Tim A. Tarter and Kacie Dillon, partners at the law firm Woolston and Tarter, which is defending many owners of captive insurance companies, said the agency had gone too far.
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The next summer, Tarter took Turnbull on as an intern.
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"We would be the exemplars," Tarter says she had assumed.
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Image courtesy of Jill Tarter"I like to say we're looking for photons, but maybe it's zeta rays that the advanced technologies of the universe are using to communicate," Tarter offered as an analogy.
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As Jill Tarter of the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif.
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Because you also "need to grow a thick skin," says Tarter.
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"You have to be thoughtful about it," Tarter starts, then pauses.
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Tarter explains that advanced computing and better telescopes have helped a lot.
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Tarter Krinsky & Drogin has added a real estate partner in New York.
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"Over my career, there have been two extraordinary game changers," Tarter says.
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Dr Wright's argument echoes that made by another astronomer, Jill Tarter, in 2010.
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She and her father, Fred B. Tarter, had been regulars at the diner.
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They're uproarious support for Price, whose singing is looser and tarter than ever.
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The head researcher needed Tarter to program an obsolete PDP-8/S computer.
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As a nonfictional woman scientist and a SETI scientist, Tarter faced the same challenges.
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"We may not have invented the right way to do this yet," Tarter said.
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Tarter wonders what advanced telescopes are actively looking for—beyond just distant celestial bodies.
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She she was grateful for Tarter for calling out sexist remarks from the panel.
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Studying locked in her dorm robbed Tarter of the experience of working with others.
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Excerpted from Making Contact: Jill Tarter and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence by Sarah Scoles.
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Top image: SETI astronomer Jill Tarter is the real-life inspiration for Contact's Ellie Arroway.
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Jill Tarter, cofounder of the SETI Institute Margaret Turnbull, astronomer investigating alien biology October 2018.
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Surveys of the heavens, Tarter suggests, could be scanning for signs of sophisticated extraterrestrial civilizations.
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Tarter has focused on finding evidence of advanced alien technology, while Turnbull looks for biological signatures.
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Tarter, based in California, doesn't want her starry-eyed former intern to forget about intelligent aliens.
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Silicon Valley's interest in alt-life started in earnest in the '70s, says SETI pioneer Jill Tarter.
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But Tarter is an advisor for the Breakthrough Initiatives, and she's not free, either, of conflicts of interest.
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Once the numbers had been crunched, the researchers reckoned humanity has done slightly better than Dr Tarter suggested.
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"Breakthrough Listen is doing the same sort of search, but better," wrote Tarter in an email to Gizmodo.
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For the next generation of scientists eager to look for life beyond Earth, Tarter advises teamwork and resilience.
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"Unlike a clean, clear aperture, offset parabolic dish, the sidelobes on the RATAN-600 are really squirrely," said Tarter.
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Alas, to date, "the starshade is not officially part of the mission," Turnbull tells Tarter, who shakes her head.
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Another answer came from Jill Tarter, formerly the director of research at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif.
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"I really hated that the ideal solution to a new problem was to use a known solution," Tarter remembers.
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Existing telescopes can spot all sorts of strange cosmic phenomena—maybe even some of the possibilities Tarter rattled off earlier.
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Led by Tarter, the meetings attendees cobbled together a telescope array design that consisted of 350 20-foot radio telescopes.
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"For millennia, we've asked the priests and philosophers what we should believe about whether there's life out there," Tarter says.
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"We now know this extraordinary fact that there are more planets than stars in the Milky Way galaxy," Tarter says.
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"There are lots of signs today to indicate that the future of our species is likely to be short," says Tarter.
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Contact, Turnbull decides: Contact would be like Contact—the 1997 movie in which Jodie Foster plays a version of Jill Tarter.
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Janis Tarter, a spokeswoman for Citi, said a majority of its borrowers pay off the balance before the promotional period ends.
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For one thing, Tarter loved to ice skate, and living next to a frozen lake all winter should have been ideal.
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"Men of power—people of power, but statistically that's overwhelmingly men—prey on people who are not very powerful," Tarter says.
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"What I learned as a student was that life had to exist within a very narrow range of parameters," Tarter says.
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Famed astronomer Jill Tarter devoted her career to working toward the day when humans will finally make contact with an extraterrestrial civilization.
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"If they showed up on our doorstep, that means they have technologies that are considerably advanced with respect to ours," Tarter said.
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Jill Tarter embodies that creativity in her work with the SETI Institute, and is the subject of a special video released today.
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This season, the series features SETI Institute astronomer Jill Tarter, the real-life inspiration for Carl Sagan's Dr. Ellie Arroway in Contact.
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We know of only one example of life and intelligence in the universe, Jill Tarter of the SETI Institute once told me.
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If aliens are trying to talk to us (or even if they are not), Jill Tarter will be the one to find them.
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"We communicate clearly and frequently to customers throughout the life cycle of the product to help customers avoid paying interest," Ms. Tarter said.
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Computer scientist Casey Chlebek, attorney Mark Curran, Navy veteran Peggy Hubbard, and doctors Robert Marshall and Tom Tarter are all on the ballot.
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"I am the chief cheerleader for SETI and the Allen Telescope Array," Tarter tells me over the phone, introducing herself with practiced flair.
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"All of the pictures that we have of me as a young child are just full of fish and fancy dresses together," Tarter says.
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TechCrunch spoke with famed astronomer Jill Tarter, to understand how the search has changed over the years and why we haven't found intelligent life yet.
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Tarter says that in the near future, SETI scientists will be able to search for intelligent life in pools and lakes worth of the universe.
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The Uruguayan director Federico Veiroj's leisurely comedy-drama "The Apostate" has its charms, though the story (and its hero) could benefit from a tarter approach.
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Will Tarter, a public-spirited budget analyst, recently examined this fund and found that Cleveland's teams were pulling down on that money with startling rapidity.
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While at UC Berkeley, Tarter was initially lured to to a small research collaborative hidden away on campus that would grow into the SETI Institute.
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"There is certainly a lot more potentially habitable real estate out there that we had ever conceived early on in the SETI project," says Tarter.
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Tarter began her pioneering quest for extraterrestrial intelligence at a time when women weren't encouraged to do much else besides find a husband and have children.
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Proper science is now more willing to embrace SETI: Astronomer Jill Tarter, one of the search's pioneers, received radio astronomy's highest honor—the Janksy Lectureship—in 2014.
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Tarter, who was the inspiration for Dr. Ellie Arroway in Carl Sagan's Contact, has a PhD in astrophysics and has dedicated her career to the SETI field.
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Astrophysicist Maggie Turnbull, who is currently running for governor of Wisconsin, began working with Tarter in the late '90s and is now affiliated with the SETI Institute.
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" Or in Elizabeth Bishop's slightly tarter formulation, such a writer is constantly saying, "I do all these awful things — but don't you really think I'm awfully nice?
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Not only is Popeyes' sandwich cheaper and bigger, but its chicken is crispier and juicier, its pickles are crunchier and tarter, and its bread is thicker and toastier.
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She'd rather pair tarter fruit flavors and more vibrant floral notes to work with vodka's uncompromising taste (which, to me at least, seems to be primarily of fire).
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"Once Barney got the bug, he button-holed everyone he knew in the first generation of Silicon Valley engineers and bent their ear about Cyclops and SETI," says Tarter.
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Dr Tarter reckoned that decades of searching had amounted to the equivalent of dipping a drinking glass into Earth's oceans at random to see if it contained a fish.
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Tarter, the anthropologist in Haiti, told me that rakbwas have been in use for nearly two centuries, and his guess is that Wampler's finding represents a resurgence of trees.
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Knowing that Allen helped revive SETI with Project Phoenix a few years earlier, Tarter reached out to him and asked if he could summon a monetary life raft once again.
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Compared to previous editions of the festival, it seemed as if the heavy barrel-aged stouts were getting a pass from brewers, who instead chose to highlight tarter, funkier brews.
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"There wouldn't have been a project to be had if there wasn't an Elias and there wasn't a Frontier," said Megan Tarter, whose family owned two brownstones on the block.
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When Tarter attended Cornell University for her bachelor's degree in the early 1960s, she was the only woman in a class of 300 engineers, and the dorms were gender-segregated.
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Earthy, tender greens like chard, spinach and purslane might be the bulk of the mix, but tarter leaves like sorrel, radish and dandelion mess with the flavor, adding dimension and acidity.
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"In the winter of Ithaca, when something is falling out of the sky every day, and it's cold and uncomfortable, you had to wear a skirt and make that trek," Tarter says.
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Lindsey Vonn had to be carried off the slopes on a sled after she crashed while competing in the Soldeu Audi FIS Ski World Cup super-G race in Soldeu-el Tarter, Andorra, on Saturday.
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Using the nine-dimensional haystack, Tarter has likened all SETI searches to date to extracting a cup of water from all of Earth's oceans and looking for evidence that fish exist only in that cup.
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When asked to describe what will happen in the hours and days after researchers detect some sort of a signal from outer space, Tarter, the co-founder of the SETI (searching for extraterrestrial intelligence) Institute, just chuckles.
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We talked some about their astronomy, but we mostly talk about another astronom_er_: Jill Tarter—the long-time leader of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and the inspiration for the movie and book Contact's main character, Ellie Arroway.
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In a Q&A with the audience, astronomer scientist Jill Tarter got up and took the panelists to task for "piss[ing] off half the world's population," singling out Neil deGrasse Tyson for not stopping the negative comments.
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They also are commonly used to prevent salespeople and others who work directly with customers or clients from taking those relationships with them when they leave, said employment lawyer Laurent Drogin, a founding partner with Tarter Krinsky & Drogin.
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Echoing the film Contact, with Jodie Foster playing an astronomer listening out for broadcasts from aliens (loosely based on real-life SETI astronomer Jill Tarter), the project uses radio telescopes around the world to look for any signals from extraterrestrial intelligence.
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Complete with a photographic backdrop of the Oval Office, this desk adorns "I Approve This Message," an exhibition at the Children's Museum of Manhattan that centers on the autograph collection of Fred B. Tarter, a businessman who died last year.
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Sports Briefing | Winter Sports Hampered by a fractured left knee, Lindsey Vonn managed to extend her overall World Cup lead by placing 13th in an Alpine combined event in Soldeu-el Tarter, Andorra, while Marie-Michele Gagnon of Canada took the win.
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And yet, if that day ever comes and humans are faced with the mind-blowing reality that we are not alone in the universe, the news could usher in one of the most profound changes in the history of our planet, theorizes Tarter.
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If you compare the volume of space we're able to search for signs of advanced technology to the volume of Earth's oceans, then "so far since 1960, we've searched about one hot tub's worth of the ocean," says longtime SETI researcher Jill Tarter.
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Lindsey Vonn, the American skier who is leading the overall World Cup standings as part of a spectacular comeback season, sustained a hairline fracture of her left knee Saturday during a high-speed crash in a super-G race at Soldeu-el Tarter, Andorra.
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"We'll suddenly have a calibration for who we are and how we fit into the universe and that we're not singular," says Tarter, who was the inspiration for Jodie Foster's character in the movie Contact, based on the novel by cosmologist and astrophysicist Carl Sagan.
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"This process contradicted the common sense protocols that we've tried to develop over the years, and was announced without ever seeing the signal again, without any other facility confirming it, or even being asked to try to do so before public announcement," Tarter told Gizmodo.
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Most of New Jersey's blueberries are now cultivated on vast farms with hundreds of acres, which normally grow just three high-yield varieties that can withstand machine picking and shipping: Dukes in June, Bluecrops by July, then smaller, tarter Elliots to finish the season.
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Allen Telescope Array / Image courtesy of SETI Allen Telescope Array / Image courtesy of SETI Tarter explained it this way: if you set the search space equal to the size of the Earth's oceans, we've only examined one glass of water from those oceans for intelligent life.
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Tarter recounts the iconic discovery of pulsars that started in 1965-66, when a team of graduate students built a new type of radio telescope:Jocelyn Bell and her colleagues spent the summer nailing up kilometers of wire and fence posts to make a low-frequency detector.
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Instead, check out her Creative Class special here:Check back tomorrow as we continue our conversation with Tarter about how the SETI Institute searches for alien life, how that search might change as technology improves, and her life as one of the first women in the industry.
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Jill Tarter, a radio astronomer with the SETI Institute, for instance, has proposed a "nine-dimensional haystack" in which SETI searches range across the three spatial dimensions, time, two polarization dimensions of the radio signal, the central frequency of the radio signal, the sensitivity of receivers, and the way information is encoded in the signal.
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These early reports of deforestation were based on low-resolution satellite and aerial images and flawed surveys that were likely biased by lack of easy access to rural parts of the country, anthropologist Andrew Tarter, an expert on the history of Haiti's economic and spiritual relationship to trees, told me from his home in Port-au-Prince.
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As the SETI Institute's Jill Tarter explains, it's because one of the scientists on the team sent around an email with the title, "Candidate SETI Signal Detected"—an email that reached Paul Gilster of Centauri Dreams, who made it public (Gilster did so after confirming that the email was public, and did not disclose private information).
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Dishes change daily, so, while there is always chicken (thigh and leg, "because Asians don't like white meat," Mr. Yiu said), it might be Hainanese poached chicken on one visit and Filipino chicken inasal the next, a glaze of sweet soy sauce and sesame oil giving way to vinegar and calamansi (a Filipino citrus tarter than lime).
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Església de Sant Pere del Tarter Església de Sant Pere del Tarter is a church located in El Tarter, Canillo Parish, Andorra. It is a heritage property registered in the Cultural Heritage of Andorra. It was built in the 16th century.
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On October 20, 2006, Tarter appeared on the Point of Inquiry podcast to discuss the question: "Are we alone?" Tarter stated, "Humans will have a different view about being human if and when we know the answer to the 'Are we alone?' question." In 2011, Tarter delivered a talk, "Intelligent Life in the Universe: Is Anybody Out There?", at the first Starmus Festival in the Canary Islands.
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In May 2013, the Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 was introduced into Congress. Tarter was listed by one commentator as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass. In 2017, science journalist Sarah Scoles published a biography of Tarter and a history of SETI, called Making Contact: Jill Tarter and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.
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El Tarter () is a village in Andorra, located in the parish of Canillo.
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Jill Cornell Tarter (born January 16, 1944) is an American astronomer best known for her work on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Tarter is the former director of the Center for SETI Research, holding the Bernard M. Oliver Chair for SETI at the SETI Institute. In 2002, Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science.
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Bracewell's debut movie The Gigolos (2007) stars Susannah York, Anna Massey and Siân Phillips alongside newcomers Sacha Tarter and Trevor Sather. Bracewell wrote the film with Tarter and Sather, and directed and produced the film in London (UK) in 2005. He was also cinematographer on the film. The Gigolos had a limited film release by Punk Cinema on 23 March 2007.
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Dante Frasnelli Tarter (6 January 1925 - 10 January 2020) was an Italian- Peruvian Roman Catholic bishop. Frasnelli Tarter was born in Italy and was ordained to the priesthood in 1952. He served as territorial prelate of Huari, Peru, before it became a diocese, from 1967 to 2001.In all period he served as a bishop he was known for his social work for the poor.
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The Festival, founded by astronomer Garik Israelian, was a blend of astronomy, allied sciences, music, and art. Tarter subsequently joined the Starmus Board of Directors, along with Israelian, astrophysicist and Queen founding guitarist Brian May, theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, and others. Her 2011 talk was published in the book Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space. Tarter is a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board.
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She was the first female allowed to observe at the Palomar Observatory. Sara Seager is a Canadian-American astronomer who is currently a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and known for her work on extrasolar planets. Astronomer Jill Tarter is best known for her work on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Tarter was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine in 2004.
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R. F. Tarter WMA land acquisition ($357,381). 1995: Dr. James C. Salato Wildlife Education Center opens (Oct. 1) at the Game Farm. Restoring Our Wildlife Heritage program introduces collector art.
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Bramley apples from County Armagh enjoy Protected Geographical Indication status within the European Union. The apples have a tarter taste than those grown in England, and over 40,000 tonnes are produced annually.
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The village is at an elevation of above sea level and the top of the ski area is at . The gondola from the village rises to , where the ski and board schools as well as restaurants are located. From there, it is possible to ski to the top of the El Tarter gondola or the village of El Tarter itself via the blue-rated 'gall de bosc' run. The village has various hotels, bars, restaurants, as well as ski and snowboard shops.
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He continued to work for NASA well into the Shuttle era.Georg von Tiesenhausen, rocket scientist – obituary, The Telegraph, June 5, 2018.George von Tiesenhausen, Youtube.com interview by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
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Druyan explained: They added the science and religion analogies as a metaphor of philosophical and intellectual interest in searching for the truth of both humanity and alien contact. Sagan incorporated Kip Thorne's study of wormhole space travel into the screenplay. The characterization of Dr. Ellie Arroway was inspired by Dr. Jill Tarter, head of Project Phoenix of the SETI Institute; Jodie Foster researched the lead role by meeting her. Tarter served as a consultant on the story, realistically portraying struggling careers of women scientists from the 1950s to 1970s.
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The film was shot on location in London in 2004 and 2005. Bracewell wrote the story with Tarter and Sather, and was also cinematographer. The dialogue was improvised. It premiered at AFI Fest in Hollywood in November 2005.
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Curtis Bruce Tarter is an American physicist. He was director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1994 to 2002. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from Cornell University. Tarter became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1997, having been nominated by their Division of Astrophysics, for his pioneering research on the physics of photo-ionized plasmas near astrophysical and laboratory x-ray sources and for his leadership of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, maintaining the highest scientific integrity for this major US institution in a time of intense change.
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"Life Beyond Earth" CSICon 2016 Tarter has worked on a number of major scientific projects, most relating to the search for extraterrestrial life. As a graduate student, she was inspired to do SETI research by the Cyclops Report. Stuart Bowyer gave her the report to read when Bowyer discovered that Tarter could program the then-outdated PDP-8/S computer that had been donated by Jack Welch for Bowyer's SETI project at Hat Creek Radio Observatory. She worked with Bowyer on the radio-search project SERENDIP and created the corresponding backronym, "Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emissions from Nearby Developed Intelligent Populations".
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The term "Lynch's Law" was used as early as 1782 by a prominent Virginian named Charles Lynch to describe his actions in suppressing a suspected Loyalist uprising in 1780 during the American Revolutionary War.Brent Tarter. "Lynch, Charles." American National Biography Online, February 2000.
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Some notable departures are the graphical methods as outlined in Tarter and Lock and more recently minimum message length (MML) techniques such as Figueiredo and Jain and to some extent the moment matching pattern analysis routines suggested by McWilliam and Loh (2009).
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More hops are added at the beginning and end of the brewing process for a tarter taste. Holsten Bernstein Lager is a 4.6% ABV amber lager. Holsten Edel ("Noble") is a 4.8% ABV pilsner. It is sold in a 330-ml stubby bottle.
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Although under fire from four ships - the heavy cruiser , the guided-missile light cruiser , the guided-missile destroyer , and the destroyer - and despite John Kings first Tarter missile scoring a direct hit, Mackinac proved hard to sink, and her hull remained largely intact as she slipped beneath the waves.
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However, two companies of 50 men each were recruited from Orange County to the Culpeper Minutemen. One was led by Col. Lawrence Taliaferro. In December 1775, this company fought in the Battle of Great BridgeScribner, Robert L.; Brent Tarter (1977). Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, Vol. 3.
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Tarter grew up in New York State, and graduated from Eastchester High School in 1961 (and was elected to its alumni association's hall of fame in 2001). Prior to his death when she was twelve years old, Tarter's father was an early inspiration by encouraging her curiosity when she resisted suggestions that she follow pursuits considered more appropriate for a girl and announced that she wanted to be an engineer. On family trips to Florida she with her father would look up at the dark skies and wonder who or what might be out there. Tarter earned a Bachelor of Engineering Physics degree as an undergraduate at Cornell University and as the only woman in the engineering program.
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John Boswell (melodysheep), , February 25, 2010. Prior to Seticon II in 2012 Tarter addressed concerns about alien invasion, like those seen in science fiction films, in particular those expressed by Stephen Hawking. Correlated with Hawking's reservations is his belief that humans should not attempt to broadcast signals in order to contact alien civilizations (Active SETI). Tarter thinks that aliens evolved enough to communicate with and travel to Earth will be long-lived enough to have needed to grow beyond violent tendencies. : “Often the aliens of science fiction say more about us than they do about themselves.... While Sir Stephen Hawking warned that alien life might try to conquer or colonize Earth, I respectfully disagree.
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George Donne (1605–1639), a bit player in the establishment of Virginia, is described by historian Brent Tarter as, "the less talented son of the clergyman and poet John Donne." He is chiefly remembered for his 1638 pamphlet, Virginia Reviewed, a plan to reform the government of the Virginia colony.
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The British Film Institute released The Gigolos on DVD on 9 February 2009. Extras on the DVD include The Big Idea, a previously unreleased mockumentary about the business world made by Tarter, Sather and Bracewell, and Gigolos Uncovered, a documentary about the making of The Gigolos by New York filmmaker Paul Sullivan.
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Also worthy of note the lead investigator for the University of Louisville Police Lt. John Tarter, was lead detective on 3 other rape cases in which 3 other defendants were convicted and then later exonerated. In one of those cases, the city paid a $3.9 million settlement to William Gregory, who was cleared by DNA evidence.
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The SETI League makes an annual award honoring the memory of Giordano Bruno to a deserving person or persons who have made a significant contribution to the practice of SETI (the search for extraterrestrial intelligence). The award was proposed by sociologist Donald Tarter in 1995 on the 395th anniversary of Bruno's death. The trophy presented is called a Bruno.
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Ben Hayoun was appointed Designer of Experiences at the SETI Institute under the supervision of David Morrison, Jill Tarter, Franck Marchis and Frank Drake in May 2013. Her work at SETI focuses on extending outreach activities and design in terms of scope, scale, and methods of engagement towards architecture, installations, environments, social system, performances, experiences and narratives, as events.
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On October 2003, the new skiing domain of Grandvalira"Grandvalira Cumple 10 Años Liderando El Mercado De Los Pirineos "Turiski. Published 16 October 2013. became public as result of a commercial merger between Pas de la Casa-Grau Roig and Soldeu-el Tarter. In 2005, Joan Viladomat founded PGI Management to promote, advise on, and manage, ski and mountain projects.
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Grandvalira ski resort Many tourists come to Andorra for shopping. Andorra has become a popular tourist destination in Europe. Andorra has several major ski resorts, including Soldeu/El Tarter and Pal/Arinsal. These are very popular with tourists from Spain, France and the United Kingdom, particularly because their relatively gentle slopes are ideal for less experienced people as well as families.
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A decade in the making, the objective was to find transmissions from alien intelligences. The primary point of observation for the project was the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico. The project began in October 1992 with SETI researcher Jill Tarter on board. However, one year later, first-term Nevada Senator Richard Bryan was responsible for removing funding for the project.
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Tarter's astronomical work is illustrated in Carl Sagan's novel Contact. In the film version of Contact, the protagonist Ellie Arroway is played by Jodie Foster. Tarter conversed with the actress for months before and during filming, and Arroway was "largely based" on Tarter's work. She has also been featured in John Boswell's Symphony of Science music video, "The Poetry of Reality (An Anthem for Science)".
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The Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems (HabCat) is a catalogue of star systems which conceivably have habitable planets. The list was developed by scientists Jill Tarter and Margaret Turnbull under the auspices of Project Phoenix, a part of SETI. The list was based upon the Hipparcos Catalogue (which has 118,218 stars) by filtering on a wide range of star system features. The current list contains 17,129 "HabStars".
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Forewords attached to some online versions of the speech credit the narrator's name as the source of the terms "lynching" and "Lynch law", despite the narrator specifically advocating against lynching. A man named William Lynch did indeed claim to have originated the term during the American Revolutionary War, but he was born in 1742, thirty years after the alleged delivery of the speech.Brent Tarter. "Lynch, Charles".
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Northern Spy produces fairly late in the season (late October and beyond). Skin color is a green ground, flushed with red stripes where not shaded. The white flesh is juicy, crisp and mildly sweet with a rich, aromatic subacid flavor, noted for high vitamin C content. Its characteristic flavor is tarter than most popular varieties, and its flesh is harder/crunchier than most, with a thin skin.
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Subsequent radio searches of this star system have turned up negative. This lack of results has not dampened interest in observing the Tau Ceti system for biosignatures. In 2002, astronomers Margaret Turnbull and Jill Tarter developed the Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems (HabCat) under the auspices of Project Phoenix, another SETI endeavour. The list contained more than theoretically habitable systems, approximately 10% of the original sample.
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Cosmonauts including Alexei Leonov, Yuri Baturin. Scientists Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Jill Tarter, Kip Thorne and many others. Musicians Brian May, Steve Vai, Hanz Zimmer, Rick Wakeman among others. The first Starmus Festival, "50 years in space", was a tribute to the pioneers of the space race focusing on a "Tribute to Yuri Gagarin", fifty years after his first ever space flight on April 12, 1961.
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Starmus logo The Starmus International Festival is an international gathering focused on celebrating astronomy, space exploration, music, art, and allied sciences such as biology and chemistry. It was founded by Garik Israelian, an astronomer at the Institute for Astrophysics in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The Festival has featured Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Alexei Leonov, Jim Lovell, Brian May, Jill Tarter, Kip Thorne, and Rick Wakeman among others.
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Technosignature or technomarker is any measurable property or effect that provides scientific evidence of past or present technology. Technosignatures are analogous to the biosignatures that signal the presence of life, whether or not intelligent. Some authors prefer to exclude radio transmissions from the definition, but such restrictive usage is not widespread. Jill Tarter has proposed that the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) be renamed "the search for technosignatures".
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Trevor Sather (born 3 December 1973) is a British film-writer and actor. Along with Sacha Tarter, Sather co-wrote and co-starred in the 2006 British movie The Gigolos, directed by Richard Bracewell. Sather played the 'gent' to Tarter's 'player' in the movie about a fantasy world of London gigolos and their clients. The movie also starred Susannah York, Anna Massey, Siân Phillips, and British actor and singer Basil Moss.
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After the war, Johnson returned to San Francisco and his law practice. On occasion, an old childhood friend by the name of Bert Webster would drop in. Webster was in the wood box business in Stockton with a fellow named Horace Tarter. The three became fast friends and Johnson was convinced to move his family to Stockton where he incorporated and looked after the legal matters of Tartar and Webster.
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S Newsom (2009). Three of the best budget resorts--Europe's top ski resorts are hideously expensive--but we have a solution, The Sunday Times, 4 October 2009. (Last accessed 2009-10-08) The ski area links to Encamp, Canillo, El Tarter, Grau Roig and Pas de la Casa. The Soldeu Ski School has a large number of native English speaking instructors and has won awards for the quality of its tuition.
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Honorary Member is the highest level of membership in Sigma Pi Sigma. Only distinguished physicists and related scientists who have made valuable contributions to physics at the national level are eligible for this honor. Local chapters may nominate candidates, but election is only by the National Council. Sigma Pi Sigma has elected over a hundred Honorary Members, including Owen Chamberlain, John C. Mather, William D. Phillips, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Jill Tarter, Carl Wieman, and Robert Ballard.
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The project was launched in February 2012 as part of Jill Tarter's 2009 TED Prize Wish. SETILive uses data provided by the Allen Telescope Array and presents it visually so that the public can collectively search for radio signals. The project focuses on radio frequencies that automated detection systems ignore due to the prevalence of man-made noise. Jill Tarter hopes that human analysts will be able to detect low signal-to-noise transmissions which confuse computers.
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In 1727, with Abigail Bowles, she took the ministry to England and Ireland. Over the next thirty years, she continued to travel the eastern seaboard, speaking in Friends’ meetings and also preaching in public venues. In 1738, she married Joseph Hoskins (d. 1773), a prosperous Quaker merchant of Chester, Pa. On her life and the significance of her narrative, see Michele Lise Tarter, “Jane Fenn Hoskens,” Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 200: American Women Prose Writers to 1820, ed.
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Base personnel were tasked with arming submarines with the UGM-27 Polaris missile. In 1960 the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT) was constructed within the base to enable the handling of Terrier, Tarter, and, Hawk, missiles. Buildings were added again in 1969 for the Standard and Red Eye missiles. The base continued to grow through the 1970s, the Marrington area, an additional 2,894 acres located between Red Bank Road and Foster Creek, was added to the Station.
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As the paper expanded, Mindich acquired a half interest. Stark quit in 1972 and began reviewing for the rival Cambridge Phoenix, which had begun October 9, 1969, started by Jeffrey Tarter. The first managing editor of the Cambridge Phoenix was April Smith, who later became a novelist (Good Morning, Killer) and TV writer-producer (Cagney & Lacey, Lou Grant, Nightmares & Dreamscapes). Following a two-week writers' strike in August 1972, the Cambridge Phoenix was sold to Boston After Dark.
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Tarter joins 1,000-point club; ETSU suffers 79-51 loss to Elon On December 20, 2016, senior Shamauria Bridges became ETSU women's basketball's career leader in three-pointers in defeating Coppin State. Bridges ended the game at 242 career threes.Bridges sets career record as ETSU defeats Coppin State, 70-58 Bridges finished the season with 90 made three-pointers, ranking as the most in a single season in school history and fifth most in SoCon history.
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Tarter, Brent, Daydreams & Nightmares, A Virginia Family Faces Secession and War, Univ. of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, 2015 Burwell Spurlock of Wayne County was one of the last to sign the ordinance in November. A number of delegates entered Confederate service; Samuel Woods, John Echols, Franklin P. Turner, Napoleon B. French, Johnson Orrick, Alpheus F. Haymond, Currence B. Conrad, and Benjamin W. Byrne, among others. Five of the delegates who didn't sign the ordinance eventually ran afoul of the Union government in Wheeling.
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Tarter and Lock describe a graphical approach to mixture identification in which a kernel function is applied to an empirical frequency plot so to reduce intra-component variance. In this way one may more readily identify components having differing means. While this λ-method does not require prior knowledge of the number or functional form of the components its success does rely on the choice of the kernel parameters which to some extent implicitly embeds assumptions about the component structure.
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Blackberries at various stages of ripeness: unripe (green), ripening (pink and red), and ripe (black) Grape bunch with grapes at varying levels of ripeness Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable. In general, fruit becomes sweeter, less green (typically "redder"), and softer as it ripens. Even though the acidity of fruit increases as it ripens, the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter. This effect is attributed to the Brix-Acid Ratio.
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In 2002, Turnbull developed the HabCat along with Jill Tarter, a catalog of potentially habitable stellar systems. The following year Turnbull went on to further identify 30 particularly suitable stars from the 5,000 in the HabCat list that are within 100 light years of Earth. In 2006, Turnbull drew up two shortlists of just five stars each. The first formed the basis of SETI radio searches with the Allen Telescope Array (Beta Canum Venaticorum, HD 10307, HD 211415, 18 Scorpii, and 51 Pegasi).
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Even in the absence of close contact between humanity and extraterrestrials, high- information messages from an extraterrestrial civilization to humanity have the potential to cause a great cultural shock. Sociologist Donald Tarter has conjectured that knowledge of extraterrestrial culture and theology has the potential to compromise human allegiance to existing organizational structures and institutions. The cultural shock of meeting an extraterrestrial civilization may be spread over decades or even centuries if an extraterrestrial message to humanity is extremely difficult to decipher.
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Retrieved 2012-02-06 Stuhlinger was interviewed in 1984 by fellow Operation Paperclip scientist Konrad Dannenberg and UAH professor Donald Tarter for an oral history series. This hour-long review of their experiences has information on early space programs."A Future in Space: Messages from the Beginning" (opens in Microsoft Media Player) Retrieved 2012-02-08 In 2004, when he was 90, Stuhlinger helped to raise funds to preserve a Saturn V rocket display at Huntsville, Alabama. Ernst Stuhlinger died in Huntsville at age 94.
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There are two proposed scales for quantifying the significance of transmissions between Earth and potential extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). The Rio Scale, ranging from 0 to 10, was proposed in 2000 as a means of quantifying the significance of a SETI detection. The scale was designed by Iván Almár and Jill Tarter to help policy-makers formulate an initial judgment on a detection's potential consequences. The scale borrows heavily from the Torino Scale, which is used to categorize the hazard of impact of near-earth objects (NEOs).
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The LSC hosts an annual Gala and Genius Award as well as Genius Gallery, a permanent, interactive display. The full list of awardees: 2011: Jane Goodall; 2012: Temple Grandin, Ernő Rubik, Oliver Sacks; 2013: Sir Richard Branson, Garry Kasparov, Cori Bargmann; 2014: Dean Kamen, Sylvia A. Earle, J. Craig Venter; 2015: Jeff Bezos, Vint Cerf, Jill Tarter; 2016: Frank Gehry, Jack Horner, Ellen Langer, Kip Thorne; 2017: Katherine Johnson, Ray Kurzweil, Marc Raibert (and SpotMini); 2018: Vitalik Buterin, George M. Church, Laurie Santos, Sara Seager.
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Speakers included scientists Frank Drake, Alex Filippenko, Seth Shostak, Andrew Fraknoi, David Morrison and Jill Tarter; author Robert J. Sawyer; professional skeptic Phil Plait; graphic artist Paul Duffield; actor Tim Russ; and musician Mickey Hart. During one of the panels, Seth Shostak said he expected proof of extraterrestrial life to be found within 25 years. "Young people in the audience, I think there's a really good chance you're going to see this happen." SETIcon II was held on 22-24 June 2012 and drew about 600 people and 60 speakers, including Bill Nye.
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The accompanying conference programme presents top speakers from the UK and overseas. Past speakers have included Maggie Aderin-Pocock, Alan Bond, Ted Bowell, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Carol Christian, Alberto Conti, Brian Cox, Monica Grady, David A. Hardy, Lucy Hawking, David Hughes, Robin Ince, Mat Irvine, Helen Keen, Rob Kennicutt, Jim Al-Khalili, Ed Krupp, David H. Levy, Chris Lintott, Keith Mason, Brian May, Fulvio Melia, Simon Mitton, Stephen O’Meara, Martin Rees, Ian Ridpath, Chris Riley, Seth Shostak, Simon Singh, David Southwood, Jill Tarter, David Whitehouse, and John Zarnecki. Allan Chapman is a regular speaker.
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The Gigolos is a 2005 British comedy film directed by Richard Bracewell, starring Sacha Tarter, Trevor Sather and Ben Willbond alongside Susannah York, Anna Massey, Angela Pleasence and Siân Phillips. Bracewell's debut feature, The Gigolos is a buddy movie set in the twilight world of the London male escort. In 2010, the Daily Telegraph listed The Gigolos as "the most underrated film of all time". The tag line (according to IMDb) is "Everyone Needs Someone", although UK promotional materials use the quote "A provocative glimpse at open secrets" from The Hollywood Reporter review.
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The SETI Institute was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) California nonprofit organization in 1984 by Thomas Pierson (former CEO), and Dr. Jill Tarter. Financial and leadership support over the life of the SETI Institute has included Carl Sagan, Bernard Oliver, David Packard, William Hewlett, Gordon Moore, Paul Allen, Nathan Myhrvold, Lewis Platt, and Greg Papadopoulos. Two Nobel Laureates have been associated with the SETI Institute: Charles Townes, key inventor of the laser, and the late Baruch Blumberg, who developed the Hepatitis B vaccine. Within the SETI Institute, Andrew Siemion heads the SETI effort.
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She was project scientist for NASA's High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS) in 1992 and 1993 and subsequently director of Project Phoenix (HRMS reconfigured) under the auspices of the SETI Institute. She was co-creator with Margaret Turnbull of the HabCat in 2002, a principal component of Project Phoenix. Tarter has published dozens of technical papers and lectures extensively both on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and the need for proper science education. She had spent 35 years in the quest for extraterrestrial life when she announced her retirement in 2012.
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Four characters from the novel actually exist and were written into it by Schätzing as thanks for answering his questions on the scientific background: and Heiko Sahling are geologists at the University of Bremen, while is a marine biologist and professor at the University of Kiel. John Ford is a marine biologist in British Columbia and an adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia. The character of Samantha Crowe is strongly based on SETI director Jill Tarter, who was also the main inspiration for Jodie Foster's character Ellie Arroway in Contact.
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Supporters of the bill argued that it would bring important attention to the importance of science and the benefits of scientific research, hopefully inspiring more Americans to pursue scientific careers. One commentator, on learning of the proposed position of "Science Laureate of the United States," immediately nominated Neil deGrasse Tyson for the position, listing several humorous and serious qualifications. Neil deGrasse Tyson was also mentioned on a Wired magazine list of potential nominees alongside Brian Greene, Jill Tarter, Mike Brown, and Sylvia Earle. Several concerns about the effectiveness of the bill were raised.
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Starmus Festival In 2011, Israelian founded the Starmus Festival. The Starmus International Festival is an international gathering focused on celebrating astronomy, space exploration, music, art, and allied sciences such as biology and chemistry. Since 2010 the advisory board of Starmus included Garik Israelian, Brian May, Stephen Hawking, Alexei Leonov, Peter Gabriel, Richard Dawkins, Jill Tarter, Jack Szostak (Nobel laureate), Harry Kroto (Nobel Laureate), Richard Dawkins, Robert Williams, Tony Fadell, David Eicher and Emmanuelle Charpentier. There were five festivals that featured Apollo astronauts, including Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, Jim Lovell.
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In 1972, the Copernicus satellite was used to examine this star for the emission of ultraviolet laser signals. Again, the result was negative. ε Indi leads a list, compiled by Margaret Turnbull and Jill Tarter of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, of 17,129 nearby stars most likely to have planets that could support complex life. The star is among five nearby paradigms as K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot’ between Sun-analog stars and M stars for the likelihood of evolved life, per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.
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Delta Pavonis has been identified by Maggie Turnbull and Jill Tarter of the SETI Institute as the "Best SETI target" among the 100 closest G-type stars. Properties in its favor include a high metallicity, minimal level of magnetic activity, low rotation rate, and kinematic membership in the thin disk population of the Milky Way. Gas giants orbiting in, near, or through a star's habitable zone may destabilize the orbits of terrestrial planets in that zone; the lack of detected radial velocity variation suggests that there are no such gas giants orbiting Delta Pavonis. However, observation has detected no artificial radio sources.
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Danielson's primary sponsor was Chico's Auto Parts with the vehicle being the John Nissen and Skip Tarter-owned #9 Dodge. Danielson also has raced in what is now known as the NASCAR K&N; Pro Series West; where he competed in 54 racing events with 26 finishes in the "top ten.Jim Danielson K&N; West racing information at Racing West" His K&N; Pro Series career spanned from 1972 to 1991. Jim Danielson also competed internationally during his career, finishing 9th in the Goodyear NASCAR 500 at the Calder Park Thunderdome in Melbourne, Australia, in February 1988 driving a Buick LeSabre.
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Top qualifier Norm Wilcox (driving for Ted Gotelli) went out to #17 qualifier Jimmy King. "TV Tommy" Ivo, qualified #13, lost to Glen Woosley, who qualified #29. Larry Hendrickson qualified #24, losing to #8 qualifier Gerry Glenn. Jerry "The King" Ruth qualified #14, and was eliminated by #30 qualifier Carl Olson. #6 qualifier Rick Ramsey eliminated #22 qualifier Don "The Snake" Prudhomme. Don Cook qualified #28 and fell to Tom "Mongoo$e" McEwen. #31 qualifier Bill Alexander lost to #15 qualifier Kenny Safford (driving for Larry Bowers). Mike Tarter qualified #27 and lost to Jim Davis (qualified #11).
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Planets, Brown Dwarfs, Stars The objects now called "brown dwarfs" were theorized to exist in the 1960s by Shiv S. Kumar and were originally called black dwarfs, a classification for dark substellar objects floating freely in space that were not massive enough to sustain hydrogen fusion. However: (a) the term black dwarf was already in use to refer to a cold white dwarf; (b) red dwarfs fuse hydrogen; and (c) these objects may be luminous at visible wavelengths early in their lives. Because of this, alternative names for these objects were proposed, including planetar and substar. In 1975, Jill Tarter suggested the term "brown dwarf", using "brown" as an approximate color.
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In 1997, Bailey spoke publicly against ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. C. Bruce Tarter, then LLNL Director, ordered her to refrain from all public discussion of that treaty and other policy issues. Citing freedom of expression guidelines of the University of California (LLNL's institutional oversight body), she testified on her views before Congress and, at the request of Senator Jon Kyl (AZ), briefed several senators on the problems with the CTBT. Following retaliation measures against her at the Laboratory, Bailey retired from LLNL in 1999. She served on US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice’s Arms Control and Nonproliferation Advisory Board (2006–2008).
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The setiQuest project started with Jill Tarter's "TED wish". Tarter was one of three recipients of the 2009 TED prize, which targets outstanding individuals and tries to grant them "one wish to change the world".TED Prize : Wishes Big Enough to Change the World Tarter's wish was: After the award, the project materialized through a website, that later garnered grass-roots public involvement on its discussion forum, and also in IRC meetings, various social networks, and a wiki. Some of these channels were set up by the community itself, and others were facilitated through the support of several institutions, in cooperation with the SETI Institute.
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The former was on behalf of voters in Virginia's 3rd congressional district against Virginia's Governor Andrew Jackson Montague as well as the Secretary of the Commonwealth and the Auditor of Public Accounts, and sought a writ of prohibition against counting the November 1902 election returns and also complained that the party in power sought to disenfranchise colored voters. The convention's delegates by a 47 to 38 majority voted not to submit their work product (which disenfranchised most Black and poor white voters) to voters as promised earlier, but instead proclaimed it as in effect as of July 10, 1902.Brent Tarter, The Grandees of Government (University of Virginia Press 2013) p.
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While Duff Beer comes in several varieties, it is revealed on a Duff Brewery tour in "Duffless" that regular Duff, Duff Light, and Duff Dry are the same beer, although Homer and Barney apparently remain oblivious to the fact. A tasting room contains Duff Dark beer and Duff Gummy Beers candy; it also contains several varieties that Barney stated they had not tried yet, including "Raspberry Duff", "Lady Duff" and "Tarter Control Duff". In "A Tree Grows in Springfield", Homer asks for Moe's best beer, so Moe gives him a Duff Adequate. In "The Great Louse Detective", Duffman claims that Duff Stout is "the beer that made Ireland famous".
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This edition of Pragyan also witnessed the inception of the Pragyan Hackathon as part of its outreach events which saw massive participation from students across the country. With 13 guests coming down to deliver lectures including Marshall Strabala, Dr. Jitendra Joshi, Paul Halpern, Suneet Tuli, Robin Chase, T. S. Krishnamurthy, Ananth Krishnan, Jill Tarter, Raju Venkatraman, Guhesh Ramanathan, Scott R Peppet, Rakshit Tandon and Rakesh Godwani, the guest lectures of the edition were awe-inspiring. Exhibits included NASA Moon Rock, Brain controlled Helicopter, NAO Humanoid Robots and Masha Nazeem's social exhibits. Sangam saw the students of NIT Trichy develop, innovate and exhibit projects such as Drone assisted Navigation, Geodesic Dome project, Fan Wing Aircraft and Perovskite Solar Cell.
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The 2016–17 East Tennessee State Buccaneers women's basketball team represented East Tennessee State University (ETSU) during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The "Bucs", led by fourth-year head coach Brittney Ezell, played their home games at the Freedom Hall Civic Center as members of the Southern Conference (SoCon). They finished the season 16–14, 8–6 in SoCon play to finish in third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the SoCon Women's Tournament to Samford. During the Elon game on December 17, 2016, junior guard Tianna Tarter became the 23rd ETSU women's basketball player to surpass the 1,000-point mark and only the fifth in program history to reach it in three seasons.
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Jill Tarter and Seth Shostak describe the strategies that have been used to listen for artificial signal from technological civilizations far from Earth for over fifty years, so far without success. Ray Kurzweil talks about postbiological evolution and Nick Bostrom talks about transhumanism and the odds that the entire universe, and our sense of it and ourselves, is a simulation by a super-intelligent civilization. Next, Paul Davies and Martin Rees talk about fine-tuning and the anthropic principle, which each indicate that biology has a privileged role in the cosmos. To round out the book with a humanistic perspective, Ben Bova talks about our future in space and Jennifer Michael Hecht rekindles our delight in alien yet familiar life on Earth.
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Four-term Democrat Dick Durbin, the Senate minority whip, was reelected in 2014 and is seeking a fifth term. Mark Curran, who served as sheriff of Lake County from 2006 to 2018, won the Republican primary with 41.55% of the vote and will face Durbin in the general election. Antiwar activist Marilyn Jordan Lawlor and state representative Anne Stava-Murray were going to challenge Durbin in the Democratic primary, but both withdrew. Republicans who ran include businessman Casey Chlebek, U.S. Navy veteran and former police officer Peggy Hubbard, Vietnam War veteran, physician, and 2018 Democratic primary candidate for governor of Illinois Robert Marshall, Omeed Memar, a dermatologist convicted of health care fraud in 2018, Preston Gabriel Nelson, Dean Seppelfrick, and Tom Tarter.
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It again drew comic parallels between those events and politics in modern times. Judged as history, reactions to Kitman's two Washington works were mixed. Brent Tarter, a public historian in Virginia, wrote that the first was "temporarily amusing but highly perishable" while the second was "sometimes carelessly and sometimes even deliberately contemptuous of evidence; it destroys Kitman's credibility with serious readers. Whatever useful he might have to say is impeached by his over-clever prose and his twisting of facts and misrepresentation of historical context in order to make puns, draw irrelevant parallels, and otherwise write in [a] flip and entertaining style ..." British historian Marcus Cunliffe did not quibble with the accuracy of George Washington's Expense Account but found its interpretation comparing Washington to modern practices too stretched.
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337-344 According to Brent Tarter, The Grandees of Government: the origins and persistence of undemocratic politics in Virginia (University of Virginia Press 2013), Democrat Ebbie Combs of Russell County arranged to have state auditors from Richmond audit the poll tax lists of eligible voters shortly after the deadline, precluding late payment of poll taxes in the district's 15 counties, all then controlled by Republican clerks. On September 4, 1923, six months after Slemp completed his last term as Congressman, President Calvin Coolidge appointed him to serve as his secretary, a post similar to the later White House Chief of Staff. Slemp served until March 4, 1925. He resigned early in Coolidge's second term after friction between himself and the President was unable to be resolved and was succeeded by Everett Sanders.
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Dirk Schulze-Makuch disputes this, hypothesizing alternative biochemistries for alien life. While Rare Earth proponents argue that only microbial extremophiles could exist in subsurface habitats beyond Earth, some argue that complex life can also arise in these environments. Examples of extremophile animals such as the Hesiocaeca methanicola, an animal that inhabits ocean floor methane clathrates substances more commonly found in the outer Solar System, the tardigrades which can survive in the vacuum of space or Halicephalobus mephisto which exists in crushing pressure, scorching temperatures and extremely low oxygen levels 3.6 kilometres deep in the Earth's crust, are sometimes cited by critics as complex life capable of thriving in "alien" environments. Jill Tarter counters the classic counterargument that these species adapted to these environments rather than arose in them, by suggesting that we cannot assume conditions for life to emerge which are not actually known.
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The Drake equation, sometimes used to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy, contains the factor or parameter , which is the average number of planetary- mass objects orbiting within the CHZ of each star. A low value lends support to the Rare Earth hypothesis, which posits that intelligent life is a rarity in the Universe, whereas a high value provides evidence for the Copernican mediocrity principle, the view that habitability—and therefore life—is common throughout the Universe. A 1971 NASA report by Drake and Bernard Oliver proposed the "water hole", based on the spectral absorption lines of the hydrogen and hydroxyl components of water, as a good, obvious band for communication with extraterrestrial intelligence that has since been widely adopted by astronomers involved in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. According to Jill Tarter, Margaret Turnbull and many others, CHZ candidates are the priority targets to narrow waterhole searches and the Allen Telescope Array now extends Project Phoenix to such candidates.
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Mixture distributions and the problem of mixture decomposition, that is the identification of its constituent components and the parameters thereof, has been cited in the literature as far back as 1846 (Quetelet in McLachlan, 2000) although common reference is made to the work of Karl Pearson (1894) as the first author to explicitly address the decomposition problem in characterising non-normal attributes of forehead to body length ratios in female shore crab populations. The motivation for this work was provided by the zoologist Walter Frank Raphael Weldon who had speculated in 1893 (in Tarter and Lock) that asymmetry in the histogram of these ratios could signal evolutionary divergence. Pearson's approach was to fit a univariate mixture of two normals to the data by choosing the five parameters of the mixture such that the empirical moments matched that of the model. While his work was successful in identifying two potentially distinct sub-populations and in demonstrating the flexibility of mixtures as a moment matching tool, the formulation required the solution of a 9th degree (nonic) polynomial which at the time posed a significant computational challenge.
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