"It's a subsistence crop, not a cash crop," he said.
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CAMPINAS, Brazil, July 11 (Reuters) - Small farmers in countries where production is still mostly artisanal and coffee is a subsistence crop are looking for ways out of the current price crisis, saying failure to guarantee higher income will eventually extinguish unique coffee flavors.
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The presence of barley, which did not become an important subsistence crop until the Han dynasty, 3,000 years later, led the authors to suggest that alcohol production was an important reason for the grain's introduction from western Eurasia, where it was first domesticated.
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The fields provided the people with a subsistence crop of wheat, barley and lentils. Flax was also harvested, but their primary source for clothing was sheep wool. They also hunted deer in the forest, but this was probably only a luxury reserved for the nobility. Domestic animals provided meat.
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A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s.
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Smaller woods are still found outside the city, but in ancient times, they were far more widespread. This meant the inhabitants had an excellent supply of timber when building their houses and other structures. The fields provided the people with a subsistence crop of wheat, barley and lentils. Flax was also harvested, but their primary source for clothing was wool.
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The egg-shaped tubers of the native potato appear very similar to the unrelated true potato, though they are smaller than modern commercial varieties. They are typically boiled, but may also be roasted, baked, or fried. Their flavor is bland, but sweeter than Coleus esculentus. Native potato is overwhelmingly a subsistence crop, though flour milling is reported in Burkina Faso.
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Subsistence crop agriculture and animal husbandry are the two major economic activities in the district. To a lesser extent, fishing, fish farming and bee keeping are increasingly practiced in Pallisa District. The major crops include: Cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, pigs, are some of the animals raised in the district. The district is further blessed with nine minor lakes that comprise part of the Lake Kyoga system.
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In these towns there was the most part of the production of manioc, the basic subsistence crop of Brazil. A second and still unstudied method of slave control and capture in Brazil was the calculated use of Indians as slave catchers and as a counterforce to mocambos and possible slave resorts.Stuart B. Schwartz',Slaves, peasants, and rebels: reconsidering Brazilian slavery, University of Illinois Press, 1996, p. 110.
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Peasant farming is the predominant economic activity with locals majoring in subsistence crop cultivation and domestic animal rearing. Popular crops grown include maize, beans, millet, cassavas, sweet potatoes, cow peas, tomatoes and kales. The animals kept include cattle, sheep and goats. Some farmers are also involved in small-scale cash crop farming, majoring in sugar cane, which supplies the local jaggeries in Luanda, Panyako and Uhembo.
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Slave labor demands varied based on region and on the type of harvest crop. In the Bahia region, where sugar was the principle crop, conditions for enslaved peoples were extremely harsh. It was often cheaper for slaveowners to literally work enslaved peoples to death over the course of a few years and replace them with newly imported enslaved people. Areas where manioc, a subsistence crop, was cultivated also utilized high numbers of enslaved peoples.
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Before 1948 the land was used as a labour tenant farm with subsistence crop and livestock farming. Inappropriate practices resulted in severe soil erosion, and in 1948 the farm was expropriated by the Department of Agriculture. This department successfully implemented extensive soil and wetland reclamation measures, including the construction of retaining walls, gabions, rock packs and brush packs and the restriction of grazing. In 1975 the area was proclaimed a nature reserve.
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The groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) originated in South America where it has long been domesticated. More recently it has been cultivated in other parts of the world and is an important subsistence crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Groundnut rosette virus was first described in Africa in 1907 and causes serious damage to groundnut crops on that continent. In 1939 it was reported to infect 80 to 90% of plants in the Belgian Congo causing major losses in yield.
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Throughout the colonial period, the main subsistence crop of the upland areas that formed much of Nyasaland was maize, which had been introduced from Mozambique, probably starting from the 18th century, and which largely supplanted the previous staple cereals sorghum and millet in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.McCracken (2012), p. 13. By the end of the colonial era, maize accounted for 60% of the areas planted with food crops, providing Nyasaland's inhabitants with over half their calories.McCann (2005), p. 8.
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What was originally intended by the French as a commercial cash crop had become a local subsistence crop by the 1980s. The Development Office for Sategui Deressia (Office de Mise en Valeur de Sategui-Deressia--OMVSD), founded in 1976, replaced Experimental Sectors for Agricultural Modernization (Secteurs Expérimentaux de Modernisation Agricole—SEMAA), originally responsible for the organization, improvement, transformation, and commercialization of rice. Efforts by these organizations to extend commercial rice cultivation had mixed results. The area under rice cultivation has increased since the 1950s.
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More than half of Botswana live in rural areas and are dependent on subsistence crop and livestock farming, together with money sent home by relatives in urban areas. Agriculture meets only a small portion of food needs and contributes just 2.8% to GDP—primarily through beef exports—but it remains a social and cultural touchstone. Cattle raising dominated Botswana's social and economic life before independence. The Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) has a monopoly on beef production. The national herd was about 2.5 million in the mid-1990s, though the government-ordered slaughter of the entire herd in Botswana's north-west Ngamiland District in 1995 has reduced the number by at least 200,000.
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The systemic fungicide metalaxyl has also been found to be effective in controlling P. colocasiae, especially when applied in conjunction with the pesticide mancozeb at the first sight of disease symptoms. While chemical control is one of the more effective methods of managing this pathogen, the fact that taro is usually a subsistence crop makes chemical control economically impractical and environmentally unsustainable. A recent study obtained promising results using Eucalyptus globus essential oil to combat P. colocasiae. Upon chemical analysis of the essential oil, researchers determined the most abundant compounds to be 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and p-cymene. These compounds make up 26.4%, 14.1% and 10.2% of the essential oil, respectively.
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In early April 1979, the minister of agriculture, Florence Chenoweth, proposed an increase in the subsidized price of rice from $22 per 100-pound bag to $26. Chenoweth asserted that the increase would serve as an added inducement for rice farmers to stay on the land and produce rice as both a subsistence crop and a cash crop, instead of abandoning their farms for jobs in the cities or on the rubber plantations. However, political opponents criticized the proposal as self-aggrandizement, pointing out that Chenoweth and the Tolbert family of the president operated large rice farms and would therefore realize a tidy profit from the proposed price increase. The Progressive Alliance of Liberia called for a peaceful demonstration in Monrovia to protest the proposed price increase.
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