169 Sentences With "tautological" | Random Sentence Generator

At the risk of sounding tautological, Clinton lost by not winning.

The idea that "foreigners" aren't automatically citizens is tautological on its face.

But Trump's response to this is tautological: Essentially, Breitbart can't be racist, because it's successful.

Was it a tautological exercise, a heroic attempt to separate the flag from its context?

This argument is what we call tautological, basically because it is using itself to prove itself.

Another: "I'm liberal, so I can't be racist," a tautological cry that largely misses the point.

There are countless claims like these, almost all of them unsubstantiated, tautological or otherwise self-serving.

When I asked Vuohelsilta why he liked to crush things, though, his answer was oddly tautological.

To say that it matters because it was Trump's signature campaign promise is tautological, but it's true.

And on crowdsourced and managed Wikipedia, that means heated, arcane, and tautological debates, often driven by political and cultural biases.

Reality competition shows and the pop industry share the tautological belief that success justifies itself: A winner is someone who wins.

" Despina replies: "Oh, please, that's exactly the kind of self-reflexive tautological garbage these young artists are all up to these days.

No one bothered to explain whether the campaign was hosting the local grassroots organization or vice versa, because the question is mostly tautological.

The insistence on being surprised by a piece of fiction has become almost tautological: It's bad to spoil something because that spoils it.

A reality show about fame fell through on account of the tautological problem that it would not succeed unless she kept getting famous.

The answer is often tautological: The images are physically dangerous and psychologically costly to make, and therefore they must be the right images.

"Boat farm" meant marina, "salad with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil" got me caprese, and "circular reasoning where you say the same thing twice" is tautological.

In an interview aboard the Governors Island ferry, the critics — Hudson, 5, and Jacqueline, 3 — proffered a slippery set of criteria, verging on the tautological.

One of them was his formulation of "a country is a country," which sounds silly and tautological but actually I think has more significant meaning.

So Anti is her best album for a reason so simple it's tautological—despite its supposed rejection of track-and-hook mechanics, it features catchier songs.

I get that this is nearly a tautological argument: A map shows you where a place is, so it's easy for you to find that place.

From the left and the right, her lovers and haters do seem to engage in the same kind of tautological thinking that we talked about earlier.

You could call this a compositional effect, but it's a rather tautological one: reading is in decline because the population is now composed of fewer readers.

But in the end, his hatreds proved more powerful than his tautological vision of a country seeking greatness, simply by remembering that it was once great.

How the president-elect must laugh at all the fact-based journalism (ghastly tautological phrase) dedicated to disproving things he never believed and can't remember anyway.

Just like Trump's claims and UKIP's promises that resolving the immigration issue will resolve the immigration issue, tautological arguments do not have logical steps to take you from point A to point B. Instead, you keep finding yourself back at point A. Tautological arguments can be very compelling, especially when replete with thuses and therefores, and when those making them claim to understand our own difficulties and challenges.

The problem with tautological arguments is that they are not really arguments at all — they are simply a long way of taking you back to where you started.

That may sound tautological, but a closer look at the data suggests that lower courts are using Heller to judge which claims are strong and which are weak.

Which leads us to "Like Dat," an oddly tautological track in that it was Wayne, of course, who gave Drake his start and Drake who gave PND his start.

Politicians often get on better with the public than with people they actually know; to label one ambitious—especially a 45-year-old junior senator running for president—is tautological.

The tautological reason polarization has increased in American politics is that over the past four decades, conflict in American politics has increasingly operated along a single dimension: Republican versus Democrat.

The science here is pretty simple, even tautological: The main reason that time seems to slow down — at least on longer, conscious time scales — is that you've been thinking about it.

This may sound like tautological reasoning, but when we solve a problem with machine intelligence, it simply means the problem was solvable with machine intelligence; it doesn't mean we created human-level intelligence.

To say that volatility tends to rise when it is at record-low levels is tautological — akin to saying that whenever the weather is as rainy as it has ever been before, it tends to get sunnier.

Effective altruism is an idea that, in its broadest form, ought to be noncontroversial bordering on tautological: We all have a moral duty to help each other, and we should help each other in more effective ways.

In 1999, he made the tautological painting "Money is Money"; in fact, since the 1990s Vautier has become widely know in France for these kinds of dopey phrases reproduced on branded goods including calendars, pens, T-shirts, and socks.

And Matt Christman at Current Affairs: As a result, the subgenre of "Prestige TV" has become a tautological concept, with show after show earning the label simply by aping the aesthetic sensibility and glossy production value of the shows that first defined the genre.

At his weekly Capitol briefing, House Speaker Paul Ryan demurred that "if [Gianforte] wins, he's been chosen by the people of Montana," a tautological evasion of the fact that he intends to welcome Gianforte into the House GOP conference and support him in future elections.

Since all trades must by definition have a buyer and seller, the claim is in part tautological, but if a buyer is suddenly making huge, suspicious trades, you'd expect the overall market price to rise on volume, while a seller would do the reverse.

"A majority of Maine voters have rejected that criticism and Article I (of the U.S. Constitution) does not empower this Court to second guess the considered judgment of the polity on the basis of the tautological observation that RCV may suffer from problems, as all voting systems do," he wrote.

"A majority of Maine voters have rejected that criticism and Article I (of the U.S. Constitution) does not empower this Court to second guess the considered judgment of the polity on the basis of the tautological observation that RCV may suffer from problems, as all voting systems do," the Trump appointee explained.

" Somebody started a Twitter account, " Farl Kriston ," that began, in its first few months, by tweeting impenetrable quotes from Friston himself—"In what follows, we assume that the imperative to maximise model evidence is a (possibly tautological) truism"—before degenerating, HAL -style, into desperate gibberish ("I am, whatever I think I am.

With his 1964 "What you see is what you see" — eerily contemporary with Marshall McLuhan's own tautological formula about the medium being the message — Stella brings Greenberg's literal flatness to a metaphorical level: Painting is the message and metaphorical flatness is now achieved in painting by denying it any depth of content.

Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads We, the quasi-entitled, live comfortably amid gut-wrenching gut renovations, tear-downs converted into luxuriant build-ups, tautological street-infrastructure projects inspired by Samuel Beckett (digging holes, filling holes, digging up the same holes again), prices through the roof, a baby boom, nanny armies, bespoke dog walkers, and other potent signs of accelerated fabulousness.

Real projective space has a natural line bundle over it, called the tautological bundle. More precisely, this is called the tautological subbundle, and there is also a dual n-dimensional bundle called the tautological quotient bundle.

In algebraic geometry, the tautological ring is the subring of the Chow ring of the moduli space of curves generated by tautological classes. These are classes obtained from 1 by pushforward along various morphisms described below. The tautological cohomology ring is the image of the tautological ring under the cycle map (from the Chow ring to the cohomology ring).

The name "Tenasillahe Island" is tautological, in that "Tenasillahe" means "island" in the Chinook language.

The island's name is tautological toponym, for "pulo" already means "island" in the Filipino language.

The lake's name is tautological, in that gaube in the Gascon language means "lake", hence the place name is "Lake Lake".

In the 18th century, the latter form was changed into tautological didysis kunigaikštis, which nevertheless would be translated as "Grand Duke" (for its etymology, see Grand Prince).

In propositional logic, tautological consequence is a strict form of logical consequenceBarwise and Etchemendy 1999, p. 110 in which the tautologousness of a proposition is preserved from one line of a proof to the next. Not all logical consequences are tautological consequences. A proposition Q is said to be a tautological consequence of one or more other propositions (P_1, P_2, ..., P_n) in a proof with respect to some logical system if one is validly able to introduce the proposition onto a line of the proof within the rules of the system and in all cases when each of those one or more other propositions (P_1, P_2, ..., P_n) are true, the proposition Q also is true.

The name "Hatchie River" is tautological, as the element "hatchie" means "river" in the Choctaw language. Variant names of the Hatchie River include Arteguet River and Big Hatchie River.

Trikes have caused tautological confusion and simply defied typical two and four-wheel classifications, especially in the 21st century. Regardless, many popular motorcycles and/or automobiles had three wheels.

A place name is tautological if two differently sounding parts of it are synonymous. This often occurs when a name from one language is imported into another and a standard descriptor is added on from the second language. Thus, for example, New Zealand's Mount Maunganui is tautological since "maunganui" is Māori for "great mountain". The following is a list of place names often used tautologically, plus the languages from which the non-English name elements have come.

The Hopf construction gives circle bundles p : S2n+1 → CPn over complex projective space. This is actually the restriction of the tautological line bundle over CPn to the unit sphere in Cn+1.

Approaches exist that allow for resolution of inconsistent beliefs without violating any of the intuitive logical principles. Most such systems use multi-valued logic with Bayesian inference and the Dempster-Shafer theory, allowing that no non-tautological belief is completely (100%) irrefutable because it must be based upon incomplete, abstracted, interpreted, likely unconfirmed, potentially uninformed, and possibly incorrect knowledge (of course, this very assumption, if non-tautological, entails its own refutability, if by "refutable" we mean "not completely [100%] irrefutable"). These systems effectively give up several logical principles in practice without rejecting them in theory.

The song is often a source of humor since it contains the tautological lyrics Only time will tell if we stand the test of time. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph named this the eighth worst lyric of all time.

Catskill Creek Public Fishing Rights, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Publications, Forms, Maps. Catskill Creek Public Fishing Rights. Accessed June 30, 2010. Like Fishkill Creek, Catskill Creek is tautological, literally repeating "creek" twice, as kill is Dutch for "creek".

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. / It is thus an example of a bilingual tautological name. Rabbi Schneuri was a prodigious student, and had begun to study Talmud at the age of seven.

This discussion has a connection to the Carnap–Quine argument over analytic and synthetic objects. Although Quine refers to 'ontological commitment' in this connection, in his rejection of the analytic/synthetic distinction he does not rely upon the formal translation of any particular theory along the lines he has suggested. Instead, Quine argues by using examples that although there are tautological statements in a formal theory, like "all squares are rectangles", a formal theory necessarily contains references to objects that are not tautological, but have external connections. That is, there is an ontological commitment to such external objects.

The names of Kuhn, Wittgenstein, Popper, Lakatos, and Feyerbrend began to enter into arguments in the ecological literature. Darwin's theory of adaptation through natural selection was accused of being tautological. Questions were raised over whether ecosystems were cyberneticEngleberg, J.; Boyarsky, L. L. (1979).

The name Zvi Hirsch is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish.Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. / It means literally "deer- deer" and is traceable back to the Hebrew word צבי tsvi "deer" and the German word Hirsch "deer"..

The name Tzvi Hirsh is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish.Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. / It means literally "deer-deer" and is traceable back to the Hebrew word צבי tsvi "deer" and the German word Hirsch "deer".

The name Zvi Hirsch is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish.Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. / It means literally "deer-deer" and is traceable back to the Hebrew word צבי tsvi "deer" and the German word Hirsch "deer"..

In D.B. the t stands for th; > and the true A.S. form appears in a Worcs. charter, dated 849, as > hæðleage(gen.) with reference to Headley Heath (a tautological name) in > Birch, C.S. ii. 40; see Duignan, Placenames of Worcs. The sense is 'heath- > lea.

Poets in medieval Iceland even treated Christian themes using the traditional repertoire of kennings complete with allusions to heathen myths and aristocratic epithets for saints: Þrúðr falda "goddess of headdresses" = "Saint Catherine" (Kálfr Hallsson: Kátrínardrápa 4). Kennings of the type AB, where B routinely has the characteristic A and thus this AB is tautological, tend to mean "like B in that it has the characteristic A", e.g. "shield-Njörðr", tautological because the god Njörðr by nature has his own shield, means "like Njörðr in that he has a shield", i.e. "warrior". A modern English example is "painted Jezebel" as a disapproving expression for a woman too fond of using cosmetics.

This statement is not tautological: it hinges on the testable hypothesis that such fitness-impacting heritable variations actually exist (a hypothesis that has been amply confirmed.) Momme von Sydow suggested further definitions of 'survival of the fittest' that may yield a testable meaning in biology and also in other areas where Darwinian processes have been influential. However, much care would be needed to disentangle tautological from testable aspects. Moreover, an "implicit shifting between a testable and an untestable interpretation can be an illicit tactic to immunize natural selection ... while conveying the impression that one is concerned with testable hypotheses".Cf. von Sydow, M. (2012).

The Yiddish name דוב-בער Dov-Ber literally means "bear-bear", traceable back to the Hebrew word דב dov "bear" and the German word Bär "bear".Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. / It is thus an example of a bilingual tautological name.

Disinterestedness was a prominent feature of his character; he refused to accept any remuneration for his services. His wife, by means of a small business, provided their meager subsistence. The name Zvi Hirsh is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish.Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew.

Pitchfork Media. Accessed June 1, 2007. About.com's Henry Adaso called the track "just another boring mantra devoid of substance" with The Game delivering "a lethargic sprawl, replete with 50 Cent-esque crooning and tautological Dre odes ("Ain't nuthin' but a G thang, baby, it's a G thang")."Adaso, Henry (2006).

Both plays use music and lyric to develop their respective themes and characters. The Man From Lloyds features the songs of Eliot's contemporary, Al Jolson. A Presley Passion features the Presley song book. Gardner's first book Buddha Boogie: The Tautological Paradigm is a structural analysis of Western thought and Eastern scripture.

96, 97 The lyrical convention breaks down toward the end, which states: Ciprian simply discussed the piece as "Urmuz's idiotic lyrics", while Călinescu found it a "pure fable, on the classical canon, but nonsensical".Călinescu, p.888; Cernat, Avangarda, p.353 Cernat also described its "moral" as "empty" and "tautological",Cernat, Avangarda, p.

An attempt by Kholopov to upbuild a doctrine of the musical- historic process turned out unsuccessful.Холопов 1982, pp. 52–104 It has been claimed that it is tautological, fantastic and even chimeric.Шип 2013, p. 25: «Kholopovian formulation is depressing first of all by frank tautologihood: the rise "explained" as a movement from lower to higher.

7, 269, 1989, Various explanations of this ostensible fine-tuning have been proposed. However, the belief that the observed values require explanation depends on assumptions about what values are probable or "natural" in some sense. Alternatively, the anthropic principle may be understood to render the observed values tautological and not in need of explanation.

He further argues that the "change from 'appearance' to 'conception' (which begins with Duchamp's first unassisted readymade) was the beginning of 'modern art' and the beginning of 'conceptual art'." Kosuth explains that works of conceptual art are analytic propositions. They are linguistic in character because they express definitions of art. This makes them tautological.

It follows from the definition that if a proposition p is a contradiction then p tautologically implies every proposition, because there is no truth valuation that causes p to be true and so the definition of tautological implication is trivially satisfied. Similarly, if p is a tautology then p is tautologically implied by every proposition.

However, he maintained a distinction between analytic truths (i.e., truths based only on the meanings of their terms) and tautologies (i.e., statements devoid of content). In his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1921, Ludwig Wittgenstein proposed that statements that can be deduced by logical deduction are tautological (empty of meaning), as well as being analytic truths.

Therefore, there are only two candidate expansions, assuming it true or false, respectively. The check for them being actual expansions is as follows. \Box x is false : with this assumption, T becomes tautological, as \Box x \rightarrow x is equivalent to eg \Box x \vee x, and eg \Box x is assumed true; therefore, x is not entailed.

Nevertheless, and in a tautological approach, according to some of his critics,See Desvallées, André & Mairesse, François, Dictionnaire encyclopédique de muséologie, Paris : Armand Colin, 2011. 722p. he would propose that museology's subject of study should be searched in the very museum work, in the “systematic and critical” task of producing the museum object or musealia, in Stranskian terminology.

A default is categorical or prerequisite-free if it has no prerequisite (or, equivalently, its prerequisite is tautological). A default is normal if it has a single justification that is equivalent to its conclusion. A default is supernormal if it is both categorical and normal. A default is seminormal if all its justifications entail its conclusion.

Trendle Ring (or Trundle Ring) is a late prehistoric earthwork on the Quantock Hills near Bicknoller in Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument (Site no. 33201). In 2013 it was added to the Heritage at Risk Register due to vulnerability to plant growth. The word trendle means circle, so it is a tautological place name.

Lay summary via Google Books. pp. 405–06. Until recently, Hume was seen as a forerunner of logical positivism, a form of anti-metaphysical empiricism. According to the logical positivists (in summary of their verification principle), unless a statement could be verified by experience, or else was true or false by definition (i.e. either tautological or contradictory), then it was meaningless.

In algebra, a transformation semigroup (or composition semigroup) is a collection of functions from a set to itself that is closed under function composition. If it includes the identity function, it is a monoid, called a transformation (or composition) monoid. This is the semigroup analogue of a permutation group. A transformation semigroup of a set has a tautological semigroup action on that set.

Every point in the complex Grassmannian manifold defines an -plane in -space. Fibering these planes over the Grassmannian one arrives at the vector bundle which generalizes the tautological bundle of a projective space. Similarly the -dimensional orthogonal complements of these planes yield an orthogonal vector bundle . The integral cohomology of the Grassmannians is generated, as a ring, by the Chern classes of .

Another way to express this preservation of tautologousness is by using truth tables. A proposition Q is said to be a tautological consequence of one or more other propositions (P_1, P_2, ..., P_n) if and only if in every row of a joint truth table that assigns "T" to all propositions (P_1, P_2, ..., P_n) the truth table also assigns "T" to Q.

Intuitively, it relates the velocities of a mechanical system (given by vector fields on the tangent bundle of the coordinates) to the corresponding momenta of the system (given by vector fields in the cotangent bundle; i.e. given by forms). The tautological one-form is a special case of the more general solder form, which provides a (co-)frame field on a general fiber bundle.

This implies there is no matter of fact to which the word refers. Quine calls this the inscrutability of reference. This inscrutability leads to difficulties in translating sentences, especially with sentences that have no direct connection to stimuli. For example, the tautological Jungle sentence 'Gavagai xyz gavagai' could be translated (in accordance with stimulus meaning) as 'This rabbit is the same as this rabbit'.

Similarly, if is a real differentiable function over , then defines a map from to . If both maps happen to be inverses of each other, we say we have a Legendre transform. The notion of the tautological one-form is commonly used in this setting. When the function is not differentiable, the Legendre transform can still be extended, and is known as the Legendre-Fenchel transformation.

Col de Port (elevation ) is a mountain pass in the French Pyrenees between Massat and Tarascon-sur-Ariège in the "massif de l'Arize". It links the Couserans and Ariège valleys. The pass is used occasionally in the Tour de France and is popular with touring cyclists. The name of the pass is tautological as Col means pass in French and Port means pass in Occitan.

In logic, Antisthenes was troubled by the problem of universals. As a proper nominalist, he held that definition and predication are either false or tautological, since we can only say that every individual is what it is, and can give no more than a description of its qualities, e. g. that silver is like tin in colour.Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1043b24 Thus he disbelieved the Platonic system of Ideas.

The shallow gradient of the slopes on the north and eastern sides of the law suggest a north easterly movement of ice flows. The hill's summit is over 500 feet above sea level.Ordnance Survey, Explorer 380 map Dundee and Sidlaw Hills Despite the derivation of "Law" suggesting it would be tautological to do so, the Law is commonly referred to as the "Law Hill".

The anthropologist Simon Coleman suggested that the term "material religion" was tautological, in that "religion is inherently material in its very constitution." The scholars of religion Christopher R. Cotter and David G. Robertson suggested that the material religion framework could be an alternative means to explore religion, in contrast to the dominant world religions paradigm which they regarded as problematic. They nevertheless thought that material religion represented "phenomenology by stealth".

Situated on rich tracts of coal and other minerals, the original settlement of Newarthill occurred in the early to mid-nineteenth century. Originally thought to have been named after the larger and more northerly Harthill, it has recently been discovered that historical mentions of Newarthill actually pre-date Harthill. One quoted, but unproven, derivation is the Gaelic Nuadh-Ard, meaning New Hill, with a tautological "hill" added in the English translation.

Brittonic-derived place-names are scattered across Great Britain, with many occurring in the West Country; however, some of these may be pre-Celtic. The best example is perhaps that of each (river) Avon, which comes from the Brittonic aβon[a], "river" (transcribed into Welsh as ', Cornish ', Irish and Scottish Gaelic ', Manx ', Breton '; the Latin cognate is '). When river is preceded by the word, in the modern vein, it is tautological.

Jeff MacSwan has posited a constraint-free approach to analyzing code-switching. This approach views explicit reference to code-switching in grammatical analysis as tautological, and seeks to explain specific instances of grammaticality in terms of the unique contributions of the grammatical properties of the languages involved. MacSwan characterizes the approach with the refrain, "Nothing constrains code- switching apart from the requirements of the mixed grammars."MacSwan, Jeff (2000).

Brill's name is tautological, being a combination of Brythonic and Anglo Saxon words for 'hill' (Brythonic breg and Anglo Saxon hyll). The name attracted the attention of J. R. R. Tolkien, who based the Middle-earth village of Bree upon it."Bree ... [was] based on Brill ... a place which he knew well": Christopher Tolkien (1988), The Return of the Shadow (being vol.VI of The History of Middle-earth), ch.

A mains () in Scotland is a farm, or the buildings of a farm. This may include the farmhouse, farm buildings such as a byre, dairy, and workers' cottages. It is pseudo-plural, actually being a Lowland Scots corruption of domains or demesne,The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and so is never used in the form "main" (except occasionally in the tautological "main farm", although this usage is not traditional).

In natural languages, some apparent tautologies, as in certain platitudes, may have non-tautological meanings in practice. In English, "it is what it is" is used to mean 'there is no way of changing it'.Nathan J. Robinson, "The Uses of Platitudes", Current Affairs, August 23, 2017 online In Tamil, the superficial tautology literally means 'if he comes, he will come', but is used to mean 'he just may come'.

Suppose that X is a space and that L is a line bundle on X. A global section of L is a function such that if is the natural projection, then = idX. In a small neighborhood U in X in which L is trivial, the total space of the line bundle is the product of U and the underlying field k, and the section s restricts to a function . However, the values of s depend on the choice of trivialization, and so they are determined only up to multiplication by a nowhere-vanishing function. Global sections determine maps to projective spaces in the following way: Choosing not all zero points in a fiber of L chooses a fiber of the tautological line bundle on Pr, so choosing non- simultaneously vanishing global sections of L determines a map from X into projective space Pr. This map sends the fibers of L to the fibers of the dual of the tautological bundle.

If the base space X is paracompact and Hausdorff then a real, finite-rank vector bundle E and its dual E are isomorphic as vector bundles. However, just as for vector spaces, there is no canonical choice of isomorphism unless E is equipped with an inner product. This is not true in the case of complex vector bundles, for example the tautological line bundle over the Riemann sphere is not isomorphic to its dual.

He contrasts this to the case of a society marked by conflict, in this case Northern Ireland, where he argues that "the inhabitants ... have never shown much worry about the prospects of the adherents of the other religion going to hell". Barry concludes that in the Dutch case, consociationalism is tautological and argues that "the relevance of the 'consociational' model for other divided societies is much more doubtful than is commonly supposed".

One method of calculating outcome factorisation is as follow:Sun Ging-Yun, Empirical methodology in the tautological study of qualitative and quantitative social interaction data, Albany: State University of New York Press 1982 # Prepare a qualitative questionnaire asking the respondents to give a score of between −10 and +10. # Average out the scores. A weighted average can be used. Calculate the average of all the questionnaires from respondents # Calculate the inverse natural logarithm.

The teachers had no ulterior motive in providing photocopies to their students. Moreover, instruction cannot be completely segregated from "research" and "private study" because most students require the guidance of teachers to find the materials necessary for their research and private study. "The teacher/copier therefore shares a symbiotic purpose with the student/user who is engaging in research or private study. Instruction and research/private study are, in the school context, tautological".

The thoroughfare's name sounds tautological or self-contradictory from a North American perspective, where avenue is one of the most common generic designations for street names; Robert Fulford once wrote that it "sounded like an identity crisis with pavement".Robert Fulford. Accidental City: The Transformation of Toronto. However, Avenue Road is a common street name elsewhere in the English-speaking world, notably Avenue Road, Bangalore and London, where at least 40 streets bear this name.

Consider for example the question of whether the Earth really goes round the Sun. In a frame of reference adapted to calculating the Earth's orbit, this is a mathematical but also tautological statement. Newtonian mechanics can answer the question, whether it is not equally the case that the Sun goes round the Earth, as it indeed appears to Earth-based astronomers. In Newton's theory there is a basic, fixed frame of reference that is inertial.

If Q is realized as a reduction of the frame bundle of M, then the solder form is given by the pullback of the tautological form of the frame bundle along the inclusion. Abstractly, if one regards Q as a principal bundle independently of its realization as a reduction of the frame bundle, then the solder form consists of a representation ρ of G on Rn and an isomorphism of bundles θ : TM -> Q ×ρ Rn.

Mersea Island is an island in Essex, England, in the Blackwater and Colne estuaries to the south-east of Colchester. Its name comes from the Old English word meresig, meaning "island of the pool" and thus is tautological. The island is split into two main areas, West Mersea and East Mersea, and connected to the mainland by the Strood, a causeway that can flood at high tide. The island has been inhabited since pre-Roman times.

Philosopher Karl Popper discussed the scientific standing of economics in the 1940s and 1950s. He argued that mathematical economics suffered from being tautological. In other words, insofar as economics became a mathematical theory, mathematical economics ceased to rely on empirical refutation but rather relied on mathematical proofs and disproof. According to Popper, falsifiable assumptions can be tested by experiment and observation while unfalsifiable assumptions can be explored mathematically for their consequences and for their consistency with other assumptions.

TEM picture of E. coli, chemoheterotrophic bacteria often used in synthetic microbial consortia. Synthetic microbial consortia (commonly called co- cultures) are multi-population systems that can contain a diverse range of microbial species, and are adjustable to serve a variety of industrial, ecological, and tautological interests. For synthetic biology, consortia take the ability to engineer novel cell behaviors to a population level. Consortia are more common than not in nature, and generally prove to be more robust than monocultures.

Tautological place names are systematically generated in languages such as English and Russian, where the type of the feature is systematically added to a name regardless of whether it contains it already. For example, in Russian, the format "Ozero X-ozero" (i.e. "Lake X-lake") is used. In English, it is usual to do the same for foreign names, even if they already describe the feature, for example Lake Kemijärvi (Lake Kemi-lake), or Saaremaa island (Island land island).

From this formula followed the counting for simple closed geodesics mentioned above, as well as a number of other results. This led her to obtain a new proof for the formula discovered by Edward Witten and Maxim Kontsevich on the intersection numbers of tautological classes on moduli space. Her subsequent work focused on Teichmüller dynamics of moduli space. In particular, she was able to prove the long-standing conjecture that William Thurston's earthquake flow on Teichmüller space is ergodic.

There are many counter-arguments which can be made to this. One of the simplest was made by Cubitt. His paper shows that the argument rests on some very strong assumptions and is tautological: to say that X acts as a money pump is no different from saying that X has intransitive preferences, and does not add anything to evidence for or against the existence of intransitive preferences. A second argument is more fundamental, and this rests on the possibility of incomparability.

Eleny-Nicoleta Ionel is a Romanian mathematician whose research concerns symplectic geometry, including the study of the Gromov–Witten invariants and Gopakumar–Vafa invariant. Among her most significant results are the construction of relative Gromov-Witten invariants of symplectic manifolds, and the proof of the vanishing in codimension at least g of the tautological ring of the moduli space of genus-g curves. She is a professor of mathematics at Stanford University, where she is chair of the mathematics department.

The definition of "unauthorized practice of law" is variable, and is often conclusory and tautological, i.e., it is the doing of a lawyer's or counselor's work by a non-lawyer for money. There is some agreement that appearing in a legally constituted court in a legal proceeding to represent clients (particularly for a fee) is considered to be unauthorized practice of law. But other variations are subject to interpretation and conflicting regulation, particularly as to the scope and breadth of the prohibition.

For a more sophisticated approach, the linear system of divisors defining the embedding of V can be related to the line bundle or invertible sheaf defining the embedding by its space of sections. The tautological line bundle on Pn pulls back to V. The degree determines the first Chern class. The degree can also be computed in the cohomology ring of Pn, or Chow ring, with the class of a hyperplane intersecting the class of V an appropriate number of times.

Nevertheless, we can note a sporadic association of Ailbe (as saint or mythological figure) with ' rocks' (Irish ail). The Lia Ailbe (stone of Ailbe) on the Magh Ailbe (plain of Ailbe) may be in origin tautological, while a Sliabh Ailbe was associated with a legendary figure Ailbe in Duanaire Finn.II, 95, xlii in MacNeill, Eoin and Murphy, Gerard (1908-54) Duanaire Finn, 3 vols, Irish Texts Society 7, 28, 43. The Inbher Ailbhine mentioned in Tirechan's Vita Patricii (Tirechan 5.2)Bieler op.

He indicates that, however, he sees no good reason to call statements which employ them either true or false. Some have attempted to solve this problem by means of many-valued logics; van Fraassen offers in their stead the use of supervaluations. Questions of completeness change when supervaluations are admitted, since they allow for valid arguments that do not correspond to logically true conditionals. His paper "Facts and tautological entailment" (J Phil 1969) is now regarded as the beginning of truth-maker semantics.

A Hamiltonian system may be understood as a fiber bundle over time , with the fibers , , being the position space. The Lagrangian is thus a function on the jet bundle over ; taking the fiberwise Legendre transform of the Lagrangian produces a function on the dual bundle over time whose fiber at is the cotangent space , which comes equipped with a natural symplectic form, and this latter function is the Hamiltonian. The correspondence between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics is achieved with the tautological one-form.

Along with "Catacomb" and "Roll the Dice", Matthew Horton from the BBC said the last minute of the song "border on the exciting". Andy Gill from The Independent praised Jones' songwriting by calling it "impressive". At Music OMH, Martin Headon had a mixed response. He praised the arrangement and last minute of the song but stated that "old problems re-surface ... it’s tautological clunkers like “everything is changing, nothing ever seems to stay the same” that stick most in the memory".

Let R be the formula A \land C. Then R \models S, because any valuation satisfying S will make A true—and thus makes S true. It follows from the definition that if a formula R is a contradiction, then R tautologically implies every formula, because there is no truth valuation that causes R to be true, and so the definition of tautological implication is trivially satisfied. Similarly, if S is a tautology, then S is tautologically implied by every formula.

A related claim to the supposed unfalsifiability of evolution is that natural selection is tautological. Specifically, it is often argued that the phrase "survival of the fittest" is a tautology, in that fitness is defined as ability to survive and reproduce. This phrase was first used by Herbert Spencer in 1864 but is rarely used by biologists. Additionally, fitness is more accurately defined as the state of possessing traits that make survival more likely; this definition, unlike simple "survivability," avoids being trivially true.

The old road from Whalley to Barrowford, was originally called 'Wheatley Lane' (i.e. the lane to Wheatley), then as this was adopted as a village name, it became known as 'Barrowford Road'; in the 1960s it was changed by the local authorities, yet again to the tautological 'Wheatley Lane Road'. Because of this, Fence and Wheatley Lane are often referred to together as 'Fence'. The present village now terminates to the west past St Anne's church, where the new bypass cuts the line of the old road.

The opposite is true in the algebraic and holomorphic settings. Here the space of global sections is often finite dimensional, but there may not be any non-vanishing global sections at a given point. (As in the case when this procedure constructs a Lefschetz pencil.) In fact, it is possible for a bundle to have no non-zero global sections at all; this is the case for the tautological line bundle. When the line bundle is sufficiently ample this construction verifies the Kodaira embedding theorem.

The redundancy may help the listener by providing context and decreasing the "alphabet soup quotient" (the cryptic overabundance of abbreviations and acronyms) of the communication. Acronyms and initialisms from foreign languages are often treated as unanalyzed morphemes when they are not translated. For example, in French, "le protocole IP" (the Internet Protocol protocol) is often used, and in English "please RSVP" (roughly "please respond if it pleases you") is very common. This occurs for the same linguistic reasons that cause many toponyms to be tautological.

The definition, posted on the same wall as the photograph, delineates in words the concept of what a chair is, in its various incarnations. In this and other, similar works, Four Colors Four Words and Glass One and Three, Kosuth forwards tautological statements, where the works literally are what they say they are.Alexander Alberro and Blake Stimson, Conceptual Art: A Critical Anthology, MIT Press, 1999, pxl. A collaboration with independent filmmaker Marion Cajori, Sept. 11, 1972 was a Minimalist portrait of sunlight in Cajori's studio.

Sitta Von Reden on the book Greece & Rome mentions traces of worship of 17 foreign deities at Piraeus. It was compatible with the Greek religion and formal to worship foreign gods. There is no text suggesting that one single god will cancel the other ones, that this god will come from Israel or Palestine, and that he's tautological to the openness towards foreign gods as expressed with the "Unknown God" cult. That confusion was Paul's invention in order to introduce Christianity from a metaphysical entry point.

Inclusion maps tend to be homomorphisms of algebraic structures; thus, such inclusion maps are embeddings. More precisely, given a substructure closed under some operations, the inclusion map will be an embedding for tautological reasons. For example, for some binary operation , to require that :\iota(x\star y)=\iota(x)\star \iota(y) is simply to say that is consistently computed in the sub-structure and the large structure. The case of a unary operation is similar; but one should also look at nullary operations, which pick out a constant element.

A new concept, popularized by John Fairbank, was the notion of "change within tradition", which argued that China did change in the pre-modern period but that this change existed within certain cultural traditions. This notion has also been subject to the criticism that to say "China has not changed fundamentally" is tautological, since it requires that one look for things that have not changed and then arbitrarily define those as fundamental. Nonetheless, studies seeing China's interaction with Europe as the driving force behind its recent history are still common.

Despite the popularity of the construct, many foundational papers on this topic have recently been retracted or called into question because of issues surrounding the reporting of data and the inability of the authors to produce their original data. Moreover, there have been some recent high-profile criticisms of the theoretical basis of the construct, which has been said to be built on "shaky philosophical and theoretical foundations, tautological reasoning, weak empirical studies, nonsensical measurement tools, unsupported knowledge claims and a generally simplistic and out of date view of corporate life".

The Bill of Rights binds private persons in certain circumstances. According to section 8(2), a provision of the Bill of Rights applies to the conduct of a private person or a juristic person only to the extent that the provision is applicable, taking into account the nature of the right and the nature of any duty imposed by the right. It binds a private or juristic person, in other words, if it is applicable to a private or juristic person. This, it has been noted, is almost tautological.

Capitalism legitimizes itself through "reason," claiming that it makes "rational sense",Cornelius Castoriadis (1999). « La rationalité du capitalisme » in Figures du Pensable, Paris: Seuil. but Castoriadis observed that all such efforts are ultimately tautological, in that they can only legitimize a system through the rules defined by the system itself. So just like the Old Testament claimed that "There is only one God, God," capitalism defines logic as the maximization of utility and minimization of costs, and then legitimizes itself based on its effectiveness to meet these criteria.

Another problem known as Frege's Puzzle, asks why it can be the case that the two names can refer to the same referent, yet not necessarily be considered entirely synonymous. His example is that the proposition "Hesperus is Hesperus" (Hesperus being the Greek name of the morning star) is tautological and vacuous while the proposition "Hesperus is Phosphorus" (Phosphorus being the Greek name of the evening star) conveys information. This puzzle suggests that there is something more to the meaning of the proper name than simply pointing out its referent.

444–445 The fifth edition of On the Origin of Species published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: "But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient." Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if "fittest" is read to mean "functionally superior" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations.

"A calorie is a calorie" is a tautology used to convey the speaker's conviction that the concept of the "calorie" is in fact a sufficient way to describe energy content of food. The tautological phrase means that regardless of the form of food calorie a person consumes (whether a carbohydrate, protein or fat calorie) the energetic value of such a calorie, is identical to any other. One dietary calorie contains 4,184 joules of energy. With this knowledge, it is easy to assume that all calories have equal value.

Pike of Stickle, also known as Pike o’ Stickle, is a fell in the English Lake District. It reaches a height of 709 metres (2,326 feet) and is situated in the central part of the national park in the valley of Great Langdale. The fell is one of three fells which make up the picturesque Langdale Pikes (the others being Harrison Stickle and Loft Crag), one of the best-known areas in Lakeland. A "stickle" is a hill with a steep prominent rocky top, while a "pike" is a hill with a peaked summit, the name being therefore partly tautological.

Pages 400 Methodological criticisms of Ekman's work focus on the essentially circular and tautological nature of his experiments, in which test subjects were shown selected photographs of "basic emotions," and then asked to match them with the same set of concepts used in their production. Ekman showed photographs selected from over 3000 pictures of individuals asked to simulate emotions, from which he edited to contain "those which showed only the pure display of a single affect," using no control and subject only to Ekman's intuition. If Ekman felt a photograph did not show the correct "pure" emotion, he excluded it.Jan Plamper.

The current conceptions of psychopathy have been criticized for being poorly conceptualized, highly subjective, and encompassing a wide variety of underlying disorders. Dorothy Otnow Lewis has written Half of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist consists of symptoms of mania, hypomania, and frontal-lobe dysfunction, which frequently results in underlying disorders being dismissed. Hare's conception of psychopathy has also been criticized for being reductionist, dismissive, tautological, and ignorant of context as well as the dynamic nature of human behavior. Some have called for rejection of the concept altogether, due to its vague, subjective and judgmental nature that makes it prone to misuse.

The Gaelic name, Gleann Daill, is derived from gleann, meaning "valley", which usually refers to a harsher environment that can be steep and/or rocky, and dail meaning "field, dale, meadow, plain or river-meadow", which usually refers to fertile, arable land beside water. The Ordnance Survey (2005) suggest that dail may also mean "level field by a river". This makes the English translation read: "valley of river-meadows" or "valley of level fields by a river". Mac an Tàilleir (2003) suggests that dail is derived from the Norse dalr, giving a tautological name, where both parts simply mean "valley".

Carter chose to focus on a tautological aspect of his ideas, which has resulted in much confusion. In fact, anthropic reasoning interests scientists because of something that is only implicit in the above formal definitions, namely that we should give serious consideration to there being other universes with different values of the "fundamental parameters"—that is, the dimensionless physical constants and initial conditions for the Big Bang. Carter and others have argued that life as we know it would not be possible in most such universes. In other words, the universe we are in is fine tuned to permit life.

Internalization theory was used by John Harry Dunning as one of the components of his eclectic paradigm or OLI model. Dunning referred to knowledge as an ‘ownership advantage’ and claimed that ownership advantage was necessary for a firm to become a multinational. This was disputed by internalization theorists on the grounds that if quality control and transfer pricing are sufficient, then ownership advantage cannot be necessary. Dunning argued that the firm’s ability to internalise could also be described as an ownership advantage, which led internalization theorists to suggest that his concept of ownership advantage had become tautological.

While conceding that substantivism rightly emphasises the significance of social institutions in economic processes, Gudeman considers any deductive universal model, be it formalist, substantivist or Marxist, to be ethnocentric and tautological. In his view they all model relationships as mechanistic processes by taking the logic of natural science based on the material world and applying it to the human world. Rather than to "arrogate to themselves a privileged right to model the economies of their subjects", anthropologists should seek to understand and interpret local models (1986:38). Such local models may differ radically from their Western counterparts.

Alternatively one can think of the dual of the tautological line bundle as the Serre twist sheaf O(1) on projective space, and use it to twist the structure sheaf OV any number of times, say k times, obtaining a sheaf OV(k). Then V is called k-normal if the global sections of O(k) map surjectively to those of OV(k), for a given k, and if V is 1-normal it is called linearly normal. A non-singular variety is projectively normal if and only if it is k-normal for all k ≥ 1.

In their work they try to find a way to create a scenic event, play etc. which will differ from the work of contemporary alternative theatres. “In our plays we are trying to combine as many different ‘scenic channels’ as possible.” NT focus also on grotesque and tautological depictions of ideas. The Napięcie Theatre work mainly with their own texts (“Salon Lenistwa”/”Showroom of Indolence” or “Lewa Strona, Prawa Strona”/”Left Side, Right Side”) but they also work with other author's pieces (“Przewodnik dla bezdomnych”/”A Short Guide for Homeless People” is based on Arthur Rimbaud's and Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki's works; their other plays are inspired by Plato and Andrzej Sosnowski).

Long prior to any settlement taking place, this area was known as 'Beare Bottom', 'Beare' deriving from the Old English bearū (meaning 'woodland') and 'Bottom' simply denoting the area's location at the bottom of the Stour Valley. Strips of ancient woodland or bearū still survive and these gave rise, after 1925, to the tautological place-name Bearwood, denoting the suburban area immediately west of Bear Cross. It was once maintained that the name ‘Bear Cross’ commemorated a bear pit or bear-baiting post in the vicinity. More recent research suggests that this story only dates from 1970, when the origins of local toponyms were being discussed in Bournemouth's Evening Echo.

1960) accepted Denton's torr+pen+howe etymology (against the 1950s "Tosti" proposal), but notes that torr+penn is not tautological. He expresses the idea of "top or breast of the hill", to which howe was added in a (single) tautology.the same etymology is also accepted y David Mills, 2011, A Dictionary of British Place-Names. The most recent published etymology is the '"[r]ocky summit" to which was added "hill-spur"', the three elements of Torpenhow deriving from, Old English torr 'a rock, a rocky outcrop, a rocky peak', Primitive Welsh penn 'head, end, top, height, a hill', and Old English hōh 'a heel; a sharply projecting piece of ground'.

While on the ground the outline of competitions, you can not capture the richness of difference.This requires that thought out of itself, requires the intuition that takes the concept of the static tautological. (The metaphysical intuition, 1965) From this perspective the dialectic of opposites becomes existential dialectic, then march toward the concrete, the existence, in which the overcoming of opposites is impossible. In this area, the contradictions are insoluble when overcome in Hegel appears as reconciliation of opposites guaranteed by the necessary evolution, is given here as hiatus, the qualitative leap forward is the land of paradox where opposites coexist, land and carved by Kierkegaard.

The river's name is the same derivation as that of the nearby Jordan Hill, most probably from the Old English "cerr dūn" meaning "hill at the bend" (thus "Jordan Hill" is tautological). The former spelling of the name, Jordon, includes the later Common Brittonic suffix "-don", also derived from the Old English "dūn". A second possible origin is that "Jordan" is derived from "Chur dūn", or "hill on the River Chur". The Place-names of Dorset (1989) references the 16th century spelling "Jordain", and suggests that the river (and hill) are either named after the Jo(u)rdan family of Dorset, or simply after the River Jordan in the Middle East.

Bossu belongs to a movement that art critic Nicolas Bourriaud has called the esthétique du relationnel ('aesthetics of the relational'). In the magazine art press, Claudia Hart described Bossu's works as an existential search for the "raw, naked expression of human pain", breaking with the approach of "her master Marcel Duchamp." Bossu animated her ready-mades, Hart follows, "by borrowing her machines from the everyday world – a sewing machine or a bathroom scale – and placing them in tautological arrangements that became metaphors of alienation, separation or death." In Miroir de courtoisie 1 (1988) the spectator is invited to stand up in front of a mirror in order to look at their reflection.

Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1988Cavalli-Sforza 2000 Cavalli-Sforza's findings are argued to match up remarkably well with Ruhlen's language classification. Ruhlen's linguist opponents hold that genetic relatedness cannot be used to adduce linguistic relatedness. This tree has been criticized by some linguists and anthropologists on several grounds: that it makes selective use of languages and populations (omitting the numerous Sino-Tibetan speakers of northern China, for example); that it assumes the truth of such linguistic groups as Austric and Amerind that are controversial; and that several of the population groups listed are defined not by their genes but by their languages, making the correlation irrelevant to a comparison of genetic and linguistic branching and tautological as well.

An art world, as with any segment of society, is defined in terms of mutually understood conventions (social norms, roles, and institutions) that are the basis for cooperative activity between members of a group who may not interact directly. Howard S. Becker describes an art world as "the network of people whose cooperative activity, organized via their joint knowledge of conventional means of doing things, produces the kind of art works that art world is noted for." Becker admits this definition is tautological, but is useful in understanding how works of art are produced and consumed. Sarah Thornton, also a sociologist, describes the art world "a loose network of overlapping subcultures held together by a belief in art".

The pigeonhole principle can be extended to infinite sets by phrasing it in terms of cardinal numbers: if the cardinality of set is greater than the cardinality of set , then there is no injection from to . However, in this form the principle is tautological, since the meaning of the statement that the cardinality of set is greater than the cardinality of set is exactly that there is no injective map from to . However, adding at least one element to a finite set is sufficient to ensure that the cardinality increases. Another way to phrase the pigeonhole principle for finite sets is similar to the principle that finite sets are Dedekind finite: Let and be finite sets.

One exhaustive analysis by a Canadian psychologist describes the various lines of work as 'a psychopathy project' attempting to establish psychopathy as an object of science. Overall this was found to have suffered from 'a number of serious logical confusions and deliberate mischaracterizations of its scientific merits' - including its early basis in degeneration theory, tautological definitions and associated neuroscience findings, routinely unclarified assumptions and shifting levels of explanation about the core concept, and exaggerated statistical claims such as based on Hare's use of factor analysis. It was noted, however, that some of the limited research findings may prove useful in a better explanatory framework (i.e. not necessarily under the umbrella of 'psychopathy').

Self-refuting ideas or self-defeating ideas are ideas or statements whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true. Many ideas are called self-refuting by their detractors, and such accusations are therefore almost always controversial, with defenders stating that the idea is being misunderstood or that the argument is invalid. For these reasons, none of the ideas below are unambiguously or incontrovertibly self-refuting. These ideas are often used as axioms, which are definitions taken to be true (tautological assumptions), and cannot be used to test themselves, for doing so would lead to only two consequences: consistency (circular reasoning) or exception (self-contradiction).

"Phagovirus" is tautological, and the name of the family was altered to Inoviridae and the type genus to Inovirus. This nomenclature persisted for many decades, although the definition of fd as type species was replaced as M13 became more widely used. The number of known filamentous bacteriophages has multiplied many-fold by using a machine-learning approach, and it has been suggested that “the former Inoviridae family should be reclassified as an order, provisionally divided into 6 candidate families and 212 candidate subfamilies”. Phages fd, f1, M13 and other related phages are often referred to as members of the Ff group of phages, for F specific (they infect Escherichia coli carrying the F-episome) filamentous phages, using the concept of vernacular name.

"Survival of the fittest" is sometimes claimed to be a tautology. The reasoning is that if one takes the term "fit" to mean "endowed with phenotypic characteristics which improve chances of survival and reproduction" (which is roughly how Spencer understood it), then "survival of the fittest" can simply be rewritten as "survival of those who are better equipped for surviving". Furthermore, the expression does become a tautology if one uses the most widely accepted definition of "fitness" in modern biology, namely reproductive success itself (rather than any set of characters conducive to this reproductive success). This reasoning is sometimes used to claim that Darwin's entire theory of evolution by natural selection is fundamentally tautological, and therefore devoid of any explanatory power.

Therefore, if the sections never simultaneously vanish, they determine a form [s0 : ... : sr] which gives a map from X to Pr, and the pullback of the dual of the tautological bundle under this map is L. In this way, projective space acquires a universal property. The universal way to determine a map to projective space is to map to the projectivization of the vector space of all sections of L. In the topological case, there is a non-vanishing section at every point which can be constructed using a bump function which vanishes outside a small neighborhood of the point. Because of this, the resulting map is defined everywhere. However, the codomain is usually far, far too big to be useful.

The philosopher Karl Popper held that any scientific proposition must be falsifiable, in other words it must at least be possible to imagine some reproducible experiment or observation whose outcome would disprove the hypothesis. Initially he thought that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection (often summarized as "the survival of the fittest""This preservation of favourable individual differences and variations, and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest." -- ) was untestable in this sense, and therefore "almost tautological." Popper later changed his view, concluding that the theory of natural selection is falsifiable and that Darwin's own example of the peacock's tail had disproved one extreme variation of it, that all evolution is driven by natural selection.

The variety V in its projective embedding is projectively normal if R is integrally closed. This condition implies that V is a normal variety, but not conversely: the property of projective normality is not independent of the projective embedding, as is shown by the example of a rational quartic curve in three dimensions.Robin Hartshorne, Algebraic Geometry (1977), p. 23. Another equivalent condition is in terms of the linear system of divisors on V cut out by the dual of the tautological line bundle on projective space, and its d-th powers for d = 1, 2, 3, ... ; when V is non- singular, it is projectively normal if and only if each such linear system is a complete linear system.Hartshorne, p. 159.

Recall that the torsion of a connection \omega can be expressed as :\Theta_\omega = D\theta = d\theta + \omega \wedge \theta where \theta is the solder form (tautological one-form). The subscript \omega serves only as a reminder that this torsion tensor was obtained from the connection. By analogy to the lowering of the index on torsion tensor on the section above, one can perform a similar operation with the solder form, and construct a tensor :\Sigma_\omega(X,Y,Z)=\langle\theta(Z), \Theta_\omega(X,Y)\rangle + \langle\theta(Y), \Theta_\omega(Z,X)\rangle \- \langle\theta(X), \Theta_\omega(Y,Z)\rangle Here \langle,\rangle is the scalar product. This tensor can be expressed asDavid Bleecker, "Gauge Theory and Variational Principles" (1982) D. Reidel Publishing (See theorem 6.2.

In 2005, Stenner published The Authoritarian Dynamic, which is an investigation into authoritarian personality types and how they become politically activated. She posits that prior research on authoritarianism has suffered primarily from tautological assertions and has otherwise failed to produce a coherent theory which is consistent cross-nationally, and which can successfully account for how authoritarian expressions fluctuate with diverse sociopolitical conditions. In particular, she asserts that Bob Altemeyer's right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) scale is best understood as a measure of expressed authoritarianism, and that other measures are needed to assess authoritarian predispositions. To this end, she rejects Altemeyer's "social learning" interpretation and instead argues that authoritarianism is a dynamic response to perceived external threats; not a static personality type based only on the traits of submission, aggression and conventionalism.

The ultimate difference between an employee and an independent contractor is that the principal has no legal right to prescribe the manner in which the independent contractor brings about the desired result, but may prescribe methods by which the employee works. In Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society v MacDonald, the court held that the employee was subject to the control of the employer in the sense that the latter had the right to prescribe not only what work had to be done, but also the manner in which that work had to be done. The independent contractor, on the other hand, could be directed only as to what work must be done, not how it was to be done. In any event, to define a contract in terms of one of its characteristics is tautological.

Wittgenstein had an important influence on Russell as he himself discusses in his My Philosophical Development. He led him, for example, to conclude, much to his regret, that mathematical truths were purely tautological truths, however it is doubtful that Wittgenstein actually held this view, which he discussed in relation to logical truth, since it is not clear that he was a logicist when he wrote the Tractatus. What is certain is that in 1901 Russell's own reflections on the issues raised by the paradox that takes his name Russell's paradox, led him to doubt the intuitive certainty of mathematics. This doubt was perhaps Russell's most important 'influence' on mathematics, and was spread throughout the European universities, even as Russell himself laboured (with Alfred North Whitehead) in an attempt to solve the Paradox and related paradoxes, such as Burali- Forti.

Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.

Glen Strathfarrar () is a glen in the Highland region of Scotland, near Loch Ness. Glen Strathfarrar is named for the River Farrar, which runs through the glen, and which derives from the Pictish var (meaning "to wind"), and was known to the Romans as Varrar. The full name is a curious 'Gaelicisation' of the Gaelic: as a strath is an elongated glen, a title of 'Glen Strath' is tautological, and it is therefore likely that an English-only speaker, ignorant of the meaning of 'Strath' when transcribing the map of the location, recorded that this was the 'Glen of Strathfarrar'. The Glen is part of the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme, with a dam at Loch Monar and a 9 km tunnel carrying water to an underground power station at Deanie; a second dam just below Loch Beannacharan feeds a tunnel carrying water to Culligran power station (also underground).

The phrase can also be interpreted to express a theory or hypothesis: that "fit" as opposed to "unfit" individuals or species, in some sense of "fit", will survive some test. Nevertheless, when extended to individuals it is a conceptual mistake, the phrase is a reference to the transgenerational survival of the heritable attributes; particular individuals are quite irrelevant. This becomes more clear when referring to Viral quasispecies, in survival of the flattest, which makes it clear to survive makes no reference to the question of even being alive itself; rather the functional capacity of proteins to carry out work. Interpretations of the phrase as expressing a theory are in danger of being tautological, meaning roughly "those with a propensity to survive have a propensity to survive"; to have content the theory must use a concept of fitness that is independent of that of survival.

The surface S is naturally embedded into the grassmannian of lines G(2,5) of P4. Let U be the restriction to S of the universal rank 2 bundle on G. We have the: Tangent bundle Theorem (Fano, Clemens-Griffiths, Tyurin): The tangent bundle of S is isomorphic to U. This is a quite interesting result because, a priori, there should be no link between these two bundles. It has many powerful applications. By example, one can recover the fact that the cotangent space of S is generated by global sections. This space of global 1-forms can be identified with the space of global sections of the tautological line bundle O(1) restricted to the cubic F and moreover: Torelli- type Theorem : Let g' be the natural morphism from S to the grassmannian G(2,5) defined by the cotangent sheaf of S generated by its 5-dimensional space of global sections.

This conclusion was arrived at despite the widely accepted view, based on genomic conservation estimates from comparative genomics, that many DNA elements such as pseudogenes that are transcribed are nevertheless non-functional. Furthermore, the ENCODE project has emphasized sensitivity over specificity leading possibly to the detection of many false positives. Somewhat arbitrary choice of cell lines and transcription factors as well as lack of appropriate control experiments were additional major criticisms of ENCODE as random DNA mimics ENCODE-like 'functional' behavior. In response to some of the criticisms, other scientists argued that the wide spread transcription and splicing that is observed in the human genome directly by biochemical testing is a more accurate indicator of genetic function than genomic conservation estimates because conservation estimates are all relative and difficult to align due to incredible variations in genome sizes of even closely related species, it is partially tautological, and these estimates are not based on direct testing for functionality on the genome.

"Timor" is derived from timur, the word for "east" in Malay, which became recorded as Timor in Portuguese, thus resulting in the tautological toponym meaning "East East": In Portuguese Timor-Leste (Leste being the word for "east"); in Tetum Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e being the word for "east" (literally "rising sun")). In Indonesian, the country is called Timor Timur, thereby using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for "east", as adjectives in Indonesian are put after the noun. The official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English, República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese, and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) official short form in English and all other languages is Timor-Leste (codes: TLS & TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations, the European Union, and the national standards organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States (ANSI), United Kingdom (BSI), Germany (DIN), and Sweden (SIS), all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World Factbook.

This is the standard concept. Heuristically, if we have a space M for which each point m ∊ M corresponds to an algebro-geometric object Um, then we can assemble these objects into a tautological family U over M. (For example, the Grassmannian G(k, V) carries a rank k bundle whose fiber at any point [L] ∊ G(k, V) is simply the linear subspace L ⊂ V.) M is called a base space of the family U. We say that such a family is universal if any family of algebro-geometric objects T over any base space B is the pullback of U along a unique map B → M. A fine moduli space is a space M which is the base of a universal family. More precisely, suppose that we have a functor F from schemes to sets, which assigns to a scheme B the set of all suitable families of objects with base B. A space M is a fine moduli space for the functor F if M represents F, i.e., there is a natural isomorphism τ : F → Hom(−, M), where Hom(−, M) is the functor of points.