1000 Sentences With "subfamilies" | Random Sentence Generator

Within their "family tree," poxviruses are divided into two main "subfamilies" — Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae — and within those subfamilies, into several dozen genera.

Otters are mammals of the subfamily Lutrinae, one of two subfamilies contained within the family Mustelidae.

The initial 2007 wrongly suggested to downgrade all families in subfamilies, and place everything into a new 'termitidae' family—despite the existence of an already existing Termitidae—which would have resulted in more confusion than anything else.

This classification has now been radically challenged by proponents of a new tree which, if accepted, swaps large subfamilies around, sheds new light on dinosaurs' evolution and suggests they may have originated not in South America, as widely assumed, but perhaps in some Northern Hemisphere locality such as Scotland.

Thompson (2010), PDF . have redefined subfamilies in Spiraxidae and have moved Euglandininae and Streptostylinae as subfamilies of Spiraxidae.

A representative list of the subfamilies and proteins that belong to those subfamilies is available in the Transporter Classification Database.

The coronin family is composed of twelve subfamilies which include: seven subfamilies that fall under vertebrates and five subfamilies that are composed of metazoans, fungi and amoeba. The evolutionary coronin subfamilies have been grouped by its similarities and relationships between the different proteins. Coronin-1a (also referenced as CORO1A, Coronin 4 and CRN4) has been found in 19 vertebrates.

The family is further divided into two subfamilies: Latilinae (=Branchiosteginae) and Malacanthinae. Some authors regard these subfamilies as two evolutionarily distinct families.

The extinct Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae.

In 2014, Brady et al. synonymized the army ant subfamilies and their closest relatives under Dorylinae; this clade, the dorylomorph subfamilies, previously also contained Aenictinae, Aenictogitoninae, Cerapachyinae, Ecitoninae and Leptanilloidinae. The last three decades have seen a proliferation of subfamily names, as a result of three factors: (1) the realization that some subfamilies were assemblages of unrelated taxa; (2) abandonment of paraphyletic taxa, and (3) the discovery of novel fossil taxa. Seventeen extant subfamilies of ants are currently recognized, along with four extinct subfamilies.

Ochnaceae is divided into three subfamilies: Medusagynoideae, Quiinoideae, and Ochnoideae. A molecular phylogenetic study resolved Medusagynoideae and Quiinoideae as sister subfamilies, but this result had only weak statistical support. In both subfamilies, the flowers are polystemonous. Except for the genus Froesia, many or all of the flowers are unisexual.

Blenniinae is one of two subfamilies in the combtooth blenny family Blenniidae, it is the smallest of the two subfamilies in the Blennidae with 16 genera and 95 species.

Other subfamilies and tribes within Pteropodidae have also undergone changes since Andersen's 1917 publication. In 1997, the pteropodids were classified into six subfamilies and nine tribes based on their morphology, or physical characteristics. A 2011 genetic study concluded that some of these subfamilies were paraphyletic and therefore they did not accurately depict the relationships among megabat species. Three of the subfamilies proposed in 1997 based on morphology received support: Cynopterinae, Harpyionycterinae, and Nyctimeninae.

In 2004, the Lamiaceae were divided into seven subfamilies with 10 genera not placed in any of the subfamilies. The unplaced genera are: Tectona, Callicarpa, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, Garrettia, Cymaria, Acrymia, Holocheila, and Ombrocharis. The subfamilies are the Symphorematoideae, Viticoideae, Ajugoideae, Prostantheroideae, Nepetoideae, Scutellarioideae, and Lamioideae. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not monophyletic.

Canadian Entomologist 114: 173–175. The family was formerly larger, with subfamilies Laemophloeinae, Silvaninae, and Passandrinae (and some tenebrionoid genera mixed in), but revisions have raised the subfamilies to family status.

Though most groups appear to be monophyletic, some (e.g., the tribe Photinini) are perhaps better divided. Two groups of subfamilies seem to exist: one containing many American and some Eurasian species in the Lampyrinae and Photurinae; and one, predominantly Asian, made up from the other subfamilies. While the subfamilies as understood here are, in general, monophyletic, a few genera still need to be moved for the subfamilies to accurately represent the evolutionary relationships among the fireflies.

Dressler's delimitation of subfamilies was contradicted by subsequent studies of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNA sequences. In 2003, a new phylogenetic classification divided Orchidaceae into five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae. These five subfamilies were all strongly supported as monophyletic groups in subsequent studies. In 2003, the position of Vanilloideae remained equivocal.

Pygidicranidae is a family of earwigs, formerly placed in the suborder Forficulina, now in the suborder Neodermaptera. The family currently contains twelve subfamilies and twenty six genera. Eight of the subfamilies are monotypic, each containing a single genus. Of the subfamilies, both Astreptolabidinae and Burmapygiinae are extinct and known solely from fossils found in Burmese amber.

Heteroponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the poneromorph subfamilies group containing three genera in one tribe. The subfamily was created in 2003 when Barry Bolton divided the Ponerinae subfamily into six subfamilies.

Molecular phylogenetics also supports the separation of the two subfamilies.

This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

Pomacentrinae is one of four subfamilies in the family Pomacentridae which includes the clownfishes and the damselfishes. It is the most diverse of the subfamilies in the Pomacentridae with around 21 genera and approximately 200 species.

Ectatomminae is a subfamily of ants in the poneromorph subfamilies group containing four extant and three extinct genera in two tribes. The subfamily was created in 2003 when Barry Bolton divided the Ponerinae subfamily into six subfamilies.

Yinoceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the goniatitid ammonoid family Pseudohaloritidae.

The three subfamilies contain fifteen genera and approximately 600 species in all.

However, recent phylogenetic analyses indicated that both subfamilies are not closely related.

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129(4): 267-381 Unlike most recent authors, who recognize four subfamilies, B.E. Herber has divided Thymelaeaceae into two subfamilies. He has retained the subfamily Gonostyloideae, but renamed it Octolepidoideae. The other three traditional subfamilies (Synandrodaphnoideae, Aquilarioideae, and Thymelaeoideae) were combined into a Thymelaeoideae s.l.(sensu lato), and reduced to tribal rank, as Synandrodaphneae, Aquilarieae, and Daphneae, respectively.

American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp. This family has no subfamilies.

Cuculliinae is one of the larger subfamilies of moths in the family Noctuidae.

There are five subfamilies in this family: Monocystinae, Oligochaetocystinae, Rhynchocystinae, Stomatophorinae and Zygocystinae.

A detailed study of MITEs reveals that MITE subfamilies have arisen from related autonomous elements from a single genome and these subfamilies constitute the MITE families. One type of autonomous element can give rise to one or more MITE families.

Parkerioideae, synonym Ceratopteridoideae, is one of the five subfamilies in the fern family Pteridaceae. It includes only the two genera Acrostichum and Ceratopteris. The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between the two Parkerioideae genera and the other Pteridaceae subfamilies.

A distinction between monandrous and other flowers is particularly relevant in the classification of orchids. The monandrous orchids form a clade consisting of the subfamilies Orchidoideae, Vanilloideae, and Epidendroideae. The other subfamilies, Apostasioideae and Cypripedioideae, have at least two stamens.

In 1987, the zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb identified three subfamilies: Cervinae, Hydropotinae and Odocoileinae; they noted that the hydropotines lack antlers, and the other two subfamilies differ in their skeletal morphology. However, they reverted from this classification in 2000.

TRPA subfamilies. TRPA is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The TRPA family is made up of 7 subfamilies: TRPA1, TRPA- or TRPA1-like, TRPA5, painless, pyrexia, waterwitch, and HsTRPA. TRPA1 is the only subfamily widely expressed across animals, while the other subfamilies (collectively referred to as the basal clade) are largely absent in deuterostomes (and in the case of HsTRPA, only expressed in hymenopteran insects).

The family is divided into eight subfamilies. The only subfamily that is not monophyletic is the largest one, Trichomycterinae. A large clade within Trichomycteridae is also suggested that includes the subfamilies Tridentinae, Stegophilinae, Vandelliinae, Sarcoglanidinae and Glanapteryginae (the so- called TSVSG clade); this large clade in turn forms a larger monophyletic group with the two genera Ituglanis and Scleronema. The latter two genera are not classified in any of the subfamilies.

Bacterial topoisomerases and human topoisomerases proceed via similar mechanisms for managing DNA supercoils. Topoisomerases can be further classified into subfamilies. In the type I family, there are two subfamilies; type IA and type IB when the enzyme links to the 5’ phosphate of the DNA strand, and the 3’ phosphate on the DNA, respectively. In the type II family, the structure and organism determine the subfamilies and their functions.

There are no subfamilies in Campanilidae recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

Plesiopinae is one of two subfamilies in the family Plesiopidae, the longfins or roundheads.

According to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Chondrinidae has no subfamilies.

Hominidae has two subfamilies, Ponginae (orangutans) and Homininae (African apes, including the human lineage).

When human OR sequences are analyzed phylogenetically, intact human genes are found in most OR subfamilies. Assuming that various OR subfamilies bind to different odorant classes, it is likely that humans are able to detect a wide range of smell similarly to mice.

Sempervivoideae is the largest of three subfamilies in the Saxifragales family Crassulaceae, with about 20–30 genera with succulent leaves. Unlike the two smaller subfamilies, it is distributed in temperate climates. The largest genus in this subfamily is Sedum, with about 470 species.

Part 4. Subfamilies Drilliinae, Crassispirinae and Strictispirinae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 29, 167–320.

There are currently 21 species in this family, divided among six genera and two subfamilies.

In an accompanying article, it was treated as Brodiaeoideae, one of 7 subfamilies in Asparagaceae.

Sepiolidae is a family of bobtail squid encompassing 15 genera in three or four subfamilies.

There are four tribes in the subfamily, some of which were subfamilies of their own.

The Columbidae are usually divided into five subfamilies, probably inaccurately. For example, the American ground and quail doves (Geotrygon), which are usually placed in the Columbinae, seem to be two distinct subfamilies.Basically, the conventional treatment had two large subfamilies, one for the fruit doves, imperial pigeons, and fruit pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, three monotypic subfamilies were noted, one each for the genera Goura, Otidiphaps, and Didunculus.

The family Gobiidae underwent a major revision in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World. Before the revision the Gobiidae contained six subfamilies: Gobiinae, Benthophilinae, Amblyopinae, Gobionellinae, Oxudercinae, and Sicydiinae. The revision retained the first two subfamilies and removed the other four to a separate family, the Oxudercidae. In addition, species formerly placed in the families Kraemeriidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae and Schindleriidae were added to the revised Gobiidae, although no subfamilies were described.

Although Roewer established numerous subfamilies for this group, most of these are unsupported. There are at least five great groups, whose boundaries do not coincide with these subfamilies. :The Dampetrinae are endemic to Australia and New Guinea. :The Assamiinae occur mostly in India and Nepal.

The Hammatoceratidae with its four subfamilies has its origin in the Phymatoceratidae, with the subfamily Hammatoceratinae giving rise to the subfamilies Erycitinae and Podagrosiceratinae. If Zurcheria and Haploleurocesas belong in the Sonniniidae, the Zurcheriinae must thereby be derived and therefore belongs to the Sonniniidae.

Bearded seals belong to the family Phocidae which contains two subfamilies: Phocinae and Monachinae. The bearded seal possesses characteristics of both of these subfamilies. Fossils first described in 2002 indicated that, during the Pleistocene epoch, bearded seals ranged as far south as South Carolina.

The remaining subfamilies are all transferred to more distant orders within the rosid and asterid clades.

According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Delphinulopsidae has no subfamilies.

The Aegypiinae is one of two subfamilies of Old World vultures, the other being the Gypaetinae.

Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2015-12-14 This family has no subfamilies.

With the exception of the central Asian Gomphomastacinae, all other subfamilies are restricted to South America.

Wien: Braumüller et Seidel, 106 pp. The group contains two subfamilies, the Metriorhynchinae and the Geosaurinae.

This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.

Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora Malesiana 18: 1-474. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.Middleton, D.J. (2011).

8: 443. 1844. Middleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora Malesiana 18: 1-474.

The Cultrinae are one of at least 13 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains ten genera.

There are four subfamilies. Their biology is little known. Thyridid specimens are rare in museum collections.

It therefore includes the rebbachisaurid subfamilies Rebbachisaurinae and Limaysaurinae, to the exclusion of more basal forms.

This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Empetrichthyinae is a subfamily of fishes, one of two subfamilies that make up the family Goodeidae.

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb) recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes.

According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Pterotracheidae has no subfamilies.

Neoechinorhynchidae contains 4 subfamilies: Atactorhynchinae Petrochenko, 1956, Eocollinae Petrochenko, 1956, Gracilisentinae Petrochenko, 1956, Neoechinorhynchinae Ward, 1917.

The subfamily Tylomyinae consists of several species of New World rats and mice including the vesper and climbing rats. They are not as well known as their relatives in the subfamilies Sigmodontinae and Neotominae. Many authorities place all three of these subfamilies in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.

In 1990, Pfosser and Speta stated that their earlier classification of the Hyacinthaceae into the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroeoideae and Urgineoideae continued to be supported by ongoing studies. (They further divided the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae and Ornithogaloideae into tribes.) A part of reducing the Hyacinthaceae to the subfamily Scilloideae, Chase et al. (2009) suggested dividing it into four tribes, corresponding to Pfosser and Speta's four subfamilies: Hyacintheae Dumort., Ornithogaleae Rouy, Oziroëeae M.W.Chase, Reveal & M.F.Fay and Urgineeae Rouy.

Formicoids include such widespread and species-rich subfamilies as Myrmicinae, Formicinae and Dolichoderinae, as well as the army ants (Dorylinae). Non-formicoids comprise five "poneroid" subfamilies (Agroecomyrmecinae, Amblyoponinae, Paraponerinae, Ponerinae, and Proceratiinae), Leptanillinae, about which little is known, and Martialinae, the most recently discovered subfamily. Relationships among these remaining seven subfamilies are less well resolved. A recent study (2011) places Leptanillinae as a sister group to all other ants, with Martialinae, the poneroids and formicoids forming a clade.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Pseudolividae has no subfamilies.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Ptychatractidae has no subfamilies.

Loxonematidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. This family has no subfamilies.

Lophospiridae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. This family has no subfamilies.

Planitrochidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, Paleozoic gastropod mollusks. This family has no subfamilies.

The muroids are classified in six families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera, and at least 1750 species.

The family Valloniidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Potamididae has no subfamilies.

The Tenthredinidae are divided into seven subfamilies. Of the 430 genera, nine contain more than 50 species.

Middleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). Flora Malesiana 18: 1-474. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.

It is one of three subfamilies of the family Scincidae, the other two being Acontinae and Lygosominae.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Melanopsidae has no subfamilies.

In plant systematics Apostasioideae is one of the five subfamilies recognised within the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Only two genera, Neuwiedia and Apostasia, and 15 species, are recognised within the Apostasioideae in contrast to the other orchid subfamilies which are highly species rich. The Apostasioideae are generally considered a basal lineage within the orchids based on molecular data and flower structure. All other orchid subfamilies with the exception of the Cypripedioideae are monandrous (possessing a single stamen), however Apostasioid orchids have 3 stamens.

The Polynoidae has recently been shown to be monophyletic, however relationships within the family are unclear and hence the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Macellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae. More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamiles was reinstated.

Palaeozygopleuridae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. This family has no subfamilies.

Kilburn R.N. (1988). Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 4. Subfamilies Drillinae, Crassispirinae and Strictispirinae.

The regions outside the DNA-binding domain are more variable and are consequently used to define GntR subfamilies.

Sematuridae is a family of moths in the lepidopteran order that contains two subfamilies (Minet and Scoble, 1999).

Over 80 species of ants can be found in Sweden, distributed across 21 genera belonging to four subfamilies.

Butterfly There are 639 species of ants, 81 genera and 8 subfamilies of the Formicidae in Poring Sabah.

The genus has previously been classified in the Catocalinae or Calpinae subfamilies of the Erebidae or Noctuidae families.

The family Hancockiidae has no subfamilies and only one genus. It is closely allied to the family Dotidae.

Of these subfamilies, Tenthredininae and Allantinae are sister groups, and together form a sister group to the Nematinae.

The taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae was recently modified. The family now contains two subfamilies and 12 genera.

The 23 genera and 59 species of Mustelidae are split into 8 subfamilies: Guloninae, martens and wolverines; Helictidinae, ferret-badgers; Ictonychinae, African polecats and grisons; Lutrinae, otters; Melinae, Eurasian badgers; Mellivorinae, the honey badger; Mustelinae, weasels and minks; and Taxidiinae, the American badger. In addition to the extant subfamilies, Mustelidae includes three extinct subfamilies designated as Leptarctinae, Mustelavinae, and Oligobuninae. Extinct species have also been placed into all of the extant subfamilies besides Helictidinae, in both extant and extinct genera; around 200 extinct Mustelidae species have been found, as well as fossil genera not given a species name, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

The two subfamilies Loricariinae and Hypoptopomatinae appear to be generally regarded as monophyletic. However, the monophyly and composition of the other subfamilies are currently being examined and will likely be altered substantially in the future. The Hypostominae are the largest subfamily of Loricariidae. It is made up of five tribes.

The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 36—2.5 million years ago, existing for about .

Dironidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura. There are no subfamilies in Dironidae.

Madrellidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Nudipleura. There are no subfamilies in Madrellidae.

The subfamily Agoristeninae is endemic to the Greater Antilles. The other subfamilies have been found from northern South America.

For example, the American Ornithologists' Union includes the Tetraonidae (grouse), Numididae (guineafowl), and Meleagrididae (turkeys) as subfamilies in Phasianidae.

The genus has previously been classified in the subfamilies Catocalinae or Calpinae within either the families Erebidae or Noctuidae.

Gondolellidae is an extinct family of conodonts in the order Ozarkodinida. There are three subfamilies: Mullerinae, Neogondolellinae and Novispathodinae.

The checklist of New was advanced with the full description of two subfamilies Epipsocidae and Pseudocaeciliidae, from Sri Lanka.

Lepominae is a subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, one of three subfamilies in the family Centrarchidae, the sunfishes.

Centrarchinae is a subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, one of three subfamilies in the family Centrarchidae, the sunfishes.

They were also smaller than earlier members of the group. Two subfamilies are classified within Bauriidae: Nothogomphodontinae and Bauriinae.

The Cyclocorinae are a subfamily of lamprophiid snakes endemic to the Philippines. It was erected in 2017 to house 4 enigmatic, endemic genera containing 7 species and one undescribed lineage that are more closely related to one another than to members of the subfamilies Atractaspidinae and Aparallactinae or to other subfamilies of Lamprophiidae. Previously placed within Colubridae, a 2017 study by Weinell et al. found strong support the monophyly of Cyclocorinae within Lamprophiidae, but its position relative to the other subfamilies of Lamprophiidae is not resolved.

All the different approaches yielded similar results regarding the relationships between the family's main clades. Following extensive discussion in the legume phylogenetics community, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group reclassified Fabaceae into six subfamilies, which necessitated the segregation of four new subfamilies from Caesalpinioideae and merging Caesapinioideae sensu stricto with the former subfamily Mimosoideae.

Family: Arteriviridae; subfamilies: :Crocarterivirinae :Equarterivirinae :Heroarterivirinae :Simarterivirinae :Variarterivirinae :Zealarterivirinae Prior to 2016, Arterivirus was the sole genus. The genus was dissolved in 2016, and the family was reorganized to have five genera: Dipartevirus, Equartevirus, Nesartevirus, Porartevirus, and Simartevirus. The family was reorganized again in 2018, establishing the current subfamilies and lower taxa.

Volvatellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea. This family has no subfamilies.

Pragoserpulinidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic gastropod mollusks. This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 4. Subfamilies Drillinae, Crassispirinae and Strictispirinae. Annals of the Natal Museum.

Platyhedylidae is a family of sacoglossan sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Platyhedylidae. This family has no subfamilies.

There are about 720 species divided amongst seven genera in the family, which is further subdivided into subfamilies and tribes.

Flabellinidae is a taxonomic family of brightly coloured sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks. This family has no subfamilies.

Notably, the subfamilies Amphidozotheriinae, Asionyctiinae, and Nyctitheriinae, as well as the genera Leptacodon and Saturninia, were found to be paraphyletic.

Another family that dates back to this era is the Hypsiprymnodontidae, which includes the two subfamilies Propleopinae and Hypsiprymnodontinae. Both subfamilies have genera of Oligocene age, with the genus Hypsiprymnodon extending that far. Balaridae is primitive in dental morphology and shares features seen in common with only Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, some other Phalangeroidea and primitive macropodines.

Metcalf in 1938, as amended in 1947, recognized five subfamilies (Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, and Poiocerinae) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies (Amyclinae, Aphaeninae, Enchophorinae, Fulgorinae, Phenacinae, Poiocerinae, Xosopharinae and Zanninae) and eleven tribes. and the material there cited. This classification was generally accepted.

Aenictogiton is a genus of ants, comprising seven rarely collected species. All of the species are known only from males from Central Africa, and show a morphological and phylogenetic affinity to the army ant genus Dorylus. The dorylomorph ants include six subfamilies– Aenictogitoninae, Cerapachyinae, Leptanilloidinae, and the three army ant subfamilies Aenictinae, Dorylinae and Ecitoninae.

The various paralogues in a mammal have differing but overlapping substrate specificities and tissue distributions as summarized by Hagenbuch and Meier. These authors also provide a phylogenetic tree of the mammalian members of the family, showing that they fall into five recognizable subfamilies, four of which exhibit deep branching sub-subfamilies. However, all sequences within a subfamily are >60% identical while those between subfamilies are >40% identical. As also shown by Hagenbuch and Meier, all but one (OatP4a1) of the mammalian homologues cluster together, separately from all other animal (insect and worm) homologues.

Within Sivaladapidae, three subfamilies are currently recognized: Hoangniinae, Wailekiinae, and Sivaladapinae. While these subfamilies are distinguished by containing sivaladapid genera that exclusively share distinct morphology (inherited from a more recent common ancestor), the subfamilies also follow a general sequence of geologic age. For example, hoanghoniines are restricted to the Eocene, while the sivaladapiines are found exclusively from Miocene deposits. In 1998, Qi and Beard recovered new sivaladapid fossils from the Late Eocene Gongkang Formation in China that they named Guangxilemur, which they described as intermediate in morphology and age.

Codonocheilidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil gastropod mollusks. This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

Skipperlings are butterflies in the subfamily Heteropterinae. With about 150 described species, this is one of several smaller skipper butterfly subfamilies.

Recent treatments, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have described these two groups as subfamilies within an expanded Betulaceae: Betuloideae and Coryloideae.

The morphology suggests Eosalmo represents an intermediate between the modern Salmoninae and Thymallinae subfamilies and evolved from a grayling like ancestor.

The metallocarboxypeptidase family of enzymes is divided into 2 subfamilies based on sequence similarities: the pancreatic carboxypeptidase- like and the regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase subfamilies. Carboxypeptidase D has been identified as a regulatory B-type carboxypeptidase. CPD is a homolog of duck gp180, a hepatitis B virus binding protein. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation signals exist for this gene.

The Ras superfamily is a protein superfamily of small GTPases. Members of the superfamily are divided into families and subfamilies based on their structure, sequence and function. The five main families are Ras, Rho, Ran, Rab and Arf GTPases. The Ras family itself is further divided into 6 subfamilies: Ras, Ral, Rap, Rheb, Rad and Rit.

Originally, the cyathaspidid genera were organized together within the family Cyathaspididae. Later, the genera were then organized into subfamilies, and these subfamilies would eventually be promoted to full familial status, including Irregularaspididae, Anglaspididae, Poraspididae, Ctenaspididae, etc. In 2013, Lundgren and Blom reassessed several specimens of cyathaspidids, and reorganized them into three families, Cyathaspidae, Ariaspidae and Ctenaspidae.

The subfamily as understood in 1998 turned out to be paraphyletic, based on studies of DNA sequences, so a number of tribes were moved to new subfamilies. Names for the new subfamilies were published in 2002. In 2004, 2007, and 2008, molecular phylogenetic studies further clarified relationships within Cichorioideae.Sterling C. Keeley, Zac H. Forsman, and Raymund Chan. 2007.

Molecular studies have demonstrated the phylogenetic placement of Rubiaceae within the order Gentianales and the monophyly of the family is confirmed. The relationships of the three subfamilies of Rubiaceae together with the tribes Coptosapelteae and Luculieae are shown in the phylogenetic tree below. The placement of these two groups relative to the three subfamilies has not been fully resolved.

The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%). It is important to point out the relationships between these subfamilies are still either poorly supported or almost completely obscure. There are continuing disagreements over the correct circumscription of these subfamilies, including the preservation of the family, Bombacaceae. The circumscription of the family may change dramatically as new studies are published.

Trochonematidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochonematoidea. This family has no subfamilies.

This gene is part of a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q.

Pteridoideae is one of the five subfamilies of the fern family Pteridaceae. This subfamily contains about 14 genera and around 400 species.

Several species are known to attend aphids and other hemipterous insects. Such behavior is common in other Dolichoderinae genera and related subfamilies.

Species in Quadrigyridae are divided into two subfamilies: Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928 with five genera and Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920 with three.

Anteosaurinae is an extinct subfamily of dinocephalian therapsids. It is one of two subfamilies in the family Anteosauridae, the other being Syodontinae.

This family is within the clade Cladobranchia and has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The number of subfamilies of Eucharitidae has changed over the years, but the three most widely accepted are Oraseminae, Eucharitinae, and Gollumiellinae.

Some misplaced genera have been moved between the subfamilies, and as it seems the Cossulinae at least now represent a monophyletic group.

However, ant species in the subfamilies Myrmicinae and Formicinae were not suitable for larval development, indicating a taxonomic limit to host range.

Most enzymes in the KS2 family catalyze reactions to produce very long-chain fatty acids. KS2 can be divided into 10 subfamilies.

A representative list of the proteins belonging to these subfamilies of the ILT family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

Because it shares the combination of ligulate florets, spurred anthers, and involucres that consist of several whorls of overlapping bracts, the species was initially assigned to the tribe Mutisieae sensu lato, but genetic analysis has since shown that this grouping constitutes a basal evolutionary grade, which has been consequently divided into nine subfamilies. and cited in However, further characters of Catamixis are shared with different of these subfamilies or the subdivisions they include, but always elements of the unique character combinations of these subfamilies are lacking in Catamixis. More recently, Catamixis was assumed to be associated with the tribe Pertyeae. Catamixis lacks a deletion of 17 base pairs close to one of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase genes, that is a common character for members of the subfamilies Gymnarrhenoideae, Cichorioideae, Corymbioideae and Asteroideae.

Crassimarginatidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, Paleozoic gastropod mollusks. This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

However, other locations may yet provide more clarity. The Paulchoffatiids have been further arranged into two subfamilies and a couple of other genera.

Pinufiidae is a family of sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Nudipleura. There are no subfamilies in the Pinufiidae.

Subfamilies included within the family Pyramidellidae vary according to the taxonomy consulted. The currently leading taxonomy is the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

The Alligatorinae comprise one of two subfamilies of the family Alligatoridae. Ten genera in this subfamily are described, but only one is extant.

The family Chlamydephoridae has no subfamilies and it is placed in the superfamily Rhytidoidea. Chlamydephorus is the type genus of the family Chlamydephoridae.

Daminilidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Patellogastropoda. This family has no subfamilies.

Pachybolidae, is a family of Round-backed millipedes of the order Spirobolida. The family includes species belongs to 48 genera. Two subfamilies recognized.

As with nearly all Pliopithecoid taxa, Crouzliines are distinguished from the other Pliopithecoidea subfamilies, Dionysopithecinae and Pliopithecinae, on the basis of dental morphology.

While the status of the Anatidae as a family is straightforward, and which species properly belong to it is little debated, the relationships of the different tribes and subfamilies within it are poorly understood. The listing in the box at right should be regarded as simply one of several possible ways of organising the many species within the Anatidae; see discussion in the next section. The systematics of the Anatidae are in a state of flux. Previously divided into six subfamilies, a study of anatomical characters by Livezey suggests the Anatidae are better treated in nine subfamilies.

More recent evidence from nuclear genes (Zahiri et al. 2010) confirms that the quadrifid (forewing) noctuoids form a monophyletic group, but also that this group can be further arranged into four monophyletic subgroups: 1) the quadrifine subfamilies; 2) the trifine subfamilies; 3) the Nolinae; and 4) the Euteliinae. Considering the massive size of the family, and the large number of subfamilies, tribes, and subtribes to arrange into a classification, Zahiri et al. (2010) chose the option of recognizing these four groups as families, namely Erebidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, and Euteliidae, in addition to the basal trifid families.

Genetically, Goemai has been consistently classified as a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family in the West Chadic A language sub- family. There have been attempts to apply more specific genetic classifications to Goemai beyond its membership in the West Chadic A language family, but these attempts have not reached consensus. Hellwig posits that Goemai is further included in the Angas-Gerka, Angas-Goemai, and Southern Angas-Goemai subfamilies, whereas Blench instead classifies Goemai as a member of the Bole-Angas and Angas subfamilies. Glottolog categorizes Goemai as a member of the West Chadic A.3, Goemaic, and Goemai-Chakato subfamilies.

The Erebidae are one monophyletic family among six in the Noctuoidea. A more strictly defined family Noctuidae is also monophyletic, but the family lacks the quadrifine moths now placed as part of the Erebidae. Some subfamilies of the Noctuidae, such as the Herminiinae, were moved as a whole to Erebidae. Other subfamilies, including the Acontiinae and Calpinae, were each split apart.

WaTx belongs to the κ-KTx family, as it shows similarities in the disulfide bonding pattern. The KTx family is classified into four subfamilies: α-, β-, γ-, and κ-KTx. Unlike other KTx subfamilies, κ-KTx scorpion toxins form cysteine-stabilized α-helical hairpins (Cs α/α), whereas κ-KTx spider and crab toxins form cysteine-stabilized antiparallel β-sheets (Cs β/β).

Based on recent genetic analysis, it is now generally accepted that the subfamily Corymbioideae is sister to the Asteroideae. These two subfamilies, and the Cichorioideae share a deletion of nine base-pairs in the ndhF gene which is not present in any other Asteraceae. Current insights in the relationships of Corymbium to the closest Asterid subfamilies is represented by the following tree.

Some GEFs are specific to a single GTPase while others have multiple GTPase substrates. While different subfamilies of Ras superfamily GTPases have a conserved GTP binding domain, this is not the case for GEFs. Different families of GEFs correspond to different Ras subfamilies. The functional domains of these GEF families are not structurally related and do not share sequence homology.

Compositae, the original name for Asteraceae, were first described in 1792 by the German botanist Paul Dietrich Giseke.Solbrig, O.T. (1963) Subfamilial Nomenclature of Compositae. Taxon 12: 229–235 Traditionally, two subfamilies were recognised: Asteroideae (or Tubuliflorae) and Cichorioideae (or Liguliflorae). The latter has been shown to be extensively paraphyletic, and has now been divided into 12 subfamilies, but the former still stands.

The Scymnini were nomenclatured for a long time under the name Scymninae as one of numerous subfamilies of ladybugs. In 2007 was Adam Ślipiński proposed a new system, which contains only two subfamilies. Under that system, the Scymnini belong to the subfamily as Tribe Coccinellinae. The internal and external classification of Scymnini within this new subfamily needs to be investigated in more detail.

Salarinae is one of two subfamilies in the combtooth blenny family Blenniidae, it is the largest of the two subfamilies in the Blennidae with 43 genera. The species in this subfamily are mainly marine, with a few species which are found in freshwater or brackish water, and a few species are known to spend much time out of the water.

The Amphitomariidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. This family has no subfamilies.

The Cassianaxidae is an extinct taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. This family has no subfamilies.

Oxynoidae is a family of sea snails, bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. This family has no subfamilies.

Curnonidae is a small family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura. There are no subfamilies in Charcotiidae.

Subfamilies of ectonucleotidases include: CD39/NTPDases (ecto-nucleotide triphosphate diphosphohydrolases), Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP)-type ecto-phosphodiesterases, alkaline phosphatases and ecto-5’-nucleotidases/CD73.

Caliphyllidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. This family has no subfamilies.

Hermaeidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Limapontioidea. This family has no subfamilies.

Cordyline fruticosa was formerly listed as part of the families Agavaceae and Laxmanniaceae (now both subfamilies of the Asparagaceae in the APG III system).

The family contains three subfamilies, the Miltogramminae, the Paramacronychiinae, and the Sarcophaginae, containing between them 108 genera. About 2500 species are in this family.

Microgastrinae is one of six subfamilies of Braconidae which carry polydnaviruses. More than 100 species of Microgastrinae have been used in biological control programs.

Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Systematic Entomology, 39(1), 68-96. The family is divided into several subfamilies.

Formica rufa, one of the seventeen species of ants described by Linnaeus (1758) in his Systema Naturae In volume 1 of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus (1758) described seventeen species of ants, all of which he placed in the single genus Formica. Within a few decades additional genera had been recognized, and this trend continued in the ensuing years, together with the development of a more complex hierarchical classification in which genera were apportioned among subfamilies and tribes. The ant species described by Linnaeus are now dispersed in eleven different genera, belonging to four subfamilies. For much of the twentieth century the number of recognized ant subfamilies varied from seven to ten, with the Aneuretinae, Cerapachyinae, Leptanillinae, Myrmeciinae and Pseudomyrmecinae being variously treated as separate subfamilies or (at different times) subsumed within Dolichoderinae, Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Ponerinae, and Myrmicinae, respectively.

Heteroneritidae has been classified in the Pyramidelloidea within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Traditionally, five subfamilies have been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Pantherinae, the Felinae, the Acinonychinae, and the extinct Machairodontinae and Proailurinae.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B Biological Sciences 351(1335 ): 91-122. . Such families are monotypic families and this family has no subfamilies.

The family Acroreiidae is classified in the informal group, Basommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Acroreiidae has no subfamilies.

Hoplolaimidae is a family of plant pathogenic nematodes. It has two subfamilies, Hoplolaiminae and Rotylenchulinae. Typically hoplolaimids are ecto- or semi endoparasites of higher plants.

Prior to Schileyko’s revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.

Plectorhynchinae, is one of two subfamilies of the family Haemulidae, some known colloquially as sweetlips. This subfamily is regarded as having an Old World origin.

Fossils of both subfamilies have been found in both Gondwanan and Laurasian deposits. The biology of the group suggests that some members were semiaquatic specialists.

Hence, currently only four genera are valid. Subfamilies are not recognized. Signiphoridae are believed to be most closely related to azotine aphelinids.Woolley, J. B. (1988).

Several subfamilies of annexins have been identified based on structural and functional differences. However, all annexins share a common organizational theme that involves two distinct regions, an annexin core and an amino (N)-terminus. The annexin core is highly conserved across the annexin family and the N-terminus varies greatly. The variability of the N-terminus is a physical construct for variation between subfamilies of annexins.

Philipson divided the Monimiaceae into six subfamilies: Glossocalycoideae, Siparunoideae, Atherospermatoideae, Monimioideae, Hortonioideae, and Mollinedioideae. The latter three constitute the Monimiaceae as defined in the APG III system, which was published in 2009. In these three subfamilies, Philipson recognized a total of 25 genera. He did not accept Anthobembix, but he did include the other 19 genera from the 1901 monograph by Perkins and Gilg.

Tornoceratidae as now understood is essentially the Tornoceratidae of Arthaber (1911) described in the American Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, revised to include three subfamilies, the Tornoceratinae, Aulatornoceratinae, and Falcitornoceratinae. Miller et al. (1957) included the Tornoceratidae without subfamilies in the Cheilocerataceae, a superfaminily in the Goniatitida which also includes the Cheiloceratidae. Tornoceratinae is based on the genus Tornoceras described by Alpheus Hyatt in 1884.

The subfamilies have each, at various times, been considered as separate families, but they are grouped together in most recent classifications. There are three living main lineages, variously considered three or, as here, two subfamilies, with the tribe Aglycyderini sometimes considered a distinct subfamily. Other classifications treat the Oxycoryninae as distinct family Oxycorynidae. A prehistoric subfamily only known from Mesozoic fossils are the Eobelinae.

The Shaker gene family of Drosophila encodes components of voltage-gated potassium channels and comprises four subfamilies. Based on sequence similarity, this gene is similar to one of these subfamilies, namely the Shaw subfamily. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the delayed rectifier class of channel proteins and is an integral membrane protein that mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes.

The family of Pyxicephalidae (African Bullfrogs) has two subfamilies, 13 genera, and 68 total species. They are also found in Sub- Saharan Africa. The two subfamilies are completely different in that cacosternines are small and slender typically terrestrial or semiaquatic, whereas pyxicephalines are large bullfrog like frogs that have stocky bodies, with fang like projections on their lower jaw, used to smash their prey.

Ocypodinae is one of two subfamilies in the family Ocypodidae, the other being the fiddler crab subfamily, Ucinae. Both subfamilies have members in which one of the claw-bearing legs (the chelipeds) is much larger than the other. However, only male fiddler crabs exhibit this, while both male and female ghost crabs have unequally sized claws. The difference is also much more pronounced among fiddler crab males.

Relationships within these broadly defined families appear less clear, particularly within the Asparagaceae sensu lato. Stevens notes that most of its subfamilies are difficult to recognize, and that significantly different divisions have been used in the past, so that the use of a broadly defined family to refer to the entire clade is justified. Thus the relationships among subfamilies shown above, based on APWeb , is somewhat uncertain.

The three mammalian subfamilies – Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-herpesviridae – arose approximately 180 to 220 mya. The major sublineages within these subfamilies were probably generated before the mammalian radiation of 80 to 60 mya. Speciations within sublineages took place in the last 80 million years probably with a major component of cospeciation with host lineages. All the currently known bird and reptile species are alphaherpesviruses.

In addition, there are K+ channel alpha-subunits that possess two P-domains. These are usually highly regulated K+ selective leak channels. The Kv family can be divided into several subfamilies on the basis of sequence similarity and function. Four of these subfamilies, Kv1 (Shaker), Kv2 (Shab), Kv3 (Shaw) and Kv4 (Shal), consist of pore-forming alpha subunits that associate with different types of beta subunit.

In 1999, 10 ant subfamilies were known to reside in Australia, but some of these subfamilies were later synonymised under the subfamily Dorylinae. Today, 12 subfamilies are known to occur in Australia, including Amblyoponinae, Dolichoderinae, Dorylinae, Ectatomminae, Formicinae, Heteroponerinae, Leptanillinae, Myrmeciinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Proceratiinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. The subfamily Myrmicinae is the largest in Australia in terms of both number of genera and species, as well as the subfamily Formicinae, which is also one of the most common subfamily of ants to be encountered. The subfamily Myrmeciinae consists of two genera which are only found in Australia, with the exception of a single species native to New Caledonia.

Stenothyridae is a family of small freshwater snails, snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Truncatelloidea. This family has no subfamilies.

Vltaviellidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine, gastropod molluscs in the clade Cyrtoneritimorpha. There are two subfamilies, the Vltaviellinae and the Krameriellinae.

The outer lip is somewhat flattened in the middle.Kilburn, R.N. (1988) Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 4. Subfamilies Drilliinae, Crassispirinae and Strictispirinae.

The Platystomatidae were comprehensively divided into five subfamilies Frey, R (1932). On African Platystomatidae (Diptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10. 9: 242–264.

There are several subfamilies, of which the Australian Aphylinae is often given family status, but is here retained as a subfamily, following Grazia et al. (2008).

Quadrigyridae is the only family within Gyracanthocephala, an order of parasitic worms of class Eoacanthocephala. This family contains two subfamilies, ten genera and about 92 species.

Potamidae is a family of freshwater crabs. It includes more than 650 species and nearly 100 genera, which are placed into two subfamilies: Potaminae and Potamiscinae.

In doing so, it separated one of the existing subfamilies, the Altingioideae, which formed the basal group, into its own family within the order, the Altingiaceae.

Beetles are the primary insects that pollinate the flowers, especially those in the subfamilies Rutelinae and Dynastiniae. Syngonium podophyllum predominantly reproduces vegetatively, contributing to its invasiveness.

The Platystomatidae were comprehensively divided into five subfamilies,Frey, R (1932). On African Platystomatidae (Diptera). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10. 9: 242–264.

There are 12 families, 2 subfamilies and 50 genera recognised in this suborder. The genus Eimeria with ~1500 species is the largest genus in this suborder.

Congrogadinae is a subfamily of ray-finned fishes, one of four subfamilies that make up the family Pseudochromidae, these elongated fish are commonly called eel-blennies.

Pyropeltidae is a family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Terebratulidae is a family of brachiopods with a fossil record dating back to the Late Devonian.Terebratulidae in the Paleobiology Database It is subdivided into 11 subfamilies.

Eucyclidae is a family of gastropods in the superfamily Seguenzioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

However, molecular, morphological and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies : Aepycerotinae (consisting of just the impala), Alcelaphinae (bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), Antilopinae (several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), Bovinae (cattle, buffaloes, bison and other antelopes), Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (addax, oryx and relatives) and Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: Hypsodontinae (mid-Miocene), Oiocerinae (Turolian) and the subfamily Tethytraginae, which contains Tethytragus (mid-Miocene). In 1992, Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, London divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat primitive teeth, resembling those of oxen, whereas aegodonts have more advanced teeth like those of goats.

Straparollinidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. Straparollinidae is the only family in the superfamily Straparollinoidea. This family has no subfamilies.

Rhytidopilidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks from the Paleozoic Era. This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

Acanthopinae is one of the three subfamilies of the family Acanthopidae. In the subfamily Acanthopinae there is one tribe, Acanthopini, which contains 7 genera and 37 species.

The typical owls have a cosmopolitan distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica. There are three accepted subfamilies of Strigidae including Striginae, Asioninae, and Surniinae.

Grangerellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

This gene, which produces two transcript variants, is part of a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q.

Vanilloideae is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. Lindley (1836) and Garay (1986)Garay,L. (1986) , Olim Vanillaceae. Botanical Museum Leaflets.

Proceratiinae is a subfamily of ants in the poneromorph subfamilies group, with three extant genera, of which most are tropical or subtropical, although overall distribution is worldwide.

Tenualosa is a genus of fish in the family Clupeidae. When subfamilies are recognized, it is placed in the subfamily Alosinae (the shads) or Dorosomatinae (gizzard shads).

Polytremariidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Portlockiellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Elasmonematidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Pavlodiscidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Other ant subfamilies are represented by a single species each, the aneuretine Aneuretellus deformis, the formicine Chimaeromyrma brachycephala, the myrmicine Aphaenogaster dlusskyana, and the ponerine Protopone primigena.

The systematic relationships with Mimallonidae have been subject to two revisions, resulting in two different classification schemes. William Schaus revised the family and named most of the genera, he then separated the genera into two subfamilies: Lacosominae and Mimalloninae. These subfamilies were based on the presence (Lacosominae) or the absence (Mimalloninae) of the frenulum. It was later realized that this character varies within genera, and thus was deemed a sympleisiomorphy.

As a social species, V. maculifrons colonies depend on collaboration. However, polyandry tends to create subfamilies with lower relatedness, which can lead to conflict within the colony. Yet, V. maculifrons queens, and many other species’ queens, mate multiply. This occurrence is explained because potential conflict between subfamilies is offset by the reproductive success of queens; the mate number of queens is correlated to the number of queen cells a colony creates.

They are more diverse in the temperate region although a few tropical endemics are known. Both subfamilies feed on decaying organic matter such as dead animals. The subfamilies differ in which uses parental care and which types of carcasses they prefer. Silphidae are considered to be of importance to forensic entomologists because when they are found on a decaying body they are used to help estimate a post-mortem interval.

The Caninae, known as canines, are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. Their fossils were first found in North America and dated to the Oligocene era, then spreading to Asia at the end of the Miocene era, some 7 million to 8 million years ago.

They are the most commonly encountered fairyflies, followed by Alaptus, Camptoptera, Erythmelus, Ooctonus, and Stethynium, which make up a further quarter of known species. The Mymaridae are considered to be monophyletic, but their exact relationships with other chalcid wasps remain unclear. No commonly accepted subfamilies have been acknowledged, but two proposals are notable. Annecke & Doutte (1961) proposed the subfamilies Alaptinae and Mymarinae based on the morphology of the gasters.

Initially, subfamilies within the Muscidae were recognised; the early Platystomatidae belonging to the Ortalides,but toward the end of the Nineteenth Century, many of these subfamilies were raised to family status, at which point the Ortalides became the Ortalidae. The name Otitidae became a replacement name for Ortalides, until Hendel's significant contribution and re-organisation of the genera of the World Hendel, F (1914a) Diptera Fam. Muscaridae Subfam. Platystominae.

The Amaranthoideae and some genera of Gomphrenoideae were found to be polyphyletic, so taxonomic changes are needed. Current studies classified the species of former Chenopodiaceae to eight distinct subfamilies (the research is not yet completed): Polycnemoideae, which are regarded as a basal lineage, Betoideae, Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodioideae, Corispermoideae, Salicornioideae, Salsoloideae, and Suaedoideae. In this preliminary classification, the Amaranthaceae s.l. are divided into 10 subfamilies with approximately 180 genera and 2,500 species.

This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family was previously treated as a subfamily of the family Acavidae.

Okadaiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Polyceroidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea. This family has no subfamilies.

Lawrence, J.F.; Hastings, A.M.; Dallwitz, M.J.; Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (2000) Elateriformia (Coleoptera): descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval for families and subfamilies. Version of 2005-OCT-09.

Symmetrocapulidae is an extinct taxonomic family of fossil snails, gastropod mollusks in the monotypic superfamily Symmetrocapuloidea within the clade Cycloneritimorpha. This superfamily has one family and no subfamilies.

This is a list of subfamilies and genera of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. A list of synonyms for the various genera is given here, together with supporting references.

Within Halictidae, 4 subfamilies, 81 genera, and over 4,000 species have been defined. About 1,000 of the species in the genera Halictus, Lasioglossum, Augochlora, and Augochlorella, are eusocial.

P. occidentalis belongs to the subfamily Polistinae. Polistines are one of six subfamilies of the Vespidae, and the subfamily contains four tribes, with Polybia belonging to the Epiponini.

Chitonidae is a family of chitons or polyplacophorans, marine mollusks whose shell is composed of eight articulating plates or valves. There are fifteen extant genera in three subfamilies.

Teleosauridae is phylogenetically defined as the largest clade of teleosauroids containing Teleosaurus but not Machimosaurus and Plagiophthalmosuchus. Teleosauridae is split into two subfamilies, the Teleosaurinae and the Aeolodontinae.

Nododelphinulidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Amberleyoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

The family Syrphidae divides into four subfamilies: Eristalinae, Microdontinae, Pipizinae, and Syrphinae. Syritta pipiens belong to the subfamily Eristalinae, closely related to the well-known dronefly, Eristalis tenax.

Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family is divided in up to 4 subfamilies., UCPMS ID: 1889607, PDF Fig.

Zopheridae used as jewelry Aulonium ruficorne The Zopheridae family of beetles has grown considerably in recent years as the members of two other families have been included within its circumscription; these former families are the Monommatidae and the Colydiidae, which are now both included in the Zopheridae as subfamilies or (in the former case) even as tribe of subfamily Zopherinae. Some authors accept up to six subfamilies here, while others merge all except the Colydiinae into the Zopherinae. Over 100 genera are in the redefined family, and hundreds of species worldwide. No common name is used for the new family, though some of the constituent subfamilies have their own, including the ironclad beetles, and the cylindrical bark beetles.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Scaliolidae has no subfamilies and has Obtortionidae Thiele, 1925 and Finellidae Thile, 1929 as its synonyms.

Docetaxel is mainly metabolised in the liver by the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 subfamilies of isoenzymes.Anonymous. Taxotere.com for Healthcare Professionals: Pharmacokinetics. Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC. (23 Sep 2006).

The columella is convex and its base is curved to the left.Kilburn, R.N. (1988) Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 4. Subfamilies Drilliinae, Crassispirinae and Strictispirinae.

Spirobolidae is a family of millipedes in the order Spirobolida. The family consists of several genera with numerous species, and is commonly divided into the subfamilies Spirobolinae and Tylobolinae.

Pygaerinae is a subfamily of the moth family Notodontidae, the silver prominents and relatives. The genus list is preliminary, as not all Notodontidae have been assigned to subfamilies yet.

Pratylenchidae is a family of nematodes or roundworms.UNH HCGS Nematode Database. Online. November 10, 2007. It contains the subfamily Pratylenchinae, as well as the subfamilies Hirschmanniellinae, Radopholinae, and Nacobbinae.

This gene sulfates dehydroepiandrosterone but not 4-nitrophenol, a typical substrate for the phenol and estrogen sulfotransferase subfamilies. Two alternatively spliced variants that encode different isoforms have been described.

Over 3,500 species of the Culicidae have already been described.Harbach, R.E. (2011). Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory. They are generally divided into two subfamilies which in turn comprise some 43 genera.

Byturus unicolor affects species of Rubus and Geum. There are two subfamilies: Platydascillinae and Byturinae. The distribution of Byturinae is holarctic. Species of Platydascillinae are found in southeast Asia.

The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into subfamilies by Takhtajan, as Anacardioideae (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoideae, and Semecarpeae) and Spondiadoideae (including tribe Spondiadeae). Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes (Pell 2004). Later Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and the single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondiadoideae.

Halictidae belongs to the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, series Anthophila. The oldest fossil record of Halictidae dates back to Early Eocene with a number of species, such as Neocorynura electra and Augochlora leptoloba known from amber deposits. Currently, the family is divided into four subfamilies, many genera, and more than 2000 known species. Rophitinae appears to be the sister group to the remaining three subfamilies (Nomiinae, Nomioidinae, Halictinae) based on both morphology and molecular data.

Cyprinidae is a large, widespread and diverse family of, mainly, freshwater ray-finned fish and the taxonomy of the family has not yet been fully resolved and the subfamilies do not appear to have a single accepted taxonomy. Some authorities place the genera above in the larger subfamilies Oxygasterinae or Xenocypridinae. However, genetic and morphological studies have supported the view that the five general currently assigned to the subfamily Xenocyprinae form a monophyletic grouping.

The larva of Lomechusa pubicollis lives in the nest of the ant Formica rufa The Aleocharinae are one of the largest subfamilies of rove beetles, containing over 12,000 species. Previously subject to large-scale debate whether the subfamily deserved the familial status, it is now considered one of the largest subfamilies of rove beetles.Newton, A. F., Jr., M. K. Thayer, J. S. Ashe, and D. S. Chandler. 2001. 22. Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. p. 272–418.

Based on recent genetic analysis, it is now generally accepted that the Pertyoideae subfamily is sister to a clade that has as its basal member the Gymnarrhenoideae, and further consists of the Asteroideae, Corymbioideae and Cichorioideae. These three subfamilies share a deletion of nine base-pairs in the ndhF gene which is not present in Gymnarrhena micrantha. Current insights in the relationships of Gymnarrhena to the closest Asterid subfamilies are represented by the following tree.

Their phylogenetic analysis indicated that the tribe was located at the base of the Tyrannosaurinae. Some authors, such as George Olshevsky and Tracy Ford, have created other subdivisions or tribes for various combinations of tyrannosaurids within the subfamilies. However, these have not been phylogenetically defined, and usually consisted of genera that are now considered synonymous with other genera or species. Additional subfamilies have been named for more fragmentary genera, including Aublysodontinae and Deinodontinae.

The Medlicottiide, established by Karpinsky in 1889, is by prevailing current perspective divided into five subfamilies. These are the Episageceratinae, Medlicottiinae, Propinacoceratinae, Sicanitinae, and Uddenitinae. The Artioceratinae and Miklukhoceratinae, sometimes included as well, are junior synonyms respectively for the Sicanitinae and Propinacoceratinae. Previously the Medlicottiidae were divided in part L of the Treatise, 1957, into just two subfamilies, the Uddenitinae introduced by Miller and Furnish in 1940 and the Medlicottinae revised from Karpinsky 1889.

The family Bovidae is placed in the order Artiodactyla (which includes the even-toed ungulates). It includes 143 extant species, accounting for nearly 55% of the ungulates, and 300 known extinct species. Molecular studies have supported monophyly in the family Bovidae (a group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and all their descendants). The number of subfamilies in Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies.

When not ambushing, lionfish may herd the fish, shrimp, or crab into a corner before swallowing. Like many perciform fishes, scorpionfish are suction feeders that capture prey by rapidly projecting a suction field generated by expansion of the fish's buccal cavity. Scorpaenid systematics are complicated and unsettled. Fishes of the World recognizes 10 subfamilies with a total of 388 species, while () FishBase follows Eschmeyer and has three subfamilies, 25 genera, and 222 species.

Ants (family Formicidae in the order Hymenoptera) are the most species-rich of all social insects, with more than 12,000 described species and many others awaiting description. Formicidae is divided into 21 subfamilies, of which 17 are extant and four subfamilies are extinct, described from fossils. In total more than 300 genera have been described. Ants have come to occupy virtually all major terrestrial habitats, with the exception of tundra and cold ever-wet forests.

Based on recent genetic analysis, it is now generally accepted that the Pertyoideae subfamily is sister to a clade that has as its basal member the Gymnarrhenoideae, and further consists of the Asteroideae, Corymbioideae and Cichorioideae. These three subfamilies share a deletion of nine base-pairs in the ndhF gene which is not present in Gymnarrhena micrantha. Current insights in the relationships of Gymnarrhena to the closest Asterid subfamilies is represented by the following tree.

Monné, M. A. 2006. Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the Neotropical Region. Part III. Subfamilies Parandrinae, Prioninae, Anoplodermatinae, Aseminae, Spondylidinae, Lepturinae, Oxypeltinae, and addenda to the Cerambycinae and Lamiinae.

This group comprises two subfamilies (Phylloxerininae and Phylloxerinae) and 11 genera with one that is fossil. The genus type is Phylloxera. The Phylloxeridae species are usually called Phylloxerans or Phylloxerids.

Autographiviridae is a family of viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 371 species in this family, divided among 9 subfamilies and 131 genera.

Cingulopsidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Cingulopsidae has no subfamilies.

Maoraxidae is an extinct family of snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Maoraxidae has no subfamilies.

More recently the Erycitidae was reassigned to the Hammatoceratoidea which also includes the Hammatoceratidae, Graphoceratidae and Sonniniidae removed from the Hildoceratoidea, left with only the Hildoceratidae and its included subfamilies.

The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between Polypodioideae and the other subfamilies within Polypodiaceae, based on groups described by Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2008, using the subfamily names of PPG I.

Scholars agree that Hecastocleis occupies a very isolated position on the evolutionary grade of subfamilies of the Asteraceae, and this is expressed by the erection of the monotypic subfamily Hecastocleidoideae.

In this circumscription of Malvaceae, the family is divided into 9 subfamilies and Durioneae is placed into the subfamily Helicteroideae, along with some of the members of the traditional Helictereae.

Lepetopsidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Patellogastropoda. This family has no subfamilies. Members of extant family Neolepetopsidae probably developed from Lepetopsidae.McLean J. H. (7 November 1990).

Atlantidae is a family of sea snails, holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Atlantidae has no subfamilies.

Germanic sound shifts are the phonological developments (sound changes) from the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) to Proto-Germanic, in Proto-Germanic itself, and in various Germanic subfamilies and languages.

Proconulidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marinegastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

The family Chilinidae has been classified in the clade Hygrophila within the informal group Basommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). There are no subfamilies.

Bohaispiridae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Bohaispiridae has no subfamilies.

Bellerophinidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Pterotracheidae has no subfamilies.

Diastomatidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Diastomatidae has no subfamilies.

Plesiotrochidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Plesiotrochidae has no subfamilies.

Ptilodoninae is a subfamily of the moth family Notodontidae. They are sometimes merged into the Notodontinae. The genus list is preliminary, as not all Notodontidae have been assigned to subfamilies yet.

Notodontinae is the nominate subfamily of the moth family Notodontidae. The Ptilodoninae are sometimes merged herein. The genus list is preliminary, as not all Notodontidae have been assigned to subfamilies yet.

Amberleyidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

G.W. Tryon (1890), Manual of Conchology vol. XII, p. 69 The superfamily is currently represented by a group of species that live only in deep water. This family has no subfamilies.

Laubellidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Hyainailouridae used to be considered a subfamily of Hyaenodontidae, but cladistic study by Sole et al., (2013, 2015) treats it as a distinct family. Two subfamilies are recognized, Apterodontinae and Hyainailourinae.

Goniatitinae is one of six subfamilies into which the Goniatitidae is subdivided according to Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957. The diagnostic character is the narrow bifurcated (double pronged) ventral lobe of the suture, which lies along the outer rim. As with the inclusive Goniatitidae, sutures have eight lobes, shells are without prominent ornament, umbilici are small to moderate in size. Subsequent classifications are somewhat confusing with genera originally included removed elsewhere and others brought in from other subfamilies.

Analysis of the suite of known cyclotides reveals many sequence similarities that are important for understanding their unique physico-chemical properties, bioactivities and homology. The cyclotides fall into two main structural subfamilies. Moebius cyclotides, the less common of the two, contain a cis-proline in loop 5 that induces a local 180° backbone twist (hence likening it to a Möbius strip), whereas bracelet cyclotides do not. There is smaller variation in sequences within these subfamilies than between them.

Based on recent genetic analysis, it is now generally accepted that the Pertyoideae subfamily is sister to a clade that has as its basal member the Gymnarrhenoideae, and further consists of the Asteroideae, Corymbioideae and Cichorioideae. These three subfamilies share a deletion of nine base-pairs in the ndhF gene which is not present in Gymnarrhena micrantha. Current insights in the relationships of Cavea and Gymnarrhena to the closest Asterid subfamilies is represented by the following tree.

The family has changed several times since its taxonomic appearance after the work of Francis Walker in 1846 described from the wasp genus Agaon. For long the subfamilies Epichrysomallinae, Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, Sycoryctinae, Sycophaginae, and Agaoninae were the subdivisions of the family. Recent works building strong molecular phylogenies with an extended sampling size have changed the composition of Agaonidae. First, the paraphyletic groups have been excluded (Epichrysomallinae, Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, and Sycoryctinae) and new subfamilies have been instated (Kradibiinae and Tetrapusiinae).

The systematics of woodpeckers is quite convoluted. Based on an assumption of unrealistically low convergence in details of plumage and behavior, 5 subfamilies were distinguished. However, it has turned out that similar plumage patterns and modes of life are not reliable to determine higher phylogenetic relationships in woodpeckers, and thus only 3 subfamilies should be accepted. For example, the genera Dryocopus (Eurasia and Americas) and Campephilus (Americas) of large woodpeckers were believed to form a distinct group.

The subfamily Catantopinae is a group of insects classified under family Acrididae. Orthoptera Species File: subfamily Catantopinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 (Version 5.0/5.0, retrieved 22 November 2018) Genera such as Macrotona may sometimes called "spur-throated grasshoppers", but that name is also used for grasshoppers from other subfamilies, including the genus Melanoplus from the Melanoplinae. Indeed, the delimitation of these two subfamilies needs restudy: the Podismini for example are sometimes placed here, sometimes in the Melanoplinae.

Polygonum plebeium or small knotweed The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Brandbyge followed earlier systems of plant classification in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies, Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Since 1993, the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences. Genera related to Coccoloba and Triplaris were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae.

Unenlagiidae is a proposed family of eumaniraptoran paravians that includes the subfamilies Halszkaraptorinae and Unenlagiinae. While traditionally members of this group have been classified as subfamilies of Dromaeosauridae, since the 2010s there has been subsequent studies that have question their placement. Some have placed unenlagiids as the sister taxon to Avialae, while others have placed them as basal deinonychosaurs outside Dromaeosauridae and Troodontidae. Other recent studies supported the traditional placement of Halszkaraptorinae and Unenlagiinae in Dromaeosauridae.

One is all species of bears are classified in seven subfamilies as adopted here and related articles: Amphicynodontinae, Hemicyoninae, Ursavinae, Agriotheriinae, Ailuropodinae, Tremarctinae, and Ursinae. Below is a cladogram of the subfamilies of bears after McLellan and Reiner (1992) and Qiu et al. (2014): The second alternative phylogenetic hypothesis was implemented by McKenna et al. (1997) is to classify all the bear species into the superfamily Ursoidea, with Hemicyoninae and Agriotheriinae being classified in the family "Hemicyonidae".

The Purpurinidae are an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Purpurinidae has no subfamilies.

Lamelliphoridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Lamelliphoridae has no subfamilies.

Brachytrematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Brachytrematidae has no subfamilies.

Ladinulidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Ladinulidae has no subfamilies.

Popenellidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Popenellidae has no subfamilies.

Prostyliferidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Prostyliferidae has no subfamilies.

Propupaspiridae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Propupaspiridae has no subfamilies.

Succulent leaved plants. Unlike the other two smaller subfamilies, which are highly derived, Sempervivoideae retain the basic features of the family Crassulaceae. The Sempervivoideae contain many familiar horticultural plants, such as Sedum.

Myoviridae is a family of bacteriophages in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are currently 434 species in this family, divided among five subfamilies and 168 genera.

Ackermannviridae is a family of viruses in the order Caudovirales. Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 2 subfamilies, 4 genera, and 21 species in the family.

Utrecht: RCH Oudejans viii, 444p.-. En Many comb. nov. Geog= 0 Systematics: ANGIOSPERMAE (EUPHORBIACEAE)(KR, 199003219). Of the three subfamilies of Euphorbiaceae – Acalyphoideae, Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae; only Acalyphoideae is native to Africa.

Black kite Kite is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, particularly in subfamilies Milvinae, Elaninae, and Perninae."kite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.

Rhytididae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea. This family has no subfamilies. shell of Powelliphanta hochstetteri hochstetteri.

Labracinus is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the subfamily Pseudochrominae, which is one of four subfamilies in the dottyback family Pseudochromidae. They are found in the tropical western Pacific Ocean.

Pholidochromis is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the subfamily Pseudochrominae, which is one of four subfamilies in the dottyback family Pseudochromidae. They occur in the western and central Pacific Ocean.

Pictichromis is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the subfamily Pseudochrominae, which is one of four subfamilies in the dottyback family Pseudochromidae. They occur in the western and central Pacific Ocean.

Trochotomidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Luciellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Phanerotrematidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Phymatopleuridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pleurotomarioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Pendromidae is a family of gastropods in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

Although retroviruses have different subfamilies, they have three basic groups. The oncoretroviruses (oncogenic retroviruses), the lentiviruses (slow retroviruses) and the spumaviruses (foamy viruses).{Miller, A. D. (2006). Retroviral Vectors in Gene Therapy.

Flowering Plants of Jamaica 1–848. University of the West Indies, MonaZuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone. 2003. Scutachne. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae.

Members of the Gobiinae are known as true gobies. It is the most widespread and most diverse of the subfamilies formerly recognised under the Gobiidae, containing around 2000 species and 150 genera.

Eucochlidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

The Toxocampinae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae. Moths in the subfamily typically have a primitive form of genital claspers similar to those of some subfamilies of the Noctuidae.

The Zerotulidae comprise a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Zerotulidae has no subfamilies.

Eustomatidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Eustomatidae has no subfamilies.

Metacerithiidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Metacerithiidae has no subfamilies.

Trypanaxidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Campaniloidea. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Trypanaxidae has no subfamilies.

Saicella is a genus of assassin bugs endemic to Hawaii. There are currently six species in the genus. Saicella's taxonomic position is uncertain, with characters similar to both the Saicinae and Emesinae subfamilies.

Coelociontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Halolimnohelicidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

The B family has been further divided into subfamilies. The product of this gene belongs to the beta subfamily of regulatory subunit B. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps, encompassing 2,000 described species, with an estimated 5,000-10,000 total species. This makes it one of the richest subfamilies with the most species of parasitoid wasps.

Rastodentidae is a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Rastodentidae has no subfamilies.

Anisolabididae is a family of earwigs, in the suborder Forficulina and the order Dermaptera. It is one of nine families in the suborder Forficulina, and contains thirty-eight genera spread across thirteen subfamilies.

The Hebridae are the only family within the superfamily Hebroidea.Gillott, Cedric (July 31, 1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 218. . The 160 species are placed in seven genera. Hebrids are divided between two recognized subfamilies.

Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World, Part Muricinae. 648 pp., 182 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim. . Numerous subfamilies are recognized, although experts disagree about the subfamily divisions and the definitions of the genera.

This article is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. The Malvaceae s.l. (hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative cladogram of the family is shown below.

Hairy-related proteins can direct these transcriptional corepressors to target genes. Orange domains are motifs of ~35 amino acids that are found on the C-terminal side of basic helix-loop-helix domains in some transcription factors in eukaryotic organisms. Proteins with Orange domains are divided into four subfamilies, three in which all proteins contain a basic helix-loop-helix domain. The subfamilies that contain Orange domains and basic helix-loop-helix domains are Hairy, Enhancer of Split, and Hey.

Notharctinae is one of the two subfamilies, along with Cercamoniinae, of the Notharctidae family, which is a member of the infraorder Adapiformes along with Adapidae and Sivaladapidae. Compared to other subfamilies, the notharctines were not terribly diverse with only two or three species occurring synchronously. However, notharctines are some of the most common species found in early and middle Eocene deposits. Each genus has between 1 (Hesperolemur) and 11 (Cantius) species for a total of 25 species making up the subfamily.

This family forms the root stock of the Perisphinctoidea which gave rise directly or indirectly to the other perisphinctoid families. The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Part L, 1957) includes the subfamilies Leptosphinctinae, Zigzagiceratinae, Pseudoperisphincinae, Perisphinctinae, Aataxioceratinae, Pictoniinae, Aulocostephaninae, Virgostephaninae, Dorsoplanitinae, and Virgatitinae in the Perisphictidae. Donavan et al also recognizes the subfamilies Leptosphinctinae, Zigzagiceratinae, Pseudoperisphincinae, and Perisphinctinae but leaves out the others, adding instead the Epipletoceratinae and Idoceratinae. Epipeltoceratinae is based on Epipletoceras, a genus in the Aspidoceratidae in the Treatise, (subfamily Peltoceratinae).

There are 98 described genera of Gracillariidae (see below). A complete checklist is available of all currently recognised species (de Prins and de Prins 2005). There are many undescribed species in the tropics but there is also an online catalogue of Afrotropical described species ; the South African fauna is quite well known. Although Japanese and Russian authors have recognised additional subfamilies (de Prins and de Prins, 2005), there are three currently recognised subfamilies, Phyllocnistinae of which is likely to be basal.

A recent phylogenetic analysis placed Nyctitheriidae within Eulipotyphla, although Hooker (2001, 2014) has argued based on similarities in the limb bones for a relationship with Euarchonta, instead. Lopatin (2006) recognized five subfamilies of Nyctitheriidae: Amphidozotheriinae, Asionyctiinae, Eosoricodontinae, Nyctitheriinae, and Praolestinae. Beard and Dawson (2009) considered Placentidentinae, previously thought to be related to Dermoptera, to also represent a subfamily within Nyctitheriidae. A phylogenetic analysis of many nyctitheriid species determined that although Nyctitheriidae was mostly monophyletic several subfamilies and genera were not.

Recent phylogenetic studies have greatly revised this subfamily. The subfamily was previously classified within the Noctuidae, but the redefinition of that family has reclassified many of that family's subfamilies, including Calpinae, into the family Erebidae. The Calpinae are most closely related to a clade including the subfamilies Eulepidotinae and Hypocalinae, which are also among the Erebidae. The tribes Anomini and Scoliopterygini, previously included in the Calpinae, were found to be distantly related and were reclassified into a separate subfamily as the Scoliopteryginae.

The Skeneopsidae are a family of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Skeneopsidae has no subfamilies.

The Tripartellidae are an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Tripartellidae has no subfamilies.

Dialidae, common name dialids, is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Dialidae has no subfamilies.

Dorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Dorcasiidae has no subfamilies.

Sygambritinae is one of two subfamilies of the Goniatitaceae superfamilies. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Hyattoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Vidrioceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Vidrioceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Vidrioceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Glyphiolobinae is one of two subfamilies of the family Dimorphoceratidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Pericyclinae is one of two subfamilies of the family Pericyclidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Cravenoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the family Cravenoceratidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Lyrogoniatitinae is one of two subfamilies of the family Cravenoceratidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Pseudogastrioceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Paragastrioceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Paragastrioceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Paragastrioceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Paraperrinitinae is one of two subfamilies of the Perrinitidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Perrinitinae is one of two subfamilies of the Perrinitidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Jilingitinae is one of four subfamilies in the families Marathonitidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Kargalitinae is one of four subfamilies in the family Marathonitidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Kufengoceratinae is one of four subfamilies in the family Marathonitidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Marathonitinae is one of four subfamilies in the family Marathonitidae. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Acropsilus is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It is unplaced in the family, having been placed variously in subfamilies such as Sympycninae or Peloropeodinae. It is superficially similar to the Medeterinae.

Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24(5), 642-676.Warren, Andrew D. The higher classification of the Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Oregon State University, 2006.

Hauerinidae is a large and diverse family of miliolid forams (Loeblich & Tappan, 1988) that includes genera distributed among various subfamilies in the Treatise (Loelich &Tappan; 1964) as well as genera named and described since.

Calmidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs with only one genus and two species. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea. This family has no subfamilies.

Maizaniidae is a family of minute land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Megalomastomatidae is a family of tropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Discohelicidae is an extinct family of sea snails with planispiral shells, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Pseudovermidae is a taxonomic family of minute sea slugs, specifically aolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusks. This family has no subfamilies. These extremely small sea slugs are meiofauna; they live among sand grains.

This cladogram of the bee families is based on Hedtke et al., 2013, which places the former families Dasypodaidae and Meganomiidae as subfamilies inside the Melittidae. English names, where available, are given in parentheses.

Hydrobiologia 595: 149-166. . According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Helicostoidae has no subfamilies. Helicostoa sinensis is tentatively placed within superfamily Rissooidea. Previously it was in the superfamily Vermetoidea.

Litiopidae, common name litiopids, is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Litiopidae has no subfamilies.

Modulidae, common name modulids, is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Modulidae has no subfamilies.

Within the termite infraorder Isoptera, 56 species recorded. In 1913, Green compiled a concise catalogue for isopterans in Sri Lanka. Only 4 species of order Embioptera are recorded. in the order Psocoptera, two subfamilies studied.

The moths occur worldwide, with 19 genera in three subfamilies defined by the structural characteristics of the immature stages (larvae and pupae), rather than the characters of the adults (Heppner and Duckworth, 1981; Rota, 2005).

Fauna Poloniae 12, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa, 208 pp., page 134-137. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Boettgerillidae Van Goethem, 1972Goethem J. van (1972).

The genus occurs in coniferous forests throughout North America, Eurasia and North Africa. Gomphidius species associate with members of the subfamilies Piceoideae (Picea), Laricoideae (Larix and Pseudotsuga) and Abietoideae (Abies and Tsuga) within the Pinaceae.

A family is a group of genera, whether or not these are organized into subfamilies, sharing certain common characters with each other. A family name must be a single word ending in the suffix -viridae.

In the outdated classification of the 1957 American Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Hammatoceratidae was included in the superfamily Hildoceratoidea and divided into two subfamilies, the earlier Phymatoceratinae, and later Hammatoceratinae.W.J.Arkell et al., 1957. Mesozoic Ammonoidea.

Reitzia is a genus of plants in the grass family.Swallen, Jason Richard. 1956. Sellowia 7: 7-8Judziewicz, E. J. 2000. Reitzia. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae.

Dinapoli A, Zinssmeister C, Klussman-Kolb A. 2011. New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77:1-7. The family is currently divided into 11 subfamilies (Ponder & Lindberg 1997).

This family is within the clade Cladobranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Aranucidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene created the Gilliesioideae, as one of three subfamilies within Alliaceae. As phylogenetically constructed, Gilliesioideae (Gilliesioideae (Lindl.) Am., Botany: 134. 1832 - Gilliesieae Lindl. in Bot. Reg.

Commonly, such species have the remarkable habit, which also occurs in some other coccinellid subfamilies, of migrating tens of kilometres to the highest point on a nearby ridge or peak, hibernating or aestivating in masses.

Colubridae is a family of snakes comprising about two thirds of all snake species on earth. Colubrid species are found on every continent, except Antarctica. Species from three subfamilies are found in Trinidad and Tobago.

Columbinia elegans is a left-handed, air-breathing land snail species in the genus Columbinia.Nordsieck H. (2010). "New taxa of the subfamilies Neniinae and Garnieriinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 139(1): 45-69. .

The structure of the petiole is an easy way to visually classify ants, because the major subfamilies of Formicidae have structural differences: some ants have two- segmented petioles, while others have a single-segmented petiole.

The Nymphalinae are a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). Sometimes, the subfamilies Limenitidinae, and Biblidinae are included here as subordinate tribe(s), while the tribe Melitaeini is occasionally regarded as a distinct subfamily.

Schodde, R., and L. Christidis. 1987. Genetic differentiation and subspeciation in the grey grasswren Amytornis barbatus (Maluridae). Emu 87:188-192. He further described two subfamilies, Amalocichlinae and Pachycephalopsinae, and a genus, Cryptomicroeca in 2012.

Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNC1 gene. The Shaker gene family of Drosophila encodes components of voltage-gated potassium channels and comprises four subfamilies. Based on sequence similarity, this gene is similar to one of these subfamilies, namely the Shaw subfamily. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the delayed rectifier class of channel proteins and is an integral membrane protein that mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes.

Chrysallidinae has been one of eleven recognized subfamilies of the gastropod family Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg 1997). (The other 10 subfamilies are Odostomiinae, Turbonillinae, Cingulininae, Cyclostremellinae, Sayellinae, Syrnolinae, Eulimellinae, Pyramidellinae, Odostomellinae and Tiberiinae.) According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 47 genera in this subfamily, four additional genera may also be a part of this taxon. In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily has been downgraded to the rank of tribe Chrysallidini in the subfamily Odostomiinae.

The Human Olfactory Receptor (OR) gene family contains 339 intact genes and 297 pseudogenes. These genes are found in different locations throughout the genome, but only about 13% are on different chromosomes or on distantly spaced loci. 172 subfamilies of OR genes have been found in humans, each at its own loci. Because the genes in each of these subfamilies are structurally and functionally similar, and in close proximity to each other, it is hypothesized that each evolved from single genes undergoing duplication events.

Megalosauridae is a monophyletic family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs within the group Megalosauroidea, closely related to the family Spinosauridae. Some members of this family include Megalosaurus, Torvosaurus, Eustreptospondylus, and Afrovenator. Appearing in the Middle Jurassic, megalosaurids were among the first major radiation of large theropod dinosaurs, although they became extinct by the end of the Jurassic period. They were a relatively primitive group of basal tetanurans containing two main subfamilies, Megalosaurinae and Afrovenatorinae, along with the basal genus Eustreptospondylus, an unresolved taxon which differs from both subfamilies.

An extensive, four-part revision of the Micronoctuidae was published by Michael Fibiger from 2007 to 2011 (see References section), describing dozens of species for their first time and classifying them into subfamilies and tribes. A subsequent series of studies of the higher-level classification of the superfamily Noctuoidea showed that the phylogenetic placement of Micronoctuidae is as a clade within the subfamily Hypenodinae of the family Erebidae. This reclassification moved Micronoctuidae to the tribe Micronoctuini, its subfamilies to subtribes, and presumably its original tribes to infratribes.

Chalicotheres can be first identified with certainty around 46 million years ago, in the Eocene of Asia. The family is thought to have evolved there, but appeared in North America by the Eocene. By the late Oligocene, they had divided into schizotheriines and chalicotheriines. (Earlier chalicotheres are often referred to the family Eomoropidae; it is not yet clear whether they had claws or how the two subfamilies diverged.) Both subfamilies were successful over many millions of years, and reached their greatest diversity in the Miocene.

Two subfamilies are generally recognized, the Proctophyllodinae and the Pterodectinae. The main difference is that the female pregenital apodeme and epimerites IV are separated, while in the latter they are connected and form a distinct structure.

This subfamily is one of the largest rove beetle subfamilies, containing 52 tribes, over 1000 genera, and over 12000 described species (about 1385 known from North America). This subfamily is a taxonomically difficult groups of beetles.

Eatoniellidae, commonly known as eatoniellids, are a taxonomic family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cingulopsoidea. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Eatoniellidae has no subfamilies.

The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 683 species are in 63 genera and 11 subfamilies, which is the largest number of genera of any frog family.

Other than a partial snout, fossil evidence is limited to teeth. The taxonomic name Eucosmodontidae was given by Jepsen in 1940. Some authors interpret this version of Eucosmodontidae and Microcosmodontidae as being subfamilies rather than families.

Neolepetopsidae is a family of small deep sea sea snails or true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Patellogastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae, Spiraeoideae, Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors.Caratini, Roger. La Vie de plantes. 1971. Encyclopédie Bordas.

Zootaxa 2580: 1-1064. Abstract Orussidae are demonstrably monophyletic. Tribes and subfamilies within the Orussidae have been abandoned, since such earlier subdivisions could not be corroborated in phylogenetic analyses. The cladogram is based on Schulmeister 2003.

Iridoideae is one of the two main subfamilies in the popular family Iridaceae. It contains the best-known genus - Iris. The members of this subfamily are widely distributed worldwide. They grow in all continents except Antarctica.

Acanthonematidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sorbeoconcha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Canterburyellidae has no subfamilies. It is unassigned to superfamily.

Coelostylinidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Hypsogastropoda. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Coelostylinidae has no subfamilies. It is unassigned to superfamily.

Maturifusidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Hypsogastropoda. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Maturifusidae has no subfamilies. It is unassigned to superfamily.

Based on suture differences, they are divided into 2 subfamilies. Reynesocoeloceratinae possess two major secondary lobes in dorsal side of external saddle. This saddle is not divided this way in Dactylioceratinae, while lateral lobe is deeply trifid.

Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The table below shows the succession of the significant historical stages of each language (horizontally) and their approximate groupings in subfamilies (vertically). Vertical sequence within each group does not imply a measure of greater or lesser similarity.

The CYP2A6 gene is part of a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q. The gene was formerly referred to as CYP2A3; however, it has been renamed CYP2A6.

Eriocottidae Eriocottidae or Old World spiny-winged moths is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera whose position relative to other members of the superfamily Tineoidea is currently unknown. There are two subfamilies, Compsocteninae and Eriocottinae.

African Invertebrates 49 (1): 77-108. Ebejer, M.J. 2009. A revision of Afrotropical Chyromyidae (excluding Gymnochiromyia Hendel) (Diptera: Schizophora), with the recognition of two subfamilies and the description of new genera. African Invertebrates 50 (2): 321-434.

Centroleninae is one of two subfamilies of the family Centrolenidae. It has nine genera distributed in Central America from Honduras south and east to northern and central South America. As of mid 2015, it contains 117 species.

It is one of eleven recognised subfamilies of the marine gastropod family Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997), which are as follows: Odostomiinae, Turbonillinae, Chrysallidinae, Cingulininae, Cyclostremellinae, Sayellinae, Syrnolinae, Eulimellinae, Pyramidellinae, Odostomellinae and Tiberiinae.

2013 The subfamilies Scelioninae, Teleasinae, and Telenominae were formerly in the family Scelionidae, but Scelionidae was combined with the family Platygastridae because of genetic similarities. The name Platygastridae was retained for the resulting family because of seniority.

They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster (abdomen). They are rare examples of stinging ants.Hoffman, Donald R. "Ant venoms" Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010, vol. 10, pages 342-346.

Cypho is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the subfamily Pseudochrominae, which is one of four subfamilies in the dottyback family Pseudochromidae. They are found in the tropical western Pacific Ocean as far east as Tonga.

Temnotropidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haliotoidea, the abalones and their allies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Some doctors have even recognized distinctions in deficits of facial perception and facial memory encoding and classified them as subfamilies of prosopagnosia.Barton, J. J. (2003). Disorders of face perception and recognition. Neurol Clin, 21(2), 521-548.

Milacidae is a family of air-breathing, keeled, land slugs. These are shell- less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Barnes et al. also described Morawanocetus yabukii, a more derived species with a foreshortened braincase, intermediate between Chonecetus and Aetiocetus; Aetiocetus tomitai, the most primitive Aetiocetus discovered; and Aetiocetus polydentatus, the most derived Aetiocetus with a highly telescoped cranium and both homodont and polydont dentition. Barnes et al. also proposed three subfamilies for Aetiocetidae (Chonecetinae, Morawanocetinae, and Aetiocetinae) to reflect this proposed evolution within the family. The placement of A. polydentatus in Aetiocetus has, however, been questioned, as has the monophyly (and therefore the proposed subfamilies) of Aetiocetidae.

Today, the living Felidae are divided in two subfamilies: the Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five Panthera and two Neofelis species, while Felinae includes the other 34 species in ten genera. The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about , with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus. The latter species complex was ancestral to two main lines of felids: the cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of extinct cats of the subfamily Machairodontinae, which include the saber-toothed cats such as the Smilodon.

Subfamilies 4 through 6 are not found in human or mice, and they might as well be duplicates of existing groups. Subfamily 6 was supposed to include rat RYD5, now reassigned Scgb1c1. Subfamily 4 formerly included what is now known as group 1B and 2B as group 4A. Pairs of 1B/2B (ABP) genes are arranged head-to-head on the chromosome into "modules" that have been independently duplicated. Fel d 1 was supposed to be split into two subfamilies: chain 1 in subfamily 4, and chain 2 in subfamily 5.

In a 2015 review of formicids, Brendon Boudinot noted that the features Dlussky listed for the inclusion of Burmomyrma in Aneuretinae are pleisiomorphic, being found in several ant subfamilies, and that placement of the genus into several other subfamilies is possible. However Boudinot did not make any taxonomic moves in the review, leaving the Aneuretinae placement stand at that time. In 2018 a revision found that this genus was not an ant, but was an ant-mimic wasp in the family Falsiformicidae with two other genera known from the Taimyr amber.

Although McAlpine rejected the use of the presence of an anepisternal (=sternopleural) seta, Whittington more recently continued to use it as it provides an additional character besides those given above, all of which are transitional to some extent in the other subfamilies of the Platystomatidae. In particular, head and genitalic morphology, and perhaps larval biology once more of this is known, should play a role in the definition of the subfamilies, the debate for which remains open. Seven of the eleven genera in the Trapherinae are monotypic: Aglaioptera, Eopiara, Phasiamya, Phlyax, Piara, Traphera and Xiriella.

Although McAlpine rejected the use of the presence of an anepisternal (=sternopleural) seta, Whittington more recently continued to use it as it provides an additional character besides those given above, all of which are transitional to some extent in the other subfamilies of the Platystomatidae. In particular, head and genitalic morphology, and perhaps larval biology once more of this is known, should play a role in the definition of the subfamilies, the debate for which remains open. Three of the 14 genera in the Scholastinae are monotypic: Chaetorivellia, Pseudoscholastes and Tomeus.

Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming and Middle Eocene rocks in Germany, around 30–40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene rocks of Australia (5–25 million years old). Several fossil birds have been erroneously ascribed to the kingfishers, including Halcyornis, from the Lower Eocene rocks in Kent, which has also been considered a gull, but is now thought to have been a member of an extinct family. Amongst the three subfamilies, the Alcedininae are basal to the other two subfamilies.

The classification within the family Veneridae has been controversial at least since the 1930s. The most used classification is that of Keen (1969) which recognises 12 subfamilies, listed below. Some common species have been moved between genera (including genera in different subfamilies) because of repeated attempts to bring a more valid organization to the classification or taxonomy of the family, therefore changes in the generic name of species are frequently encountered. The characters used for classifying this group still tend to be superficial, focusing on external features, especially those of the shell.

The Noctuoidea can be divided into two broad groups, those with a trifid forewing venation (Oenosandridae, Notodontidae and Doidae), and those with a quadrifid forewing venation (e.g., Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Nolidae, Noctuidae). What has emerged from these investigations is that the quadrifid Noctuoidea form a monophyletic group. In 2005, Fibiger and Lafontaine arranged the quadrifid (forewing) group into several families, including the quadrifine (hindwing) Erebidae and trifine (hindwing) Noctuidae, based on evidence that suggested that the trifine noctuid subfamilies were derived from within the quadrifine subfamilies, so the family Erebidae would not be strictly monophyletic.

The Eoderoceratidae can be divided into two subfamilies, the Xiphoceratinae which is the earliest and in which there is an early maximum development of spines of the inner whorls, and the Eoderoceratinae. Two other subfamilies were included in the Treatise 1957 but are now regarded as families in their own right, These are the Phricodoceratidae and Coeloceratidae Genera that have been attributed to the Xiphoceratinae are Bifericeras, Microderoceras, and Xiphoceras. Those attributable to the Eoderoceratinae include Crucilobiceras, Eoderoceras, Neomicroderoceras, and Promicroceras All can be regarded simply as eoderoceratids.

No ursid species have been domesticated, though some bears have been trained for entertainment. The eight species of Ursidae are split into five genera in three subfamilies: the monotypic Ailuropodinae, the panda bears; Tremarctinae, the short-faced bears; and Ursinae, containing all other extant bears. Extinct species have also been placed into all three extant subfamilies, as well as four extinct ones: Agriotheriinae, Amphicynodontinae, Hemicyoninae, and Ursavinae. Over 100 extinct Ursidae species have been found, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

Melanesia, where many megabat subfamilies are likely to have originated The family Pteropodidae likely originated in Australasia based on biogeographic reconstructions. Other biogeographic analyses have suggested that the Melanesian Islands, including New Guinea, are a plausible candidate for the origin of most megabat subfamilies, with the exception of Cynopterinae; the cynopterines likely originated on the Sunda Shelf based on results of a Weighted Ancestral Area Analysis of six nuclear and mitochondrial genes. From these regions, pteropodids colonized other areas, including continental Asia and Africa. Megabats reached Africa in at least four distinct events.

Several different ways of representing this situation taxonomically have been used, and are still in use , including three subfamilies with multiple genera, and three genera with multiple subgeneric divisions. Three subfamilies, including Lycopodioideae, were first suggested by Warren Wagner, Jr. and Joseph Beitel in 1992, but were not validly published under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as it was then. The names were validated by Benjamin Øllgaard in 2015. The entire subfamily Lycopodioideae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) corresponds to the single genus Lycopodium in other classifications.

In addition to this, the evolutionary relationships between ligand-dependent receptors did not make much sense as closely related receptors of subfamilies bound ligands originating from entirely different biosynthetic pathways (e.g. TRs and RARs). On the other hand, subfamilies that are not evolutionarily related bind similar ligands (RAR and RXR both bind all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid respectively). # In 1997, it was discovered that nuclear receptors did not exist in static off and on conformations, but that a ligand could alter the equilibrium between the two states.

The PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses within which the C4 photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times. The name of the clade comes from the first initials of the included subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae.

Scorpion toxins that target potassium channels have been classified into three K+ Toxin (KT) subfamilies α-KTx, β-KTx, and γ-KTx peptides. The α-KTx subfamilies are the best-studied toxins and are usually small basic “short chain toxins”. PBTx1, PBTx2 and PBTx10 structurally belong to an unusually acidic α-KTx short chain scorpion toxins subfamily and are classified as KTx11, α-KTx11.1 (PBTx1), α-KTx11.2 (PBTx2) and α-KTx11.3 (PBTx10). PBTx1, PBTx2 and PBTx10 toxins have extremely low pI values of 3.82 (PBTx1 and PBTx2) and 3.88 (PBTx10).

Several different ways of representing this situation taxonomically have been used, and are still in use , including three subfamilies with multiple genera, and three genera with multiple subgeneric divisions. Three subfamilies, including Lycopodielloideae, were first suggested by Warren Wagner, Jr. and Joseph Beitel in 1992, but were not validly published under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as it was then. The names were validated by Benjamin Øllgaard in 2015. The entire subfamily Lycopodielloideae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) corresponds to the single genus Lycopodiella in other classifications.

Pommerozygiidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Hypsogastropoda. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Pommerozygiidae has no subfamilies. It is unassigned to a superfamily.

Settsassiidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Hypsogastropoda. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Settsassiidae has no subfamilies. It is unassigned to superfamily.

Strepsiduridae is a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Muricoidea, but its position is doubtful. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Strepsiduridae has no subfamilies.

The underside of the wings is whitish green, the forewing with decided red suffusion and yellowish fringes. The wingspan is 16–18 mm.Prout, L. B. (1913). "Contributions to a knowledge of the subfamilies Oenochromidnae and Hemitheinae of Geometridae".

Karagandoceratinae is a subfamilies of the Karagandoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

The family has been split into two subfamilies each containing two genera. Slightly older are the lower to middle Famennian Posttornoceratinae, followed by the later Famennian Discoclymeniinae. The Posttornoceratinae contains Exotornocers and Posttornoceras, the Discoclymeniinae, Discoclymenia and Alpinites.

Monadeniidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.

Palaeotrochidae is an extinct family of fossil snails, gastropod mollusks in the clade Neritimorpha according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This is the only family in the superfamily Palaeotrochoidea. This family has no subfamilies.

The toxin is derived from the venomous glands of the Azemiops feae viper species. The Azemiops feae viper is the only species within the Azemiopinae subfamily, which, together with Crotalinae and Viperinae subfamilies, belongs to the Viperidae family.

Buteo is the type genus of the subfamily Buteoninae. Traditionally this subfamily also includes eagles and sea-eagles. Lerner and Mindell (2005) proposed placing those into separate subfamilies (Aquilinae, Haliaaetinae), leaving only the buteonine hawks/buzzards in Buteoninae.

Two subfamilies and 18 genera of Proterotheriidae are known. All forms were small or medium-sized. Typical is a reduction of the number of toes and brachydont or mesodont teeth. The family is recorded since the late Palaeocene.

The family contains two subfamilies, 29 genera, and around 400 species. The subfamily Pergamasinae is normally found in the soil, and dispersal via phoresy is not known in this subfamily. It contains 9 genera. Most species are bisexual.

Schizogoniidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Vetigastropoda (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies.

Since then, taking the advice of Koteja several subfamilies and tribes have been elevated into their own families such as Matsucoccidae and Xylococcidae. The pared-down family of Margarodidae (Margarodidae sensu stricto or Margarodidae s. s.) is monophyletic.

The relationships among the basal salticids are not yet fully resolved; summary cladograms published in both 2014 and 2015 show unresolved branching for five basal subfamilies. However, Hisponinae is resolved as sister to Salticinae, the most derived subfamily.

Thespidae is a family of Neotropical insects in the order Mantodea.Catalogue of Life Following a major revision of this order in 2019, the old-world subfamilies Haaniinae and Hoplocoryphinae, previously placed here, have been upgraded to family level.

Albumins found in animals can be divided into six subfamilies by phylogeny. The Vitamin-D binding proteins occupy families 1–3. The other albumins are mixed among each other in families 4–6. ECM1 is in family 6.

Pileolidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. This family is related to the extant family Neritidae, the nerites. The family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.

Corydiidae, previously known as Polyphagidae, is a family of the order Blattodea (cockroaches). Many are known as sand cockroaches. The family is divided into five subfamilies, comprising some 40 genera. One prominent species is the desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata.

They can be classified into 2 subfamilies. In the CC subfamily, the cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. In the CXC subfamily, they are separated by an intervening amino acid. The SDF1 proteins belong to the latter group.

In Tubulifera, the Phlaeothripidae and its subfamily Idolothripinae are monophyletic. The two largest thrips subfamilies, Phlaeothripinae and Thripinae, are paraphyletic and need further work to determine their structure. The internal relationships from these analyses are shown in the cladogram.

The abdomen is flattened and has parallel sides. A suture along each side or the abdomen may be made up of fused plates.Brunke, A., et al. 2011. Osoriinae. Staphylinidae of Eastern Canada and Adjacent United States: Key to Subfamilies.

In 2003, the family Cavoliniidae was raised to the rank of superfamily Cavolinioidea. At the same time, the subfamilies were given the new status of families: Cavoliniidae, Cliidae, Creseidae and Cuvierinidae (Cainozoic Research, 2(1-2): 163-170, 2003).

Diverse herpesviruses have been found in bats in North and South America, Asia, Africa, and Europe, including representatives of the three subfamilies, alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses. Bat-hosted herpesviruses include the species Pteropodid alphaherpesvirus 1 and Vespertilionid gammaherpesvirus 1.

Peck et al. (1964) proposed the subfamilies Gonatocerinae and Mymarinae based on the number of segments (tarsomeres) in the tarsi. Both systems included further tribal categories. A fossil subfamily was also proposed for a genus recovered from Canadian amber.

Phylogenetic analysis has determined that the Eulepidotinae are closely related to the Hypocalinae, and a clade of these two subfamilies is closely related to the Calpinae. The classification of genera into tribes within the Eulepidotinae has not been resolved.

Poxviridae is a family of viruses. Humans, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.

Costa unified the three families within the suborder Aplocheiloidei into a single family Aplocheilidae, with the subfamilies Aplocheilinae, Nothobranchiinae and the Cynolebiinae. However, the 5th edition of Fishes of the World retains the three families Aplocheilidae, Nothobranchiidae and Rivulidae.

Proteoideae is one of five subfamilies of the flowering plant family Proteaceae. The greatest diversity of Proteoideae is in Africa, but there are also many species in Australia; a few species occur in South America, New Caledonia, and elsewhere.

Apart from the namesake genus Tilia and Craigia, according to the AP-Website the Tilioideae seem to contain also the genus Mortoniodendron. Most other genera of the "Tiliaceae" fall into two other subfamilies of Malvaceae, the Brownlowioideae and Grewioideae.

Xenophoridae, commonly called carrier shells, is a family of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Xenophoridae has no subfamilies.

The Western Nilotic languages are Nilotic languages, which themselves are part of the Kir–Abbaian and Eastern Sudan subfamilies of the much larger Nilo- Saharan language family. The much larger Nilo-Saharan languages, which Western Nilotic is part of.

In plants, all PRRs characterized to date belong to the non-RD class. These data indicate that kinases associated with PRRs can largely be predicted by the lack of a single conserved residue and reveal new potential plant PRR subfamilies.

Terebrellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithoidea. However, Terebrellidae is not a valid name. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Terebrellidae has no subfamilies.

R.C. Moore (ed) Geol. Soc. of America and Univ. Kansas Press, 1960 as part of the Archaeogastropoda where it is divided into two subfamilies, the Onychochilina for those with high basal spires, and the Scaevogyranae for those with low basal spires.

Dolichoderus thoracicus is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Smith in 1860, the species is widespread in Asia.Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.

This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes. Glycoside hydrolase family GH101 includes enzymes with endo-α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity and can be split into several subfamilies.

When it was described in 1983, along with a number of other reptile species, Tzaganosuchus was put in the subfamily Crocodylinae, which contains the genus Crocodylus and virtually all extant crocodile species and is the largest the three Crocodylidae subfamilies.

Pseudarietitinae is one of two subfamilies of the family Gattendorfiidae, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Nehdenitinae is one of two subfamilies of the Cheiloceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Gattendorfiinae is one of two subfamilies of the Gattendorfiidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Cheiloceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Cheiloceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Prolobitinae is one of two subfamilies of the Prolobitidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopodes, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Raymondoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Prolobitidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopodes, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Dimeroceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the Dimeroceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Posttornoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Posttornoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Prionoceratinae are one of six subfamilies of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Voehringeritinae is one of six subfamilies of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Sporadoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Sporadoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. It is an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Xenoporadoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Sporadoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Pseudohaloritinae is one of three subfamilies of the Pseudohaloritidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Discoclymeniinae is one of two subfamilies of the Posttornoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Tornoceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the Tornoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Shouchangoceratinae is one of three ammonoid subfamilies of the family Pseudohaloritidae, which in turn is one of two families in the Goniatitid superfamily Pseudohaloritoidea. The Shouchangoceratinid ammonoids were found in marine environments throughout the world during the Permian, particularly in China.

Imitoceratinae is one of six subfamilies of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Acutimitoceratinae is one of six subfamilies of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Balviinae is one of six subfamilies of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

The relationships among the basal salticids are not yet fully resolved; summary cladograms published in both 2014 and 2015 show unresolved branching for five basal subfamilies. However, Hisponinae is resolved as sister to Salticinae, which is the most derived subfamily.

This is a list of the described species of the harvestman family Assamiidae. The data is taken from Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog. Many of Roewer's subfamilies are unsupported, as the relationships in this family await further research.Pinto-da-Rocha et al.

Some authors have suggested a distinct separation of the Naticidae into four subfamilies: Ampullospirinae, Naticinae, Polinicinae and Sininae.Kabat A.R. 1991. The classification of the Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda): Review and analysis of the supraspecific taxa. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 152, 417-449.

Liometopum microcephalum is a species of ant in the genus Liometopum. Described by Panzer in 1798, the species is endemic to Europe.Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.

The genera of extant swallowtails are usually classified into three subfamilies, Baroniinae, Parnassiinae, and Papilioninae, the latter two being further divided into tribes. In swallowtails, besides morphological characteristics, the choice of food plants and ecological lifestyle reflect phylogeny and classification.

Podoviridae is a family of viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently 132 species in this family, divided among 3 subfamilies and 45 genera. This family is characterized by having very short, noncontractile tails.

This is a list of the moths of family Tortricidae which are found in Chile. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Chile. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.

This is a list of the moths of family Cossidae which are found in Chile. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Chile. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.

This is a list of the moths of family Saturniidae which are found in Chile. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Chile. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.

This is a list of the moths of family Gracillariidae which are found in Chile. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Chile. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.

Ecua is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1996. It contains only one known species, Ecua moluccensis, endemic to Maluku Province in eastern Indonesia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesMiddleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae).

This group of cysteine peptidases belong to MEROPS peptidase family C60 (clan C-) and include the members of several subfamilies of sortases. Another sub-family of sortases (C60B in MEROPS) contains bacterial sortase B proteins that are approximately 200 residues long.

There are seven subfamilies of Kir channels, denoted as Kir1 - Kir7. Each subfamily has multiple members (i.e. Kir2.1, Kir2.2, Kir2.3, etc.) that have nearly identical amino acid sequences across known mammalian species. Kir channels are formed from as homotetrameric membrane proteins.

Thiaridae, common name thiarids or trumpet snails, is a family of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the family Thiaridae has no subfamilies.

Most of the 55 genera and 417 species of Eucharitidae are members of the subfamilies Oraseminae and Eucharitinae,Heraty, John. Eucharitidae. Hymenopteran Systematics, University of California, Riverside (2002): Web. 16 Sep. 2011. and are found in tropical regions of the world.

Miniaturization occurs in many of the trichomycterid subfamilies, including Trichomycterinae, Glanapteryginae, Vandelliinae (in Paravandellia), Tridentinae, and Sarcoglanidinae. Miniaturization has probably occurred four times in trichomycterid evolution, as the Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae are closely related and may have a single miniaturized ancestor.

The Leptotyphlopidae (commonly called slender blind snakes or thread snakes) are a family of snakes found in North America, South America, Africa and Asia. All are fossorial and adapted to burrowing, feeding on ants and termites. Two subfamilies are recognized.

Pseudochrominae is a subfamily of ray-finned fishes, one of four subfamilies that make up the family Pseudochromidae, the species within the subfamily are commonly called dottybacks. They are small reef-associated marine fish which have an Indo-Pacific distribution.

The domain contains about 70 amino acids. The important signature sequence of this domain is (I/L/V)IGXXGXX(I/L/V). All KH domains contain three-stranded β-sheet and three α-helices. There are two subfamilies of this domain.

Type IV nuclear receptors bind either as monomers or dimers, but only a single DNA binding domain of the receptor binds to a single half site HRE. Examples of type IV receptors are found in most of the NR subfamilies.

The subfamilies were created to distinguish the difference between the five typical genera of the Stylidiaceae from the single genus Donatia, which Mildbraed placed in Donatioideae.Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. In Engler, A. Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus, IV. 278. Leipzig, 1908.

Urolabida grayi In the past the family was divided into two subfamilies, but one group, the Saileriolinae, has since been suggested as a distinct family, Saileriolidae, by at least two studies. The position of Saileriolidae within the Pentatomoidea is still unclear.

Knobbed hornbill, Aceros cassidix, early 19th century, Indonesia Southern ground hornbill (bluish throat indicates female) about to swallow a grasshopper The family Bucerotidae was introduced (as Buceronia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. There are two subfamilies: the Bucorvinae contain the two ground hornbills in a single genus, and the Bucerotinae contain all other taxa. Traditionally they are included in the order Coraciiformes (which includes also kingfishers, rollers, hoopoes and bee-eaters). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, however, hornbills are separated from the Coraciiformes into an order of their own, Bucerotiformes, with the subfamilies elevated to family level.

The coucals are distributed from Africa through tropical Asia down into Australia and the Solomon Islands. The remaining three subfamilies have a New World distribution, all three are found in both North and South America. The Coccyzinae reaches the furthest north of the three subfamilies, breeding in Canada, whereas the anis reach as far north as Florida and the typical ground- cuckoos the south west United States. For the cuckoos suitable habitat provides a source of food (principally insects and especially caterpillars) and a place to breed, for brood parasites the need is for suitable habitat for the host species.

The classification of the family Cactaceae remains uncertain . Since the mid-1990s, the system produced by the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG) of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study has been used as the basis of many published classifications. Detailed treatments produced in the 21st century have divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged into a number of tribes and subfamilies. The ICSG classification of the family recognizes four subfamilies: Pereskoideae (consisting only of the genus Pereskia), Opuntioideae, Maihuenioideae (consisting only of the genus Maihuenia) and Cactoideae.

There is little doubt that the Cophylinae originated on Madagascar, as they are restricted to the island. Their affinities with other subfamilies of the diverse Microhylidae have been a matter of some debate, and only recently has a tentative consensus emerged that they are most closely related to the Scaphiophryninae, another Madagascar-endemic subfamily. Thus, two subfamily units of Microhylidae are endemic to and probably originated on the island of Madagascar. What is also clear is that the third Madagascar-endemic subfamily, Dyscophinae, is not closely related to these two subfamilies, so microhylids colonised Madagascar at least twice.

Decora longicorn (Amphirhoe decora) As with many large families, different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies, or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely (e.g., Disteniidae, Oxypeltidae, and Vesperidae); there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of the Cerambycidae. There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole, at least as adults, as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature; the family and its closest relatives, therefore, constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood.Arnett, et al. (2002).

The Saginae, commonly known as the predatory katydids or predatory bush- crickets, is a subfamily of the family Tettigoniidae (the bush-crickets or katydids). They are mostly found in Europe, west and central Asia and southern Africa.Orthoptera species file (retrieved 3 January 2018) The Saginae are specialist carnivores, which is unusual among the Orthoptera. Their specialist carnivory and appropriately adapted digestive tracts even were regarded as unique in the order Orthoptera, but at least some members of two other subfamilies, the Austrosaginae and Listroscelidinae are partly or completely predatory as well, and until recently those subfamilies were included in the Saginae.

The Scalopinae, or New World moles, are one of three subfamilies of the family Talpidae, which consists of moles and mole-like animals; the other two subfamilies being the Old World talpids (the Talpinae) and the Chinese shrew- like moles (Uropsilinae). The Scalopinae are the only Talpidae subfamily to consist entirely of undisputed moles and no mole-like close relatives such as shrew-moles or desmans. They are found virtually everywhere soil conditions permit in North America, except northern Canada and those areas of northeastern Mexico where the soil is too sandy. There is also one species in China.

Praenuculidae first emerged in the early Ordovician and diversified from around 6 genera in the early Orodvician to a maximum of thirteen genera by the Late Ordovician. As a result of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction event the family was reduced to three genera during the Silurian and by the end of the Devonian the family was entirely extinct. The family is composed of up to seventeen genera, most divided between the two described subfamilies erected by Teresa M. Sánchez in 1999. The structure of the chevroned hinge teeth is the dominant feature by which members of Praenuculidae are divided between the two subfamilies.

The broad circumscription of Papaveraceae in the APG III system includes three taxa that have previously been separated into different families: the Papaveraceae sensu stricto, the Fumariaceae and the Pteridophyllaceae. Thus the Cronquist system of 1981 recognised the Fumariaceae as a separate family, despite their close phylogenetic relationship to the Papaveraceae sensu stricto. The three former families may be treated as subfamilies. One morphological and molecular study concluded that the former family Pteridophyllaceae has a basal position with a subsequent division into two terminal clades each containing one of the subfamilies Fumarioideae and Papaveroideae, which are clearly monophyletic.

Cingulininae was first introduced by Saurin in 1959, and according to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) it comprises seven genera; Cingulina, Cinctigua, Coemansia, Paracingulina, Polyspirella, Pseudocingulina and Puncticingulina. As Cingulininae it has been one of eleven recognized subfamilies of the gastropod family Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997), the pyrams and their allies. The other 10 subfamilies are Odostomiinae, Turbonillinae, Chrysallidinae, Cyclostremellinae, Sayellinae, Syrnolinae, Eulimellinae, Pyramidellinae, Odostomellinae and Tiberiinae. In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily Cingulininae has been downgraded to the rank of tribe Cingulinini and belonging to the subfamily Turbonillinae.

The four subfamilies of Vespertilionidae separate the presumably related taxa, tribes, and genera of extant and extinct taxa. The subfamilial treatments, based on morphological, geographical, and ecological comparisons have been recombined since the inclusion of the phylogenetic implications of molecular genetics; only the Murininae and Kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis. Subfamilies that were once recognized as valid, such as the Nyctophilinae, are considered dubious, as molecular evidence suggests they are paraphyletic in their arrangements. Within the concept Yangochiroptera, an acknowledged cladistic treatment, the closest relatives to the family are the free-tailed bats of family Molossidae.

Fossil cockroach from Carboniferous of France Cladistic analysis of five DNA sequences in 107 species representing all the termite subfamilies, all six cockroach families, including 22 of the 29 subfamilies, and 5 of the 15 mantis families (as out-groups) showed that the termites are nested within the cockroaches, and that the Cryptocercidae is a sister group to the termites. The mantids were shown to be the sister group to Blattodea. Cryptocercus also shares characteristics such as species of gut bacteria with the termites. The cockroach families Lamproblattidae and Tryonicidae are not shown but are placed within the superfamily Blattoidea.

The Lygaeidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), with more than 110 genera in 4 subfamilies. The family includes the insects commonly known as milkweed bugs, and also some of those known as seed bugs. The family used to be vastly larger, as numerous former subfamilies have been removed and given independent family status, including Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cryptorhamphidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Ninidae, Oxycarenidae, Pachygronthidae, and Rhyparochromidae, which together constituted well over half of the former family. Many of the species feed on seeds, although some feed on sap (mucivory), and a few, such as the wekiu bug, feed on insects.

Chamaeleoninae is the nominotypical subfamily of chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae). The Family Chamaeleonidae was divided into two subfamilies, Brookesiinae and Chamaeleoninae, by Klaver and Böhme in 1986. Since its erection in 1986, however, the validity of this subfamily designation has been the subject of much debate, although most phylogenetic studies support the notion that the pygmy chameleons of the subfamily Brookesiinae are not a monophyletic group. While some authorities have previously preferred to use the subfamilial classification on the basis of the absence of evidence principal, these authorities later abandoned this subfamilial division, no longer recognizing any subfamilies with the family Chamaeleonidae.

The family name is based on the genus Iris, the largest and best known genus in Europe. This genus dates from 1753, when it was coined by Swedish botanist, Carl Linnaeus. Its name derives from the Greek goddess, Iris, who carried messages from Olympus to earth along a rainbow, whose colours were seen by Linnaeus in the multi-hued petals of many of the species. The family is currently divided into four subfamilies but the results from DNA analysis suggest that several more should be recognised: Subfamily Crocoideae is one of the major subfamilies in the family Iridaceae.

The family Mantellidae is composed of three extremely ecologically diverse groups of frogs, divided into three subfamilies: the Mantellinae Laurent, 1946 are typically terrestrial or semi-aquatic frogs; the Laliostominae Vences & Glaw, 2001 are terrestrial, typically fairly large-sized frogs; and the Boophinae Vences & Glaw, 2001 are arboreal tree frogs. Apart from the genera assigned to the three subfamilies, the placement of Tsingymantis Glaw, Hoegg & Vences, 2006 is still uncertain. As of the 3rd of May 2016, 212 species are recognized in this family. DNA barcoding research has shown however that more than 100 distinct genetic lineages remain taxonomically undescribed.

The Phospholipase C family consists of 13 isozymes split between six subfamilies, PLC-δ (1,3 & 4), -β(1-4), -γ(1,2), -ε, -ζ, and the recently discovered -η(1,2) isoform. Depending on the specific subfamily in question, activation can be highly variable. Activation by either Gαq or Gβγ G-protein subunits (making it part of a G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway) or by transmembrane receptors with intrinsic or associated tyrosine kinase activity has been reported. In addition, members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases (namely the Ras and Rho subfamilies) have also been implicated.

Activated G proteins are able to couple to multiple downstream effectors and can therefore control a number of distinct signalling pathways (a characteristic known as pleiotropy). The extent to which RhoG regulates these pathways is poorly understood thus far, however, one specific pathway downstream of RhoG has received much attention and is therefore well characterised. This pathway involves RhoG-dependent activation of Rac via the DOCK ( _d_ edicator _o_ f _c_ yto _k_ inesis)-family of GEFs. This family is divided into four subfamilies (A-D) and it is subfamilies A and B that are involved in the pathway described here.

The Panero and Funk classification of 2002 (a molecular phylogenetic classification based upon chloroplast genes) places just three tribes in the subfamily: the Cynareae, plus the Dicomeae (created by Panero and Funk's paper, consisting of Dicoma, Erythrocephalum, Gladiopappus, Macledium, Cloiselia, Pasaccardoa, and Pleiotaxis), and the Tarchonantheae (Tarchonanthus plus Brachylaena). The genus Oldenburgia may be within this subfamily but the data on this is inconclusive. The Takhtajan system divides the Asteraceae into only two subfamilies, the Asteroideae in addition to the Carduoideae, while Thorne adds the basal, monophyletic subfamily, the Barnadesioideae. The recent phylogeny of Panero and Funk divides the Asteraceae into 11 subfamilies.

The Drilliidae are a taxonomic family of small predatory sea snails with high- spired shells. They are classified as marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. This family has no subfamilies. It consists of about 30 genera and approximately 500 Recent species.

This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This has been changed in 2013 into two subfamilies.Warén A. (2013) Murchisonellidae: who are they, where are they and what are they doing? (Gastropoda, lowermost Heterobranchia).

Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 21: 1-181 (page 77, Combination in Dolichoderus)Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 112:i-xix, 1-241.

FMOs are one subfamily of class B external flavoprotein monooxygenases (EC 1.14.13), which belong to the family of monooxygenase oxidoreductases, along with the other subfamilies Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases and microbial N-hydroxylating monooxygenases. FMO's are found in fungi, yeast, plants, mammals, and bacteria.

Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Revised, Volume 3B, Chapter 4: Psiloceratoidea, Eoderoceratoidea, Hildoceratoidea. The Hildoceratidae are derived from the Polymorphitidae, a family in the Eoderoceratoidea, and gave rise to the Hammatoceratidae and Graphoceratidae. Approximate timeline of Hildoceratidae subfamilies with their evolutionary relationships.

The most recent classification recognizes 17 tribes and two subfamilies, Myrtoideae and Psiloxyloideae, based on a phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA. Many new species are being described annually from throughout the range of Myrtaceae. Likewise, new genera are being described nearly yearly.

The Corallinaceae are one of the two extant Coralline families of red algae; they are differentiated from the morphologically similar Sporolithaceae by their formation of grouped sporangial chambers, clustered into sori. The Corallinoideae is monophyletic; the other subfamilies form another monophyletic group.

It is divided into two subfamilies: Psittrichasinae and Coracopsinae, that contain a single genus each. The first contains a single species, native to New Guinea, and the second contains two living species distributed throughout Madagascar and other islands of the Indian Ocean.

Recent cladistic studies have shown that this genus forms a natural group with Cryptogramma and Coniogramme, a group that is sister to all the other pteridoid ferns. This group has been published as the Cryptogrammoideae, one of five subfamilies of the Pteridaceae.

Lauriidae is a family of land snails. It is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Lauriidae has no subfamilies.

Such grouping represents "the human clade" and its members are called "hominins". A "chimpanzee clade" was posited by Wood and Richmond, who referred it to a tribe Panini, which was envisioned from the family Hominidae being composed of a trifurcation of subfamilies.

Judziewicz, E. J. 2000. Arberella. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 39: 12–13. Arberella venezuelaeis a caespitose perennial up to 60 cm tall, unbranched above the base.

A number of types are known to feed on oribatid mites, using "hole scraping" and "cutting" techniques to get through the mite's hard shells. In addition to the two living subfamilies, the prehistoric subfamily Hapsomelinae, known only from fossils, has been placed here.

The family of Rhacophoridae (Afroasian Tree Frogs) has two subfamilies, 14 genera, and a total of 321 species. They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and South Asia. They are mainly tree frogs. They have intercalary cartilage between their last two phalanges.

The Claroteidae are a family of catfish (order Siluriformes) found in Africa. This family was separated from Bagridae. However, the monophyly of the family is sometimes contested. The 12 genera contain 86 known species of claroteids in two subfamilies, Claroteinae and Auchenoglanidinae.

It has 5949 members. This family has two subfamilies. The Karin family () was formed remarkably recently in a catastrophic collision (destroying the parent body), with an estimated age of 5.72 million years. The Koronis(2) family () with 246 members is the other.

Pages 61–87 in Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. VIII, Flowering Plants, Eudicots, Asterales (J. W. Kadereit and C. Jeffrey, eds.). Springer- Verlag, Berlin The family includes over 32,000 currently accepted species, in over 1,900 genera (list) in 13 subfamilies.

The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of DNA sequences by phylogenetic methods. The circumscriptions of some of the families have changed. In 2009, one of the subfamilies of Araliaceae was shown to be polyphyletic.

The belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) is a large, conspicuous water kingfisher. It is depicted on the 1986 series Canadian $5 note. All kingfishers were formerly placed in one family, Alcedinidae, but recent research suggests that this should be divided into three subfamilies.

The family is usually divided into two subfamilies and 19 genera. Several species are known to give viable hybrids, which makes the systematics even more complicated. (2005): On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys). Salamandra 41: 21-26.

Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 11: 1-300.Gavin Broad (1966) Identification key to the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae Pimplinae are parasitoids of Endopterygota, often the pupae of Lepidoptera. Various species parasitize the egg sacs and adults of spiders. There are 95 genera.

Nine subfamilies are recognized, the first eight of which are included in the earlier Treatise, Part L. They are the: :Oppeliinae :Hecticoceratinae :Distchoceratinae :Teramelliceratinae :Phlycticeratinae :Streblitinae :Mazapilitinae :Aconeceratinae :Binneyitinae The Binneyitinae was added by Donovan et al, 1981, transferred from the Stephanoceratoidea.

Sculptaria is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plectopyloidea. Sculptaria is the only genus in the family Sculptariidae. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The spotted nightjar was first described by Ernst Hartert in 1892. The order Caprimulgiformes includes four families; oilbirds, frogmouths, potoos, and the nightjars. The nightjars are split into two subfamilies, Chordelinae (American nighthawks) and Caprimulginae (typical nightjars).Christidis, L., & Boles, W. E. (2008).

The type genus is Splachnum Hedw. Three subfamilies have been named within the Splachnaceae. Splachnoideae (Aplodon, Splachnum,Tetraplodon) can be distinguished by their highly differentiated and often inflated hypophysis. All species are coprophilous and entomophilous excluding T. paradoxus, which is only coprophilous.

The product of this gene belongs to the B family. The B family has been further divided into subfamilies. The product of this gene belongs to the alpha subfamily of regulatory subunit B. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

The phylogenetic relationships of the Miroidea are not well established, with various authors treating the families, and subfamilies, and tribes differently. The phylogeny here follows that of Drake and Ruhoff 1965.Drake, C.J. & Ruhoff, F.A., 1965. Lace-bugs of the world: a catalogue.

An Australian species in flight The Gasteruptiidae are one of the more distinctive families among the apocritan wasps, with surprisingly little variation in appearance for a group that contains around 500 species in two subfamilies (Gasteruptiinae and Hyptiogastrinae) and with 6 genera worldwide.

Uvanilla is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography.

The family Sisoridae is recognized as a natural, monophyletic group based on morphological and molecular evidence. It is divided into two subfamilies, Sisorinae and Glyptosterninae (glyptosternoids). The Sisorinae contain the five genera Bagarius, Gagata, Gogangra, Nangra, and Sisor. The Glyptosterninae contain three tribes.

KS5 family members are all present in eukaryotic cells, mostly animals. Most of these enzymes can be classified as fatty acid elongases. These enzymes are known to be used in the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids. KS5 has 11 subfamilies.

Harpagophoridae is a family of round-backed millipedes of the order Spirostreptida. The family includes 269 species belonging to 55 genera, distributed in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the East Indies, as well as a few Indian Oceanic islands. Two subfamilies are recognized.

Given the early appearance of the Agroecomyrmecinae in the geologic record, the similarities of armadillo ants to Myrmicinae were hypothesized to represent convergence and/or retention of plesiomorphic forms. Recently, Keller (2011) challenged the phylogenetic relationships of the poneromorph subfamilies (including Tatuidris).

In 1906 Böhmig classified the Maricola in two families and five subfamilies: Procerodidae (Euprocerodinae, Cercyrinae, Micropharynginae) and Bdellouridae (Uteriporinae, Eubdellourinae). In 1909 Wilhelmi wrote a monograph on the group in which five families were described: Procerodidae, Uteriporidae, Cercyridae, Bdellouridae, Micropharyngidae.Wilhelmi J. 1909. Triclade.

Agathia affluens is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Bali.Holloway, 1996, The Moths of Borneo, Part 9; Family Geometridae, Subfamilies Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinae and Geometrinae, Page 230 It was first described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1937.

They have short, strongly clubbed, to very elongate antennae, and frequently grooves or carinae on the head and/or pronotum. Many genera have the lateral margins of the pronotum dentate or denticulate. The family is divided unequally into two subfamilies: Brontinae and Silvaninae.

Betaflexiviridae is a family of viruses in the order Tymovirales. Plants and fungi serve as natural hosts. There are currently 108 species in this family, divided among 13 genera in two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

22 Page 50 岭南竹属 si lao zhu shu Schizostachyum Nees in Martius et al. A few have become naturalized in other tropical regions.Soreng, R. J. 2000. Schizostachyum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae.

Isospiridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, Paleozoic gastropod mollusks. This family is unassigned to superfamily. This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). It is classified as "Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda" by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

Dolichoderus quadripunctatus is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Carl Linnaeus in 1771, the species is present all over Europe and Asia.Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.

The phricodoceratids and coeoloceratids were then considered as subfamilies (Phricodoceratinae and Coeloceratinae, respectively) of the Eoderoceratidae. As later (1981) the Liparoceratidae and Polyhmorphitidae were derived from the Eoderoceratidae but the Dactylioceratidae were derived separately (1957) from the Lytoceratidae - a source since then largely rejected.

Gray hairstreak, Strymon melinus, larva Gossamer-wings are the smallest butterflies. Their wingspans range from 0.5-2.0 inches (1.2-5.1 cm). There are about 7,000 species worldwide with about 139 species in North America. Gossamer-wings include the subfamilies hairstreaks, harvesters, coppers, and blues.

Also, the placement of the laughing falcon (Herpetotheres) and the spot-winged falconet (Spiziapteryx) varies. One common approach uses two subfamilies Polyborinae and Falconinae. The first contains the caracaras, forest falcons, and laughing falcon. All species in this group are native to the Americas.

In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 188ff The Epedanidae are endemic to Asia. The subfamily Dibuninae forms the predominant harvestman fauna of the Philippines. The other three subfamilies are more predominant in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, and some are found in Burma and Nepal.

The Assamidae are possibly the sister group to the Gonyleptoidea. The spiny funnel on the penis is very similar to those of Stygnopsidae from Mexico. Mello-Leitão erected the Trionyxellidae for four subfamilies of Assamiidae in 1949, but this was ignored by later authors.

Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Anadenidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between Cheilanthoideae and the other Pteridaceae subfamilies. Although subfamily Cheilanthoideae itself is thought to be monophyletic, many of the genera into which it has been divided (including Cheilanthes, Doryopteris, Notholaena, and Pellaea) have been shown to be polyphyletic.

The Cyprininae are one of at least 11 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains three genera in its strictest definition but many more are included depending on which authority is defining it, especially if the Labeobarbinae is not considered to be a valid grouping.

The Dryopteridaceae Herter, under the classification system of Christenhusz and Chase (2014), were submerged as subfamily Dryopteridoideae Link, one of eight subfamilies constituting family Polypodiaceae. This family corresponds to the clade eupolypods I. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) retained the family.

The Blue blanquillo is the only species within the genus Malacanthus, which itself is in the family Malacanthidae, commonly known as tilefish. The Malacanthidae are part of the Percoidea, a suborder of the order Perciformes. Both subfamilies have relatively long dorsal fins and anal fins.

The original subfamilies within Hyacinthaceae became tribes of subfamily Scilloideae. Thus subfamily Ornithogaloideae became tribe Ornithogaleae. The precise taxonomy of the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae has been problematic since at least the time of Linnaeus. The Ornithogaloideae were one of four major clades within the Hyacinthaceae.

Agapanthoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It is one of three subfamilies of Amaryllidaceae. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Agapanthaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Agapanthus.

Micrechites is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1857. It is native to China, the eastern Himalayas, Southeast Asia, Papuasia, and Queensland.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesMiddleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae).

The common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus), also known as the long-nosed kusimanse or simply cusimanse, is a small, diurnal kusimanse or dwarf mongoose. Of three subfamilies of Herpestidae (Herpestinae, Mungotinae and Galidiinae), the kusimanse is a member of Mungotinae, which are small and very social.

II, page 1474. CRC Press. In 1930, botanist Adolf Engler published descriptions of Lepuropetalon and Parnassia with detailed illustrations. He did not consider them to be closely related and placed each in its own subfamily among the 15 subfamilies that he recognized in Saxifragaceae.

These insects have thick, dorsally arched bodies. The head is oval in shape with long, tapering antennae. The hind femur is thick and usually spiny in males, and sometimes slightly spiny in females.Kirby, W. R. Key to Subfamilies of North American Rhaphidophoridae: Subfamily Rhaphidophorinae.

Silphidae is a family of beetles that are known commonly as large carrion beetles, carrion beetles or burying beetles. There are two subfamilies: Silphinae and Nicrophorinae. Nicrophorines are sometimes known as sexton beetles. The number of species is relatively small and around two hundred.

This is a list of moths of the family Noctuidae (sensu Kitching & Rawlins, 1999) that are found in Israel. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Israel. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.

Schulte et al. (2003) reanalyzed the morphological data of Frost and Etheridge in combination with molecular data for all major groups of Iguanidae and recovered a monophyletic Iguanidae, but the subfamilies Polychrotinae and Tropidurinae were not monophyletic. Townsend et al. (2011), Wiens et al.

The following phylogram, showing the relationships between the subfamilies listed above, is based on Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008).Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008) "Fern phylogeny" in Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes, ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008Schuettpelz et al.

The Xestomyzinae are mainly Afrotropical. The Agapophytinae are endemic to the Australasian realm. In Europe, only the subfamilies are represented:- Phycinae, with two genera, and Therevinae, with 15 genera. A total of 98 species are reported, two-thirds of which belong to the genus Thereva.

This family contains five genera divided into two subfamilies, Cetopsinae and Helogeneinae. Helogeneinae was previously a family-level group, but now it has been reclassified as a subfamily of Cetopsidae. This subfamily contains four species in the genus Helogenes. The subfamily Cetopsinae contains four genera.

Zeuxinella is a genus of terrestrial orchids spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Only one species is known, Zeuxinella vietnamica, endemic to Vietnam.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesAveryanov, L. (2008). The orchids of Vietnam illustrated survey part 1 Subfamilies Apostasioideae, Cyprioedioideae and Spiranthoideae.

Members of the subfamilies Boophinae and Laliostominae have amplexus, but mantelline frogs do not. Parental care is known from a few species (e.g. Mantidactylus argenteus). Sexual size dimorphism is present in most species, with females being larger than males, but there are exceptions (e.g.

Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae s.l., many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications, e.g. subfamilies and tribes. Classifications published since the use of molecular methods in phylogenetics have taken a narrower view of the Liliaceae (Liliaceae s.s.).

The subfamily was previously classified in the family Noctuidae. Several genera that were previously classified in the subfamily have been moved to the Rivulinae and Boletobiinae subfamilies of Erebidae, leaving the Hypeninae as a group of genera closely related to the type genus Hypena.

Uvanilla babelis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography.

There are known to be about seven subfamilies in the plant CesA superfamily, or ten in the combined plant-algal superfamily. Urochordates are the only group of animals possessing this enzyme, having acquired them by horizontal gene transfer more than 530 million years ago.

Dryomyzidae were previously part of Sciomyzidae but are now considered a separate family with two subfamilies. Male D. anilis engage in territorial behavior, guarding carcasses to attract potential mates. Males also guard females, and conflicts over females are frequent. Females typically mate with multiple males.

Proserpinellidae is a taxonomic family of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.

The family Pellorneidae was first introduced by the French-American ornithologist Jean Théodore Delacour in 1946. Pellorneidae used to be one of four subfamilies of Timaliidae (tree- and scimitar-babblers), but was then elevated to its own family rank in 2011 based on molecular markers.

The family Cricetidae is the order's second largest, containing several subfamilies and hundreds of species.Musser and Carleton, 2005 The subfamily Arvicolinae, the voles and lemmings, has the zygomatic plate tilted upwards very strongly. In the subfamily Tylomyinae, Nyctomys has a narrow zygomatic plate.Ellerman, 1941, p.

"To Grandmother's House We Go And Stay: Perspectives on Custodial Grandparents.", In 2003, the number of U.S. "family groups" where one or more subfamilies live in a household (e.g. a householder's daughter has a child. The mother-child is a subfamily) was 79 million.

This is a list of the moths of family Noctuidae (sensu Kitching & Rawlins, 1999) which are found in Chile. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Chile. Subfamilies are listed alphabetically.

Its closest relatives are Crossopetalum and Siphonodon.Simmons, Mark, Christine D. Bacon, J. J. Cappa, and M. J. McKenna. (20102) Phylogeny of Celastraceae Subfamilies Cassinoideae and Tripterygioideae Inferred from Morphological Characters and Nuclear and Plastid Loci.” Systematic Botany 37(2): 456–67. doi:10.1600/036364412X635502.

"Orchidaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below) According to cladistic analyses based on morphological character states or on nucleotide sequences, the orchid family is a monophyletic group. The subfamilies recognized by Dressler, however, were not all monophyletic.

Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. printed by Allen Press: USA. This result had only weak maximum parsimony jackknife support, but in a phylogenomic study in 2015, it received strong maximum likelihood bootstrap support. Since 2006, phylogenies of two of the subfamilies, VanilloideaeKenneth M. Cameron. 2011.

There has been some dispute about the relationships between Aetiocetus and its relationship to stem Mysticetes. Barnes et al. (1995) expanded Emlong's original definition to encompass eight species in four genera. They suggested a monophyletic Aetiocetidae with three subfamilies: Chonecetinae, which includes Chonecetus spp.

Christidis, L.; Irestedt, M.; Rowe, D.; Boles, W. E.; Norman, J. A.: Circumscription, diagnosis and description of two subfamilies and one genus of Australo-Papuan robins (Aves: Passeriformes: Petroicidae). Zootaxa 3560: 87–88 He was awarded with the W. Roy Wheeler Medallion in 2005.

Most species do not have population estimates, though three viverrids are classified as endangered, and one, the Malabar large-spotted civet, is classified as critically endangered with a population size of around 200. No viverrid species have been domesticated. The 33 species of Viverridae are split into 14 genera within 4 subfamilies: the 3 civet subfamilies Viverrinae, Hemigalinae, and Paradoxurinae, and the genet subfamily Genettinae. A fifth subfamily, Prionodontinae, was previously included in Viverridae, while the species in Genettinae were considered part of Viverrinae, but more recent genetic evidence resulted in the consensus to separate Prionodontinae into its own family and split out Genettinae into its own subfamily.

A collection of cultivated cacti In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa (genera, tribes and subfamilies) are not monophyletic, i.e.

The Suture may be ammonitic, ceratitic, or goniatitic. In the present classification of the Haloritidae, the family is divided into two subfamilies, the Haloritinae and the Juvavitinae. In the older classification of the Treatise (1957) the Haloriitidae was divided into three subfamilies, the Haloritinae, with spiral ornamentation weak or absent, the Sagenitinae with prominent spiral ornamentation and a more subdivided suture reassigned to the Pinacocerataceae as the Sagenitidae, and the Episculitinae with a simplified suture and uncoiling of the body chamber The present Haloritinae includes Halorites, the type, Amarassites, Gnomohalorites, Paraguembelites, and Parajuvavites. The Juvatinae includes Juvavites, type, Dimorphites, and Gonionotites, included in the original Haloritinae.

The taxonomic and phylogenetic affinities of the Spinosauridae are subject to active research and debate, given that in comparison to other theropod groups, many of the family's taxa are based on poor fossil material. Traditionally, the group is split into the subfamilies Spinosaurinae (unserrated, straight teeth with well marked flutes and more circular cross sections) and Baryonychinae (finely serrated, somewhat recurved teeth with weaker flutes and a more oval cross section). Since spinosaurines were, on average, larger animals than baryonychines, their teeth were also generally larger. The morphological variation seen in spinosaurid teeth, however, has shown that the aforementioned characteristics are not always consistent within the subfamilies.

The Colletidae are a family of bees, and are often referred to collectively as plasterer bees or polyester bees, due to the method of smoothing the walls of their nest cells with secretions applied with their mouthparts; these secretions dry into a cellophane-like lining. The five subfamilies, 54 genera, and over 2000 species are all evidently solitary, though many nest in aggregations. Two of the subfamilies, Euryglossinae and Hylaeinae, lack the external pollen-carrying apparatus (the scopa) that otherwise characterizes most bees, and instead carry the pollen in their crops. These groups, and most genera in this family, have liquid or semiliquid pollen masses on which the larvae develop.

They were relatively early representatives and are within the informal suborder of "Plagiaulacida". The family was named by G. Hahn in 1969, and it honors the Portuguese geologist Léon Paul Choffat. Two subfamilies are recognized. The most productive fossil site for Paulchoffatiids has been Guimarota, Portugal.

Lilliodeae genera are relatively homogeneous and distinct from the other two Liliaceae subfamilies (Calochortoideae and Streptopoideae). They are perennial herbaceous flowering plants that are mainly bulbous (Lilieae) with contractile roots, but may be rhizomatous (Medeoleae). Stems unbranched, leaves with parallel venation. Flowers are large and showy.

The Anserinae are a subfamily in the waterfowl family Anatidae. It includes the swans and true geese. Under alternative systematical concepts (see e.g., Terres & NAS, 1991), it is split into two subfamilies, the Anserinae contain the geese and the ducks, while the Cygninae contain the swans.

The Idoceratinae is based on Idoceras, a genus in the, according to the Treatise, polyphyletic Ataxioceratinae. Donavan et al separates the Aulocostephaninae, including the Pictoniinae, as the Aulocosphanidae. The subfamilies Virgostephaninae, Dorsoplanitinae, and Virgatitinae are thereby separated also as separate families all from the Upper Jurassic.

Petunia is a genus in the family Solanaceae, subfamily Petunioideae. Well known members of Solanaceae in other subfamilies include tobacco (subfamily Nicotianoideae), and the cape gooseberry, tomato, potato, deadly nightshade and chili pepper (subfamily Solanoideae).“Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Family Solanaceae”. Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Cochlicellidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Cochlicellidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Coeliadinae is a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). With about 150 described species, this is one of several smallish skipper butterfly subfamilies. It was first proposed by William Frederick Evans in 1937.Brower & Warren (2009) The subfamily is restricted to the Old World tropics.

Syodontinae is a group of dinocephalian therapsids. It is one of two subfamilies in the family Anteosauridae, the other being Anteosaurinae. They are known from the Middle Permian Period of what is now Russia and South Africa. One of the best known syodontines is Syodon from Russia.

Spelaeodiscidae is a family of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Spelaeodiscidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The family Argnidae is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Argnidae has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Necrosciinae is a subfamily of the stick insect family Lonchodidae, with its greatest diversity in South-East Asia. The subfamilies Necrosciinae and Lonchodinae, formerly part of Diapheromeridae, were determined to make up a separate family and were transferred to the re-established family Lonchodidae in 2018.

These frogs lack adhesive toe discs found in the tree frogs. The family is broken into subfamilies based mainly upon their egg-laying habits. Those of the subfamily Limnodynastinae lay foam nests. The female creates foam by agitating a chemical on her skin with her hands.

This family is divided into two subfamilies: Gokushovirinae and Bullavirinae (former genus Microvirus). These groups differ in their hosts, genome structure, and viron composition. The name Gokushovirinae is derived from the Japanese for very small. Gokushoviruses are currently known to infect only obligate intra-cellular parasites.

Nereididae are currently considered a monophyletic taxon. Their closest neighbours in polychaete phylogenetic tree are Chrysopetalidae and Hesionidae (the superfamily Nereidoidea). Nereididae are divided into 42 genera, but the relationships between them are as yet unclear. The family contains traditionally three subfamilies - Namanereidinae, Gymnonereinae and Nereidinae.

Vallariopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1936. It contains only one known species, Vallariopsis lancifolia, native to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Sumatra.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesMiddleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae).

Eucorymbia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1905. It contains only one known species, Eucorymbia alba, native to Borneo, Sumatra, and peninsular Malaysia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesMiddleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae).

These two subfamilies were named Acanthopholinae and Struthiosaurinae. In the same year, he corrected the subgroups of Thyreophora. He placed Acanthopholididae, Stegosauridae and Ceratopsidae together inside the group. Five years later, he corrected the name of the family to Acanthopholidae, which is now the correct spelling.

For more details, refer primarily to the Texas Instruments documentation mentioned in the References section. For CMOS (AC, HC, etc.) subfamilies, read "open drain" for "open collector" in the table below. There are a few numeric suffixes that have multiple conflicting assignments, such as the 74453.

Dioptinae is a subfamily of the moth family Notodontidae. The Dioptinae are an almost exclusively neotropical group of day-flying moths, many of which exhibit bright wing coloration and are involved in mimicry rings with butterflies (especially Ithomiini) and moths of the subfamilies Sterrhinae and Arctiinae.

Tapinoma simrothi is a species of ant in the genus Tapinoma. Described by Krausse in 1911, the species is endemic to many countries spanning in Africa, Asia and Europe.Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.

By current understanding the Pseudorthocerida contains the following families. :Pseudorthoceratidae :Cayutoceratidae :Pseudactinoceratidae :Spyroceratidae :Carbactinoceratidae :Trematoceratidae The Pseudorthoceratidae through Spyroceratidae are presented as subfamilies in Sweet (1964) and are included in the Pseudorthoceratidae sensu Sweet (1964). The Carbactinoceratidae are removed from the Actinocerida in Kroger and Mapes (2007).

Concepts differ about the contents of the family Gadidae. The system followed by FishBase includes a dozen genera. Alternatively, fishes in the current Lotidae (with burbot, cusk) and Phycidae (hakes) have also been included in the Gadidae, as its subfamilies Lotinae and Phycinae.Nelson, J. S. 2006.

Amblyoponinae is a subfamily of ants in the poneromorph subfamilies group containing 13 extant genera and one extinct genus. The ants in this subfamily are mostly specialized subterranean predators. Adult workers pierce the integument of their larvae to imbibe haemolymph, earning them the common name Dracula ant.

Furthermore, the α-KTx family is divided in subfamilies, classified by the alignment of cysteine. A nomenclature α-KTx m.n. in which m represents the subfamily and n represents the member of that subfamily has been proposed.Miller C. The charybdotoxin family of K+ channel-blocking peptides.

The last segment of the labium is elongate. A median ocellus is usually present. The wings are always present in adults and the venation consists of a small number of veins and very few cross veins. There are two subfamilies currently considered valid Meenoplinae and Kermesiinae.

CAR-regulated genes are involved in drug metabolism and bilirubin clearance. Examples for CAR- regulated genes are members of the CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A subfamilies, sulfotransferases, and glutathione-S-transferases. Ligands binding to CAR include bilirubin, a variety of foreign compounds, steroid hormones, and prescription drugs.

As of 2007, 31 genera and 78 species are in this family. Wertheimeria is considered to be the sister taxon to all other doradids. This family is monophyletic and contains the subfamilies Doradinae, Astrodoradinae and Wertheimerinae.Birindelli, J.L.O. (2014): Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes).

Ogilbyina is a genus of ray-finned fishes from the subfamily Pseudochrominae, which is one of four subfamilies in the dottyback family Pseudochromidae. They are found in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. The genus name honours the zoologist James Douglas Ogilby (1853-1925) of the Queensland Museum.

The family Chanidae is subdivided into two subfamilies, the Rubiesichthyinae, which comprises the extinct genera †Gordichthys, †Nanaichthys and †Rubiesichthys from the early Cretaceous, and the Chaninae which comprises the sole extant genus Chanos and the extinct genera †Dastilbe, †Parachanos and †Tharrhias, also from the early Cretacaeous.

Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera. Tessaratomids resemble large stink bugs (family Pentatomidae) and are sometimes quite colorful. Most tessaratomids are Old World, with only three species known from the Neotropics.

Corilla is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Corillidae. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). It has been synonymised with Atopa Albers, 1850 and Helix (Corilla) Adams & Adams, 1855.

Amphitretus is a genus of pelagic gelatinous octopuses. It is the sole genus of subfamily Amphitretinae, one of three subfamilies in the family Amphitretidae and consists of two species. Some authorities consider Amphitretus thielei as a subspecies of Amphitretus pelagicus, which would make the genus monotypic.

A review of the Pomacentrid fishes of the genus Stegastes from the Indo-Pacific, with descriptions of two new species. Indo- Pac. Fish. (3):31. Recent research has placed S.nigricans in the monophyly Pomacentrinae, which is closely related to the other subfamilies Amphiprioninae and Chominae.Tang, K.L. 2001.

The Cixiidae are a family of fulgoroid insects, one of many families commonly known as planthoppers, distributed worldwide and comprising more than 2,000 species from over 150 genera. The genera are placed into three subfamilies, Borystheninae, Bothriocerinae and Cixiinae with sixteen tribes currently accepted in Cixiinae.

Proserpinidae is a taxonomic family of small land snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicinoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.

The iron/lead transporter (ILT) family (TC# 2.A.108) is a family of transmembrane proteins within the lysine exporter (LysE) superfamily. The ILT family includes two subfamilies, the iron-transporting (OFeT) family (TC# 2.A.108.1) and the lead-transporting (PbrT) family (TC# 2.A.108.2).

It includes at least 57 species in five genera; many species are only recently described. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Akysinae and Parakysinae. The Parakysinae had previously been listed as an independent family. This family is sister to a clade formed by Sisoridae, Erethistidae, and Aspredinidae.

The Proctophyllodidae are a family of the Acarina (mite) order Astigmata. They contain many feather mites. The Alloptidae and Trouessartiidae were in earlier times included here as subfamilies. Proctophyllodidae females are extremely similar among species and sometimes even hard to assign to a genus, while males vary much more.

The ovipositor and male genitalia vary according to the genus. The Phaneropterinae differ from other subfamilies of Tettigoniidae (and other Orthoptera) in their oviposition; their eggs are rarely deposited in the earth, but are either glued in double rows to twigs, or are inserted in the edges of leaves.

Zoologica Scripta, 38: 503-525. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Batillariidae has no subfamilies. However, a recent molecular study has found that the Batillariidae as traditionally conceived are not monophyletic. The Neotropical genera Lampanella and Rhinocoryne are sister to the Planaxidae.

Alternatively, the Anatidae may be considered to consist of three subfamilies (ducks, geese, and swans, essentially) which contain the groups as presented here as tribes, with the swans separated as subfamily Cygninae, the goose subfamily Anserinae also containing the whistling ducks, and the Anatinae containing all other clades.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear DNA supports a close relationship between Eliurus, Voalavo, and two other nesomyine genera, Gymnuromys and Brachytarsomys. These genera are more distantly related to the other nesomyine genera and even more distantly to the other subfamilies of the family Nesomyidae, which occur in mainland Africa.

The Mustelidae (; from Latin mustela, weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks, and wolverines, among others. Mustelids () are a diverse group and form the largest family in the order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia. Mustelidae comprises about 56–60 species across eight subfamilies.

The family consists of four subfamilies and the unplaced Ganissa group. The subfamily Eupterotinae consists of about 11 genera, the Ganissa group about 10 genera, the subfamily Janinae about 16 genera, the subfamily Panacelinae consists of one genus and 3 species and the subfamily Striphnopteryginae of 15 genera.

The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family, estimated to contain over 1000 species, was extensively revised in 2013, including the creation or resurrection of 31 genera. It contains three subfamilies: Xanthorioideae, Caloplacoideae, and Teloschistoideae.

In the taxonomies put forth by Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf (ca 1960) in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea, the Adrianitidae is divided into three subfamilies, the more advanced Adrianitinae based on Adrianites, the more primitive Dunbaritinae containing Dunbarites and Emilites, and the Clinolobitinae with just Clinolobus.

Falcitornoceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the Tornoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. Shells produced are extremely involute and have no umbilicus. Young and intermediate whorls have ventrolateral grooves. The adventitious lobe, which develops ontogenetically between the external, or ventral, and lateral lobes, is widely rounded.

Epiphragmophoridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. Shileyko (2004) listed 40 species within Epiphragmophoridae. There are recognized 65 species within Epiphragmophoridae in 2017.

Bell heather, Erica cinerea, is the type species of the family. This is a list of genera in the plant family Ericaceae, which includes the heaths, heathers, epacrids, and blueberries. As currently circumscribed, the family contains about 4000 species into more than 120 genera classified into 9 subfamilies.

The family contains more than 1200 species in 160 genera. The genera were formerly split into two subfamilies, but in 2015 molecular and morphological research determined that the subfamily groupings were invalid. At the same time, the members of the families Gnathophyllidae and Hymenoceridae were incorporated into Palaemonidae.

The Rhyparochromidae are a large family of true bugs (order Hemiptera), many of which are commonly referred to as seed bugs. The family includes two subfamilies, more than 420 genera, and over 2,100 described species. Rhyparochromidae are small and generally brown or mottled. The fore femora are often enlarged.

Although its endogenous substrate has not been determined, it is known to metabolize 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a major nitrosamine specific to tobacco. This gene is part of a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q.

Tombusviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are currently 76 species in this family, divided among three subfamilies. The name is derived from the type species of the genus Tombusvirus, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV).Habili, N. and Symons, R. H. (1989).

Runcinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. They are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.

Later, in 1915, he rearranged the species included in it. The genera that were later included were Acanthopholis (=Anoplosaurus), Polacanthus, Stegopelta, Stegoceras, and Struthiosaurus. Along with Ankylosaurus, Acanthopholididae was defined to form a subfamily of Nodosauridae. In 1923 he divided up the family into two subfamilies without comment.

Cooper, J.A.; and Chapleau, F. (1998). Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification. Fish. Bull. 96 (4): 686–726. The families Paralichthodidae, Poecilopsettidae, and Rhombosoleidae were also traditionally treated as subfamilies of Pleuronectidae, but are now recognised as families in their own right.

Siphoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are currently 783 species in this family, divided among 265 genera and 13 subfamilies. The characteristic structural features of this family are a nonenveloped head and noncontractile tail.

Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir, IRK) are a specific lipid-gated subset of potassium channels. To date, seven subfamilies have been identified in various mammalian cell types, plants, and bacteria. They are activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The malfunction of the channels has been implicated in several diseases.

The Palmetum is a botanical garden featuring only one family of plants, the palm. The park covers almost 17 hectares. The garden's collection includes all six subfamilies within the family Arecaceae, with a total of about 300 species represented. Many are considered rare and threatened in their natural habitat.

The original subfamilies were lowered to tribes, and the original tribe Arctiini was lowered to subtribe status as Arctiina. Thus the name "Arctiini" used to refer to the subtribe that is the topic of this article, but now that name refers to the tribe that includes this subtribe.

There are seven TRP subfamilies: TRPC, TRPM, TRPV, TRPN, TRPA, TRPP, and TRPML. Some of these TRP channels respond to membrane lipid tension, including TRPY and TRPC1. Others respond directly to mechanical force, such as TRPN, TRPA1, and TRPV. Others are activated by a second messenger, such as TRPV4.

Afroasiatic languages are spoken throughout North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and parts of the Sahel. There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 400 million people. The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, Egyptian and Semitic. The Afroasiatic Urheimat is uncertain.

Pi5 is part of the toxin family α-KTx.Tytgat J, Chandy KG, Garcia ML, Gutman GA, Martin-Eauclaire MF, van der Walt JJ, et al. A unified nomenclature for short-chain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: alpha-KTx molecular subfamilies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1999 Nov;20(11):444-447.

The Chilocorinae are a subfamily of ladybugs in the family Coccinellidae.Nedvěd O., Kovář I., 2012: Appendix: List of genera in tribes and subfamilies. In: Hodek I., Honěk A., van Emden H.F. (2012) Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. pp. 526–531.

Campopleginae is one of the most commonly encountered subfamilies of Ichneumonidae and contains 65 genera. Many of the genera are poorly defined and difficult to identify. Campoplegines are small, slender, black and brown insects with a laterally compressed abdomen. The clypeus is confluent with the rest of the face.

Funnel grooves of ommastrephid subfamilies The ommastrephids are small to large squids, with mantle lengths ranging from that of the glass squid (Hyaloteuthis pelagica) at ,Nesis, K. N. 1982. Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. 385,ii pp. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow.

A fleshy extension of the thorax covers the head. Most feed on herbaceous plants, but some are tree feeders. Larvae in two subfamilies, Chalcosiinae and Zygaeninae, have cavities in which they store the cyanide, and can excrete it as defensive droplets.Niehuis, O., Yen, S.H., Naumann, C.M. & Misof, B. (2006).

Finches are divided into two subfamilies, the Carduelinae, containing around 28 genera with 141 species and the Fringillinae containing a single genus, Fringilla, with four species: the common chaffinch (F. coelebs), the Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (F. polatzeki), the Tenerife blue chaffinch (F. teydea), and the brambling (F. montifringilla).

In 2015, Wayne Maddison divided the subfamily Lyssomaninae, as circumscribed in 1980 by Wanless, into three subfamilies, Onomastinae, Asemoneinae and Lyssomaninae s.s. Maddison included five genera. Molecular data united the three sampled genera, Asemonea, Goleba and Pandisus. Two genera, Hindumanes and Macopaeus, were included based on previous classifications.

A majority of KS4 enzymes exist in eukaryotic organisms, while the remainder are from bacteria. These enzymes are normally classified as either chalcone synthases, stilbene synthases, or type III PKSs. Overall, there are 10 different subfamilies within KS4. Typically, KS4 members will have a Cys-His-Asn catalytic triad.

Brady et al. (2006), Moreau et al. (2006) and Rabeling et al. (2008) reconstructed phylogenetic trees with the agroecomyrmecines inside the 'poneroid' group of subfamilies, close to the Paraponerinae, and gave support for the exclusion of the genus from the Myrmicinae, a subfamily located inside the 'formicoid' clade.

Bristolia is most related to Fremontella halli and slightly further removed from Lochmanolenellus mexicana. These three genera together comprise the subfamily Bristoliinae. The sister group Biceratopsinae can be distinguished by their strongly effaced cephalic features. Basic to both these subfamilies are the two species of the genus Laudonia.

Cuckoo Wasp on pine needle, North Carolina Piedmont Members of the largest subfamily, Chrysidinae, are the most familiar; they are generally kleptoparasites, laying their eggs in host nests, where their larvae consume the host egg or larva while it is still young, then the food provided by the host for its own juvenile. Chrysidines are distinguished from the members of other subfamilies in that most have flattened or concave lower abdomens and can curl into a defensive ball when attacked by a potential host, in the manner of a pill bug. Members of the other subfamilies are parasitoids, of either sawflies or walking sticks, cannot fold up into a ball. Chrysidids are always solitary.

Total evidence analysis (several genes + morphology) in 2019 recovered Ascalaphidae as monophyletic and found evidence for five subfamilies: Albardiinae van der Weele, 1909; Ululodinae van der Weele, 1909; Haplogleniinae Newman, 1853; Melambrotinae Tjeder, 1992; and Ascalaphinae Lefèbvre, 1842. This followed nuclear phylogenomic analysis in 2018, which recovered Ascalaphidae as a paraphyletic lineage within Myrmeleontidae; authors in that paper sunk Ascalaphidae into the Myrmeleontidae as subfamily Ascalaphinae, and reduced in rank its subfamilies to tribes. Molecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data also placed the Ascalaphidae as sister to the Myrmeleontidae as the most advanced groups within the Neuroptera. The fossil record has contributed to an understanding of the group's phylogeny.

According to the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), is the Cylindrobullidae the only family in the superfamily Cylindrobulloidea and Cylindrobulloidea is the only superfamily within the group Cylindrobullida in the informal group Opisthobranchia. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Cylindrobullidae has no subfamilies.

Ituglanis is believed to be a monophyletic group. There may be two monophyletic groups within this genus. Ituglanis is currently considered a member of the subfamily Trichomycterinae though its position as a member of any of the current subfamilies has been questioned.Campos-Paiva, R.M. & Costa, W.J.E.M. (2007): Ituglanis paraguassuensis sp. n.

One trirachodontid, Trirachodon, has been found in association with complex burrow systems. These burrows were probably used by many individuals to hide from predators, raise young, or stay warm. Two subfamilies of trirachodontids are recognized: Trirachodontinae from Africa and Sinognathinae from China. Below is a cladogram from Gao et al.

Note that divisions between and among subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent varieties being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. Within the Germanic language family are East Germanic, West Germanic, and North Germanic. However, East Germanic languages became extinct several centuries ago.

Biology of most subfamilies and species is poorly known. Eggs are very flat in Griveaudiinae and Callidulinae, and caterpillars of Callidulinae are green with a shiny black head and have only been reported from fernsGaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni & Luis M. Hernández. HOSTS database.

An analysis of the sequences and structures of haloalkane dehalogenase and their homologues divided the family into three subfamilies, which differ mainly in the composition of their catalytic pentad and cap domain. As of late 2007, 25 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .

Sinotitinae is one of three subfamilies of the Dimeroceratidae, a member of the Goniatitida, an extinctorder of ammonoid cephalopods from the Paleozoic. The two comprised genera, Sinutites and Sunites have broad, crescent shaped whorl sections, but one, Sinutites has a dorsal siphuncle while in the other, Sunites the siphuncle is ventral.

Ammotheidae is the most diversified group of the class Pycnogonida, with 297 species described in more than 20 genera, of which only Nymphopsis and Sericosura were found to be monophyletic. Despite its internal taxonomic uncertainty, studies on 18S rRNA supports its monophyly, and the subdivision on Achelinae and Ammotheinae subfamilies.

The Pauwasi languages are a likely family of Papuan languages, mostly in Indonesia. The subfamilies are at best only distantly related. The best described Pauwasi language is Karkar, across the border in Papua New Guinea. They are spoken around the headwaters of the Pauwasi River in the Indonesian- PNG border region.

Cheilanthoideae is one of the five subfamilies of the fern family Pteridaceae. The subfamily is thought to be monophyletic, but some of the genera into which it has been divided are not, and the taxonomic status of many of its genera and species remains uncertain, with radically different approaches in use .

Spirolobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1889. It includes only one known species, Spirolobium cambodianum, native to Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesMiddleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae).

The Lonchodinae are a subfamily of stick insects in the family Lonchodidae found in: Australasia, Asia, Africa, Southern America and the Pacific. The subfamilies Necrosciinae and Lonchodinae, formerly part of Diapheromeridae, were determined to make up a separate family and were transferred to the re- established family Lonchodidae in 2018.

The Melanoplinae are a subfamily of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. They are distributed across the Holarctic and Neotropical realms. They are one of the two largest subfamilies in the Acrididae. As of 2001 the Melanoplinae contained over 800 species in over 100 genera, with more species being described continuously.

Sonneratiaceae were a family of flowering plants placed in the order Myrtales by the Cronquist system. They consisted of two genera, Sonneratia and Duabanga. These are now generally placed in their own monotypic subfamilies of the family Lythraceae, making Sonneratiaceae superfluous. The family is named for French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat.

The evolutionary history of the centrosome and the centriole has been traced for some of the signature genes, e.g. the centrins. Centrins participate in calcium signaling and are required for centriole duplication. There exist two main subfamilies of centrins, both of which are present in the early-branching eukaryote Giardia intestinalis.

The Brancoceratidae are divided into three subfamilies, described as follows. Brancoceratinae Spath, 1933: Generally small, evolute with round, oval, square or rectangular whorl sections. The venter may be sharp on the inner whorls, a feature which disappears on the later. Ribs are strong and rounded, and commonly cross over the venter.

Loricariinae was first described in 1831. Later, in 1979, many genera were described and Loricariinae was divided into four subfamilies: Loricariini, Harttiini, Farlowellini, and Acestridiini. Eventually, the genera of Acestridiini was included under Hypoptopomatinae and genera of Farlowellini was reclassified into Hartiini. This subfamily has been found to be monophyletic.

Desmopteridae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Desmopterus Chun, 1889 is the type genus of the family Desmopteridae. The species are protandric hermaphrodites.

Otto Fuhrmann The Journal of Parasitology Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr., 1946), pp. 205-207 He is credited with introducing a new classification schema for Cyclophyllidea (order of tapeworms), in which the order was divided into ten families with eight subfamilies -- of its 66 total genera, 20 were new to science.

Members of the Asphodelaceae are diverse, with few characters uniting the three subfamilies currently recognized. The presence of anthraquinones is one common character. The flowers (the inflorescence) are typically borne on a leafless stalk (scape) which arises from a basal rosette of leaves. The individual flowers have jointed stalks (pedicels).

Melittidae is a small bee family, with over 200 described species in three subfamilies. The family has a limited distribution, with all described species restricted to Africa and the northern temperate zone. Fossil melittids have been found occasionally in Eocene amber deposits, including those of Oise, France and the Baltic amber.

DNQX (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive antagonist at AMPA and kainate receptors, two ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subfamilies. It is used in a variety of molecular biology subfields, notably neurophysiology, to assist researchers in determining the properties of various types of ion channels and their potential applications in medicine.

Aubert (1978), Townes & Townes (1978) Banchinae and Campopleginae are the only subfamilies of Ichneumonidae known to have polydnaviruses. Most Banchinae have a stalked diamond-shaped areolet. A lobe of the propodeum projects over the middle coxae. The propodeum has few ridges (carinae), and the face is described as goat-like.

Anteris is a genus of wasps in the family Platygastridae. There are about 15 described species in Anteris. Anteris is a member of the subfamily Scelioninae. The subfamilies Scelioninae, Teleasinae, and Telenominae were formerly in the family Scelionidae, but Scelionidae was combined with the family Platygastridae because of genetic similarities.

A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained the same. While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is not general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.

Diapriids show considerable diversity of form, with aptery (lack of wings) fairly common, sometimes in both sexes. Nearly all species exhibit noticeable sexual dimorphism, with males and females often mistaken for separate species. The wings, when present, show characteristically reduced venation, with the greatest reduction in the subfamilies Ambositrinae and Diapriinae.

Lithopoma tuber, common name the green star shell, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography.

Uvanilla olivacea, common name the blood-spotted star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography.

It is an uncommon species but fairly large, reaching 70 mm in length, that can be found from southern Arizona and Texas to Sinaloa and Baja California Sur.Chemsak A.J. (1996) Illustrated revision of the Cerambycidae of North America. Vol. I, Subfamilies Parandrinae, Spondylidinae, Aseminae, Prioninae. Wolfsgarden Press, Burbank, ix+150pp.

The systematics of other gorgonopsian subfamilies remain chaotic due to a high degree of cranial homomorphism between taxa, making it difficult to distinguish different taxa effectively.Sigogneau-Russell, D., 1989. Theriodontia 1: Phthinosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia. Dinogorgon shares many characteristics with Rubidgea and Clelandina, which has led some authors to synonymize them.

However, ranking these two groups (Phallostethidae and Dentatherinidae) as two families within the same superfamily or two subfamilies (Dentatherininae and Phallostethinae) within Phallostethidae is a subjective decision. The distinctiveness of Dentatherina could be used in favor of separate family recognition. Fish Base considers this species to belong to its own family.

Calbindins are three different calcium-binding proteins: calbindin, calretinin and S100G. They were originally described as vitamin D-dependent calcium- binding proteins in the intestine and kidney in the chick and mammals. They are now classified in different subfamilies as they differ in the number of Ca2+ binding EF hands.

Courtship allofeeding occurs in half of bird subfamilies and mainly appears in monogamous bird species. Courtship allofeeding is hypothesized to strengthen the bond between pairs or increase a female's nutritional level before laying eggs. For example, in the Sichuan jay (P. internigrans), females are fed by only one male during courtship.

These figures are subject to continual change, as more species are discovered, and as DNA studies compel rearrangement of the taxonomy of the family. The two main subfamilies are the Anophelinae and Culicinae, with their genera as shown in the subsection below.Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. Wrbu.si.edu. Retrieved on 2013-04-01.

The subfamily Anteosaurinae has also been used in the past to include these therapsids. The Russian genera were previously included by Efremov in the family Brithopodidae. Anteosauridae is part of a larger group of dinocephalians called Anteosauria. Several recent phylogenetic studies of anteosaurians find support for two subfamilies within Anteosauridae: Anteosaurinae and Syodontinae.

Paradipodinae is a monotypic subfamily of Dipodidae, consisting solely of the comb-toed jerboa (Paradipus ctenodactylus). Native to Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Specifically, desert regions with bushy vegetation - acacia, calligonum, three-awn - where the subfamily is more prevalent than other rodents. Paradipodinae is relatively less documented compared to other subfamilies of Dipodidae.

Lanascalidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Lanascalidae used to be in superfamily Cerithioidea of the clade Sorbeoconcha, and has no subfamilies. It has only one genus. Since 2018, the family is moved to Seguenzioidea.

Two former subfamilies of the Corinnidae are now treated as separate families, Phrurolithidae and Trachelidae. As now recognized, Corinnidae contains 67 genera and over 720 species worldwide. Among the common genera are Castianeira (nearly world wide) and Corinna (widespread). Members of the genus Castianeira appear to be mimics of ants and velvet ants.

Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults. Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae. Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.

Colloniidae was elevated to family level and (together with Phasianellidae) belongs to superfamily Phasianelloidea according to Williams et al. (2008).Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". Zoologica Scripta 37(5): 483-506. McLean (2012) added two more subfamilies Liotipomatinae and Moelleriinae.

Eristalinae (or Milesiinae) are one of the four subfamilies of the fly family Syrphidae, or hoverflies. A well-known species included in this subfamily is the dronefly, Eristalis tenax. Rhingia sp. Larvae live in sap trails, under bark, in rot-holes in trees and in decaying organic material such as dung and compost.

The subfamilies would have diverged around the Paleogene period. This species of ant is usually found in mid to northern Europe, regions in North America such as Alaska and northern Canada and in Japan.Collingwood, C. A. "The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. (1979)." Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8 (1979): 1-174. Antbase.org. Web.

Although it is not mentioned in the 2011 update, InterPro matches suggest that CH1 is similar to 1B and CH2 is similar to 2B."Fel d 1 chain 1", Mus musculus, "Fel d 1 chain 2", Mus musculus. InterPro. Extra computational research confirms the similarity, possibly invalidating subfamilies 4 and 5 as well.

The falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the order Falconiformes. The family is divided into three subfamilies, Herpetotherinae, which includes the laughing falcon and forest falcons, Polyborinae, which includes the caracaras and Spiziapteryx, and Falconinae, the falcons and kestrels (Falco) and falconets (Microhierax).

Kansas Press. The Cheiloceratidae (M,F,&S;) range from the Upper Devonian to the Middle Permian and includes 4 subfamilies. Cheiloceratinae is essentially the Cheiloceratidae of Saunders et al.Saunders, Ward, & Nickolaeva 1993, Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures, Supplementary Material but includes Dimeroceras, the basis for the Dimeroceratidae and ultimately the Dimeroceratoidea.

Saunders et al includes the Cheiloceratidae in the suborder Tornoceratina along with the Maenioceratidae, Tornoceratidae, Sinotitidae, Posttornoceratidae, Sporadoceratidae, and Dimeroceratidae; without the use of a superfamily. In the more recent taxonomy attributed to Dieter Korn in 2006 the Cheiloceratidae is included in the Prionocerataceae and includes two subfamilies, the Cheiloceratinae and Nehdenitinae.

In the revised Treatise (W.M. Furnish et al. 2009) the Thalassoceratidae is divided into two subfamilies, the Gleboceratinae which includes Gleboceras and Mapesites and the Thalssoceratinae which includes Aristoceras, Aristoceratoides, Eothalassoceras, Epithalassoceras, Prothalassoceras, and Thalassoceras. Leonova & Boiko (2011) later removed Mapesites from Thalassoceratidae due to its ornamentation being vastly different from Gleboceras.

The Subfamily Mitrinae concluded and Subfamilies Imbricariinae and Cylindromitrinae. Monographs of Marine Mollusca. ISSN 0162-8321 Trophon Corp. Silver Spring, MD. Pages 1 to 164 In 2001, Thorsson and Salisbury used the tern Nebularia as a group (and not as a valid taxonomic name), for species related to the type species Mitra coronata.

Microsoft has released a number of editions of Windows XP that are targeted towards developers of embedded devices, for use in specific consumer electronics, set-top boxes, kiosks/ATMs, medical devices, arcade video games, point-of-sale terminals, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) components. These editions all belong to Windows Embedded subfamilies.

Family K1 is a small group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It has five uncials, and several early minuscules. It is one of the smallest subfamilies of the Byzantine text-type, but one of the oldest.

Psittaculidae is a family containing Old World parrots. It consists of five subfamilies, Agapornithinae, Loriinae, Platycercinae, Psittacellinae and Psittaculinae. This family has been accepted into The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World in 2014, and the IOC World Bird List. The family contains 192 species that are divided into 48 genera.

Klotho is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KL gene. There are three subfamilies of klotho: α-klotho, β-klotho, and γ-klotho. α-klotho activates FGF23, and β-klotho activates FGF19 and FGF21. When the subfamily is not specified, the word "klotho" generally means the α-klotho subfamily.

The Mycetopodidae are a family of freshwater pearly mussels in the order Unionida restricted to South America. They are named for the mushroom-like shape of their foot. Like all members of the Unionida they reproduce via a larval stage that temporarily parasitizes fish. Banarescu lists four subfamilies with ten genera in total.

Oxyaenidae is a family of carnivorous mammals. Traditionally classified in Creodonta, this group may be related to pangolins. The group contains four subfamilies comprising thirteen genera. North American oxyaenids were the first creodonts to appear during the late Paleocene, while smaller radiations of oxyaenids in Europe and Asia occurred during the Eocene.

Trinucleidae is a family of small to average size asaphid trilobites that first occurred at the start of the Ordovician and became extinct at the end of that period. It contains approximately 227 species divided over 51 genera in 5 subfamilies. The most conspicuous character is the wide perforated fringe of the head.

They believed that the Swartkrans Paranthropus were reproductively isolated from Kromdraai Paranthropus and they eventually speciated. At this point in time, humans and ancestors were classified into the family Hominidae, and other apes into "Pongidae"; in 1950, Broom suggested separating early hominins into the subfamilies Australopithecinae (A. africanus and "P. transvaalensis"), "Paranthropinae" (P.

Work on the Trigoniidae has generally been sparse in the 20th century and has mainly concentrated upon the development towards a workable taxonomy. Today, knowledge is sufficient to divide the family into five Subfamilies (see below), which together contain more than sixteen genera, the most abundant being Trigonia, Myophorella, Laevitrigonia, and Orthotrigonia.

Ephebopus is a genus of northeastern South American tarantulas that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1892. Its relation to other tarantulas is one of the most uncertain in the family, and it has been frequently moved around and has been placed in each of the eight subfamilies at least once.

The taxon was created by Stephen Blair Hedges, William Edward Duellman and Matthew P. Heinicke in 2008. The taxonomy of these frogs is not yet settled, and other sources may treat the subfamily Strabomantinae as a family, Strabomantidae, with correspondingly smaller Craugastoridae. The most recent rearrangement of subfamilies and genera is from 2014.

Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera (Agapanthus and Tulbaghia). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

Cephalopone is one of five extinct genera from three subfamilies which have species described from Messel Formation fossils by Dlussky and Wedmann in 2012. Three of the other genera Cyrtopone, Messelepone, and Protopone are also placed in Ponerinae. The genus Casaleia is placed in Amblyoponinae, while the last genus Pseudectatomma is in Ectatomminae.

A live individual of Meghimatium fruhstorferi in the wild Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Philomycidae has no subfamilies.

Zuloaga, F. O. & O. N. Morrone. 2003. Cenchrus. 46: 144–150. In F. O. Zuloaga, O. N. Morrone, G. Davidse, T. S. Filgueiras, P. M. Peterson, R. J. Soreng & E. J. Judziewicz (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium.

Among ten known human RAET1/ULBP genes, six encode functional proteins: RAET1E/ULBP4, RAET1G/ULBP5, RAET1H/ULBP2, RAET1/ULBP1, RAET1L/ULBP6, RAET1N/ULBP3. In mice, proteins from orthologous RAET1/ULBP family fall into three subfamilies: Rae-1, H60, and MULT-1. ULBP2 is a stress- induced ligand often found on senescent cells.

He created three Pectinidae subfamilies: Camptonectinidae, Chlamydinae and Pectininae. The framework of its phylogeny shows that repeated life habit states derive from evolutionary convergence and parallelism. Studies have determined the family Pectinidae is monophyletic, developing from a single common ancestor. The direct ancestors of Pectinidae were scallop-like bivalves of the family Entoliidae.

Amphitretidae is a family of mesopelagic octopods which contains three subfamilies, formerly classified as families in their own right. It is classified in the superfamily Octopodoidea. Species in the family Amphipetridae are characterised by having a single row of suckers on each arm (uniserial suckers), a gelatinous body and non hemispherical eyes.

Tortricid eggs are often flattened and scale-like. Larvae in the subfamilies Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae usually feed by boring into stems, roots, buds, or seeds. Larvae in the subfamily Tortricinae, however, feed externally and construct leaf rolls. Larvae in the subfamily Tortricinae tend to be more polyphagous than those in Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae.

Pleuroacanthitidae is a small family of Lower Jurassic ammonoids that combines some characters of the Lytoceratida, Phylloceratida, and earliest Ammonitida, as well as special characters of its own. It is subdivided (Arkell et al., 1957) into two subfamilies, each represented by a single genus, the Pleuroacanthitinae containing Pleuroacanthites and the Analytoceratinae containing Analytoceras.

Some taxonomists placed the genera Codon and Wellstedia in Boraginoideae. Others place one or both of these in separate, monogeneric subfamilies. Codon was long regarded as an odd member of Hydrophylloideae, but in 1998, a molecular phylogenetic study suggested that it is closer to Boraginoideae. Neither is included n more modern classifications.

The Aspidoceratidae comprise a family of middle and upper Jurassic ammonites that make up part of the superfamily Perisphinctoidea, characterized by evolute shells, commonly stocky, that tend to develop tubercles. The Aspidoceratidae are thought to be derived from the Perisphinctidae and have been subdivided into three subfamilies, the Aspidoceratinae, Peltoceratinae, and Simoceratinae.

Members of the subfamily Asemoneinae are translucent and long-legged relative to most other salticids. They resemble members of the subfamilies Onomastinae and Lyssomaninae sensu Madison, 2015. The posterior median eyes are unusually central for salticids, being distinctly closer to the midline than is the inner edge of the anterior lateral eyes.

This family has no subfamilies. Temnocinclinae McLean, 1989 was considered to be a synonym of Sutilizonidae by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), but was updated to family level as Temnocinclidae by Geiger in 2009.Geiger D. L.(8 May 2009) "A new species of Depressizona and the family rank of Depressizonidae". Zootaxa 2059: 57-59.

The DNA-binding domain is well conserved for this family, whereas the C-terminal effector-binding domain is more variable, and is consequently used to define the GntR subfamilies. The FadR group is the largest subgroup, and is characterised by an all-helical C-terminal domain composed of 6 to 7 alpha helices.

Major intrinsic proteins comprise a large superfamily of transmembrane protein channels that are grouped together on the basis of homology. The MIP superfamily includes three subfamilies: aquaporins, aquaglyceroporins and S-aquaporins. # The aquaporins (AQPs) are water selective. # The aquaglyceroporins are permeable to water, but also to other small uncharged molecules such as glycerol.

Messelepone is one of five extinct genera from three subfamilies which have species described from Messel Formation fossils by Dlussky and Wedmann in 2012. Three of the other genera Cephalopone, Cyrtopone, and Protopone are also placed in Ponerinae. The genus Casaleia is placed in Amblyoponinae, while the last genus Pseudectatomma is in Ectatomminae.

Common banded awl (Hasora chromus) a common skipper of India India has a rich biodiversity of butterflies, of which skippers are a well represented family. Of the seven subfamilies belonging to the family Hesperiidae, four are found in India, comprising a total of 223 species of 74 genera and these are listed below.

Ragadidae consists of two subfamilies, Iteaphilinae and Ragadinae, in which 7 genera are included in total: Dipsomyia, Hormopeza, Hydropeza, Ragas, Zanclotus, Anthepiscopus and Iteaphila. Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies, the relationship between Ragadidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Ragadidae is emphasized in bold formatting.

Kyphosidae is home to about 42 species divided into two subfamilies, Kyphosinae and Girellinae. Girella zebra was first formally described as Crenidens zebra by the Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and Arctic explorer Sir John Richardson in volume 2 of his Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror published in 1846.

Three CLC subfamilies are found in animals. CLCN1 is involved in setting and restoring the resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle, while other channels play important parts in solute concentration mechanisms in the kidney. These proteins contain two CBS domains. Chloride channels are also important for maintaining safe ion concentrations within plant cells.

Particularly the latter seem to be an unequivocal part of this group and are ranked as tribe of subfamily Sciomyzinae by most modern authors, while the former two are very small lineages that may or may not stand outside the family and are provisionally ranked as subfamilies here. Whether the Salticellinae and the group around Sepedon warrant recognition as additional subfamilies or are better included in the Sciomyzinae proper is likewise not yet entirely clear. Altogether, the main point of contention is the relationship between the "Huttoninidae", "Phaeomyiidae", Sciomyzidae sensu stricto, and the Helosciomyzidae which were also once included in the Sciomyzidae. Sciomyzidae are found in all the biogeographic realms but are poorly represented in the Australasian and Oceanian realms.

Proteocephalidae is a diverse family tapeworms with nearly 300 recognized species in 66 genera and 13 subfamilies, whose species are found in every continent. They are mainly parasites of siluriforms and other freshwater fishes, but also parasitize reptiles and amphibians. A typical proteocephalid life cycles include planktonic crustaceans, and small fish as intermediate hosts.

As with all basal or 'primitive' groups, extant species within Apostasioideae do not represent direct ancestors of the other subfamilies, they simply share the same common ancestor. However, by having followed a separate evolutionary pathway from the other orchids extant Apostasioid orchids may allow us to make inferences about features present in that common ancestor.

Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Superfamily: Aphidoidea Aphids are minute insects that are plant sap feeders. They affect largely to economically valuable plants greatly, so aphids are of economic importance. About 4500 species with 500 genera are described in aphids. Out of them, Sri Lanka comprises 74 species in 46 genera and 6 subfamilies.

Loriinae is a subfamily of psittacine birds, one of the five subfamilies that make up the family Psittaculidae. It consists of three tribes, the lories and lorikeets (Loriini), the budgerigar (Melopsittacini) and the fig parrots (Cyclopsittini), which are small birds, mostly of bright colors and inhabitants of Oceania and the islands of Southeast Asia.

The family Threskiornithidae includes 34 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however recent genetic studies are casting doubt on the arrangement, and revealing the spoonbills to be nested within the old world ibises, and the new world ibises as an early offshoot.

Salaria atlantica is a species of combtooth blenny from the subfamily Salarinae, the largest of the two subfamilies in the Family Blenniidae. It is a freshwater species which is restricted to Ouerrha River which is part of the Sebou River basin, in Morocco. It is found in shallow, flowing streams with a stony substrate.

The Macrocephalitidae is one of the 11 families listed in the Treatise, 1957 Part L in the superfamily Stephanoceratoidea. According to Donovan et al. (1981) the superfamily Stephanoceratoidea should contain only five families and the Macrocephalitidae of the Treatise are reduced to subfamilies within the Sphaeroceratidae, Macrocephalitinae and Mayaitinae, but still in the Stephanoceratoidea.

Taleporia is a genus of small moths. It belongs to the bagworm moth family (Psychidae). The "wastebin genus" Solenobia is technically a junior synonym of the present genus, but most of the species formerly placed there actually belong to other genera of subfamilies Taleporiinae and Naryciinae (which is sometimes included in the former).See e.g.

Epermeniidae or the fringe-tufted moths is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order with about 14 genera. Previously they have been divided in two subfamilies Epermeniinae and Ochromolopinae (e.g. Common, 1990: 321) but this is no longer maintained since the last group is probably hierarchically nested within the first (Dugdale et al., 1999).

Species of the genus Osbornia, native to Australasia, are mangroves. Eugenia, Myrcia, and Calyptranthes are among the larger genera in the neotropics. Syzygium samarangense, with a cross section of the fruit Historically, the Myrtaceae were divided into two subfamilies. Subfamily Myrtoideae (about 75 genera) was recognized as having fleshy fruits and opposite, entire leaves.

The Megalopodidae are a small family of leaf beetles, previously included as a subfamily within the Chrysomelidae. One of its constituent subfamilies, Zeugophorinae, which contains a single genus, has also frequently been treated as a subfamily within Chrysomelidae. The family contains approximately 30 genera worldwide, primarily in the nominate subfamily Megalopodinae, and mostly circumtropical.

Trissexodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. The family Trissexodontidae was separated out from the families Hygromiidae and Helicodontidae, and some authors still classify these species within those families.

Peraclidae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family was originally called Procymbuliidae Tesch, 1913 and then called Peraclididae by Wenz in 1938. The name Peraclidae takes precedence.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This protein is a member of the GCN20 subfamily.

The fruits of Sapindus saponaria, western or wingleaf soapberry, give the family its vernacular name. This is a list of genera in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, which includes the soapberries (Sapindus), maples (Acer), and paullinias, amongst others. As currently circumscribed, the family contains approximatively 1900 species into over 140 genera classified into 4 subfamilies.

Aneuretinae is a subfamily of ants consisting of a single extant species, Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lankan relict ant), and 9 fossil species. Earlier, the phylogenetic position of A. simoni was thought to be intermediate between primitive and advanced subfamilies of ants, but recent studies have shown it is the nearest living relative of subfamily Dolichoderinae.

One possible phylogeny for the seven subfamilies recognised within the family is shown below. Although generally agreeing on the main division of the Asparagaceae into two clades, studies have produced slightly different relationships among the Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Brodiaeoideae and Scilloideae. For example, Seberg et al. (2012) present analyses based on parsimony and on maximum likelihood.

The Nesomyidae are a family of African rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. It includes several subfamilies, all of which are native to either continental Africa or to Madagascar. Included in this family are Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat.

Odostomellinae has been one of eleven recognised subfamilies of the family Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997). The subfamily contains two genera: Herviera and Odostomella (Schander and co-workers 1999). In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily has been downgraded to the rank of tribe Odostomellini in the subfamily Odostomiinae.

In recent studies, molecular data has been used to better identify the phylogentic relationships of these frogs, rearanging and introducing new subfamilies to better distinguish between large groups of frogs (Glaw,Vences, 2001). This superfamily contains seventeen different families, each containing at least 2 species (some contain over 300 different species). (See figure 1).

Aerosaurus belongs in the extinct family Varanopidae, grouped among the "pelycosaurs" or "mammal-like reptiles"; they became extinct around the end of the Permian. Within the Varanopidae are the subfamilies Mycterosaurinae and Varanopinae; Aerosaurus belongs to the Varanopinae in this phylogeny. Elliotsmithia longiceps is placed in the Mycterosaurinae. The sister family of Varanopidae is Ophiacontidae.

Allioideae is divided into four tribes: Allieae, Tulbaghieae, Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). Leucocoryneae was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae nom. nud. to tribe Leucocoryneae.

Most are external leaf feeders, though some are shoot borers or leaf miners. Some Euryinae are saprophagous, live on or close to the ground, and are crepuscular or nocturnal. Adult habits are known for few, but maternal care is known in some Australian species of the subfamilies Perginae and Philomastiginae and the South American Syzygoniinae.

The Anthiinae are sometimes placed within the Serraninae but these fishes are mainly deepwater species and have a soft ray count in the anal fin with a mode of eight. The subfamily is the most basal of the three subfamilies within the Serranidae, with the genus Centropristis being the most basal in the Serraninae.

In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales. In the previous version of their classification system, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group had included the option of placing Krameria within Zygophyllaceae. Zygophyllaceae are divided into five subfamilies. Molecular phylogenies of the family were published in 2000 and 2018.

A 1995 classification system to family level was provided by Kuschel, with updates from Marvaldi et al. in 2002, and was achieved using phylogenetic analyses. The accepted families were the primitive weevils, Anthribidae, Attelabidae, Belidae, Brentidae, Caridae, and Nemonychidae, and the true weevils Curculionidae. Most other weevil families were demoted to subfamilies or tribes.

L. aeneiventre is part of the subfamily Halictinae, of the hymenopteran family Halictidae. The largest, most diverse and recently diverged of the four halictid subfamilies,Schwarz, M. P. et al. (2007). "Changing Paradigms in Insect Social Evolution: Insights from Halictine and Allodapine Bees". Annual Review of Entomology 52: 127–150. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.15095.

Also, their hemiepiphytic lifestyle means that their appearance can change significantly throughout their lifetime. Many of the original species descriptions used only young plants, and as a result the morphological identifiers can no longer be applied to all specimens. Major morphological revisions have therefore been made in recent years. The orchid family has five subfamilies.

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABCA, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ABCA subfamily.

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is included in the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily.

Crane fly is a common name referring to any member of the insect family Tipulidae, of the order Diptera, true flies in the superfamily Tipuloidea. Cylindrotominae, Limoniinae, and Pediciinae have been ranked as subfamilies of Tipulidae by most authors,Alexander C.P., Byers G.W. (1981) Tipulidae. in: McAlpine J.F. et al. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily.

The List of Liliaceae genera has been much reduced by modern molecular phylogenetic based taxonomy. The current taxonomy of Liliaceae treats the family Liliaceae as having three subfamilies, with the Liliodeae being further subdivided into two tribes, the Medeoleae and Lilieae. The family Liliaceae consists of fifteen genera and approximately 600 species in all.

They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic. Hutchinson (1964) and Kalkman (2004) recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies: Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae.

Nivenioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants and one of the six subfamilies in the family Iridaceae. It contains three genera, from South Africa which are the only true shrubs in the family (Klattia, Nivenia and Witsenia), It previously included Aristea, Patersonia and also Geosiris, which are now each placed in their own monotypic subfamily.

Doumeinae is one of three subfamilies of the loach catfish family Amphiliidae, it consists of six genera which are endemic to the Afrotropics. There are currently 33 species classified as members of the subfamily, some of which are infrequently traded as part of the aquarium trade. They are small catfish measuring between 45mm and 175mm.

Nyctibatrachidae is a small family of frogs found in the Western Ghats of India and in Sri Lanka. Their common name is robust frogs. Recognition of Nyctibatrachidae as a family is fairly recent. These frogs were earlier on placed in the broadly defined family Ranidae, most recently divided in three subfamilies, Lankanectinae, Nyctibatrachinae, and Astrobatrachinae.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the White subfamily.

Tulipa is a genus of the lily family, Liliaceae, once one of the largest families of monocots, but which molecular phylogenetics has reduced to a monophyletic grouping with only 15 genera. Within Liliaceae, Tulipa is placed within Lilioideae, one of three subfamilies, with two tribes. Tribe Lilieae includes seven other genera in addition to Tulipa.

The family Provaniidae was previously placed in the "Zygopleuroid group" (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. Subsequently, Provaniidae was placed in the superfamily Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927.Kaim A., Jenkins R. G. & Warén A. (2008).

The scorpion toxins that are selective for K+ channels (KTx) are classified into families: α-, β- and γ-KTx. These families contain further subfamilies based upon sequence similarities. Butantoxin is the first member of the short-chain scorpion toxin family α-KTx, the best studied family to date. Butantoxin belongs to subfamily α-KT12.

Trissolcus female, depositing on eggs of green stink bug Telenominae is a subfamily of Hymenoptera in the family Platygastridae. The subfamilies Scelioninae, Teleasinae, and Telenominae were formerly in the family Scelionidae, but Scelionidae was combined with the family Platygastridae because of genetic similarities. The name Platygastridae was retained for the resulting family because of seniority.

A recent study of the family finds it monophyletic by including the South American genera Baurusuchus, Cynodontosuchus, Pissarrachampsa, Stratiotosuchus, and Wargosuchus. Other traditional baurusuchids like Pabwehshi are excluded. The recently named Campinasuchus is also included in the family. Baurusuchids have been placed in the suborder Baurusuchia, and two subfamilies have been proposed: Baurusuchinae and Pissarrachampsinae.

The Lycidae are a family in the beetle order Coleoptera, members of which are commonly called net-winged beetles. These beetles are cosmopolitan, being found in Nearctic, Palearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian ecoregions.Lawrence, J.F., Hastings, A.M., Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A., and Zurcher, E.J. 2000 onwards. Elateriformia (Coleoptera): descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval for families and subfamilies.

The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera,Beyarslan, A. and M. Aydogdu. (2013). Additions to the rare species of Braconidae fauna (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Turkey. Mun Ent Zool 8(1) 369-74. which include Aerophilus, Aleiodes, Apanteles, Asobara, Bracon, Cenocoelius, Chaenusa, Chorebus, Cotesia, Dacnusa, Diachasma, Microgaster, Opius, Parapanteles, Phaenocarpa, Spathius, and Syntretus.

Notonecta undulata is the Linnaean name for the grousewinged backswimmer. This species is classified as a true bug under the suborder Heteroptera. They are located under the family Notonectidae, which is divided into two subfamilies: Notonectinae and Anisopinae. Individuals that are in the subfamily Notonectinae are distinguishable from their Anisopinae relatives by their 4-segmented beak and antennae.

The current mammalian phylogeny recognizes the clade Afrotheria (often viewed as a superorder), which includes the exclusively African orders, as well as others believed to be of African origin. The East African plains are well known for their diversity of large mammals. African Eulipotyphla include the subfamilies Myosoricinae and Crocidurinae. Hedgehogs include desert hedgehogs, Atelerix and others.

Barbinae are a subfamily of fish included in the family Cyprinidae. The taxonomy for this group has not been entirely worked out as some genera historically considered within it are still considered incertae sedis with respect to being a member of the family, and may be included here, while others may be moved to other subfamilies.

Ficidae, common name the fig shells are a family of medium to large marine gastropods. It is the only family in the superfamily Ficoidea. According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Ficidae has no subfamilies. The shells of these snails are shaped rather like figs or pears, hence the common name.

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily.

P-type ATPases, such as ATP11B, are phosphorylated in their intermediate state and drive uphill transport of ions across membranes. Several subfamilies of P-type ATPases have been identified. One subfamily transports heavy metal ions, such as Cu(2+) or Cd(2+). Another subfamily transports non-heavy metal ions, such as H(+), Na(+), K(+), or Ca(+).

In plant systematics, Epidendroideae is a subfamily of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Epidendroideae is larger than all the other orchid subfamilies together, comprising more than 15,000 species in 576 genera. Most epidendroid orchids are tropical epiphytes, typically with pseudobulbs. There are, however, some terrestrials such as Epipactis and even a few myco-heterotrophs, which are parasitic upon mycorrhizal fungi.

The cardueline finches are a subfamily, Carduelinae, one of three subfamilies of the finch family Fringillidae, the others being the Fringillinae and the Euphoniinae. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are now included in this subfamily.Groth, 2001, pp. 552–553 Cardueline finches are specialised seed eaters, and unlike most passerine birds, they feed their young mostly on seeds, which are regurgitated.

The Plutellidae are a family of moths commonly known as the diamondback moths, named after the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) of European origin. Some authors consider this family to be a subfamily of the Yponomeutidae, but it is usually considered to be a family in its own right, and have three subfamilies, Plutellinae, Praydinae, and Scythropiinae.

Adult hedylids resemble geometer moths. They share many morphological and genetic characteristics with both the superfamilies Papilionoidea and the Hesperioidea. The abdomen is very long and slim, like many Neotropical butterflies of the subfamilies Ithomiinae and Heliconiinae, hence the name of one Macrosoma species "heliconiaria". Unlike other butterflies, however, the antennae are un-clubbed, but rather filiform or bipectinate.

Placement of this clade has varied considerably over time, having been a subfamily within the Leptodactylidae for a long while. Later on, it has been raised to family level, either broadly defined, including the Telmatobiidae and Batrachylidae (as subfamilies Telmatobiinae and Batrachylinae, respectively), or as now is commonly accepted, as a smaller family with three genera.

The Tettigoniidae are a large family and have been divided into a number of subfamilies: The Copiphorinae were previously considered a subfamily, but are now placed as tribe Copiphorini in the subfamily Conocephalinae.Orthoptera species file (retrieved 3 January 2018) The genus Acridoxena is now placed in the tribe Acridoxenini of the Mecopodinae (previously its own subfamily, Acridoxeninae).

The genera of the family Salticidae listed here are those that are extant and accepted by the World Spider Catalog . Assignment to subfamilies and clades is based on Maddison (2015), except where otherwise shown. Unless sources indicate otherwise, genera that were split after 2015 are given the same placements as the original genera listed in Maddison (2015).

Dimorphoceratinae is one of two subfamilies included in the family Dimorphoceratidae. The subfamily is characterized by having only the ventral lobe of the suture subdivided. Shells are completely involute, with the inner whorls completely hidden, and mostly suboxiconic such that the rim, or venter, is fairly narrow. Sculpture consists only of growth lines, sometimes with delicate spiral ornamentation.

Aulatornoceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the gonititid family Tornoceratidae, an extinct order of Paleozoic ammonoid cephalopods. Aulotornoceratinae was established as a subfamily by R.T.Becker, 1993, initially for Aulatornoceras, named by Schindewolf, 1922. Subsequently four other genera have been added. Members (genera) of the Aulotornoceratinae are known from the Late/Upper Devonian of Western Australia and Alsace, France.

The Eumolpinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. It is one of the largest subfamilies of leaf beetles, including more than 500 genera and 7000 species. They are oval, and convex in form, and measure up to 10 mm in size. Typical coloration for this subfamily of beetles ranges from bright yellow to dark red.

Tabernaemontana remota is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Sulawesi in Indonesia, and also on Rossel Island (also called Yela), one of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago, part of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesMiddleton, D.J. (2007). Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae).

Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dyakioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Dyakiidae is the only family in the superfamily Dyakioidea. This family has no subfamilies. Some of the species in this family are sinistral (left-handed) in their shell coiling.

Suskityrannus has been found in the Moreno Hill Formation of the Zuni Basin of western New Mexico. The first unquestionable remains of tyrannosaurids occur in the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous in North America and Asia. Two subfamilies are recognized. The albertosaurines are only known from North America, while the tyrannosaurines are found on both continents.

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the Empididae. Among the Empidoidea, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and Dolichopodidae, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae. By and large, the Hybotidae are monophyletic. Among its subfamilies, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent clades.

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies: ABC1, MDR/TAP, CFTR/MRP, ALD (adrenoleukodystrophy), OABP, GCN20, and White. This protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily.

If seen flying at a distance, they can be mistaken for Lepidoptera, as they are large-winged and boldly patterned, although usually not as colorful as some other fulgorids. The future of the Aphaeninae as a subfamily is unclear since the species assigned to it are interlineated in the molecular analysis with species of other Fulgoridae subfamilies.

Hyriidae is a taxonomic family of pearly freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs in the order Unionida. This family is native to South America, Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Like all members of that order, they go through a larval stage that is parasitic on fish (see glochidium). The classification recognized by Banarescu (1995) uses three subfamilies.

All living species show parental care: some are mouthbrooders, and others, like the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens), build bubble nests. Currently, about 133 species are recognised, placed in four subfamilies and about 15 genera. The name Polyacanthidae has also been used for this family. Some fish now classified as gouramis were previously placed in family Anabantidae.

McKenna and Bell recognized two subfamilies (Plesiadapinae and Saxonellinae) and one unassigned genus (Pandemonium) within Plesiadapidae. More recently Saxonella (the only saxonelline) and Pandemonium have been excluded from the family, leaving only a redundant Plesiadapinae. Within the family, Pronothodectes is the likely ancestor of all other genera, while Plesiadapis may be directly ancestral to both Chiromyoides and Platychoerops.

A more recent study includes the former Pteridophyllaceae in the Fumarioideae, dividing the Papaveraceae into only two subfamilies. The internal division of the Fumarioideae shown below follows Lidén (1993), with the exception of the placement of Pteridophyllum. The subtribes are given by the Germplasm Resources Information Network. The division of the Papaveroideae follows Hoot et al. (1997).

Pseudocreobotra is a genus of Sub-Saharan flower mantisses. They are visually similar to Creobroter species of Asia, but belong to different subfamilies. Their forewings have prominent spiralled eyespots, which are flashed in a silent deimatic display, to startle would-be predators. The nymphs however, expand the raised abdomen in response to threats, to reveal a single dorsal eyespot.

In the twentieth century, Fritsch proposed the division of Liliaceae s.l. into smaller more homogeneous families. In the 1930s the Viennese school elevated Engler's tribes to subfamilies. They questioned the inclusion of such different groups as Lilioideae and Scilloideae within the same family, and even Scilloideae was considered to be composed of at least three groups.

However, in 2008 Julie Urban's molecular analysis in her dissertation showed that a significant revamping of the Fulgoridae subfamilies and tribes would be necessary, as the morphological analysis by itself did not take into account the complexity of the Fulgoridae evolution. Her work was recapitulated in 2009 with Jason Cryan. The Zanninae may not even be in the Fulgoridae.

Rock cavies belong to the order Rodentia, sub-order Hystricomorpha, based on their porcupine-like jaw muscles. They are in the family Caviidae (guinea pig-like rodents) which has three subfamilies (formerly two); rock cavies have recently been placed in a new subfamily Hydrochaerinae, with the capybaras, and with the closely related rainforest-dwelling acrobatic cavy.

Iridopterygidae, Sibyllidae, Tarachodidae, Thespidae, and Toxoderidae,Ehrmann, R. 2002. "Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt". Natur und Tier, Münster while other classifications have reduced the number of subfamilies without elevating to higher rank. Many species are found in North America, the three most common being the European mantis (Mantis religiosa), the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis), and the Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina).

No subfamilies in this family are recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). The contents and synonymy of Ampullinidae have been treated by the World Register of Marine Species after Lozouet et al. (2001), Kase & Ishikawa (2003) and Bandel (2006). The position in Campaniloidea is based on anatomical data on Globularia fluctuata (Kase, 1990; Healy, pers. comm.

The Fagaceae are often divided into five or six subfamilies and are generally accepted to include 8 (to 10) genera (listed below). Monophyly of the Fagaceae is strongly supported by both morphological (especially fruit morphology) and molecular data.Judd, Walter S., Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach Third Edition.

The insect family Coenagrionidae is placed in the order Odonata and the suborder Zygoptera. The Zygoptera are the damselflies, which although less known than the dragonflies, are no less common. More than 1,300 species are in this family, making it the largest damselfly family. The family Coenagrionidae has six subfamilies: Agriocnemidinae, Argiinae, Coenagrioninae, Ischnurinae, Leptobasinae, and Pseudagrioninae.

Species within the family Ovulidae have been reclassified numerous times throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, and this has also affected the classification of the subfamily Ovulinae (Shilder 1932, Allan 1956, Cate 1973, Fehse 2001). Historically, the Ovulids were separated into two subfamilies, Ovulinae and Volvinae, although this is no longer true. The taxonomy has changed often.

Teleasinae is a subfamily of wasps in the family Platygastridae. There are about 14 genera and more than 250 species in Teleasinae. The subfamilies Scelioninae, Teleasinae, and Telenominae were formerly in the family Scelionidae, but Scelionidae was combined with the family Platygastridae because of genetic similarities. The name Platygastridae was retained for the resulting family because of seniority.

The shells in this family, are unusual in that the adult shell is a curving tube. In the subfamily Caecinae the protoconch is lost and the tube is sealed with a permanent calcareous plug at one end. In the subfamilies Ctiloceratinae and Strebloceratinae the protoconch is retained. At the other end the tube is sealed by a circular operculum.

Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the order Herpesvirales and in the family Herpesviridae. Viruses in Gammaherpesvirinae are distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are currently 39 species in this subfamily, divided among 4 genera with three species unassigned to a genus.

The majority of Pergidae species occur in South America and Australia. They are the dominant family in Australia and are one of the major families in the Neotropics. Of the 14 subfamilies, three, Pergulinae, Philomastiginae, and Perreyiinae, occur in both the Australasian and Neotropical regions, but no genera occur in both regions.Schmidt, S. & Smith, D.R. (2006).

For example, both species have lost one of the centrin subfamilies that are usually associated with centriole duplication. Drosophila melanogaster mutants that lack centrosomes can even develop to morphologically normal adult flies, which then die shortly after birth because their sensory neurons lack cilia. Thus, these flies have evolved functionally redundant machinery, which is independent of the centrosomes.

These genes are responsible for detecting patterns/chemicals (e.g. chitin, oxidative stress) associated with invading microbes, tissue damage, and stress. To achieve this, they sequenced 21 genes from 185 humans and used several statistical methods to examine patterns of selection and diversification. The NLR family can be divided into two subfamilies—the NALP subfamily and the NOD/IPAF subfamily.

Anoplodesmus anthracinus An unidentified species from Singapore The Paradoxosomatidae is one of the largest families of millipedes, consisting of nearly 1,000 species in approximately 200 genera. The genera are divided into three subfamilies and 22 tribes. Most species (over 760) belong to the subfamily Paradoxosomatinae. This list includes all valid genera as of 2013, sorted by subfamily and tribe.

Isodontia larva The Sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of wasps of the suborder Apocrita that includes sand wasps, mud daubers, and other thread- waisted wasps. The name Sphecidae was formerly given to a much larger grouping of wasps. This was found to be paraphyletic, so most of the old subfamilies have been moved to the Crabronidae.

Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts; no known plants serve as vectors. Paramyxoviridae has four subfamilies, 17 genera, and 77 species, three genera of which are unassigned to a subfamily. Diseases associated with this family include measles, mumps, and respiratory tract infections.

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily.

MRP2 is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). More specifically, this protein is a member of the MRP subfamily, which is involved in multi-drug resistance.

Dryophthorinae is a weevil subfamily within the family Curculionidae. While it is not universally accepted as distinct from other curculionid subfamilies, at least one major recent revision elevated it to family rank, as DryophthoridaeAlonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Lyal, C.H.C. 1999. A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, SCP Edition, Barcelona.

Amphiliinae is one of three subfamilies of the loach catfish family Amphiliidae, it consists of two genera, Amphilius and Paramphilius and is endemic to the Afrotropics. There are currently 29 species classified as members of the Amphiliinae, some of which are traded as part of the aquarium trade. They are small catfish measuring between 95mm and 195mm.

Two subfamilies of storm petrel were traditionally recognized.Carboneras, C. (1992) "Family Hydrobatidae (Storm petrels)" pp. 258–265 in Handbook of Birds of the World Vol 1. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions, The Oceanitinae, or austral storm-petrels, were mostly found in southern waters (though Wilson's storm petrel regularly migrates into the Northern Hemisphere); the seven species are in five genera.

The internal systematic of bee- flies is uncertain. In the past, 31 subfamilies were well defined, but the family is thought to be polyphyletic (sensu lato). In the 1980s and '90s, the family has undergone several revisions: Webb (1981)Webb D.W., 1981 Hilarimorphidae. in: McAlpine J.F. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 603-605.

This transposable element is known for its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species. There are an estimated 14,000 copies of Mariner in the human genome comprising 2.6 million base pairs. The first mariner-element transposons outside of animals were found in Trichomonas vaginalis. Human Mariner-like transposons are divided into Hsmar1 (cecropia) and Hsmar2 (irritans) subfamilies.

Human Tc1-like transposons are divided into Hsmar1 and Hsmar2 subfamilies. Although both types are inactive, one copy of Hsmar1 found in the SETMAR gene is under selection as it provides DNA-binding for the histone-modifying protein. Many other human genes are similarly derived from transposons. Hsmar2 has been reconstructed multiple times from the fossil sequences.

This was based on the position of the gland nuclei and the type of pharyngo-intestinal junction. Siddiqi also used these criteria to divide Paratrichodirus into three subgenera, Paratrichodorus, Atlantadorus and Nanidorus. Rodriguez-Montessorosoon proposed further separating these genera into two subfamilies, resurrecting the name Trichodorinae.Fortuner R. List and Status of the Genera and Families of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes.

The family Issidae was once large and included many groups which are now treated in other families or as families themselves. These groups include the Caliscelidae, Nogodinidae, and Tropiduchidae (e.g., subfamilies Tonginae and Trienopinae). Around 2003, there was a view in favour of a single subfamily Issinae, but the current consensus is placement in four (as below).

In the German literature the taxonomic system of Engler completed its classification of Liliaceae in 1888. He divided the family into twelve subfamilies and subordinate tribes. Galtonia was then placed in the subfamily Lilioideae and tribe Scilleae together with 21 other genera. In 1955 a third species, G. viridiflora, was described, followed by G. regalis in 1986.

There are more than a hundred proteins in the Ras superfamily. Based on structure, sequence and function, the Ras superfamily is divided into five main families, (Ras, Rho, Ran, Rab and Arf GTPases). The Ras family itself is further divided into 6 subfamilies: Ras, Ral, Rit, Rap, Rheb, and Rad. Miro is a recent contributor to the superfamily.

The loach catfishes are a family, Amphiliidae, of catfishes (order Siluriformes). They are widespread in tropical Africa, but are most common in streams at high elevations; most species are able to cling to rocks in fast- flowing streams. The 13 genera contain 68 species. The family Amphiliidae has three subfamilies, Amphiliinae, Leptoglanidinae (previously misspelled Leptoglaninae), and Doumeinae.

Nearly all KS1 members are produced by bacteria, with a few formed by eukaryota and only one by an archaeon. There are 12 subfamilies. The dominant enzyme in the KS1 family is 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KAS III), also known as 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase III and β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III, and is defined as EC 2.3.1.180.

D'Elía et al., 2006, fig. 1 but the basal relationships among the components of Oryzomyalia remain elusive.D'Elía et al., 2006, p. 563 Sigmodontinae encompasses hundreds of species found throughout South America and into North America. It is one of several subfamilies recognized in the family Cricetidae, which includes many more species, mainly from Eurasia and North America.

Her work there focused on an interactive key to spider subfamilies, and was funded by the Australian Biological Resources Study. Her subsequent research emphasized on the taxonomy of the ant spider family Zodariidae, the long-tailed bark spider family Hersiliidae and the long-spinnereted ground spider family Prodidomidae (since transferred to Gnaphosidae as the subfamily Prodidominae).

Biceratopsidae is an extinct family of redlichiid trilobites, with species of small to average size. Species of belonging to this family lived during the Toyonian stage (Olenellus-zone), 522–513 million years ago, in the former continent of Laurentia, including what are today the south-western United States and Canada. It contains the subfamilies Biceratopsinae and Bristoliinae.

Muridae is the order's largest family, and contains several subfamilies. Deomys, a member of the Deomyinae, has an unusually low zygomatic plate,Ellerman, 1941, p. 6 as does Lophuromys, a member of the same subfamily. Most members of the subfamily Murinae, the Old World rats and mice, have a fairly broad zygomatic plate with a well-developed zygomatic notch.

For the early taxonomic history of these two genera, see Meerow and Clayton (2004). Pax (1888) treated the Amaryllidaceae as four subfamilies, with two tribes in subfamily Amarylloideae, which consisted of two tribes, Amaryllideae and Narcisseae. The former contained six subtribes, placing Haemanthus together with Clivia in subtribe Haemanthinae. Hutchinson (1934) subsequently elevated this to tribe Haemantheae.

Gracillariinae are a subfamily of moths which was described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1854. The subfamilies of Gracillariidae differ by the adult moth resting posture.(Davis and Robinson, 1999) Most Gracillariinae rest with the front of the body steeply raised; Lithocolletinae and Phyllocnistinae rest with the body parallel to the surface; in Lithocolletinae often with the head lowered.

Mating pair The Micropezidae are a moderate-sized family of acalyptrate muscoid flies in the insect order Diptera, comprising about 500 species in about 50 genera and five subfamilies worldwide, (except New Zealand and Macquarie Island).McAlpine, D.K. (1998). Review of the Australian stilt flies (Diptera: Micropezidae) with a phylogenetic analysis of the family. Invertebrate Taxonomy 12:55–134.

Crouzeliinae is an extinct subfamily of Pliopithecidae primates that inhabited Europe and China during the Miocene, approximately 8–14.5 million years ago \- they appear to have originated in Asia and extended their range into Europe between 17 and 13 million years ago. Crouzeliines can be distinguished from the other Pliopithecoidea subfamilies on the basis of uniquely derived dental traits.

Pollen wasps, the Masarinae, are unusual wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae, but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, "Masaridae", which also included the subfamilies Euparagiinae and Gayellinae.Richards, O. W. 1962. A revisional study of the masarid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). British Museum (Natural History), London, England, 302 pp.

The membrane-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intracellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White). This encoded protein is a member of the ABC1 subfamily.

Parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin.

Location of Wagin Before the discovery of M. inquilina, scientists believed that parasitic ants did not exist in the primitive ant subfamilies and were only known in Dolichoderinae, Formicinae and Myrmicinae; many authors believed that primitive ants lacked a certain trait that would prevent parasitic ants from forming, but the discovery of M. inquilina now hints possible parasitic lifeforms in Ponerinae and some army ants. Brown collected the first specimens in 1955 from large fallen trees in Western Australia, and it was officially announced as the first parasitic ant among the primitive subfamilies in 1956. In 1959, Australian naturalist Athol Douglas and American entomologist William Brown Jr. provided the first description of the ant in an Insectes Sociaux journal article. Its specific epithet inquilina derives from the word inquilinus, meaning "tenant".

Ilbiidae is a family of marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Cephalaspidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. There are two genera, Ilbia, with two species (Australia, Marianas), and Pseudoilbia, with one poorly known species from New Zealand.

Surdisorex is a genus of mammals in the family Soricidae. Surdisorex is one of three genera of African shrews, which, in turn, are one of three living subfamilies of shrews. Species in the genus Surdisorex are called African mole shrews because of their similarity to moles, to which they are not closely related. The genus Surdisorex represents Kenya's only endemic genus of mammal.

Alternate opinions on taxonomy consider the blind mole-rats to be the only members of the family Spalacidae and rank other spalacid subfamilies as full families. Other authors group all members of the superfamily Muroidea into a single family, Muridae. The Spalacinae contains two genera and eight species. Some authorities treat all species as belonging to a single genus, Spalax.

Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE).

Currently, the Pompilidae are split unequally into six subfamilies throughout most of the world. Ceropalinae and Notocyphinae contain two genera each and occur in Central and South America and Asia. The Epipompilinae contain a single genus and occurs in the Neotropics, the Australasian region, and the Afrotropical region. The Ctenocerinae contain two genera in the Neotropics, four in Australia and 11 in Africa.

Scenella from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, Walcott Quarry, near Field, British Columbia Scenella is the only genus in the family Scenellidae. This family has no subfamilies and Scenella is the type genus of the family Scenellidae. The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 categorizes Scenellidae in the superfamilia Scenelloidea within the Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position.

Micractaeon koptawelilensis is a species of land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Micractaeon koptawelilensis is the only species in the genus Micractaeon. Micractaeon is the type genus of the family Micractaeonidae, and Micractaeon is the only genus in the family Micractaeonidae. This family has no subfamilies.

Leptothorax acervorum was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793 in his publication Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Vol 2. The ant belongs to the family of Formicidae, which include all organisms that contain a metapleural gland. Using DNA analysis, the divergence date estimated for clades within the Formicidae imply that most ant subfamilies originate in the late Cretaceous period.

The Lestidae are a rather small family of cosmopolitan, large-sized, slender damselflies, known commonly as the spreadwings or spread-winged damselflies.Lestidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). The two subfamilies in Lestidae are Lestinae and Sympecmatinae. Damselflies in the Lestinae rest with their wings partly open, while those in the Sympecmatinae, the reedlings, ringtails, and winter damselflies, rest with their wings folded.

The Ye’kuana language is situated typologically in the Cariban family, which is subdivided into seven subfamilies and one uncategorised language. Ye’kuana is a member of the Guianan Carib subfamily, along with ten other languages. The Guianan languages are located, for the most part, around the Guiana Shield. Ye’kuana and Wayumara form a smaller category within the Guianan subfamily, the Maquiritari-Wayumara subfamily.

The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one, and is occasionally broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. Sometimes, additional families and birds are treated as part of this family.

With cryptic and eyeless worker ants, the genus was included in the ant subfamily CerapachyinaeBrown 1975Bolton 1990a, b until the establishment of a separate subfamily, Leptanilloidinae,Baroni Urbani et al. (1992) hypothesized as the sister group to the Cerapachyinae and all other members of the dorylomorphs. However, they were synonymized with the previous dorylomorph subfamilies (including the Leptanilloidinae) under Dorylinae.

The subfamily Lyssomaninae, as described in 1976 by María Elena Galiano and in 1980 by Wanless, was agreed by both authors not to be monophyletic, and to consist of three groups. It was formally divided into three subfamilies, Onomastinae, Asemoneinae and Lyssomaninae s.s., by Wayne Maddison in 2015. He included only two genera, Chinoscopus and Lyssomanes, although noting that Lyssomanes might be paraphyletic.

They usually nest on the ground, with a habit of resting and roosting on roads. The subfamilies of nightjars have similar characteristics, including small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. However, typical nightjars have rictal bristles, longer bills, and softer plumage. The colour of their plumage and their unusual perching habits help conceal them during the day.

The barn owls consist of two extant subfamilies: the Tytoninae or Tyto owls (including the common barn owl) and the Phodilinae or bay-owls. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy unites the Caprimulgiformes with the owl order; here, the barn-owls are a subfamily, Tytoninae. This is unsupported by more recent research (see Cypselomorphae), but the relationships of the owls in general are still unresolved.

Chelisochidae is a family of earwigsSee first entry in external links section for reference. whose members are commonly known as black earwigs. The family contains a total of approximately 96 species, spread across sixteen genera in three subfamilies. They are primarily located in the more tropical Afrotropical, Australasian, and Oriental realms, even though some species, such as Chelisoches morio, are cosmopolitan.

Initial molecular work suggested that the family Melittidae was paraphyletic, and that its subfamilies (including Meganomiinae) should therefore be elevated to family status. However, these studies included very few melittids, due to their rarity. A 2013 investigation included a greater number of melittid bees and concluded that the family was probably monophyletic, thus supporting Meganomiinae as a subfamily of Melittidae.

However, the inclusion of Syneta in the Eumolpinae was disputed by other leaf beetle workers, who argued that the morphological data does not support their inclusion and that the similarities in larval characters are superficial, and that therefore Synetinae should be retained as a separate subfamily. The exact relationship of Synetinae with the other leaf beetle subfamilies is still unclear.

This strategy better represents the extreme diversity of species numbers and ecological types. Some molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that the New World rats and mice are not a monophyletic group, but this is yet to be confirmed. Their closest relatives are clearly the hamsters and voles. The New World rats and mice are divided into 3 subfamilies, 12 tribes, and 84 genera.

Crickets are found in many habitats. Members of several subfamilies are found in the upper tree canopy, in bushes, and among grasses and herbs. They also occur on the ground and in caves, and some are subterranean, excavating shallow or deep burrows. Some make home in rotting wood, and certain beach- dwelling species can run and jump over the surface of water.

The type genus for Oleaceae is Olea, the olives. Recent classifications recognize no subfamilies, but the family is divided into five tribes. The distinctiveness of each tribe has been strongly supported in molecular phylogenetic studies, but the relationships among the tribes were not clarified until 2014. The phylogenetic tree for Oleaceae is a 5-grade that can be represented as {Myxopyreae [Forsythieae (Fontanesieae )]}.

Within Hyperodapedontidae, which is now a subgroup of Rhynchosauridae, two subfamilies have been named. Stenaulorhynchinae named by Kuhn (1933) is defined sensu Langer and Schultz (2000) to include all species more closely related to Stenaulorhynchus than to Hyperodapedon. Hyperodapedontinae named by Chatterjee (1969) was redefined by Langer et al. (2000) to include "all rhynchosaurs closer to Hyperodapedon than to "Rhynchosaurus" spenceri" (now Fodonyx).

Agapornithinae is a subfamily of psittacine birds, one of the five subfamilies that make up the family Psittaculidae.Leo Joseph, Alicia Toon, Erin E. Schirtzinger, Timothy F. Wright, Richard Schodde. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) ISSN 1175-5326 Zootaxa 3205: 26–40. Its members are small, short-tailed parrots that inhabit Africa and Asia.

Many closely related subfamilies have been treated as subordinate taxa of the Harpalinae by various authors. Among these are the Dryptinae, Lebiinae (including Cyclosominae, Mormolycinae, Odacanthinae, Perigoninae), Licininae (including Chlaeniinae, Oodinae), Orthogoniinae, Panagaeinae, Platyninae, Pseudomorphinae, Pterostichinae (including Zabrinae). Here, they are considered independent families within the harpaline (sensu lato) assemblage, and this is also tentatively assumed for the enigmatic monotypic genus Ginema.

In the type description, Dlussky and Wedmann named the species P. ? dubia, P. germanica, P. magna, P. oculata, P. sepulta, and P. vetula. Protopone is one of five extinct genera from three subfamilies which have species described from Messel Formation fossils by Dlussky and Wedmann in 2012. Three of the other genera Cephalopone, Cyrtopone, and Messelepone are also placed in Ponerinae.

Phallostethinae is a subfamily of fishes, one of two subfamilies in the family Phallostethidae, the priapumfishes. The species in this subfamily are characterised mainly by having highly protrusible jaws. The genus Neostethus appears to be the sister taxon to the other two genera in the subfamily. The species in the Phallostethinae are found in south-east Asia, the Malay Archipelago and the Philippines.

They do not have a prosternal spine or tympanum. Most species are tropical and the diversity is greater in the Old World. They are considered primitive within the Orthoptera and feed on algae, ferns and gymnosperms, the more ancient plant groups. The families Chorotypidae and Morabidae were formerly included in this group as subfamilies but are now considered as families within the Eumastacoidea.

Although they have often been treated as a separate family, the Aphidiidae, the Aphidiinae are a lineage within the Braconidae. It is not yet clear to which braconid subfamilies they are most closely related. The Aphidiinae are subdivided into several tribes, the Ephedrini, Praini, Trioxini, Aclitini, and Aphidiini, with the latter subdivided into three subtribes.Shi & Chen 2005 Most species reside in the Aphidiini.

There are currently 97 species in this family, divided among 15 genera in two subfamilies. Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system (such as Rotavirus) and respiratory tract. The name "Reo-" is derived from respiratory enteric orphan viruses.MicrobiologyBytes —Reoviruses The term "orphan virus" refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease.

Aminotransferase class-V is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. This domain is found in amino transferases, and other enzymes including cysteine desulphurase EC:4.4.1.-. Aminotransferases share certain mechanistic features with other pyridoxal- phosphate dependent enzymes, such as the covalent binding of the pyridoxal- phosphate group to a lysine residue. On the basis of sequence similarity, these various enzymes can be grouped into subfamilies.

The family Diplosentidae was established by Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1937 based on Diplosentis amphacanthi. The family now contains six genera divided into two subfamilies. The family is characterised by the absence of trunk spines, presence of just two cement glands, heavily coiled lemnisci said to be enclosed in a membranous sac and similar hooks on the proboscis.Pichelin, S. & Cribb, T. (2001).

The association with particular rodent families appears to have been more recent. The viruses carried by the subfamilies Arvicolinae and Murinae originated in Asia 500–700 years ago. These subsequently spread to Africa, Europe, North America and Siberia possibly carried by their hosts. The species infecting the subfamily Neotominae evolved 500–600 years ago in Central America and then spread toward North America.

Due to the incomplete nature of the fossil, placement of the genus into any of the three described subfamilies or creation of a new subfamily was not possible. U. republicensis was one of three sawfly species described in Archibald & Rasnitsyn's 2015 paper, the other two being Ypresiosirex orthosemos and Cuspilongus cachecreekensis, both from the McAbee fossil beds in south central British Columbia.

NCS1 proteins are H+/Na+ symporters specific for the uptake of purines, pyrimidines and related metabolites. Krypotou et al. 2015 studied the origin, diversification and substrate specificities of fungal NCS1 transporters, suggesting that the two fungal NCS1 subfamilies, Fur and Fcy, and plant homologues, originated through independent horizontal transfers from prokaryotes. Expansion by gene duplication led to functional diversification of fungal NCS1 porters.

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden did not include it to the subfamilies of the Byzantine text, he classified it is a member of the I' group with 28 other manuscripts. Wisse classified it as Kmix (a mixture of the Byzantine families). Aland did not place it in any Category.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC10 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, and White).

Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi. Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species Edentulina moreleti, which is herbivorous. All streptaxids have well-developed radula, except Careoradula perelegans, which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula.

The genus Hieraaetus, sometimes known as hawk-eagles, denotes a group of smallish eagles usually placed in the accipitrid subfamilies Buteoninae Digitized copy or Aquilinae. They are medium-sized birds of prey inhabiting Europe, Asia, Africa, New Guinea and Australia. A recently-extinct species, the New Zealand Haast's eagle, was the largest eagle ever known, weighing up to , with a wingspan.

K2P channels consist of six subfamilies and contain four transmembrane domains, which form two pores each between domains 1–2 and 3–4. K2P channels also contain a short N terminal domain and a C terminal which varies in length. There is also a large extracellular linker region between domain 1 and the first pore formed between domains 1–2.

Wasps from the three subfamilies Agaoninae, Kradibiinae and Tetrapusiinae are pollinating fig wasps. On the other hand, Sycophaginae are parasites of the Ficus, developing in the fruits after other wasps have pollinated them. Nevertheless, some species in the genus Sycophaga have a controversial status; as they enter the fig by its ostiole, they possibly bring pollen inside the fig and might pollinate it.

TRP channel groups and families. In the animal TRP superfamily there are currently 9 proposed families split into two groups, each family containing a number of subfamilies. Group one consists of TRPC, TRPV, TRPVL, TRPA, TRPM, TRPS, and TRPN, while group two contains TRPP and TRPML. There is an additional family labeled TRPY that is not always included in either of these groups.

According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 17 genera in the Eulimellinae. As "Eulimellinae", this taxon was previously one of eleven recognised subfamilies of the Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997). In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily Cingulininae was downgraded to the rank of tribe, as Eulimellini, belonging to the subfamily Turbonillinae.

Subfamilies were resurrected for this family after it was discovered that the South American and Australian members are reciprocally monophyletic, that is they each have their nearest relatives within the continent (Georges et al., 1998).Georges A, Birrell J, Saint K, McCord WP, Donnellan S. 1998. A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.

The Cassidulinidae is a family of Paleocene to recent benthic foraminifera (amoieboid protists) that make up part of the rotaliid superfamily Cassidulinacea, characterized by calcareous test with biserially arranged chambers in a planispiral coil, at least in the early stage, but which later may uncoil. The Cassidulinidae includes three subfamilies, the Cassidulininae, Ehrenbergininae, and Orthoplectinae, which contain as many as fourteen (14) genera.

The high number of subfamilies in humans explains why we are able to recognize so many odors. Human OR genes have homologues in other mammals, such as mice, that demonstrate the evolution of Olfactory Receptor genes. One particular family that is involved in the initial event of odor perception has been found to be highly conserved throughout all of vertebrate evolution.

The Neotominae are a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. They consist of four tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice, predominantly found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice. Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae.

The family Clusiaceae was divided by Cronquist into two subfamilies: the Clusioideae (typical subfamily) and the Hypericoideae. The latter was often treated as a family—the Hypericaceae or St. John's wort family. Elements of the Hypericoideae are more common in northern temperate areas and those of the Clusioideae are centered in the tropics. Later classifications, however, divide the family in a finer way.

Wiedemann, in publications appearing between 1817 and 1830, described 235 species, many exotic. Johann Wilhelm Meigen in an early work of 1803 erected 4 genera, 3 of which now represent subfamilies. He also described many species in Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten (1800 to 1838). During the rest of the nineteenth century there were significant contributions by Hermann Loew in particular.

The genus was formerly placed in the families Noctuidae and Arctiidae by some authors. Other authors placed them in the family Aganaidae or Hypsidae. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the Aganainae are most closely related to the Herminiinae (litter moths), and this pair of subfamilies is most closely related to the Arctiinae (tiger and lichen moths), all within the family Erebidae.

Megabats constitute the family Pteropodidae of the order Chiroptera (bats). They are also called fruit bats, Old World fruit bats, or—especially the genera Acerodon and Pteropus—flying foxes. They are the only member of the superfamily Pteropodoidea, which is one of two superfamilies in the suborder Yinpterochiroptera. Internal divisions of Pteropodidae have varied since subfamilies were first proposed in 1917.

L. leucozonium is part of the subfamily Halictinae, of the Hymenoptera family Halictidae. The largest, most diverse and recently diverged of the four halictid subfamilies, Halictinae (sweat bees) is made up of five tribes of which L. leucozonium is part of Halictini, which contains over 2000 species. Genus Lasioglossum is informally divided into two series: the Lasioglossum series and the Hemihalictus.Michener, C.D. (2000).

Natural reservoirs for this hantavirus species include the slit faced bat, moles, and shrews. Rodent-borne hantaviruses form three major evolutionary clades corresponding to the subfamilies of their rodent hosts. HTNV, SEOV, and DOBV are examples of Murinae-associated hantaviruses. PUUV and Tula orthohantavirus (TULV) belong to the Arvicolinae-associated hantaviruses, and SNV and ANDV are representatives of Neotominae- and Sigmodontinae- associated hantaviruses.

Latina rugosa planidia (arrows, magnified) attached to an ant larva Stilbula quinqueguttata from Australia The Eucharitidae are a family of parasitic wasps.Ayre, G.L. Pseudometagea schwarzii (Ashm.) (Eucharitidae: Hymenoptera), a parasite of Lasius neoniger Emery (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 40 (1962) : 157-164. Eucharitid wasps are members of the superfamily Chalcidoidea and consist of three subfamilies: Oraseminae, Eucharitinae, and Gollumiellinae.

However, the genera Aublysodon and Deinodon are usually considered nomina dubia, so they and their eponymous subfamilies are usually excluded from taxonomies of tyrannosaurids. An additional tyrannosaurid, Raptorex, was initially described as a more primitive tyrannosauroid, but likely represents a juvenile tyrannosaurine similar to Tarbosaurus. However, as it is known only from a juvenile specimen, it is also currently considered a nomen dubium.

Several classification schemes have been used to define the structure of this family. The "historical" classification recognized all New World iguanians, plus Brachylophus and the Madagascar oplurines, as informal groups and not as formal subfamilies. Frost and Etheridge (1989) formally recognized these informal groupings as families.D.R. Frost & R. Etheridge (1989) «A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)» Univ.

Although fragmentary, the remains are similar to the western corella and the galah. In Melanesia, subfossil bones of Cacatua species which apparently did not survive early human settlement have been found on New Caledonia and New Ireland. The bearing of these fossils on cockatoo evolution and phylogeny is fairly limited, although the Riversleigh fossil does allow tentative dating of the divergence of subfamilies.

Trimma nasa belongs to the Trimma nasa species group of the dwarfgoby genus Trimma. It was included in the true goby subfamily Gobiinae in the goby family Gobiidae. However, the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World does not give any subfamilies in the Gobiidae. It was first recognized as a separate species in 2005 by the ichthyologist Richard Winterbottom.

"The phylogenetic relationships among infraorders and superfamilies of Diptera based on morphological evidence." Systematic Entomology 38.1 (2013): 164-179. The roughly 520 species are placed in 50 genera. In 2019, a revised classification of the family based on phylogenetic studies was published, listing five extant subfamilies and one extinct subfamily containing Archocyrtus from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan.

The Viperidae (vipers) are a family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world, with the exception of Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, Madagascar, various other isolated islands, and north of the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of snake venom. Four subfamilies are currently recognized. They are also known as viperids.

William Bridge Cooke (July 16, 1908 – December 30, 1991) was an American mycologist. He specialized in fungal ecology and taxonomy, with on emphasis on the Polyporaceae. He was the author of at least 192 publications and five books. Cooke also published many fungal taxa: 3 subfamilies, 10 genera, 1 section, 144 new species, 4 subspecies and varieties, and 141 new combinations.

This protein has been shown to bind a CRK-associated substrate, a nephrocystin, a GTPase regulator associated with FAK, and the SH2 domain of GRB2. The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra-and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This full transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance.

Dynamins represent one of the subfamilies of GTP-binding proteins. These proteins share considerable sequence similarity over the N-terminal portion of the molecule, which contains the GTPase domain. Dynamins are associated with microtubules. They have been implicated in cell processes such as endocytosis and cell motility, and in alterations of the membrane that accompany certain activities such as bone resorption by osteoclasts.

2-4 In 1951 he received the Herbert Medal for his work and discoveries in amaryllis. In 1962 he received a citation from the American Horticultural Society Congress for contributions to the knowledge of bromeliads. He has more than forty notable crosses of bromeliads and amaryllids. The principal bromeliads that were hybridized were confined to the billbergia and vrieseas subfamilies.

Metriorhynchinae is a subfamily of metriorhynchid crocodyliforms from the late Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous (Callovian - Valanginian) of Europe, North America and South America. Named by Fitzinger, in 1843, it contains the metriorhynchids Metriorhynchus, Gracilineustes, Cricosaurus, Maledictosuchus and Rhacheosaurus. The last three taxa form a tribe within Metriorhynchinae, the Rhacheosaurini. Metriorhynchinae is one of two subfamilies of Metriorhynchidae, the other being Geosaurinae.

The superfamily Cicadoidea is a sister of the Cercopoidea (the froghoppers). Cicadas are arranged into two families: the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The two extant species of the Tettigarctidae include one in southern Australia and the other in Tasmania. The family Cicadidae is subdivided into the subfamilies Cicadinae, Tibicininae (or Tettigadinae), Tettigomyiinae, and Cicadettinae; they are found on all continents except Antarctica.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance.

The tree kingfisher subfamily is often given the name Daceloninae introduce by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1841, but the name Halcyoninae introduced by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1825 is earlier and has priority. The subfamily Halcyoninae is one of three subfamilies in the kingfisher family Alcedinidae. The other two are Alcedininae and Cerylinae. The subfamily contains around 70 species divided into 12 genera.

There has been a controversy associated with deciding which is the valid family name of squeak beetles: Hygrobiidae or Paelobiidae. Paelobiidae has priority over Hygrobiidae, but the latter name was until recently much more widely used.Lawrence, J. F., & Newton, A. F. (1995). Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names.[pp. 779-1006].

Each family gets at least one paragraph, and usually a body outline drawing; large families have subfamilies and tribes described as well. Notable genera and species are mentioned, while the book generally does not deal with the species-level diversity. The complexities of the higher taxa are described succinctly, with many references for difficult points. The book does not involve color illustrations.

The small flowers are radially symmetrical, with six tepals, usually joined at the base, six stamens and a superior ovary. The fruit is usually a berry with few seeds. Species vary from herbaceous perennials to tree-like forms (e.g. Dracaena). There are several examples of convergent evolution between species in this subfamily and those in other subfamilies of the Asparagaceae sensu lato.

The sand wasp Ammophila sabulosa has an exceptionally long petiole. This Acanthomyrmex ant has a petiole and postpetiole In entomology, petiole is the technical term for the narrow waist of some hymenopteran insects, especially ants, bees, and wasps in the suborder Apocrita. The petiole can consist of either one or two segments, a characteristic that separates major subfamilies of ants.

Polynoidae is a family of marine Polychaete worms known as "scale worms" due to the scale-like elytra on the dorsal surface. Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera. They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow intertidal waters to hadal trenches.

The first deep-sea species of Polynoidae was collected at 1230m during the Challenger Expedition and several a number of subfamilies appear to be restricted to the deep sea below 500m. Species have colonised submarine caves and hydrothermal vents. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, fewer segments, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). The ABCC11 transporter is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance.

Anisodon grande, formerly Chalicotherium grande. Unlike modern perissodactyls, chalicotheres had clawed feet. They had longer forelimbs and shorter hind limbs, lower incisors that cropped food against a toothless pad in the upper jaw, low-crowned molar teeth, and were browsers on trees and shrubs throughout their history. They evolved in two different directions, which became separate subfamilies, the Schizotheriinae and the Chalicotheriinae.

However, due to an array of molecular and embryological evidence that disagrees with the groupings, it is not fully accepted by the scientific community. Their classification is based on inflorescence structure and wood and bark anatomy. It divides Lauraceae into two subfamilies, Cassythoideae and Lauroideae. The Cassythoideae comprise a single genus, Cassytha, and are defined by their herbaceous, parasitic habit.

The family Munnopsidae is a family of asellote isopoda which is one of the most speciose and frequently collected of the known isopod families. As currently structured it consists of nine subfamilies, 42 genera and about 320 species. The Munnopsidae is frequently the most abundant and diverse isopod family in benthic deep−sea communities and also has a wide distribution in cold waters.

Some PPases from Anaerostipes caccae, Chlorobium limicola, Clostridium tetani, and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans have been identified as K+-dependent Na+ transporters. Phylogenetic analysis led to the identification of a monophyletic clade comprising characterized and predicted Na+-transporting PPases (Na+-PPases) within the K+-dependent subfamily. H+-transporting PPases (H+-PPases) are more heterogeneous and form at least three independent clades in both subfamilies.

The genus Adafroptilum presently consists of a group of species with undetermined relationships. Adults in the Saturniinae typically live about 5–12 days and are mostly nocturnal, excluding males in four of the subfamilies. The moths do not eat during their short lives and their mouths are not fully formed. In some species of Saturniinae, there is unmistakable sexual dimorphism.

The females in these subfamilies can weigh almost double that of the males, are larger in size, and have larger wings. The Saturniinae's eggs are oblong and are laid flat against each other in clusters. Once hatched, the larval period lasts about 78 days. They typically pass through five larval instars (excluding egg, pupa and adult), although some may have more.

The first gave rise to DRP2, a common ancestor of dystrophin and utrophin, and to α- and β-dystrobrevin. The second resulted in the separate dystrophin and utrophin genes. In addition, sequence alignments of dystrophin family protein strongly support the concept that two distinct subfamilies exist, one consisted of dystrophin, utrophin, and DRP2 and the other consisted of α- and β-dystrobrevin.

The Chenopodioideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae in the APG III system, which is largely based on molecular phylogeny, but were included - together with other subfamilies - in family Chenopodiaceae in the Cronquist system. Food species comprise Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Good King Henry (Blitum bonus-henricus), several Chenopodium species (Quinoa, Kañiwa, Fat Hen), Orache (Atriplex spp.), and Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides).

Desmodium gangeticum The Fabales are an order of flowering plants included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (including the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Faboideae), Quillajaceae, Polygalaceae or milkworts (including the families Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, and Xanthophyllaceae), and Surianaceae. Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Fabales were in the superorder Fabiflorae (also called Fabanae) with three familiese corresponding to the subfamilies of Fabaceae in APG II. The other families treated in the Fabales by the APG II classification were placed in separate orders by Cronquist, the Polygalaceae within its own order, the Polygalales, and the Quillajaceae and Surianaceae within the Rosales.

The family Chamaeleonidae was divided into two subfamilies, Brookesiinae and Chamaeleoninae, by Klaver and Böhme in 1986. Under this classification, Brookesiinae included the genera Brookesia and Rhampholeon, as well as the genera later split off from them (Palleon and Rieppeleon), while Chamaeleoninae included the genera Bradypodion, Calumma, Chamaeleo, Furcifer and Trioceros, as well as the genera later split off from them (Archaius, Nadzikambia and Kinyongia). Since that time, however, the validity of this subfamily designation has been the subject of much debate, although most phylogenetic studies support the notion that the pygmy chameleons of the subfamily Brookesiinae are not a monophyletic group. While some authorities have previously preferred to use this subfamilial classification on the basis of the absence of evidence principle, these authorities later abandoned this subfamilial division, no longer recognizing any subfamilies with the family Chamaeleonidae.

The phylogenetic analysis of the original description of Zapatadon found it as a part of a clade that contains to the subfamilies Eilenodontidae (Toxolophosaurus, Eilenosaurus) and Sphenodontinae (Sphenodon, Cynosphenodon), in an unresolved polytomy with the genus Opisthias and this subfamilies, within the family Sphenodontidae. This inclusion is supported by have the great length of the supratemporal fenestra, more than a fourth of the skull length, the single palatine row of teeth and an orbit less than a third of the skull length. Although certain features like the great length of the lower temporal fenestra and the enlarged quadrate-quadratojugal foramen are shared with Sphenodon, suggesting a close relationship, the authors noted that the immature nature of the holotype make a mixture of advanced and primitive characters that do not allow make more clear their phylogenetic relationships.

Mounted skeleton of a juvenile Rapetosaurus American paleontologist Jeff Wilson presented another revision of overall sauropod phylogeny in 2002, resolving strong support for most groups, and a similar result to Upchurch (1998) although with Euhelopus closest to titanosaurs instead of outside Neosauropoda. More internal clades were resolved for Titanosauria, with Nemegtosaurus and Rapetosaurus united within Nemegtosauridae, and Saltasauridae including two subfamilies, Opisthocoelicaudiinae and Saltasaurinae. Saltasauridae was defined as a node-stem triplet, where everything descended from the common ancestor of Opisthocoelicaudia and Saltasaurus was within Saltasauridae, and the subfamilies Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were for every taxon on one branch of the saltasaurid tree or the other. Wilson and Paul Upchurch followed this study up in 2003 with a significant revision of the type genus Titanosaurus, and revisited all the material that had been assigned to the genus while reviewing titanosaur inter-relationships.

Mating Rhizotrogon marginipes (Melolonthini/Rhizotrogini), male on top - note sexually dimorphic antennae Melolonthinae is a subfamily of the scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae). It is a very diverse group; distributed over most of the world, it contains many familiar species. Some authors include the scarab subfamilies Euchirinae and Pachypodinae as tribes in the Melolonthinae. Unlike some of their relatives, their habitus is usually not bizarre.

Oryzorictinae is a subfamily of tenrecs endemic to the island of Madagascar. It is the largest of three tenrec subfamilies. Oryzorictinae is thought to have split from the lineage of its closest relative, Geogale, about 30 million years (Ma) ago. The deepest phylogenetic split within the subfamily, that between Oryzorictes and a clade composed of Microgale plus Nesogale , is thought to have occurred about 28 Ma ago.

Polymorphitidae is a family of Early Jurassic ammonoid cephalopods that contribute to the Eoderoceratoidea. Two subfamilies, the Polymorphtinae and Tropidoceratinae, are included. Polymorphitid ammonites produced typically evolute shells, which are more compressed than in most members of the superfamily. Many possess ventral chevrons and/or a fastigate venter resembling a gable roof, which in some develops into a true keel on the outer whorls.

Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Ants are social insects that can be found in terrestrial ecosystems. They are also very common in human settlements, as well as in forest floor. Well over 6000 species of ants were found and described, and new species are about to discover. Sri Lanka is home to 229 species of ants that included to 66 genera and 12 subfamilies.

The Arvicolinae are a subfamily of rodents that includes the voles, lemmings, and muskrats. They are most closely related to the other subfamilies in the Cricetidae (comprising the hamsters and New World rats and miceSteppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.).

This youngest of all African bovid subfamilies dates back 5 million years ago, and has exhibited great diversification. The oldest fossil of Alcelaphus has been dated to 740,000 years ago. Besides Alcelaphus, the three other genera from the Alcelaphini are Beatragus, Connochaetes, and Damaliscus. Over millions of years, the Alcelaphini have diversified to fill certain niches and have spread to different habitats across the continent of Africa.

ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCD4 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White).

ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCG4 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is included in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC protein) superfamily. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White).