boletales order, A. mirabilis was found to be most closely related to species such as Boletus edulis, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, and Tylopilus felleus. Within the Boletales clade (a group of related species roughly equivalent to the Boletales order), these species were all in the so-called "boletoid radiation", a group of taxa that are thought to have diverged evolutionarily from a single boletoid ancestor. However, more recent studies containing more taxa have found A. mirabilis to be most closely related to Aureoboletus species.

About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants. However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera. Traditionally nine sections (Phoma, Heterospora, Macrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phyllostictoides, Pilosa, Plenodomus and Sclerophomella) as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (Pilosa) to 70 (Phoma).

He noted that more than half of the new species added in the second edition were promoted subspecies and questioned whether Madagascar could produce so many monotypic species. Prior to the release of the third edition of Lemurs of Madagascar, many of the major contributors, as well as Colin Groves, teamed up in 2008 to compile an updated lemur species list, published under the title "Lemur diversity in Madagascar" in the International Journal of Primatology. In it, 99 lemur taxa were recognized (97 species and 3 subspecies). The third edition went on to recognize 101 lemur taxa (97 species and 6 subspecies) and suggested that future research could reveal as many as 110 to 125 taxa.

As taxa are added, they often break up long branches (especially in the case of fossils), effectively improving the estimation of character state changes along them. Because of the richness of information added by taxon sampling, it is even possible to produce highly accurate estimates of phylogenies with hundreds of taxa using only a few thousand characters. Although many studies have been performed, there is still much work to be done on taxon sampling strategies. Because of advances in computer performance, and the reduced cost and increased automation of molecular sequencing, sample sizes overall are on the rise, and studies addressing the relationships of hundreds of taxa (or other terminal entities, such as genes) are becoming common.

Such species must be the focus of a continuing species-specific and/or habitat-specific conservation programme, the cessation of which would result in the species qualifying for one of the threatened categories within a period of five years. The category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (v3.1) system these taxa are classed as near threatened, but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "Conservation Dependent" category. , there remains 209 conservation-dependent plant species and 29 conservation-dependent animal species.

Cherrueix is a coastal town north of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine. Bordered by the Channel, this village of 1150 inhabitants, lies at the heart of the Breton part of the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, twenty kilometers from Saint-Malo and 8 km from Dol-de-Bretagne (TGV to Paris). From the sea we see a clear lr Cancale, islands Chausey, Granville and finally Mount Saint-Michel. From the perspective of the richness of flora, Cherrueix among the municipalities in the department with their different habitats in a large number of taxa, or 429 for an average of 348 taxa municipal and county a total of 1373 taxa (118 families).

Host organisms that dive under water to feed on aquatic prey harbor fewer taxa of lice. Bird taxa that are capable of exerting stronger antiparasitic defense—such as stronger T cell immune response or larger uropygial glands—harbor more taxa of Amblyceran lice than others. Reductions in the size of host populations may cause a long- lasting reduction of louse taxonomic richness, for example, birds introduced into New Zealand host fewer species of lice there than in Europe. Louse sex ratios are more balanced in more social hosts and more female-biased in less social hosts, presumably due to the stronger isolation among louse subpopulations (living on separate birds) in the latter case.

D. shibipedis is currently on a list of 886 endangered pteridophyta taxa around the globe, of which those in the most danger of going extinct are found in Asia.

Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565–579.Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis.

Rankless taxa do not strictly follow the rules for taxonomic classifications in plants and fungi (ICBN) and therefore these names are informal, although they appear to reflect natural groups.

Arora D. 2008. California porcini: three new taxa, observations on their harvest, and the tragedy of no commons. Economic Botany 62(3): 356–375.Arora A, Dunham SM. 2008.

Aeonium includes some Sedum species with x=8, while the remaining taxa are x=18. The core of this clade is probably polyploid from an ancestor with x=8.

Welsh, Stanley Larson, & Goodrich, Sherel. 1993. New taxa and new nomenclatural combinations in the Utah flora. Rhodora 95(883–884): 392-421.Holmgren, Noel Herman, & Holmgren, Patricia Kern. 2012.

The Phaeotrichaceae are a family of fungi previously considered to be in the order Pleosporales, but now excluded. Taxa have a widespread distribution and are saprobic, on herbivore dung.

Cejp became the editor of the mycological journal Czech Mycology in 1948. Fungal taxa named in his honour include Cejpia, Cejpomyces (now Thanatephorus), and Cejpomycetaceae (since subsumed in Ceratobasidiaceae).

Part IV. Microcotylidae sensu stricto and its repartition into subsidiary taxa. American Midland Naturalist, 366-398. However, this combination was suppressed by Mamaev in 1986. Mamaev, Y. L. (1986).

Taxa named after him include the lizard Lamprolepis nieuwenhuisii,Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. .

Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis.

The species name refers to the presence of setae on the uncus dorsally and is derived from Latin setosus (meaning bristly).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

The species name refers to the habitus similarity between this species and Sparganothina amoebaea, with the Greek prefix neos (meaning new).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

M.L. Heinselman, 1996 Certain common characteristics apply to various taxa within the animal kingdom, which traits are often sorted among amphibians, reptiles, mammals, avafauna, arthropods and lower life forms.

Its organic-walled fauna, known as the "Little Bear biota", includes both non- mineralized and originally-mineralized taxa, including hyolith and trilobite fragments, anomalocaridid claws, arthropod carapaces and brachiopods.

Fragilaria gracilis is a species of freshwater pennate diatoms. F. gracilis is reported from many parts of Europe, in Sweden even as one of the dominant freshwater diatom taxa.

Evolution can produce a similar pattern of isolation in a vast array of different organisms. However, the actual mechanisms leading to Haldane's rule in different taxa remain largely undefined.

Marine taxa from Easton Wood include Orca and the walrus Alachatherium cretsii. The short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis and indeterminate whale bones are recorded from Holton and Thorington.

Welsh, Stanley Larson, & Goodrich, Sherel. 1993. New taxa and new nomenclatural combinations in the Utah flora. Rhodora 95(883–884): 392-421.Holmgren, Noel Herman, & Holmgren, Patricia Kern. 2012.

Cossus siniaevi is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in China (Shaanxi)., 2004: New taxa of Cossidae from SE Asia. Atalanta 35(3-4): 369-382.

These are now recognized as form taxa and considered taxonomically obsolete; however, some authors have advocated for the terms remaining informally to describe form and structure of bacterial fossils.

The genus is distributed almost worldwide, with around half of known taxa occurring in Asia. In 1997 there were about 93 valid species, and more have since been described.

Use of genetic markers suggests that hybrid taxa are also reasonably frequent among fine-leaved species. At least one species, P. obtusifolius, is thought to have arisen via hybridisation.

Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis.

1-384, 21 plates., 471 text figs. provide a solid basis of comparative knowledge. The probability of additional taxa existing is very high, particularly among the Helicoidea and Enidae.

Species taxa of North American birds: a contribution to comparative systematics. Nuttall Ornithological Club.Voous, K. H. (1966). The distribution of owls in Africa in relation to general zoogeographical problems.

Taxa of special concern in California are noted below, as are endemic, introduced, harvest, and vagrant species. There are 226 mammal species listed, including 185 terrestrial and 42 marine.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2017 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that are scheduled to be described during the year 2017, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that are scheduled to occur in the year 2017. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

The biodiversity in Croatia is amongst the richest in all of Europe. The reason for this is the specific geographic position of Croatia at the crossing of four biogeographical regions, each of which is characterized by specific ecological, climatic and geomorphological properties. The great diversity of habitats in Croatia has resulted in a wealth of diversity of wild taxa (species and subspecies). Unfortunately, the exact number of wild taxa in Croatia is still unknown.

"On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota." Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(18): 2820-2827. Yanoconodon was a eutriconodont, a group composing most taxa once classified as "triconodonts" which lived during the time of the dinosaurs. These were a highly ecologically diverse group, including large sized taxa such as Repenomamus that were able to eat small dinosaurs,Hu, Y., Meng, J., Wang, Y. & Li, C. (2005).

Historically, numerous teeth have been attributed to various dromaeosaurid and troodontid taxa with known body fossils from only older formations, including Dromaeosaurus, Saurornitholestes, and Troodon. However, in a 2013 study, Evans et al. concluded that there is little evidence for more than a single dromaeosaurid taxon, Acheroraptor, in the Hell Creek-Lance assemblages, which would render these taxa invalid for this formation. This was disproved in a 2015 study, DePalma et al.

Petrović’s legacy in botanical work is enormous. While collecting and studying flora in the vicinity of Niš, he scientifically described many plants taxa new for science which are still considered valid, while there are taxa that have kept their original names without any change: Genista, Nonea, Hypericum, Cyanus, Edraianthus, Orobanche, Psilocybe serbica, Tandonia serbica, Tulipa serbica, Ramonda serbica, Ramonda nathaliae, Primula, Hypochaeris radicata. His contributions to the List of Balkan endemic plants are many.

As observed in Yunganglong and Jintasaurus, but not in Bactrosaurus and more advanced taxa, the pendent portion of the paroccipital process does not curve cranially. Finally, Yunganglong and less derived Hadrosauriformes possess a deep, U-shaped, intercondylar extensor groove on the femur, partially enclosed by expansion of medial and lateral condyles, while in more advanced taxa (e.g. Nanyangosaurus) it is fully enclosed. Yunganglong cannot be directly compared with three other non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids.

In addition to the major changes proposed at genus level, the species level taxonomy among several francolins/spurfowl is disputed. For example, the distribution of the Orange River francolin (F. (S.) levaillantoides) is highly disjunct, leading some authorities to split the northern taxa (from Kenya and northwards) into a separate species, the acacia/Archer's francolin (F. (S.) gutturalis, with subspecies lorti), while maintaining the southern taxa (from Angola and southwards) in the Orange River francolin.

In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more taxa for any reason other than that they share a common ancestry. Taxa which do share ancestry are part of the same clade; cladistics seeks to arrange them according to their degree of relatedness to describe their phylogeny. Homoplastic traits caused by convergence are therefore, from the point of view of cladistics, confounding factors which could lead to an incorrect analysis.

The Symphyta are the most primitive (basal) taxa within the Hymenoptera (some going back 250 million years), and one of the taxa within the Symphyta gave rise to the monophyletic suborder Apocrita (wasps, bees, and ants). In cladistic analyses the Orussoidea are consistently the sister group to the Apocrita. The oldest unambiguous sawfly fossils date back to the Middle or Late Triassic. These fossils, from the family Xyelidae, are the oldest of all Hymenoptera.

In decapods, the claw is formed by the articulation of the dactylus against an outgrowth of the propodus. In some taxa, the exopods are lost and the appendages are uniramous. There is a clear demarcation between the thorax and the six or seven-segmented abdomen. In most taxa, each abdominal segment except the last carries a pair of biramous pleopods used for swimming, burrowing, gas exchange, creating a current or brooding eggs.

539 ;Toarcian During deposition of the Rydebäck Member, the Toarcian turnover happened. This event at the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary characterized by widespread anoxic conditions globally, led to the extinction of various groups of flora and fauna. Taxa inhabiting the upper water column were unaffected by anoxia and included ammonites and belemnites. Epifaunal taxa adapted to low-oxygen conditions, such as the buchiids, posidoniids and inoceramids, flourished in the post-extinction environment during the survival interval.

Mesomys is a member of the Echimyini clade of arboreal Echimyidae rodents. The closest relative of Mesomys is Lonchothrix, reflecting the fact that these taxa have once been classified in the Eumysopinae, a subfamily now recognized as an artificial assemblage. These two genera share phylogenetic affinities with several taxa and clades: (i) Echimys, Phyllomys, Makalata, Pattonomys, and Toromys ; (ii) the bamboo rats Dactylomys, Olallamys, Kannabateomys together with Diplomys and Santamartamys ; and (iii) Isothrix.

The presence of a foundation species has the ability to either reduce or increase species diversity depending on its particular role in a specific ecosystem. The studies discussed highlighted examples in which foundation species limited species diversity in similar and differing taxa (the McKenzie Flats and eastern hemlock studies, respectively); however, there are many other examples in which removal of foundation species could decrease species diversity within the same or differing taxa.

Rhodora 79:240–268. In 1977 he received a bachelor's degree in Botany from Southern Illinois University. He earned a master's degree from Old Dominion University with work on the parasite witchweed Striga, and earned a PhD from Miami University in 1984 ("A systematic and evolutionary study of selected taxa in the genus Arceuthobium (Viscaceae)").Nickrent, D. L. (1984) A systematic and evolutionary study of selected taxa in the genus Arceuthobium (Viscaceae).

Estimating the vertebrate diet diversity of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Pakistan, Shehzad et al. (2012) identified a total of 18 prey taxa using DNA barcoding on faeces. Eight distinct bird taxa were reported, while previous studies based on conventional methods did not identify any bird species in the leopard cat diet. Another example is the use of DNA barcoding to identify soft remains of prey in the stomach contents of predators e.g.

Many higher taxa, including infraorders and families, have been erected as a means of classifying the large number of dicynodont species. Cluver and King (1983) recognised several main groups within Dicynodontia, including Diictodontia, Endothiodontia, Eodicynodontia, Kingoriamorpha, Pristerodontia, and Venyukoviamorpha. Many families have been proposed, including Cistecephalidae, Diictodontidae, Dicynodontae, Emydopidae, Endothiodontidae, Kannemeyeriidae, Kingoriidae, Lystrosauridae, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pristerodontidae, and Robertiidae. However, with the rise of phylogenetics, most of these taxa are no longer considered valid.

Bio geography of Madagascar An alternate hypothesis that these taxa may have originally evolved out-of-India has also been suggested.Karanth, P. 2006 Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota. Current Science 90(6):789-792 Bio geographical quirks exist with some taxa of Malayan origin occurring in Sri Lanka but absent in the Western Ghats. These include insects groups such as the plants such as those of the genus Nepenthes.

Zhu-Liang Yang and Tai-Hui Li discovered the species by reexamining various herbarium specimens of white Amanita typically referred to as either A. verna or A. virosa. They realized that collections referred to as these European species actually comprised three taxa new to science or the region.The other two Amanita taxa identified in the publication were Amanita oberwinklerana, new to China, and Amanita subjunquillea var. alba, which had its known Chinese range greatly extended.

This list of thyreophoran type specimens is a list of fossils that serve as official standard-bearers for inclusion in the species and genera of the dinosaur clade Thyreophora, which includes the armored ankylosaurs and the plate-backed spike-tailed stegosaurs. Type specimens are those that are definitionally members of biological taxa, and additional specimens can only be "referred" to these taxa if an expert deems them sufficiently similar to the type.

This has led to a raging controversy about taxon sampling. Empirical, theoretical, and simulation studies have led to a number of dramatic demonstrations of the importance of adequate taxon sampling. Most of these can be summarized by a simple observation: a phylogenetic data matrix has dimensions of characters times taxa. Doubling the number of taxa doubles the amount of information in a matrix just as surely as doubling the number of characters.

In the wake of the extinction event, the ecological structure of present-day biosphere evolved from the stock of surviving taxa. In the sea, the "Modern Evolutionary Fauna" became dominant over elements of the "Palaeozoic Evolutionary Fauna". Typical taxa of shelly benthic faunas were now bivalves, snails, sea urchins and Malacostraca, whereas bony fishes and marine reptiles diversified in the pelagic zone. On land, dinosaurs and mammals arose in the course of the Triassic.

Teeth Skull lithograph of L. ferox Liopleurodon belongs to the family Pliosauridae, a clade within Plesiosauria, known from the Jurassic (maybe also from the Cretaceous) of Europe and North America. Liopleurodon was one of the basal taxa from the Middle Jurassic. Differences between these taxa and their relatives from the Upper Jurassic include alveoli count, smaller skull and smaller body size. An analysis in 2013 classifies Liopleurodon, Simolestes, Peloneustes, Pliosaurus, Gallardosaurus, and Brachaucheninae as Thalassophonea.

In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, B. paludosa is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.

In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, B. oblongifolia is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.

The following is based on the second edition of The Dinosauria,Weishampel, 2004 a compilation of articles by experts in the field that provided the most comprehensive coverage of Dinosauria available when it was first published in 1990. The second edition updates and revises that work. The cladogram and phylogenetic definitions below reflect the current understanding of evolutionary relationships. The taxa and symbols in parentheses after a given taxa define these relationships.

In paleontology, researchers D.H. Erwin and M.L. Droser in a 1993 paper derived from the Elvis impersonators the term Elvis taxon (plural Elvis taxa), which denotes a taxon that has been misidentified as having re-emerged in the fossil record after a period of presumed extinction, but is not actually a descendant of the original taxon, instead having developed a similar morphology through convergent evolution.Erwin, D.H. and Droser, M.L., 1993. Elvis taxa. Palaios, v.

He also said that these scientists had provided incorrect information about the location, strata and age of the specimen, and that the circumstances of its naming were no different from those of other tooth-based taxa. The German palaeontologist Oliver W. M. Rauhut and colleagues cautioned in 2010 that theropod teeth from the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous similar to those of dromaeosaurids may instead have belonged to the small tyrannosauroid Proceratosaurus or related taxa.

In these studies, Thalattosauria is divided into two branches, one leading to relatives of Askeptosaurus and the other leading to relatives of Thalattosaurus. The clade containing reptiles closer to Thalattosaurus than to askeptosaurids is given the name Thalattosauroidea (and sometimes called Thalattosauridea). Meanwhile, the clade containing reptiles closer to askeptosaurids is termed Askeptosauroideaor Askeptosauridea. Subsequent studies since Nicholls (1999) started to include more taxa, including newly described Chinese taxa such as Anshunsaurus and Xinpusaurus.

Data from Curk et al. (2016). Kumquats do not naturally interbreed with core taxa due to different flowering times, but hybrids (such as the calamondin) exist. Australian limes are native to Australia and Papua New Guinea, so they did not naturally interbreed with the core taxa, but they have been crossbred with mandarins and calamondins by modern breeders. Humans have deliberately bred new citrus fruits by propagating seedlings of spontaneous crosses (e.g.

Other taxa often found to be maniraptorans include the alvarezsaurs, Ornitholestes. Several taxa have been assigned to the Maniraptora more definitively, though their exact placement within the group remains uncertain. These forms include the scansoriopterygids, Pedopenna, and Yixianosaurus, and the dubious Bradycneme (which turned out to be an alverazsaur). In 1993, Perle and colleagues coined the name Metornithes to include alvarezsaurids and modern birds, which the researchers believed were members of the Avialae.

An extensive meta-analysis of nearly 600 latitudinal gradients from published literature tested the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient across different organismal, habitat and regional characteristics. The results showed that the latitudinal gradient occurs in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems, in both hemispheres. The gradient is steeper and more pronounced in richer taxa (i.e. taxa with more species), larger organisms, in marine and terrestrial versus freshwater ecosystems, and at regional versus local scales.

Streptanthus is a genus of plants within the family Brassicaceae.Kruckeberg & Morrison 1983 Madroño 30:230–244 There are about 35 known species within the genus Streptanthus, distributed mostly throughout western North America.Flora of North America: Streptanthus The common names for this genus are twistflower and jewelflower. Twenty-four of the species and eleven lesser taxa occur in California, thirty-two of which are California endemics; seventeen of these California taxa are classified as rare plants.

The amount of cells found in sediments of the lake increases with the depth of the sediments; archea are only present beneath . Typical bacterial taxa are actinobacteria, bacteroidetes and betaproteobacteria. Overall, at such high lakes only a limited amount of bacterial taxa can be found. The proteobacteria and bacteroidetes-cytophaga-flavobacteria dominate the community of Licancabur Lake bacteria, something that has also been found in other lakes in similar environments in Tibet and northwest Argentina.

Atelocerata is a proposed clade of arthropods that includes Hexapoda (insects and a few related taxa) and Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, and similar taxa), but excludes Crustacea (such as shrimp and lobsters) and Chelicerata (such as spiders and horseshoe crabs). The name is currently used interchangeably with Tracheata. or Uniramia sensu stricto. It is an extensive division of arthropods comprising all those that breathe by tracheae, as distinguished from Crustacea, which breathe by means of gills.

Subtribe Traubiinae (Clade A) includes about 20 endemic Chilean taxa, but only about 10% of the species within tribe Hippeastreae. Characterisation includes a haploid chromosome number, x=8, lack of polyploidy and a capitate stigma. Subtribe Hippeastrinae (Clade B), by contrast has a variable chromosome number, x=6–11, with frequent aneuploidy and polyploidy. Although there are no unique synapomorphies, most taxa exhibit a trifid or trilobed stigma, although in a few it is capitate.

He specialised in Plecoptera and Ichneumonidae. He described more than 600 ichneumonid taxa, mostly originated from the Alps and the Mediterranean region. His collection of taxa was further used by other taxonomists of the same field. Catalogue of the type specimens of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Jacques F. Aubert collection at the Musée de Zoologie, Lausanne, Switzerland The Musée de Zoologie in Lausanne, Switzerland, acquired the first part of Aubert's collection in 1983.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548. This molecular phylogenetic study by Uit de Weerd et al. (2004) was not designed to answer questions about the status of the species group taxa within Inchoatia. The fact that the Inchoatia taxa are very disjunctly distributed means that attempting to discriminate species as against subspecies is even more of a subjective opinion than usual, because reproductive isolation under natural conditions cannot be observed.

Maryańska demonstrated that it differed from Euoplocephalus, citing the shape of the skull, the morphology of the palate, and the presence of four pedal digits. Vickaryous et al. 2004 note the presence of two distinct ankylosaurid clades during the Late Cretaceous, one consisting of North American taxa and the other restricted to Asian taxa. However, Arbour in 2014 recovered trees in which Talarurus was more closely related to North-American forms than to Asian ankylosaurids.

These three taxa form a polytomy with Chonecetus, where the relationships of the four taxa cannot be more determined with the present resolution. However, this result suggests monophyly of the Aetiocetidae, or that all aetiocetids are derived from a single common ancestor. In this phylogeny, the Aetiocetidae is the sister taxon to Eomysticetus + Cetotheriidae + crown Mysticeti. Almost all phylogenies agree that Aetiocetus is a stem mysticete with no affiliation with crown Mysticeti.

A. tubingensis and A. niger have similar morphology and are difficult to distinguish without resorting to more advanced methods. One rapid test that is useful in distinguishing the two taxa, the Ehrlich reaction, queries the presence of indole. In this test, A. tubingensis is negative in contrast to A. niger which produces a positive result. Sequences of protein coding genes such as Calmodulin and β-tubulin also reliable differentiate the two taxa.

There are 14 taxa classified as "X: Declared Rare Flora - Presumed Extinct Taxa" under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List, all of which have been gazetted as presumed extinct flora in Western Australia under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. This list coincides with the federal EPBC Act list, except that it includes Leptomeria dielsiana, Ptilotus caespitulosus and Taraxacum cygnorum; and excludes Frankenia conferta (Silky Frankenia) and Calothamnus accedens.

Plants for which Duncan is the Botanical authority include many species of Lachenalia, together with . The International Plant Names Index lists 54 taxa named by him, predominantly species of Lachenalia.

Dating the only specimen has been difficult, but based on associated mollusc taxa, the species likely lived sometime in the upper Santonian or lower Campanian, around 80 million years ago.

Species considered possibly extinct by the IUCN are marked as such. Where possible common names for taxa are given while links point to the scientific name used by the IUCN.

This species was first described from India.Bhave V. & Apte D., 2012. First record of Okenia pellucida Burn, 1967 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (14): 3362-3365.

Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Jan Schlauer, however, considers the taxa as two separate species based on the shape of the lid.

Kyptoceratini is a sister taxa to Synthetoceratini. Kyptoceratini was named by Webb (1981). Its type is Kyptoceras. It was assigned to Synthetoceratinae by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998), Webb et al.

The order Nemertodermatida contains two families with 6 genera. The high level of cryptic diversity in this meiofauna group however implies that the number of nemertodermatid taxa may be underestimated.

Flora of Ecuador. 5660+ volsnos. Göteborg. VolNo. 32, pp. 1--9. , Tanaka's studies have revealed that C. indica can be clearly distinguished from other taxa, making it a separate species.

The Lophiostomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa have a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and are saprobic or necrotrophic on herbaceous and woody stems.

Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 332Rita Lopez Laphitz. 2009. The genus Solidago L. (Astereae, Asteraceae) in South America and related taxa in North America. M.Sc. Dissertation. University of Waterloo.

They are known generally as big tarweeds.Blepharizonia. The Jepson Manual eFlora 2013.Baldwin, B. G., et al. (2001). A biosystematic and phylogenetic assessment of sympatric taxa in Blepharizonia (Compositae-Madiinae).

Comparison of mitochondrial DNA and protein sequences showed that the species X. monstrosa is the sister group to X. churro and X. profunda into a clade of 'deep-water' taxa.

Bull B.O.C. 122: 257-282.), with the remaining taxa then considered subspecies of the Asian koel.Clements, J. F. (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 7th edition.

006 Mosyakin, S.L. & Iamonico, D. 2017. Nomenclatural changes in Chenopodium (incl. Rhagodia) (Chenopodiaceae), with considerations on relationships of some Australian taxa and their possible Eurasian relatives. Nuytsia 28: 255–271.

The plant taxa Omphalodes runemarkii Strid & Kit Tan, Iberis runemarkii Greuter & Burdet, Arenaria runemarkii Phitos, Cerastium runemarkii Möschl & Rech. f., Silene sedoides subsp. runemarkii Oxelman, Asperula lilaciflora subsp. runemarkii Ehrend.

Modern geomyoids are mostly restricted to North America, but some representatives have extended their range into South America since the Great American Interchange. Fossil taxa are known from throughout Laurasia.

The species name refers to the shape of the apex at the aedeagus and is derived from Latin cultratus (meaning knife shaped).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.

Paracossus indradit is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Yakovlev in 2009. It is found in Thailand., 2009: New taxa of African and Asian Cossidae (Lepidoptera).

Paracossus griseatus is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Yakovlev in 2009. It is found in Cambodia., 2009: New taxa of African and Asian Cossidae (Lepidoptera).

Julius Röber full name Johannes Karl Max Röber (1861–1915) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. Röber lived in Dresden. He described many new species and genera (taxa).

Alcithoe are large, benthic neogastropod marine snails.Powell, A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 Species are predators, and all taxa undergo direct development.

006 Mosyakin, S.L. & Iamonico, D. 2017. Nomenclatural changes in Chenopodium (incl. Rhagodia) (Chenopodiaceae), with considerations on relationships of some Australian taxa and their possible Eurasian relatives. Nuytsia 28: 255–271.

Nesbitt S. 2007. The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 302: 84 pp.

In mycology, a nurse cell is any hyphae that supplies food material to spores that have detached from the basidia; used especially in reference to taxa from the family Sclerodermataceae.

Zygadenus fontanus: a new species from Mt. Tamalpais. Leaflets of Western Botany 2(3): 41–42.McNeal, Dale W. 1992. New taxa and new combinations in western North American Liliaceae.

Broad-leaved taxa are mainly tetraploid, with 2n = 52 (e.g. P. alpinus, P. praelongus), but a few species are diploid (e.g. P. coloratus or octaploid (2n = 104)(e.g. P. illinoensis).

The species name refers to the colour of the species and is derived from Latin aureolis (meaning golden, splendid).Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

The species name refers to the colour of the species and is derived from Latin flammeus (meaning flame, fire)Systematics and Phylogeny of Sparganothina and Related Taxa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini).

It was previously considered as a subspecies of Erebia hispania (endemic to the Sierra Nevada of southern Spain), but molecular studies have demonstrated that these two taxa are different species.

Fission–fusion Society has been documented in a number of avian taxa including this one. In brief, that means flocks can split into smaller groups or individuals, and subsequently reunite.

While evidence from 2000 suggests that AM fungi are not specialists on their host species, studies as of 2002 have indicated that at least some fungi taxa are host specialists.

Between taxa, not all osteodermic tissue develop by homologous processes. It is agreed upon that all osteoderms may share a deep homology, connected by the similar properties of their dermis.

At the moment, the number of phylogenetically distinct lineages confirmed by molecular sequencing exceeds the number of described taxa in the genus, making further taxonomic revisions inevitable in the future.

Sub-taxa within any given taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule. Details of each species may be available through the relevant internal links. Synonyms may be listed where useful.

In other collection sites where Picea critchfieldii has been found, it is documented as co-occurring with various species of Pinus and with Picea glauca. These are cool-temperate conifer taxa.

However, in 1997, Epomophorini was recognized as part of the subfamily Epomophorinae. Some taxonomists do not recognize Epomophorinae as a valid subfamily and include its taxa, including the Epomophorini, within Rousettinae.

Strabops and Paleomerus are shown as the sister taxa of Aglaspida. Note that there are several outdated elements. For example, Lemoneites was remitted to the Glyptocystitida order of echinoderms in 2005.

There are several models of the Branching order of bacterial phyla, one of these was proposed in 2004 by Battistuzzi and Hedges, note the coinage of the taxa Terrabacteria and Hydrobacteria.

His research is broadly involved with the evolution, ecology, biogeography, and diversity of trichomycetes. He pioneered studies in the tropics, expanded work on marine taxa, and collaborated internationally with various mycologists.

For two taxa, Polyarrhena imbricata and P. reflexa subsp. reflexa the continued survival is considered to be of least concern. Both subspecies of P. prostrata are considered rare. P. reflexa subsp.

The Mytilinidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Mytilinidiales. Taxa in the family are widely distributed, particularly in temperate zones, and are usually saprobic on woody tissue, especially gymnosperms.

Although none of the species are declared rare, S. divaricatissima has been declared "Priority Three - Poorly Known Taxa" on the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List.

The species name refers to the transtilla, which bears three sets of stripes and is derived from Latin ternarius (meaning consisting of three).Systematics and phylogeny of Sparganothina and related taxa.