The three migrated about 150 miles to the Swedish subpopulation.
|
|
More than 500 caves have been utilized by a subpopulation in Greece.
|
|
Historically the subpopulation was much more abundant, with more than 1,500 bears.
|
|
Pratt & Whitney said in a statement the issue affected a "a limited subpopulation of engines," without elaborating.
|
|
What about the southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation, which includes the bears in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?
|
|
They are to be contrasted with the 'unprotected' or targeted subpopulation, which does not share those privacy assurances.
|
|
But homelessness has persisted, and longtime residents have raised concerns about a new subpopulation within the homeless community.
|
|
"There is a protected subpopulation that enjoys (either by law, policy, or choice) certain privacy guarantees," the researchers write.
|
|
An animal census from 2019 found just three remaining caribou from the Selkirk herd, a subpopulation of wild caribou.
|
|
Melissa McKinney, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Connecticut, conducted a study of the Southern Beaufort Sea polar bear subpopulation.
|
|
And in one specific subpopulation — Americans who support the death penalty — the increase in casualties actually increased support for the war.
|
|
This not only includes transgender individuals but also the large subpopulation that does not identify with a binary gender at all.
|
|
And for this particular subpopulation, even contact with medical experts is dangerous, putting them at risk of contracting outside illnesses, Shenker said.
|
|
The Himalayan brown bear is a subpopulation of the more commonly found brown bear that is critically endangered and threatened with extinction.
|
|
Quite understandably, a single winter storm is capable of producing dramatic genetic shifts in a subpopulation like the ones observed in this study.
|
|
The Arctic refuge is an important denning area for the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears, one of the most threatened in the world.
|
|
That's a change of tune from their previous statement about a "certain subpopulation" that's unable to join them in the shining future of food-like products.
|
|
This subpopulation is living inside a kind of "dead zone," as Foy put it to me one day, searching for the right metaphor to describe her predicament.
|
|
Those citizens, and their families, were placed in harm's way anyway because a vicious vocal minority was able to target a susceptible subpopulation, and everyone paid the price.
|
|
That demographic shift would make the average wage in this group appear to fall right after the boatlift, even if no one's wages actually changed in any subpopulation.
|
|
Anyway: Two years and one month later, here is Spicer, once again addressing the nation, or at least the subpopulation of it that watches Glenn Beck's BlazeTV cable channel.
|
|
According to the libertarian think tank's analysis, the rate per 100,000 residents in each subpopulation was 899 for undocumented immigrants, 611 for legal immigrants and 1,797 for native-born Americans.
|
|
The survival rate of the largest caribou subpopulation increased enough to stabilize in the hunting area, but continued to plummet in the area where hunting was not allowed to increase.
|
|
And last month, the company unveiled a beta initiativeprompting a subpopulation of its userbase to link their lab results, prescription info, and medical history with data collected through their genetic test.
|
|
This "certain subpopulation of individuals" is still small, Soylent claims, but it's issued a recall on Soylent Bars effective yesterday, and will be providing full refunds to customers who purchased them.
|
|
Dr. Pfaller added that while not all species of sea turtles are thriving around the world, the subpopulation of loggerheads that is centered on Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina is doing well.
|
|
In March 2016, a study in the American Journal of Applied Science described a skull discovered in Kazakhstan that suggests that a subpopulation of, uh, "unicorns" still roamed the Earth just 29,20153 years ago.
|
|
One subpopulation has increased in numbers, and scientists know little or nothing about nine of the others, which are either in Russian territory or in locations so remote that resources are not available for surveys.
|
|
"It's surprising that two substantially distinct lifestyles can develop and coexist within a small and isolated subpopulation," Gabriele Cozzi, a post-doctorate student at the University of Zurich who helped lead the study, told New Scientist.
|
|
Following each failure, Ingber says researchers sift through patient results to see if there's a subpopulation or genetic subgroup that responded a bit better than the rest, at which point they'll do smaller and smaller trials.
|
|
Research by the Columbia University Justice Lab found that from 2015 to 2016, every subpopulation category in city jails declined by double digits, except persons incarcerated for technical parole violations, whose rolls increased by 21 percent.
|
|
A certain subpopulation of individuals may have an allergy, intolerance or sensitivity to ingredients such as soy and / or sucralose, or certain vitamin and mineral sources and should consult with their doctor before continuing to consume these products.
|
|
Critics said they were especially concerned about the harm that could be done to the southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears, which has been declining in numbers as climate change has reduced sea ice in the region.
|
|
There are 133 species and one subpopulation in the order Perciformes assessed as endangered.
|
|
There are 74 species and one subpopulation in the order Rajiformes assessed as vulnerable.
|
|
There are 35 species and one subpopulation of ground shark assessed as near threatened.
|
|
There are 110 species and one subpopulation of ground shark evaluated as data deficient.
|
|
There are 44 species, one subspecies, and one subpopulation of turtle assessed as endangered.
|
|
There are 253 species and one subpopulation in the order Rajiformes evaluated as data deficient.
|
|
There are 67 species and one subpopulation in the order Squaliformes evaluated as data deficient.
|
|
A school of blue rockfish Sebastes mystinus; notice the blotchy side patterning and less visible stripes compared to the deacon rockfish above Between 2002 and 2004, phylogeographic research on blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) identified a distinct genetic subpopulation, which was sampled between Cape Mendocino in northern California and Neah Bay, Washington. Subsequent research identified further genetic evidence supporting this distinct subpopulation, as well as demographic differences and evidence for reproductive isolation. The subpopulation was cited as an example of incipient speciation. In 2015, distinct morphological traits were identified for the northern subpopulation and it was recognized as a distinct species, classified as Sebastes diaconus.
|
|
There are 175 species, 14 subspecies, and one subpopulation in the order Carnivora assessed as least concern.
|
|
There are 144 species, one subspecies, and one subpopulation in the order Perciformes assessed as critically endangered.
|
|
Lower temperatures increase the likelihood of converging to a single solution, rather than to a small subpopulation of solutions.
|
|
Subpopulation sizes are around 20-30 individuals. Distances between subpopulations are too long to allow dissemination within one generation.
|
|
The first consists of elliptical galaxies that seem to be roughly as old as the universe. The second subpopulation contains red-sequence lenticular (lens shaped) galaxies whose ages are directly tied to their mass. The third and final subpopulation is of galaxies where star formation is still taking place, and are morphologically distributed.
|
|
A third possible Pacific subpopulation has been proposed, those that nest in Malaysia. This subpopulation, however, has effectively been eradicated. The beach of Rantau Abang in Terengganu, Malaysia, once had the largest nesting population in the world, hosting 10,000 nests per year. The major cause of the decline was egg consumption by humans.
|
|
Acipenseriformes includes sturgeons and paddlefishes. There are 17 species and one subpopulation in the order Acipenseriformes assessed as critically endangered.
|
|
Antibiotic tolerance can be caused by a reversible physiological state in a small subpopulation of genetically identical cells, similar to a differentiated cell type. It enables this small subpopulation of bacteria to survive their complete elimination by antibiotic use. Persisting cells resume growth when the antibiotic is removed, and their progeny is sensitive to antibiotics.
|
|
Local populations are small in comparison to the total population and reproduction occurs solely within the local population. This ecological isolation by distance, according to Wright, can create genetic differentiation among subpopulations, leading to evolutionary change. Individuals within the subpopulation are neighbors in the sense that their gametes may come together and inbreeding within the subpopulation increases homozygosity. Wright's statistical theory for isolation by distance looks at population genetic consequences measured by F-statistics where the correlation of randomly uniting gametes within a subpopulation relative to those of the total population is the FST value.
|
|
Hu WS, Bowman EH, Delviks KA, Pathak VK. Homologous recombination occurs in a distinct retroviral subpopulation and exhibits high negative interference.
|
|
Its two populations and one small subpopulation are broken up into scattered, localized occurrences. The largest population is located on private, unprotected land near Avon Park Lakes, a growing residential development. Land that remains there is fragmented and degraded by human activity, such as off-road vehicle use. A nearby subpopulation is estimated to contain fewer than 600 plants.
|
|
Strains of T. rubrum form two distinct biogeographical subpopulations. One is largely restricted to parts of Africa and southern Asia, while the other consists of a population that has spread around the world. Isolates of the Afro-Asiatic subpopulation most commonly manifest clinically as tinea corporis and tinea capitis. In contrast, the globally-distributed subpopulation manifests predominantly in tinea pedis and tinea unguium.
|
|
They are sexually dimorphic and locally common. This species is sometimes classified as a subpopulation of P. forbesi; however, it has a separate range.
|
|
Cypriniformes includes carps, minnows, loaches and relatives. There are 145 species, one subspecies, and one subpopulation in the order Cypriniformes assessed as critically endangered.
|
|
It is precautionarily estimated to lie within the band of 250-999 mature individuals, with no more than 250 individuals in the largest subpopulation.
|
|
Southern elephant seal harem on a beach on the Kerguelen Islands The largest subpopulation is in the South Atlantic, with more than 400,000 individuals, including about 113,000 breeding females on South Georgia; the other breeding colonies of the Atlantic subpopulation are located on the Falkland Islands and Valdes Peninsula in Argentina (the only continental breeding population). The second subpopulation, in the south Indian Ocean, consists of up to 200,000 individuals, three-quarters of which breed in the Kerguelen Islands and the rest in the Crozet Islands, Marion and Prince Edward Islands, and Heard Island. Some individuals also breed on Amsterdam Island. King penguins and southern elephant seal at South Georgia Island The third subpopulation of about 75,000 seals is found in the subantarctic islands of the Pacific Ocean south of Tasmania and New Zealand, mainly Macquarie Island.
|
|
By contrast, rays of the Tasmanian subpopulation are usually found over muddy bottoms in very shallow bays and large estuaries, occasionally penetrating into brackish water.
|
|
Millsap, B. A. (2018). Female recruitment in an urban subpopulation of Cooper’s Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in central New Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, New Mexico State University.
|
|
Cistus osbeckiifolius (as the subspecies osbeckiifolius) has been rated as "endangered" (EN) in the Spanish "Red List" (Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España). The species is considered at risk for several reasons: a limited area of distribution, restricted genetic diversity in all but one subpopulation, grazing by rabbits, the effects of fire, and human disturbance. In 2007 a fire destroyed one complete subpopulation.
|
|
The population size of the nominate subspecies (A. t. textilis) has been estimated at 21,500 individuals occurring over an area of 20,000 km2, with an area of occupancy of 1200 km2. The population comprises a large subpopulation within Francois Peron National Park and a second subpopulation consisting of several disjunct groups on nearby pastoral lands. The generation length has been estimated at four years.
|
|
CD32A is also found on Langerhans cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and a subpopulation of activated CD4+ T cells. CD32A is unique to primates.
|
|
An outlying subpopulation in Arabia is restricted to Jebel Iraf on the old North Yemen-South Yemen border. The species is thought to be extinct in Eritrea.
|
|
Of the subpopulations of mammals evaluated by the IUCN, one species subpopulation and one subspecies subpopulation have been assessed as near threatened. This is a complete list of near threatened mammalian species and subspecies evaluated by the IUCN. Species and subspecies which have near threatened subpopulations (or stocks) are indicated. Where possible common names for taxa are given while links point to the scientific name used by the IUCN.
|
|
Suppose there is a population P, with allele frequencies of A and a given by p and q respectively (p + q = 1). Suppose this population is split into two equally-sized subpopulations, P_1 and P_2, and that all the A alleles are in subpopulation P_1 and all the a alleles are in subpopulation P_2 (this could occur due to drift). Then, there are no heterozygotes, even though the subpopulations are in a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
|
|
The splendid pagoda is considered an endangered species due to its declining population size, its small subpopulation, and its threats of competition by invasive species, afforestation and too frequent fires.
|
|
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Downloaded on 04 September 2015. This plant grows in four known locations and there are few mature trees in any subpopulation.
|
|
It is found in Guyana, and in the states of Pará and Maranhão in northern Brazil. It is an IUCN Red List Vulnerable species. The Brazilian subpopulation is confined and declining.
|
|
This theory has been supported by experiments showing that within a population of mouse haematopoietic progenitor cells, underlying stochastic variability in the distribution of Sca-1, a stem cell factor, subdivides the population into groups exhibiting variable rates of cellular differentiation. For example, under the influence of erythropoietin (an erythrocyte-differentiation factor), a subpopulation of cells (as defined by the levels of Sca-1) differentiated into erythrocytes at a sevenfold higher rate than the rest of the population. Furthermore, it was shown that if allowed to grow, this subpopulation re- established the original subpopulation of cells, supporting the theory that this is a stochastic, reversible process. Another level at which stochasticity may be important is in the process of apoptosis and self-renewal.
|
|
This species has been recorded in Tanzania's afrotemperate forests in east Usambara Mountains and Magrotto Hill. In Kenya, it is only known as a subpopulation in the Shimba Hills, however genetic analysis needs to confirm this.
|
|
While little research has been done on Dermochelys populations in the Indian Ocean, nesting populations are known from Sri Lanka and the Nicobar Islands. These turtles are proposed to form a separate, genetically distinct Indian Ocean subpopulation.
|
|
Its typical habitat is open scrub and grassland, but it has also been recorded from the steep slopes of low hills. Only three subpopulations of N. suratensis are known to be extant; a fourth subpopulation at Tha Chana has apparently been wiped out. The only subpopulation to be accurately surveyed consists of around 250 mature plants and is likely to be the largest; the other two are known only from anecdotal reports and are probably "much smaller". None of the subpopulations grow within protected areas and the species is not subject to any conservation measures.
|
|
The underlying genetics of reinforcement can be understood by an ideal model of two haploid populations experiencing an increase in linkage disequilibrium. Here, selection rejects low fitness Bc or bC allele combinations while favoring combinations of BC alleles (in the first subpopulation) and bc alleles (in the second subpopulation). The third locus A or a (the assortive mating alleles) have an effect on mating pattern but is not under direct selection. If selection at B and C cause changes in the frequency of allele A, assortive mating is promoted, resulting in reinforcement.
|
|
The subpopulation on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is estimated to be about 5% of the size of the Christmas Island population, but it provides a second location which should reduce the risk that a natural disaster will cause extinction.
|
|
Juveniles have been known to enter bays, but avoid brackish conditions. The northwest Atlantic subpopulation is known to be migratory; in spring and summer, they are found in warm inshore waters, and in winter, they move south into deeper water.
|
|
Cycas wadei (Wade's pitogo) is a species of cycad endemic to Culion island, Philippines. There is only one subpopulation of about 5,000 mature individuals, located in a small area to the east of Halsey Harbor.Whitelock, Loran M. 2002. The Cycads.
|
|
The plain-backed sunbird has a disjunct distribution, with one subpopulation in the coastal lowlands of Kenya and north-eastern Tanzania, and another in Mozambique and Zimbabwe. It may be at risk from clearance of lowland forest throughout its range.
|
|
Activity of neutrophil-killer and neutrophil-cager in NBT test Two functionally unequal subpopulations of neutrophils were identified on the basis of different levels of their reactive oxygen metabolite generation, membrane permeability, activity of enzyme system, and ability to be inactivated. The cells of one subpopulation with high membrane permeability (neutrophil-killers) intensively generate reactive oxygen metabolites and are inactivated in consequence of interaction with the substrate, whereas cells of another subpopulation (neutrophil-cagers) produce reactive oxygen species less intensively, don't adhere to substrate and preserve their activity. Additional studies have shown that lung tumors can be infiltrated by various populations of neutrophils.
|
|
Taking the ratio of income share to subpopulation size corresponds to a ratio of mean subpopulation income relative to mean income. Because income distribution is generally positively skewed, mean is higher than median, so ratios to mean are lower than ratios to median. This is particularly used to measure that fraction of income accruing to top earners – top 10%, 1%, .1%, .01% (1 in 10, in 100, in 1,000, in 10,000), and also "top 100" earners or the like; in the US top 400 earners is .0002% of earners (2 in 1,000,0000) – to study concentration of income – wealth condensation, or rather income condensation.
|
|
The IUCN also lists seven subspecies and five varieties as conservation dependent. Of the animal subpopulations evaluated by the IUCN, one species subpopulation and one subspecies subpopulation has been assessed as conservation dependent. The conservation dependent category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (v3.1) system these taxa are classed as near threatened, but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "conservation dependent" category.
|
|
A natural experiment is an empirical study in which individuals (or clusters of individuals) are exposed to the experimental and control conditions that are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigators. The process governing the exposures arguably resembles random assignment. Thus, natural experiments are observational studies and are not controlled in the traditional sense of a randomized experiment. Natural experiments are most useful when there has been a clearly defined exposure involving a well defined subpopulation (and the absence of exposure in a similar subpopulation) such that changes in outcomes may be plausibly attributed to the exposure.
|
|
In both groups participants were awarded just 1 point for mis- coordinating. During each turn participants were also allowed to choose a payoff-irrelevant marker (circle or triangle). Players from both subpopulations were mixed to create a coordination problem, and every turn, an unidentified player from each subpopulation would be randomly switched. The experiment created a situation in which participants were strongly incentivized to develop a sense of expected behaviors in his or her subpopulation, but occasionally would find themselves in a totally new situation in which their behaviors were not in-line with social norms.
|
|
Population size for M. c. macgillivrayi may be close to 10 000 mature individuals in a single subpopulation. Recent surveys of M. c. coronatus estimate that the overall population size is possibly as low as 10 000, given the extent of available habitat.
|
|
There is a segment of the population with very low hydroxyperhexiline/perhexiline ratios, this subpopulation contains those patients with the PM phenotype. It has been suggested that those with ratios ≤0.3 should be considered PMs; thus, providing a simple method for identifying PMs.
|
|
Males, on the other hand, visit the breeding areas every year, attempting to mate. Mating seasons vary between populations. For most C. mydas in the Caribbean, mating season is from June to September. The French Guiana nesting subpopulation nests from March to June.
|
|
Issues in transfusing preterm infants in the NICU. Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing 18(2), 170-182. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from EbscoHost Research Databases. It is likely that only a carefully selected subpopulation of infants may benefit from its use.
|
|
Ecology and evolution, 5(18), 4037-4048. There are similar cases of male skewed ratios recorded now in southwestern cities (i.e. Tucson and Albuquerque).Millsap, B. A. (2018). Demography and metapopulation dynamics of an urban Cooper’s Hawk subpopulation. Condor, 120: 63–80.
|
|
Depending on exact subpopulation, they hibernate for 6–8 months each year, which is long for a marmot. Black-capped Marmot hibernates from September to mid-May. It is a diurnal and sedentary mammal. Black-capped Marmot is subject to extreme conditions throughout the year.
|
|
The Roman mole (Talpa romana) is a species of mammal in the family Talpidae. It is found in southern Italy. It was last recorded on Sicily in 1885. There is also an unconfirmed report about an isolated subpopulation in the Var region of southern France.
|
|
Starving bear near Svalbard The effects of climate change are most profound in the southern part of the polar bear's range, and this is indeed where significant degradation of local populations has been observed. The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation, in a southern part of the range, also happens to be one of the best-studied polar bear subpopulations. This subpopulation feeds heavily on ringed seals in late spring, when newly weaned and easily hunted seal pups are abundant. The late spring hunting season ends for polar bears when the ice begins to melt and break up, and they fast or eat little during the summer until the sea freezes again.
|
|
Some evidence shows the California subpopulation is recovering, and the potential population growth rate has been estimated to be 4-7% per year. In New Zealand, the Department of Conservation has classified the common thresher shark as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
|
|
An initial genetic analysis of the pink subpopulation indicated that this particular species diverged from a common ancestor with C. subcristatus and C. pallidus some 5.7 million years past. A more recent study indicates that the split is more recent and occurred about 1.5 million years ago.
|
|
A major advantage of DamID over ChIP seq is that profiling of protein binding sites can be assayed in a particular cell type in vivo without requiring the physical separation of a subpopulation of cells. This allows for investigation into developmental or physiological processes in animal models.
|
|
Neat1 is an lncRNA which assists in forming the structure of nuclear structures known as paraspeckles: nuclear bodies which contain RNA-binding proteins.Nakagawa, S. et al. (2014), "The lncRNA Neat1 is required for corpus luteum formation and the establishment of pregnancy in a subpopulation of mice." Development.
|
|
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has noted that the prospects for freshwater whiprays in Australia are likely favorable. However, there is concern that the South Alligator River subpopulation in Kakadu National Park may be negatively affected by contaminants from exploratory uranium mines upstream.
|
|
The traditional approaches in the preservation of endangered species are captive breeding and the private farming. In some cases those methods led to great results, but some problems still remain. For example, by inbreeding only few individuals, the genetic pool of a subpopulation remains limited or may decrease.
|
|
Synanthropic survival: low-impact agriculture and white-shouldered ibis conservation ecology. PhD thesis, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia. The largest known Cambodian white-shouldered ibis subpopulation resides in Western Siem Pang Important Bird Area (minimally 346 individuals).Wright HL, Ko S, Norin N, Phearun S. 2013a.
|
|
In many mammals, including mice and rats, the Gucy2d gene encodes a related protein – GC-D – that is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons. This gene is a pseudogene in humans and most other primates. In rodents, the corresponding (orthologous) gene to human GUCY2D is Gucy2e.
|
|
Prior to the finding of additional specimens in Kuwait, the International Union for Conservation of Nature assessed the smoothtooth blacktip shark as Endangered based on its presumed small range and population. Despite the discovery of a second subpopulation off Kuwait, this species likely still warrants an Endangered assessment because the waters around the Arabian Peninsula are subject to heavy fishing pressure and habitat degradation. Gillnet and other fisheries off Kuwait are known to take the smoothtooth blacktip shark as bycatch, while intensive Yemeni and Somalian shark fisheries operate in the Gulf of Aden. The status of the Yemen subpopulation is uncertain because no further specimens have been recorded since the original over a century ago.
|
|
The Cape lion, a distinct subpopulation of the Southern African lion which had a black mane that extended through its belly, and used to live in the Cape Region The Tygerberg Zoo attracted international attention when John Spence found lions in captivity in Russia, and brought two of them back to the Tygerberg Zoo. They were described in news reports as possible descendants of the extinct Cape lion population. Cape lions were a black-maned, large, and otherwise distinctive subpopulation of Southern African lions that were native to the Cape region of South Africa. They were hunted to extinction in the wild in the 1850s, and soon believed to have no survivors in captivity.
|
|
Microtubule polymerization is nucleated at the microtubule organizing center. Astral microtubules are a subpopulation of microtubules, which only exist during and immediately before mitosis. They are defined as any microtubule originating from the centrosome which does not connect to a kinetochore.Mitosis, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Albert et al 4th Edition.
|
|
Encephalartos schmitzii occurs in the Luapula River watershed, in Democratic Republic of the Congo (on the extreme south of the Kundelungu plateau, Shaba Province) and in Zambia (along the Muchinga escarpment in Luapula and Northern provinces). A subpopulation is also found in North- Western Province, Zambia, to the east of Solwezi.
|
|
Retrieved 13 May 2012. The park's waters are also home to four species of whales: the blue whale, the fin whale, the minke whale and the beluga whale. Due to pollution on the Saguenay river, the beluga whale population has significantly decreased in the region. This subpopulation is now considered to be endangered.
|
|
Mitochondrial fusion enables content mixing within a mitochondrial population, thereby preventing permanent loss of essential components. Cells with reduced mitochondrial fusion show a subpopulation of mitochondria that lack mtDNA nucleoids. Such mtDNA defects lead to respiration-deficient mitochondria, and their accumulation in neurons leads to impaired outgrowth of cellular processes and consequent neurodegeneration.
|
|
Acmella leucantha is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, where it is known from three locations in the Andes and one on Puná Island. The Andean subpopulations grow in forests and the dry vegetation of mountain valleys. The island subpopulation occurs in coastal habitat.
|
|
Many species persist in this region, including flora such as paperbark open forest and woodland, Banksia aemula (Wallum Banksia) woodland, and open heathland. There is also a population of the endangered Mount Emu she-oak.Mount Coolum National Park - resource information 2019 QLD Department of Environment and Science, accessed: 20 September 2020 The region provides essential habitat for Ground Parrot's which are regularly recorded and it is believed a subpopulation between 15 and 19 birds exists in Marcoola, making this the largest subpopulation within the Sunshine Coast and consequently important for the species persistence.Chapter B8 Terrestrial Fauna - Airport and Surrounds Terrestrial Fauna Sunshine Coast Airport Environmental Impact Statement, accessed: 21 September 2018 Many other popular bird species have also been recorded in the area in recent years.
|
|
However, these breeds also showed the highest body indices for meat production. And lastly, the Hispano-Breton heavy horse breed from Castilla-Leon, Spain has received economic funding to express its genetic background since it has been considered the subpopulation of heavy horse breeds that represents the Hispano-Breton heavy horse breed the most.
|
|
In Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, Eld's deer was hunted for the traditional medicinal trade (particularly of this subspecies) and to meet demand for captive animals (especially from zoos) and forest habitat was degraded (deforested) to meet agriculture and infrastructural developments. The subpopulation in Hainan considered as a subspecies by Chinese conservationists was almost extinct in the wild.
|
|
As of September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 3117 least concern mammalian species. 56% of all evaluated mammalian species are listed as least concern. The IUCN also lists 127 mammalian subspecies as least concern. Of the subpopulations of mammals evaluated by the IUCN, one species subpopulation has been assessed as least concern.
|
|
The receptors for the basic tastes of bitter, sweet and savory have been identified. They are G protein-coupled receptors. The cells that detect sourness have been identified as a subpopulation that express the protein PKD2L1. The responses are mediated by an influx of protons into the cells but the receptor for sour is still unknown.
|
|
The transcription factors serve as a short term trigger to an irreversible process. The transdifferentiation liver cells observed 8 months after one single injection of pdx1. The ectopic transcription factors turn off the host repertoire of gene expression in each of the cells. However, the alternate desired repertoire is being turned on only in a subpopulation of predisposed cells.
|
|
It is also known to swim upside-down, which is thought to improve the visibility of its prey. This dolphin feeds on a mix of coastal and pelagic fish and squid. Those in the South American subpopulation supplement their diets with crustaceans. Individuals have been recorded as entering the Santa Cruz River to forage there during low tide.
|
|
A third Piaractus was described in 2019 as a new species, but it was formerly considered a subpopulation of P. brachypomus.Escobar, M.D., R.P. Ota, A. Machado-Allison, I.P. Farias and T. Hrbek (2019). A new species of Piaractus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Orinoco Basin with a redescription of Piaractus brachypomus. Journal of Fish Biology: [1-x].
|
|
The maximum lifespan is at least 8 years for males and 9 years for females. In the western subpopulation, mating occurs in early or mid-summer and females only bear litters of one or two pups. The gestation period lasts ten months, with birthing taking place in late spring or early summer. The newborns measure across.
|
|
The melanocortin system is one of the mammalian body's tools to regulate food intake in a push- pull fashion. The only neurons known to release melanocortins are located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalmus. Accordingly, there is a subpopulation called POMC neurons and one called AgRP neurons. When POMC neurons release α-MSH, appetite is decreased.
|
|
MDGA2 (MAM domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 2) is a human gene. It has previously been called MAMDC1. MDGA2 is located on chromosome 14. The gene has a homologue in rat and mouse, Mdga2, and investigations in rats have found that the gene is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system in a subpopulation of neurons, e.g.
|
|
Dacrydium nausoriense is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is endemic to Fiji, where it is only known from one subpopulation on each of the two main islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. It is a valuable timber tree which has been overharvested. This overexploitation and habitat loss are the main threats to this endangered species.
|
|
There are three subspecies; all three are considered rare. They grow in humid forest habitat alongside palms and ferns. The typical variety is known only from a locality near Constanza, Valle del Jaque; var. ekmanii is recorded from Morne la Selle and Morne la Visite, although the latter subpopulation is now thought to be extinct; and var.
|
|
Accomplishing such intricate cooperative ventures requires sophisticated cell-cell communication,Bassler BL, Losick R: Bacterially speaking. Cell 2006, 125:237-246.Bischofs IB, Hug JA, Liu AW, Wolf DM, Arkin AP: Complexity in bacterial cell-cell communication: quorum signal integration and subpopulation signaling in the Bacillus subtilis phosphorelay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:6459-6464.
|
|
P. zolii is known from five localities widely scattered across northern Africa. It is known in Libya from the Oasis of Elbarkat (Al Barkat) 8 km south of Ghat in Fezzan and from near Ajedabia in western Cyrenaica. In Egypt it is known from Wadi El Natrun; this subpopulation was previously misidentified as belonging to P. intermedius. This account follows Trape et al.
|
|
The La Planada Nature Reserve subpopulation may have recently gone extinct; it was not found anymore in the 1990s. G. g. hylodroma is found in Mindo-Nambillo Protection Forest, Bosque Integral Otonga, Refugio Paz de Aves near Nanegalito, Pacha Quindi Nature Refuge and Botanical Gardens, and the Maquipucuna and Río Guajalito forest reserves. Around these protected areas, deforestation is severe however.
|
|
Share of pre-tax household income received by the top 1%, top 0.1% and top 0.01% in the US, between 1917 and 2005Saez, E. & Piketty, T. (2003). Income inequality in the United States: 1913-1998. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 1-39. A related class of ratios is "income share" – what percentage of national income a subpopulation accounts for.
|
|
One well-studied area is just off the northwestern coast near the mouth of the Columbia River. The other American area is located in California. Further north, off the Pacific coast of Canada, leatherbacks visit the beaches of British Columbia. Estimates by the WWF suggest only 2,300 adult females of the Pacific leatherback remain, making it the most endangered marine turtle subpopulation.
|
|
This supports the idea that EBNA2 acts as a functional equivalent of an activated Notch receptor. EBNA2 also interacts with the human homolog of the yeast transcription factor (SNF5 hSNF5/Ini1) as it coelutes with both hSNF5/Ini1 and BRG1. BRG1 is a human homolog of SWI/SNF2. However, this interaction is restricted to a subpopulation of phosphorylated viral EBNA2.
|
|
They are: Kalalau Stream, Lumaha`i River, Hanalei River (four subpopulations), Keālia Stream, Makaleha Stream (two subpopulations), and the North Fork Wailua River. The term "subpopulation" refers to a discreet group of individuals, separated from other discrete groups within a single watershed. Because of low mobility, no interaction between subpopulations exists. No historical information is available on the population sizes of Newcomb's snail.
|
|
A subpopulation of polydendrocytes in the gray matter of the embryonic CNS also generates protoplasmic astrocytes. The loss or lack of OPCs, and consequent lack of differentiated oligodendrocytes, is associated with a loss of myelination and subsequent impairment of neurological functions. In addition, polydendrocytes express receptors for various neurotransmitters and undergo membrane depolarization when they receive synaptic inputs from neurons.
|
|
No specific information is available on threats to the Pacific subpopulation, which is assessed as Data Deficient. Globally, the species is considered Near-Threatened. Along with other electric rays, the apron ray is important to neuroscience in the study of cholinergic synaptic transmissions, due to the high concentration of acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase in the cells of their electric organs.
|
|
The largest subpopulation in Venezuela is in Cojedes and Sarare, with fewer than 500 adults remaining. A number of other smaller subpopulations exist.IUCN/SSC Crocodylus intermedius. Crocodile Specialist Group – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2nd edition. In November 2007, 50 individuals were held in zoos registered by Species360, of which the largest population, 35 individuals, were kept in the Dallas World Aquarium.
|
|
Seven of the globular clusters have X-ray counterparts, which are among the most luminous X-ray sources in NGC 5846. These clusters are mostly in the central region and they are optically luminous, compact and belong to the red subpopulation. Chandra image of NGC 5846 with superimposed contours of Hα+[N ii] emission. White crosses mark the detected CO cloud positions.
|
|
This subpopulation may now be inside the Antisana Ecological Reserve, a privately owned reserve that preserves the native flora and fauna of the Northern Andean páramo. The species may be a synonym of S. iscoensis (Nordenstam in Jørgensen and León- Yánez 1999), which itself may be properly named Aetheolaena senecioides. No specimens of this species are housed in Ecuadorian museums.
|
|
It may also live in less favorable environments, like at thermal vents or polluted areas near sewer outfall pipes. It dominates polluted areas and acidic areas with pH values around 6.5 fitting the preferred pH value of a subpopulation of late Platynereis dumerilii nectochaete larvae. Larvae feed on plankton, and migrate vertically in the ocean in response to changes in light, causing a daily transport of biomass.
|
|
The population is slowly decreasing and is currently under the category of critically endangered. The P. sukhakulii has been significantly reduced during recent decades due to many threats. There is a continuing decline in the number of P. sukhakulii and the quality of the habitats in the single location. The estimated number of P. sukhakulii is less than 50 and they all occur in a single subpopulation.
|
|
The best-understood persistence factor is the E. coli high persistence gene, commonly abbreviated as hipA. Although tolerance is widely considered a passive state, there is evidence indicating it can be an energy-dependent process. Persister cells in E. coli can transport intracellular accumulations antibiotic using an energy requiring efflux pump called TolC. A persister subpopulation has also been demonstrated in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
|
|
Patients have an increased susceptibility to pneumonia and recurrent episodes of other respiratory infections and a higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases in middle age. IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) feature similar B cell differentiation arrests,Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th edition, pag. 2058 it does not present the same lymphocyte subpopulation abnormalities. IgA-deficient patients may progress to panhypogammaglobulinemia characteristic of CVID.
|
|
CB2 receptors are predominantly found in the immune system, or immune-derived cells with varying expression patterns. While found only in the peripheral nervous system, a report does indicate that CB2 is expressed by a subpopulation of microglia in the human cerebellum. CB2 receptors appear to be responsible for immunomodulatory and possibly other therapeutic effects of cannabinoid as seen in vitro and in animal models.
|
|
A study that examined a subpopulation of adults, both young and middle-age, found that those who had diagnosed panic disorder in adulthood also experienced sexual abuse during childhood. Children who experience social stressors, such as physical and psychological abuse, as well as parental loss, are also more at risk for developing anxiety disorders during adulthood than children who did not experience such stressors.
|
|
Schimmelpenning syndrome appears to be sporadic rather than inherited, in almost all cases. It is thought to result from genetic mosaicism, possibly an autosomal dominant mutation arising after conception and present only in a subpopulation of cells. The earlier in embryological development such a mutation occurs, the more extensive the nevi are likely to be and the greater the likelihood of other organ system involvement.
|
|
Specifically, it labels ON/OFF Direction Selective Ganglion Cells (ooDSGCs), a subpopulation of RGCs that stratify in both the ON and OFF sublamina of the Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL) of the retina. It is also found in a subset of amacrine cells in the Inner Nuclear Layer. No role as of yet has been proposed for the peculiar location of this protein in these cell types.
|
|
An improved version was proposed later, called the Improved Constructive Cooperative Coevolutionary Differential Evolution (C3iDE), which removes several limitations with the previous version. A novel element of C3iDE is the advanced initialisation of the subpopulations. C3iDE initially optimises the subpopulations in a partially co-adaptive fashion. During the initial optimisation of a subpopulation, only a subset of the other subcomponents is considered for the co-adaptation.
|
|
Each location has few individuals (the largest subpopulation has 43 trees). With an estimated population of fewer than 250 mature individuals and ongoing habitat decline due to fire and cutting for charcoal and timber or clearing for mining, this species has been assessed by IUCN as Critically Endangered. There are three species of baobab found in northern Madagascar, all sharing the common name "bozy".
|
|
Apparently at least the wintering range has starkly contracted; it appears that the handful of family or neighbour groups that are left retreat to remote habitat in southeastern Europe in winter. The IUCN classifies it as Critically Endangered (CR) C2a(ii); D. This means that an estimated 50 mature birds or fewer are believed to exist, with numbers declining, and that there probably is only one subpopulation.
|
|
There is a surprisingly high degree of amino acid sequence conservation (37%-42%) of POU homeodomains to the transcriptional regulator comS, the competence protein from the gram positive prokaryote Bacillus subtilis. Akin to the way that POU homeodomain regulators lead to tissue differentiation in metazoans, this transcription factor is critical for differentiation of a subpopulation of B. subtilis into a state of genetic competence.
|
|
The Astor markhor or flare-horned markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri) is a subspecies of the markhor, native to Kashmir and northern Pakistan. To the west it reaches the easternmost parts of Afghanistan. The range of the Astor markhor is very scattered. At one time considered an "endangered species", conservation efforts have had some success and the largest subpopulation in Pakistan may now exceed 1000 individuals.
|
|
The subpopulation in Kimboza Forest Reserve was estimated at 150,000 adults in 2009. The size of the remaining subpopulations is unknown, but their size is not thought to contribute significantly to the total population. The two known sites outside protected areas are tiny: one consists of 14 Pandanus trees (the rest has been cleared for banana plantations) and the other is equally close to disappearing.Maisch H (2013).
|
|
IUCN (1999). Five regional sub-populations of Ussuri brown bears are now recognized in Hokkaido. Of these, the small size and isolation of the western Ishikari subpopulation has warranted its listing as an endangered species in Japan’s Red Data Book. 90 to 152 brown bears are thought to dwell in the West Ishikari Region and from 84 to 135 in the Teshio-Mashike mountains.
|
|
Protea dracomontana, the Nyanga protea or the Drakensberg sugarbush, is a flowering plant that belongs within the genus Protea. The plant is found in the Eastern Cape, Lesotho, KwaZulu-Natal and the escarpment of the Free State, as well as eastern Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe this species is only known from a disjunct subpopulation confined to the summit of Mount Nyangani. Another vernacular name for this plant is Drakensberg dwarf sugarbush.
|
|
There is no global population estimate but subpopulation estimates are in the low hundreds. Due to their coastal distribution, Australian humpback dolphins are vulnerable to a variety of threats including incidental captures in gill nets and shark nets set for bather protection, habitat loss and degradation, vessel strikes, pollution, and climate change. With an official species name, the new Aussie dolphin will have a greater chance of receiving special conservation treatment.
|
|
This species is classified as critically endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List for the following criteria: C2b (v2.3, 1994). This means that the population is estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals, a continuing decline has been observed, projected, or inferred, in the number of mature individuals, and that the population structure is such that all individuals are in a single subpopulation. Year assessed: 1996. C. d.
|
|
There are nearly 130 globular cluster candidates in the galaxy, with the total number of globular clusters estimated to be nearly 550. This number is quite low, but it is typical for field elliptical galaxies. Based on luminosity turnover of the globular clusters, it is suspected that there is a subpopulation of younger clusters. The outer isophotes of the galaxy are asymmetrical, maybe due to a tidal disruption.
|
|
Sattar snowtrout (Schizothorax curvifrons) is a species of cyprinid native to the highlands of south-central Asia from Iran to China where it can be found in most types of freshwater habitats. This species can reach a length of TL and a weight of up to . It is important to local commercial fisheries. The species is variable and some of its subpopulation possibly should be recognized as separate species.
|
|
It has a highly disjunct distribution. One population breeds in northern Colombia, Venezuela, far northern Brazil, Trinidad, and Tobago, as well as parts of the Pakaraima Mountains in western Guyana (including as it seems Mount Roraima). A second population occurs in eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and far northeastern Argentina. The Argentine subpopulation is partially migratory, being resident in the northern part, while southernmost breeders spend the Austral winter further north.
|
|
Przewalski's horse was described as a novel species in 1881 by Ivan Semyonovich Polyakov, although the taxonomic position of Przewalski's horse remains controversial and no consensus exists whether it is a full species (Equus przewalskii), a subspecies of the wild horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, along with two other subspecies, the domesticated horse E. f. caballus, and the extinct tarpan E. f. ferus), or even a subpopulation of the domestic horse.
|
|
Of the subpopulations of reptiles evaluated by the IUCN, one species subpopulation has been assessed as endangered. For a species to be considered endangered by the IUCN it must meet certain quantitative criteria which are designed to classify taxa facing "a very high risk of exintction". An even higher risk is faced by critically endangered species, which meet the quantitative criteria for endangered species. Critically endangered reptiles are listed separately.
|
|
When bacteria are challenged with antibiotics, a small and distinct subpopulation of cells is able to withstand the treatment by a phenomenon dubbed as "persistence" (not to be confused with resistance). Due to their bacteriostatic properties, type II toxin-antitoxin systems have previously been thought to be responsible for persistence, by switching a fraction of the bacterial population to a dormant state. However, this hypothesis has been widely invalidated.
|
|
Development of aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) bacteriocytes has been studied with the host cells that contain the endosymbiotic bacteria, Buchnera aphidicola. Bacteriocytes of aphids have a subpopulation of the bacteriocytes that is chosen prior to the maternal transmission of the bacteria to the embryo. Even later in the aphid's life, a second population of adipose cells are selected to become bacteriocytes. Bacteriocyte development has been maintained in aphids for 80–150 million years.
|
|
For example, it has been shown that gastrointestinal cancers contain rare subpopulation of cancer stem cells which are capable to divide asymmetrically. The asymmetric division in these cells is regulated by cancer niche (microenvironment) and Wnt pathway. Blocking the Wnt pathway with IWP2 (WNT antagonist) or siRNA-TCF4 resulted in high suppression of asymmetric cell division. Another mutation in asymmetric cell divisions which are involved in tumor growth are loss-of-function mutations.
|
|
They are mostly aquatic but can also be found in the vegetation surrounding the lagoons. Breeding takes place in water. The population in the Laguna Blanca (in the Laguna Blanca National Park), which used to be the main subpopulation, has been extirpated by introduced by fish (perch and salmonids). However, other subpopulations, located within the buffer zone of the Laguna Blanca National Park, occur in isolated ponds and mostly appear to be stable.
|
|
Jayne has shown a fear of anything to do with Reavers, a subpopulation of feral, cannibalistic humans. Jayne has demonstrated fear of dying in what he considers an unmanly fashion, notably being "spaced". In "Out of Gas" Jayne is seen on-screen curiously poking at Simon's birthday cake. In the commentaries for episodes "Out of Gas" and "War Stories", it is mentioned that Adam Baldwin added a "tactile" compulsion to the character.
|
|
Plate 59 of Mammals of Australia Vol. II The species was first described by John Gould, naming this hare-wallaby as Lagorchestes conspicillata, and provided an illustration that was included in The Mammals of Australia (Volume II) as plate 59. A separate description, Lagorchestes leichardti, was included in the same work as Pl. 58. This is now regarded as a subpopulation of the same species, which is sometimes described as a subspecies.
|
|
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the flamingo subfamily, part of the cadherin superfamily. The flamingo subfamily consists of nonclassic-type cadherins; a subpopulation that does not interact with catenins. The flamingo cadherins are located at the plasma membrane and have nine cadherin domains, seven epidermal growth factor-like repeats and two laminin G-like domains in their ectodomain. They also have seven transmembrane domains, a characteristic unique to this subfamily.
|
|
In March 2015, Mohamud held a meeting with Somali Disabled People Council (SDPC) representatives in Mogadishu. The officials touched on ways in which the government can assist differently abled individuals, among various other matters. Mohamud therein vowed to earmark a governmental agency for the disabled, which would liaise with other state offices and gather data on the subpopulation. Additionally, he indicated that the government would organize a nationwide conference devoted to the differently abled.
|
|
The critically small population on Malolo Levu seems to qualify as a subspecies, B. vitiensis pricei, as it differs in its DNA on 7 alleles in comparison to B. vitiensis from Macuata. A small protected forestation area was created recently for the last 17 crested iguanas that survived. Juveniles have been reported on the site, indicating some degree of reproduction is ongoing. However, the outlook for this subpopulation is a matter of great concern.
|
|
The park is important as a habitat of the endangered Cantabrian brown bear. There is an interpretation centre for the bear at Verdeña, Cervera de Pisuerga. Fundación Oso Pardo, Official website of Brown Bear NGO In the twentieth century, the Cantabrian brown bears were divided into two sub-populations by habitat fragmentation. The natural park lies within the range of the eastern subpopulation, which is the smaller of the two and at risk from endogamy.
|
|
Indeed, Cit− clones could invade Cit+ populations from after the extinction event. Moreover, in an experiment in which they restarted twenty replicates of the Ara-3 population from the sample frozen 500 generations before the extinction, Turner et al. found that the Cit− subpopulation had not gone extinct in any of the replicates after 500 generations of evolution. One of these replicates was continued for 2,500 generations, over which Cit− continued to coexist.
|
|
Senecio antisanae is a species of Senecio in the aster family found only in the subtropical or tropical moist montane region of Ecuador. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a terrestrial herb that is only known from a few old collections in the Andes. The only subpopulation with detailed location information was recorded at the Hacienda del Isco, in the foothills of Volcán Antisana in the Cordillera of Quito, in 1845.
|
|
The IUCN initially assessed this species' conservation status as critically endangered in 1996 (it had been listed as undetermined before then), but after the Haitian subpopulation was discovered, the "area of occupancy" had increased and it was downlisted to endangered in the assessment in 2018. It has been listed in Appendix I of the CITES treaty, at least since the 1990s, and this appears to have been effective. It is not listed under the US Endangered Species Act.
|
|
It also plays a role in inhibiting apoptosis of undifferentiated T cells and promoting their differentiation into Th17 cells, possibly by down regulating the expression of Fas ligand and IL2, respectively . Despite the pro-inflammatory role of RORγt in the thymus, it is expressed in a Treg cell subpopulation in the colon, and is induced by symbiotic microflora. Abrogation of the gene's activity generally increases type 2 cytokines and may make mice more vulnerable to oxazolone-induced colitis.
|
|
De Novo Mutations and deletions in this gene have been associated with cases of epileptic encephalopathies. CHD2 epilepsy is increasingly being identified as a subpopulation of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Recently, de novo mutations or deletions in CHD2 has been linked to intellectual disability and to autism. Researchers found 27 genes which abolish function of the corresponding protein — in at least two people with autism, and 6 genes are mutated in three or more people with autism.
|
|
Cajal–Retzius cells are involved in the organization of the developing brain. In 1998, immature neurons from the pyramidal neocortex and other regions of the immature brain showed membrane depolarizations of CR cells caused by GABA-A and glycine receptor activation. In 1994, a subpopulation of CR cells was shown to be GABAergic (using GABA as a transmitter). In 2003, CR cells in rodents and primates were shown to be glutamatergic (using glutamate as a transmitter).
|
|
Of note, the black- vented woodswallows are more adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions, while the white-vented are adapted to tropical conditions. Therefore, selection pressure will probably not result in subspecies merging. The role of possible isolation of an ancestral subpopulation with subsequent expansion after glacial factors during the Pleistocene and environmental factors in generating the different plumage patterns has been considered. Molecular phylogeography using mitochondrial DNA in woodswallows was not helpful in determining biogeographical factors.
|
|
A qualified version of Savage's sure thing principle can indeed be derived from Pearl's do-calculus and reads: "An action A that increases the probability of an event B in each subpopulation Ci of C must also increase the probability of B in the population as a whole, provided that the action does not change the distribution of the subpopulations." This suggests that knowledge about actions and consequences is stored in a form resembling Causal Bayesian Networks.
|
|
T1 B cells are distinguished from the other subsets by the following surface marker characteristics: they are IgMhiIgD−CD21−CD23−, whereas T2 B cells retain high levels of surface IgM but are also IgD+CD21+ and CD23+. Differences in functional characteristics of the T2 subpopulation reported by different laboratories are unexplained, although they might be due to differences in isolation strategies. In any case, there is consensus that T2 B cells clearly differ functionally from T1 B cells.
|
|
Tanycytes in rats begin to develop in the last two days of gestation and continue on until they reach their full differentiation in the first month of life. Radial glia cells on the other hand, are a key component of the embryonic brain. Tanycytes also contain many proteins not found in radial glia cells. Thus, evidence now suggests that tanycytes are genealogical descendants of radial glia cells that do not develop into astrocytes, but rather into their own subpopulation.
|
|
Females have a single functional ovary and uterus, on the right side, and an annual reproductive cycle. In the eastern subpopulation, ovulation occurs in spring or early summer and the litter size ranges from one to six, increasing with female size. The gestation period lasts approximately one year, and the newborns measure about long. Males reach sexual maturity at around long and two and a half years of age, and females at around long and three years of age.
|
|
Today CD133 is the most commonly used marker for isolation of cancer stem cell (CSC) population from different tumors, mainly from various gliomas and carcinomas. Initial studies that showed ability of CD133-positive population to efficiently propagate tumor when injected into immune-compromised mice firstly were performed on brain tumors. However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations. CD133+ melanoma cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC and play a critical role in recurrence.
|
|
FST values are also used to understand dispersing behaviors by calculating an FST value for each sex. The sex that disperses more displays a lower FST value, which measures levels of inbreeding between the subpopulation and the total population. Additionally, assignment tests can be utilized to quantify the number of individuals of a certain sex dispersing to other populations. A more mathematical approach to quantifying sex-biased dispersal on the molecular level is the use of spatial autocorrelation.
|
|
This low level of dispersal has led to genetic divergence across its range. Seven discrete gene pools have been identified along the Californian coast between Humboldt Bay and San Diego. Of these, the Humboldt Bay subpopulation is perhaps the most isolated, with the sharks there maturing at a larger size and producing fewer offspring than those from other areas. By contrast, the area around Los Angeles represents a genetic transitional zone between subpopulations whose boundaries are more diffuse.
|
|
In certain patients with temporal lobe epilepsy it has been found that the subiculum could generate epileptic activity. It has been found that GABA reversal potential is depolarising in the subpopulation of the pyramidal cells due to the lack of KCC2 co-transporter. It has been shown that it is theoretically possible to generate seizures in the neural networks due to down-regulation of KCC2, consistent with the chloride measurements during the transition to seizure and KCC2 blockade experiments.
|
|
The multi-objective version of the C3 algorithm is a Pareto-based algorithm which uses the same divide-and-conquer strategy as the single-objective C3 optimisation algorithm . The algorithm again starts with the advanced constructive initial optimisations of the subpopulations, considering an increasing subset of subproblems. The subset increases until the entire set of all subproblems is included. During these initial optimisations, the subpopulation of the latest included subproblem is evolved by a multi- objective evolutionary algorithm.
|
|
The Paint Rock river system and Ohio River systems hold the largest populations of the species and it is less common throughout the Tennessee River system. The stripetail darter inhabits states including Tennessee, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. The stripetail darter's distribution is typically spotty throughout its range with multiple subpopulations; however, the species is still abundant overall. Page and Smith discovered that the species also varies slightly depending on where the subpopulation of the species occurs.
|
|
A few examples are priapism, stroke and systemic blood pressure. As hemoglobin F are only produced by some red blood cells, in different quantities, only a subpopulation of cells are protected against sickling. It could be that the symptoms that high hemoglobin F doesn't prevent are quite sensitive to the rupture of the sickled non-F cells. Hydroxyurea is a chemical that promotes the production of fetal hemoglobin and reduces the premature rupturing of red blood cells.
|
|
Statistical decision theory studies "selection problems" that require the identification of a "best" subpopulation or of identifying a "near best" subpopulation.Gibbons, Jean Dickinson; Olkin, Ingram, and Sobel, Milton, Selecting and Ordering of Populations, Wiley, (1977). (Republished as a Classic in Applied Mathematics by SIAM.) (Republished as a Classic in Applied Mathematics by SIAM.)Santner, Thomas J., and Tamhane, A. C., Design of Experiments: Ranking and Selection, M. Dekker, (1984).Robert E. Bechhofer, Thomas J. Santner, David M. Goldsman.
|
|
The freshwater whipray (Urogymnus dalyensis) is a little-known species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in a number of large rivers and associated estuaries in northern Australia. Until recently, this species was regarded as a regional subpopulation of the similar-looking but much larger giant freshwater stingray (U. polylepsis) of Southeast Asia. Typically reaching across, the freshwater whipray has a distinctively shaped, rounded pectoral fin disc, a projecting snout, and a thin tail without fin folds.
|
|
A small subpopulation of Cit− cells unable to grow on citrate, and belonging to a separate clade persisted in the population after the Cit+ cells became dominant. Early findings showed that this diversity was partly due to the Cit− cells being better at growing on the glucose in the medium. Turner et al. later found that another factor behind the coexistence was that the Cit− cells evolved the ability to cross feed on the Cit+ majority.
|
|
The five widely scattered records of P. zolii which also occurred only in very small populations indicate that it is a very rare species. Individuals were found restricted to semi-desert areas with grassy vegetation on sandy soil or other steppe vegetation near oases. The best known subpopulation is located in Wadi El Natrun/Egypt at the margin of salt marshes. Here it can be found climbing in microhabitats created by the halfa grass Desmostachya bipinnata and also in stands of Alhagi graecorum.
|
|
Antimicrobial tolerance is achieved by a small subpopulation of microbial cells termed persisters. Persisters are not mutants, but rather are dormant cells that can survive the antimicrobials that effectively eliminate their much greater number. Persister cells have entered a non-growing, or extremely slow-growing physiological state which makes them tolerant (insensitive or refractory) to the action of antimicrobials. When such persisting pathogenic microbes cannot be eliminated by the immune system, they become a reservoir from which recurrence of infection will develop.
|
|
The main feeding habitat of the western Pacific subpopulation is the shallow ( depth) shelf off northeastern Sakhalin Island, particularly off the southern portion of Piltun Lagoon, where the main prey species appear to be amphipods and isopods. In some years, the whales have also used an offshore feeding ground in depth southeast of Chayvo Bay, where benthic amphipods and cumaceans are the main prey species.Fadeev V.I. (2003). Benthos and prey studies in feeding grounds of the Okhotsk-Korean population of gray whales .
|
|
When the butterfly population reaches a high density, because of the shorter generational turn around of the parasites, intergeneration responses of the parasites are faster than those of the butterflies, resulting in a responding increased growth of the parasites. This creates an evolutionary stable system to keep the population of both the parasites and the host in check. It was also found that among the subpopulations studied, exchanges between each subpopulation helped to maintain the stability of the entire population as a whole.
|
|
In this theory, populations moved directly from the area unaffected by glacial movement to their present boundaries by rare, long distance, successful dispersals. The movement of the population was dictated by rare events that occurred long distances from the parent population. These rare successes created their own parent populations, allowing for the subpopulation to disperse additional rare, long distance successes perpetuating the movement of the population. The distribution created by this kind of movement is described as a fat-tailed distribution.
|
|
Of the subpopulations of mammals evaluated by the IUCN, five species subpopulations and one subspecies subpopulation have been assessed as vulnerable. For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the IUCN designed to reflect "a high risk of extinction in the wild". Endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species, and are listed separately. See: List of endangered mammals, List of critically endangered mammals.
|
|
This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta, and in myelomonocytic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It cooperates with LY96 (also referred as MD-2) and CD14 to mediate in signal transduction events induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in most gram- negative bacteria. Mutations in this gene have been associated with differences in LPS responsiveness. TLR4 signaling responds to signals by forming a complex using an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) and an intracellular toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain.
|
|
Guadalupe Island had a population of numerous but old and weak trees in 2000.200 according to CSG (2000), some 4000 according to León de la Luz et al. (2003). The cause(s) for this discrepancy are elusive. As a viable conifer woodland species they disappeared rapidly from the late 19th century onwards, as hordes of introduced feral goats ate the seedlings that germinated for over a century. One major subpopulation was destroyed entirely, and the isolated stands were nearly destroyed.
|
|
The second group is the non-phagocytic types that are distributed near regenerative fibers. These peak between two and four days and remain elevated for several days during the hopeful muscle rebuilding. The first subpopulation has no direct benefit to repairing muscle, while the second non-phagocytic group does. It is thought that macrophages release soluble substances that influence the proliferation, differentiation, growth, repair, and regeneration of muscle, but at this time the factor that is produced to mediate these effects is unknown.
|
|
TCTP caused histamine release from the human basophils of a subpopulation of donors, and this release was dependent on IgE. The expression of TCTP is regulated at two distinct levels, depletion of the ER calcium causes an increase in TCTP mRNA abundance, increased cytosolic calcium concentrations regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Downregulation of the protein levels by siRNA in HTR-8/SVneo (Homo sapiens placenta cells) was associated with a reduced cellular calcium-uptake activity and buffering capacity.
|
|
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan hunting lions in the area of Burhanpur, present-day Madhya Pradesh, from 1630 The Asiatic lion currently exists as a single subpopulation, and is thus vulnerable to extinction from unpredictable events, such as an epidemic or large forest fire. There are indications of poaching incidents in recent years. There are reports that organized gangs have switched attention from tigers to these lions. There have also been a number of drowning incidents after lions fell into wells.
|
|
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the flamingo subfamily, part of the cadherin superfamily. The flamingo subfamily consists of nonclassic-type cadherins; a subpopulation that does not interact with catenins. The flamingo cadherins are located at the plasma membrane and have nine cadherin domains, seven epidermal growth factor-like repeats and two laminin A G-type repeats in their ectodomain.
|
|
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the flamingo subfamily, part of the cadherin superfamily. The flamingo subfamily consists of nonclassic-type cadherins; a subpopulation that does not interact with catenins. The flamingo cadherins are located at the plasma membrane and have nine cadherin domains, seven epidermal growth factor-like repeats and two laminin A G-type repeats in their ectodomain.
|
|
Within the uterus, the embryos lie lengthwise with their heads pointing the same direction as their mother. Most information known about the night shark's life history comes from the subpopulation off northeastern Brazil, and may not hold true in other parts of the species range. Northeastern Brazilian sharks mate throughout the summer, with the male biting at the female's body and fins as a prelude to copulation. After a year-long gestation period, females give birth to four to 18 (usually 12 or more) pups.
|
|
The presence of these goats prevented regrowth of the native trees, including B. edulis, and as a consequence, the ecosystem was drastically altered: the once verdant island turned into an almost barren rock, with weeds replacing the former forests. Below 800–900 m ASL, the palm is essentially the only remaining tree, occurring in a major subpopulation and scattered groups in sheltered locations. Above that, there used to be a band of mixed woodland where the palm was accompanied by Island Oak and Guadalupe Pine.
|
|
By comparing summary statistics at different levels of organization it is possible to make inferences about population histories. For example, we can examine the variance of allele size within a subpopulation as well as within the total population to infer something about population history. Construction of phylogenies under the SMM is, however, complicated by the fact that it is possible to either gain or lose a repeat unit, thus alleles that are identical in size are not necessarily identical by descent (i.e. they show marker-size homoplasy).
|
|
CCR5 is predominantly expressed on T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, microglia and a subpopulation of either breast or prostate cancer cells. The expression of CCR5 is selectively induced during the cancer transformation process and is not expressed in normal breast or prostate epithelial cells. Approximately 50% of human breast cancer expressed CCR5, primarily in triple negative breast cancer. CCR5 inhibitors blocked the migration and metastasis of breast and prostate cancer cells that expressed CCR5, suggesting that CCR5 may function as a new therapeutic target.
|
|
The dusky dolphin, protected in much of its range, is listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN because; "... assessment of global population status is not possible with the currently available estimates of abundance and removals. The subpopulation off Peru has probably been overexploited, but present data do not allow estimation of present decline". Dusky dolphins may fall victim to the small cetacean fisheries of Peru and Chile. The expansion of these fisheries could have started in Peru when the anchoveta fishery collapsed in 1972.
|
|
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure. Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic types): D1-type MSNs of the direct pathway and D2-type MSNs of the indirect pathway. Most striatal MSNs contain only D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors, but a subpopulation of MSNs exhibit both phenotypes. Direct pathway MSNs excite their ultimate basal ganglia output structure (e.g.
|
|
PCI of R-ACAOS-IM is feasible and quite successful, but further experience is needed in L-ACAOS-IM since few cases have been treated percutaneously, while surgery is the recommended treatment in this subpopulation, at this time. Surgery consists of “unroofing” or denudation of the intramural coronary segment from the aortic wall: this approach is currently the gold standard. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and reimplantation of the ectopic artery are obsolete and not indicated, because of competitive flow in mild resting narrowings.
|
|
A distinguishing feature of the Rapa fruit dove is its bright pink crown, located on the face between the eyes. This species is endemic to the small island of Rapa Iti in the Austral Islands of French Polynesia and has an estimated extent of 30 km2. The population was estimated at 160 individuals in 2017, with all individuals in one subpopulation. Surveys carried out in 1989-1990 found a population of approximately 274, resulting in a 42% decline in population between the two surveys.
|
|
It has important aquatic bird fauna, of several species and in great number. The lagoon used to host the largest known subpopulation of the endemic Patagonia frog (Atelognathus patagonicus), but this has been extirpated by introduced predatory fish; the species survives in isolated ponds in the buffer zone of the national park. Near the lagoon is the Salamanca cave, historically inhabited by humans, where rock paintings, typical of northern Patagonia, can be seen. Other mapuche and prehistoric human artifacts have been found in the park.
|
|
IRF-3 is a key proapoptotic protein that after activation by SeV triggers apoptosis. IRF-3-knockdown cells express viral protein and produces low levels of infectious virions. IRF-3 controls the fate of the SeV-infected cells by triggering apoptosis and preventing persistence establishment; therefore its knock down allows persistence to occur. It was also reported that during SeV infection replication defective viral genomes (DVG) are forming and selectively protect a subpopulation of host cells from death, therefore promoting the establishment of persistent infections.
|
|
Histidinemia is considered benign as most patients remain asymptomatic, early correlational evidence from the first decade of histidinemia research lead to the theory that histidinemia was associated with multiple developmental symptoms including hyperactivity, speech impediment, developmental delay, learning difficulties, and sometimes mental retardation. However, these claims were later deemed coincidental as a large subpopulation of infants that tested positive for histidinemia were found to have normal IQ and speech characteristics; as such histidinemia has since been reclassified as a benign inborn error of metabolism.
|
|
This suggests that the cutaneous rabbit effect involves not only the intrinsic somatotopic representation but also the representation of the extended body schema that results from body-object interactions. Research has shown that the illusion can occur across non- contiguous body regions such as the fingers. However, a subpopulation of participants apparently does not experience the effect on the fingertips. The illusion has also been shown to occur both within and across the arms, suggesting that the illusion occurs after perceptual stages in the brain.
|
|
Familial MDS/AML is an inherited predisposition to develop MDS, i.e. a disorder characterized by the development of a genetically distinct subpopulation (i.e. clone) of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, decreased levels of one or more types of circulating blood cells, and an increased risk of progressing to leukemia, particularly AML. GATA2 deficiency commonly presents as MDS in childhood (usually >4 years of age) and adolescent (generally <18 years of age) individuals and as such is the most common germline mutation responsible for familial MDS/AML in this age group.
|
|
The types of neuromodulatory therapies her lab focuses on are deep brain stimulation, targeted drug delivery, and neurostimulation with focused ultrasound. The first paper published by the Creed Lab in 2018 explored the distinct population of Glutamatergic ventral pallidum (VP) neurons and their role in reward seeking behavior. Creed and her team found that VP neurons have excitatory projections to lateral habenula, rostromedial tegmental nucleus, and GABAergic VTA neurons. They also found that selective activation of this subpopulation of VP glutamatergic neurons induced place avoidance suggesting their role in constraining reward seeking behavior.
|
|
The classical theory developed in the early 70's anticipated that metastasis is due to genetically determined subpopulations in primary tumours. The genetic variance between metastatic foci is significant for only particular locus and within specific cell populations or only one-cell population shows differences and some loci are divergent only in one cell subpopulation. This explains the concept of tumour heterogeneity and the order of genetic events during tumor evolution. Many of the genes driving the growth at primary site can determine the dissemination and colonization at the ectopic site.
|
|
The GWF runs the Gnaraloo Turtle Conservation Program and the Gnaraloo Feral Animal Control Program to protect sea turtle rookeries along the Gnaraloo coast. The population of loggerhead turtles that nests in WA belongs to the South-East Indian Ocean subpopulation. A lot of basic but critical biological data still remains unknown for this population, including the number of individuals, how often females nest, and where they migrate to forage once they leave the rookery. By working to preserve the natural ecosystems at Gnaraloo, the GWF is helping to protect species that occur within them.
|
|
The subcomponents are also called species. The subcomponents are implemented as subpopulations and the only interaction between subpopulations is in the cooperative evaluation of each individual of the subpopulations. The general CC framework is nature inspired where the individuals of a particular group of species mate amongst themselves, however, mating in between different species is not feasible. The cooperative evaluation of each individual in a subpopulation is done by concatenating the current individual with the best individuals from the rest of the subpopulations as described by M. Potter.
|
|
The regulatory T cells (Tregs or Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. Tregs are immunosuppressive and generally suppress or downregulate induction and proliferation of effector T cells. Tregs express the biomarkers CD4, FOXP3, and CD25 and are thought to be derived from the same lineage as naïve CD4 cells. Because effector T cells also express CD4 and CD25, Tregs are very difficult to effectively discern from effector CD4+, making them difficult to study.
|
|
However, their distribution is patchy, and colonies are generally found within of the ocean, naturally limiting their range. The total population for the entire archipelago is estimated to be 200,000–300,000 individuals, although this number is labelled with considerable uncertainty. Most subpopulations have not been surveyed in detail because their lifestyle and habitat make it difficult to survey with a high level of accuracy. By far the largest subpopulation—likely including around of all marine iguanas—lives on Fernandina Island, but estimates vary greatly from 15,000 to 120,000 individuals.
|
|
HSD2 neurons do not produce a wide array of other proteins that typify most other subtypes of NTS neurons, including tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, neuropeptide FF, substance P, somatostatin, inhibin-β, glucagon-like peptide-1, corticotropin-releasing hormone, dynorphin, calretinin, and calbindin. A small number of HSD2 neurons (less than 2%) may express the neuropeptide galanin. Their lack of expression of the aforementioned markers suggests that HSD2 neurons form a unique subpopulation within the NTS. To date, there is no information available about the electrophysiologic characteristics of these neurons.
|
|
NGC 1395 is home to a large number of globular clusters, with their total number estimated to be , compared to 150–200 in and around the Milky Way. There are two different populations of globular clusters in the galaxy, named blue and red from their photometric color. The clusters of the red subpopulation lie closer to the centre of the galaxy while the blue ones lie mostly in the halo. The surface density profile of the blue globular clusters indicates that the galaxy has accreted a significant number of dwarf satellites.
|
|
Metabolic N-oxidation of the diet- derived amino-trimethylamine (TMA) is mediated by flavin-containing monooxygenase and is subject to an inherited FMO3 polymorphism in man resulting in a small subpopulation with reduced TMA N-oxidation capacity resulting in fish odor syndrome Trimethylaminuria. Three forms of the enzyme, FMO1 found in fetal liver, FMO2 found in adult liver, and FMO3 are encoded by genes clustered in the 1q23-q25 region. Flavin-containing monooxygenases are NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of soft nucleophilic heteroatom centers in drugs, pesticides, and xenobiotics.
|
|
Emission by molecular hydrogen and ionised gas has also been reported. The observed emission of the gas in the nuclear region has been suggested to be the result of the accretion of cold gas by the HI disk. NGC 4278 is home to a larger than average number of globular clusters compared with galaxies of similar luminosity, with an estimated total number of . As it has been found in other galaxies, the colour distribution of the globular clusters in the galaxy features bimodiality, with the clusters forming a red and a blue subpopulation.
|
|
Neural crest cells are multipotent cells required for the development of cells, tissues and organ systems. A subpopulation of neural crest cells are the cardiac neural crest complex. This complex refers to the cells found amongst the midotic placode and somite 3 destined to undergo epithelial- mesenchymal transformation and migration to the heart via pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6. The cardiac neural crest complex plays a vital role in forming connective tissues that aid in outflow septation and modelling of the aortic arch arteries during early development.
|
|
B. subtilis is a soil-dwelling microbe that uses quorum sensing to regulate two different biological processes: competence and sporulation. During stationary growth phase when B. subtilis are at high cell density, approximately 10% of the cells in a population are induced to become competent. It is believed that this subpopulation becomes competent to take up DNA that could potentially be used for the repair of damaged (mutated) chromosomes. ComX (also known as competence factor) is a 10-amino acid peptide that is processed from a 55-amino acid peptide precursor.
|
|
As of 2006, in Alaska, 42% of cubs were reaching 12 months of age, down from 65% in 1991. In most areas, cubs are weaned at two and a half years of age, when the mother chases them away or abandons them. The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation is unusual in that its female polar bears sometimes wean their cubs at only one and a half years. This was the case for 40% of cubs there in the early 1980s; however by the 1990s, fewer than 20% of cubs were weaned this young.
|
|
Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are higher than they actually are. The Polar Bear Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission takes the position that "estimates of subpopulation size or sustainable harvest levels should not be made solely on the basis of traditional ecological knowledge without supporting scientific studies."Aars, pp. 61–62 Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
|
|
The dendritic region of CA3 is laminated. For the input to the hippocampus proper, the temporoammonic pathway arises in layer III cells of the entorhinal cortex but separates from the perforant pathway to contact the most distal branches of the pyramidal cells in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1-CA3. The excitatory (glutaminergic) influence of this path has been questioned because influence on the pyramidal cells has been difficult to demonstrate. Recent experiments show that this modulation of pyramidal cells may differentially activate an interneuron subpopulation located in the distal reaches of the apical dendrites.
|
|
174 It was then settled by Slavs. The Silingi, a subpopulation of the East Germanic tribe known as the Vandals are the earliest inhabitants of Silesia known by their name, however the greater part of them moved westwards after the 5th century AD and the remainder were slowly replaced in the 6th century by Slavic tribes who assimilated the few remaining East Germanic inhabitants.T. Hunt Tooley "National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border", 1997 University of Nebraska Press, p.6 (Google Books) The Silingi were part of the Przeworsk culture.
|
|
Because of the difficulty in accessing the sites, no comprehensive Newcomb's snail population census has been undertaken since 1995, and changes to the population since that time remain undocumented. The total area inhabited by Newcomb's snails at any one location is remarkably small, from just 2 square meters (22 square feet; Makaleha waterfall, Hanalei subpopulations) to a maximum of 30 square meters (323 square feet; Makaleha Springs subpopulation). Microhabitat characteristics limiting suitable habitat remain unknown. Because known populations are confined to such small areas, they are highly vulnerable to eradication by unpredictable catastrophic events.
|
|
Newcomb's snails face a continued threat from human-caused changes to the hydrologic landscape of Kauaʻi, that causes severe degradation of natural aquatic environments. Such changes include large irrigation, extensive plantation style agriculture diverting water out of both surface waterbodies and groundwater sources. In 1995, prior to Newcomb's snail being listed as threatened, the County of Kaua`i planned a major water diversion project to capture flow from Makaleha Springs for domestic use. The project construction and operation was expected to eliminate the entire subpopulation of Newcomb's snail at Makaleha Springs.
|
|
The study found that SMOP that occurred in all neurons examined were voltage-dependent; oscillation was not a result of excitatory or inhibitory activity and neither was it from an electric coupling. This suggests that the subthreshold oscillation of the membrane potential may be crucial for inter-neuronal synchronization of discharge and for the amplification of synaptic events. Neurons of a subpopulation of supraoptic neurosecretory cells are able to generate phasic bursts of action potentials. In the neurons examined in this experiment, action potentials are succeeded by a depolarizing after-potential.
|
|
The apron ray is a coldwater marine species found off South America south of the 33°S parallel. It occurs in the southwest Atlantic Ocean along the coasts of Uruguay and Argentina, with small numbers entering southern Brazil in the winter, and in the southeast Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Chile and Peru. The Atlantic and Pacific subpopulations are assumed to be separate, as the Atlantic subpopulation does not occur south of northern Argentina. The depths where it can be found range from 22 to 181 meters.
|
|
In population genetics, the Wahlund effect is a reduction of heterozygosity (that is when an organism has two different alleles at a locus) in a population caused by subpopulation structure. Namely, if two or more subpopulations have different allele frequencies, the overall heterozygosity is reduced, even if the subpopulations themselves are in a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The underlying causes of this population subdivision could be geographic barriers to gene flow followed by genetic drift in the subpopulations. The Wahlund effect was first documented by the Swedish geneticist Sten Wahlund in 1928.
|
|
Social behaviors such as altruism and group relationships can impact many aspects of population dynamics, such as intraspecific competition and interspecific interactions. In 1871, Darwin argued that group selection occurs when the benefits of cooperation or altruism between subpopulations are greater than the individual benefits of egotism within a subpopulation. This supports the idea of multilevel selection, but kinship also plays an integral role because many subpopulations are composed of closely related individuals. An example of this can be found in lions, which are simultaneously cooperative and territorial.
|
|
During organogenesis, molecular and cellular interactions prompt certain populations of cells from the different germ layers to differentiate into organ-specific cell types. For example, in neurogenesis, a subpopulation of cells from the ectoderm segregate from other cells and further specialize to become the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. The embryonic period varies from species to species. In human development, the term fetus is used instead of embryo after the ninth week after conception, whereas in zebrafish, embryonic development is considered finished when a bone called the cleithrum becomes visible.
|
|
The speartooth shark is not known to pose a danger to humans. Extremely rare like other river sharks, its global population has been estimated to number no more than 2,500 mature individuals, with no more than 250 in any subpopulation. This species is caught incidentally by commercial fisheries using gillnets and longlines, such as the barramundi (Lates calcarifer) gillnet fishery in Queensland (barramundi fisheries in New South Wales have been prohibited from rivers occupied by this species since 2005). Significant numbers are also taken by recreational anglers and bow fishers.
|
|
They have also proposed that individuals having contracted CJD in the early 1990s represent a distinct genetic subpopulation, with unusually short incubation periods for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This means that there may be many more people with vCJD with longer incubation periods, which may surface many years later. Prion protein is detectable in lymphoid and appendix tissue up to two years before the onset of neurological symptoms in vCJD. Large scale studies in the UK have yielded an estimated prevalence of 493 per million, higher than the actual number of reported cases.
|
|
Several methods have been used to sort sperm before the advent of flow cytometry. Density gradient centrifugation (in a continuous or discontinuous gradient) can concentrate semen samples with low concentration of sperm, using the density of sperm as a measure of their quality. Similarly, so-called swim-up techniques apply a centrifugation step and then sperm is allowed to swim up into a medium, thus enriching a subpopulation of motile sperm. However, use of sperm centrifugation is detrimental to the sperm viability and elicits production of reactive oxygen species.
|
|
The exposition above assumes that the causal effect of interest does not vary across observations, that is, that \beta is a constant. Generally, different subjects will respond in different ways to changes in the "treatment" x. When this possibility is recognized, the average effect in the population of a change in x on y may differ from the effect in a given subpopulation. For example, the average effect of a job training program may substantially differ across the group of people who actually receive the training and the group which chooses not to receive training.
|
|
For example, if a researcher uses presence of a land-grant college as an instrument for college education in an earnings regression, she identifies the effect of college on earnings in the subpopulation which would obtain a college degree if a college is present but which would not obtain a degree if a college is not present. This empirical approach does not, without further assumptions, tell the researcher anything about the effect of college among people who would either always or never get a college degree regardless of whether a local college exists.
|
|
Further, microglia require the CSF-1 receptor for development. Overall, their study showed, for the first time, a subpopulation of macrophage-like cells that are ontogenically distinct in the mononuclear phagocyte system which has since led to helping scientists explore their homeostatic functions and roles in disease. Near the end of her postdoctoral work, Greter published a first author paper in Immunity exploring the role of Csf-2 in controlling the homeostasis of non-lymphoid tissue-resident dendritic cells and further that Csf-2 is not necessary for the differentiation and function of inflammatory dendritic cells.
|
|
As of 2016, ataluren was the only approved drug in the EU to treat a specific subpopulation of patients with nmDMD, or DMD caused by a nonsense mutation. However, nonsense mutations only account for approximately 15% of all patients with DMD. Therefore, Summit Therapeutics projects to file for regulatory approval in the US and EU by 2019 and to reach market in 2020. They expect to profit just over £24,046 in 2020 and £942,656 in 2025, which amounts to ~10% CGR for the first 7 years on the basis of treating all DMD patients in the US, EU, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Russia.
|
|
In 2009 the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) assessed the conservation status of the species as being 'near threatened'. In 2011 they reaffirmed this judgement, basing this on a suspected larger former population, based itself on the small extant populations. Although SANBI states that there is no evidence that the population is declining, they judge that the population is decreasing or will decrease in the future, giving as main reason climate change. It is feared that the development of fruit orchards on the Gydoberg is ongoing habitat loss for the plants found there, but this only a single subpopulation.
|
|
As of 2015, it is currently evaluated as critically endangered by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this evaluation because it is only known from two caves, the population size is estimated at fewer than 250 individuals, each subpopulation consists of fewer than 50 individuals, and its population size is likely in decline. The Jamaican flower bat used to occur in five or six caves, but now only occurs in two. Part of its decline in St. Clair Cave may be attributed to the population of feral cats living in the cave and preying on bats.
|
|
Recognition of bacterial persister cells dates back to 1944 when Joseph Bigger, an Irish physician working in England, was experimenting with the recently discovered penicillin. Bigger used penicillin to lyse a suspension of bacteria and then inoculate a culture medium with the penicillin-treated liquid. Colonies of bacteria were able to grow after antibiotic exposure. The important observation that Bigger made was that this new population could again be almost eliminated by the use of penicillin except for a small residual population. Hence the residual organisms were not antibiotic resistant mutants but rather a subpopulation of what he called ‘persisters’.
|
|
In Florida, United States, established breeding populations of Nile monitors have been known to exist in different parts of the state since at least 1990.(Campbell, 2003; Enge et al. 2004). Genetic studies have shown that these introduced animals are part of the subpopulation that originates from West Africa and now often is recognized as its own species, the West African Nile monitor. The vast majority of the established breeding population is in Lee County, particularly in the Cape Coral and surrounding regions, including the nearby barrier islands (Sanibel, Captiva, and North Captiva), Pine Island, Fort Myers, and Punta Rassa.
|
|
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of April 2014, the labor force participation rate was 62.8%. The overall labor force participation rate is expected to decline for the remainder of the decade, projected to fall to 62.5% in 2020. By the year 2020, the subpopulation of older adults in the United States is expected to reach 97.8 million people, comprising 28.7% percent of the entire U.S. population, a rise from the 24.7% in 2010. This increase in proportion of older adults can be attributed to the entire Baby Boomer cohort joining the older adult population (ages 55+) by 2020.
|
|
The eastern short-eared rock-wallaby or Wilkins' rock-wallaby (Petrogale wilkinsi) is a species of rock-wallaby found in the northernmost parts of the Northern Territory of Australia, and is common in the Kakadu and Litchfield National Parks. It was thought to be a subpopulation of the short-eared rock- wallaby Petrogale brachyotis found in the Kimberley (Western Australia), but recent genetic and morphological studies have shown it to be distinct. Wilkins' rock-wallaby is smaller, has more distinct grey/brown markings on its head and sides, and more colourful limbs than the western species.
|
|
The northwestern Persian Gulf, home to a smoothtooth blacktip shark subpopulation, is a shallow, freshwater-influenced environment. The smoothtooth blacktip shark has only been recorded from eastern Yemen and Kuwait, some apart. These two locations differ markedly: the Gulf of Aden near Yemen is over deep with a narrow continental shelf and no permanent riverine inputs, while the Persian Gulf near Kuwait is entirely shallower than and receives abundant fresh water from the Tigris-Euphrates-Karun river system. The Kuwait specimens were obtained from fish markets; given the practices of Kuwaiti speedboat fishers, this shark can be supposed to inhabit shallow, coastal waters.
|
|
The spine apparatus (SA) is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is found in a subpopulation of dendritic spines in central neurons. It was discovered by Edward George Gray in 1959 when he applied electron microscopy to fixed cortical tissue. The SA consists of a series of stacked discs that are connected to each other and to the dendritic system of ER- tubules. The actin binding protein synaptopodin (which was originally described in podocytes of the kidney) is an essential component of the SA. Mice that lack the gene for synaptopodin do not form a spine apparatus.
|
|
Established in 1932 as a haven for migratory birds, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge is additionally managed for the protection of threatened and endangered species such as the loggerhead sea turtle, wood stork, and piping plover. Every year loggerhead sea turtles bury their eggs on three of the refuge's barrier islands. The refuge supports approximately 23% of the northern subpopulation of loggerhead sea turtles, the largest north of Florida. For the past 30 years refuge employees have helped loggerhead turtles survive by identifying nests that are in areas subject to overwash and inundation, and moving them to a safer area on the island.
|
|
With rapidly increasing global aging population, it is estimated that China's elderly population aged over 60 will hit 360 million by 2030. Concurrently, it is conceived that between 2012 and 2050, United States will also experience considerable growth in its older population, from 43.1million to 83.7 million, due to the baby boomers. Amongst the Asian subpopulation, the Chinese American was found to be one of the oldest, largest and the most rapid expanding society. Furthermore, they are also growing rapidly with a growth rate of almost four times higher than of overall U.S. older adult population from 2000 to 2010.
|
|
Recently, however, a subpopulation of HD neurons has been found in the dysgranular part of retrosplenial cortex that can operate independently of the rest of the network, and which seems more responsive to environmental cues. The system is related to the place cell system, located in the hippocampus, which is mostly orientation-invariant and location-specific, whereas HD cells are mostly orientation-specific and location-invariant. However, HD cells do not require a functional hippocampus to express their head direction specificity. They depend on the vestibular system, and the firing is independent of the position of the animal's body relative to its head.
|
|
Squalamine was studied as a potential drug to treat several forms of cancer and wet macular degeneration by scientists at Magainin Pharmaceuticals (subsequently called Genaera), but the company ran out of money and closed in 2009. Squalamine and some other drug assets were sold to Ohr Pharmaceutical for $200,000 by Genaera's liquidator. It was studied in an eye drop formulation as a potential way to treat wet macular degeneration in combination with ranibizumab by Ohr Pharmaceuticals. A Phase II trial failed in 2015, but Ohr said a subpopulation with choroidal neovascularization responded well enough to justify a Phase III trial.
|
|
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16 (there are over 180 types), is a known risk factor and independent causative factor for oral cancer. A fast-growing segment of those diagnosed does not present with the historic stereotypical demographics. Historically that has been people over 50, blacks over whites 2 to 1, males over females 3 to 1, and 75% of the time people who have used tobacco products or are heavy users of alcohol. This new and rapidly growing subpopulation between 30 and 50 years old, is predominantly nonsmoking, white, and males slightly outnumber females.
|
|
Though it is the case that eccentric hypertrophy is largely considered to be a healthy response to increased cardiac demand, it is also associated with risks. For example, in athletes with significantly increased left ventricular weight there is also a corresponding increased risk for conduction abnormalities and sudden cardiac death. Additionally, in pregnant individuals, a subpopulation progress to peripartum cardiomyopathy, characterized by a dilation of the left ventricle and a corresponding deficit in heart function. There are suggestions that this progression is partially determined by underlying metabolic derangement (diabetes) and hypertension which may result in a more maladaptive cardiac response to pregnancy.
|
|
Today’s smoking culture includes a subpopulation of smokers called “social smokers”. Although there may be different explanations of what a social smoker is, many college students define “social smokers” as those who use tobacco in more social activities and find it essential for socializing, rather than using tobacco on a regular basis, dictated by nicotine dependence. Social smokers are not addicted to smoking, or worried about the social acceptability of their smoking habits. In a study conducted in 2004, 51% of current college smokers stated that they primarily smoked with other people and in social activities.
|
|
The cardiac neural crest originates from the region of cells between somite 3 and the midotic placode that migrate towards and into the cardiac outflow tract. The cells migrate from the neural tube to populate pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 with the largest population of the outflow tract originating from those in pharyngeal arches 4. From here, a subpopulation of cells will develop into the endothelium of the aortic arch arteries while others will migrate into the outflow tract to form the aorticopulmonary and truncal septa. Other ectomesenchymal cells will form the thymus and parathyroid glands.
|
|
The crossback stingaree is found close to the sea floor. The distribution of the crossback stingaree mainly encompasses the coastal waters of Victoria and Tasmania, where it is quite abundant; it ranges as far east as Jervis Bay in New South Wales, and as far west as Beachport in South Australia. Bottom-dwelling in nature, this species has been reported from the intertidal zone to a depth of on the upper continental slope. Rays of the Victorian subpopulation prefer sandy flats and rocky reefs and are seldom seen in less than of water, occurring most commonly at depths greater than .
|
|
A NOAEL of 0.5 mg/kg was estimated by dividing the LOAEL by a three-fold uncertainty factor. The NOAEL was then divided by the standard 10-fold inter- and 10-fold intraspecies uncertainty factors to arrive at the RfD of 0.005 mg/kg/day. Other studies showed that fetuses and children are even more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than adults, so the EPA applies an additional ten- fold uncertainty factor to protect that subpopulation. A RfD that has been divided by an additional uncertainty factor that only applies to certain populations is called a "population adjusted dose" or PAD.
|
|
Macaronesian Laurel forest The laurel pigeon is endemic to the mountainous subtropical Atlantic west Canary islands, where it occurs on the islands of La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife and El Hierro. In the 1980s, the population was estimated at 1,200-1,480 individuals, but more recent surveys have shown that it is more numerous, and more widely distributed. The largest subpopulation is found on La Palma, where it occurs across much of the northern half of the island. The species is common on La Gomera, where it is found primarily in the north, and also occurs patchily on the northern slopes of Tenerife.
|
|
Upon transfection by activated Ras, a subpopulation of cells exhibiting the putative stem cell markers CD44high/CD24low increases with the concomitant induction of EMT. Also, ZEB1 is capable of conferring stem cell-like properties, thus strengthening the relationship between EMT and stemness. Thus, EMT may present increased danger to cancer patients, as EMT not only enables the carcinoma cells to enter the bloodstream, but also endows them with properties of stemness which increases tumorigenic and proliferative potential. However, recent studies have further shifted the primary effects of EMT away from invasion and metastasis, toward resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
|
|
The first project involves probing the role of cortico-striatal circuitry in modulating anxiety-like behavior as well as elucidating the potential of this circuit as a target of chronic therapeutic stimulation. In line with this project, the Gunaydin Lab published their first paper in 2020 highlighting their discovery of a subpopulation of striatal projecting prefrontal neurons that regulate approach-avoidance conflict in rodents. The other two projects her lab is working on explore the roles of cortical neural subpopulations in obsessive- compulsive disorder behaviors as well as the mechanisms of circuit defects in genetic mouse models for obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism.
|
|
They showed that the Cit+ cells release succinate, malate, and fumarate during growth on citrate, as the CitT transporter pumps these substances out of the cell while pumping citrate into the cell. The Cit− cells had rapidly evolved the ability to grow on these substances due to a mutation that restored expression of an appropriate transporter protein that was silent in the ancestor. The Cit− subpopulation eventually went extinct in the population between 43,500 and 44,000 generations. This extinction was shown to not be due to the Cit+ majority evolving to be able to invade the niche occupied by the Cit− minority.
|
|
Fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter cougar territories, and build developments such as farms in their established territory. Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the ongoing human development into cougar habitat has caused the cougar populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the North American cougar is considered to have been mostly extirpated in eastern North America (the population referred to as the eastern cougar) in the beginning of the 20th century, except for the isolated Florida panther subpopulation.
|
|
Platt in 1964 Robert Platt, Baron Platt, MD, FRCP (16 April 1900 – 30 June 1978), known as Sir Robert Platt, 1st Baronet between 1959 and 1967, was a British physician. Platt specialized in kidney disease research, but he is remembered for the 1940-1950s Platt vs. Pickering debate with George White Pickering over the nature of hypertension. Platt's position was that hypertension was a simple disease caused by perhaps just one genetic defect, and he presented evidence of its autosomal dominant inheritance and a bimodal distribution of blood pressures, indicating that hypertensives were a distinct subpopulation in humans.
|
|
Amanipodagrion gilliesi is now critically endangered due to destruction and degradation of its habitat. There has been almost a complete destruction of the low-altitude forest across East Africa, mainly for conversion to agricultural land. The few remaining forests of the East Usambara Mountains where the Amani flatwing is found are under considerable pressure. The main, viable subpopulation of Amani flatwings is relatively safe within the Amani-Sigi Forest Reserve, any other subpopulations within the vicinity are either already extinct or maybe on the verge of extinction as a result of human encroachment, deforestation and water pollution.
|
|
Resiniferatoxin has a score of 16 billion Scoville heat units, making pure resiniferatoxin about 500 to 1000 times hotter than pure capsaicin.National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center Department of Perioperative Medicine Chemical from cactus-like plant shows promise in controlling surgical pain, while leaving touch and coordination intact, rat study shows News release December 21, 2017, retrieved 28 February 2018. Resiniferatoxin activates transient vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons involved in nociception, the transmission of physiological pain. TRPV1 is an ion channel in the plasma membrane of sensory neurons and stimulation by resiniferatoxin causes this ion channel to become permeable to cations, especially calcium.
|
|
In 2015, her group helped elucidate the mechanisms by which the locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) system generates stress- induced anxiety in rodents. They found that activation of the LC-NE neurons increases stress-induced anxiety and aversion and that inhibition attenuates these behaviors. They also found that specifically the corticotropin-releasing hormone positive neurons in the LC that receive inputs from the central amygdala are the neural subpopulation within the LC responsible for mediating the anxiety-like behaviors. Later in 2015, she published a paper in Neuron describing distinct functions of two subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that are mediated by dynorphin-kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signalling.
|
|
The project was also not improved as the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau showed that the tamaraws were already breeding in the wild. Cloning was not implemented for conservation as the Department of Environment and Natural Resource argued that such measures would diminish the genetic diversity of the species. A small subpopulation of tamaraw has been found within the confines of the Mt. Iglit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary on the same island of Mindoro. As of May 2007, Bubalus mindorensis is on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species where it has been since the species was first put on the list on January 7, 1975.
|
|
In his 1980 book on the proteas of Southern Africa Rourke stated that although Protea aristata was said to be generally considered scarce in the wild, it was in fact be quite common within its distribution. By the 1990s it was officially considered a rare plant. In 1996 the South African National Biodiversity Institute first assessed the conservation status of the species for the Red List of South African Plants as 'rare', this was upgraded to 'vulnerable' in 2009, an assessment that was repeated in 2019. In 2009 the total population was estimated to have a maximum of 6,000 individuals, with no one subpopulation numbering more than 1,000 plants.
|
|
These are distinct from the mechanisms of the more primitive cerebellum, which dominates in the blinking response and receives the input of auditory information directly. It does not need to "reach out" to other brain structures for assistance in forming some memories of simple association. An MIT study found that behavior based on high-level cognition, such as the expression of a specific memory, can be generated in a mammal by highly specific physical activation of a specific small subpopulation of brain cells. By reactivating these cells by physical means in mice, such as shining light on neurons affected by optogenetics, a long-term fear-related memory appears to be recalled.
|
|
The bear hunt took place in four of the seven subpopulations (Apalachicola, Osceola, Ocala, and Big Cypress) on October 24 and 25, 2015. The total kill for the four subpopulations (or Bear Management Units (BMU)) open during the 2015 bear hunt was 304 bears. The breakdown by subpopulation is as follows: • Apalachicola (East Panhandle BMU) = 114 bears • Ocala (Central BMU) = 143 bears • Osceola (North BMU) = 25 bears • Big Cypress (South BMU) = 22 bears In June 2016, FWC Commissioners voted 4-3 to postpone bear hunting. In April 2017, FWC Commissioners directed staff to bring back a revised Florida Black Bear Management Plan in two years to include more reference to hunting.
|
|
In the case of distributed ones, the population is partitioned in a set of subpopulations (islands) in which isolated serial algorithms are executed. Sparse exchanges of individuals are performed among these islands with the goal of introducing some diversity into the subpopulations, thus preventing search of getting stuck in local optima. In order to design a distributed metaheuristic, we must take several decisions. Among them, a chief decision is to determine the migration policy: topology (logical links between the islands), migration rate (number of individuals that undergo migration in every exchange), migration frequency (number of steps in every subpopulation between two successive exchanges), and the selection/replacement of the migrants.
|
|
The allocation of the clusters resembled the ellipticity, position angle and surface brightness of the galaxy. However, in 2012 it was observed that the blue globular clusters subpopulation had a similar slope with the X-ray surface brightness profile. Further observations by the SLUGGS Survey (2016), with wider field data, raised the number of globular clusters in the galaxy to 1489 ± 96 and their distribution was less elliptical than the surface profile of the galaxy. The clusters have bimodal distribution as far as color is concerned, with the clusters characterised as red or blue, with the blue clusters having a stronger connection with the galactic halo.
|
|
The eastern Pacific populations of pantropical spotted dolphins are divided into 3 units – coastal and 2 offshore populations, northeastern and western-southern.Perrin, William F. "Stenella attenuata." Mammalian species(2001): 1-8. Just under 5 million dolphins were killed between 1959 and 1972. 3 million of these were from the northeastern offshore population unit.Wade, P. R. "Revised estimates of incidental kill of dolphins(Delphinidae) by the purse-seine tuna fishery in the eastern Tropical Pacific, 1959-1972." Fishery Bulletin 93.2 (1995): 345-354 Since that time, this subpopulation has been the slowest to recover, if it is truly recovering at all.Gerrodette, Tim, and Jaume Forcada.
|
|
In multicellular organisms different cell types within the same population can have distinct roles and form subpopulations with different transcriptional profiles. Correlations in the gene expression of the subpopulations can often be missed due to the lack of subpopulation identification. Moreover, bulk assays fail to identify if a change in the expression profile is due to a change in regulation or composition, in which one cell type arises to dominate the population. Lastly, when examining cellular progression through differentiation, average expression profiles are only able to order cells by time rather than their stage of development and are consequently unable to show trends in gene expression levels specific to certain stages.
|
|
Shifting balance theory aims to explain how this may be possible. The shifting balance theory is a theory of evolution proposed in 1932 by Sewall Wright, suggesting that adaptive evolution may proceed most quickly when a population divides into subpopulations with restricted gene flow. The name of the theory is borrowed from Wright's metaphor of fitness landscapes (evolutionary landscapes), attempting to explain how a population may move across an adaptive valley to a higher adaptive peak. According to the theory, this movement occurs in three steps: #Genetic drift allows a locally adapted subpopulation to move across an adaptive valley to the base of a higher adaptive peak.
|
|
Moreover, bone marrow may also contain stem cells that play a major role in cutaneous wound healing. In rare circumstances, such as extensive cutaneous injury, self-renewal subpopulations in the bone marrow are induced to participate in the healing process, whereby they give rise to collagen- secreting cells that seem to play a role during wound repair. These two self- renewal subpopulations are (1) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and (2) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Bone marrow also harbors a progenitor subpopulation (endothelial progenitor cells or EPC) that, in the same type of setting, are mobilized to aid in the reconstruction of blood vessels.
|
|
Observation of giant stars in the halo indicate there are two general populations: a dominant metal-rich subpopulation and a weaker metal-poor group. Messier 105 is known to have a supermassive black hole at its core whose mass is estimated to be between and . The galaxy has a weak active galactic nucleus of the LINER type with a spectral class of L2/T2, meaning no broad Hα line and intermediate emission line ratios between a LINER and a H II region. The galaxy also contains a few young stars and stellar clusters, suggesting some elliptical galaxies still form new stars, but very slowly.
|
|
Stringer and his research group develop biological computer simulations of the neuronal mechanisms underpinning various areas of brain function, including visual object recognition, spatial processing and navigation, motor function, language and consciousness. In particular, the study published in Psychological Review and Interface Focus 2018, the Royal Society's cross- disciplinary journal, proposes a novel approach to solve the Binding problem. Spiking Neural Network simulations of the primate ventral visual system have shown the gradual emergence of a subpopulation of neurons, called polychronous neuronal groups (PNGs), that exhibits regularly repeating spatiotemporal patterns of spikes. The underlying phenomenon of these characteristic patterns of neural activity is known as polychronization.
|
|
Mother and cub on Svalbard, Norway When the ice floes are at their minimum in the fall, ending the possibility of hunting, each pregnant female digs a maternity den consisting of a narrow entrance tunnel leading to one to three chambers. Most maternity dens are in snowdrifts, but may also be made underground in permafrost if it is not sufficiently cold yet for snow. In most subpopulations, maternity dens are situated on land a few kilometres from the coast, and the individuals in a subpopulation tend to reuse the same denning areas each year. The polar bears that do not den on land make their dens on the sea ice.
|
|
This species is classified as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1+2e, C2a (v2.3, 1994). This indicates that the extent of its occurrence is estimated to be less than or the area of its occupancy is estimated to be less than . Estimates also indicate that the populations are severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and that a continuing decline is inferred, observed or projected, in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the total population is estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals with no subpopulation containing more than 250 such specimens.
|
|
The apron ray is caught infrequently as a by-catch of bottom trawl fisheries; it is of low commercial value and is discarded or used for fish meal. Research trawling conducted off Buenos Aires Province and Uruguay documented an 88% decline in this species from 1994-1999. However, the distribution of the species underwent a shift during this time, so it is unclear whether the decline could be attributed to the dramatic increase of unregulated commercial fishing in the region. Thus, the IUCN Red List assessed the Atlantic subpopulation as Vulnerable, possibly upgrading to as high as Critically Endangered or downgrading to Near Threatened once more research is conducted.
|
|
STAT6, IRF4, GATA3 are absolutely required for TH9 cell development and other such as PU.1, BATF, NF-κB, NFAT1, STAT5, AP-1 contribute to TH9 sub-population commitment and to IL-9 production. STAT6 is activated by signaling through IL-4 receptor. Once activated, phosphorylated STAT6 mediate the transcription of Gata3 and Irf4, which are both necessary for polarization of TH9 cells. STAT6 repress the expression of transcription factors T-bet and Foxp3 in TH9 cells, that normally block IL-9 production. GATA-3 in TH9 cells development represses transcriptional factor FOXP3, which would other wise let to other T helper cell subpopulation.
|
|
The northern river shark appears to be extremely rare, though more subpopulations may remain to be discovered in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Based on present information, no more than 250 mature individuals are estimated to exist in the wild, with no more than 50 in any particular subpopulation. This species is caught legally and illegally by commercial fisheries using longlines and gillnets, as well as by recreational fishers; habitat degradation may pose a further threat to its survival. Because of its low natural abundance, limited distribution, stringent habitat requirements, and susceptibility to various human-caused threats, the IUCN has assessed the northern river shark as critically endangered.
|
|
Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FMO1 gene. Metabolic N-oxidation of the diet-derived amino- trimethylamine (TMA) is mediated by flavin-containing monooxygenase and is subject to an inherited FMO3 polymorphism in humans resulting in a small subpopulation with reduced TMA N-oxidation capacity resulting in fish odor syndrome Trimethylaminuria. Three forms of the enzyme, FMO1 found in fetal liver, FMO2 found in adult liver, and FMO3 are encoded by genes clustered in the 1q23-q25 region. Flavin-containing monooxygenases are NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of soft nucleophilic heteroatom centers in xenobiotics such as pesticides and drugs.
|
|
Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FMO5 gene. Metabolic N-oxidation of the diet-derived amino- trimethylamine (TMA) is mediated by flavin-containing monooxygenase and is subject to an inherited FMO3 polymorphism in man resulting in a small subpopulation with reduced TMA N-oxidation capacity resulting in fish odor syndrome Trimethylaminuria. Three forms of the enzyme, FMO1 found in fetal liver, FMO2 found in adult liver, and FMO3 are encoded by genes clustered in the 1q23-q25 region. Flavin-containing monooxygenases are NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of soft nucleophilic heteroatom centers in drugs, pesticides, and xenobiotics.
|
|
Current estimates give the New Holland mouse a minimum estimated 10% population decline over the span of the next decade. Furthermore, there is not a single subpopulation that exists which exceeds 1,000 individuals in the population. The first living animals were recorded in the state of Victoria in 1970 on the Mornington Peninsula. The New Holland mouse has since been discovered in Victoria at a number of near coastal locations, mostly to the east of Melbourne, including Cranbourne, Langwarrin, Yanakie Isthmus, the south-western end of the Ninety Mile Beach and a number of sites near Loch Sport, Mullundung State Forest and Providence Ponds.
|
|
The distribution of the ornate rainbowfish has contracted as a result of urban and rural development, this contraction being exacerbated by the subsequent alterations to hydrology and to the water quality. These factors continue to have negative impacts on populations of this species in a number of localities. Extensive sampling of rivers and streams in mainland south-east Queensland under the auspices of Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland in the years leading up to 2014 discovered relatively few individual ornate rainbowfish. Due to ecology and geographic distribution of this species, each time a subpopulation is lost it is likely a unique genetic lineage may be being lost too.
|
|
Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous lengths of homozygous genotypes that are present in an individual due to parents transmitting identical haplotypes to their offspring. The potential of predicting or estimating individual autozygosity for a subpopulation is the proportion of the autosomal genome above a specified length, termed Froh. This technique can be used to identify the genomic footprint of inbreeding in conservation programs, as organisms that have undergone recent inbreeding will exhibit long runs of homozygosity. For example, the step-wise reintroduction strategy of the Alpine Ibex in the Swiss Alps created several strong population bottlenecks that reduced the genetic diversity of the newly introduced individuals.
|
|
Champa rice is a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season. Champa rice from the aus subpopulation, which shares similarities with japonica and indica rice varieties of Eastern India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. Originally introduced into Champa from Vietnam, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift from the Champa state during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song (r. 997-1022).Lynda Noreen Shaffer, A Concrete Panoply of Intercultural Exchange: Asia in World History (1997) in Asia in Western and World History, edited by Ainslie T. Embree and Carol Gluck (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe), p. 839-840.
|
|
A data point or observation is a set of one or more measurements on a single member of unit of observation. For example, in a study of the determinants of money demand with the unit of observation being the individual, a data point might be the values of income, wealth, age of individual, and number of dependents. Statistical inference about the population would be conducted using a statistical sample consisting of various such data points. In addition, in statistical graphics, a "data point" may be an individual item with a statistical display; such points may relate to either a single member of a population or to a summary statistic calculated for a given subpopulation.
|
|
DP2 was found to stimulate the directed movement or chemotaxis of human T-helper type 2 cells (see T helper cell#Th1/Th2 Model for helper T cells) by binding to a receptor initially termed GPR44 and thereafter CRTH2 (for Chemoattractant Receptor- homologous molecule expressed on T-Helper type 2 cells). In addition to these T helper cells, DP2 messenger RNA is also expressed by human basophils, eosinophils, a subpopulation of cytotoxic T cells (i.e. CD8+ T cells), thalamus, ovary, and spleen, and, in the central nervous system, by the frontal cortex, pons, hippocampus, and at lower levels, hypothalamus and caudate nucleus/putamen. These transcripts are also detected in fetal liver and thymus.
|
|
It is the responsibility of the programmer to consult the language specification to avoid writing ill-formed programs where the semantics are potentially changed as a result of any legal compiler optimization. Fortran traditionally places a high burden on the programmer to be aware of these issues, with the systems programming languages C and C++ not far behind. Some high-level languages eliminate pointer constructions altogether, as this level of alertness and attention to detail is considered too high to reliably maintain even among professional programmers. A complete grasp of memory order semantics is considered to be an arcane specialization even among the subpopulation of professional systems programmers who are typically best informed in this subject area.
|
|
Brainstem(where HSD2 neurons are located) The term "HSD2 neurons" is used in the scientific literature to refer to a subpopulation of neurons in the NTS which express both the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2). HSD2 is an enzyme that metabolizes cortisol and other glucocorticosteroids, which typically prevent aldosterone from binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor. This pre-receptor mechanism for modifying hormone binding is necessary for cellular sensitivity to aldosterone because, under physiologic conditions, cortisol circulates at 100-1000 times higher concentrations than aldosterone. As both cortisol and aldosterone bind the mineralocorticoid receptor with equal affinity, cortisol effectively crowds out aldosterone in cells without abundant HSD2.
|
|
NOAA researchers tagging a common thresher - such efforts are critical for developing conservation measures. All three thresher shark species were reassessed from Data Deficient to Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2007. The rapid collapse of the Californian subpopulation (over 50% within three generations) prompted concerns regarding the species' susceptibility to overfishing in other areas, where fishery data are seldom reported and aspects of life history and population structure are little known. In addition to continued fishing pressure, common threshers are also taken as bycatch in other gear such as bottom trawls and fish traps, and are considered a nuisance by mackerel fishers, as they become entangled in the nets.
|
|
Outbreeding depression involves reduced fitness as a result of random mating, which occurs due to the breakdown of coadapted gene complexes by combining allele that do not cross well with those from a different subpopulation. However, it is important to note that outbreeding depression becomes more detrimental the longer (temporally) that subpopulations have been separated, and that this does hypothesis does not provide an initial mechanism for the evolution of natal philopatry. A second hypothesis explains the evolution of natal philopatry as a method of reducing the high costs of dispersal among offspring. A review of records of natal philopatry among passerine birds found that migrant species showed significantly less site fidelity than sedentary birds.
|
|
Vulnerability is the summation of all risk and protective factors that ultimately determine whether an individual or subpopulation experiences adverse health outcomes when an exposure to an environmental agent occurs. Sensitivity is an individual’s or subpopulation’s increased responsiveness, primarily for biological reasons, to that exposure. Biological sensitivity may be related to developmental stage, pre-existing medical conditions, acquired factors, and genetic factors. Socioeconomic factors also play a critical role in altering vulnerability and sensitivity to environmentally mediated factors by increasing the likelihood of exposure to harmful agents, interacting with biological factors that mediate risk, and/or leading to differences in the ability to prepare for or cope with exposures or early phases of illness.
|
|
The FDA goal for completing a priority review is six months. Priority review status can apply both to drugs that are used to treat serious diseases and to drugs for less serious illnesses. The distinction between priority and standard review times is that additional FDA attention and resources will be directed to drugs that have the potential to provide significant advances in treatment. Such advances can be demonstrated by, for example: evidence of increased effectiveness in treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease; elimination or substantial reduction of a treatment-limiting drug reaction; documented enhancement of patient willingness or ability to take the drug according to the required schedule and dose; or evidence of safety and effectiveness in a new subpopulation, such as children.
|
|
The distribution range of the species is in the south of the Australian continent, all occurrences are recorded below the southern 30° line of latitude. The range in Southwest Australia is south of Mussel Pool, to the northeast of the state's capital Perth, and inland from the southern coast in a range that extends close to Bendering, Norseman, Balladonia and then east to Eucla and South Australia. Varanus rosenbergi is most common in the west, locally abundant in favourable habitat, and deeply fragmented in the east; isolated groups near Canberra and Sydney may represent a separate species. A subpopulation, with individuals somewhat larger in size, is found on Kangaroo Island, and a mainland population in South Australia is considered rare.
|
|
Fencepost assemblage: More than any other rock bed in of the lower Colorado Group, the Fencepost makes durable displays of marine fossils of the Cenomanian and Turonian ages; particularly in shiner-laid masonry, fenceposts, landscaping pieces, and flagging. Visible fossils present in the Fencepost limestone bed are the same invertebrate fossils of the Pfeifer Shale member, which also continue into the lower Fairport Chalk member. The presence of these particular index fossils species helps identify the Fencepost bed as distinct from the limestone beds of the Fairport Chalk above and the Jetmore Chalk member below. The most easily spotted fossil is the Inoceramus (Mytiloides) labiatus (Schlotheim), including a broad/flat form subpopulation that appears in the vicinity of the Fencepost.
|
|
Some of the last sightings include an individual east of the Tall al-Rasatin at the Jordanian-Iraqi border in 1928, a bird shot and eaten by pipeline workers in the area of Jubail in the early 1940s (some sources specifically state 1941), two apocryphal records of birds suffering the same fate in 1948, and a dying individual found in the upper Wadi el-Hasa north of Petra in 1966. Remains of old eggs are still found in the former range of the southern subpopulation, which disappeared between the 1900s and the 1920s, probably mainly because of increasing aridity. Some eggshell fragments were collected by St. John Philby from Mahadir Summan, Arabia, around 1931.Philby, St. John (1933) The Empty Quarter.
|
|
This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: C1+2a(i) (v3.1, 2001). A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates that the population size is estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, a decline of at least 10% is estimated to continue within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), and a continuing decline has been observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and no subpopulation is estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals. It is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. The population trend is down.
|
|
The study sampled Native Australians, Native Taiwanese, highlanders in New Guinea, and Melanesians and Polynesians in New Caledonia, which were then compared with other H. pylori haplotypes from Europeans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and others. They found that hpSahul diverged from mainland Asian H. pylori populations approximately 31,000 to 37,000 years ago and have remained isolated for 23,000 to 32,000 years confirming the Australo-Melanesian substratum in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea. hspMaori, on the other hand, is a subpopulation of hpEastAsia, previously isolated from Polynesians (Maoris, Tongans, and Samoans) in New Zealand, and three individuals from the Philippines and Japan. The study found hspMaori from Native Taiwanese, Melanesians, Polynesians, and two inhabitants from the Torres Strait Islands, all of which are Austronesian sources.
|
|
A new study published in Psychological Review and Interface Focus 2018 the Royal Society's cross- disciplinary journal at the interface between the physical and life sciences, sheds new light on how the visual system may represent which features are bound together as part of the same object. The research team,the Oxford Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence led by Dr Simon Stringer from University of Oxford, performed bio-inspired Spiking Neural Network simulations of the primate ventral visual system to address this enduring question. By training the biophysical model on a set of visual stimuli, has been observed the emergence of a subpopulation of neurons, called polychronous neuronal groups (PNG), that exhibits regularly repeating spatio- temporal patterns of spikes. The underlying phenomenon of such spatio-temporal patterns responses is known as polychronization.
|
|
Bleeding toads are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN: once locally abundant, it has declined dramatically and the remaining population is estimated to be no more than 250 adults. It was initially believed that the eruption of Mount Galunggung in 1987 was responsible for a significant portion of this decline due to the loss and degradation of habitat, but at present the decline looks more consistent with chytridiomycosis, as the observed patterns of decline resemble declines of other mountainous stream-breeding amphibians that have been affected by the fungus, but no positive identification of the disease on a bleeding toad has been made. In addition, tourist activities are threatening at least one subpopulation. The effects of global climate change may also contribute to the decline of the species.
|
|
In 2016, trials for the Carmat "fully artificial heart" were banned by the National Agency for Security and Medicine in Europe after short survival rates were confirmed. The ban was lifted in May 2017. At that time, a European report stated that Celyad's C-Cure cell therapy for ischemic heart failure "could only help a subpopulation of Phase III study participants, and Carmat will hope that its artificial heart will be able to treat a higher proportion of heart failure patients". A January 2019 update in Europe stated that the only fully artificial heart currently in the market was the SynCardia device and that Carmat's artificial heart ("designed to self-regulate, changing the blood flow based on the patient’s physical activity") was still in the early stage of trials.
|
|
They found that the GMR26E01-Gal4 line had extremely aggressive females, but males with normal aggressive behavior. Further, the fights that the females engaged in, ended in hierarchical social relationships among the flies. They then tried to home in on which subpopulation of neurons were responsible for driving this behavior and they found 2–4 pairs of neurons in the female brain pC1 region that were cholinergic and weakly GABAergic that seemed to drive the aggressive behavior in females but did not exist in males. The fascinating finding that such a small populations of neurons can drive specific and intense behavioral outputs will serve as a critical tool and model to understand how exactly interactions between neurons drive complex behaviors and provide a stepping stone for translation into more complex models of social behavior.
|
|
Netting a shoal of sardines (dark patch in the water) The sardine run is still poorly understood from an ecological point of view. There have been various hypotheses, sometimes contradictory, that try to explain why and how the run occurs. A recent interpretation of the causes is that the sardine run is most likely a seasonal reproductive migration of a genetically distinct subpopulation of sardine that moves along the coast from the eastern Agulhas Bank to the coast of KwaZulu- Natal in most years if not in every year. The migration is restricted to the inshore waters by the preference of sardine for cooler water and the strong and warm offshore Agulhas Current, which flows in the opposite direction to the migration, and is strongest just off the continental shelf.
|
|
Dor, along with Eva Jablonka, and based on evolutionary developmental biology, developed a theory of language evolution in which cultural learning and invention are hypothesized to have preceded and to have guided changes in the genome and epigenome. As described by West-Eberhard, the adaptive evolution of novelties can be initiated with a plastic, phenotypic response by the organism to a new environmental input. If the environmental input is recurring, a subpopulation capable of responding to it can be selected - that is, adaptive variation in the regulation, form, or side effects of the plastic trait is selected, in a process otherwise known as genetic accommodation. As West-Eberhard writes, this ‘phenotype first’ mode of evolution differs from the standard Neo-Darwinian approach in that genes are followers, not leaders, in evolution.
|
|
A loggerhead sea turtle returning to sea after nesting in the Gnaraloo Bay Rookery Gnaraloo Bay Sampled nest monitored by GTCP field team throughout incubation The Gnaraloo Turtle Conservation Program (GTCP) is an environmental organisation based at the Gnaraloo pastoral station and run by the Gnaraloo Wilderness Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation. The aim of the GTCP is to identify, monitor and protect the nesting beaches of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) found at two locations on the Gnaraloo coastline. These two rookeries contribute to the South-East Indian Ocean subpopulation of loggerhead turtles, with other major nesting sites for this sub-population at Dirk Hartog island (within Shark Bay) and Exmouth. This is within the southern boundaries of the Ningaloo Coast marine area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
|
|
Population trends are unknown: since there has been a rapid decline in population it is hard to tell if urban development, alien invasive vegetation, chemical pollution, or a combination of these have been the sole reason of the decline and therefore affect the population trend. The distribution of the species tends to be severely fragmented as no one site holds more than 50% of the individuals and the distances between subpopulations are too great for dispersal within one generation. When scientists visited a site at Covie they found that the frogs have not produced any individuals (adults or tadpoles) for three years. It seems likely that this subpopulation has become extinct, but further visits are required to substantiate this; just because this area seems to be extinct does not mean the entire species is extinct.
|
|
The Baikal seal', Lake Baikal seal or ' (Pusa sibirica), is a species of earless seal endemic to Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. Like the Caspian seal, it is related to the Arctic ringed seal. The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals and the only exclusively freshwater pinniped species.Randall R. Reeves, Brent S. Stewart, Phillip J. clapham, James A. Powell, "National Audubon Society Guide to the Marine Mammals of the World", Alfred A. Knopf publishing, New York, 2002 A subpopulation of inland harbour seals living in the Hudson's Bay region of Quebec, Canada (Lacs des Loups Marins harbour seals), the Saimaa ringed seal (a ringed seal subspecies) and the Ladoga seal (a ringed seal subspecies) are found in fresh water, but these are part of species that also have marine populations.
|
|
D-test When testing a gram-positive culture for sensitivity to clindamycin, it is common to perform a "D-test" to determine if there is a macrolide-resistant subpopulation of bacteria present. This test is necessary because some bacteria express a phenotype known as MLSB, in which susceptibility tests will indicate the bacteria are susceptible to clindamycin, but in vitro the pathogen displays inducible resistance. To perform a D-test, an agar plate is inoculated with the bacteria in question and two drug-impregnated disks (one with erythromycin, one with clindamycin) are placed 15–20 mm apart on the plate. If the area of inhibition around the clindamycin disk is "D" shaped, the test result is positive and clindamycin should not be used due to the possibility of resistant pathogens and therapy failure.
|
|
F-cells are the subpopulation of red blood cells that contain hemoglobin F, in amongst other types of hemoglobin. While common in fetuses, in normal adults, only around 3-7% of red blood cells contain hemoglobin F. The low percentage of F-cells in adults owes to two factors: very low levels of hemoglobin F being present and its tendency to be produced only in a subset of cells rather than evenly distributed amongst all red blood cells. In fact, there is a positive correlation between the levels of hemoglobin F and number of F-cells, with patients with higher percentages of hemoglobin F also having a higher proportion of F-cells. Despite the correlations between hemoglobin F levels and F-cell numbers, usually they are determined by direct measurements.
|
|
The measurements contained a unit of observation are formally typed, where here type is used in a way compatible with datatype in computing; so that the type of measurement can specify whether the measurement results in a Boolean value from {yes, no}, an integer or real number, the identity of some category, or some vector or array. The implication of point is often that the data may be plotted in a graphic display, but in many cases the data are processed numerically before that is done. In the context of statistical graphics, measured values for individuals or summary statistics for different subpopulations are displayed as separate symbols within a display; since such symbols can differ by shape, size and colour, a single data point within a display can convey multiple aspects of the set of measurements for an individual or subpopulation.
|
|
The underpinning of that framework was the selection of a peak individual per subpopulation in each generation, followed by its sampling to produce the consecutive dispersion of search-points. The biological analogy of this machinery is an alpha-male winning all the imposed competitions and dominating thereafter its ecological niche, which then obtains all the sexual resources therein to generate its offspring. Recently, an evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) approach was proposed,Deb, K., Saha, A. (2010) "Finding Multiple Solutions for Multimodal Optimization Problems Using a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Approach" (GECCO 2010, In press) in which a suitable second objective is added to the originally single objective multimodal optimization problem, so that the multiple solutions form a weak pareto-optimal front. Hence, the multimodal optimization problem can be solved for its multiple solutions using an EMO algorithm.
|
|
The frogs on Maud Island in Pelorus Sound, Marlborough, were discovered in 1940 and formally reported in 1958; they resembled L. hamiltoni found on nearby Stephens Island and were considered to be a subpopulation of that species. In 1998, an analysis of the muscle proteins (allozymes) of L. hamiltoni from both islands showed enough differences that the Maud Island population was designated a separate species, name L. pakeka from the Māori word for Maud Island. This then meant that the total world population of L. hamiltoni was less than 300 individuals living in a small pile of rocks on Stephens Island. Recent studies of mtDNA from all four extant Leiopelma species do not support the results of the allozyme analysis, however; the genetic difference between L. pakeka and L. hamiltoni is no greater than that seen between different populations of Archey's frog (L.
|
|
Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) differs from DXA in that it gives separate estimates of BMD for trabecular and cortical bone and reports precise volumetric mineral density in mg/cm3 rather than BMD's relative Z-score. Among QCT's advantages: it can be performed at axial and peripheral sites, can be calculated from existing CT scans without a separate radiation dose, is sensitive to change over time, can analyze a region of any size or shape, excludes irrelevant tissue such as fat, muscle, and air, and does not require knowledge of the patient's subpopulation in order to create a clinical score (e.g. the Z-score of all females of a certain age). Among QCT's disadvantages: it requires a high radiation dose compared to DXA, CT scanners are large and expensive, and because its practice has been less standardized than BMD, its results are more operator-dependent.
|
|
Genericization or "loss of secondary meaning" may be prevalent among either the general population or just a subpopulation, such as among people who work in a particular industry. Some examples of the latter type from the vocabulary of physicians include the names Luer-Lok (Luer lock), Phoroptor (phoropter), and Port-a-Cath (portacath), which have genericized mind share (among physicians) because no alternative generic name for the idea is widely used, and as a result, users may not realize that the term is a brand name rather than a medical eponym or generic-etymology term. Most often, genericization occurs because of heavy advertising that fails to provide an alternative generic name or that uses the trademark in similar fashion to generic terms. Thus, when the Otis Elevator Company advertised that it offered "the latest in elevator and escalator design," it was using the well-known generic term "elevator" and Otis' trademark "Escalator" for moving staircases in the same way.
|
|
The third layer (Layer III) forms a ribbon of astrocyte cell bodies that are believed to maintain a subpopulation of astrocytes able to proliferate in vivo and form multipotent neurospheres with self-renewal abilities in vitro. While some oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells have been found within the ribbon, they not only serve an unknown function, they are uncommon by comparison to the population of astrocytes that reside in the layer. The astrocytes present in Layer III can be divided into three populations through electron microscopy, with no unique functions yet recognizable; the first type is a small astrocyte of long, horizontal, tangential projections mostly found in Layer II; the second type is found between Layers II and III as well as within the astrocyte ribbon, characterized by its large size and many organelles; the third type is typically found in the lateral ventricles just above the hippocampus and is similar in size to the second type but contains few organelles.
|
|
Several causes provoked a dramatic population decrease over time: on one hand, commercial hunting (especially during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages) and during the 20th century, eradication by fishermen, who used to consider it a pest due to the damage the seal causes to fishing nets when it preys on fish caught in them; and on the other hand, coastal urbanization and pollution. Currently, its entire population is estimated to be less than 600 individuals scattered throughout a wide distribution range, which qualifies this species as endangered. Its current very sparse population is one more serious threat to the species, as it only has two key sites that can be deemed viable. One is the Aegean Sea (250–300 animals in Greece, with the largest concentration of animals on Gyaros, and some 100 in Turkey); the other important subpopulation is the Western Saharan portion of Cabo Blanco (around 200 individuals which may support the small, but growing, nucleus in the Desertas Islands – roughly 20 individuals).
|
|
Eggs are one of the largest sources of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) in the human diet. A study published in the scientific journal, Nature, showed that dietary phosphatidylcholine is digested by bacteria in the gut and eventually converted into the compound TMAO, a compound linked with increased heart disease. A 1999 Harvard School of Public Health study of 37,851 men and 80,082 women concluded that its "findings suggest that consumption of up to 1 egg per day is unlikely to have substantial overall impact on the risk of CHD or stroke among healthy men and women." In a study of 4,000 people, scientists found that eating eggs increased blood levels of a metabolite promoting atherosclerosis, TMAO, and that this in turn caused significantly higher risk of heart attack and stroke after three years of follow-up. A 2007 study of nearly 10,000 adults demonstrated no correlation between moderate (six per week) egg consumption and cardiovascular disease or strokes, except in the subpopulation of diabetic patients who also presented an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
|
|
Mixture densities are complicated densities expressible in terms of simpler densities (the mixture components), and are used both because they provide a good model for certain data sets (where different subsets of the data exhibit different characteristics and can best be modeled separately), and because they can be more mathematically tractable, because the individual mixture components can be more easily studied than the overall mixture density. Mixture densities can be used to model a statistical population with subpopulations, where the mixture components are the densities on the subpopulations, and the weights are the proportions of each subpopulation in the overall population. Mixture densities can also be used to model experimental error or contamination – one assumes that most of the samples measure the desired phenomenon, Parametric statistics that assume no error often fail on such mixture densities – for example, statistics that assume normality often fail disastrously in the presence of even a few outliers – and instead one uses robust statistics. In meta-analysis of separate studies, study heterogeneity causes distribution of results to be a mixture distribution, and leads to overdispersion of results relative to predicted error.
|
|
Within six months of its appearance in the aquarium trade, the species was falsely reported as having become so rare, collectors were obtaining only a "few dozen fish per day". Initially, only a small number of aquarists managed to breed the fish successfully, while nearly all the fish offered for sale were wild-caught. The (unfounded) concern over the wild populations led British fishkeeping magazine Practical Fishkeeping to request that only aquarists prepared to breed the fish should buy any fish they see for sale, to reduce pressure on the wild stocks by diminishing the demand for them in the UK. As the species seems adapted to living in and colonizing small, possibly ephemeral pools, it seemed not very well able to withstand prolonged and intense exploitation—if the stock in all pools at one location is entirely fished off, it is unclear in how far the fish would be able to recolonize them. Conversely, if only part of a local subpopulation is removed, pools from which all celestial pearl danios have been removed likely will be recolonized with a healthy population again after one year or so.
|
|
Pasinetti investigates the biological processes that occur when, during aging, subjects with normal cognitive function convert into the very earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and then to frank dementia. He identified type 2 diabetes (T2D) as one of the major risk factors that might affect AD neuropathology and synaptic plasticity in part through epigenetic mechanisms. By conducting genome wide association studies to clarify the molecular mechanisms in subjects with T2D who might be predisposed to the onset of Alzheimer's disease, Pasinetti found that a subpopulation of individuals with T2D have a genetic predisposition to AD based on the evidence of shared common T2D/AD single nucleotide polymorphisms in gene pathways involved in chromatin modification enzymes, among others. Through this research, Pasinetti and his colleagues provided the basis for novel therapeutic targets towards the preservation of cognitive health in a subset of T2D subjects at risk for developing AD. With his group, Pasinetti has led research investigations on the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline, dementia, and stress-induced psychological and cognitive impairment with the goal of utilizing repurposed natural products, specifically polyphenols, to promote resilience to such conditions.
|
|