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"surficial" Definitions
  1. of or relating to a surface
"surficial" Synonyms
superficial

486 Sentences With "surficial"

How to use surficial in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "surficial" and check conjugation/comparative form for "surficial". Mastering all the usages of "surficial" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The daily seismic activity has caused "surficial settlements and created voids" the state Department of Transportation said in a statement.
Surficial, coastal aquifers are already being contaminated by saltwater intrusion on account of the Everglades being too dry, and as the oceans continue to creep up without enough freshwater recharge from the wetlands, the threat is expected to get worse.
In between, the surficial geology consists of wetlands. At the stream's headwaters and on the sides of its valley, the surficial geology consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology at its headwaters mainly consists of Illinoian Lag.
The surficial geology in its vicinity mostly consists of Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in its vicinity includes Wisconsinan Till and bedrock.
To the west, the surficial geology consists entirely of Wisconsinan Till.
At the headwaters, the surficial geology features bedrock containing sandstone and shale.
In the Sybertsville quadrangle, the surficial geology in the valley of Little Wapwallopen Creek mainly consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and some small patches of Wisconsinan Till. The surficial geology on the valley slopes and uplands mainly consists of bedrock. In the quadrangle of Freeland, the surficial geology near Little Wapwallopen Creek mainly features Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and alluvium. The surficial geology near the creek in the Wilkes-Barre West quadrangle mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, with some scattered areas of bedrock and alluvium.
The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of bedrock and Boulder Colluvium.
Unconsolidated surficial materials may also be given a lithology. This is defined by grain size and composition, and is often attached to an interpretation of how the unit formed. Surficial lithologies can be given to lacustrine, coastal, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, and recent volcanic deposits, among others. Examples of surficial lithology classifications used by the US Geological Survey are, "Glacial Till, Loamy", "Saline Lake Sediment", and "Eolian Sediment, Coarse-Textured (Sand Dunes)".
Parts of southeastern United States are dependent on surficial aquifers for their water supplies.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Outwash, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, alluvial fan, and bedrock.
However, it can experience short, high-rate floods on occasion. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Wadham Creek consists largely of alluvium, with some fill. The surficial geology near the creek's middle reaches consists mainly of alluvial fan and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. The surficial geology in the creek's upper reaches features land where coal was once surface mined, with large pits and piles of rock waste.
The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, peat bogs, and wetlands.
The surficial geology in the area mainly features Illinoian Till, Illinoian Leg, alluvium, colluvium, and bedrock.
The sides of the stream's valley have surficial geology featuring bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream's mouth includes alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
In the stream's upper reaches, the surficial geology consists almost entirely of bedrock and Wisconsinan Till.
In the context of economic geology, the surficial data help locate possible reserves of natural resources.
In the stream's upper reaches, the surficial geology mostly consists of Wisconsinan Till and a lake.
In the watershed's northernmost and southernmost reaches, the surficial geology features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology nearby features Wisconsinan Outwash, Wisconsinan Till, fill, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of Illinoian Till, Illinoian Lag, alluvium, colluvium, and bedrock.
The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, Boulder Colluvium, alluvium, and wetlands.
Near the creek's headwaters, the surficial geology consists mainly of Wisconsinan Till and bedrock, with some wetlands.
Further upstream, the surficial geology is fairly similar, but there is a patch of alluvial fan and a wetland near the creek just north of the Susquehanna County line. In the creek's upper reaches, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till, except for a wetland at the headwaters.
The elevation near the mouth of Buck Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology at the mouth of Buck Run consists of alluvium. However, most of the stream's valley has surficial geology featuring Illinoian Till and Illinoian Lag.
Additionally, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs in the surficial geology of large parts of the watershed.
In the upper reaches, the surficial geology near the stream consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and wetlands.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, and bedrock. It has one unnamed tributary.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of the mouth of Marsh Creek consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, though there are some patches of alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and wetlands.
Above the Buttermilk Falls, Buttermilk Creek flows over glacial drift. The creek is a relatively small stream with headwaters in a mountain lake. The surficial geology along most of Buttermilk Creek consists of alluvium. However, in the creek's upper reaches, Wisconinan Till makes up all the surficial geology along it.
The elevation near the mouth of Thurston Hollow is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Thurston Hollow mainly consists of alluvium. To the east, the surficial geology consists of bedrock and some Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, fill, peat bogs, lakes, and wetlands.
The surficial geology in the area consists mainly of bedrock, along with alluvium, colluvium, Illinoian Till, and Illinoain Lag.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, a lake, and some alluvium in the lower reaches.
In the upper reaches, the surficial geology alongside the creek consists entirely of Wisconsinan Till, except for Jones Lake.
The surficial geology in its vicinity includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock, and a lake.
The valley walls and surrounding areas have surficial geology consisting of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of coal, conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, alluvial fan, peat, and wetlands also occur in the surficial geology in the vicinity of the creek.
The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock, and wetlands.
The stream's valley walls and the area surrounding the valley has surficial geology featuring bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of the creek mainly consists of bedrock, Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, fill, wetlands, and lakes.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of colluvium, alluvium, Illinoian Till, Illinoian Lag, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in the stream's vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, surface mining land, and bedrock containing sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, alluvial terrace, and wetlands.
Further away from the stream, the surficial geology includes a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, as well as a patch of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till. The upper reaches of the stream mainly have Wisconsinan Till in their vicinity. The surficial geology of the area features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale in a few places.
The elevation near the mouth of Trout Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. In the lower reaches of Trout Creek, the surficial geology along the valley floor consists of alluvium. The sides of the valley mainly have surficial geology containing bedrock consisting of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Roaring Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. In its lower reaches, Roaring Run flows through a band where the surficial geology consists of alluvium. This area is flanked by areas with a surficial geology consisting of alluvial terrace and alluvial fan.
The elevation near the mouth of Brish Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the mouth of Brish Run consists of alluvium. The rest of the stream flows through land with surficial geology consisting of a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology along much of Kennedy Creek consists of alluvium. However, the surficial geology in the creek's valley as a whole consists mostly of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. There is also a patch of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale at the creek's mouth and a patch of fill where the creek crosses Interstate 81.
There are also patches of alluvial terrace and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift near its mouth. In the creek's upper reaches, the surficial geology immediately adjacent to the creek is also alluvium, while the surficial geology in most of the rest of the valley is Wisconsinan Till. There are also two wetland patches near the creek in this reach.
However, there is evidence of it downstream of Interstate 81. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the creek mainly consists of urban land. However, coal dumps, surface mining land, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock are also present. Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till and bedrock, as well as other things.
The surficial geology in the area consists mainly of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, wetlands, and bedrock consisting of shale and sandstone.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of the creek also features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale in a number of places.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Outwash, Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift, alluvium, alluvial fan, and bedrock.
Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of bedrock consisting of conglomerate, shale, and sandstone. Wisconsinan Till is also present in some areas.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Monument Creek consists of bedrock, Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and fill.
In the upper reaches, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till, and the valley sides have bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in the stream's vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, Wisconsinan Ice Contact-Stratified Drift, alluvium, and sand and gravel pits.
Surficial geology in the area mainly consists of alluvium, Boulder Colluvium, Wisconsinan Till Moraine, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology at the headwaters consists entirely of Wisconsinan Till. Broad Hollow Run is in the vicinity of the North Mountain region.
Much of the stream's valley also has this in its surficial geology. However, there are patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
Little Creek is designated as Class A Wild Trout Waters. The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till and alluvium.
The valleys of North Branch Bowman Creek and South Branch Bowman Creek are the only places in the Sweet Valley quadrangle where this type of surficial geology occurs. Part of the creek's valley also has surficial geology of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, which occurs on the valley walls and part of the valley floor. Most of the rest of the surficial geology along the creek consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, but there are wetlands and peat bogs as well. A talus deposit with sandstone boulders is located in the vicinity of North Branch Bowman Creek.
The surficial geology immediately adjacent to the creek mostly consists of alluvium. However, much of the rest of the valley has surficial geology consisting of Wisconsinan Till. There are also a few patches of alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, wetlands, peat bogs, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. There are also two small sandstone quarry dump patches, consisting of chunks of broken sandstone.
The average depth of the bedrock in the watershed is . The surficial geology in much of the watershed of Miller Run consists of unconsolidated sediment from the Pleistocene period. This is mostly a yellow-to-tan silt called loess, which has a depth of several inches to . Other components of the watershed's surficial geology include gravelly till and outwash sediment.
The pits are generally several hundred feet long and less than deep. There is a smaller patch of such land further upstream as well. Additionally, the surficial geology near the stream includes some patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The total thickness of surficial deposits in the vicinity of Rogers Brook is more than for most of the stream's length.
The elevation near the mouth of Stone Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Stone Run mainly consists of alluvium, while Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift occurs in the vicinity. However, further upstream, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till.
For most of its length, the surficial geology in the vicinity of Fades Creek consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Intact Stratified Drift, and resedimented or glacial tills such as Wisconsinan Till and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till. However, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale also occurs in the surficial geology in the creek's vicinity, as do a few small patches of wetland.
The elevation near the mouth of Whitelock Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Whitelock Creek mainly consists of alluvium. The sides of its valley have surficial geology featuring Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of coal, conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale.
Part of Moneypenny Falls The elevation near the mouth of Moneypenny Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between . The surficial geology along the lowest reaches of Moneypenny Creek mainly consists of alluvium, although Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock occur nearby. Slightly further upstream, the surficial geology mainly consists of alluvium and bedrock.
The elevation near the mouth of Little Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Little Creek mainly consists of alluvium, though there is a till known as Wisconsinan Till in the surrounding valley. Along the upper reaches of the creek, the surficial geology is mostly Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, wetlands, peat bogs, and sand and gravel pits.
The surficial geology in the area consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, alluvium, bedrock, fill, sand and gravel pits, and wetlands.
14: Topography and surficial structure of Lake Superior bedrock as based on seismic reflection profiles. Geological Society of America Memoirs, 156, pp. 257-272.
The surficial geology in its watershed features Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock consisting of sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, shale, and coal.
Further upstream, all of these types of surficial geology are present. However, patches of alluvial fan and a sand and gravel pit are present.
The principal ground-water-supply sources for Brunswick County are the surficial aquifer for domestic supplies and the Castle Hayne aquifer for municipal supplies.
The surficial geology in the area mainly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, as well as a small amount of Boulder Colluvium and alluvium.
A planned trail is in its vicinity. The surficial geology in the area consists of alluvium, bedrock, peat bogs, wetlands, Boulder Colluvium, and Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in the stream's middle and upper reaches consists of Wisconsinan Till, but bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs near its valley.
In the upper reaches, the surficial geology is mostly Wisconsinan Till, with some alluvium and wetland. Tinker Creek has been described as a small creek.
The elevation near the mouth of Partners Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology at the mouth of Partners Creek consists of alluvial fan. Further upstream, the surficial geology mainly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, but there are large patches of alluvium and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale in the area.
The elevation near the mouth of Wolf Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is just over above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Wolf Run consists of alluvium and alluvial fan, which both contain stratified sand, silt, and gravel, as well as some boulders. Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
Further upstream, the surficial geology immediately adjacent to the creek consists of alluvium, but it eventually switches to Wisconsinan Till, which also makes up most of the surficial geology elsewhere in the watershed. However, there are a few large patches of bedrock and a few small patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. Additionally, there are several patches of wetlands and peat bogs, especially near the headwaters.
The elevation near the mouth of York Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of York Run mainly consists of alluvium, alluvial fan, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till and alluvium, but bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale is also in the area.
The elevation near the mouth of Hettesheimer Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the mouth of Hettesheimer Run consists of alluvial fan, alluvial terrace, alluvium, and Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift. Further upstream, the surficial geology along the stream consists of alluvium, while Wisconsinan Till is also in the area.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Bear Hollow Creek features alluvium in its lower and upper reaches. Glacial or resedimented tills such as Wisconsinan Till and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till occur in the creek's valley and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs in the surficial geology on the slopes of the valley. A patch of peat bog is situated in the creek's middle reaches.
The elevation near the mouth of Leslie Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology at the mouth of Leslie Creek mainly consists of alluvial fan, with some alluvium. Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek consists mainly of alluvium, but the sides of the valley have a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Bear Swamp Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Bear Swamp Creek mainly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, plus some patches of alluvium. However, the nearby Carey Hill has surficial geology consisting almost entirely of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Little Indian Run is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along the middle reaches of the valley floor of Little Indian Run mainly consists of alluvium. However, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale makes up the surficial geology on the sides of the stream's valley in this reach.
Additionally, many areas have surficial geology featuring bedrock made of coal, conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale. The surficial geology alongside the creek continues to feature alluvium as far upstream as Lake Louise. However, in the watershed's upper reaches, Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale are more common. There is also a patch of Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift near the creek's headwaters.
The surficial geology along the creek and in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, alluvial fan, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The arrival of humans in the Holocene began to alter the surficial geology and hydrogeology of Nebraska, particularly since the advent of statehood, with widespread agriculture.
Panther Creek is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
However, it has been affected by sewage contamination. The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and wetlands.
Numerous macroinvertebrate taxa also inhabit the stream. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream's lower reaches mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, and Boulder Colluvium.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Outwash, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, wetlands, and peat bogs.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists mostly of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, and other things. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
There are a number of arcuate till ridges in the vicinity of Slip Run. Conglomerate erratics also occur to the west of the stream's valley. The surficial geology at the mouth of Slip Run consists of alluvium and Boulder Colluvium, which contains numerous boulders made of sandstone, conglomerate, and quartz. Further upstream, the surficial geology features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, with Boulder Colluvium occurring on a nearby upland.
The elevation near the mouth of Tower Branch is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Tower Branch mainly consists of alluvial fan. Most of the area in stream's vicinity has its surficial geology dominated by a till known as Wisconsinan Till, but there are patches of alluvium and smaller patches of lakes and wetlands.
Beaver Run looking upstream near its mouth The elevation near the mouth of Beaver Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Beaver Run mainly consists of alluvial terrace, alluvium, and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. The latter two types of surficial geology are also common further upstream, as is Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift.
The elevation near the mouth of Monroe Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Monroe Creek mainly consists of alluvium and alluvial terrace. Further upstream, it consists of alluvium and a till known as Wisconsinan Till, although bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs in the surficial geology on some nearby hills.
Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs in the surficial geology on parts of some hills near the stream. Tower Branch is not designated as an impaired waterbody.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, and Wisconsinan Till. Its watershed is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
Surficial Geology of the Middle Illinois River Valley, Bureau, Marshall, Peoria, Putnam, and Woodford Counties, Illinois. Illinois Map 16. Scale: 1:48,000. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey.
In the Sweet Valley quadrangle, the stream passes through land with a surficial geology consisting of Wisconsinan Till, but bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale is not far away.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of its lower reaches mostly consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Till, but there are patches of alluvial fan and bedrock nearby as well.
The elevation near the mouth of Nine Partners Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology inside the valley of Nine Partners Creek in its lower reaches mainly consists of alluvium and fill, although there is a small patch of alluvial fan. The sides of the valley have surficial geology containing a till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
However, there are patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift at the mouth and alluvial fan further upstream. The surficial geology in the stream's upper reaches consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, which also lines its valley throughout its length. Wetlands, peat bogs, lakes, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale also occur in the watershed's surficial geology. Billings Mill Brook flows through a valley known as Whippoorwill Hollow in its upper reaches.
The elevation near the mouth of East Branch Field Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower and middle reaches of East Branch Field Brook mainly consists of alluvium, while the rest of the stream's valley has surficial geology consisting of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, near the mouth of the stream, there is a patch of alluvial terrace.
Sorber Run looking downstream in its upper reaches The elevation near the mouth of Sorber Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. For most of the length of Sorber Run, the surficial geology immediately next to it consists of alluvium. However, the surficial geology of alluvium does not extend very far from the stream before being replaced by a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
In the upper reaches, Lai Nullah cuts through the surficial deposits, which generally consists of Potwar loessic silt. In deposits forming a thick mantle over. In lower reaches of Lai Nullah, the surficial deposits are found to be present directly over older formation, where the Lai Conglomerate has been removed by degradation. The Lai Nullah Basin receives heavy rainfall averaging 500 mm in the monsoon season (July September) every year leading to heavy flood discharge.
The elevation near the mouth of Field Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Field Brook consists mostly of alluvium, but there is some till known as Wisconsinan Till in this reach as well. In the stream's middle reaches, the surficial geology alongside it consists mostly of alluvium, while the rest of the valley is mostly Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Tinker Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along Tinker Creek in its lower reaches mainly includes a till known as Wisconsnain Till. Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek consists mostly of alluvium, though there are various patches of Wisconsinnan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, wetlands, lakes, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology near the lower reaches of the stream mainly consists of alluvium (which contains stratified sand, silt, and gravel, as well as some boulders) and coal dumps. Further upstream, the surficial geology mostly features land that has been surface mined for coal, with some coal dumps to the east. Near the headwaters of the stream, there is surface mining land as well as a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in the area consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, and wetlands. A bog known as the Painter Creek Bog is listed on the Lackawanna County Natural Areas Inventory.
Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, 15th Annual Field Trip Guidebook, p. 74-84.Westgate, J.A. 1968. Surficial geology of the Foremost – Cypress Hills area, Alberta. Research Council of Alberta, Bulletin 22.
The stream has one waterfall, which is known as Shingle Cabin Falls. The surficial geology in the area features Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
Much of the geomorphology and surficial deposits of New England are a result of glaciation in the Quaternary period. The scoured New England landscape reveals evidence of the Wisconsin Glacial Period.
Near the stream's unnamed tributary, there is an area where the surficial deposits measure more than thick. Rogers Brook drains a portion of the western side of the Moosic Mountain Ridge.
The surficial geology near its mouth consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Outwash, and Wisconsinan Till. The creek is a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery, a Migratory Fishery, and Class A Wild Trout Waters.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, and Wisconsinan Till. Its watershed is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists mainly of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Outwash, and peat bogs. Several bridges have been constructed over the creek.
However, it is considered to be impaired by abandoned mine drainage. The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity consists of alluvium, fill, urban land, strip mining land, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
Near its mouth, the surficial geology in the vicinity of Nanticoke Creek mainly consists of alluvium (which mainly consists of stratified silt, sand, and gravel, with some boulders), Wisconsinan Outwash (which contains stratified sand and gravel), and urban land (which is highly disrupted by cut and fill). Further upstream, the surficial geology mainly consists of coal dumps and surface mining land (both of which are rich in rick waste), as well as a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The upper reaches of the creek mainly are around surficial geology consisting of surface mining land, bedrock, and Wisconsinan Till. Mountains such as Little Wilkes-Barre Mountain and Penobscot Mountain are partially in the watershed.
A surficial aquifer consisting mostly of clay, shells, and sand is over a confining layer of denser materials. Wells are drilled in the surficial aquifer, which supplies better quality water in areas where the deepest aquifer has a high mineral content. Occasionally the confining layer is fractured to allow breaches of water to percolate down to recharge the layer below. The Floridan Aquifer, underneath the confining layer, underlies the entire state and portions of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina.
The creek's valley is the only place in the Sweet Valley quadrangle with the exception of the valley of North Branch Bowman Creek. Further upstream in the valley, there is Wiscoinsnan Bouldery Till, more Boulder Colluvium, and a patch of Wisconsinan Till. The valley walls have surficial geology consisting of bedrock made of sandstone and shale. In the creek's upper reaches, the surficial geology along it mainly consists of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, Wisconsinan Till, and wetlands.
Acoustic seabed classification is possible using a wide range of acoustic imaging systems including multibeam echosounders, sidescan sonar, single-beam echosounders, interferometric systems and sub-bottom profilers. Seabed classification based on acoustic properties can be divided into two main categories; surficial seabed classification and sub-surface seabed classification. Sub-surface imaging technologies use lower frequency sound to provide higher penetration, whereas surficial imaging technologies provide higher resolution imagery by utilizing higher frequencies (especially in shallow water).
Surficial aquifers are shallow aquifers typically less than thick, but larger surficial aquifers of about have been mapped. They mostly consist of unconsolidated sand enclosed by layers of limestone, sandstone or clay and the water is commonly extracted for urban use. The aquifers are replenished by streams and from precipitation and can vary in volume considerably as the water table fluctuates. Being shallow, they are susceptible to contamination by fuel spills, industrial discharge, landfills, and saltwater.
Some have been contaminated by saltwater, yet they provide most of the public freshwater supply southwest of Lake Okeechobee and along the Atlantic coast north of Palm Beach. In surficial aquifers, the groundwater continuously moves along the hydraulic gradient from areas of recharge to streams and other places of discharge. Surficial aquifers are recharged locally as the water table fluctuates in response to drought or rainfall. Therefore, the temperature and flow from water-table springs varies.
The elevation near the mouth of Broad Hollow Run is above sea level. The elevation near the source of Broad Hollow Run is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Broad Hollow Run consists of alluvium (which contains stratified sand, silt, gravel, and some boulders) and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. Further upstream, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till and alluvial fan, some of which is underlain by glacial lake clays.
Wisconsinan Outwash, which consists of stratified sand and gravel, forms terraces along the flank of the valley of Beaver Run. Alluvium also occurs in the surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream, as does Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and a patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. Further upstream, there is Wisconsinan Till, alluvial fan, and a lake. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs in the surficial geology near the stream's valley throughout much of its length.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream's lower reaches consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock, and alluvium. A bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 690 crosses the stream.
The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The stream is designated as a Least Disturbed Stream.
Chepiwanoxet Point is mapped on the East Greenwich 7.5-minute quadrangle. Bedrock and surficial geologic maps for the quadrangle were published by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Rhode Island State Geologist.
Humans arrived in Maine beginning in the early Holocene and human activity has played an increasing role in the surficial geology of the region since the start of European colonization and statehood.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Outwash, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, and a lake. The stream's watershed is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Nine Partners Creek includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, alluvial fan, and wetlands. The creek's drainage basin is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
In the upper reaches of the creek, the surficial geology is almost entirely Wisconsinan Till, but there is some bedrock. A channel restoration project for a reach of Moneypenny Creek has been proposed.
The elevation near the mouth of East Branch Roaring Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the stream is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of East Branch Roaring Brook alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock consisting of conglomeratic sandstone and sandstone and shale, fill, and sand and gravel pits. Further upstream, the surficial geology mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
During pre-glacial times, Rogers Creek likely flowed through a saddle to the north of the gorge through which it currently flows. The saddle is now filled with glacial deposits and the road from Harveyville to Muhlenburg runs through its former location. The surficial geology along Rogers Creek mainly consists of alluvium and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. In most of the rest of the creek's watershed, the surficial geology features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Taques Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the creek is above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Taques Creek mainly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, though there is some fill and alluvium at the mouth. Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek itself mainly consists of alluvium, though most of the rest of the valley is Wisconsinan Till.
Further upstream, the surficial geology in the area mostly consists of Wisconsinan Till, but there are large patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, smaller patches of alluvium and wetland, and a lake.
There is also a patch of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till at the headwaters; it is rich in boulders. The surficial geology along the sides of the stream's valley includes bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists mainly of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, with some lakes, wetlands, bedrock, and alluvial fan. The stream's drainage basin is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
The surficial geology near the creek features alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Boulder Till, a peat bog, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. Bear Hollow is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory.
The creek has two named tributaries: Collins Creek and Lidy Creek. The surficial geology in its vicinity includes urban land, coal dumps, surface mining land, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
Boulder Colluvium contains numerous boulders made of quartz, sandstone, or conglomerate. The surficial geology in the upper reaches of the stream is much the same, with Boulder Colluvium on the valley floors and bedrock elsewhere.
It flows through a lake known as Tingley Lake in its upper reaches. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Leslie Creek mainly includes Wisconsinan Till and alluvium, with some alluvial fan, wetlands, and lakes.
Moneypenny Creek has experienced flash flooding. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, alluvium, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. The creek's watershed is a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
The stream has one unnamed tributary. Many reaches of the stream have been affected by mining and abandoned mines. The surficial geology in its vicinity features alluvium, coal dumps, surface mining land, and Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Big Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along the valley floor in parts of the middle or upper reaches of Big Run mostly consists of alluvium, which contains stratified sand and gravel. However, there are patches of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan and Illinoian Lag, Illinoian Till, and Illinoian Lag nearby, and the valley sides have surficial geology of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale in some reaches.
Lateritic nickel ore deposits are surficial, weathered rinds formed on ultramafic rocks. They account for 73% of the continental world nickel resources and will be in the future the dominant source for the mining of nickel.
The drainage basin of Partners Creek is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the creek consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, wetlands, lakes, and alluvial fan.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Brish Run mostly consists of Wisconsinan Till, but there is alluvium near its mouth and also bedrock in the area. The stream is being considered for wild trout designation.
Further upstream, the surficial geology in the creek's vicinity consists mainly of Wisconsinan Till, with some patches of bedrock, Boulder Colluvium, peat bogs, and wetlands. The concentration of alkalinity in Kellum Creek is 20 milligrams per liter.
There are also some patches of Illinoian Till and Illinoian Lag in the middle and upper reaches of the watershed. The surficial geology everywhere else in the stream's vicinity consists of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
Some strip mining has been done in the stream's vicinity and it has a high load of sediment. The surficial geology in the stream's vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, surface mining land, bedrock, urban land, and wetlands.
Wild trout inhabit Paint Spring Run. Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift, alluvium, peat bogs, wetlands, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale all occur in the surficial geology in the stream's vicinity.
To the south and west, however, the surficial geology consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. A small patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift also occurs a short distance to the west of the lake.
Rhode Island's surficial geology includes sediments, soil and groundwater near the surface and lying atop the bedrock lithology. As a result of Pleistocene glaciation, much of the state is covered in glacial till including virtually all of the towns of Tiverton, Middletown, Newport, Portsmouth, Bristol, Jamestown, Burrilville and Foster. Glacial outwash dominates in Providence, Pawtucket, Cranston, Woonsocket, Pawtucket, Warwick and sections of the coast and interior. The soils of Rhode Island are a part of the state's surficial geology, but are often studied separately because of their role in development planning, construction and agriculture.
The streambed of Keeler Creek, including many clam shells The elevation near the mouth of Keeler Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Keeler Creek mainly consist of alluvium (containing stratified sand, silt, and gravel), Wisconsinan Outwash, and sand and gravel pits with steep sides that can be dozens of feet deep. Further upstream, the surficial geology mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology of the surrounding valley in the lower reaches mainly includes bedrock and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek includes some alluvium, but mostly Wisconsinan Till. There are also a few patches of wetlands and lakes. The valley of Bell Creek in its upper reaches includes a "beaded valley" that was little affected by glacial erosion but considerably affected by glacial deposition, to the point that large amounts of glacial till partly or fully block off individual valleys.
Relationships are interpreted between landform development, current and past geologic processes, ground and surface water, and the strength characteristics of soil and rock. Processes evaluated include both surficial processes (for example, slope, fluvial, and coastal processes), and deep-seated processes (for example, volcanic activity and seismicity). Geotechnical zones or domains are designated based on soil and rocked geological strength characteristics, common landforms, related geologic processes, or other pertinent factors. Proposed developmental modifications are evaluated and, where appropriate, analyzed to predict potential or likely changes in types and rates of surficial geologic processes.
The surficial geology along the stream in its lower reaches mainly consists of alluvium, surface mining land, coal dumps, and fill. There are also areas of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till nearby, and also bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. Further upstream, the surficial geology in the stream's vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, but there are patches of alluvium and peat bogs near the Brace Brook Reservoir. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale lines the sides of the stream's valley in its middle reaches.
Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek continues to consist mainly of alluvium, but there are several patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift nearby, as well as one small patch of alluvial fan. Wisconsinan Till continues to line the sides of the valley and bedrock is present on nearby hills. In the upper reaches, the surficial geology along the creek mainly includes Wisconsinan Till, but there are patches of alluvial fan, alluvium, and wetlands. At the headwaters, there is Butler Lake and patches of wetlands and peat bogs.
It has an alkalinity concentration of 2 milligrams per liter, but is slightly acidic. The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
Bareback Ridge () is an irregular ridge extending north from Olstad Peak in central Annenkov Island, South Georgia. The UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee name stems from the absence of surficial material and vegetation from its top and sides.
In the vicinity of the creek's upper reaches, the surficial geology mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, although there is some alluvium and a patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift near the confluence of the tributary Horton Creek.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Field Brook consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, bedrock, wetlands, and a lake. The watershed of the stream is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
There are also patches of alluvial fan, alluvial terrace, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. In the upper reaches, the surficial geology is mostly Wisconsinan Till, but there is a patch of alluvium, wetlands, and a lake.
Slightly further upstream (and slightly further away in the lower reaches), there is a till known as Wisconsinan Till in the surficial geology. There are also patches of alluvial fan and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale nearby.
The Espy Run Wetlands and the Espy Run discharge are in the stream's vicinity. The surficial geology in the area consists of urban land, coal dumps, surface mining land, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock.
Numerous bridges have been constructed across the creek. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and wetlands. Numerous bridges have also been constructed across the creek.
At least one bridge crosses the creek and the community of Broadway and several wetlands are in the watershed. The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, alluvium, wetlands, and bedrock.
Lake Run is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, Boulder Colluvium, alluvium, bedrock, sand and gravel pits, fill, wetlands, peat bogs, and a lake.
On the sides of its valley, there is bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. At the mouth of the stream, the surficial geology features Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel, as well as some boulders.
Geologically recent windblown sands from the Kalahari Desert and alluvial deposits near rivers play an important role in the modern surficial geology of Zambia. The country has extensive natural resources, particularly copper, but also cobalt, emeralds, other gemstones, uranium and coal.
A typical workflow for tackling geological problem, starting from defining the problem down to data selection and interpretation, inspired by Gupta (1991)An example of a mineral quartz spectral reflectance curveRemote sensing can aid surficial geological mapping and landform characterization.
Surficial soil is a good proxy to the geology underneath. Some of the properties of soil, alongside lithology mentioned above, are retrievable in remote sensing data, for instance Landsat ETM+, to develop the soil horizon and therefore aid its classification.
Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek consists almost entirely of alluvium. However, large patches of Wisconsinan Till and bedrock, as well as smaller patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Outwash, and peat bogs occur in close proximity.
However, there is also alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Dirft in the area. Further upstream, the surficial geology in the stream's vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, but there is bedrock and Wisconsinan Till in the area.
Further upstream, the surficial geology near the creek mainly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, with bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale on nearby hills, a patch of alluvium, a small patch of fill, and a couple of lakes.
However, patches of alluvium, wetlands, and lakes occur along some areas of the creek and the surficial geology on some nearby hills include bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. There is also a patch of alluvial fan near the mouth of the creek.
The creek is crossed by a pipeline and a bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 118. Wisconsinan Ice-Intact Stratified Drift, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale all occur in the surficial geology in the creek's vicinity.
Surficial Geology of the Edgar NW 7.5 Minute Quadrangle: Version 1.0. Conservation and Survey Division (Nebraska Geological Survey), School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. scale 1:24,000, supplement. Since European settlement of this region, about 90% of these wetlands have disappeared.
There are some patches of peat bogs, wetlands, and lakes near the creek, but the surficial geology in the upper reaches mostly consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Till, with some bedrock further away. Bear Swamp is not designated as an impaired waterbody.
Scientific Society Proceedings, v. 3, pt. 1, p. 86 118.Shroba, R.R., and Carrara, P.E., 1996, Surficial geologic map of the Rocky Flats environmental technology site and vicinity, Jefferson and Boulder Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map, I 2526.King, C. 1876.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till. The stream is classified as Class A Wild Trout Waters and its watershed is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
Butternut Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Lake Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology along the stream consists of Wisconsinan Till.
However, the majority of the watershed has surficial geology featuring a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. There are also a few scattered patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. Black Ash Creek is not considered to be an impaired stream.
The Chimantá Massif is a highly fragmented complex of tepuis in Bolívar state, Venezuela. The massif comprises around 11 tepuisBriceño, H., C. Schubert & J. Paolini (1990). Table-mountain geology and surficial geochemistry: Chimantá Massif, Venezuelan Guayana Shield. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3(4): 179–194.
Further upstream, there is no urban land, but the surficial geology still includes bedrock, as well as surface mining land. Near the headwaters, there is Wisconsinan Till, surface mining land, and a patch of wetland. Little Roaring Brook flows through eight pipes whose diameters range from .
The surficial geology along the lower reaches of the stream mainly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. However, there is alluvial fan and alluvium near the mouth. There are a number of cascades on Cherry Run. The stream also flows through a glen at one point.
As of 2006, the city owned water utility drew about of its water supply from two wellfields tapping a surficial aquifer. A new wellfield drawing per day from the Floridan aquifer was added in 2016. retrieved June 24, 2008 The water department had 22,000 customers in 2010.
However, in the vicinity of the creek's upper reaches, the surficial geology mainly consists of the bedrock and a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. One proposed route for the Susquehanna-Roseland 500 kV Transmission Line would pass through the watershed of Obendoffers Creek.
Themes include: bedrock geology, surficial geology, mineral resource data, groundwater aquifer data, geophysical and geochemical data, bedrock topography and overburden thickness, plus many more themes. OGS regularly shares information and fosters discussion about Ontario's geology on its OGS Facebook page and via its OGS Twitter page.
Surface mining land consists of linear pits and piles of waste rock. The pits are generally several hundred feet long and less than deep. Additionally, some areas of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occur in the surficial geology near the creek, but not right alongside it.
In the early 1900s, the Glen Brook Water Company planned to construct a dam on the creek. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Pond Creek includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, boulder alluvium, alluvial fan, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, as well as some patches of wetland.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Shingle Cabin Brook mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale is also present on the sides of its valley. Wisconsinan Bouldery Till is also present at the stream's headwaters.
Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale is in the surficial geology at the mouth of the stream. In the upper reaches, there is mainly a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there is also a small patch of fill where the stream crosses Pennsylvania Route 118.
Beth Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Ross Township and Lake Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology along it consists of Wisconsinan Till and alluvium.
Wolf Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Ross Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, alluvial fan, and bedrock.
The elevation near the mouth of Mill Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Mill Creek mainly consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. However, slightly further upstream, Wisconsinan Till dominates.
The elevation near the mouth of Horton Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Horton Creek mainly consists of alluvium. However, a till known as Wisconsinan Till lines the creek's valley.
There are very thick layers of till on the north side and bedrock on the south side. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Dundaff Creek mainly consists of alluvium, with some patches of wetland and Wisconsinan Outwash nearby and Wisconsinan Till on the side of the valley. Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek is still predominantly alluvium, but the alluvium band is thinner, with Wisconsinan Till coming much closer to the creek. There are also patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale nearby, as well as a patch of Wisconsinan Outwash, a patch of alluvial fan and a much smaller patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift.
The lower Coloso Formation contains a majority of andesite clasts while the upper Coloso Formation contains more diorite. Possibly, this difference indicates a sequence of erosion starting from more surficial volcanic rocks and then plutonic rocks. Diagenesis has formed analcime, calcite and hematite in the matrix of the lower Coloso Formation.
A map of the aquifer. The Biscayne Aquifer, named after Biscayne Bay, is a surficial aquifer. It is a shallow layer of highly permeable limestone under a portion of South Florida. The area it underlies includes Broward County, Miami-Dade County, Monroe County, and Palm Beach County, a total of about .
In the stream's upper reaches, the surficial geology consists of Wisconsinan Till. During the Ice Age, when the receding glacier in the valley of Bowman Creek reached the mouth of Sorber Run, the lower outlets of Glacial Lake Bowman opened. Sorber Run is classified as a High-gradient Clearwater Creek.
The elevation near the mouth of Butternut Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the length of Butternut Run features a till known as Wisconsinan Till. In the streams lower reaches, this is underlain by glacial lake clays.
Bell Creek is a tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Gibson Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The surficial geology the creek's vicinity includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, wetlands, lakes, and alluvial fan.
The elevation near the mouth of Bell Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology alongside Bell Creek at its mouth consists of alluvial fan. Further upstream, there is alluvium and a patch of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
For example, in the southern Appalachians, high-elevation outcrops, composition gradients are a function of elevation, potential solar radiation, geographic gradient that corresponds to broad geological differences (mafic rocks to the northwest vs. felsic rocks in the southwest direction), and surficial geomorphology (bedrock surfaces that are less fractured in the southeast).
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, and fill. A number of bridges have been constructed over Kennedy Creek. The watershed of the creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The creek flows through Lackawanna State Park in its lower reaches.
There is no public access to the lake. Lake Manjo is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Center Moreland. It is also located near the community of Center Moreland. The surficial geology immediately to the north of Lake Manjo mainly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Boston Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Boston Run is a small stream. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Boston Run mainly consists of Wisconsinan Outwash, which contains stratified sand and gravel.
The elevation near the mouth of York Hollow is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of York Hollow mainly consists of alluvium and colluvium. However, there is also Illinoian Till and Illinoian Lag present, as well as bedrock.
Geologists also study unlithified materials (referred to as drift), which typically come from more recent deposits. These materials are superficial deposits that lie above the bedrock."Surficial Geologic Maps" in New Hampshire Geological Survey, Geologic maps. des.nh.gov This study is often known as Quaternary geology, after the Quaternary period of geologic history.
The surficial geology in its vicinity includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, wetlands, lakes, bedrock, and alluvial fan. The dominant land uses in the creek's watershed include forested land and agricultural land. A number of bridges have been constructed over the creek. Its drainage basin is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
Sediment and soils make up much of the surficial geology of Nebraska and play an important role in the state's agricultural economy. A total of 138 soil series are known within the state, divided up into additional phases and types. Forty nine percent of the land surface is covered by 17 soil series.
The elevation near the mouth of Horton Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Horton Creek mainly consists of alluvium and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there is also an area of Wisconsinan Outwash nearby.
York Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Noxen Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, alluvial fan, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift.
Broad Hollow Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Noxen Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream consists of alluvium, alluvial fan, and Wisconsinan Till.
Further upstream the surficial geology is fairly similar, and there is another patch of alluvial fan. However, there is also a patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale also occurs near the creek's valley. There is a beaded valley in the watershed of East Branch Martins Creek.
The elevation near the mouth of Utley Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the valley of Utley Brook mostly consists of alluvium and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there are also wetlands and lakes in the valley.
The elevation near the mouth of South Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology of the land adjacent to South Run mainly consists of alluvium. However, large areas of a till known as Wisconsinan Till also occur in the stream's watershed.
The elevation near the mouth of Gardner Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. For most of the length of Gardner Creek, the surficial geology on the floor of its valley consists mainly of alluvium. However, alluvial terrace is present in the lower reaches.
It is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery and the stream is Class A Wild Trout Waters. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, bedrock, Wisconsinan Till, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. A bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 29 crosses the stream.
The elevation near the mouth of Newton Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Newton Run consists of alluvium. Further away from the stream, this is flanked Wisconsinan Till and a patch of alluvial fan.
The elevation near the mouth of Rock Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. Rock Creek has been described as a small creek. The surficial geology near the lower reaches of Rock Creek mainly consists of alluvial terrace and alluvial fan, with some alluvium.
The elevation near the mouth of Tinker Hollow is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology alongside Tinker Hollow in its lower and middle reaches mainly consists of alluvium. However, in its upper reaches, it mostly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
In the creek's upper reaches, on Huckleberry Mountain, the surficial geology consists of Boulder Colluvium (which is mostly covered in quartz, sandstone, or conglomerate boulders) and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The course of West Branch Little Muncy Creek passes through the furthest extent of the glaciers during the Wisconsinan Glaciation.
Lake Manjo (also known as Manjo Lake) is a manmade lake in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It has a surface area of approximately and is situated in Franklin Township. The surficial geology near the lake consists of bedrock and Wisconsinan Till. The lake is not accessible to the public.
The elevation near the mouth of Nuangola Outlet is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is between above sea level. Nuangola Outlet is situated just south of Penobscot Knob. Most of the surficial geology in the vicinity of Nuangola Outlet consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Emerson Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The path of a planned utility line crosses Emerson Run. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Emerson Run consists mainly of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift.
Some Wisconsinan Lag is present at the top of the valley. The surficial geology near the lower reaches of the stream mainly consists of alluvium, bedrock, alluvial terrace, Illinoian Lag, and a small patch of Illinoian Flow-Till. In the valley of Davis Hollow, the Wisconsinan glacial terminus descends over the course of ( per mile).
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Billings Mill Brook mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, and several others. A lake known as Lake Carey is in the stream's watershed. A number of bridges have also been constructed over Billings Mill Brook. The stream's watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
The elevation near the mouth of Plank Bridge Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Plank Bridge Creek mainly consists of bedrock and a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. The bedrock contains conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Green Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Green Run is a perennial stream. The surficial geology along the valley floor in the lower reaches of Green Run mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
It is a relatively small stream with a deep valley. In its upper reaches it is approximately wide. The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, and wetlands. The watershed of Hop Bottom Creek is relatively long in a north-south direction and narrow in an east-west direction.
At the outlet of Heart Lake, the creek's channel is wide and deep. The headwaters of Hop Bottom Creek are in a beaded valley, with alternating broad and narrow segments. Wetlands or lakes sometimes occur in the broad parts. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Hop Bottom Creek mainly consists of alluvium.
Covellite is commonly found as a secondary copper mineral in deposits. Covellite is known to form in weathering environments in surficial deposits where copper is the primary sulfide. As a primary mineral, the formation of covellite is restricted to hydrothermal conditions, thus rarely found as such in copper ore deposits or as a volcanic sublimate.
The elevation near the mouth of Sugar Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology at the mouth of Sugar Run mainly consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. There are also patches of these materials in the stream's upper reaches.
In the upper reaches, the surficial geology along the creek mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, but there is some alluvium, wetlands, and lakes. Leslie Creek has been described as a "small creek". It passes through a lake known as Tingley Lake in its upper reaches. Leslie Creek is not designated as an impaired waterbody.
The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of alluvial terrace, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock. However, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, alluvial fan, peat, and wetlands also occur. The creek is the main source of flooding in Ransom Township. The area at the mouth of Gardner Creek was settled as early as 1769.
Jackson Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Tunkhannock Township. Mountains in the creek's vicinity include Avery Mountain and Osterhout Mountain. The surficial geology in the vicinity of these mountains includes Wisconsinan Till and bedrock, among other things.
The elevation near the mouth of Martin Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along most of the length of Martin Creek features Wisconsinan Till. However, patches of alluvium and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift occur in the creek's vicinity as well.
Buck Run is a tributary of Little Muncy Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Jordan Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology near the stream mostly consists of Illinoian Till and Illinoian Lag, with some alluvium and bedrock.
The Ordovician Reedsville Formation is a mapped surficial bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, that extends into the subsurface of Ohio. This rock is a slope-former adjacent to (and stratigraphically below) the prominent ridge-forming Bald Eagle sandstone unit in the Appalachian Mountains. It is often abbreviated Or on geologic maps.
The elevation near the mouth of Deep Hollow is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is just over above sea level. Nearly all of the surficial geology in the valley of Deep Hollow is on bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. However, near its mouth, there is an area of alluvium and Boulder Colluvium.
The elevation near the mouth of Little Nescopeck Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. In its lower reaches, the surficial geology along Little Nescopeck Creek mainly consists of alluvium. There is also a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till in the vicinity of the creek.
Some patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale are present as well, as are a few small patches of fill. In the upper reaches of the creek, the surficial geology features some alluvium and some bedrock. There is also Wisconsinan Till in the area and several wetlands and lakes near its headwaters.
The elevation near the mouth of Bearwallow Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Bearwallow Run mostly consists of bedrock containing sandstone and shale, especially on the valley slopes and plateaus. However, some Boulder Colluvium is also present along the stream.
The elevation near the mouth of Millard Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The geology in the entire watershed of Millard Creek consists of interbedded sedimentary rock of the Catksill Formation. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Millard Creek mostly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Karnes Hollow is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Along most of the length of Karnes Hollow, the surficial geology features colluvium. However, alluvium (which contains stratified sand, silt, and gravel, as well as some boulders), is present near the mouth of the stream.
The elevation near the mouth of Bee Sellers Hollow is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. In the upper and middle reaches of Bee Sellers Hollow, the surficial geology consists of colluvium and alluvium along the valley floor. Alluvium contains stratified sand, silt, and gravel, along with some boulders.
Colluvium contains clasts made of shale and sandstone. There are also a few patches of Illinoian Till and one patch Illinoian Lag in the watershed. However, most of the surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream consists of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The valley of Karnes Hollow is in the watershed of Bee Sellers Hollow.
Davis Hollow is a tributary of Fishing Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Benton Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Lag, Illinoian Flow-Till, and Illinoian Lag.
Cherry Run is a tributary of South Branch Bowman Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Fairmount Township and Ross Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvial fan, alluvium, bedrock, Wisconsinan Till, wetlands, and a peat bog.
The elevation near the mouth of Cherry Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the upper reaches of Cherry Run mainly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, the stream also flows through patches of wetlands and a peat bog.
The Chapapote asphalt volcano is located in the Campeche Knolls.It was there that the deepest known recovery of surficial gas hydrate occurred at a water depth of 1.8 mi (3,000 m). The gas hydrate was embedded in an asphalt matrix. Analyses of the hydrate showed both Structure-I and Structure-II gas hydrate present in the recovered sample.
The elevation near the mouth of Billings Mill Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. A large mass of partially quarried sand and gravel occurs at the mouth of Billings Mill Brook. The surficial geology along the lower and middle reaches of the stream mainly consists of alluvium.
Rattlesnake Creek is inhabited by wild trout and part of it is considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters. A dammed lake known as Maple Lake is located near its headwaters. The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till and bedrock, with some alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, wetlands, and peat bogs.
The Sand and Gravel Aquifer stretches across the panhandle of Florida and is replenished with rainfall. Over the years water levels have dropped due to water-well use by pumping, and it has been contaminated by industrial waste and saltwater intrusion. The Chokoloskee Aquifer is surficial aquifer that covers in southwest Florida. It is recharged by rainfall.
There are also some patches of wetland, alluvial fan, fill, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The surficial geology further upstream also includes many of these features. In preglacial times, Harveys Lake, the largest natural lake in Pennsylvania by volume, drained into Beaver Run and Bowman Creek. However, Harveys Lake now drains into Harveys Creek instead.
Neocycloceras is an extinct genus of nautiloid included in the Pseudorthocerida that lived during the Late Devonian and Mississippian (early Carboniferous). Neoclycloceras is characterized by a slender, generally circular shell with slightly oblique,sinuous surficial annulations. Its sutures have dorsal and ventral saddles and lateral lobes and become more oblique with age. Saddles point forward, lobes to the rear.
The elevation near the mouth of East Branch Martins Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of East Branch Martins Creek mainly consists of alluvium and a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there is a patch of alluvial fan at the creek's mouth.
The elevation near the mouth of Dry Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the valley of Dry Creek consists mostly of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, although large patches of alluvium also occur. Additionally, there is a small patch of peat bog.
Further upstream, the surficial geology along the creek mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, large areas of bedrock and some small patches of fill and wetlands are also present. There is also one small lake in the watershed's upper reaches. Part of Mount Pisgah is in the watershed of Trout Creek.
Mill Creek is a tributary of Whitelock Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Northmoreland Township and Exeter Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists mainly of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and loess.
The elevation near the mouth of Beaver Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Beaver Creek mainly consists of alluvium, although Wisconsinan Till also occurs in the area. There are also a few small patches of Wisconsinan Outwash and alluvial fan.
38–39, and section 4.6 "Watershed", pp 18–19 The mouth of river is a glacially-formed fluvial delta.Spanish River Valley Signature Site, section 4.3 "Surficial Geology", pp. 16–17 A stand of old-growth forest called the Agnes River Old Pine is located in the Agnes River drainage basin.Spanish River Valley Signature Site, section 4.7.
It drains a portion of the Moosic Mountains. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, surface mining land, coal dumps, fill, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock containing sandstone and shale. A reservoir known as the Brace Brook Reservoir is in the watershed. The stream's drainage basin is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
The elevation near the mouth of Oxbow Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Oxbow Creek mainly consists of alluvium. Slightly further upstream, there is still some alluvium, but also a till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, surface mining lands, and bedrock. Clarks Creek is a second-order stream. Most of its watershed is forested, but there are some residential areas and roads as well. The creek was surveyed by the Pennsylvania Boat Commission in 1997.
The slope of Marsh Creek near Silo Road ranges from 0.0011 to 0.0037. Upstream of Silo Road, the streambed of Marsh Creek mainly consists of fine sand. Downstream of that road, the streambed consists of coarse gravel, with an average particle size of . The surficial geology along the creek in its lower reaches mainly consists of alluvium.
The elevation near the mouth of Espy Run is above sea level. Th elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Espy Run is at the southwestern end of the Northern Middle Anthracite Field. In the lower reaches of Espy Run, the surficial geology mainly consists of coal dumps, urban land, and Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Van Brunt Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. A soil known as the Wellsboro extremely stony loam occurs in the vicinity of Van Brunt Creek. The surficial geology in the creek's vicinity mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Laurel Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Laurel Run is in the Susquehanna Lowlands section of the ridge and valley physiographic province. For most of the length of Laurel Run, the surficial geology in its vicinity consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Maple Spring Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the stream is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Maple Spring Brook mainly features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. Further upstream, there is bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Culver Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along most of Culver Creek features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. There is also a patch of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till near the creek's headwaters and a patch of alluvial fan at its mouth.
Little Nescopeck Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and Class A Wild Trout Waters. It is one of the main sources of flooding in Dennison Township. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the creek mainly features alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock, and fill. Little Nescopeck Creek shares its name with another river in southern Luzerne county.
The elevation near the mouth of Spencer Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Spencer Run mainly consists of colluvium and a till known as Illinoian Till, which contains silt and clay. However, at the headwaters of the stream, there is some Illinoian Lag.
The elevation near the mouth of Roaring Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Roaring Brook mainly features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there are areas of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale around the edges of the stream's valley.
Woss is on the dividing line between a pluton of Jurassic granodiorite and a mass of Triassic basalt; mountains to the north are basaltic while ranges to the west, south and east are mostly granitic. Surficial deposits in the community are coarse with abundant gravel and stones. Muller, J.E. and Roddick, J.A. (1980). Geology Alert Bay - Cape Scott Map 1552A.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Rock Bottom Creek mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there are also large patches of bedrock consisting of conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale. There are smaller patches of wetlands, peat bogs, lakes and fill. There is also an area of alluvium at the mouth of the creek.
The elevation near the mouth of Beth Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source between above sea level. The surficial geology along most of the length of Beth Run consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. In the stream's upper reaches, alluvium is present as well and some of the Wisconsinan Till is underlain by glacial lake clays.
The elevation near the mouth of Bean Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Bean Run consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and fill. Further upstream, there is mostly Wisconsinan Till, but also patches of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
Shroba, R.R., and Carrara, P.E., 1996, Surficial geologic map of the Rocky Flats environmental technology site and vicinity, Jefferson and Boulder Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map, I 2526. Nodular ironstone concretions occur in the mudstones that contain plant remains. Some of the material in the sandstones originated from silicic volcanoes far to the west.Wilson, M. 2002.
The elevation near the mouth of Painter Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the creek is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Painter Creek mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. Further away from the creek, there is bedrock consisting of conglomerate, shale, and sandstone.
The elevation near the mouth of Kern Glen Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is approximately above sea level. The surficial geology in virtually all of the area in the vicinity of Kern Glen Creek consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there are a few patches of wetlands, peat bogs, and lakes in the watershed.
The elevation near the mouth of Swale Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The stream has been described as "small enough to step across". The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower and middle reaches of Swale Brook consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Outwash, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and alluvial terrace.
Apart from documenting the island's ecology and geology, monitoring equipment was also installed for future volcanic activity. Wyss Yim, a retired professor of Earth Sciences, has theorised that the Nishinoshima eruption caused the North Pacific Blob, a mass of warm surficial water off the Pacific Coast of North America.Wyss Yim - Explanation for the north Pacific Blob. Imperial Engineer Autumn 2016, p.
The surficial geology in its vicinity includes alluvial fan, alluvial terrace, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, wetlands, and bedrock. Beaver Run is a source of flooding in Lake Township, Luzerne County. A number of bridges have also been constructed over Beaver Run. The watershed of the stream is designated as a High Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
Sorber Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Lake Township in Luzerne County and Noxen Township in Wyoming County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in the stream's vicinity consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Till.
Drifter Cirque () is a cirque between Mount Schmidtman and Mount Naab at the northeast end of Eastwind Ridge in the Convoy Range of Victoria Land. Iceflow from Eastwind Ridge is insufficient to carry surficial moraine away into Fry Glacier and moraines lie in a tangled eddy. So named by the New Zealand Geographic Board which also considered the name Eddy Cirque.
The elevation near the mouth of Sugar Hollow Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. Sugar Hollow Creek flows through a valley known as Sugar Hollow. Near the mouth of Sugar Hollow Creek, the surficial geology mainly consists of Wisconsinan Outwash, but there is a thin strip of alluvium along the creek itself.
The surficial geology near the creek includes Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, alluvium, coal dumps, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. On July 3, 2011, Coal Creek flooded when of rain fell in the watershed in less than 90 minutes. The flood caused $5 million in damage. The creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
Seven coal seams are present in the Permian (Rotliegend) volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Döhlen basin. Three of these seams carry in restricted parts a uranium mineralisation, which was mined by the Wismut. Uranium was introduced into the coal-forming organic material in early stages by surficial waters. The source for the uranium was most likely local volcanic rock units.
Sugar Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Lake Township in Luzerne County and Noxen Township in Wyoming County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock.
The elevation near the mouth of Sugar Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the mouth of Sugar Run consists of alluvium and alluvial fan. Slightly further upstream, there is a till known as Wisconsinan Till, which is underlain with glacial lake clays in some reaches.
The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, alluvial fan, alluvial terrace, bedrock, and sand and gravel pits. Major land uses in the watershed of Leonard Creek include forested land and agricultural land. The creek is one of the more significant tributaries of Bowman Creek. Leonard Creek has at times been impacted by flooding.
The rocks in the watershed date to the Precambrian Era and Lower Paleozoic Era. The surficial geology mainly consist of felsic gneiss and mafic gneiss formations, with small amounts of serpentinite near the mouth of the creek. Two soil associations exist in the Little Darby Creek watershed. The Neshaminy-Lehigh-Glenlg soil association is prevalent in much of the watershed.
The depth is an interesting puzzle. "It is hard to see how either moving or stagnant ice could hold in position a plunging torrent long enough to drill a cylindrical hole ten or more feet deep in rock."James M. Goldthwait, et al., The Geology of New Hampshire Part I—Surficial Geology (New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, Concord, 1951), p.34.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Whitelock Creek mainly consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, and alluvial terrace. Major land uses in the watershed of Whitelock Creek include forested land and agricultural land. A number of bridges have been constructed over the creek. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
South Branch Roaring Run is a tributary of Roaring Run in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Noxen Township and Forkston Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of bedrock, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and alluvium.
The elevation near the mouth of South Branch Roaring Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The valley of South Branch Roaring Run is located between South Mountain and Schooley Mountain. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of South Branch Roaring Run mainly consists of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The watershed is separated from Lake Winola by a wall of glacial drift with a height of . Rock types in the vicinity of Mill Run include green and greenish-gray sandstone, red shale, and others. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Mill Run mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till. However, there is alluvium and fill near its mouth.
The bright areas are reddish- ochre in color, and the dark areas appear dark gray. A third type of area, intermediate in color and albedo, is also present and thought to represent regions containing a mixture of the material from the bright and dark areas.Arvidson, R.E. et al. (1989). Nature and Distribution of Surficial Deposits in Chryse Planitia and Vicinity, Mars.
The water table is classified as a surficial sediment aquifer (porous media – unconsolidated). Because the island predominantly has a sloping hard rock shore, there is little vulnerability to flooding or erosion due to a rise in sea level. A coastal acid sulfate soil analysis produced a result of "extremely low" along the north and north-east side of the island.
Eemian lake sediments fill depressions, i.e. ice wedge casts and thermokarst lakes, which developed by the surficial thawing during Eemian interglacial climates of Saalian ice-wedges and other permafrost. In some locations, the Eemian lake deposits are thicker and laterally continuous enough to form a complete blanket overlying older sediments. The Eemian sediments contain fossils indicative of an interglacial environment.
The geological setting of Broadstreet Hollow Creek is similar to Bushnellsville Creek. The surficial geology consists of glacial and alluvial deposits. The exposed sediments are primarily glacial till and alluvium although lacustrine clay has been observed in the banks and the bed. The bedrock consists of red beds including shales and mudstones as well as grey sandstones and grey shales.
It is not designated as an impaired waterbody. The surficial geology in its vicinity mostly consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock. The area near the mouth of Oxbow Creek was settled before 1800 and some mills were constructed on it in the 19th century. A number of bridges have also been constructed across the creek.
The elevation near the mouth of Oxbow Inlet is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Oxbow Inlet is the inlet to Oxbow Lake, which does not appear to have any springs in its vicinity. The surficial geology in the immediate vicinity of the lower reaches of Oxbow Inlet mainly consists of alluvium.
The elevation near the mouth of Black Ash Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the creek is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Black Ash Creek mainly consists of alluvium, which contains stratified gravel, sand, and silt, along with some boulders. A patch of Wisconsinan Outwash is also present nearby.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of West Branch Little Muncy Creek includes alluvium, bedrock, fill, Wisconsinan and Reworked Illinoian Till, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Flow-Till, Wisconsinan Till Moraine, and Boulder Colluvium. The creek designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery and is being considered for addition to the wild trout waters list of the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.
Further upstream, the surficial geology is mostly Wisconsinan Till, except for Lake Idlewild, a wetland, and some patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale on nearby hills. A lake known as Lake Idlewild is located in the watershed of Idlewild Creek. The designated uses of the lake are aquatic life and potable water. Idlewild Creek is not designated as an impaired waterbody.
The elevation near the mouth of Little Butler Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower and upper reaches of Little Butler Creek consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, in the middle reaches, there is a large area of alluvium and a small patch of alluvial fan.
The ichnogenus is found both in anaerobic, organic-rich sediments and in oxic layers, where it is almost invariably the last in the bioturbation sequence, i.e., it was placed deep within the sediments, away from oxidizing surficial and interstitial water. These suggest the tracemaker's ability to tolerate oxygen deprivation very well. Therefore, Chondrites can be used as an indicator of anoxia in sediments.
Sutton Creek is located a few miles upriver of the Wyoming Valley. The surficial geology in its watershed consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock, while the bedrock geology consists of sandstone. Major land uses in the watershed of Sutton Creek include forested land and agricultural land. Lakes in the creek's watershed include Lake Louise and Cummings Pond.
Lampblack Creek (also known as Lamp Black Creek) is a tributary of Gardner Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Jenkins Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The surficial geology in the area mainly consists of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, shale and sandstone pits, urban land, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, and coal dumps.
The elevation near the mouth of Lampblack Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology of Lampblack Creek mainly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, as well as shale and sandstone pits. There are also some patches of urban land, alluvium, a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, and coal dumps.
The elevation near the mouth of Turtle Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the upper reaches of Turtle Creek mostly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. However, some patches of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, a glacial or resedimented till containing numerous boulders, occurs in the creek's valley.
The elevation near the mouth of Bear Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Bear Brook in its lower reaches mainly consists of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale. However, there are also a few patches of alluvium.
Soils can be thought of as open systems in that they represent a boundary between the earth and the atmosphere where materials are transported and are changed. There are four basic types of flux: additions, subtractions, transfers, and transformations (Simonson 1978; Anderson 1988). Examples of addition can include mineral grains and leaf litter, while subtractions can include surficial erosion of minerals and of organic matter.
Mesozoic rocks from 251 to 66 million years ago are largely absent in Guinea-Bissau. In the west, there is an unconformity between Paleozoic sediments and Cenozoic marine sediments, which are cut by mafic dykes. In the past 2.5 million years of the Quaternary, Guinea-Bissau's surficial geology and geomorphology have changed considerably, with the formation of new terraces and duricrust, as well as frequent marine transgressions.
The elevation near the mouth of North Branch Bowman Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of North Branch Bowman Creek consists of alluvial fan and alluvium. Further upstream, in the creek's valley, there is Boulder Colluvium, which is rich in boulders made of quartz, sandstone, or conglomerate.
Surficial seabed classification is concerned primarily with distinguishing marine benthic habitat characteristics (e.g. hard, soft, rough, smooth, mud, sand, clay, cobble) of the surveyed area. Multibeam echosounders, sidescan sonar systems and acoustic ground discrimination systems (AGDS) are the most commonly used technologies. The use of optical sensors has been restricted to depths less than 40 m due to absorption of electromagnetic radiation by water.
The elevation near the mouth of Panther Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Panther Creek consists of alluvium and alluvial terrace. Bedrock containing conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale is present slightly further from the creek, as is a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The elevation near the mouth of Windfall Run is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the stream is between above sea level. The surficial geology along Windfall Run in the Dutch Mountain quadrangle, where most of the stream is situated, consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs on the sides of the stream's valley.
The channels run southwest to a group of channels at the headwaters of Paint Spring Run and Pikes Creek. These channels are lower than those that run to Huntington Creek, but higher than those running to Bear Hollow. The channels are in a large area of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. The surficial geology along Paint Spring Run features alluvium for most of its length.
The elevation near the mouth of Leonard Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along a significant portion of the length of Leonard Creek consists of alluvium. In the lower reaches of the creek, this is bordered by alluvial terrace, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, and fill.
There is also a patch of alluvial terrace near the creek's mouth. The surficial geology further upstream is fairly similar except that there is little Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift or alluvium at the headwaters and that the bedrock consists only of sandstone and shale. There are at least of pipeline in the watershed of Whitelock Creek. This pipeline crosses a number of streams.
The elevation near the mouth of Fitch Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Fitch Creek mainly consists of alluvium, Wisconsinan Outwash, and sand and gravel pits. Further upstream, Wisconsinan Till is most prevalent, but there are also a few patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, bedrock, and lakes.
The elevation near the mouth of West Branch Little Muncy Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology alongside West Branch Little Muncy Creek in its lower reaches mainly consists of alluvium. However, there is a patch of fill at the mouth and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs on the sides of the creek's valley.
Slightly further from the stream is an area of a glacial till known as Wisconsinan Till and an area of bedrock consisting of conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale. There are also a few patches of sand and gravel pits. Along the stream's upper reaches, the surficial geology mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till. However, there are also patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift and pits of sand and gravel.
The elevation near the mouth of Langan Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Langan Creek mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, there are also large patches of bedrock consisting of colgomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale, as well as a large patch of wetland and some smaller patches.
The Beaverdam Formation is an upper Pliocene geologic formation on the Delmarva Peninsula in southern Delaware and eastern Maryland. It is the largest major surficial layer on the Delmarva Peninsula and has a lower stream-deposited unit and an upper estuarine unit. These units may represent a cycle of regression and transgression. The Beaverdam Formation is heterogeneous and ranges from very coarse sand with pebbles to silty clay.
Perth is sited on a set of sand dunes formed during the Pliocene-Pleistocene during the last ice age. Offshore, the sand dune system and surficial deposits transition into a system of partly eroded limestones and sandy limestones. These form a series of drowned cuestas which today form submerged reefs. Because of the steepness and orientation of the Darling Scarp, watercourses run off the scarp in a westerly direction.
The elevation near the mouth of White Oak Run is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the stream is between . The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of White Oak Run consists of alluvium. Slightly further from the stream, there are areas of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, as well as bedrock containing conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Kingsbury Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along Kingsbury Brook in its lower reaches mainly features alluvium, which contains stratified sand, silt, gravel, and some boulders. Some Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel along with some boulders, is present along the sides of the stream's valley.
The elevation near the mouth of Conety Run is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Conety Run mainly consists of alluvium. However, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, and a small patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift are also present in the stream's vicinity.
Further upstream the surficial geology is similar, but with two more alluvial fan patches and a wetland patch. Along the uppermost reaches of the creek, includes Wisconsinan Till (especially at the headwaters) and alluvium, as well as small patches of alluvial fan and wetland. Nine Partners Creek has been described as a "small creek". Some sources describe the creek as flowing into Leslie Creek, which is one of its tributaries.
The elevation near the mouth of Davis Hollow is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. There are two patches of alluvium, which contains stratified silt, sand, and gravel, near the upper reaches of Davis Hollow. However, the surficial geology in the area mainly consists of bedrock made of sandstone and shale as well as a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till.
The surficial geology in its vicinity includes Wisconsinan Till, alluvial fan, Boulder Colluvium, alluvium, bedrock, and a peat bog. The creek is mostly in Pennsylvania State Game Lands and Ricketts Glen State Park. The drainage basin of North Branch Bowman Creek is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The creek has been stocked with fish in the past, but also has wild trout.
The elevation near the mouth of South Branch Bowman Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the lower reaches of the valley of South Branch Bowman Creek mainly consists of alluvium, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Stratified Drift, and a lake. However, there is also fill and Boulder Colluvium, which is rich in boulders containing quartz, sandstone, or conglomerate.
The elevation near the mouth of Six Springs Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Six Springs Creek mainly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, patches of bedrock consisting of conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale are also present, as are smaller areas of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift.
The elevation near the mouth of Drakes Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. A mountain known as Larksville Mountain runs parallel to Drakes Creek on the creek's eastern side. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Drakes Creek mostly features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, shale, and coal.
The surficial geology near it consists of alluvium, alluvial terrace, Wisconsinan Outwash, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, and a wetland. There are several road crossings and a railroad bridge crossing over Swale Brook. A number of industries also historically operated near the stream. The stream's watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery and the stream itself has a high level of fish diversity.
The elevation near the mouth of Rogers Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the stream is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Rogers Brook mostly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, near the stream's mouth, there is a patch of surface mining land, consisting of linear pits and piles of waste rock.
The Mauch Chunk Formation was originally thick in the watershed.Newport, 32 Most of the surficial geology in the watershed of Black Creek consists of bedrock. However, glaciofluvial deposits and mining waste also occur in some areas.Newport, 41 To the west of the Lee Shaft, there are ridges of mine waste up to thick and there are a number of "finger-shaped" ridges with a thickness of in the West Basin.
The elevation near the mouth of Cider Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Cider Run mainly consists of alluvium, except in its upper reaches, where it consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till. Wisconsinan Till occurs along the stream's valley throughout its length and is underlain by glacial lake clays in some reaches.
However, glacial or resedimented tills such as Wisconsinan Till and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till also occur near the stream. Patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel as well as some boulders, occur near its source and mouth. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale also occur in the surficial geology not far from the stream. Some patches of peat bog and wetland also occur in the watershed.
Cambrian to Ordovician-age dolomite, part of the Wappinger Group, and calcareous shales from the Hudson River Group underlie the Fonteyn Kill. Between 15–20 kya, a glacial lake covered the land that would become the Fonteyn Kill. Till and to a lesser extent other glacial sediments today sit atop the dolomite and shale. Surrounding soils are loamy, either silt loam or gravelly loam depending on the underlying surficial geology.
Near the culvert, Benson Hollow has a streambed made of gravel with an average grain size of . The stream is a Rosgen C Type stream and does not have large loads of debris. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of the stream, but alluvium and a lake occur in the upper reaches. The stream's valley is flanked by Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
Utley Brook is a tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in Susquehanna County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Lenox Township in Susquehanna County and Nicholson Township in Wyoming County. The stream is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangles of Hop Bottom and Lenoxville. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, bedrock, wetlands, and lakes.
The elevation near the mouth of Browns Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Browns Creek mostly features a glacial or resedimented till known as the Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. However, a large patch of Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift is situated near the creek's middle reaches.
The elevation near the mouth of Monument Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the creek is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Monument Creek mainly consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift. However, a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till is also present, as is bedrock consisting of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
The elevation near the mouth of Obendoffers Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the mouth of Obendoffers Creek consists of alluvial fan and alluvium, both of which contain stratified sand, silt, and gravel. Further upstream, there is alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock consisting of coal, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
In the lower and middle reaches, there are also small patches of Wisconsinan Outwash, which contains stratified sand and gravel, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel, as well as some boulders. Bedrock also occurs in the surficial geology near the creek's mouth. Additionally, there are a few patches of alluvial fan, peat bogs and other wetlands, lakes, and sandstone and shale pits in the watershed.
The elevation near the mouth of Falls Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Falls Creek mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, although there is alluvium (consisting of stratified sand and gravel) and Wisconsinan Outwash near its mouth. There are also patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift and bedrock in some places.
The greatest number of slides were centered to the southwest of the mainshock epicenter and close to the areas where surface faulting took place. The slides ranged from in length, and could be further categorized as rock falls, soil falls, debris slides, avalanches, and slumps. The most frequently-encountered type of slide was the surficial (less than thick) debris slides and were most often encountered on terrain consisting of sedimentary rock.
A portion of the western side of the Moosic Mountains are in the watershed of the creek. The surficial geology along Clarks Creek for most of its length consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. However, patches of fill, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and surface mining land occur near the creek's mouth. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift contains stratified sand, gravel, and some boulders.
There is also a small patch of Wisconsinan Ice-Stratified Drift in the middle reaches and a larger one near the headwaters. The surficial geology on the sides of the valley mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, with a small lake above the headwaters and one patch of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale on the Tinker Hill side of the valley. Tinker Hollow is not designated as an impaired waterbody.
The surficial geology near Shickshinny Creek mainly consists of urban land, fill, alluvium, alluvial terrace, alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Delta, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, Wisconsinan Till, lakes, and wetlands. The lower reaches of the creek are in a water gap between Huntington Mountain and Shickshinny Mountain. A lake known as Shickshinny Lake is in the watershed and is dammed by the Shickshinny Lake Dam.
In the middle reaches of the creek, the surficial geology mainly features bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, alluvium, and a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. Some Wisconsinan Outwash and alluvial terrace is also present near Koonsville. Some patches of Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and wetlands are also present. In its upper reaches, the creek is almost entirely dominated by Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, and some lakes.
The creek is located roughly upriver of the Wyoming Valley. All of the bedrock in the watershed of Sutton Creek is made of sandstone. The surficial geology along the floor of the valley of Sutton Creek in its lower reaches mainly consists of alluvium. However, Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift occurs near the creek's mouth and some patches of a till known as Wisconsinan Till occur further upstream.
Pascoite from the Gypsum Valley District, San Miguel County, Colorado, United States Crystals of pascoite, which occur in granular crusts, are minute and lath-like with oblique terminations. The mineral is dark red-orange to yellow-orange in color and dirty yellow when partially dehydrated. It occurs as efflorescences in mine tunnels or as a product leached out of surficial vanadium oxides by ground water. Pascoite has been found in association with carnotite.
The continental ice sheet over New England was more than a mile thick in some places. Grinding and plucking over the landscape created wore down topography and created poorly sorted to well sorted surficial deposits. Large terminal moraines composed of poorly sorted till are present along coasts and can be identified by their thin, patchy, and stony texture. Maine is bordered by moraines that identify the terminus margins of the past ice bodies.
The surficial vegetation studies are mainly accomplished by multispectral or hyperspectral image analysis, mainly because of the lower penetration depth and higher resolutions of VNIR wavelength region. There are a multitude of sensors, image processing and classification algorithms and result evaluation schemes from ancillary data available in vegetation analysis. As an example, rangeland characterization with regard to biomass quantity and quality could be inferred from hyperspectral data.Beeri O, Phillips R, Hendrickson J, et al.
In other places, it has a natural shallow bank. The highly stony Norwich and Chippewa silt and loams are found along Little Roaring Brook. They occur there on 0 to 8 percent slopes. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream's lower reaches mainly includes urban land heavily disrupted by cut and fill, a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, and shale.
South Branch Bowman Creek (also known as Cherry Run) is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Fairmount Township and Ross Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvial fan, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Sratified Drift, fill, lakes, Boulder Colluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Bouldery Till, wetlands, and bedrock.
The elevation near the mouth of Rattlesnake Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the source of the creek is between above sea level. The surficial geology along Rattlesnake Creek near its mouth mainly consists of alluvium. However, some patches of Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift and alluvial fan are present, as are larger areas of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
Although more than 10,000 fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to Edmontosaurus and closely related genera. The tumors may have been caused by environmental factors or genetic propensity. Osteochondrosis, or surficial pits in bone at places where bones articulate, is also known in Edmontosaurus. This condition, resulting from cartilage failing to be replaced by bone during growth, was found to be present in 2.2% of 224 edmontosaur toe bones.
Members of the Elpidiidae have particularly enlarged tube "feet" that have taken on a leg-like appearance, using water cavities within the skin to inflate and deflate the appendages to move. The "horns" on its back are also actually legs. Scotoplanes modify surficial elements in the ocean by moving through the sediment like a bulldozer. While the Scotoplanes move through the sediment, they disrupt the surface and the resident infauna as it feeds.
The Biscayne Aquifer is a surficial aquifer located in southeast Florida. It covers over , and is the most intensely used water source in Florida, supplying water to Dade County, Broward County, Palm Beach County and Monroe County. The aquifer lies close to the surface and is extremely vulnerable to pollutants that leach through the shallow limestone bedrock. In some areas, it has been contaminated by fuel spills, industrial discharge, landfills, and saltwater.
Bioturbation is also seen in Palm Beach, Martin and Flagler counties. Large and small fossilized burrows formed by invertebrate species are seen in Palm Beach and Martin Counties whereas Flagler County sees large borings formed and fossilized around trees previously present in the area. The Formation is seen as a relevant portion of the Biscayne Aquifer. It is also an integral part of the surficial aquifer system in northern portions of Florida.
A 1978 inspection judged the dam to be in good condition. Most of the surficial geology in the vicinity of Huntsville Creek features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. However, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift occurs in some parts of the watershed, especially in its lower reaches. Alluvium is also found in some areas and there is one patch of sandstone and shale pits.
Further upstream, the surficial geology consists almost entirely of Wisconsinan Till and bedrock, but some fill is present as well. Near the headwaters, there are also small patches of alluvium and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, as well as one lake. At one point, Monument Creek flows through an embankment with a depth of approximately . A 36-inch (0.9-meter) water main has crossed Monument Creek, elevated at a height of above the creek.
If a salt dome has not pierced the surface they can be found located beneath the surface in various ways. The unique surficial structures can be observed as indicating the salt dome beneath the surface. Salt domes can also be interpreted from seismic reflection where the stark density contrast between the salt and surrounding sediments outlines the salt structures. Salt domes can also be associated with sulfur springs and natural gas vents.
These snails are found on trees of many species, usually ones with smooth bark: false tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliquum), gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), pigeonplum (Coccoloba diversifolia), black ironwood (Krugiodendron ferreum), false mastic (Sideroxylon foetidissimum), poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum), and Jamaica fishpoisontree (Piscidia piscipula), among others. In most cases, tropical forests suitable for Liguus have at least some surficial limestone, and limestone outcroppings are often present.Pilsbry H. A. (1946). Land mollusca of North America north of Mexico vol.
Numerous deposits of Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift are present as well. Alluvial terrace also occurs near the creek, which is the only place in the quadrangle of Sybertsville that contains it in the surficial geology. Wisconsinan Loess, which consists of windblown silt and fine sand, occurs in the southern part of the creek's valley in the Sybertsville quadrangle. The remains of outwash terraces also occur near the creek in that quadrangle.
A mountain known as Wilkes-Barre Mountain is also in the upper reaches of the watershed. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Warrior Creek mainly consists of strip mining land, urban land, a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone, shale, coal, and conglomerate. The bedrock mainly occurs near the creek's middle and upper reaches. There are also a few patches of alluvium and fill.
The elevation near the mouth of Butler Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along Butler Creek near its mouth mainly consists of alluvium, although there is one patch of alluvial fan nearby. The sides of the valley are lined with a till known as Wisconsinan Till and there are some patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale on nearby hills.
Large areas of strip mining land occur to the north of its valley. In its lower reaches, the surficial geology of the creek mostly features Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel along with some boulders. Wisconsinan Outwash, alluvium, alluvial terrace, fill, and coal dumps (large piles of coal waste) also occur near the creek's mouth. The valley of Turtle Creek is a deep and narrow strike valley.
Richardson Bay is developed on surficial sediments of clays, silts and minor sands and gravels deposited in a primarily marine and estuarine environment during periods of previous high stands of water relative to the present shoreline. The bay muds are widespread in San Francisco Bay and, at Richardson Bay, are approximately 80 to 95 feet (24 to 30 meters) deep.Report, (1981) Harding Lawson Associates (HLA). The Bay Muds are of Holocene Age (less than 10,000 years of age).
The surficial geology consists of coal dumps, surface mining land, alluvium, Wisconsinan Outwash, Wisconsinan Till, urban land, and bedrock. The watershed of Nanticoke Creek is mainly forested, but urban land and mining land are also present. The city of Nanticoke is partially in the watershed and many unincorporated communities are there as well. The creek is named after the Nanticoke tribe, but was historically known as Muddy Run before appearing on maps with its present name by 1776.
Desert area is shaped by eolian processes and its landforms by erosion and deposition. The stereopairs of aerial photos provide three-dimensional visualization for the land feature while hyperspectral image provide grain scale information for grain size, sand composition etc. The images are often of high phototones in short wavelengths in VNIR corresponding to the scanty vegetation and little moisture. Another tool is radar, which has the capability to penetrate surficial sand, a material of low dielectric constant.
BrO (formed from the bromine explosion within plumes) and CO2 are also possible candidates for volcanic monitoring these days. The thermal disturbance, for instance through temperature change in crater lakes and injection of hot gas into the atmosphere, could be detected using TIR sensors to automate volcano thermal alerts. The uplift and subsidence of ground could be quantified remotely by InSAR technique. The surficial manifestation of volcanism tends to favor simple geometries while complexities are introduced by subsurface interactions.
About the Mountain: Topography and Climate , San Bruno Mountain Watch (nd). The foothills and eastern flanks of the range are composed largely of poorly consolidated Pliocene-Quaternary freshwater and shallow marine sediments that include the Colma and Merced Formations, recent slope wash, ravine fill, colluvium, and alluvium. These surficial deposits unconformably overlay the much older Jurassic to Cretaceous-aged Franciscan Assemblage. An old landfill about 135 deep existed at the site developed by the mixed-use Metro Center.
The hydrogeology and water resources of Maine are closely related to the state's surficial geology, soils, climate, land use and environment. The Maine Geological Survey began a continuing process of mapping sand and gravel aquifers beginning in 1978. Statewide, Maine receives an annual rainfall total of 42 inches or 24 trillion gallons. Up to 50% of rainfall runs off the landscape in rivers and streams, while an additional 30–40% evaporates or is transpired through vegetation.
However, a till known as Wisconsinan Till is found nearby in larger areas, and some bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale is also present. Additionally, there is one wetland patch nearby. The surficial geology in the creek's headwaters is fairly similar, but there is no alluvium above Lake Chrisann, only Wisconsinan Till. Soils in the vicinity of Hop Bottom Creek include Wyalusing silt loam, Holly silt loam, Wellsboro channery silt, and Lordstown and Oquaga stony silt loams.
The Anastasia Formation was named by E. H. Sellards in 1912. Coquina obtained from this formation on Anastasia Island was used to construct Castillo de San Marcos during the late 17th century; a local material, it was relatively easy to quarry and proved to be effective for absorbing cannon damage. This formation is an integral part of the surficial aquifer system. Formed through multicyclic deposition the formation contains at least two disconformities, and two detectable ages.
This has lowered the depth of the streambed to a few feet in locations where it was considerably deeper at times during the 20th century. Chief Gathering, LLC has an erosion and sediment control permit involving the stream. The surficial geology in the vast majority of areas near Trout Brook features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. However, there is also an area of alluvium near its mouth.
Further upstream, the alluvium continues and is flanked by alluvial fan, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. The surficial geology near the stream's headwaters features Wisconsinan Till and bedrock. In the Holocene Period, sediment from Roaring Run has forced Bowman Creek's channel to remain on the south side of its valley. This causes Bowman Creek to cut into bedrock, forming Evans Falls downstream of the mouth of Roaring Run.
Big Rock The Foothills Erratics Train is a long, narrow ( wide), linear scatter of thousands of typically angular boulders of distinctive quartzite and pebbly quartzite that lie on the surface of a generally north-south strip of the Canadian Prairies. These boulders, which are between and in length, are glacial erratics that lie upon a surficial blanket of Late Wisconsin glacial till. The largest glacial erratic within the Foothills Erratics Train is Big Rock.Stalker, A MacS (1956).
The elevation near the mouth of Idlewild Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is above sea level. The surficial geology along the lower reaches of Idlewild Creek consists mainly of alluvium, although a till known as Wisconsinan Till is more prevalent on the sides of the valley, and occurs along the creek itself at times. There are also a few wetland patches and one patch of Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift.
Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through. The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.
The surficial geology along most of Reyburn Creek features alluvium. However, Wisconsinan Outwash occurs along the creek in its lower and middle reaches and a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till occurs near the creek in its middle and upper reaches. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel and some boulders, also occurs in the watershed. Wisconsinan Bouldery Till and Wisconsinan Till Moraine also occurs in the vicinity of the creek, especially near its headwaters.
White Pine rose in New England shortly after the first deglaciation. Following the glacial melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, new vegetation and warmer climate caused new New England to become inhabitable by early human settlers. This new climate, combined with an ample supply of hard volcanic rock and other natural features, created an ideal area for human settlement. These settlers fashioned tools, such as arrowheads, from surficial rhyolite deposits they found near what could have been their river valley settlements.
The elevation near the mouth of Kellum Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology along the valley floor of Kellum Creek in its lower reaches mainly consists of Boulder Colluvium (which contains numerous quartz, sandstone, or conglomerate boulders) and alluvium. Bedrock containing conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale occurs on the sides of the valley and a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till also occurs in the area.
When roots grows across the plane of potential failure there is an increase in shear strength by binding particles. The roots anchor the unstable surficial soil into the deeper stable layers or bedrock. This most readily occurs when there is rapid deep growth (1.5m deep) of roots which last for more than two years. However it is important to note that the strength exerted by roots generally only extends down to 1m while most failures occur between 1.2 – 1.5m soil depth.
Surficial aquifers system consists mostly of beds of unconsolidated sand, cavity-riddled limestone and shells, sandstone, sand, and clay sand with minor clay or silt from the Pliocene to Holocene periods. In most cases the flow system is undivided, though in places, clay beds are sufficiently thick and continuous to divide the system into two or three aquifers. Complex interbedding of fine and coarse-textured rocks is typical of the system. These rocks range from late Miocene to Holocene periods.
The elevation near the mouth of Baker Run is above sea level. The elevation near the source of Baker Run is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Baker Run consists of alluvium, which contains stratified sand, silt, and gravel, and alluvial terrace. Further upstream, in the middle and upper reaches, there is a till known as Wisconsinan Till, which is underlain by glacial lake clays in the vicinity of the stream's middle reaches.
Additionally, bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale occurs in the surficial geology on some hills around the stream's valley. Marcellus Gas Gathering, LLC. has requested and/or received a permit to build, operate, and maintain an 8-inch (20-centimeter) diameter steel natural gas pipeline crossing a stream in the watershed of Utley Brook. Williams Field Services Company, LLC requested and/or received a permit to build, operate, and maintain a 12-inch (30-centimeter) diameter natural gas pipeline crossing Utley Brook itself.
The elevation near the mouth of Jackson Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. Avery Mountain, which has an elevation of slightly more than above sea level, occurs in the vicinity of Jackson Creek, as does Osterhout Mountain, which has an elevation of well over above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of these mountains mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till (a glacial till) and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale.
The Bloody Creek structure lies within the Southern Upland of southwestern Nova Scotia. The Southern Upland consists of poorly drained, gently-rolling, hilly topography that is characterized by glacially deranged drainages and extensive lakes and wetlands. A large granite batholith, which has intruded slate and greywacke, underlies the Southern Uplands. Within this region, bedrock is poorly exposed as the result of low relief; a widespread surficial blanket of glacial till; and numerous large depressions filled with either wetland peat or occupied by lakes.
Biofilm and previously deposited solids may be scoured and re-entrained during peak flow turbulence. The high pollution load in wastewater at the beginning of a runoff event occurs when increased flow rate erodes accumulated sewer sediment. Erosion of sediments in sewers can release pollutants in concentrations exceeding levels found in contributing sources. The initial highly polluting foul flush is released at the start of wet weather flow during speedy erosion of a weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediment bed-load.
The surficial geology along the lower reaches of the creek mainly consists of urban land, Wisconsinan Till, and surface mining land. The upper reaches of the creek are near urban land, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of coal, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. A small wetland pond forms the headwaters of Leach Creek. In its lower reaches, the creek is culvertized by a stone arch culvert in one reach and flows through a tall, narrow stone channel under a culm pile in one reach.
Little Indian Run (also known as Indian Camp Run) is a tributary of Little Muncy Creek in Lycoming County and Sullivan County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Franklin Township and Jordan Township in Lycoming County and Davidson Township in Sullivan County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The surficial geology in the stream's vicinity mainly consists of alluvium, bedrock, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Till Moraine, and Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift.
However, a large area of Wisconsinan and Reworked Illinoian Till occurs in the surficial geology further upstream, and there are a few patches of it near the creek's lower reaches as well. In areas with shale bedrock, this till's matrix is clayey silt, while in areas with sandstone bedrock, it is clayey sand. There are clasts of sandstone and conglomerate ranging in size from cobbles to boulders. Further upstream, there is Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Flow-Till, and Wisconsinan Till Moraine.
The elevation near the mouth of Lake Run is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is approximately above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the lower reaches of Lake Run consists of bedrock consisting of conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, and shale; Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift; Wisconsinan Till, a glacial till; alluvium, fill; and sand and gravel pits. Further upstream, there is Boulder Colluvium, which contains numerous conglomerate, quartz, and sandstone boulders; Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, wetlands, peat bogs, and a lake.
The surficial geology in the vicinity of Rocky Run mostly consists of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, which contains stratified sand and gravel as well as some boulders, also occurs in the valley, as does alluvium. Boulder Colluvium and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till occur to the north of the stream and Wisconsinan Bouldery Till also occurs in the southeastern part of the watershed. Coal dumps, or large piles of coal waste, occur in some small areas in the watershed.
Mer Bleue is located in the western end of the southern melt water channel of the post-glacial Ottawa River (whereas the Alfred Bog formed at the eastern end of this channel). This channel was eroded into the floor of the Champlain Sea, which invaded the Ottawa Valley some 12 000 years ago. Bedrock topography consists of two north north-east/south south-west trending ridges. Surficial material consists of some glacial till, thick marine clay, and freshwater and deltaic deposits grading from coarse sand to clay.
The elevation near the mouth of Willow Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Willow Brook includes alluvium (which contains stratified silt, sand, and gravel), a till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. In the vicinity of the lower reaches of the stream, there are patches of alluvium and wetlands, as well much Wisconsinan Till, all typically having thicknesses of or more in the general area.
The elevation near the mouth of Dymond Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level. The surficial geology in the vicinity of Dymond Creek consists mainly of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and bedrock containing sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone, shale, and coal. However, Wisconsinan Outwash containing stratified sand and gravel occurs near the creek's mouth and there are a few patches of alluvial fan near the lower and middle reaches.
The Hajigak deposit trends north-east–south-west for about 9 km and is made up of 16 separate ore bodies, each up to 3 km in length. The deposit can be divided up into three geographical parts, the western, central and eastern parts. In addition to the large ore bodies there is a substantial area of thin fragmental ore deposits in the form of four surficial deposits. The main hematitic ore is medium- to fine-grained and displays a variety of massive, banded and porous textures.
Academic geologists study subterranean basins as well as those basins which have been exhumed and dissected by subsequent tectonic events. Thus academics sometimes use petroleum industry techniques, but in many cases they are able to study rocks at the surface. Techniques used to study surficial sedimentary rocks include: measuring stratigraphic sections, identifying sedimentary depositional environments and constructing a geologic map. An important tool in sedimentary basin analysis is sequence stratigraphy, in which various sedimentary sequences are related to pervasive changes in sea level and sediment supply.
Heart Lake Conservation Area (HLCA) occupies 169 hectares (418 acres) in the Etobicoke Creek watershed, within the City of Brampton, Ontario. It is owned and managed by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). HLCA’s diverse ecosystem includes Heart Lake, the headwaters for Spring Creek, a wetland complex, one of the largest individual blocks of forest in the Etobicoke Creek watershed, and surficial geology of glacial till and river deposits. HLCA offers many activities to the public, including hiking, fishing, swimming, Treetop Trekking and more.
Sulfur dioxide, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or from fossil fuels, can become sulfuric acid within rainwater, which can cause solution weathering to the rocks on which it falls. Some minerals, due to their natural solubility (e.g. evaporites), oxidation potential (iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite), or instability relative to surficial conditions (see Goldich dissolution series) will weather through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water. One of the well-known solution weathering processes is carbonate dissolution, the process in which atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to solution weathering.
There are three EarthScope observatories, these include the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO), and the Seismic and Magnetotelluric Observatory (USArray). These observatories consist of boreholes into an active fault zone, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, tiltmeters, long-baseline laser strainmeters, borehole strainmeters, permanent and portable seismographs, and magnetotelluric stations. The various EarthScope components will provide integrated and highly accessible data on geochronology and thermochronology, petrology and geochemistry, structure and tectonics, surficial processes and geomorphology, geodynamic modeling, rock physics, and hydrogeology.
A 100-year-old water main runs through the creek. The water main is made of cast iron and supplies water to a third of the Wyoming Valley. For a significant portion of its length, the surficial geology of the watershed of Coal Creek features a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till, as well as bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. Near the creek's lower reaches, alluvium, coal dumps, Wisconsinan Ice- Contact Stratified Drift, and land where coal was once surface mined.
The investigation of groundwater dynamics of Fongafale Islet, Funafuti, show that tidal forcing results in salt water contamination of the surficial aquifer during spring tides. The degree of aquifer salinization depends on the specific topographic characteristics and the hydrologic controls in the sub-surface of the atoll. About half of Fongafale islet is reclaimed swamp that contains porous, highly permeable coral blocks that allow the tidal forcing of salt water. During World War II the occupying Japanese conducted extensive swamp reclamation to create an air field.
As a part of the Fennoscandian Shield's ancient Karelian craton, most of the Republic of Karelia's surficial geology is Archaean or Paleoproterozoic, dated up to 3.4 billion years in the Vodlozero block. This area is the largest contiguous Archaean outcrop in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Since deglaciation, the rate of post-glacial rebound in the Republic of Karelia has varied. Since the White Sea connected to the World's oceans uplift along the southern coast of Kandalaksha Gulf has totaled 90 m.
The Lowland are in the traditional territories of the Mohawk, the Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples, and the Cree. The Lowlands were covered by surficial deposits left by ice sheets following the Pleistocene glaciations. It is the smallest of Canada's seven physiographic regions—the Canadian Shield, the Hudson Bay Lowland, the Arctic Lands, the Interior Plains, the Cordillera, and the Appalachian Uplands—distinguished by topography and geology. The boundaries of the area largely reflect that of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone, the smallest of Canada's fifteen terrestrial ecozones.
Florida Power & Light has since stated that the company will reopen the Barley Barber Swamp by 2010. Much of the evidence behind claims of the Martin Plant's detrimental impacts on the Barley Barber Swamp come from research conducted by Hydro- ecologist Dr. Sydney Bacchus. Dr. Bacchus has stated that the power plant's cooling pond and water use have caused "surficial aquifer draw down." Through the lowering of the water table, Dr. Bacchus argues, the ecosystem, including wildlife and the ancient cypress trees, is dying.
Being accessible mainly by foot it remains relatively pristine, although there is some evidence of access by ATVs and there is some non-native European beach grass. Access to the estuary and beaches is not allowed to non-tribal members unless accompanied by a Tribal representative. The surficial geology of most of the Raft River's drainage basin is glacial outwash, with the estuary being more recent alluvium. The river's estuary and lower reach, up to the North Fork, is in a tsunami hazard zone.
The ice carved through younger sediments exposing more ancient rock. A large terminal moraine was formed in the ocean at the edge of the ice sheet during the first pulse of glaciation, creating Block Island along with Long Island, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The last Wisconsin glaciation began to retreat 18,000 before the present, leaving behind a sediment strewn landscape. Much of the surficial geology of the towns of Westerly, Charlestown and Narragansett resulted from the extensive Charlestown moraine, stretching in a line from Long Island to Fishers Island the southern coast of Rhode Island.
The contaminated plume occupies the upper aquifer of the North Coast Limestone Aquifer System (NCLAS). The NCLAS consists of a sequence of limestone formations that dip northward toward the Atlantic Ocean. In the Dorado area, the NCLAS upper aquifer is composed of the permeable parts of surficial unconsolidated deposits, the Aymamón Limestone, the Aguada Limestone, and the upper permeable parts of the Cibao formation. Groundwater generally flows in a northerly direction toward the coast, with a smaller groundwater flow component east toward the north-flowing Río de la Plata.
A series of related techniques for determining the age at which a geomorphic surface was created (exposure dating), or at which formerly surficial materials were buried (burial dating). Exposure dating uses the concentration of exotic nuclides (e.g. 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl) produced by cosmic rays interacting with Earth materials as a proxy for the age at which a surface, such as an alluvial fan, was created. Burial dating uses the differential radioactive decay of 2 cosmogenic elements as a proxy for the age at which a sediment was screened by burial from further cosmic rays exposure.
As defined, ganisters can be created by either the cementation of quartzose by surficial soil-forming processes to form silicrete, or by diagenetic cementation within the subsurface. Detailed studies of ganisters, which occur either as seatearths or elsewhere within coal-bearing strata, have found them to be ancient paleosols, which are equivalent in both physical characteristics and origin to modern silica-cemented soils, called silcretes.Gibling, M.R., and B.P. Rust, 1992, Silica-cemented paleosols (ganisters) in the Pennsylvanian Waddens Cove Formation, Nova Scotia, Canada in K.H. Wolf and G.V. Chilingarian, George, eds., Diagenesis, III.
The site is still open for amateur mineral collecting, although the State of Maine advises extreme caution as a result of potential flooding from high tides. In surficial, udic soils, Maine had an extensive bog iron extraction industry in the 1800s, including smelters such as the Katahdin Iron Works, which operated in the 1840s. One of sixteen brick kilns for producing charcoal to smelt the iron remains at the site. Maine experienced a boom in metal mining between 1879 and 1882, centered in Lubec, Acton, Blue Hill and Sullivan.
The Eureka Dunes themselves are located in the southeasternmost tip of the valley and trend north–south, parallel to Last Chance Range. According to a USGS survey map, the surrounding mountain ranges contain rocks that date back to the Mississippian and Cambrian periods while the surficial deposits on the valley floor are made up mainly of alluvium dating to the Quaternary period.Workman, J.B., C.M. Menges, W.R. Page, E.M. Taylor, E.B. Ekren, P.D. Rowley, G.L. Dixon, R.A. Thompson, and L.A. Wright. 2002. Geologic Map of the Death Valley Ground-Water Model Area, Nevada and California.
Vernal pools are shallow surficial depressions that seasonally fill with water during winter and spring rains and dry up during dry summer months. They get their name from the recognition of the seasonality of the habitat and the springtime flora associated with them. Vernal pools form where an impermeable or very slowly permeable layer underlies small and shallow depressions and creates a perched water table. The impermeable or very slowly permeable layer typically consists of either soil horizons such as duripans or claypans or bedrock in the form of volcanic mud or lava flows.
Soil consequently encompasses a variety of regolith components identified at landing sites. Typical examples include: bedform armor, clasts, concretions, drift, dust, rocky fragments, and sand. The functional definition reinforces a recently proposed generic definition of soil on terrestrial bodies (including asteroids and satellites) as an unconsolidated and chemically weathered surficial layer of fine-grained mineral or organic material exceeding centimeter scale thickness, with or without coarse elements and cemented portions. Martian dust generally connotes even finer materials than Martian soil, the fraction which is less than 30 micrometres in diameter.
Disagreement over the significance of soil's definition arises due to the lack of an integrated concept of soil in the literature. The pragmatic definition "medium for plant growth" has been commonly adopted in the planetary science community but a more complex definition describes soil as "(bio)geochemically/physically altered material at the surface of a planetary body that encompasses surficial extraterrestrial telluric deposits." This definition emphasizes that soil is a body that retains information about its environmental history and that does not need the presence of life to form.
Present fields of study include geological hazards and environmental geoscience, marine geoscience, minerals, hydrocarbons and bedrock and surficial geoscience.Web site, Geological Survey of Canada, www.gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/science_e.php In 2008, the oldest rocks yet discovered on earth, estimated to be about 4.28 billion years old were found along the east shore of Hudson Bay in Quebec. Also in 2008, a two-year project involving seven arctic nations and led by scientist Marc St. Onge of the Geological Survey of Canada, completed a survey that mapped the geology of the polar region.
The Musgrave Block is currently passive geologically, with surficial processes described as residual erosion. The area currently experiences on average less than 150mm (6 inches) of rainfall per annum, which provides little surface runoff and hence virtually no erosion. The landforms of the area are primarily composed of wide calcrete plains, often covered by Pleistocene Age aeolian deposits of sand dunes, sometimes reworked into ephemeral sheetwash fans. Outcrop is rare, restricted primarily to the igneous rocks of the Giles Complex and several granite domes, gneiss domes and isolated outcrops.
The first successful identification of a strong infrared spectral signature from surficial carbonate minerals of local scale (< 10 km²) was made by the MRO-CRISM team. Spectral modeling in 2007 identified a key deposit in Nili Fossae dominated by a single mineral phase that was spatially associated with olivine outcrops. The dominant mineral appeared to be magnesite, while morphology inferred with HiRISE and thermal properties suggested that the deposit was lithic. Stratigraphically, this layer appeared between phyllosilicates below and mafic cap rocks above, temporally between the Noachian and Hesperian eras.
In a 2006 United States Geological Survey survey of the depth to water and water-level altitude in Arizona, the younger alluvium surficial deposits atop Santa Claus were viewed as ranging from unconsolidated to strongly consolidated alluvial deposits. Residing in the Sacramento Valley basin, the ground water in Santa Claus is contained in a basin-fill aquifer and other water-bearing sediments at a depth of approximately below the land surface. Additionally, the underground water level resides approximately at an altitude of above mean sea level and is moving directly South.
The investigation of groundwater dynamics of Fongafale Islet, Funafuti, show that tidal forcing results in salt water contamination of the surficial aquifer during spring tides. The degree of aquifer salinization depends on the specific topographic characteristics and the hydrologic controls in the sub-surface of the atoll. About half of Fongafale islet is reclaimed swamp that contains porous, highly permeable coral blocks that allow the tidal forcing of salt water. There was extensive swamp reclamation during World War II to create the air field that is now the Funafuti International Airport.
These clay-rich soils shrink and swell markedly on drying and wetting. The physical disruption associated with shrinking and swelling produces shiny shear planes (slickensides) in the subsoil and either prevents the formation of subsurface horizons or severely disrupts and mixes them. When the soil swells on wetting, the former surficial material is mixed with the subsoil. Vertisolic soils develop mainly in clayey materials in semiarid to subhumid areas of the Interior Plains of Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta and occupy less than 1% of the land area of Canada.
For superposition, the grid generated for the subsurface domain is mirrored areally for the surface flow nodes, with surface flow node elevations corresponding to the top elevation of the topmost active layer of the subsurface grid. Note that surface flow node elevations may vary substantially to conform with topography. However, the assumptions of small slope inherent in the diffusion-wave equation will not allow for modeling of inertial effects. The discretized surface equation is coupled with the 3-D subsurface flow equation via superposition (common node approach) or via leakage through a surficial skin layer (dual node approach).
The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M3 data with neutron spectrometer H abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of OH and H2O is an ongoing surficial process. OH/H2O production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), an imaging spectrometer, was one of the 11 instruments on board Chandrayaan-1, whose mission came to a premature end on 29 August 2009. 101004 isro.org M3 was aimed at providing the first mineral map of the entire lunar surface.
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment,301 West Lake Street, Mount Shasta, California, Earth Metrics Incorporated, San Mateo, California, Report Number 10363, December 18, 1989 The settlement is on the distal gently sloping southwest flanks of Mount Shasta, with the chief surficial soils being Quaternary alluvium. This alluvium is adjacent to and probably underlain by volcanic clastic rock deposited by Mount Shasta in the course of its development. Groundwater elevation is approximately at the elevation of the underlying native black peat soil. Where it occurs this peat, of approximately two feet thickness, is underlain by stream deposit sands and gravels.
Lead astronomer Ignasi Ribas notes: "We used observations from seven different instruments, spanning 20 years of measurements, making this one of the largest and most extensive datasets ever used for precise radial-velocity studies." Barnard's Star b is expected to be frigid, with an equilibrium temperature of around . Its orbital distance, though close to the star by solar system standards, is around the snow line for a dim red dwarf like Barnard's Star. This is the point where volatile compounds such as water condense to form ice and thus outside the assumed habitable zone where temperatures are right for surficial liquid water.
Although primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to entrain ice, rocks, trees, and other surficial material. However, they are distinct from slushflows which have higher water content and more laminar flow, mudslides which have greater fluidity, rock slides which are often ice free, and serac collapses during an icefall. Avalanches are not rare or random events and are endemic to any mountain range that accumulates a standing snowpack. Avalanches are most common during winter or spring but glacier movements may cause ice and snow avalanches at any time of year.
The accommodation of this plate configuration results in a transform boundary along the Mendocino Fracture Zone, and a divergent boundary at the Gorda Ridge. Due to the relative plate motions, the triple junction has been migrating northwards for the past 25–30 million years, and assuming rigid plates, the geometry requires that a void, called slab window, develop southeast of the MTJ. At this point, removal of the subducting Gorda lithosphere from beneath North America causes asthenospheric upwelling. This instigates different tectonic processes, which include surficial uplift, crustal deformation, intense seismic activity, high heat flow, and even the extrusion of volcanic rocks.
As one group, the large craters and associated intercrater plains form some of the heavily cratered terrain defined by Trask and Guest. The relative age and nature of intercrater plains material are as uncertain in the Borealis region as they are elsewhere on Mercury. Strom noted the similarity in surficial morphologies between mercurian intercrater plains and pre-Imbrian pitted plains south-southwest of Mare Nectaris on the Moon (Wilhelms and McCauley, 1971; Scott, 1972). The pits in the lunar pre-Imbrian pitted plains are similar to the small secondaries that pepper the surface of Mercurian intercrater plains material.
Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey – A General View of its Physical and Moral Condition, together with a Topographical and Statistical Account of its Counties, Towns, Villages, Canals, Railroads, &c.; Published by D. Fenton, 1834. Available via Internet Archive Historically, the ridge comprising Goffle Hill was known as Totoway Mountain, with the name Goffle Hill applied to the more prominent southern part of the ridge. Today, the name Goffle Hill is commonly used to describe the entire ridge despite the fact that the northern and southern sections of the ridge are quite different in terms of topography and surficial geology.
Surficial geology of Europe The geology of Europe is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. These two halves are separated by the Pyrenees and the Alps-Carpathians mountain chain. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles.
Proposed modifications may include such things as vegetation removal, using various types of earth materials in construction, applying loads to shallow or deep foundations, constructing cut or fill slopes and other grading, and modifying ground and surface water flow. The effects of surficial and deep-seated geologic processes are evaluated and analyzed to predict their potential effect on public health, public safety, land use, or proposed development. (b) Typical engineering geologic applications and types of projects. Engineering geology is applied during all project phases, from conception through planning, design, construction, maintenance, and, in some cases, reclamation and closure.
The visible and near infrared (VNIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) are sensitive to intra-atomic electronic transitions and inter-atomic bond strength respectively can help mineral and rock identifications.The instrument in use is called spectroradiometer in lab and imaging spectrometer or multi-/ hyper-spectral scanner as imaging remote sensors. Provided that the land is not obscured by dense vegetation, some characteristics of superficial soil (the unconsolidated sedimentary materials covering the land as surficial deposits from weathering and erosion of bedrock) may be measured with a penetration depth into air-soil interface of about half of wavelength used (e.g. green light (~0.55 micro-meters) gives depth of penetration into ~0.275 micro-meters).
Soils are a part of the surficial geology of Maine, but are often considered and studied separately because of their role in construction and agriculture. Maine soils have formed since the retreat of the last ice sheet from the region 12,500 years before the present. Much of Oxford County and parts of Cumberland, York and Androscoggin County have loam soils, derived from granite, gneiss and schist with an average depth to bedrock of 5 feet, underlain by sandy till with a groundwater 30 inches below the surface in winter. Riverbeds in central and northeast Maine are lined with sandy glacial outwash made up of gneiss, limestone, phyllite, shale and granite.
The oldest post-glacial sediments include sand dunes and stream terraces in the western part of the state. Quaternary geologists, such as Joe Hartshorn (namesake of the Hartshorn Quaternary Laboratory at UMASS-Amherst) began the process of mapping surficial geology in Massachusetts in the 1960s with the final mapping of all quadrants finished by 2018. Overlapping this effort, the US Department of Agricultural conducted a series of soil surveys in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition to naturally occurring deposits, Quaternary geologists have also mapped "artificial till" including fill for roads, railroads and dams as well as cranberry bog deposits with coarse sand filled in over swampland.
First in the AAPG History of Petroleum Geology Series on Papers Having a Major Impact on Petroleum Geology: A contribution of the AAPG History of Petroleum Geology Committee This was first described in Rocky Mountains of the United States, as part of the Sevier Orogeny. In the rock record, this will increase the influence of more surficial rocks, which usually includes sedimentary rocks. Typically, you will see repeated sections of the same rock over and over as thrust faults, coming up from the decollement, stack the same layer on top of itself. The sediments that are created by this type of deformation are typically lithic sandstones.
This cuesta marks the transition between the underlying Cretaceous sediments toward the Piedmont and the more recent Miocene sediments seaward and is itself Cretaceous in origin. In its southern reaches, where Big Timber Creek lies, it runs roughly parallel to the Delaware River at a distance of about and delineates the left edge of the Delaware River watershed in southern New Jersey. The surficial geology of the New Jersey inner coastal plain is among the most complex in the world. At least eight of the 14 or 15 sedimentary strata, or formations, laid down since the Cretaceous period appear at the surface in the Big Timber Creek basin.
The Galileo spacecraft and ground-based astronomers observed volcanic activity at Masubi on several occasions in the late 1990s, but it was not a persistent thermal hotspot. The camera on Galileo observed a volcanic plume along Masubi Fluctus during the Galileo extended missions, in July/August 1999 and August 2001. Galileos cameras also observed a plume deposit form in September 1997. In each of these cases, the volcanic plumes emanated from different parts of Masubi Fluctus, providing further evidence that dust plumes like the one at Masubi result from the rapid sublimation of surficial sulfur dioxide frost by warm, advancing lava flow fronts, rather than erupting from the primary volcanic vent.
Its southern portion is drained by Paulins Kill and Pequest River. The watersheds of northern and southern Kittatinny Valley are divided by a glacial moraine. The Papakating valley's topography and surficial geology is defined by stratified and unstratified drift as well as till and gravel deposits left behind by the retreating glaciers during the Wisconsin glaciation (the last ice age) and feature several kames and kame terraces. A unique feature in the watershed is Rutan Hill, also called Volcanic Hill, thought to be the throat of an ancient, extinct volcano which was active at the end of the Taconic Orogeny approximately 420 million years ago.
The plume magmatism theory is based on observations that most large igneous provinces include both hypabyssal and surficial manifestations of voluminous mafic magmatism within the same temporal period. For instance, in most Archaean cratons, greenstone belts correlate with voluminous dike injections as well as usually some form of larger intrusive episodes into the crust. This is particularly true of a series of ultramafic-mafic layered intrusions in the Yilgarn Craton of ~2.8 Ga and associated komatiite volcanism and widespread tholeiitic volcanism. Plume magmatism is an effective mechanism for explaining the large volumes of magmatism required to inflate an intrusion to several kilometres thickness (up to and greater than ).
Geologist John R. Castaño concluded that there was insufficient evidence of the mantle as the hydrocarbon source and that it was unlikely that the Siljan site could be used as a commercial gas field.. Some skeptics countered Gold's claims by suggesting that the oil found was actually contamination from the drilling. In 2019, a study of gases and secondary carbonate minerals revealed that long-term microbial methanogenesis has occurred in situ deep within the fracture system of the crater (for at least 80 million years) and with an obvious spatial link to seep oils of surficial sedimentary origin, at odds with Gold's theories of deep abiotic gas migration.
Fossil soil horizons from paleosols can be found within sedimentary rock sequences, allowing the study of past environments. The exposure of parent material to favourable conditions produces mineral soils that are marginally suitable for plant growth, as is the case in eroded soils. The growth of vegetation results in the production of organic residues which fall on the ground as litter for plant aerial parts (leaf litter) or are directly produced belowground for subterranean plant organs (root litter), and then release dissolved organic matter. The remaining surficial organic layer, called the O horizon, produces a more active soil due to the effect of the organisms that live within it.
Murray v. Schriro, May 30, 2008, United States District Court Arizona, No. CV-03-775-PHX-DGC In July 2005, the Twin Mills wildfire was ignited by lightning and burned Grasshopper Junction, which received air drops of flame retardant. In a 2006 United States Geological Survey survey of the depth to water and water-level altitude in Arizona, the younger alluvium surficial deposits atop Grasshopper Junction were viewed as ranging from unconsolidated to strongly consolidated alluvial deposits. Residing in the Detrital basin, the ground water in Grasshopper Junction is contained in a basin-fill aquifer and other water-bearing sediments at a depth of approximately below the land surface.
There is a parking lot at this entrance, a picnic area, and the start of the preserve's main path which stretches about a half mile along the east side of Haledon Reservoir. A few small, unmarked trails extend west off the main path, leading to the shore of the reservoir and part of the system of dikes extending out into the water. The main path also runs through a few areas of exposed volcanic basalt, lava that erupted to the surface 200 million years ago as the super continent Pangaea rifted apart during the early Jurassic.Stanford, Scott D. OFM 54, Surficial Geology of the Paterson Quadrangle, Passaic, Bergen, and Essex Counties, New Jersey.
Sandurs are found in glaciated areas, such as Svalbard, Kerguelen Islands, and Iceland. Glaciers and icecaps contain large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as they erode the underlying rocks when they move slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier. An outwash plain might contain surficial braided stream complexes that rework the original deposits.
The northern shoreline suggests that the bay is largely underlain by Carboniferous Windsor Group sedimentary rocks, principally shale, sandstone and gypsum. The southern shoreline is generally the elongated block of Precambrian rocks known as the East Bay Hills, composed of volcanic deposits of the Fourchu Group (ash and lava interleaved with marine sediments) and earlier Paleozoic era intrusive granite and quartzite. This is some of the oldest surficial geology visible around the Bras d'Or Lake, yet soft Windsor Group rocks form a narrow band along the bay's southern shore and extend out as the lake floor. East Bay occupies a regional lowland that developed in soft Windsor Group rocks before the Quaternary glacial period.
Instead, the striations which were previously reported as shatter cones were identified as ventifacts created by wind erosion in sandstones. These striations are surficial features that are unrelated to fracturing of the sandstone; are consistently oriented with the prevailing Holocene wind patterns; and occur within and outside of, even distal to, both of the Arkenu structures. In addition, detailed petrographic analyses of rock samples from both of the Arkenu structures found a lack of any microscopic effect of shock metamorphism including a lack of planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz grains and evidence of impact melting, or presence of glass. A lack of any apparent differences between the sedimentary rocks outcropping inside and outside these circular structures was found.
However, on Fongafale in Funafuti all pits surveyed were either too saline or very marginal for swamp taro production, although a more salt tolerant species of taro (Colocasia esculenta) was being grown in Fongafale. The extent of the salinization of the aquifer on Fongafale Islet is the result of both man-made changes to the topography that occurred when the air field was built in World War II by reclaiming swamp land and excavating coral rock from other parts of the islet. These topographic changes are exacerbated by the groundwater dynamics of the islet, as tidal forcing pushes salt water into the surficial aquifer during spring tides. The freshwater lens of each atoll is a fragile system.
Sims has published nearly one hundred research articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, including Nature and Science. These publications cover a wide range of topics: magma genesis, differentiation, and degassing; continental and oceanic crustal construction; planetary accretion and core formation; trace- element partitioning; surficial weathering; paleo-oceanography; chemical oceanography; ground water hydrology; water-rock interaction; fumarolic activity; volcanic aerosol formation and dispersal; serpentinization; natural rates of carbon sequestration; and, shallow subsurface geophysics. Sims’ major contributions are determining the time scales and dynamics of magma genesis and volcanic processes. Sims’ research is funded by the US National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, the US Department of Energy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of Wyoming.
Cascade Cliffs is a wall of unjointed granite that rises to AMSL, above the Merced River and make up the southern wall of Little Yosemite Valley at , southwest of Bunnell Point and northeast of Mount Starr King, of which Cascade Cliffs comprises the northern flank. In few other places in the Yosemite region is the granite more continuously massive than in the Cascade Cliffs. Only one horizontal master joint divides the rock (in the lower left) The scales on the cliffs are merely surficial features due to exfoliation. The dark streaks indicate the paths followed by the ribbon cascades which descend from the upland in the spring, when the snow is melting, and from which the cliffs take their name.
The actual reaction is more complicated and involves the bicarbonate ion (HCO) that forms when CO2 reacts with water at seawater pH: : + 2 → (s) \+ + At seawater pH, most of the CO2 is immediately converted back into . The reaction results in a net transport of one molecule of CO2 from the ocean/atmosphere into the lithosphere. The result is that each Ca2+ ion released by chemical weathering ultimately removes one CO2 molecule from the surficial system (atmosphere, ocean, soils and living organisms), storing it in carbonate rocks where it is likely to stay for hundreds of millions of years. The weathering of calcium from rocks thus scrubs CO2 from the ocean and atmosphere, exerting a strong long-term effect on climate.
Crust and lithosphere produced by the IBM arc system during its ~50 Ma history are found today as far west as the Kyushu- Palau Ridge (just east of the West Philippine Sea Basin), up to 1,000 km from the present IBM trench. The IBM arc system is the surficial expression of the operation of a subduction zone and this defines its vertical extent. The northern boundary of the IBM arc system follows the Nankai Trough northeastward and onto southern Honshū, joining up with a complex system of thrusts that continue offshore eastward to the Japan Trench. The intersection of the IBM, Japan, and Sagami trenches at the Boso Triple Junction is the only trench-trench-trench triple junction on Earth.
There are few areas in which the earlier drifts from the glacial deposits of the Pre-Ilionian or Illinoian stages are exposed at the surface. The extreme southeastern and southwestern portions of Minnesota (Driftless Area) have extensive areas of pre-Wisconsin drifts, but they are masked almost everywhere by surficial covering of loess (wind-blown silt). Furthermore, these regions of older drift are maturely drained, because the streams have had a longer time to evolve into an efficient drainage system compared with the streams flowing in areas covered by younger glacial deposits. Howard Hobbs has proposed that the Pre-Illinoian glacial deposits in southeastern Minnesota are actually younger Illinoian glacial deposits.Hobbs, H.C., 2006a, The “Pre-Illinoian” till of southeastern Minnesota may actually be Illinoian.
This reach continues north of the city, with oxbow lakes and meander scroll indicating the occurrence of many active floods in the recent past. North of Leggs Mill Road the bedrock changes again to tightly folded shale as the Esopus drops through a fault at Glenerie Falls and into the narrow valley, itself a fault between shale and the limestone layers on the adjoining ridges, that takes it to its mouth at Saugerties. Imbrication of rocks in the stream's headwaters The Esopus's surficial geology reflects the effect of past glaciations on the Catskills. It begins with glacial till covering the bedrock at the stream's steep uppermost reaches, giving way to kame deposits on the north bank for another short stretch and then till again.
The holotype and only known specimen consists of a largely complete skull that was unfortunately overprepared, removing many of the surficial details; the specimen is reposited at the Texas Memorial Museum. Wilson provided a short description of features that he could observe, remarking on its distinction from the much larger, aquatic temnospondyls found in the Late Triassic and referred the taxon to a new family, the Latiscopidae. He placed this family within the Stereospondyli based on a few aspects of the palate and the absence of rhachitomous temnospondyls in the Dockum Group. He considered it somewhat similar to the Trematosauridae based on the relatively long and narrow skull but remarked that Latiscopus was probably not aquatic based on the laterally facing orbits.
The aquifer system generally dips below land surface to the south where it becomes buried beneath surficial sand deposits and clay. In areas depicted in brown in the image at the right, the Floridan aquifer system crops out and is again exposed at land surface. These regions are particularly prone to sinkhole activity due to the proximity of the karstified limestone aquifer to land surface.Four sinkholes open in the Plant City area, Tampa Bay Times, January 11, 201036-year-old man swallowed up in sinkhole in his Seffner home presumed dead, ABC Action News, March 1, 2013Florida sinkhole at Mosaic fertilizer site leaks radioactive water, September 17, 2016Land O'Lakes sinkhole deepens slightly, now stable, July 15, 2017 Some of the fractures/conduits within the aquifer are large enough for scuba divers to swim through.
The area is on a low plateau which is part of the Superior Upland. High points include the Sawtooth Mountains, a range of hills along the shore of Lake Superior, the Misquah Hills including Eagle Mountain, the state's highest point, and other uplands along the Laurentian Divide separating the watershed of the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean from that of Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. Despite the presence of dramatic cliffs and other local differences in elevation, the area is essentially flat, as it is part of an old peneplain eroded by weathering, water, and especially glaciers. The principal surficial result of recent glaciation is not the deposition of glacial drift (unlike most of the rest of Minnesota), but the remodeling of the landscape by the scraping away of softer surfaces down to bare hard rock.
Agricultural runoff containing fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and livestock waste have degraded surficial water quality. Concentrations of total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, sulfates, turbidity, biological oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform are high in the rivers, streams, and ditches of the region; they are often much greater than elsewhere in Arkansas, increase with increasing watershed size, and are greatest during the spring, high-flow season. Fish communities in least altered streams typically have an insignificant proportion of sensitive species; sunfishes are dominant followed by minnows. Man-made flood control levees typically flank the Mississippi River and, in effect, separate the river and its adjoining habitat from the remainder of its natural hydrologic system; in so doing, they interfere with sediment transfer within the region and have reduced available habitat for many species.
Yale University Press New Haven, Connecticut. obtained a partial second specimen and argued that both specimens were of inorganic origin and formed by "compaction of fine sands deposited over a compressible but otherwise unidentifiable structure, possibly a small gas blister." Paleontologists, who were unconvinced by Cloud's interpretation, reinterpretated this structure to be a burrow (trace fossil), known as “Asterosoma,“ made by a sediment feeding, worm-like organism. Other paleontologists, who later reexamined both specimens, argued that they are inorganic, sedimentary structures similar to small "sand-volcanoes" formed by the upward expulsion of gas or fluid from sediments as more sediment is loaded on top or as the sediment is shaken during seismic activity. Both specimens are very similar in morphology to sedimentary structures initially interpreted to be fossil jellyfish and named “Astropolithon.” Like Brooksella canyonensis, Astropolithon is now regarded to be the result of the venting of fluidized sand into surficial sediments blanketed by microbial mats that were typical of Precambrian sea- and lake-bottoms.
Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. There is further contention as to whether saltwater encroachment that is destroying the gardens for pulaka, taro and coconut palms is the consequence of changes in the sea level; or the consequence of the fresh water being extracted from the freshwater lens in the sub-surface of the atoll or the consequence of the creation of the borrow pits, which are the result of the extraction of coral to build the runway at Funafuti during World War II. The investigation of groundwater dynamics of Fongafale Islet, Funafuti, show that tidal forcing results in salt water contamination of the surficial aquifer during spring tides. The degree of aquifer salinization depends on the specific topographic characteristics and the hydrologic controls in the sub- surface of the atoll.

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