Differences between Unity and Sharp Sans include rounding of the superscript dots, punctuation marks, and counters.
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You may have noticed many Twitter users with a superscript 7 (⁷) in their usernames multiplying at an alarming rate.
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For now, this means tracking, leading and scaling, as well as formatting options like all caps, small caps, superscript and subscript.
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LG, here's some advice: never use a superscript to name a smartphone... or change the name of a phone a full year after it launched.
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The "th" and "st" appear in three ways: in normal type following a number, in normal type after a space following the number, and in superscript.
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"There are some superscript 'ths' as well" on type balls of the time, Phinney notes, but they didn't look like that, and they required additional typing expertise.
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These shortcuts can save you a lot of typing if, for example, you replace "1/4" with a proper fraction symbol, complete with superscript and subscript formatting.
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It appears as if the typist of the Killian documents used a space in some cases and forgot to delete it, and didn't note in others that the superscript was inserted.
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Mn Artists has also consistently tapped the Walker Center's abundant resources and connections to present joint public programs, as they did with 2015's international Superscript conference on the present and future of digital arts media (of which VICE was a part).
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Several superior letters are used in phonetic transcription systems. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses the superscript n ⁿ for nasal release, the superscript w ʷ to indicate labialized or labio-velarized consonants, the superscript h ʰ for aspirated consonants, the superscript j ʲ for palatalized consonants, the superscript gamma ᵞ for velarized consonants, the superscript turned h ᶣ for labio-palatalized consonants, the superscript reversed glottal stop for pharyngealized consonants, the superscript glottal stop is used for glottalized but pulmonic sonorants, such as [mˀ], [lˀ], [wˀ], [aˀ]. Other superscript letters are used as an alternative way to represent double articulated consonants, for example [tˢ] for [t͡s].
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Superscript consonants are encoded independently of the base consonants. Some characters serve both as superscript consonants and in other roles, and are therefore discussed further in this section. Niggahita and is encoded as U+1A74 MAI KANG. Superscript WA is not encoded separately.
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Similarly the superscript "⁵" (U+2075) is transformed to "5" (U+0035) by compatibility mapping. Transforming superscripts into baseline equivalents may not be appropriate however for rich text software, because the superscript information is lost in the process. To allow for this distinction, the Unicode character database contains compatibility formatting tags that provide additional details on the compatibility transformation. In the case of typographic ligatures, this tag is simply ``, while for the superscript it is ``.
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Frequently, superscript letters are used to indicate which values are significantly different using the Scheffé method. For example, when mean values of variables that have been analyzed using an ANOVA are presented in a table, they are assigned a different letter superscript based on a Scheffé contrast. Values that are not significantly different based on the post-hoc Scheffé contrast will have the same superscript and values that are significantly different will have different superscripts (i.e. 15a, 17a, 34b would mean that the first and second variables both differ from the third variable but not each other because they are both assigned the superscript "a").
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Except where noted (with a superscript), the language described above is that of the "Revised Report(r1)".
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As the neighbouring Limburgish dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features phonemic pitch accent, which contains two tonemes: stoottoon (denoted by a superscript ) and sleeptoon (denoted by superscript ). There are minimal pairs, for example moer 'wall' - moer 'carrot'. The syllables with stoottoon are pronounced shorter than those with the sleeptoon (so ).
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Each allele is symbolized by the locus symbol followed by a unique superscript. In many species, the most common allele in the wild population is designated the wild type allele. It is symbolized with a + character as a superscript. Other alleles are dominant or recessive to the wild type allele.
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Nonetheless, many users of the alphabet, including the leadership of the Association itself, deviate from the official system.See "Illustrations of the IPA" for individual languages in the IPA Handbook (1999), which for example may use as a phonemic symbol for what is phonetically realized as , or superscript IPA letters that have no official superscript form.
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Superscripts and Subscripts is a Unicode block containing superscript and subscript numerals, mathematical operators, and letters used in mathematics and phonetics. The use of subscripts and superscripts in Unicode allows any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX. Other superscript letters can be found in the Spacing Modifier Letters, Phonetic Extensions and Phonetic Extensions Supplement blocks, while the superscript 1, 2, and 3, inherited from ISO 8859-1, were included in the Latin-1 Supplement block.
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The coinvariant terminology and notation are used particularly in group cohomology and group homology, which use the same superscript/subscript convention.
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The sign is usually replaced with the abbreviations "n." or "nº", the latter using a masculine ordinal indicator, rather than a superscript 'O'.
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In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Greek minuscule beta denotes a voiced bilabial fricative . A superscript version may also indicate a compressed vowel, like .
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The term "Maskil" means "artistic song" and its inclusion in the superscript of this Psalm indicates that it was originally written with artistic skill.
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1981, pages 28-33 The family includes 8 fonts in 4 weights and 1 width, with complementary italics. OpenType features include fractions, ligatures, ordinals, superscript.
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In fluid mechanics an asterisk in superscript is sometimes used to mean a property at sonic speed.White, F. M. Fluid Mechanics, Fourth Ed. WCB McGraw Hill.
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Bold names denote the head of family. Solid lines denote direct relations. The superscript numbers show the line of succession. The organization is in birth order.
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Rich text standards like HTML take into account the compatibility tags. For instance HTML uses its own markup to position a U+0035 in a superscript position.
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The difference between superscript/subscript and numerator/denominator glyphs. In many popular fonts the Unicode "superscript" and "subscript" characters are actually numerator and denominator glyphs. Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.
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This letter survives now only in Czech. Compare also for the digraph nn, with the tilde as a superscript . In blackletter handwriting as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages, and also in many printed texts of the early modern period, the superscript still had a form that would be recognisable to us as an , but in manuscript writing, umlauted vowels could be indicated by two dots since the late medieval period. In the forms of handwriting that emerged in the early modern period (of which Sütterlin is the latest and best-known example) the letter was composed of two short vertical lines very close together, and the superscript looked like two tiny strokes.
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In mathematics, the circumflex can signify exponentiation (`3^5` for ), where the usual superscript is not readily usable (as on some graphing calculators). It is also used to indicate a superscript in TeX typesetting. As Isaac Asimov described it in his 1974 "Skewered!" essay (on Skewes' number), "I make the exponent a figure of normal size and it is as though it is being held up by a lever, and its added weight when its size grows bends the lever down." The use of the circumflex for exponentiation can be traced back to ALGOL 60, which expressed the exponentiation operator as an upward-pointing arrow, intended to evoke the superscript notation common in mathematics.
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Bochum, Universitätsverlag, Dr. N. Brockmeyer, p. 110. is now a standard in Polish, where it replaced the superscript of the last syllable (following complex declension and gender patterns, e.g. , , , ).
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The numbers in superscript brackets refer to the track number on the CD release. All songs and tunes are traditional except where the author is identified following the title.
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As noted above, temperature and wavelength are frequently reported as a superscript and subscript, respectively, while the solvent is reported parenthetically, or omitted if it happens to be water.
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The numero symbol is not in common use in France and does not appear on a standard AZERTY keyboard. Instead, the French Imprimerie nationale recommends the use of the form "no" (an "n" followed by a superscript lowercase "o"). The plural form "nos" can also be used. In practice, the "o" is often replaced by the degree symbol (°), which is visually similar to the superscript "o" and is easily accessible on an AZERTY keyboard.
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Then A has type (0 × (0→0))→0. This type can also be written as 0→(0→0)→0, by Currying. The set of (pure) finite types is the smallest collection of types that includes 0 and is closed under the operations of × and →. A superscript is used to indicate that a variable xτ is assumed to have a certain type τ; the superscript may be omitted when the type is clear from context.
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For an atomic nucleus, which can be regarded as an ion having stripped off all electrons, the charge number is identical with the atomic number Z, which corresponds to the number of protons in ordinary atomic nuclei. Unlike in chemistry, subatomic particles with electric charges of two elementary charges (e.g. some delta baryons) are indicated with a superscript "++" or "−−". In chemistry, the same charge numbers are usually indicated as superscript "+2" or "−2".
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In Czech and Slovak, the diacritic in the characters , , and resembles a superscript comma, but it is used instead of a caron because the letter has an ascender. Other ascender letters with carons, such as letters (used in Finnish Romani and Lakota) and (used in Skolt Sami), did not modify their carons to superscript commas. In 16th-century Guatemala, the archaic letter cuatrillo with a comma ( and ) was used to write Mayan languages.
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In expressions such as a^b, the notation for exponentiation is usually to write the exponent b as a superscript to the base number a. But many environments -- such as programming languages and plain-text e-mail -- do not support superscript typesetting. People have adopted the linear notation a \uparrow b for such environments; the up-arrow suggests 'raising to the power of'. If the character set does not contain an up arrow, the caret (^) is used instead.
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OpenType features include small caps, case forms, ligatures, special ligatures, alternates, stylistic sets, swashes, caps figures, oldstyle figures, tabular figures, fractions, superscript/subscript, superior/inferior figures, ordinals/superior letters and figures, and ornaments.
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Both the code page 437 (position 252) and Unicode (U+207F SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N) have the character ⁿ to represent the nth power of a number or variable in mathematics, for example 3ⁿ.
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The word was never pronounced with a "y" sound, though, even when so written. The first printing of the King James Version of the Bible in 1611 used the Y form of thorn with a superscript E in places such as Job 1:9, John 15:1, and Romans 15:29. It also used a similar form with a superscript T, which was an abbreviated that, in places such as 2 Corinthians 13:7. All were replaced in later printings by the or that, respectively.
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Unicode defines subscript and superscript characters in several areas; in particular, it has a full set of superscript and subscript digits. Owing to the popularity of using these characters to make fractions, most modern fonts render most or all of these as cap height superscripts and baseline subscripts. The same font may align letters and numbers in different ways. Other than numbers, the set of super- and subscript letters and other symbols is incomplete and somewhat random, and many fonts do not contain them.
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Multiple items on a line is indicated by a superscript number associated with country of origin. All information included in the list below has been drawn from the referenced articles without input from other external sources.
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The four common locations of subscripts and superscripts. The typeface is Myriad Pro. A single typeface may contain sub- and superscript glyphs at different positions for different uses. The four most common positions are listed here.
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The text of the codex is not divided into chapters. The nomina sacra are used both in Gothic and Latin texts (ihm and ihu for "Iesum" and "Iesu"). All the abbreviations are marked with the superscript bar.
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French uses the ordinal indicators (), in feminine (), (). French also uses the indicator for the variant ; in feminine this indicator becomes : . In plural, all these indicators take a S: (), (), (), (), (). These indicators use superscript formatting whenever it is available.
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This orthography is represented in the Phonology section below. In the Roman orthography tone is marked using a superscript L at the start of the syllable to mark low tone (e.g. Lto 'stone') with high tone unmarked.
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This is an expanded version of Frutiger Next W1G. It added Greek (from Frutiger Next Greek) and Cyrillic character sets, but advertised OpenType features were reduced to superscript and subscript. Only an OpenType version has been produced.
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A less common notation indicates the release of the affricate with a superscript: : This is derived from the IPA convention of indicating other releases with a superscript. However, this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate. Though they are no longer standard IPA, ligatures are available in Unicode for eight common affricates :. Any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of a stop plus a fricative, which exists in some languages such as Polish.
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The International Bureau of Weights and Measures2019 BIPM Brochure and International Organization for StandardizationISO 80000-3:2006 Quantities and Units - Space and Time specify rad as the symbol for the radian. Alternative symbols used 100 years ago are c (the superscript letter c, for "circular measure"), the letter r, or a superscript , but these variants are infrequently used, as they may be mistaken for a degree symbol (°) or a radius (r). Hence a value of 1.2 radians would most commonly be written as 1.2 rad; other notations include 1.2 r, 1.2, 1.2, or 1.2.
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The service mark symbol (the letters in small capitals and superscript style), is a symbol used in the United States and some other jurisdictions to provide notice that the preceding mark is a service mark. This symbol may be used for service marks not yet registered with the relevant national authority. Upon successful registration, registered services are marked with the same symbol as is used for registered trademarks, the registered trademark symbol . The proper manner to display the symbol is immediately following the service name, in superscript style.
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The second typeface is Myriad Pro; the superscript is about 60% of the original characters, raised by about 44% above the baseline.) A subscript or superscript is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively. It is usually smaller than the rest of the text. Subscripts appear at or below the baseline, while superscripts are above. Subscripts and superscripts are perhaps most often used in formulas, mathematical expressions, and specifications of chemical compounds and isotopes, but have many other uses as well.
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Because each position is used in different contexts, not all alphanumerics may be available in all positions. For example, subscript letters on the baseline are quite rare, and many typefaces provide only a limited number of superscripted letters. Despite these differences, all reduced-size glyphs go by the same generic terms subscript and superscript, which are synonymous with the terms inferior letter (or number) and superior letter (or number), respectively. Most fonts that contain superscript/subscript will have predetermined size and orientation that is dependent on the design of the font.
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Its superscript reads "To the Leader. Of the Korahites. A Maskil". It is addressed to the leader of the Korahites, who were likely a group of people who played a role in the music or worship of the temple.
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The Latin-1 Punctuation and Symbols subheading contains 32 characters of common international punctuation characters, such as inverted exclamation and question marks, and a middle dot; and symbols like currency signs, spacing diacritic marks, vulgar fraction, and superscript numbers.
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The international standard symbol for this unit today is "gon" (see ISO 31-1). Other symbols used in the past include "gr", "grd", and "g", the last sometimes written as a superscript, similarly to a degree sign: 50g = 45°.
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Hiragana can also be written in a superscript called furigana above or beside a kanji to show the proper reading. This is done to facilitate learning, as well as to clarify particularly old or obscure (or sometimes invented) readings.
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The family includes font weights with complementary italics. OpenType features include case forms, ligatures, special ligatures, alternates, swashes, caps figures, oldstyle figures, semi oldstyle figures, tabular figures, fractions, superscript/subscript, superior/inferior figures, ordinals/superior letters and figures, and ornaments.
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It is a version Zapfino Extra with support of Greek and Cyrillic characters. The family includes Zapfino Extra Paneuropean W1G One font. OpenType features include access all alternates, fractions, standard ligatures, localized forms, ordinals, scientific inferiors, superscript/subscript, discretionary ligatures.
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In music, augmented chords are symbolized with a plus sign, although this practice is not universal (as there are other methods for spelling those chords). For example, "C+" is read "C augmented chord". Sometimes the plus is written as a superscript.
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Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and Uralic Phonetic Alphabet to indicate voiced consonants. The gamma was also added to the Latin alphabet, as Latin gamma, in the following forms: majuscule Ɣ, minuscule ɣ, and superscript modifier letter ˠ. In the International Phonetic Alphabet the minuscule letter is used to represent a voiced velar fricative and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent velarization. It is not to be confused with the character , which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing, and which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel.
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In codicology, each physical sheet (', abbreviated fol. or f.) of a manuscript is numbered and the sides are referred to as ' and ', abbreviated as r and v respectively. Editions of manuscripts will thus mark the position of text in the original manuscript in the form fol. 1r, sometimes with the r and v in superscript, as in 1r, or with a superscript o indicating the ablative ', ', as in 1ro. e.g. Roberts, Longinus on the Sublime: The Greek Text Edited After the Paris Manuscript (2011), 170; Wijngaards, The Ordained Women Deacons of the Church's First Millennium (2012), 232; etc.
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These contrast with lateral approximants at the same positions, as well as a retroflex tap , alveolar tap , and retroflex approximant . However, the flapped, or tapped, laterals in Iwaidja are distinct from 'lateral flaps' as represented by the corresponding IPA symbols (see below). These phones consist of a flap component followed by a lateral component, whereas In Iwaidja the opposite is the case. For this reason, current IPA transcriptions of these sounds by linguists working on the language consist of an alveolar lateral followed by a superscript alveolar tap and a retroflex lateral followed by a superscript retroflex tap.
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One unique aspect of the Tibetan script is that the consonants can be written either as radicals or they can be written in other forms, such as subscript and superscript forming consonant clusters. To understand how this works, one can look at the radical /ka/ and see what happens when it becomes /kra/ or /rka/. In both cases, the symbol for /ka/ is used, but when the /ra/ is in the middle of the consonant and vowel, it is added as a subscript. On the other hand, when the /ra/ comes before the consonant and vowel, it is added as a superscript.
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Other editorial styles use superscript fractions (e.g., 4/6, 1/2) indicates the number of strings to barre in addition to the letters B or C. In some notation styles (particularly classical staff notation), the letters "B" or "C" are omitted altogether, with the number of courses to barre (from the highest-tuned downwards) written as an index (superscript). For example: on a guitar, VII4 indicates a barre on the 7th fret over the highest four strings (D, G, B, and E). There is no rule for whether to write full barre chords with indices (e.g., "6" for a standard guitar) or without.
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The Sichuanese Pinyin system uses superscript numbers to mark the four tones of Chengdu dialect. The number is placed on the top right corner of every syllable, where "1" stands for the first tone, "2" stands for the second tone, and so forth.
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Nonstoichiometry is pervasive for metal oxides, especially when the metal is not in its highest oxidation state.N. N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw, 2012, "Chemistry of the Elements," 2nd Edn., Amsterdam, NH, NLD:Elsevier, , see , accessed 8 July 2015. [Page numbers marked by superscript, inline.
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The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (e.g., H2O), Berzelius used a superscript (H2O). Berzelius is credited with identifying the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius's laboratory also discovered lithium and vanadium.
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It is a version of ITC Galliard with characters that support Central European languages. OpenType features include case sensitive forms, numerators/denominators, fractions, ligatures, lining/old style/proportional/tabular figures, localized forms, ordinals, scientific inferiors, superscript, small caps, diphthongs, stylistic alternates (set 1).
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In the International Phonetic Alphabet, uvularization can be indicated by the symbol (a superscript voiced uvular approximant (inverted small capital R)) after the letter standing for the consonant that is uvularized, as in (the uvularized equivalent of ). This is specified in VoQS standards.
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The number "forty" is also written with an abbreviation — Μ. All the abbreviations are marked with the superscript bar. It is a palimpsest. The whole book is known as Codex Guelferbytanus 64 Weissenburgensis. The upper text is in Latin and contains Isidore of Seville's Origines.
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Hund's first rule now states that the ground state term is 3P (triplet P), which has S = 1. The superscript 3 is the value of the multiplicity = 2S + 1 = 3. The diagram shows the state of this term with ML = 1 and MS = 1.
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When a vehicle was scrapped, either a new one would be built with the same number, or another existing car would be renumbered to fill the gap. Some later cars were built or re-coded with multiple letters, such as AB, AD, BD and ABD. Another category was introduced for older cars which allowed them to be used in restricted service; a superscript H added to the class to indicate Holiday traffic - BH. This H superscript was initially just a clerical note next to the code, although it later became an official part of the code. Initially only second-class carriages were marked as such.
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These characters appear influenced by the shape of Coptic letters. The nomina sacra attested in this uncial fragment are ΚΣ (Kurios, Lord) and ΧΡΣ) (Christos, Christ). The number "twenty four" is also written using an abbreviation — ΚΔ. All the abbreviations are marked with the superscript bar.
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Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: , though some writingsSuch as . use a superscript , which is not an official IPA practice. For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.
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These are denoted by Cnm and are rotations of 360°/n, performed m times. The superscript m is omitted if it is equal to one. Here the molecule can be rotated into equivalent positions around an axis. Cnn, n rotations 360°/n is also an Identity operation.
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The IPA adopted several ways to transcribe r-colored vowels in its 1947 chart: the turned r ; the superscript turned r , , , , etc.; the retroflex hook , , , , etc.; and added as a variant of in its 1951 chart. In 1976 the retroflex hook was dropped due to insufficient usage.
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It is a version of Trade Gothic Next with rounded corners and terminals. The family includes nine fonts in three weights (regular, bold, heavy) and three widths and one style (roman). OpenType features include numerators/denominators, fractions, standard/discretionary ligatures, localized forms, sub/superscript, proportional figures.
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Stations listed with the superscript identification CW+ are broadcast or cable affiliates of The CW Plus, an alternate feed distributed mainly to areas ranked among the 110 smallest U.S. television markets, which alongside CW network programming, carries syndicated and brokered programs acquired and scheduled by the network.
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Find the sum of these three digits, then if there is a carry-digit from the tens-column (written in superscript under the second line in the hundreds-column) then add this carry-digit as well. If the resulting sum has one digit then write it down under the second line in the hundreds- column; if it has two digits then write the last digit down under the line in the hundreds-column, and carry the first digit over to the thousands-column, writing it as a superscript to the yet-unwritten thousands-digit under the line. Between the first and second lines, the thousands-column will contain either two or three digits: the hundreds-digit of the tens-row, the tens-digit of the hundreds-row, and (possibly) the thousands-digit of the ones-row. Find the sum of these digits, then if there is a carry-digit from the hundreds- column (written in superscript under the second line in the thousands-column) then add this carry-digit as well.
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Through the use of Unicode's small capitals, small-form punctuation, and subscript and superscript phonetic modifiers, text can be created that is smaller than the inline text. This is generally only necessary for applications that only support one-size plain text, since HTML and CSS support different text sizes.
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The top of the character would overhang the slug, forming a kern which was less fragile than the normal kerns of foundry type, as it was on a slab of cast metal. This technique had been in previous use on Monotype machines, usually involving double-height matrices, to allow the automatic setting of "advertising figures" (numbers that occupy two or more lines, usually to clearly indicate a price in an advertisement set in small type). This meant that the same matrix could be used for both superscript and subscript numbers. More importantly, it allowed a variable or other item to have both a superscript and a subscript at the same time, one above the other, without inordinate difficulty.
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Start with the ones-column: the ones-column should contain a pair of digits: the ones-digit of the multiplicand and, under it, the ones-digit of the multiplier. Find the product of these two digits: write this product under the line and in the ones-column. If the product has two digits, then write down only the ones-digit of the product. Write the "carry digit" as a superscript of the yet-unwritten digit in the next column and under the line: in this case the next column is the tens-column, so write the carry digit as the superscript of the yet-unwritten tens-digit of the product (under the line).
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So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as , with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter , a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative . Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
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However, versions with the hook may have been used by some authors. The palatal hook was withdrawn by the IPA in 1989, in favour of a superscript j following the consonant (i.e., becomes ). Palatal hooks are also used in Lithuanian dialectology by the Lithuanian Phonetic Transcription System (or Lithuanian Phonetic Alphabet).
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The term is most relevant for approximants and fricatives (for which there are contrasting lateral and central consonants - e.g. versus and versus ). Stops that have "lateral release" can be written in the International Phonetic Alphabet using a superscript symbol, e.g. , or can be implied by a following lateral consonant, e.g. .
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Atari, Inc. published the Atari Word Processor in 1981, followed by the more popular AtariWriter cartridge in 1983. Third party options include PaperClip, Letter Perfect, Word Magic, Superscript, Bank Street Writer, COMPUTE! magazine's type-in SpeedScript, The Writer's Tool, Muse Software's Super-Text, and relative latecomer The First XLEnt Word Processor in 1986.
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It is encoded as MAI KANG. For example, Tai Khuen () is encoded as . For the purposes of character sequencing, it is generally treated as a vowel. Superscript cluster-initial NGA is encoded as U+1A58 MAI KANG LAI.
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The National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene is a professional theater company in New York City, founded in 1915, which produces both Yiddish plays and plays translated into Yiddish, in a theater equipped with simultaneous superscript translation into English. The theater company has been in residence at the Museum of Jewish Heritage since 2016.
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It is a re-proportioned version designed by Rod McDonald, released in March 2008 by International Typeface Corporation. The original release includes 5 fonts in 5 weights. OpenType features include fractions, ligatures, ordinals, stylistic alternates and subscript/superscript. Italic versions of the fonts were introduced with release of ITC Handel Gothic Pro.
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The space groups with given point group are numbered by 1, 2, 3, ... (in the same order as their international number) and this number is added as a superscript to the Schönflies symbol for the corresponding point group. For example, groups numbers 3 to 5 whose point group is C2 have Schönflies symbols C, C, C. While in case of point groups, Schönflies symbol defines the symmetry elements of group unambiguously, the additional superscript for space group doesn't have any information about translational symmetry of space group (lattice centering, translational components of axes and planes), hence one needs to refer to special tables, containing information about correspondence between Schönflies and Hermann–Mauguin notation. Such table is given in List of space groups page.
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In medieval manuscripts, other digraphs could also be written using superscripts: in bluome ("flower"), for example, the o was frequently placed above the u, although this letter ů survives now only in Czech. Compare also the development of the tilde as a superscript n. In blackletter handwriting, as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages and also in many printed texts of the early modern period, the superscript e still had a form that would now be recognisable as an e, but in manuscript writing, umlauted vowels could be indicated by two dots since the late medieval period. Unusual umlaut designs are sometimes also created for graphic design purposes, such as to fit an umlaut into tightly-spaced lines of text.
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25 Feb. 2016. Superscript II reverse transcriptase has additional terminal transferase activity which adds a variable number of cytosine residues to the end the 3’ terminal cDNA molecule. The overhang of 3’ cytosine residues bind to the TSO, creating an extended template. The Superscript II reverse transcriptase switches templates and continues transcribing to complete the 3’ end of the cDNA. This results in a full length cDNA containing the 5’ oligo-dT primer, cDNA transcribed from mRNA, and the 3’ universal priming site for second-strand synthesis. The cDNA undergoes amplification using the universal primer (5’- AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT-3’) for 18 cycles of PCR before it undergoes library preparation using the Nextera XT Kit from Illumina and sequencing by the Illumina HiSeq platform.
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By-elections were held for seven county council seats (in Cambridgeshire, Cumbria, Gloucestershire, Kent (two seats), Surrey and West Sussex) and for two seats in the London Borough of Lewisham. Other casual vacancies to be filled (variously by by-election or multiple vacancy election) are indicated in the tables below by a superscript addition (+n).
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In the URW version, there are also Greek, Cyrillic, subscript and superscript, box drawing characters. The family has 16 fonts in five weights and three widths, with condensed fonts on regular and heavy weights; extended fonts on regular and black weights; complementary oblique fonts on black, bold, heavy, heavy condensed, medium, regular, regular condensed.
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The family include six font weights, with a bonus Ultra Light weight in the OpenType version. It supports ISO Adobe 2, Adobe CE, and Latin Extended characters. OpenType features include small caps, old style figures, superscript and subscript, ordinals, proportional lining figures, and case forms. Font names are no longer numbered with the Frutiger system.
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When unambiguous, prenasalized consonants may simply be transcribed etc. In the IPA, a tie bar may be used to specify that these are single segments: . Another common transcription practice is to make the nasal superscript: . An old convention of the IPA was to mark the nasal as 'short' until the short and the nonsyllabic signs diverged: .
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Other languages, such as the Khoisan languages of Khoekhoe and Gǀui, as well as several of the !Kung languages, include nasal click consonants. Nasalization of the phonemes is denoted with a superscript preceding the consonant (for example, ). Nasalized laterals such as are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; often when is nasalized, it becomes .
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The notation common with mass density underlines the connection between the two quantities (the mass concentration being the mass density of a component in the solution), but it can be a source of confusion especially when they appear in the same formula undifferentiated by an additional symbol (like a star superscript, a bolded symbol or varrho).
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In Filipino, Indonesian, and Malay words that are repeated can be shortened with the use of numeral "2". For example, kata-kata (words, from single 'kata') can be shortened to kata2, and jalan-jalan (to walk around, from single 'jalan') can be shortened to jalan2. The usage of "2" can also replaced with superscript "²" (e.g. kata² for kata2).
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The superscript o indicates that these positions are observable, as opposed to missing. The positions of unobserved object parts can be represented by the vector x^m\,. Suppose that the object will be composed of F\, distinct foreground parts. For notational simplicity, we assume here that F = T\,, though the model can be generalized to F > T\,.
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In linguistics, upstep is a phonemic or phonetic upward shift of tone between the syllables or words of a tonal language. It is best known in the tonal languages of Sub-Saharan Africa. Upstep is a much rarer phenomenon than its counterpart, downstep. The symbol for upstep in the International Phonetic Alphabet is a superscript upward pointing arrow [].
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Entries congruent modulo N to 0, 1, or N − 1 do not appear in this sequence of numbers,. See Section 2. because they would correspond either to a loop or multiple adjacency, neither of which are permitted in simple graphs. Often the pattern repeats, and the number of repetitions can be indicated by a superscript in the notation.
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A Short Grammar of the Maltese Language used a with a superscript Arabic ayn to represent għ. għ itself was first used in Nuova guida alla conversazione italiana, inglese e maltese. The letter ħ had the most variations before being standardised in 1866. It was variously written as ch, and as a h with various diacritics or curly modifications.
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It is a version of Neue Frutiger compliant with the German standard DIN 1450, designed by Akira Kobayashi. The family includes eight fonts, in four weights (book, regular, medium, bold) and one width, with a complementary oblique. OpenType features include denominator/numerator, fractions, ligatures, localized forms, ordinals, proportional figures, subscript/superscript, scientific inferiors, stylistic alternates (two sets), ornaments, kerning.
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These subdivisions were denoted by writing the Roman numeral for the number of sixtieths in superscript: 1I for a "prime" (minute of arc), 1II for a second, 1III for a third, 1IV for a fourth, etc. Hence, the modern symbols for the minute and second of arc, and the word "second" also refer to this system.
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ISO 690 prescribes a referencing scheme with a fixed order of bibliographic elements in which the publication date appears after the "production information" of place and publisher, but it allows an exception for the Harvard system, in which the date appears after the creator name(s). The standard allows for three citation methods: name and date ("Harvard system"), in which the creator's name and the year of publication of the resource cited are given in the text; numeric, in which numerals in the text – either in parentheses, brackets or superscript – refer to resources in the order in which they are first cited; and running notes, in which numerals in the text – either in parentheses, brackets or superscript – refer to notes, which are numbered in order of their occurrence in the text.
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If the resulting sum has one digit then write it down under the second line in the thousands-column; if it has two digits then write the last digit down under the line in the thousands-column, and carry the first digit over to the ten-thousands-column, writing it as a superscript to the yet-unwritten ten-thousands-digit under the line. Between the first and second lines, the ten-thousands-column will contain either one or two digits: the hundreds-digit of the hundreds-column and (possibly) the thousands-digit of the tens-column. Find the sum of these digits (if the one in the tens-row is missing think of it as a 0), and if there is a carry-digit from the thousands-column (written in superscript under the second line in the ten-thousands-column) then add this carry-digit as well. If the resulting sum has one digit then write it down under the second line in the ten-thousands- column; if it has two digits then write the last digit down under the line in the ten-thousands-column, and carry the first digit over to the hundred- thousands-column, writing it as a superscript to the yet-unwritten hundred- thousands digit under the line.
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Stridency may be a type of phonation called harsh voice. A similar phonation, without the trill, is called ventricular voice; both have been called pressed voice. Bai, of southern China, has a register system that has allophonic strident and pressed vowels. There is no official symbol for stridency in the IPA, but a superscript (for a voiced epiglottal trill) is often used.
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A superscript is defined as lateral release. Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. This is well-known from speech pathology with a lateral lisp. However, it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern Arabic dialects and possibly some Modern South Arabian languages, which have pharyngealized nonsibilant and (simultaneous and ) and possibly a sibilant (simultaneous ).
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In typography and handwriting, a superior letter is a lower-case letter placed above the baseline and made smaller than ordinary script. The style has traditionally been distinct from superscript. Formerly quite common in abbreviations, the original purpose was to make handwritten abbreviations clearly distinct from normal words. These could also be used to enable the important words on signs to be larger.
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In 1989, at the Kiel Convention, the hook of and was adopted as a diacritic placed on the right side of the vowel symbol for r-colored vowels, e.g. . Following the convention of alternating and for non- rhotic accents, and signify stressed and unstressed, respectively, rather than a difference in phonetic quality. The use of the superscript turned r () is still commonly seen.
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The mass number, also called the nucleon number, is the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The mass number is unique for each isotope of an element and is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
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When it is odd, the parity of the term symbol is indicated by a superscript letter "o", otherwise it is omitted: :2P has odd parity, but 3P0 has even parity. Alternatively, parity may be indicated with a subscript letter "g" or "u", standing for gerade (German for "even") or ungerade ("odd"): :2P½,u for odd parity, and 3P0,g for even.
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Other digits, like superscripts, have numeric type Digit. All numeric characters like fractions and Roman numerals end up with the type "Numeric". The intended effect is that a simple parser can use these decimal numeric values, without being distracted by say a numeric superscript or a fraction. Seventy-three CJK Ideographs that represent a number, including those used for accounting, are typed Numeric.
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Linotype introduces Trade Gothic Next The family includes 17 fonts in four weights and three widths, with the fourth (Light) weight only in widest width fonts, and complementary italic in all but Compressed width fonts. It supports ISO-Adobe 2, Adobe CE, Latin Extended characters. OpenType features include sub/superscript, proportional lining figures. The extended width from original Trade Gothic was not included.
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Superscript notation is also used, especially in group theory, to indicate conjugation. That is, , where g and h are elements of some group. Although conjugation obeys some of the same laws as exponentiation, it is not an example of repeated multiplication in any sense. A quandle is an algebraic structure in which these laws of conjugation play a central role.
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In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), palatalized consonants are marked by the modifier letter , a superscript version of the symbol for the palatal approximant . For instance, represents the palatalized form of the voiceless alveolar stop . Prior to 1989, a subscript diacritic () and several palatalized consonants were represented by curly-tailed variants in the IPA, e.g., for and for : see palatal hook.
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Mixed consonant-vowels may indicate a transition: may be the allophone of with the transition from that identifies the consonant, while may be the allophone of before , or the formants of anticipated in the . The 2015 edition of the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet formally advocates superscript letters for the first time since 1989, specifically for the release of plosives.
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The National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, commonly known as NYTF, is a professional theater company in New York City which produces both Yiddish plays and plays translated into Yiddish, in a theater equipped with simultaneous superscript translation into English. The company's leadership consists of executive director Dominick Balletta and artistic director Zalmen Mlotek. The board is co-chaired by Sandra Cahn and Carol Levin.
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Lamashtu's father was the Sky God Anu. Unlike many other usual demonic figures and depictions in Mesopotamian lore, Lamashtu was said to act in malevolence of her own accord, rather than at the gods' instructions. Along with this her name was written together with the cuneiform determinative indicating deity.Line 47 has ddim- me, the superscript d being the divine determinative.
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Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers are called isotopes. A given isotope is identified by a letter for the element preceded by a superscript for the mass number. For example, two common isotopes of chlorine are 35Cl and 37Cl. There are about 1700 known combinations of Z and N, of which only about 260 are stable.
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Throughout this article, k denotes a field. The algebraic closure of a field is denoted by adding a superscript of "alg", e.g. the algebraic closure of k is kalg. The symbols Q, R, C, and Fp represent, respectively, the field of rational numbers, the field of real numbers, the field of complex numbers, and the finite field containing p elements.
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The superscript notation a^b doesn't lend itself well to generalization, which explains why Knuth chose to work from the inline notation a \uparrow b instead. a \uparrow^n b is a shorter alternative notation for n uparrows. Thus a \uparrow^4 b = a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b. Knuth's arrows have become quite popular, maybe because \uparrow^n is a stronger logo than for instance [n].
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Gottfried Weber's Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst (Theory of Musical Composition) (1817–21) is often credited with popularizing the method. More precisely, he introduced the usage of large capital numerals for major chords, small capitals for minor, superscript o for diminished 5ths and dashed 7 for major sevenths – see hereby.Gottfried Weber, Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst, 3d Edition, Mainz, Schott, 1830–1832, vol. 2, pp.
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Although isotopes are more relevant to nuclear chemistry or stable isotope chemistry than to conventional chemistry, different isotopes may be indicated with a prefixed superscript in a chemical formula. For example, the phosphate ion containing radioactive phosphorus-32 is [32PO4]3−. Also a study involving stable isotope ratios might include the molecule 18O16O. A left-hand subscript is sometimes used redundantly to indicate the atomic number.
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The creation of YersiniaBase, a data and tools collection for the reporting and comparison of Yersinia species genome sequence data, was reported in January 2015. The provisional representation of species addressed by the resource has been indicated in the TaxBox on this page by a superscript 'yb' beside the species name. Development of YersiniaBase was funded by the University of Malaya and the Ministry of Education, Malaysia.
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One or two letters of the spelled-out numeral are appended to it (either after a hyphen or, rarely, in superscript). The rule is to take the minimal number of letters that include at least one consonant phoneme. Examples: 2-му второму , 2-я вторая , 2-й второй (note that in the second example the vowel letter я represents two phonemes, one of which () is consonant).
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Lau's singular creative step was to indicate tonality with superscript numbers so as to do away with diacritics entirely. His system was a plain attempt at simplification which proved popular with western learners of Cantonese as a second language and was initially the system of romanisation adopted by the University of Hong Kong. However, the university now employs the Jyutping system for its Cantonese courses.
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Note that Lao generally uses the same glyph for MAI KANG LAI and U+1A59 SIGN FINAL NGA. U+1A62 MAI SAT serves three roles - it is a vowel, a final consonant, and a vowel shortener. Choosing the encoding of the superscript form of RA and the vowel killers was difficult. In the 1940s the Tai Khuen wrote the consonant and the vowel killer the same way.
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In order to define which atoms are above and below the plane one must orient the molecule so that the atoms are numbered clockwise when looking from the top. Atoms above the plane are prefixed as a superscript and atoms below the plane are suffixed as a subscript. If the ring oxygen is above or below the plane it must be prefixed or suffixed appropriately.
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The "combinatory" (the word is Quine's) predicate functors, all monadic and peculiar to PFL, are Inv, inv, ∃, +, and p. A term is either an atomic term, or constructed by the following recursive rule. If τ is a term, then Invτ, invτ, ∃τ, +τ, and pτ are terms. A functor with a superscript n, n a natural number > 1, denotes n consecutive applications (iterations) of that functor.
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Binary operations are often written using infix notation such as , , or (by juxtaposition with no symbol) ab rather than by functional notation of the form . Powers are usually also written without operator, but with the second argument as superscript. Binary operations sometimes use prefix or (probably more often) postfix notation, both of which dispense with parentheses. They are also called, respectively, Polish notation and reverse Polish notation.
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The text was written one column per page, 15 (or more) lines per page, 30–35 letters per line, in uncial letters. Parts of the leaf have decayed, resulting in some loss from the text — approximately the first five to seven letters of each line. Additionally, some other letters are not legible. Classic nomina sacra abbreviations were employed by the scribe, with the typical linear superscript.
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The confusion is somewhat mitigated by the fact that each of the reciprocal trigonometric functions has its own name—for example, = . Nevertheless, certain authors advise against using it for its ambiguity. Another convention used by a few authors is to use an uppercase first letter, along with a superscript: , , , etc. This potentially avoids confusion with the multiplicative inverse, which should be represented by , , etc.
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The font family originally includes 14 fonts in 7 weights, with a complementary italic. OpenType features include numerators/denominators, fractions, ligatures, lining/old style/proportional and tabular figures, superscript, small capitals, stylistic alternates, stylistic sets 1 and 2 (Roman fonts only). Only one width is offered, without condensed or extended designs. OpenType Pro version supports all western European, most central European and many eastern European languages.
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Degenerate (very highly doped) semiconductors have conductivity levels comparable to metals and are often used in integrated circuits as a replacement for metal. Often superscript plus and minus symbols are used to denote relative doping concentration in semiconductors. For example, n+ denotes an n-type semiconductor with a high, often degenerate, doping concentration. Similarly, p− would indicate a very lightly doped p-type material.
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Several advanced features of OpenType typefaces are support for professionally designed subscript and superscript glyphs. Exactly which glyphs are included varies by typeface; some have only basic support for numerals, while others contain a full set of letters, numerals, and punctuation. They can be available via activating `subs` or `sups` feature tag. These feature tags can be turned on if software environment support optional features.
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Thus, the X may become an N for noun, a V for verb, an A for adjective, or a P for preposition. The term X-bar is derived from the notation representing this structure. Certain structures are represented by X (an X with a bar over it). Because this may be difficult to typeset, this is often written as X′, using the prime symbol or with superscript numerals as exponents, e.g.
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A labio-palatalized sound is one that is simultaneously labialized and palatalized. Typically the roundedness is compressed, like , rather than protruded like . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for this secondary articulation is , a superscript , the symbol for the labialized palatal approximant. If such sounds pattern with other, labialized, consonants, they may instead be transcribed as palatalized consonants plus labialization, , as with the = of Abkhaz or the = of Akan.
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Prism correction is commonly specified in prism dioptres, a unit of angular measurement that is loosely related to the dioptre. Prism dioptres are represented by the Greek symbol delta (Δ) in superscript. A prism of power 1Δ would produce 1 unit of displacement for an object held 100 units from the prism. Thus a prism of 1Δ would produce 1 cm visible displacement at 100 cm, or 1 meter.
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In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter , a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative . For instance, represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and represents the aspirated bilabial stop. Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by , such as , typically represent consonants with murmured voiced release (see below).
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Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed or and , but they are usually transcribed and , word lists from 1977, 1966, 1975. with the details of voice onset time given numerically. Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration , a superscript equals sign: .
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Placing an integer superscript after the name or symbol of a function, as if the function were being raised to a power, commonly refers to repeated function composition rather than repeated multiplication. Thus, may mean ; in particular, usually denotes the inverse function of . This notation was introduced by Hans Heinrich Bürmann and John Frederick William Herschel. Iterated functions are of interest in the study of fractals and dynamical systems.
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In phonetics, a nasal release is the release of a stop consonant into a nasal. Such sounds are transcribed in the IPA with superscript nasal letters, for example as in English catnip . In English words such as sudden in which historically the tongue made separate contacts with the alveolar ridge for the and , , many speakers today make only one contact. That is, the is released directly into the : .
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John Wells's phonetic blog. Accessed Feb 21, 2013. uses the detailed transcriptions for si and for shi (ignoring the tone), with the superscript indicating the "color" of the sound and a lowering diacritic on the z to indicate that the tongue contact is relaxed enough to prevent frication. Another researcher suggests and for si and shi, respectively, to indicate that the frication of the consonant may extend onto the vowel.
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Yaa' maqṣūra with alif khanjariya above it The dagger alif or superscript alif ( ) is written as a short vertical stroke on top of an Arabic letter. It indicates a long sound where alif is normally not written, e.g. or . The dagger alif occurs in only a few modern words, but these include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts, except in the Qur'an.
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In phonetics, a lateral release is the release of a plosive consonant into a lateral consonant. Such sounds are transcribed in the IPA with a superscript , for example as in English spotless . In English words such as middle in which, historically, the tongue made separate contacts with the alveolar ridge for the and , , many speakers today make only one tongue contact. That is, the is laterally released directly into the : .
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In Kendall's notation for single queueing nodes, the random variable denoting bulk arrivals or service is denoted with a superscript, for example MX/MY/1 denotes an M/M/1 queue where the arrivals are in batches determined by the random variable X and the services in bulk determined by the random variable Y. In a similar way, the GI/G/1 queue is extended to GIX/GY/1.
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In written languages, an ordinal indicator is a character, or group of characters, following a numeral denoting that it is an ordinal number, rather than a cardinal number. In English orthography, this corresponds to the suffixes -st, -nd, -rd, -th in written ordinals (represented either on the line 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th or as superscript, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th). Also commonly encountered are the superscript or superior (and often underlined) masculine ordinal indicator, , and feminine ordinal indicator, , originally from Romance, but via the cultural influence of Italian by the 18th century, widely used in the wider cultural sphere of Western Europe, as in 1º primo and 1ª prima "first, chief; prime quality". The practice of underlined (or doubly underlined) superscripted abbreviations was common in 19th-century writing (not limited to ordinal indicators in particular, and also extant in the numero sign ), and was also found in handwritten English until at least the late 19th century (e.g.
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Sabon eText is a version of Sabon optimized for screen use, designed by Steve Matteson. Changes include increased x-heights, heavier hairline and serifs, wider inter-character spacing, more open counters, adjusted thicks to thins ratio.eText Typefaces: Typefaces for High-Quality e-Reading Experiences The family includes 4 fonts in 2 weights (regular, bold), with complementary italics. OpenType features include case-sensitive forms, fractions, ligatures, lining/old style figures, ordinals, superscript, small capitals.
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At that time, the plan was that the first digit of a vehicle's number would denote the number of drive axles, and the second digit would correspond with the superscript used for that vehicle's series under the original system (e.g. Re 4/4II would become Re 420). For locomotives with carrying axles, the oblique stroke included in the old name would be replaced by the digit 9 (e.g. Ae 4/7 would become Ae 497).
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The World Wide Web Consortium and the Unicode Consortium have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters: > When used in mathematical context (MathML) it is recommended to consistently > use style markup for superscripts and subscripts.... However, when super and > sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with > these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic > or phonemic transcription.
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Liberation Serif, with tittles in red. A tittle or superscript dotOxford Dictionaries Online (US) — Is there a name for the dot above the letters i and j? is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic in the form of a dot on a lowercase i or j. The tittle is an integral part of the glyph of i and j, but diacritic dots can appear over other letters in various languages.
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Many scribal abbreviations were also used. It was common for the Lollards to abbreviate the name of Jesus (as in Latin manuscripts) to ihc. The letters and were often omitted and indicated by a macron above an adjacent letter, so for example in could be written as ī. A thorn with a superscript or could be used for that and the; the thorn here resembled a , giving rise to the ye of "Ye Olde".
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Interdental consonants are produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth. This differs from dental consonants, which are articulated with the tongue against the back of the upper incisors. Interdental consonants may be transcribed with the extIPA subscript plus superscript bridge, as in , if precision is required, but it is more common to transcribe them as advanced alveolars, as in . Interdental consonants are rare cross-linguistically.
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It is an OpenType variant of Parisine, which further expanded upon Parisine Std. Previous version of Parisine PRO was called Parisine PTF. Each member of the family is composed of more than 720 glyphs and feature around 26700 kerning pairs. OpenType features include small caps, case forms, ligatures, special ligatures, alternates, stylistic sets, caps figures, oldstyle figures, tabular figures, fractions, superscript/subscript, superior/inferior figures, ordinals/superior letters and figures, and ornaments.
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It is an extension of the original Parisine Office font, featuring smaller x-height, more cursive italic lowercase glyphs than in Parisine, a bit like Parisine Plus, extended character sets. Previous version of Parisine Office PRO was called Parisine Office PTF. OpenType features include small caps, case forms, ligatures, special ligatures, alternates, stylistic sets, caps figures, oldstyle figures, tabular figures, fractions, superscript/subscript, superior/inferior figures, ordinals/superior letters and figures, and ornaments.
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The Lambda Literary Award Medal Design 2008 In the following table, the years correspond to the year of the book's release; the ceremonies are always held the following year. Entries with a lavender background have won the relevant award; those with a white background are the nominees. Entries with a green background are current nominees, from which a winner has yet to be chosen. Superscript letters after the result indicate simultaneous nominations in other categories.
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Guangdong romanization makes use of diacritics to represent certain vowels. This includes the use of the circumflex, acute accent and diaeresis in the letters ê, é and ü, respectively. In addition, it uses -b, -d, -g to represent the coda consonants rather than -p, -t, -k like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated plosives in the initial. Tones are marked by superscript numbers rather than by diacritics.
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Thus, the oxidation state of an atom in a compound is purely a formalism. It is nevertheless important in understanding the nomenclature conventions of inorganic compounds. Also, a number of observations pertaining to chemical reactions may be explained at a basic level in terms of oxidation states. In inorganic nomenclature, the oxidation state is represented by a Roman numeral placed after the element name inside a parenthesis or as a superscript after the element symbol.
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At the end of the 1980s, the Swiss Federal Railways began drafting a new computer compatible and UIC compliant numbering system for its motive power. The superscript indices in the existing scheme (e.g. Re 4/4IV, V, VI…) presented a particular problem for this draft new system's planned method of data collection. By 1988, the drafting process had led to a first draft of a UIC compliant numbering scheme, which, however, never came fully into operation.
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A −1 that appears as a superscript of a function does not mean taking the (pointwise) reciprocal of that function, but rather, the inverse function (or more generally inverse relation) of the function. For example, f−1(x) is the inverse of f(x), or sin−1(x) is a notation of arcsine function. When a subset of the codomain is specified inside the function, it instead denotes the preimage of that subset of the codomain under the function.
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An atomic term is an upper case Latin letter, I and S excepted, followed by a numerical superscript called its degree, or by concatenated lower case variables, collectively known as an argument list. The degree of a term conveys the same information as the number of variables following a predicate letter. An atomic term of degree 0 denotes a Boolean variable or a truth value. The degree of I is invariably 2 and so is not indicated.
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In music theory, a dominant seventh chord, or major minor seventh chord, is a seventh chord, usually built on the fifth degree of the major scale, and composed of a root, major third, perfect fifth, and minor seventh. Thus it is a major triad together with a minor seventh, denoted by the letter name of the chord root and a superscript "7".Bruce Benward & Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003). Music in Theory and Practice, seventh edition (Boston: McGraw-Hill), vol.
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Interval cycles, "unfold [i.e., repeat] a single recurrent interval in a series that closes with a return to the initial pitch class", and are notated by George Perle using the letter "C", for cycle, with an interval-class integer to distinguish the interval. Thus the diminished-seventh chord would be C3 and the augmented triad would be C4. A superscript may be added to distinguish between transpositions, using 0–11 to indicate the lowest pitch class in the cycle.
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However, it is common, especially in the early research, to find a superscript (or sometimes subscript) inverted exclamation mark [], because of typographical constraints. Hausa has upstep because of the interaction of tones when they are placed in context: : :It's English. Upstep is superficially similar to pitch reset, which is nearly universal in the prosody of the world's languages. The most common prosodic contours occur in chunks with gradually declining pitch (here transcribed as a global fall, [↘]).
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A solution can be to parenthesize the unary "−" along with its operand. For example, the expression may be clearer if written (even though they mean exactly the same thing formally). The subtraction expression is a different expression that doesn't represent the same operations, but it evaluates to the same result. Sometimes in elementary schools a number may be prefixed by a superscript minus sign or plus sign to explicitly distinguish negative and positive numbers as in : gives .
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The modulation itself is marked by superscript of the old note name preceding its new name; for example, in modulation to the dominant, the new tonic is notated as sd. The music then proceeds in the new key until another modulation is notated. Minor keys use l (la) as the tonic. The ascending sixth scale degree in melodic minor is noted as ba (pronounced "bay") instead of fe, which is reserved for the sharp f of the major scale.
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In professional typography, subscript and superscript characters are not simply ordinary characters reduced in size; to keep them visually consistent with the rest of the font, typeface designers make them slightly heavier (i.e. medium or bold typography) than a reduced-size character would be. The vertical distance that sub- or superscripted text is moved from the original baseline varies by typeface and by use. In typesetting, such types are traditionally called "superior" and "inferior" letters, figures, etc.
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For ions, the charge on a particular atom may be denoted with a right-hand superscript. For example, Na+, or Cu2+. The total charge on a charged molecule or a polyatomic ion may also be shown in this way. For example: H3O+ or SO42−. Note that + and - are used in place of +1 and -1, respectively. For more complex ions, brackets [ ] are often used to enclose the ionic formula, as in [B12H12]2−, which is found in compounds such as Cs2[B12H12].
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An enthalpy change occurs during a chemical reaction. For the special case of the formation of a compound from the elements, the change is designated ΔHform and is a weak function of temperature. Values of ΔHform are usually given where the elements and compound are in their normal standard states, and as such are designated standard heats of formation, as designated by a superscript °. The ΔH°form undergoes discontinuities at a phase transition temperatures of the constituent element(s) and the compound.
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The mass number of an element, A, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g. 238U). The mass number is always a whole number and has units of "nucleons". For example, magnesium-24 (24 is the mass number) is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons).
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The manganese (Mn) atom has a 3d5 electron configuration with five unpaired electrons all of parallel spin, corresponding to a 6S ground state.NIST Atomic Spectrum Database To read the manganese atom levels, type "Mn I" in the Spectrum box and click on Retrieve data. The superscript 6 is the value of the multiplicity, corresponding to five unpaired electrons with parallel spin in accordance with Hund's rule. An atom can have a ground state with two incompletely filled subshells which are close in energy.
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Consolas supports the following OpenType layout features: stylistic alternates, localized forms, uppercase-sensitive forms, oldstyle figures, lining figures, arbitrary fractions, superscript, subscript. Although Consolas is designed as a replacement for Courier New, only 713 glyphs were initially available, as compared to Courier New (2.90)'s 1318 glyphs. In version 5.22 (included with Windows 7), support for Greek Extended, Combining Diacritical Marks For Symbols, Number Forms, Arrows, Box Drawing, Geometric Shapes was added. In version 5.32 the total number of supported glyphs was 2735.
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Negative numbers are usually written with a minus sign in front. For example, −3 represents a negative quantity with a magnitude of three, and is pronounced "minus three" or "negative three". To help tell the difference between a subtraction operation and a negative number, occasionally the negative sign is placed slightly higher than the minus sign (as a superscript). Conversely, a number that is greater than zero is called positive; zero is usually (but not always) thought of as neither positive nor negative.
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The oxidation state in compound naming for transition metals and lanthanides and actinides is placed either as a right superscript to the element symbol in a chemical formula, such as FeIII, or in parentheses after the name of the element in chemical names, such as iron(III). For example, is named iron(III) sulfate and its formula can be shown as Fe. This is because a sulfate ion has a charge of −2, so each iron atom takes a charge of +3.
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A voiced velopharyngeal fricative is . Velopharyngeal fricatives are frequently accompanied by uvular trill, in which case they may be written , or .A superscript ʀ is technically correct, but might be mistaken for a separate incompletely or lightly articulated uvular trill, so a dedicated letter 12px has been created for the fricative + trill. A posterior nasal fricative is a type of velopharyngeal fricative in which the soft palate approaches the pharyngeal wall without closing off the velopharyngeal port, allowing frication through the nasal passages.
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Carroll wrote the letter-combination ye for the word the in order to approximate the Middle and Early Modern English scribal abbreviation EME ye.svg - a variant of the letter Þ (thorn) combined with the superscript form of the letter "e". The stanza is printed first in faux-mediaeval lettering as a "relic of ancient Poetry" and printed again on the same page "in modern characters". The rest of the poem was written during Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland.
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In transcription, tenuis consonants are not normally marked explicitly, and consonants written with voiceless IPA letters, such as , are typically assumed to be unaspirated and unglottalized unless otherwise indicated. However, aspiration is often left untranscribed if no contrast needs to be made, like in English, so there is an explicit diacritic for a lack of aspiration in the extensions to the IPA, a superscript equal sign: . It is sometimes seen in phonetic descriptions of languages.Collins & Mees, 1984, The Sounds of English and Dutch, p.
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The superscript "3" indicates that a 1H atom is coupled to another 1H atom three bonds away, via H-C-C-H bonds. (Such hydrogens bonded to neighbouring carbon atoms are termed vicinal). The magnitude of these couplings are generally smallest when the torsion angle is close to 90° and largest at angles of 0 and 180°. This relationship between local geometry and coupling constant is of great value throughout nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is particularly valuable for determining backbone torsion angles in protein NMR studies.
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The laws and mathematical objects in classical electromagnetism can be written in a form which is manifestly covariant. Here, this is only done so for vacuum (or for the microscopic Maxwell equations, not using macroscopic descriptions of materials such as electric permittivity), and uses SI units. This section uses Einstein notation, including Einstein summation convention. See also Ricci calculus for a summary of tensor index notations, and raising and lowering indices for definition of superscript and subscript indices, and how to switch between them.
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As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the so-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the plain letter are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase form represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital form represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript is used to represent aspiration.
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The app allows to create notes with document or photo attachments, build to-do lists and synchronize them with user's Nimbus Note account to store them online. Nimbus Note has an integrated text editor that allows to change the text style in different ways and enabling to insert varying data structures such as pictures, tables, hyperlinks, various lists, etc. Also, the editor comes with indentation control, paragraph layout customization, superscript and subscript options. Nimbus Note allows sorting and categorizing of notes by various criteria.
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In technical terms, the superior letter can also be called the superscripted minuscule letter. In modern usage, with word processors and text entry interfaces, superscript and superior letters are produced in the same way and look identical, and their distinction would refer to their usage and not to their form. With the coming of printing, pieces of type were cast to enable them to appear in print. These are still commonly used in French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, though their appearance in English has diminished.
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Since sets with unions and intersections form a Boolean algebra, intersection distributes over union :A \cap (B \cup C) = (A \cap B)\cup(A \cap C) and union distributes over intersection :A \cup (B \cap C) = (A \cup B) \cap (A \cup C) . Within a given universal set, union can be written in terms of the operations of intersection and complement as :A \cup B = \left(A^C \cap B^C \right)^C where the superscript C denotes the complement with respect to the universal set.
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It has the superscript "trinitas in un[um]" ("three in one") as a clue to its solution, is a mensuration canon of 3:1, and has one voice take part at the interval of a fifth, that is, 3:2. Its relation to the Christian Holy Trinity is clear, suggesting the use of a triangular representation. The representation is unique, although possibly from a copy used by Dossi.On the implication of "transcendance" expressed by the theoretically infinite repetition in many canons, see Chafe, Eric.
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Cole has been awarded grants and fellowships by the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Rockefeller Foundation. In 2008 he received the alumni merit award from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine.Penn Dental Medicine He is a Fellow of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and board member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Formerly a board member of the Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) Alumni Association, he was featured in the GSAS publication, Superscript.
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If exponentiation is indicated by stacked symbols using superscript notation, the usual rule is to work from the top down: : which typically is not equal to (ab)c. However, when using operator notation with a caret (^) or arrow (↑), there is no common standard. For example, Microsoft Excel and computation programming language MATLAB evaluate `a^b^c` as (ab)c, but Google Search and Wolfram Alpha as a(bc). Thus `4^3^2` is evaluated to 4,096 in the first case and to 262,144 in the second case.
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Sign languages are typically transcribed word-for-word by means of a gloss written in the predominant oral language in all capitals; for example, American Sign Language and Auslan would be written in English. Prosody is often glossed as superscript words, with its scope indicated by brackets. Pure fingerspelling is usually indicated by hyphenation. Fingerspelled words that have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications) are indicated with a hash.
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In Khoisan languages, and the International Phonetic Alphabet, the exclamation mark is used as a letter to indicate the postalveolar click sound (represented as q in Zulu orthography). In Unicode, this letter is properly coded as and distinguished from the common punctuation symbol to allow software to deal properly with word breaks. The exclamation mark has sometimes been used as a phonetic symbol to indicate that a consonant is ejective. More commonly this is represented by an apostrophe, or a superscript glottal stop symbol ().
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On the previous IPTS-68 scale the densities at 20 °C and 4 °C are, respectively, 0.9982071 and 0.9999720 resulting in an RD (20 °C/4 °C) value for water of 0.9982343. The temperatures of the two materials may be explicitly stated in the density symbols; for example: :relative density: 8.15; or specific gravity: 2.432 where the superscript indicates the temperature at which the density of the material is measured, and the subscript indicates the temperature of the reference substance to which it is compared.
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The inverted bridge under the specifies it as apical (pronounced with the tip of the tongue), and the superscript h shows that it is aspirated (breathy). Both these qualities cause the English to sound different from the French or Spanish , which is a laminal (pronounced with the blade of the tongue) and unaspirated . and thus represent two different, though similar, sounds. Slashes are used to signal phonemic transcription; thus, is less specific than, and could refer to, either or , depending on the context and language.
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All the D vans were eventually fitted with the same Through-cabling, and had a letter T applied somewhere on their identity plates; in some cases this presents as part of the class, i.e. DT3xx or 3xxDT, other times the T is inserted between the class and number in superscript. Technically, the "T" is not a part of the wagon identity, just an instruction to staff. The first sighting of the DT code was DT331 on 22 August 1990, although D318 and D347 had also been reported as modified with through cables.
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While the superscript attributes this psalm to the sons of Korah, Christian commentators are undecided about the period in which the psalm was written. One suggestion is that it was penned at the end of the reign of Saul. Alexander Maclaren posits that the setting of Psalm 85 corresponds to the description in the Book of Nehemiah in which only part of the Jewish nation had returned from the Babylonian captivity. They returned "to a ruined city, a fallen Temple, and a mourning land, where they were surrounded by jealous and powerful enemies".
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Equivalent notations for an iron atom (Fe) that lost two electrons, referred to as ferrous. When writing the chemical formula for an ion, its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule/atom. The net charge is written with the magnitude before the sign; that is, a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2+ instead of +2. However, the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the sodium cation is indicated as Na+ and not Na1+.
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It has been shown that some unnatural amino acids, such as N-methyl-amino acid accylated tRNA can be incorporated into peptides or mRNA-polypeptide fusions in a PURE system. After translation, the single- stranded mRNA portions of the fusions will be converted to heteroduplex of RNA/DNA by reverse transcriptase to eliminate any unwanted RNA secondary structures, and render the nucleic acid portion of the fusion more stable. This step is a standard reverse transcription reaction. For instance, it can be done by using Superscript II (GIBCO-BRL) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
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A non- physical standard state is one whose properties are obtained by extrapolation from a physical state (for example, a solid superheated above the normal melting point, or an ideal gas at a condition where the real gas is non- ideal). Metastable liquids and solids are important because some substances can persist and be used in that state indefinitely. Thermodynamic functions that refer to conditions in the normal standard state are designated with a small superscript °. The relationship between certain physical and thermodynamic properties may be described by an equation of state.
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Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used. As a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for 1H (protium), D for 2H (deuterium), and T for 3H (tritium).
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Theatre Communications Group published the script. For the book edition, Rux included an index, endnotes and footnotes in the document body, indicated in-text by superscript Arabic numbers after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers. Each endnote attempts to offer some background to both real and fictional characters and events mentioned throughout the play, particularly as it relates to definitive artistic movements and sociopolitical events in America during the post–World War II era and the unrest of 1960s counterculture. Talk began stocking in stores July 1, 2003.
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The numero sign or numero symbol, №, (also represented as Nº, N _o_ , No./no.), is a typographic abbreviation of the word number(s) indicating ordinal numeration, especially in names and titles. For example, using the numero sign, the written long-form of the address is shortened to , yet both forms are spoken long. Typographically, the numero sign combines the uppercase Latin letter with a usually superscript lowercase letter , sometimes underlined, resembling the masculine ordinal indicator, as a single ligature. The ligature has a code point in Unicode as precomposed character, .
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WordPad can format and print text, including font and bold, italic, colored, and centered text, and lacks functions such as a spell checker, thesaurus, and control of pagination. It does not support footnotes and endnotes. WordPad can read, render, and save many Rich Text Format (RTF) features that it cannot create, such as tables, strikeout, superscript, subscript, "extra" colors, text background colors, numbered lists, right and left indentation, quasi-hypertext and URL linking, and line-spacing greater than 1. Among its advantages are low system-resource usage, simplicity, and speed.
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Nowadays fractions, unlike inline division, are often given using smaller numbers, superscript, and subscript (e.g., 23⁄43). This notation is responsible for the current form of the percent , permille , and permyriad signs, developed from the horizontal form which represented an early modern corruption of an Italian abbreviation of per cento.. Many fonts draw the fraction slash (and the division slash) less vertical than the slash. The separate encoding is also intended to permit automatic formatting of the preceding and succeeding digits by glyph substitution with numerator and denominator glyphs (e.g.
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In the family known as Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, which was inspired by the Devanagari script of India, vowels are indicated by changing the orientation of the syllabogram. Each vowel has a consistent orientation; for example, Inuktitut ᐱ pi, ᐳ pu, ᐸ pa; ᑎ ti, ᑐ tu, ᑕ ta. Although there is a vowel inherent in each, all rotations have equal status and none can be identified as basic. Bare consonants are indicated either by separate diacritics, or by superscript versions of the aksharas; there is no vowel- killer mark.
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Identity criteria and sortals are intuitively meant to account for the linguistic habit of associating identity with certain classes. In the classical statue and clay example, we naturally say "the same clay" or "the same statue", indicating that there are identity criteria that are peculiar to each class. Being a sortal is the first OntoClean metaproperty, indicated with the +I superscript (-I for non-sortals) on a class in the original notation. +I (but not -I) is inherited down the class hierarchy, if a class is a sortal then all its subclasses are as well.
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Designed by Lynne Yun of Monotype GmbH, this family is based on Trade Gothic Condensed Heavy, but with only capital glyphs for Latin texts. The different fonts can be used over each other in layers to create complex effects.Trade Gothic Display – new multi-layer styles for the popular design font The family include five fonts in one weight and one width, with five different styles inside glyph outlines. OpenType features include case-sensitive forms, numerators/denominators, fractions, standard ligatures, localized forms, sub/superscript, proportional/lining figures, glyph (de)composition, kerning, mark (to mark) positioning.
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After that, the input signal is further decomposed by a series of 2-D iteratively resampled checkerboard filter banks IRCli(Li)(i=2,3,...,M), where IRCli(Li)operates on 2-D slices of the input signal represented by the dimension pair (n1,ni) and superscript (Li) means the levels of decomposition for the ith level filter bank. Note that, starting from the second level, we attach an IRC filter bank to each output channel from the previous level, and hence the entire filter has a total of 2(L1+...+LN) output channels.
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In the 1970s and early 1980s it was popular to produce a kind of text art that relied on overprinting. This could be produced either on a screen or on a printer by typing a character, backing up, and then typing another character, just as on a typewriter. This developed into sophisticated graphics in some cases, such as the PLATO system (circa 1973), where superscript and subscript allowed a wide variety of graphic effects. A common use was for emoticons, with WOBTAX and VICTORY both producing convincing smiley faces.
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Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number Z gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus: . The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or , which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number: .
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If the binary operation is written additively, as it often is for abelian groups, then "exponentiation is repeated multiplication" can be reinterpreted as "multiplication is repeated addition". Thus, each of the laws of exponentiation above has an analogue among laws of multiplication. When there are several power-associative binary operations defined on a set, any of which might be iterated, it is common to indicate which operation is being repeated by placing its symbol in the superscript. Thus, x∗n is , while x#n is , whatever the operations ∗ and # might be.
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The deciduous dental formula is notated in lowercase lettering preceded by the letter d: for example: di:dc:dp. An animal's dentition for either deciduous or permanent teeth can thus be expressed as a dental formula, written in the form of a fraction, which can be written as , or I.C.P.M / I.C.P.M. For example, the following formulae show the deciduous and usual permanent dentition of all catarrhine primates, including humans: #Deciduous: (di^2-dc^1-dm^2) / (di_2-dc_1-dm_2) \times 2 =20. This can also be written as . Superscript and subscript denote upper and lower jaw, i.e.
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Various other languages' characters could be typed by holding down the ALT or EXTRA key, along with the SHIFT key if capitals were required. LocoScript could also display mathematical and technical symbols. All these characters and symbols could be printed, unless the printer was a daisy wheel unit. LocoScript's menu system enabled users to add, singly or in combination, a range of sophisticated typographical effects: monospaced or proportional character spacing; normal or double width characters and spacing; various font sizes; bold, underline, italics, subscript or superscript, and reverse video.
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All three dictionaries also make use of variations on a Romanised orthography, although this does not appear to be used or preferred by Hyolmo speakers, and is intended for the English-literate audience of the dictionaries. Consonants predominantly take their form from the International Phonetic Alphabet, with some exception where there is a more common preference in English, such as digraphs for the palatal stops ([c] 'ky', [ch] 'khy', [ɟ] 'gy') and non-superscript for aspiration (e.g. phá 'pig'). This is represented in the consonant chart in the Phonology section.
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In set theory, 0† (zero dagger) is a particular subset of the natural numbers, first defined by Robert M. Solovay in unpublished work in the 1960s. (The superscript † should be a dagger, but it appears as a plus sign on some browsers.) The definition is a bit awkward, because there might be no set of natural numbers satisfying the conditions. Specifically, if ZFC is consistent, then ZFC + "0† does not exist" is consistent. ZFC + "0† exists" is not known to be inconsistent (and most set theorists believe that it is consistent).
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The native syllabary represents vowel and consonant-vowel syllables, formed of 43 consonants and 8 vowels that can occur with any of three tones, plus two "buzzing" vowels that can only occur as mid tone. Not all combinations are possible. Although the Liangshan dialect has four tones (and others have more), only three tones (high, mid, low) have separate glyphs. The fourth tone (rising) may sometimes occur as a grammatical inflection of the mid tone, so it is written with the mid-tone glyph plus a diacritic mark (a superscript arc).
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Eta Trianguli Australis (η Trianguli Australis) is a solitary, blue-white hued star in the southern constellation Triangulum Australe. It is sometimes given a superscript: η1 Trianguli Australis, though it is the only star that is commonly referred to by this Bayer designation. Lacaille named a close by star as Eta as well, which was inconsistently followed by Francis Baily, who used the name for the brighter or both stars in two different publications. Despite their faintness, Gould upheld their Bayer designation as they were closer than 25 degrees to the south celestial pole.
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Part 2 of the manual explores the two methods of citing/documenting sources used in authoring a work: (1) the notes- bibliography style; and (2) the author-date style. The notes-bibliography style (also known as the "notes and bibliography style" or "notes style") is "popular in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts." This style has sources cited in "numbered footnotes or endnotes" with "each note correspond[ing] to a raised (superscript) number in the text." This style also uses a separate bibliography at the end of the document, listing each of the sources.
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The system accepted input on punched tape produced by a Friden Flexowriter. The character set in use at the Whirlwind installation included "upper-case" (superscript) digits and a hyphen, which were used to indicate array indices, function codes, and (integer) exponents. Like other programming notations of its time, the system accepted only single- letter variable names and multiplication was indicated by juxtaposition of operands. A raised dot was available to indicate multiplication explicitly (the character was created by filing off the lower half of a colon!) The system also included support for solution of linear differential equations via the Runge–Kutta method.
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Utilizing this business strategy, Invitrogen represented a large number of products: Dynabeads magnetic separation technology, GIBCO cell culture media and reagents, SuperScript reverse transcriptase, Platinum Taq polymerase, TOPO cloning and expression products, Novex protein electrophoresis products, and numerous fluorescent reagents such as Qdot nanocrystals, Alexa Fluor, DyLight, RiboGreen and SYBR dyes. Invitrogen currently offers more than 25,000 products and services to support research in cellular analysis, genomics, proteomics, and drug discovery, and seeks to leverage their extensive technology portfolio to address research problems in developing fields, including biodefense and environmental diagnostics, bioinformatics, epigenetics, and stem cell research.
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The Lingua Workstation integrates non-Western languages into the NB word processor, Orbis and Ibidem, including Hebrew, Cyrillic and Greek, and the International Phonetic Alphabet. There are optional modules for Arabic, Persian (Farsi), Urdu, Coptic, Syriac, Ugaritic and Akkadian. Users can mix languages and orientation (left-to-right/right-to-left) in the same document or even on the same line; words wrap properly from line to line. Lingua supports entry of over 1,700 different characters; over 230 accents; breathing marks, diacritics, vowels and cantillations, in virtually any combination; conjectural characters, three levels of superscript and subscript, and multilingual case conversion.
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The transcriptions she uses are or (velar) and or (epiglottal).Technically they should have superscript or, in broader transcription, , but a precomposed Unicode glyph is only available for , and in most fonts the other combinations look bad. (It is not clear if the is written because the rear release is actually an affricate, or because it better distinguishes these from the homorganic/uvular case, as in broad transcription may be used for either a velar or a uvular fricative.) In Gǀui, which has a velar release, the fricative is actually lateral, and so may be narrowly transcribed as (or ).
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In the Middle Ages, before printing, a bar ( ¯ ) over the units digit was used to separate the integral part of a number from its fractional part, as in 995 (meaning 99.95 in decimal point format). A similar notation remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary values without a decimal separator, as in 9995. Later, a "separatrix" (i.e., a short, roughly vertical ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm among Arab mathematicians (e.g. 99ˌ95), while an L-shaped or vertical bar () served as the separatrix in England.
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In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is . In the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasalization is indicated by printing a tilde diacritic above the symbol for the sound to be nasalized: is the nasalized equivalent of , and is the nasalized equivalent of . A subscript diacritic , called an ogonek or nosinė, is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would interfere with the superscript tilde.
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The letter a that appears after the word "city" in the first line corresponds to the "a" in the left margin, where there is an entry containing "Gen. 4:17". In the text of Genesis chapter 4, verse 17, the word "city" also appears, where it has the symbol "‡" next to it. At the bottom of that page, there is an article entitled CITY, next to the symbol "‡", which has nearly all of the references in the Bible to the word or idea of "city". In the fourth line, there is a superscript "1" next to the word "that".
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Avenir Next Rounded is a version of Avenir Next with rounded terminals, designed by Akira Kobayashi and Sandra Winter.A new form of an old friend: Avenir Next RoundedNeues Schriftdesign Avenir Next Rounded von Akira Kobayashi – gut lesbar, vielseitig und sympathisch – 6. Februar 2013 - Die neue Avenir Next Rounded ist die weichere Interpretation der serifenlosen Avenir Next The family includes 8 fonts in 4 weights (regular, medium, demi, and bold) and 1 width (based on normal width), with complementary italics. OpenType features include numerator and denominator, fractions, standard ligatures, lining and old-style figures, localized forms, scientific inferiors, subscript and superscript, and small caps.
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The switch to Pinyin is still quite new for Taiwan and many non-standard spellings continue to be found, including "Lee" and "Soong". Similarly, many Taiwanese and historic names still employ the older Wade–Giles system. This English-influenced system is identified by its use of the digraphs "hs" (for the pinyin x) and "ts" (for the pinyin z and c) and by its use of hyphens to connect the syllables of multi-character words. Correct reading depends on the inclusion of superscript numbers and the use of apostrophes to distinguish between different consonants, but in practice both of these are commonly omitted.
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Links are written by the crossing number with a superscript to denote the number of components and a subscript to denote its order within the links with the same number of components and crossings. Thus the trefoil knot is notated 31 and the Hopf link is 2. Alexander-Briggs names in the range 10162 to 10166 are ambiguous, due to the discovery of the Perko pair in Charles Newton Little's original and subsequent knot tables, and differences in approach to correcting this error in knot tables and other publications created after this point."The Revenge of the Perko Pair", RichardElwes.co.uk.
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Both versions are provided with a spell checker. During the installation process, Jarte allows for the option of installing multiple language functionality that includes French, German, Italian and Spanish. In keeping with its attempt to provide universal appeal, Jarte also offers American, British and Canadian English spell-checking While Jarte is often marketed as a Wordpad replacement, it can additionally create and save; tables, strikeout, superscript, subscript, "extra" colors, text background colors (highlighting), numbered lists, right or left indent, quasi- hypertext and URL linking, and various line spacings, — all of which Wordpad can read, interpret, and save. Jarte bears a resemblance to TextEdit.
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Table of characters as published by Thomsen (1893) Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two "synharmonic sets", one for front vowels and the other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign, giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script. In these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen (1893), and followed by Gabain (1941), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968).
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The final version of the Cyrillic script and some of the letters commissioned by Fiol was cut out by student of Kraków University, Rudolf Borsdorf from Braunschweig who quickly supplied Fiol with 230 completely finished and adjusted letters and superscript icons (Ludolfus Ludolfi de Brunszwyczk). We also know that Rudolph pledged not to make such fonts for anyone else, even for himself, and not teach how to make them, as Fiol did not want to let someone else print Church Slavonic books. Ісаєвич Я. Початки кириличного друкарства // Українське книговидання: витоки, розвиток, проблеми. — Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2002.
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Stitches that can be described in this manner vary significantly in appearance, texture, and elasticity. As an example, the Coppergate sock described above was made in York stitch, or UU/OO O F2. As an example to show the use of brackets and colons, the Ålse stitch is U(U)O/UO:UO O. Some people prefer to use superscript numbers to describe the age of the passed loops, as it provides a clearer description for practical nalbinding than the brackets and colons. Wool yarn is often used because short lengths of it can easily be joined together, as the technique intrinsically requires.
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The Schilpp numbers are used for cross-referencing in the Notes (the final column of each table), since they cover a greater time period of Einstein's life at present. The English translations of titles are generally taken from the published volumes of the Collected Papers. For some publications, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. Although the tables are presented in chronological order by default, each table can be re-arranged in alphabetical order for any column by the reader clicking on the arrows at the top of that column.
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Affricates and co-articulated stops are represented by two letters joined by a tie bar, either above or below the letters. The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage, because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example for , paralleling ~ . The letters for the palatal plosives and are often used as a convenience for and or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.
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An example of a μ2 bridging ligand In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually restricted to small ligands such as pseudohalides or to ligands that are specifically designed to link two metals. In naming a complex wherein a single atom bridges two metals, the bridging ligand is preceded by the Greek letter mu, μ, with a superscript number denoting the number of metals bound to the bridging ligand.
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Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by contacting lower teeth against the upper lip. They are rare cross-linguistically, likely due to the prevalence of dental malocclusions (especially retrognathism) that make them difficult to produce, though one allophone of Swedish has been described as a velarized dentolabial fricative, and the voiceless dentolabial fricative is apparently used in some of the southwestern dialects of Greenlandic (Vebæk 2006). The diacritic for dentolabial in the extensions of the IPA for disordered speech is a superscript bridge, , by analogy with the subscript bridge used for labiodentals: . Complex consonants such as affricates, prenasalized stops and the like are also possible.
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Plains Cree follows the western Cree usage of Canadian Aboriginal syllabics. The distinguishing features of western Cree syllabics are the position of the w-dot and the use of western finals. The western w-dot is placed after its syllabic, as in ᒷ mwa (eastern ᒶ mwa). The form of a western final is unrelated to the corresponding syllabic with a-nucleus, whereas an eastern final is like superscript version of the corresponding syllabic with a-nucleus; thus the western final ᐟ t bears no resemblance to ᑕ ta (eastern final ᑦ t), and western final ᒼ m is not like ᒪ ma (eastern final ᒻ m).
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Superscripts could combine to give hw, hy, etc. Because iu: could now be represented by u: plus y- superscript (ù:), and because the original graphemes for u: and u were easily confused with each other as well as with the now-superscripted w, Bridges began using the now-redundant grapheme for iu: (approximately ų) for u: in his renderings. All of these changes took place in a very short time frame, and have led to substantial confusion on the part of later scholars. In addition, Bridges's modifications of the 19th century phonetic alphabet of Alexander Ellis also included a number of signs meant for transliterations of foreign terms.
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But in practice because of lack of printing facilities, books are continued to be printed in Tamil Script with diacritic marks with superscript number for the consonants ka, ca, Ta, ta and pa and adding a colon to na, ma, ra, and la for aspirated forms, which are peculiar to the Saurashtra language. For writing Sourashtram using Devanagari Script, they require seven additional symbols to denote the short vowels 'e' and 'o' and four symbols for aspirated forms viz. nha, mha, rha and lha. They also require one more symbol to mark the sound of 'half yakara' which is peculiar to the Saurashtra language.
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However, if the hundreds-row has no thousands- digit then do not write this carry-digit as a superscript, but in normal size, in the position of the hundred-thousands-digit under the second line, and the multiplication algorithm is over. If the hundreds-row does have a thousands- digit, then add to it the carry-digit from the previous row (if there is no carry-digit then think of it as a 0) and write the single-digit sum in the hundred-thousands-column under the second line. The number under the second line is the sought-after product of the pair of factors above the first line.
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The principle of operation of a slot-waveguide is based on the discontinuity of the electric field (E-field) at high-refractive- index-contrast interfaces. Maxwell’s equations state that, to satisfy the continuity of the normal component of the electric displacement field D at an interface, the corresponding E-field must undergo a discontinuity with higher amplitude in the low-refractive-index side. That is, at an interface between two regions of dielectric constants εS and εH, respectively: :DSN=DHN :εSESN=εHEHN :nS2ESN=nH2EHN where the superscript N indicates the normal components of D and E vector fields. Thus, if nS>EHN.
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In computability theory the '' theorem', (also called the translation lemma, parameter theorem, and the parameterization theorem) is a basic result about programming languages (and, more generally, Gödel numberings of the computable functions) (Soare 1987, Rogers 1967). It was first proved by Stephen Cole Kleene (1943). The name ' comes from the occurrence of an S with subscript n and superscript m in the original formulation of the theorem (see below). In practical terms, the theorem says that for a given programming language and positive integers m and n, there exists a particular algorithm that accepts as input the source code of a program with m + n free variables, together with m values.
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The Pe̍h-ōe-jī romanization of Taiwanese Hokkien and Amoy uses a superscript n (aⁿ, eⁿ, ...). The Brahmic scripts used for most Indic languages mark nasalization with the anusvāra (ं , homophonically used for homorganic nasalization in a consonant cluster following the vowel) or the anunāsika (ँ) diacritic (and its regional variants). Nasalization in Nastaliq-based Arabic scripts of Urdu (as well as Western Punjabi) is indicated by placing after the vowel a dotless form of the Arabic letter nūn () or the letter marked with the maghnūna diacritic: respectively (always occurring word finally) or , called "nūn ghunna". Nasalized vowels occur in Classical Arabic but not in contemporary speech or Modern Standard Arabic.
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Some features in Calibri remain unsupported by Office, including true small caps, all-caps spacing, superscript and subscript glyphs and the ability to create arbitrary fractions; these may be accessed using programs such as Adobe InDesign. One potential source of confusion in Calibri is a visible homoglyph, a pair of easily confused characters: the lowercase letter L and the uppercase letter i (l and I) of the Latin script are effectively indistinguishable; this is true of many other common fonts, however. The design has similarities to de Groot's much more extensive TheSans family, although this has straight ends rather than rounding. a Hebrew alphabet version is in development.
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In previous editions around the world, only the majority of the text could be typeset by machine but the special characters had to be positioned by hand. The new font had to be designed by Zvi Narkiss with a repertory of 138 characters - letters, vowel points, accents, - and then special characters (certain letters are uncommonly large or small or superscript or inverted according to Masoretic tradition), many of them used only once. As with all printed Hebrew Bibles, there were about three million characters - letters, vowels, accents, and other marks - to be typeset.Ben-Zvi, Nahum, The Making of a Book: Producing the Jerusalem Crown, in Glazer, Mordechai, ed.
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' Retrieved April 2006. The CBS independent panel report did not specifically take up the question of whether the documents were forgeries, but retained a document expert, Peter Tytell, who concluded the documents used by CBS were produced using current word processing technology. > Tytell concluded ... that (i) the relevant portion of the Superscript > Exemplar was produced on an Olympia manual typewriter, (ii) the Killian > documents were not produced on an Olympia manual typewriter and (iii) the > Killian documents were produced on a computer in Times New Roman typestyle > [and that] the Killian documents were not produced on a typewriter in the > early 1970s and therefore were not authentic.
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In multilinear algebra, a tensor contraction is an operation on a tensor that arises from the natural pairing of a finite-dimensional vector space and its dual. In components, it is expressed as a sum of products of scalar components of the tensor(s) caused by applying the summation convention to a pair of dummy indices that are bound to each other in an expression. The contraction of a single mixed tensor occurs when a pair of literal indices (one a subscript, the other a superscript) of the tensor are set equal to each other and summed over. In the Einstein notation this summation is built into the notation.
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Charge number (z) refers to a quantized value of electric charge, with the quantum of electric charge being the elementary charge, so that the charge number equals the electric charge (q) in coulombs divided by the elementary- charge constant (e), or z = q/e. The charge numbers for ions (and also subatomic particles) are written in superscript, e.g. Na+ is a sodium ion with charge number positive one (an electric charge of one elementary charge). Atomic numbers (Z) are a special case of charge numbers, referring to the charge number of an atomic nucleus, as opposed to the net charge of an atom or ion.
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In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations (or operator precedence) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. For example, in mathematics and most computer languages, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. Thus, the expression is interpreted to have the value , and not . With the introduction of exponents in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication, and could be placed only as a superscript to the right of their base.
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The most common method of transcription in the IPA is to turn the letter corresponding to the secondary articulation into a superscript written after the letter for the primary articulation. For example, the w in is written after the k. This can be misleading, as it iconically suggests that the is released into a sound, analogous to ([k] with a lateral and nasal release), when actually the two articulations of are generally pronounced more-or-less simultaneously. Secondary articulation often has a strong effect on surrounding vowels, and may have an audible realization that precedes the primary consonant, or both precedes and follows it.
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Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of the ways in which large numbers are named. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the context of science, including astronomy, where such large numbers often occur, they are nearly always written using scientific notation. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e.g. "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is ." When a number such as 1045 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as "ten to the forty-fifth".
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The earlier edition is , with same publisher and access date. Pages referenced at 247f are to the 2014 edition, while pages referenced to 307ff are to the 2006 edition, in both cases with page number appearing in superscript, in "rp" markup. Hence, the term refers to copyrighted works that are distributed without fees or royalties and so traded in general violation of copyright law. The term warez, which is intended to be pronounced like the word "wares" (/ˈwɛərz/), was coined in the 1990s; its origin is with an unknown member of an underground computing circle, but has since become commonplace among Internet users and the mass media.
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Physicists and chemists use a standard notation to indicate the electron configurations of atoms and molecules. For atoms, the notation consists of a sequence of atomic subshell labels (e.g. for phosphorus the sequence 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p) with the number of electrons assigned to each subshell placed as a superscript. For example, hydrogen has one electron in the s-orbital of the first shell, so its configuration is written 1s1. Lithium has two electrons in the 1s-subshell and one in the (higher-energy) 2s-subshell, so its configuration is written 1s2 2s1 (pronounced "one-s-two, two-s-one"). Phosphorus (atomic number 15) is as follows: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
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After that, the input signal is further decomposed by a series of 2-D iteratively resampled checkerboard filter banks IRCli(Li)(i=2,3,...,M), where IRCli(Li)operates on 2-D slices of the input signal represented by the dimension pair (n1,ni) and superscript (Li) means the levels of decomposition for the ith level filter bank. Note that, starting from the second level, we attach an IRC filter bank to each output channel from the previous level, and hence the entire filter has a total of 2(L1+...+LN) output channels.Lu, Yue M., and Minh N. Do. "Multidimensional directional filter banks and surfacelets", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Volume 16 Issue 4, pp. 918–931.
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Every elementary abelian p-group is a vector space over the prime field with p elements, and conversely every such vector space is an elementary abelian group. By the classification of finitely generated abelian groups, or by the fact that every vector space has a basis, every finite elementary abelian group must be of the form (Z/pZ)n for n a non-negative integer (sometimes called the group's rank). Here, Z/pZ denotes the cyclic group of order p (or equivalently the integers mod p), and the superscript notation means the n-fold direct product of groups. In general, a (possibly infinite) elementary abelian p-group is a direct sum of cyclic groups of order p.
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Unicode provides code points for some characters or groups of characters which are modified only for aesthetic reasons (such as ligatures, the half-width katakana characters, or the double-width Latin letters for use in Japanese texts), or to add new semantics without losing the original one (such as digits in subscript or superscript positions, or the circled digits (such as "①") inherited from some Japanese fonts). Such a sequence is considered compatible with the sequence of original (individual and unmodified) characters, for the benefit of applications where the appearance and added semantics are not relevant. However the two sequences are not declared canonically equivalent, since the distinction has some semantic value and affects the rendering of the text.
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"...you can quote your address as being dub-dub-dub YourBusinessName dot co dot nz...", 26/06/2013, Julie South, Waikato Times"...pronounced dub, dub, dub in this neck of the woods...", July 2, 2008, Myrddin Gwynedd, nzherald.co.nz"Dub Dub Dub arrives (in practice)", The Story of New Zeand's Internet, 1991 An abbreviation W3 ( "double-u cubed") is inspired from mathematical notation for exponentiation (W raised to the 3rd power). Many of the original papers describing the World Wide Web abbreviated it this way, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was named according to this early usage. The original W3C logo had a superscript 3 and the consortium's domain name is still `www.w3.org`.
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Einstein notation can be applied in slightly different ways. Typically, each index occurs once in an upper (superscript) and once in a lower (subscript) position in a term; however, the convention can be applied more generally to any repeated indices within a term. When dealing with covariant and contravariant vectors, where the position of an index also indicates the type of vector, the first case usually applies; a covariant vector can only be contracted with a contravariant vector, corresponding to summation of the products of coefficients. On the other hand, when there is a fixed coordinate basis (or when not considering coordinate vectors), one may choose to use only subscripts; see ' below.
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The 2011 miniseries (which Byrne labels with a "3" in superscript beside each issue number, to continue the numbering of the original series) expands on the time-travel and alternate-reality plots from the initial series, picking up from the cliffhanger ending by stranding each teammate and Agent Murcheson in divergent time periods. Nathan ends up stranded in Nazi Germany and is experimented on by a Nazi scientist. Jasmine is stranded in Elizabethan era England, and succumbs to the Plague. Murcheson is stranded in the South during the American Civil War and is forced into slavery; she later escapes and uses her knowledge of the past to prevent the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
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In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. A superscript circle is used to designate a thermodynamic quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°), or change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°). (See discussion about typesetting below.) In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure p⦵ = 105 Pa. Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state.
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In German orthography, the umlauted vowels ä, ö, and ü historically arose from ae, oe, ue ligatures (strictly, from superscript e, viz. aͤ, oͤ, uͤ). It is common practice to replace them with ae, oe, ue digraphs when the diacritics are unavailable, for example in electronic conversation. Phone books treat umlauted vowels as equivalent to the relevant digraph (so that a name Müller will appear at the same place as if it were spelled Mueller; German surnames have a strongly fixed orthography, either a name is spelled with ü or with ue); however, the alphabetic order used in other books treats them as equivalent to the simple letters a, o and u.
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The concept of wild type is useful in some experimental organisms such as fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, in which the standard phenotypes for features such as eye color or wing shape are known to be altered by particular mutations that produce distinctive phenotypes, such as "white eyes" or "vestigial wings". Wild-type alleles are indicated with a "+" superscript, for example w+ and vg+ for red eyes and full-size wings, respectively. Manipulation of the genes behind these traits led to the current understanding of how organisms form and how traits mutate within a population. Research involving the manipulation of wild-type alleles has application in many fields, including fighting disease and commercial food production.
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Abbreviations are commonplace, mostly marked with an overline and/or superscript. The prevailing script in documents from (and from the land that would eventually become) Portugal from the 8th to the 12th centuries was Visigothic script; from the mid-12th century onwards, for about a century, Carolingian minuscule and, later on, an incipient Gothic script. From 1385 onwards, that is, after John I was crowned putting an end to the Portuguese Interregnum, there is radical change in the writing style of the documents issued by the Royal Chancery: this new script (first called "Johannine script" by paleographer ) has influences of the French and Gothic scripts. Notable scribes who wrote mostly on Johannine script include (), (), and ().
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Constantia was designed for either print or on-screen uses. Numerals are text figures by default, as seen on the sample image; the font also includes lining figures as an alternate style. Reviewing it for the website Typographica, Raph Levien described it as likely to be “everyone’s favourite face [in the suite]...a highly readable Roman font departing only slightly from the classical model, [but] it still manages to be fresh and new. It takes some inspiration from Perpetua...but the triangular serifs bring to mind a chisel, and the font has enough calligraphic flavor to recall Palatino.” Among other features, the design includes small capitals, alternative spacing and punctuation for all caps text, numbers enclosed by circles, and superscript and subscript glyphs.
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TUTOR's expression syntax did not look back to the syntax of FORTRAN, nor was it limited by poorly designed character sets of the era. For example, the PLATO IV character set included control characters for subscript and superscript, and TUTOR used these for exponentiation. Consider this command (from page IV-1 of The TUTOR Language, Sherwood, 1974): circle (412+72.62)1/2,100,200 The character set also included the conventional symbols for multiplication and division, `×` and `÷`, but in a more radical departure from the conventions established by FORTRAN, it allowed implicit multiplication, so the expressions `(4+7)(3+6)` and `3.4+5(23-3)/2` were valid, with the values 99 and 15.9, respectively (op cit). This feature was seen as essential.
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Babbage was the first to study the problem of finding a functional square root . To distinguish exponentiation from function composition, the common usage is to write the exponential exponent after the parenthesis enclosing the argument of the function; that is, means , and means . For historical reasons, and because of the ambiguity resulting of not enclosing arguments with parentheses, a superscript after a function name applied specifically to the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions has a deviating meaning: a positive exponent applied to the function's abbreviation means that the result is raised to that power, while an exponent of still denotes the inverse function. That is, is just a shorthand way to write without using parentheses, whereas refers to the inverse function of the sine, also called .
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The following list are the graphically Latin letters in the Unicode Standard, regardless of whether they are defined as Latin script, as collated by shape (base letter) or by phonetic value.Collation Charts: Latin Many are hard-coded formatting variants. For example, the Q series starts out with full-width ｑ, bold 𝐪, italic 𝑞, bold italic 𝒒, script 𝓆, bold script 𝓺, Fraktur 𝔮, double- struck 𝕢, bold Fraktur 𝖖, sans-serif 𝗊, bold sans-serif 𝗾, italic sans-serif 𝘲, bold italic sans-serif 𝙦, monospace 𝚚. Small-capital, superscript, subscript and double-struck italic variants also appear, all of which can be handled by formatting or by choice of font when there is no semantic distinction to maintain.
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Rotis serif Rotis semi-serif Rotis semi-sans Rotis sans-serif It is a version of Rotis Sans designed by Monotype Imaging senior designer Robin Nicholas, and freelance designer Alice Savoie. It expands the original with extra three font weights (Light, Semi Bold, and Black) and italics, along with revised letter spacing and kerning, a new set of numerals with similar height to the capitals.Font News: Rotis II Sans, expanded and improved The family includes 14 fonts in seven weights, with complementary italics. OpenType features include access all alternates, case-sensitive forms, numerators/denominators, fractions, standard ligatures, localized forms (OpenType Pro fonts only), proportional/tabular figures, scientific inferiors, superscript/subscript, stylistic alternates, stylistic sets 1, 2 and 3 (OpenType Std fonts only).
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The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines (tercets) followed by a single stanza of four lines (a quatrain) for a total of nineteen lines.Strand et al. 2001 p. 7 It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains: the first line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the second and fourth stanzas, and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas. The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2 abA1A2 where letters ("a" and "b") indicate the two rhyme sounds, upper case indicates a refrain ("A"), and superscript numerals (1 and 2) indicate Refrain 1 and Refrain 2.
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The cuneiform an sign, (or sumerogram AN), is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for an, and an alphabetic sign used for a, or n; it is common in both the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It is also used for the designation of a "god", and is sometimes represented as a superscript: d, or capitalized: D, for "dingir", English language, "god". The example photo at right shows (2nd list), a list of 14 named gods, all with "an"; the first pair on the list AN-UTU, or DUTU, refers to the "sun-god", using Ud (cuneiform), as the sumerogram, namely UTU (sun Sumerogram). Cuneiform an can also be found in compound form with another cuneiform sign, an example being DAGAL, 100x24px.
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Other 20th-century innovations include Daighi tongiong pingim (DT), Ganvsig daiuuan bhanlam ghiw tongiong pingimv (GDT), Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT), Simplified MLT (SMLT), Phofsit Daibuun (PSDB). The last four employ tonal spelling to indicate tone without use of diacritic symbols, but letters instead. In POJ, the traditional list of letters is :a b ch chh e g h i j k kh l m n ng o o͘ p ph s t th (ts) u Twenty-four in all, including the obsolete , which was used to represent the modern at some places. The additional necessities are the nasal symbol (superscript ; the uppercase form is sometimes used in all caps texts,Tè Khái-sū (1999) Writing Latinized Taiwanese Languages with Unicode such as book titles or section headings), and the tonal diacritics.
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When students typed in a numeric answer to a question, they could use operators and variables and standard algebraic notation, and the program would use the TUTOR "compute" command to compile and run the formula and check that it was numerically equivalent (or within the floating point roundoff error) to the correct answer. The language included a pre-defined constant named with the Greek letter pi (π), with the appropriate value, which could be used in calculations. Thus, the expression `πr2` could be used to calculate the area of a circle, using the built-in π constant, implicit multiplication and exponentiation indicated by a superscript. In TUTOR, the floating-point comparison `x=y` was defined as being true if `x` and `y` were approximately equal (see page C5 of PLATO User's Memo, Number One by Avner, 1975).
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Hoefler Text incorporates then-advanced features which have since become standard practice for font designers, such as automatic ligature insertion, real small capitals, optional old style figures and optional insertion of characters such as true superscript and subscript characters, the historical round and long s, engraved capitals and swashes. Hoefler Text also has a matching ornament font containing arabesque motifs. It was, until OpenType made alternate characters more common, one of only a few system fonts that contained old style, or ranging, figures, which are designed to harmonize with body text. Hoefler & Frere-Jones have expanded Hoefler Text to include additional typographic features, and the current commercial release now includes three weights (an additional bold weight beside the regular and black included with Macs) and two sets of engraved capitals, as well as the more slender display variant Hoefler Titling.
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One of the accounts of Micah's idol refers to a priest as being a sojourner there (), which could alternatively be taken as stating that the priest was indeed Gershom (). The accounts of Micah's idol also include reference to a Jonathan son of Gershom as being a priest, and although the masoretic text seems to avoid the implication that non-Aaronim could be priests by describing this particular Gershom as a son of Manasseh (), this appears to have been distorted; the letter nun () appears here in superscript, suggesting that the text originally described this Gershom as the one that was a son of Moses Jewish Encyclopedia, Jonathan (son of Gershom) (). The rabbinic text known as the Seder Olam has Jonathan, the son of Gershom, the son of Moses when it quotes this verse.Ken Johnston, The Ancient Seder Olam, Biblefacts.
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When the Lewis structure of an ion is written, the entire structure is placed in brackets, and the charge is written as a superscript on the upper right, outside the brackets. A simpler method has been proposed for constructing Lewis structures, eliminating the need for electron counting: the atoms are drawn showing the valence electrons; bonds are then formed by pairing up valence electrons of the atoms involved in the bond-making process, and anions and cations are formed by adding or removing electrons to/from the appropriate atoms. A trick is to count up valence electrons, then count up the number of electrons needed to complete the octet rule (or with hydrogen just 2 electrons), then take the difference of these two numbers and the answer is the number of electrons that make up the bonds. The rest of the electrons just go to fill all the other atoms' octets.
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Between the first and second lines, the tens-column will contain a pair of digits located in the ones-row and the tens-row: the tens-digit of the ones-row and the ones-digit of the tens-row. Add these digits up and if the sum has just one digit then write this digit in the tens-column under the second line. If the sum has two digits then the first digit is a carry-digit: write the last digit down in the tens-column under the second line and carry the first digit over to the hundreds-column, writing it as a superscript to the yet-unwritten hundreds-digit under the second line. Between the first and second lines, the hundreds-column will contain three digits: the hundreds- digit of the ones-row, the tens-digit of the tens-row, and the ones-digit of the hundreds-row.
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Three verses of Surah An'am (6:151-153) are widely taken to be a reinstatement (or revised version) of the Ten CommandmentsTafsir ibn Kathir , see Chapter heading for the Commentary of Verse 6:151"In the Quran, the Ten Commandments are discussed in Surah Al-An'am, 6:151-153": either as revealed to Moses originally or as they are to be taken by Muslims now:The numbering of the verses is given in bold while the numbering of the Commandments is in superscript. Evidence for these verses having some relation to Moses and the Ten Commandments is from the verse which immediately follows them: According to a narration in Mustadrak Hakim, Ibn Abbas, a prominent narrator of Israiliyat traditions said, "In Surah Al-An`am, there are clear Ayat, and they are the Mother of the Book (the Qur'an)." He then recited the above verses.Tafsir ibn Kathir , Commentary of verse 6:151.
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The term mu‘ammā (literally 'blinded' or 'obscured') is sometimes used as a synonym for lughz (or to denote cryptography or codes more generally), but it can be used specifically to denote a riddle which is solved 'by combining the constituent letters of the word or name to be found'.G. J. H. van Gelder, 'mu‘ammā', in Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami and Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), II 534. The mu‘ammā is in verse, does not include an interrogatory element, and involves clues as to the letters or sounds of the word. One example of the form is a riddle on the name Aḥmad: Another example, cited by Ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣfahānī, has the answer 'Sa‘īd'. Here, and in the transliteration that follows, short vowels are transliterated in superscript, as they are not included in the Arabic spelling: The first known exponent of the mu‘ammā form seems to have been the major classical poet Abu Nuwas,Abū Nuwās, Dīwān, ed.
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The diagonal matrix elements \langle a_i,b_i\rangle are the singular values of the latter matrix. By the uniqueness of the singular value decomposition, the vectors \hat y_i are then unique up to a real, orthogonal or unitary transformation among them, and the vectors \hat w_i and \hat w'_i (and hence \hat v_i) are unique up to equal real, orthogonal or unitary transformations applied simultaneously to the sets of the vectors \hat w_i associated with a common value of \theta_i and to the corresponding sets of vectors \hat w'_i (and hence to the corresponding sets of \hat v_i). A singular value 1 can be interpreted as \cos\,0 corresponding to the angles 0 introduced above and associated with F\cap G and a singular value 0 can be interpreted as \cos \pi/2 corresponding to right angles between the orthogonal spaces F\cap G^\bot and F^\bot\cap G, where superscript \bot denotes the orthogonal complement.
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The modern digraph th began to grow in popularity during the 14th century; at the same time, the shape of thorn grew less distinctive, with the letter losing its ascender (becoming similar in appearance to the old wynn (), which had fallen out of use by 1300, and to ancient through modern P, p). In some hands, such as that of the scribe of the unique mid-15th-century manuscript of The Boke of Margery Kempe, it ultimately became indistinguishable from the letter Y. By this stage, th was predominant and the use of thorn was largely restricted to certain common words and abbreviations. In William Caxton's pioneering printed English, it is rare except in an abbreviated the, written with a thorn and a superscript E. This was the longest-lived use, though the substitution of Y for thorn soon became ubiquitous, leading to the common 'ye', as in 'Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that Y existed in the printer's type fonts that were imported from Germany or Italy, while thorn did not.
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An isotope and/or nuclide is specified by the name of the particular element (this indicates the atomic number) followed by a hyphen and the mass number (e.g. helium-3, helium-4, carbon-12, carbon-14, uranium-235 and uranium-239).IUPAC (Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; and Hutton, A. T.), Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005; IUPAC (McCleverty, J. A.; and Connelly, N. G.), Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II. Recommendations 2000, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001; IUPAC (Leigh, G. J.), Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (recommendations 1990), Blackwell Science, 1990; IUPAC, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition, 1970; probably in the 1958 first edition as well When a chemical symbol is used, e.g. "C" for carbon, standard notation (now known as "AZE notation" because A is the mass number, Z the atomic number, and E for element) is to indicate the mass number (number of nucleons) with a superscript at the upper left of the chemical symbol and to indicate the atomic number with a subscript at the lower left (e.g.
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For a given configuration, the order of writing the orbitals is not completely fixed since only the orbital occupancies have physical significance. For example, the electron configuration of the titanium ground state can be written as either [Ar] 4s2 3d2 or [Ar] 3d2 4s2. The first notation follows the order based on the Madelung rule for the configurations of neutral atoms; 4s is filled before 3d in the sequence Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti. The second notation groups all orbitals with the same value of n together, corresponding to the "spectroscopic" order of orbital energies that is the reverse of the order in which electrons are removed from a given atom to form positive ions; 3d is filled before 4s in the sequence Ti4+, Ti3+, Ti2+, Ti+, Ti. The superscript 1 for a singly occupied subshell is not compulsory; for example aluminium may be written as either [Ne] 3s2 3p1 or [Ne] 3s2 3p. It is quite common to see the letters of the orbital labels (s, p, d, f) written in an italic or slanting typeface, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a normal typeface (as used here).
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243–244 and , is a contour in the complex plane with two points removed, used for contour integration. If A and B are loops around the two points, both starting at some fixed point P, then the Pochhammer contour is the commutator ABA−1B−1, where the superscript −1 denotes a path taken in the opposite direction. With the two points taken as 0 and 1, the fixed basepoint P being on the real axis between them, an example is the path that starts at P, encircles the point 1 in the counter-clockwise direction and returns to P, then encircles 0 counter-clockwise and returns to P, after that circling 1 and then 0 clockwise, before coming back to P. The class of the contour is an actual commutator when it is considered in the fundamental group with basepoint P of the complement in the complex plane (or Riemann sphere) of the two points looped. When it comes to taking contour integrals, moving basepoint from P to another choice Q makes no difference to the result, since there will be cancellation of integrals from P to Q and back.
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The halved cube graph of order 4, obtained as the bipartite half of an order-4 hypercube graph In graph theory, the bipartite half or half-square of a bipartite graph G = (U,V,E) is a graph whose vertex set is one of the two sides of the bipartition (without loss of generality, U) and in which there is an edge uiuj for each two vertices ui and uj in U that are at distance two from each other in G.. That is, in a more compact notation, the bipartite half is G2[U] where the superscript 2 denotes the square of a graph and the square brackets denote an induced subgraph. For instance, the bipartite half of the complete bipartite graph Kn,n is the complete graph Kn and the bipartite half of the hypercube graph is the halved cube graph. When G is a distance-regular graph, its two bipartite halves are both distance-regular.. For instance, the halved Foster graph is one of finitely many degree-6 distance-regular locally linear graphs. The map graphs, that is, the intersection graphs of interior- disjoint simply-connected regions in the plane, are exactly the bipartite halves of bipartite planar graphs..
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The superscript Plimsoll on this symbol indicates that the process has occurred under standard conditions at the specified temperature (usually 25 °C or 298.15 K). Standard states are as follows: # For a gas: the hypothetical state it would have assuming it obeyed the ideal gas equation at a pressure of 1 bar # For a solute present in an ideal solution: a concentration of exactly one mole per liter (1 M) at a pressure of 1 bar # For a pure substance or a solvent in a condensed state (a liquid or a solid): the standard state is the pure liquid or solid under a pressure of 1 bar # For an element: the form in which the element is most stable under 1 bar of pressure. One exception is phosphorus, for which the most stable form at 1 bar is black phosphorus, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation. For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide would be the enthalpy of the following reaction under the above conditions: :C(s, graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g) All elements are written in their standard states, and one mole of product is formed. This is true for all enthalpies of formation.
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It has swapped ¢ and ø and has also swapped ¥ and Ø (to match code page 437 more). It also has the sharp S (sharp s) at code point 158, reversed not sign (⌐) at code point 169 (as in code page 437), not sign (¬) at code point 170 (as in code page 437), ½ at code point 171 (as in code page 437), ¼ at code point 172 (as in code page 437), ¨ (diaeresis) at code point 184, ´ (acute) at code point 185, ij at code point 192, IJ at code point 193, Hebrew characters at code points 194-220, section sign (§) at code point 221, logical and at code point 222, infinity sign at code point 223, bullet (•) at codepoint 249, cubed sign (superscript three) at code point 254, the macron at code point 255, ATARI-specific characters at codepoints 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 28, 29, 30, and 31, LED 0-9 at codepoints 16-25, and ə (Schwa) at codepoint 26. Codepoints 12, 13, and 27 are mapped to the C0 controls. A slight adaptation for Ventura Publisher is the similar Ventura International character set, it has code points 0-31, 127, and 218-255 empty, and has swapped ¢ and ø and has also swapped ¥ and Ø (to match code page 437 more).
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