If rangeomorphs had stolons too, perhaps they left a trace.
|
|
"Stolons are really thin, and unlikely to be preserved," Dr. Mitchell said.
|
|
Pingao (Ficinia spiralis) spreads by forming stolons in the sand. Common Silverweed (Argentina anserina) picture showing red stolons. In biology, stolons (from Latin stolō "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.
|
|
All immature medusa (with 12 tentacles at most) then turned into a cyst-like stage and then transformed into stolons and polyps. However, about 20%-40% of mature medusa went into the stolons and polyps stage without passing the cyst-like stage. Polyps were formed after 2 days since stolons had developed and fed on food. Polyps further multiply by growing additional stolons, branches and then polyps, to form colonial hydroids.
|
|
Not all horizontal plant stems are stolons. Plants with stolons are described as "stoloniferous". Stolons, especially those above the surface of the soil are often denominated "runners". Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally on the surface of the soil or in other orientations underground.
|
|
Flowering plants often produce no stolons. Convolvulus arvensis is a weed species in agriculture that spreads by under ground stolons that produce rhizomes. In studies on grass species, with plants that produce stolons or rhizomes and plants that produce both stolons and rhizomes, morphological and physiological differences were noticed. Stolons have longer internodes and function as means of seeking out light and are used for propagation of the plant, while rhizomes are used as storage organs for carbohydrates and the maintenance of meristem tissue to keep the parent plant alive from one year to the next.
|
|
Hydrilla use stolons that produce tubers to spread themselves and to survive dry periods in aquatic habitats. Erythronium, commonly called Trout Lily, have white stolons growing from the bulb. Most run horizontally, either underground or along the surface of the ground under leaf litter. A number of bulbous species produce stolons, such as Erythronium propullans.
|
|
'Lipstick' hybrid strawberry (Comarum palustre × Fragaria × ananassa) along stolons. In some Cyperus species the stolons end with the growth of tubers; the tubers are swollen stolons that form new plants. Some species of crawling plants can also sprout adventitious roots, but are not considered stoloniferous: a stolon is sprouted from an existing stem and can produce a full individual. Examples of plants that extend through stolons include some species from the genera Argentina (silverweed), Cynodon, Fragaria, and Pilosella (Hawkweeds), Zoysia japonica, Ranunculus repens.
|
|
Although the plant does produce seeds, it typically reproduces by stolons.
|
|
In botany, stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Stolons are often called runners. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons.
|
|
These stolons from the corm of a Crocosmia are stems that emerged from axillary buds at the nodes of the tunic leaves. Stolons may or may not have long internodes. The leaves along the stolon are usually very small, but in a few cases such as Stachys sylvatica are normal in size. Stolons arise from the base of the plant.
|
|
It has a rhizome, that in the spring, sends out thin, and long, (up to long,British Iris Society (1997) ) secondary roots (or stolons), which have a red skin. At the end of each stolon, it forms a new rhizome, creating widespread colonies of plants. Other 'Regelia section' irises also have stolons. Also Iris japonica, Iris prismatica and Iris henryi produce stolons.
|
|
Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. A stolon is a plant propagation strategy and the complex of individuals formed by a mother plant and all its clones produced from stolons form a single genetic individual, a genet.
|
|
The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting from stolons and underground rhizomes.
|
|
Meanwhile, the parent worm remains safely in its sponge home and produces more stolons.
|
|
In potatoes, the stolons start to grow within 10 days of plants emerging above ground, with tubers usually beginning to form on the end of the stolons. The tubers are modified stolons that hold food reserves, with a few buds that grow into stems. Since it is not a rhizome it does not generate roots, but the new stem growth that grows to the surface produces roots. See also BBCH-scale (potato).
|
|
The plant propagates through its wind-dispersed seeds, and also vegetatively by stolons and shallow rhizomes.
|
|
Colonies of ctenostomes are often composed of elongated, branch-like stolons, although more compact forms also exist.
|
|
However, the rosette will not die after flowering, and will instead produce many stolons bearing young plantlets.
|
|
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan . Underground, this species has large stolons with tuberous roots.
|
|
C. lyra is named the harp sponge because its basic structure resembles a Lyre. It is a sessile organism which anchors itself to the soft seafloor using a rhizoid, a root-like structure that embeds into the sea floor. From the top of the rhizoid, 1 to 6 horizontal, equidistant stolons with vertical branches form the 'vanes' of the sponge (this is evident in all of Chondrocladia). Stolons vary from being straight to curved, often with mixtures of straight and curved stolons in the same specimen.
|
|
These are each 5 to 11 millimeters (–1 ¼ in.) long and one to three millimeters (–⅛ in.) wide, acuminate, acute, and densely covered with fine hairs.Ruiz 2001, pg. 202 In a feature unique among Mexican Pinguicula,The Spanish P. vallisnerifolia and Ecuadorian P. calyptrata share this trait, though with shorter stolons P. orchidioides produces stolons throughout the summer growing period. These start out as gemma-like buds in the winter rosette and elongate into whip-like stolons up to 8 centimeters (3 in) long during the summer.
|
|
The achenes are dispersed by the wind, and the plant can also spread by vegetative growth from stolons or rhizomes.
|
|
Colonies of Zoobotryon verticillatum resemble miniature trees up to a metre (yard) wide and consist of a dense mass of feeding zooids known as autozooids connected to each other by slender branching stolons in diameter. The stolons are attached to the substrate by an adhesive disc and are translucent and may be brownish or bluish. The autozooids are in two rows along the stolons, each zooid being sac-like and in length. The mouth of each autozooid bears a retractable crown- like feeding structure known as a lophophore, with eight short tentacles.
|
|
Seashore Paspalum. Cooperative Extension, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. It spreads by its rhizomes and stolons, forming a thick turf.Paspalum vaginatum.
|
|
Sarmentose is a term describing plants which have long slender stolons, or "runners". An example of sarmentose plant is the strawberry.
|
|
Branched stolons could be found through the period of cormel formation and each of them produced a cormel at the tip.
|
|
The stolons are easily recognized when potato plants are grown from seeds. As the plants grow, stolons are produced around the soil surface from the nodes. The tubers form close to the soil surface and sometimes even on top of the ground. When potatoes are cultivated, the tubers are cut into pieces and planted much deeper into the soil.
|
|
Flora of North America. The plant grows from rhizomes and fibrous roots; despite its common name, it does not usually form stolons.
|
|
The two white sepals are long. The fruit is a small bur with one seed. C. alpina can reproduce vegetatively and via stolons.
|
|
The plants spread by underground stolons with thick fleshy roots making fair sized colonies which can be separated by division in the spring.
|
|
Potato plant with revealed tubers Potatoes are stem tubers. Enlarged stolons thicken to develop into storage organs.Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant Journal Potato Research. Springer Netherlands (Print) (Online) Issue Volume 33, Number 2 / June, 1990 ~~~~[Links have expired] The tuber has all the parts of a normal stem, including nodes and internodes.
|
|
Sporangiospores (4-11 µm diam) are produced in the sporangium and are unicellular, ovoid and brown. Sporangiospores serve as the primary inoculum and are passively released when the outer layer of the sporangium breaks down. Other R. stolonifer structures include stolons and rhizoids. Stolons arch over the surface and rhizoids grow into the substrate at each point of contact between stolon and substrate.
|
|
The numerous stolons and roots form a dense sod. Buffalograss roots are finer than those of most plains grasses, being less than in diameter.
|
|
They flower approximately 4 to 5 weeks after germination and continue flowering year-round. They rarely germinate from seed. Instead they usually propagate via stolons.
|
|
Utricularia inflata is one of the larger suspended aquatic species in the genus Utricularia. Like all aquatic Utricularia, U. inflata has no true roots or leaves. The filiform stolons are the main vegetative "stem" of the plant and can be up to one meter long or longer but are only 1–2 mm thick. The stolons are glabrous with 1–5 cm between branched divisions.
|
|
It is a spreading perennial tussock grass from in height. Its flowers are green or purple. It reproduces asexually by use of both stolons and rhizomes.
|
|
The seeds are shiny, dark brown, egg-shaped, 3–5 mm long, and ripen and fall in early summer. Pīngao can also reproduce vegetatively with its stolons.
|
|
Polygonatum odoratum, like its relative lily of the valley, is cultivated in moist, shaded situations, where it will spread by underground stolons. Cultivars include 'Flore pleno' and 'Variegatum'.
|
|
This species is a mat-forming perennial grass with rhizomes and stolons. The stems can reach up to 63 centimeters long,Digitaria didactyla. Grass Manual. Flora of North America.
|
|
Tulipa aleppensis belongs to the genus Tulipa (family Liliaceae). It is a herbaceous, bulbous perennial. The tunic of the bulb is covered with long straight hairs. It forms stolons.
|
|
Potato growth can be divided into five phases. During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth begins. During the second, photosynthesis begins as the plant develops leaves and branches above-ground and stolons develop from lower leaf axils on the below-ground stem. In the third phase the tips of the stolons swell forming new tubers and the shoots continue to grow and flowers typically develop soon after.
|
|
Paspalum notatum, known commonly as bahiagrass, common bahia, and Pensacola bahia, is a tropical to subtropical perennial grass (family Poaceae). It is known for its prominent V-shaped inflorescence consisting of two spike-like racemes containing multiple tiny spikelets, each about long. This grass is low-growing and creeping with stolons and stout, scaly rhizomes. The stolons are pressed firmly to the ground and root freely from the internodes, forming a dense sod.
|
|
The bottom three petals typically have purple veins. This plant spreads with root-like structures that grow over the surface of the ground (stolons). Its growth habit is a forb/herb.
|
|
Silverweed leaves are covered in fine silvery hairs that give the plant its name. Silverweed is a low-growing herbaceous plant with creeping red stolons that can be up to 80 cm long. The leaves are 10–20 cm long, evenly pinnate into in saw-toothed leaflets 2–5 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, covered with silky white hairs, particularly on the underside. These hairs are also present on the stem and the stolons.
|
|
These include creeping buttercup and ground ivy. Yet another group of perennials propagate by stolons- stems that arch back into the ground to reroot. The most familiar of these is the bramble.
|
|
In strawberries the base is above the soil surface; in many bulb-forming species and plants with rhizomes, the stolons remain underground and form shoots that rise to the surface at the ends or from the nodes. The nodes of the stolons produce roots, often all around the node and hormones produced by the roots cause the stolon to initiate shoots with normal leaves. Typically after the formation of the new plant the stolon dies away in a year or two, while rhizomes persist normally for many years or for the life of the plant, adding more length each year to the ends with active growth. The horizontal growth of stolons results from the interplay of different hormones produced at the growing point and hormones from the main plant, with some studies showing that stolon and rhizome growth are affected by the amount of shady light the plant receives with increased production and branching from plants exposed to mixed shade and sun, while plants in all day sun or all shade produce fewer stolons.
|
|
Acaena novae-zelandiae is a small herbaceous perennial. It is stoloniferous with prostrate stems of 1.5 – 2 mm diameter. Damage to stolons encourages new shoots to be produced. Acaena novae-zelandiae, Tasmania, Australia.
|
|
Unlike plants such as agave which die after flowering, a bloomed shoot will simply cease to produce new leaves. The flowered shoot continues to grow by producing plantlets via its rhizomes or stolons.
|
|
Members of this suborder are characterised by the filiform tentacles of the polyps which do not terminate in knobs. The rose corals, family Stylasteridae, secrete calcium carbonate exoskeletons around a network of stolons.
|
|
Flowers of Oplismenus undulatifolius are typically very light in color compared to the deep-red flowers of Oplismenus hirtellus. Oplismenus undulatifolius is a shallow rooted perennial with stolons that may grow to several feet in length. The leaves of overwintering plants become brown and dead, but in the spring, new growth begins at the upper nodes of the stolons. In early fall, the sticky awns readily adhere to anything that brushes against them which makes for an effective mode of dispersal.
|
|
Iris hoogiana has a stout,Christopher Brickell (Editor)British Iris Society (1997) or thick rhizomeJames Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) that produces many long, slender, fleshy secondary stolons, which travel through the ground searching for minerals to feed the plant. They can be between long. It also uses the stolons to form colonies of plants and spread over an area. When the plant is dormant (in autumn and winter), it is very similar in form to Iris stolonifera.
|
|
A colony of Astrangia solitaria consists of a small number of cylindrical corallites (stony cups), in diameter and high, each secreted by the polyp that sits inside it. New polyps grow on short stolons and the coenosarc (soft tissue) does not cover the skeleton in a continuous sheet as it does in most coral species. The stolons may become abraded leaving the individual polyps completely or semi-separated. The corallites can have 48 septa (stony ridges) but 36 is a more usual number.
|
|
Iris bismarkiana is similar in growth to Iris susiana and Iris lortetii, (both also Oncocyclus Irises), they only differ in the colour of the flowers. It is a geophyte, It has short, stoloniferous rhizomes,James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) British Iris Society (1997) which are narrow, around 1.5 cm in diameter. It forms long thin stolons, that can reach up to a few meters, into the ground, seeking minerals. The rhizomes and stolons are very prone to viral diseases.
|
|
It is a perennial grass with rhizomes or stolons. The stems grow 10 to 79 centimeters tall. The leaf blades are 10 to 19 centimeters long and may be hairless to slightly hairy.Paspalum vaginatum.
|
|
The stolons are in diameter and the zooids are long. Zooids within the colony are connected via pores in the interconnecting walls and coelomic fluid can be transferred between them and through the stolon.
|
|
Center for Plant Conservation. This plant is a stoloniferous herb with erect stems up to 15 centimeters tall. Flowering stems are not produced during the first season. Leaves occur on the stolons and the stems.
|
|
Dysosma delavayi has also shown a tendency to produce stolons, which aids propagation of this rare plant. Traditionally, this species is propagated by division, seed, and it has also been successfully micropropagated through tissue culture.
|
|
Sabatia kennedyana is a perennial herb with stolons tipped with basal rosettes of leaves. The flower is pink with a white or yellow center. It may be 5 centimeters wide, with 9 to 11 petals.
|
|
This shrub grows 2 to 5 feet tall. It forms colonies by extending stolons. It produces cream-colored flowers and blue fruits. The plant grows in dry, sandy, sunny habitat, including pine barrens and grasslands.
|
|
In general, it is a perennial grass often with stolons. The stems spread outwards, then grow erect at the ends. A stem may be a meter long and reach about 60 centimeters in erect height.Dichanthium annulatum.
|
|
The top growth is killed even by light frosts, but regenerates readily from surviving rootstocks and stolons with the onset of warm conditions.Bogdan, A.V. (1977). Tropical Pasture and Forage Plants . p. 422. (Longman: London and New York).
|
|
It is adapted to both heavy and lenient grazing by due to its stolons and twining laterals.Verdcourt, B. (1970) Studies in the Leguminosae - Papilionoideae for the Flora of Tropical East Africa: IV. Kew Bulletin, 24, 507-569.
|
|
The other three being Disa aurata, Disa cardinalis, and Disa uniflora. Disa tripetaloides is able to reproduce sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs by means of creating offshoots along the base of the plant and on stolons.
|
|
This species can grow to tall. It spreads rapidly via stolons which root at the nodes. The obovate leaves are long. The blue or white flowers are long and appear between the months of June and July.
|
|
Some species, most commonly C. dactylon, are grown as lawn grasses in warm temperate regions, such as the Sunbelt area of the United States where they are valued for their drought tolerance compared to most other lawn grasses. Propagation is by rhizomes, stolons, or seeds. In some cases it is considered to be a weed; it spreads through lawns and flower beds, where it can be difficult to kill with herbicides without damaging other grasses or plants. It is difficult to pull out because the rhizomes and stolons break readily, and then re-grow.
|
|
Other minor golf courses in southern California have kikuyu grass, many are in Long Beach: Lakewood, Skylinks, Big recreation, Little recreation, El Dorado, and others. The aggressive colonisation of natural habitat has resulted in this grass becoming naturalised in regions such Southwest Australia. It has high invasive potential due to its elongate rhizomes and stolons, with which it penetrates the ground, rapidly forming dense mats, and suppressing other plant species. It grows from a thick network of rhizomatous roots and sends out stolons which extend along the ground.
|
|
Many colonial sea squirts are also capable of asexual reproduction, although the means of doing so are highly variable between different families. In the simplest forms, the members of the colony are linked only by rootlike projections from their undersides known as stolons. Buds containing food storage cells can develop within the stolons and, when sufficiently separated from the 'parent', may grow into a new adult individual. In other species, the postabdomen can elongate and break up into a string of separate buds, which can eventually form a new colony.
|
|
Inflorescence Agrostis canina is a perennial plant, with stolons but no rhizomes, and culms which grow to a height of up to . It is frequently confused with Agrostis vinealis (formerly treated as a subspecies or variety of A. canina), which grows in more upland habitats and has rhizomes rather than stolons. The leaf blades are long and wide, with an acute or acuminate ligule up to long. The plant flowers from May to July, and the inflorescence is a panicle long and up to wide, with rough branches.
|
|
Colonies of this hydroid consist of a carpet-like mat of stolons, interspersed with long spines, from which arise singly three different types of polyp; feeding polyps known as gastrozooids, reproductive polyps known as gonozooids and finger-shaped polyps known as dactylozooids. The stolons have a chitinous covering known as perisarc but the polyps are naked. The gastrozooids are pink, up to tall with a ring of 12 to 20 tentacles surrounding the mouth. The colony is either male or female, so all the gonozoids are the same sex.
|
|
Hydractinia consist of a network of gastrovascular canals embedded in a plate of tissue called the mat. When gastrovascular canals extend outside of the mat, they are called stolons. The stolon tips on the outer edge of the colony secrete SIF (Stolon Inducing Factor) allowing for the creation of branching stolons In the field, colonies exhibit morphologies that range from highly stoloniferous to completely stolonless. Four types of polyps are found on Hydractinia colonies, including feeding polyps, sexual polyps, and two other types of polyps called dactylozooids and tentaculozooids, which protect the colony.
|
|
Illustration of H. americana Hydrocotyle americana is a small perennial herb which sprawls along the ground with the aid of stolons which root as the plant crawls along the ground. It produces small tubers along the stem which aid in reproduction; these tubers are typically less than 1 cm long and cylindrical, but tubers up to 1.5 cm have been observed. The plant can also create runners which spread along the ground and are longer than the stolons. The leaves art 2–5 cm wide, and shallowly lobed.
|
|
Some southern South Island populations produce dense tussock-like plants without extensive stolons. Numerous tough, roughly textured leaves are borne in dense tufts on well- spaced, short, upright stems (tillers), along the length of stolons. The narrow leaves are 2–5 mm wide, with colour ranging from bright green when young through golden yellow to a deep orange on mature plants. Small, dark brown flowers appear in spring and are arranged spirally in tight clusters around the upper 10–30 cm of the upright stem (culm), interspersed with leaf- like bracts.
|
|
Production and survivorship of the functional stolons of giant cutgrass, Zizaniopsis miliacea (Poaceae). Am J Bot 87(6) 811-18. It is native to the southeastern United States and it can also be found in central Mexico.Zizaniopsis miliacea.
|
|
This species is a perennial grass growing from rhizomes and stolons. The hollow stems are decumbent and creeping and root easily where their nodes contact the substrate. They produce erect shoots that can exceed one meter tall.Leersia hexandra.
|
|
Silverweed is most often found in sandy or gravelly soils, where it may spread rapidly by its prolific rooting stolons. It typically occurs in inland habitats, unlike A. egedii, which is a salt-tolerant coastal salt marsh plant.
|
|
Triglochin maritimum (sea arrowgrass) is similar but has the following differences: it has stolons, is stouter. The leaves are fleshy and not furrowed above. It is not very aromatic. The raceme are more dense and like Sea Plantain.
|
|
Littorella is a genus of two to three species of aquatic plants. Many plants live their entire lives submersed, and reproduce by stolons, but some are only underwater for part of the year, and flower when they are not underwater.
|
|
U. nelumbifolia will produce aerial stolons that descend into nearby leaf axils in order to colonize new territory, similar to the habit of U. humboldtii. It typically flowers from May to August.Taylor, Peter. (1989). The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph.
|
|
Rhizangiidae is a family of stony corals in the order Scleractinia. This family is closely related to Oculinidae. Members of this family are non-reef building corals and reproduce from stolons. The corallites are small and the septa are simple.
|
|
Eragrostis desertorum is a perennial herb spreading by means of stolons. It can reach a height of 60 cm. Leaves are stiff, filiform, mostly basal, up to 12 cm long, with ciliate sheaths. Inflorescence is paniculate, up to 18 cm long.
|
|
It is very similar in form toIris darwasica. It has a small, short rhizome, which is less than 2 cm long. It is covered (on the top) with the fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. It has secondary roots, short stolons.
|
|
It is similar to marsh arrowgrass (Triglochin palustris) but has the following differences: it has stolons, is stouter. The leaves are fleshy and not furrowed above. It is not very aromatic. The raceme are more dense and like sea plantain.
|
|
Typical stems are located above ground, but there are modified stems that can be found either above or below ground. Modified stems located above ground are phylloids, stolons, runners, or spurs. Modified stems located below ground are corms, rhizomes, and tubers.
|
|
Ramets are vegetative, clonal extensions of a central genet. Common examples are rhizomes (modified stem), tillers, and stolons. A plant is perennial if the birth rate of ramets exceeds their death rate. Several of the oldest known plants are clonal.
|
|
Sprigging is the planting of sprigs, plant sections cut from rhizomes or stolons that includes crowns and roots, at spaced intervals in furrows or holes. Depending on the environment, this may be done by hand or with mechanical row planters. Sprigging uses no soil with the plant, and is an alternative to seeding (planting seeds directly), plugging (transplanting plugs with intact soil and roots), and sodding (installing harvested sheets of sod). Stolonizing is essentially broadcast sprigging, using cut stolons and rhizomes spread uniformly over an area mechanically or by hand, then covered with soil or pressed into the planting bed by various means.
|
|
Most species form long, thin, sometimes branching stems or stolons beneath the surface of their substrate, whether that be pond water or dripping moss in the canopy of a tropical rainforest. To these stolons are attached both the bladder traps and photosynthetic leaf-shoots, and in terrestrial species the shoots are thrust upward through the soil into the air or along the surface. The name bladderwort refers to the bladder-like traps. The aquatic members of the genus have the largest and most obvious bladders, and these were initially thought to be flotation devices before their carnivorous nature was discovered.
|
|
This perennial grass reaches up to 1 meter tall. It sometimes spreads via stolons. The rough-haired leaves are up to 20 centimeters long by 1 centimeter wide. The panicle is a cluster of up to 20 branches arranged in tight whorls.
|
|
Houstonia sharpii (Hidalgo bluet) is a plant species in the family Rubiaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial up to 30 cm tall, spreading by means of stolons spreading along the surface of the ground. It also has white flowers.Terrell, Edward Everett. 1980.
|
|
Iris japonica is similar in form to Iris confusa, but the leaves are at ground level. It has short, slender, greenish, creeping rhizomes. It spreads by sending out thin, wiry, long stolons. They are shallow rooted, and form dense carpets and clumps.
|
|
As it usually lives within the water-filled leaf axils of bromeliads, it occasionally needs to search for new pools of water, so it sends out upright stolons that find nearby bromeliads, descend into the water, and grow into a new plant.
|
|
A number of herbaceous flowering plants form clonal colonies via horizontal surface stems termed stolons, or runners; e.g. strawberry and many grasses. Non-woody plants with underground storage organs such as bulbs and corms can also form colonies, e.g. Narcissus and Crocus.
|
|
Carex arenaria, or sand sedge, is a species of perennial sedge of the genus Carex which is commonly found growing in dunes and other sandy habitats, as the species epithet suggests (Latin , "sandy"). It grows by long stolons under the soil surface.
|
|
The Nature Conservancy. There are perhaps 1000 to 3000 individual plants remaining in total. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. This grass is perennial, spreading via stolons, with stems reaching up to 80 centimeters in maximum height.
|
|
As a type of asexual propagation, these subaerial stolons, also called runners, often develop roots and leaves from their nodes.Subaerial Stem Modifications on tutorvista.com. Some pond plants have subaerial leaves as well as submerged leaves (water plantain, flowering rush).Macgregor Skene, op. cit.
|
|
There is great variation within the species formerly placed in the genus; they range from succulent desert plants such as Dracaena pinguicula to thinner leafed tropical plants such as Dracaena trifasciata. Plants often form dense clumps from a spreading rhizome or stolons.
|
|
It has short, fibrous rhizomes. That has secondary roots or slender stolons. It has pale green and linear leaves, that are sword- shaped and can grow up to between long, and between 0.2 and 0.3 cm wide. They do not have a midvein.
|
|
Most jovibarbas, like sempervivums, reproduce via offsets in addition to producing seeds via sexual reproduction. Jovibarba heuffelii does not produce offsets on stolons. Instead the offspring of this plant are produced within the mother plant. To propagate it must be split with a knife.
|
|
Cymbopogon refractus is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass are to in height and branching at the nodes. The nodes are purplish and hairless. The leaves of the plant are basal and on the stems.
|
|
It grows well on sandy and similarly less fertile ground types. It produces stolons which generate a new rosette at their extremity, each rosette has the possibility of developing into a new clone forming dense mats in open space. It also propagates by seeds.
|
|
36: 444. 1930. It is a perennial, very vigorous plant that grows to 1.2 meters. This species spreads rapidly by means of underground stolons and can become invasive. It bears small, buff-colored flowers from July to November which are hermaphroditic, and pollinated by wind.
|
|
Hydroids in this family can be solitary or colonial. When colonial, the hydranths or hydroid polyps are either linked by stolons or are branched. The hydranths have one or more whorls of fine tentacles. The gonophores are free-living medusae or are fixed sporosacs.
|
|
The flowers are tiny (12 cm wide), grouped in terminal spikes, each flower being snow white, with five petals. The inflorescence is bent with a sparsely haired axis, reaching a length of 0.3 to 0.4 cm. It flowers throughout summer. This plant forms underground stolons.
|
|
Flora of North America The fruit is an achene with a body only about a millimeter long attached to a soft pappus up to 7 millimeters long. The pappus catches the wind, which disperses the seed. The plant also reproduces vegetatively via its creeping stolons.
|
|
Typically, this species of grass has a long growing season and ranges between 2 and tall in seedhead stage.Grass and Legume Identification. UK Extension. right Tall fescue spreads through tillering and seed transmission — not by stolons or rhizomes, which are common in many grass species.
|
|
Roots appear at nodes along the stolons. The flowering stems can grow to 10 cm (4 in) tall. The leaves are roughly triangular or heart-shaped (cordate), measuring around 0.8–2 cm (0.3–0.6 in) long, and 0.5–1.6 cm (0.2–0.5 in) across.
|
|
Crocosmia corm with the tunic partly stripped to show its origin at the nodes on the corm cortex Crocosmia corm anatomy, showing tunic, cortex of storage tissue, central medulla, and emergence of a new corm from a bud near the top. Crocosmia corm with stolons emerging through the tunic. The stolons originate at the axillary buds of the corm scales, and generally produce new corms at their tips A corm consists of one or more internodes with at least one growing point, generally with protective leaves modified into skins or tunics. The tunic of a corm forms from dead petiole sheaths—remnants of leaves produced in previous years.
|
|
They are short day plants which require around 11-13.5 hours of day length. However, due to the inherent diversity of ulluco, sun exposure needs vary among cultivars and location. As the day length shortens, stolons grow out of the stems and then develop into tubers.
|
|
Iris odaesanensis growth is more vigorous than Iris minutoaurea and Iris koreana. It has small, slender rhizome measuring about , it spreads by growing many stolons or branches. Under the rhizome, are secondary roots growing into the soil, looking for nutrients. These roots have small nodules on them.
|
|
Eragrostis hypnoides is a mat-forming, creeping annual, rooting at stolons and sending up short erect stem tips to about 10 centimeters in height at maximum. The inflorescences atop the erect portions have small spikelets about a centimeter long which are yellow-green to slightly purple.
|
|
Gunnera monoica is a species of Gunnera endemic to New Zealand. It is one of the smallest species of Gunnera, with leaves of around wide. It spreads by forming stolons in damp ground. G. monoica flowers between October and November, and produces fruit from December until February.
|
|
Capillipedium spicigerum is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass grow to in height and have hairy nodes. The lower leaf sheaths of the plant are silky hairy. The leaf blades are long and wide at the base.
|
|
Astrangia is a genus of stony corals in the family Rhizangiidae. Members of this genus are non-reef building corals and are found in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. They are solitary corals with large polyps and are found in clumps. They reproduce from stolons.
|
|
It has slender, greenish,British Iris Society (1997) or whitish yellow rhizomes. They are shallow rooted. They spread by sending out long stolons from multiple branches.Edwin B. Smith They can have up to 2–8 cord-like branches. The branches can be long and 1-2mm wide.
|
|
The distribution pattern of Fractofusus suggests that it had an effective reproductive strategy. This appears to have consisted of sending out a waterborne propagule to a distant area, and then spreading rapidly from there, very likely asexually, just as plants today spread by stolons or runners.
|
|
Obelia longissima has a complex life cycle. New colonies can be formed asexually by breakage of the stolon. Both the broken ends heal rapidly and begin to grow. Vertical stolons may also develop and attach themselves to other surfaces before detaching themselves from the parent colony.
|
|
As well as sexual reproduction by seed, many butterworts can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction. Many members of the genus form offshoots during or shortly after flowering (e.g., P. vulgaris), which grow into new genetically identical adults. A few other species form new offshoots using stolons (e.g.
|
|
The plants are often found growing on wooded slopes or in ravines and they spread by stolons, or stoloniferous rhizomes. The plants are usually in height and bear one or two flowers per stem in April and May, that hang downward from the axils of the leaves.
|
|
Like other clovers, running buffalo clover has leaves divided into three leaflets. It sends out long creeping runners (stolons) from its base, which grow along the ground and take root. The stems and leaves are hairless. It flowers from mid-May to June and fruits in July.
|
|
Digitaria eriantha is a monocot and in the family of Poaceae. "It is perennial, sometimes stoloniferous or tufted". This grass grows a dense tussock with extended stolons, which are covered with hairs or without hairs. Each grass, erect or ascending, reaches between 35 and 180 cm tall.
|
|
Grass Manual Treatment. This perennial grass grows from rhizomes, producing stems up to 4 meters tall and 3.5 centimeters wide. The stems root at nodes that come in contact with the substrate. It also spreads via functional stolons (decumbent rooting stems) and vegetative buds that erupt from the stems.
|
|
On petioles, stolons, calyxes, and fruit trusses, elongated lesions may form and interfere with water transport in the plant, weakening the plant and making it more susceptible to invasion by a secondary organism. The fungus may infect the fruit in the form of black seed disease, discoloring the achenes.
|
|
Flower stalks are tall. The male inflorescence is a panicle; the female inflorescence consists of short spikelets borne in burlike clusters, usually with two to four spikelets per bur. Buffalograss sends out numerous, branching stolons; occasionally, it also produces rhizomes. Roots are also numerous and thoroughly occupy the soil.
|
|
Eomecon is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the poppy family containing the single species Eomecon chionantha. Its common names include snow-poppy and dawn-poppy. It is native to China. This perennial herb produces stolons from its branching rootstock, spreading to form patches on the ground.
|
|
This Dudleya grows from an unbranched caudex stem and is unusual among related plants in that it has stolons from which it sprouts vegetatively. Dudleya stolonifera produces a small rosette of pointed reddish-green leaves and erects a short stem topped with an inflorescence. The flowers are bright yellow.
|
|
It is a dioecious, perennial herb reproducing by means of stolons running along the surface of the ground. Stems are glabrous, up to tall. Leaf blades are flat or somewhat folded, up to long and wide. Inflorescence is a tight panicle up to long with 5-70 spikelets.
|
|
Reproduction is mostly by stolons or by the rooting of detached fragments. Sexual reproduction does also occur, in the spring in North America, but is relatively unimportant as a means of reproduction. Individual plants are either male or female and the capsules housing the spores are seldom observed.
|
|
Alternatively, it can be planted through stem cuttings of the stolons. The cuttings can be planted by inserting them along furrows 75 cm apart, both along and between rows.[Aminah, A. Wong, C. C. & Eng P. K. (1997). Techniques for rapid vegetative multiplication for pasture species and commercial production.
|
|
In the Mediterranean, growth begins in April when new stolons develop and erect branches start growing, and continue till December, after which the plants decline and become dormant.Grazing on Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea by herbivorous fishes and sea urchins. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
|
|
The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with rhizomes or stolons. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly. The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing.Persicaria. FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.
|
|
In their opinion, the earliest fossil entoprocts were specimens they found from Late Jurassic rocks in England. These resemble the modern colonial genus Barentsia in many ways, including: upright zooids linked by a network of stolons encrusting the surface to which the colony is attached; straight stalks joined to the stolons by bulky sockets with transverse bands of wrinkles; overall size and proportions similar to that of modern species of Barentsia. Another species, Cotyledion tylodes, first described in 1999, was larger than extant entoprocts, reaching 8–56 mm in height, and unlike modern species, was "armored" with sclerites, scale-like structures. C. tylodes did have a similar sessile lifestyle to modern entoprocts.
|
|
The species has short hairy stems and reddish to green stolons (runners). Leaves are oval shaped with hairy blades that vary from either a deep copper, reddish-green, or only green. Specks of copper and purple are found on leaf underside. Its flower corolla lobes are orange-red with yellow tube.
|
|
This perennial bunchgrass grows in clumps without rhizomes or stolons, with erect stems growing to about 8-31 inches (20–80 cm).Grass Manual on the Web Retrieved 2010-03-15. The species name perennans means "perennial".Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point Retrieved 2010-03-15.
|
|
It is a very common weed of agricultural land and gardens, spreading quickly by its rooting stolons and resisting removal with a deeply anchored filamentous root ball. In Ireland: very common in damp places, ditches and flooded areas.Hackney, P. (1992). Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland.
|
|
This is a perennial grass forming clumps and spreading via rhizomes and stolons. It grows decumbent or erect to a maximum height near 60 centimeters. The inflorescence is usually divided into two branches lined with spikelets. Paspalum distichum is a food source for several avian species, including the long-tailed widowbird.
|
|
I. nectarifera has a stout rhizome with long stolons. British Iris Society It has 6-8 leaves which are wide and falcate (sickle-shaped). Over all the plant can grow up to tall, with flowers blooming in April. They are in diameter and flushed purple on a white or yellowish base.
|
|
It prefers moderate warmth in sunny places, though it can tolerate shade and in the more southern areas of its distribution area grows in the mountains. In cooler areas such as Scandinavia it grows at sea level. It requires light, often alkaline soils. The species spreads by seeds and stolons.
|
|
Agrostis stolonifera is the most commonly used species of Agrostis. Historically, it was often called Orcheston long grass, after a village on Salisbury Plain, England. It is cultivated almost exclusively on golf courses, especially on putting greens. Creeping bent aggressively produces horizontal stems, called stolons, that run along the soil's surface.
|
|
Lake populations predominantly occur on silty or peaty substrates, growing at depths up to at least 3.5m. In deeper water it reproduces vegetatively by stolons or production of cleistogamous seed. This often results in populations with low genetic diversity. Shallow water populations produce short-lived flowers which may cross-pollinate.
|
|
The plant usually reproduces vegetatively, sprouting tillers from its rhizome. It also spreads via stolons. It has a thick root network that allows it to form a turf, and the roots may grow deep in the soil. The plant sometimes reproduces sexually, producing seeds, which can remain viable for 200 years.
|
|
Lindera fruit have a hypocarpium at the base of the fruit, which in some cases forms a cup that encloses the bottom part of the fruit. The fruit is a small red, purple or black drupe containing a single seed, dispersed mostly by birds. Many species reproduce vegetatively by stolons.
|
|
Lithotelestidae is a family of coral in the order Helioporacea. It was erected in 1977 by Frederick Bayer and Katherine Muzik. It is characterized by a crystalline aragonite skeleton formed by stolons and calices, cylindrical calices with secondary lateral calices, and fully retractable polyps with an exoskeleton formed of calcite capstans and crosses.
|
|
Asian mint is suitable for wintersowing and handles well with transplanting. They do not typically come true from seed, similar to other mints, because mint seeds are highly variable and some varieties are sterile. An easier way to propagate is from cuttings from root, division, or even runners (stolons) from fully grown plants.
|
|
R. pusillus cells have stolons, rhizoids, and branched sporangiophores. Because of the high temperatures required for this microorganism, it is difficult to study in laboratory environments. The ability to utilize different carbon sources can be used differentiate this fungus from other species: it is unable to assimilate sucrose, glycine, phenylalanine, and B-alanine.
|
|
The stolons provide an aerial structure for the growth of the mycelium and the occupation of large areas. They can climb vertically as well as horizontally. Sporangiophores of R. stolonifer can be up to 2.5 mm long and about 20 μm in diameter. The spores are shaped differently depending on the available nutrients.
|
|
The inflorescences carry plantlets at the tips of their branches, which eventually droop and touch the soil, developing adventitious roots. The stems (scapes) of the inflorescence are called "stolons" in some sources, but this term is more correctly used for stems which do not bear flowers and have roots at the nodes.
|
|
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map These plants are perennial herbs with stolons. The stems are prostrate or upright and bear leaf blades on long petioles. The inflorescences arising from the leaf axils have two to many flowers. The tubular corolla has two lobed lips, and is generally blue-violet.
|
|
Cheers, G. 1983. Carnivorous Plants. Melbourne. The bladders are usually shaped similarly to broad beans (though they come in various shapes) and attach to the submerged stolons by slender stalks. The bladder walls are very thin and transparent, but are sufficiently inflexible to maintain the bladder's shape despite the vacuum created within.
|
|
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(9), 2791-99. This plant grows in soil or on rocks, spreading via creeping stolons. It produces 5 to 7 leathery purple-spotted green leaves each up to 12 centimeters long. There is usually one flower atop the hairy, purple-green scape, but occasionally a second flower is produced.
|
|
Membranipora is a genus of bryozoans in the family Membraniporidae. A typical example is the widely distributed species Membranipora membranacea that commonly encrusts seaweeds, particularly fronds of the kelps Laminaria digitata, L. hyperborea, and Saccorhiza polyschides. Colonies of M. membranacea show different forms of polyphenism as spines, tower zooids, chimneys and stolons.
|
|
This perennial grass forms loose tufts of slender, weak, pale green stems up to 55 centimeters tall. It has no stolons and rarely has small rhizomes. The thin leaves are no more than 2 millimeters wide and 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence is an open panicle of just a few small spikelets.
|
|
Disadvantages in Apios as a crop are its vining habit. The crop has small tuber size for most genotypes. These sizes are typically smaller than ; however, some do average around . The tuber plant is difficult to harvest because of the "beads on a string" arrangement on stolons, which extend for over a meter.
|
|
Crocosmia aurea reaches on average in height. It grows from basal underground corms with long stolons. The basal, alternate leaves are cauline, linear, with a distinct midvein and entire margins, about wide. At the end of the flower stalk they have colourful branched inflorescences of bright orange to red flowers, reaching on average in diameter.
|
|
Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial herbs. They have wide-spreading underground and overground stolons and erect, square, branched stems. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, from oblong to lanceolate, often downy, and with a serrated margin. Leaf colors range from dark green and gray-green to purple, blue, and sometimes pale yellow.
|
|
The large river buttercup is an upright perennial herb 10–25 cm in height with underground stolons. The flowering stems are slender and erect, 3–30 cm in height. It has 2-4 flowers with spreading, glossy yellow petals.Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Threatened Species Profile It has leaves with lamina 2–4 cm long.
|
|
The rhizomatous perennial herb to grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of and produces green flowers. The sedge has short rhizomes and long stolons. The smooth, erect, rigid and terete stems are in height and have a diameter of . The leaves have membranous sheaths and are a purplish colour at the base.
|
|
Members of the family are usually large and glossy plants with creeping stolons that bear small leaves and tufts of rhizoids. Stems are generally frondose, but may rarely be dendroid. Leaf cell shape is almost always smooth, short, and firm-walled. Marginal cells are typically quadrate to short- rectangular in few to several rows.
|
|
Grass Manual Treatment This is an annual grass growing up to about half a meter in maximum height. It sometimes forms tufts, and may or may not spread via stolons. The inflorescence is an array of 4 to 20 fingerlike branches up to 10 centimeters long. Each branch contains approximately 10 spikelets per centimeter.
|
|
Hypericum canadense is a perennial herb that grows in short basal offshoots that are produced in autumn. The slender stems reach 5–75 cm in height and are simple or branched in their upper half. The stems are four-angled and slightly winged. The roots are fibrous and the herb lacks any rhizome or stolons.
|
|
The species is a perennial plant of grayish–blue color. It lacks stems and has subterranean stolons. It has dense pubescence that are square in shape and have simple hairs. It has 10–16 small leaflets in pairs which are ovate–elliptic in shape and its inflorescence is dense but not elongating after flowering.
|
|
The stolons found in R. oryzae are smooth or slightly rough, almost colorless or pale brown, 5-18 μm in diameter. The chlamydospores are abundant, globose ranging in 10-24 μm in diameter, elliptical, and cylindrical. Colonies of R. oryzae are white initially, becoming brownish with age and can grow to about 1 cm thick.
|
|
Caulerpa dichotoma is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed is grass green at the base becoming a darker green. The thallus spreads outward to about and has stolons that are approximately in diameter. It is found along the coast in a small area of the Kimberley region of Western Australia.
|
|
It allows the sponge's sperm to have a wider range when traveling downstream. The harp sponge is also better at catching sperm, due to the widened stolons thoroughly lined with filaments. When the filaments snare spermatophores, they fuse with the recipient tissues. This reaction shows a swelling in the related tissues, making fertilization evident.
|
|
Antennaria pulchella is a small, mat-forming perennial herb growing a patch of woolly grayish leaves dotted with purplish glands. It spreads via a tangled network of stolons. The erect inflorescence reaches no more than about 12 centimeters tall. The species is dioecious, with male and female plants producing flower heads of slightly different morphologies.
|
|
This is a perennial herb growing from a system of small bulbs and spreading via stolons. There is no stem. The leaves arise on long petioles from ground level, each made up of three widely heart-shaped leaflets about 4.5 centimeters wide. The inflorescence is an array of several flowers, each with five pink petals.
|
|
The oral surface is stiffened by calcareous sclerites. Other soft corals with which this species might be confused include Cornularia cornucopiae and Sarcodictyon catenatum. C. cornucopiae has shorter polyps and narrower stolons, and its tissues does not contain sclerites. S. catenatum has much smaller polyps and its thick stolon is brick red and clearly visible.
|
|
The polyps grow from basal stolons which form a purple mat encrusting the substrate. The eight tentacles have feathery margins. They are retractable and fluorescent green, usually with a band of white or yellow around the margin of the oral disc. The polyps are large, compared with related species, and may reach in diameter.
|
|
Mazus miquelii spreads rapidly by producing significant amounts of slender stolons which root at the nodes. The leaves are undivided and teethed along the margins. The blue or purple flowers are bilateral and have 5 petals, which emerge during the months of June to August. This species is hermaphroditic and is pollinated by insects.
|
|
Ajuga japonica is a herbaceous flowering plant native to Japan. The species grows as a groundcover on the forest floor, usually near streams. It is often found in large clusters, due to its spreading and seeding habit. It grows along the floor with stolons, and is usually 8-20 centimetres high including the flowers.
|
|
Barbara Ellis It does not produce stolons. It has basal fans,De-Yuan Hong and Stephen Blackmore (Editors) that are yellowish green, or pale green, and sword-shaped (ensiform), or lance- shaped. They are also, glossy, and ribbed, and can grow up to between long and wide. The leaves are floppy, and described as semi-evergreen.
|
|
It is a fairly stout perennial 15 – 60 cm in height, spreading by stolons. The leaves are lance shaped, the lower ones spreading or semi-erect up to 25 cm long. The inflorescence is 1-3 flowered. The blooms are showy, and can be 10 cm across the laterally spreading sepals, which are scarlet to carmine in color.
|
|
Acaena novae-zelandiae may be used for ground cover in gardens or as a lawn substitute. This plant can be prevented from spreading by limiting disturbance to stolons, thus reducing vegetative propagation, and by mowing flowers before the burrs form. It has also been suggested that dried “tiny tips” of young succulent leaves may be brewed as tea.
|
|
Diphasiastrum complanatum is a perennial herb spreading by means of stolons that run along the surface of the ground. Above- ground stems tend to branch within the same geometric plane (hence the specific epithet "complanatum," meaning "same plane"). Strobili are vertical borne in groups of up to 4 at the ends of some of the branches.Wilce, J. H. 1965.
|
|
Paeonia delavayi is a deciduous hairless shrub of ¼-1¾ m high. Plants have creeping stolons and the roots are thick because they are fused together. It mainly reproduces by growing into large clones like this. Young twigs are light green, or tinged purple, rarely branching, erect, generally on top of perennial, stick-like, grayish to light brown stems.
|
|
Palisota flagelliflora is a plant species endemic to Cameroon. It grows on the ground in secondary tropical forests.AFPD. 2008. African Flowering Plants Database - Base de Donnees des Plantes a Fleurs D'Afrique. Palisota flagelliflora is the only known species in its genus that reproduces by means of stolons arising aerially within a rosette then running horizontally along the forest floor.
|
|
Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil.
|
|
Saxifraga rosacea, or Irish saxifrage, is a herbaceous plant in the family Saxifragaceae. It spreads by stolons, forming a compact cushion of short leafy shoots. Flowering stems may be up to 25cm tall, bearing 4-5 white flowers with petals 6-10mm long. It is found in the west of the British Isles, and in Iceland.
|
|
Also known as stolons, runners are modified stems that, unlike rhizomes, grow from existing stems just below the soil surface. As they are propagated, the buds on the modified stems produce roots and stems. Those buds are more separated than the ones found on the rhizome. Examples of plants that use runners are strawberries and currants.
|
|
In rejection, the colonies inflict damage on each other by shooting nematocysts at each other where their stolons and mat contact. If two colonies match at one locus, they initially fuse and later separate their tissues, a response called transitory fusion. Fusion tests along with other molecular techniques are used to determine the unknown genotypes of Hydractinia colonies.
|
|
These rushes are usually perennial plants with rhizomes and sometimes stolons. They generally form clumps of cylindrical stems and narrow leaves with hair-lined edges. The inflorescence is often a dense cluster of flowers with two leaf-like bracts at the base, or sometimes a solitary flower or a few flowers borne together. They have six brownish tepals.Luzula.
|
|
The new corm forms at the shoot base just above the old corm. As the new corm grows, short stolons appear that end with the newly growing small cormels. As the plants grow and flower, they use up the old corm, which shrivels away. The new corm that replaces the old corm grows in size, especially after flowering ends.
|
|
Leaves, stems and inflorescence of Kalimeris indica Kalimeris indica commonly occurs on abandoned farm land, slopes of hills and ridges between rice fields. It is also often found along roads and trails in hardwood forests. It can reproduce sexually through production of seeds and asexually through stolons. Indian aster can grow to a height of 30–70 cm.
|
|
Psathyrostachys juncea is a perennial bunch grass that grows in tufts that may be up to tall or taller. The grass is long-lived and known to persist in cultivation for 25 years or more. The grass has a dense root network beneath each clump; there are no rhizomes or stolons. The roots can reach deep into the soil.
|
|
Appendix O: Species Accounts for Select Focal Species. Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment. O-13. The plant was first collected in 1975 at Yuba Pass on Highway 49 in Sierra County, California, and described to science as a new species in 1992. This is a small, unobtrusive perennial herb forming clumps under 20 centimeters tall, spreading out via tiny stolons.
|
|
Euchiton (Asteraceeae: Gnaphalieae) in North America and Hawaii. Sida 20(2):515-521. summaries in parallel English + Spanish, article in English Euchiton involucratus is a biennial or perennial herb up to 40 cm (16 inches) tall, spreading by means of stolons running along the surface of the ground. Stems are usually unbranched, covered with white woolly hairs.
|
|
Inflorescence Luzula campestris is relatively short, between tall. It spreads via short stolons and also via seed produced in one stemless cluster of flowers together with three to six stemmed clusters of flowers. It flowers between March and June in the northern temperate zone (September to December in the southern hemisphere). The chromosome number is 12, 24 or 36.
|
|
Diphasiastrum sitchense, the Sitka clubmoss, is a pteridophyte species native to northern North America and northeastern Asia. It is a terrestrial herb spreading by stolons running on the surface or the ground or just slightly below the surface. Leaves are appressed, broadly lanceolate, up to 3.2 mm (0.13 inches) long. Strobili are solitary on the ends of shoots.
|
|
In some species, the individual zooids within the colony are connected by stolons. The single member in the genus Atubaria is unusual in lacking the tubes typical of other pterobranchs, living as a naked zooid on corals. Recently, Atubaria has been regarded as a questionable species by Tassia et al. (2016) and is no longer considered valid.
|
|
Cymbopogon bombycinus is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass, range from in height and are smooth, though the nodes may be hairy. The leaves of the plant are in length and are wide, and smooth on both faces. The crushed leaf gives off a strong citrus-like scent.
|
|
Centella asiatica, India Centella grows in temperate and tropical swampy areas in many regions of the world. The stems are slender, creeping stolons, green to reddish-green in color, connecting plants to each other. It has long-stalked, green, rounded apices which have smooth texture with palmately netted veins. The leaves are borne on pericladial petioles, around .
|
|
Veronica calycina, commonly known as hairy- or cup speedwell, is a plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae native to Australia. Robert Brown described Veronica calycina in 1810 in his work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. Veronica calycina grows as a perennial herb, with stolons reaching in length. The flowering stems can grow tall.
|
|
Its adaptation to dim light is assisted by its containing two accessory photosynthetic pigments, the green-absorbing carotenoids siphonein and siphonaxanthin, as well as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. In Florida, reproductive events occurred simultaneously across the reef, with up to 5% of thalli developing gametangia. Asexual reproduction also occurred through fragmentation or the growth of vegetative stolons.
|
|
Differentiation of perennial and annual types due to habitat conditions in the wild rice O. perennis. Plant Syst. Evol. 114:119-135 Other wild species in the genus Oryza are also perennial. While perennial Oryza rufipogon spreads vegetatively by above-ground stems (stolons), O. longistaminata, O. officinalis, O. australiensis, O. rhizomatis spread by underground stems (rhizomes).
|
|
Cenchrus pennisetiformis is an annual or perennial bunchgrass, sometimes spreading by means of stolons. The stems are sometimes branched and are up to high. The leaf blades are flat, long by wide, and the inflorescences long by wide, not including the soft bristles. The outer bristles are short and slender and the inner ones rather broader and some long.
|
|
Liriope muscari. It is a tufted, grass-like perennial which typically grows tall and features clumps of strap-like, arching, glossy, dark green leaves to ½ inch wide (1.3 cm).Edward F. Gilman 1999. Liriope muscari. University of Florida: Cooperative Extension Service. Fact Sheet FPS 347. Clumps slowly expand by short stolons to a width of about , but plants do not spread aggressively.
|
|
Iris proantha has long, brown, slender rhizome that has many branches or stolons, that help it spread into large clumps.British Iris Society (1997) The rhizomes are surrounded by several rigid fibres which are the remnants from previous seasons flowers. Under the rhizome, are secondary roots which grow into the soil, looking for nutrients. These roots have small nodules on them.
|
|
The shoot also produces stolons that are long etiolated stems. The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high auxins levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon. Before new tuber formation begins, the stolon must be a certain age. The enzyme lipoxygenase makes a hormone, jasmonic acid, which is involved in the control of potato tuber development.
|
|
Planting the pieces deeper creates more area for the plants to generate the tubers and their size increases. The pieces sprout shoots that grow to the surface. These shoots are rhizome-like and generate short stolons from the nodes while in the ground. When the shoots reach the soil surface, they produce roots and shoots that grow into the green plant.
|
|
It is a geophyte, with a stout rhizome,British Iris Society (1997) and small brown stolons. They are below the surface of the ground, they all form clumps of plants. It has between 5 and 8 leaves, which are smooth, linear,John Weathers or lanceolate, greyish-green. They can grow up to between long, and between 1 and 1.5 cm wide.
|
|
The top of a hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) flower spike, showing the flattened rachis Bouteloua includes both annual and perennial grasses, which frequently form stolons. Species have an inflorescence of 1 to 80 racemes or spikes positioned alternately on the culm (stem). The rachis (stem) of the spike is flattened. The spikelets are positioned along one side of the spike.
|
|
It has a small rhizome,British Iris Society (1997) and several stolons, which are long. It can form small clumps of plants. It has 6–8, grey-green, strongly falcate (sickle shaped), or strongly curved, and reflexed leaves, which can grow up to between long and about 1 cm wide. It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to tall.
|
|
Gem-shaped sporangiospores of R. stolonifer showing characteristic striations.This species is known as a saprotroph and plays an important role in the early colonization of substrata in soil. Nonetheless, it can also behave as a parasite of plant tissues causing a rot of vegetables and fruits. Like other species of Rhizopus, R. stolonifer grows rapidly and spreads by means of the stolons.
|
|
Carex trinervis is a species of sedge which is native to Europe. It is a perennial herb, which grows to a height of 40cm, has glaucous leaves and spreads by stolons. It bears 2-3, sessile, oblong inflorescences per shoot.Tela Botanica - Carex trinervis It is found in sandy marshes, damp dune slacks and heaths in coastal areas of Western Europe.
|
|
All species of Carex are perennial, although some species, such as C. bebbii and C. viridula can fruit in their first year of growth, and may not survive longer. They typically have rhizomes, stolons or short rootstocks, but some species grow in tufts (caespitose). The culm – the flower-bearing stalk – is unbranched and usually erect. It is usually distinctly triangular in section.
|
|
The planula then attaches to a hermit crab shell and subsequently undergoes metamorphosis to turn into a single polyp with extending stolons. During metamorphosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration occur. Metamorphosis is triggered by unknown cues from bacteria found on the hermit crab shell. After metamorphosis, the single polyp grows and extends its stolonal network and can reach adult size fairly quickly.
|
|
Amathia vidovici is typically found growing on rocks, seagrass, seaweed, mangrove roots, oysters, mussels, man-made structures and debris. It is sometimes associated with the honeysuckle tunicate (Perophora viridis), the stolons of which intertwine with the branches of the bryozoan. The colonies provide shelter for juvenile fish and for the copepods, amphipods, polychaete worms and other small invertebrates on which they feed.
|
|
These provide much of the organic carbon needed by the fire coral. The reproduction of fire corals is complex and involves an alternation of asexual and sexual generations. The encrusting parts of the coral expand by the growth of stolons, and the edges of blades expand by sympodial growth. Sexual reproduction involves a sessile polyploid stage and the budding off of planktonic medusae.
|
|
Most of the leaves are clustered around the base of the stems. The plant reproduces by means of stolons, which are horizontal stems running along the surface of the ground, forming new roots and shoots at frequent intervals. Thus the plant can form extensive mats of clones. Each stem usually produces only 1 flower head per stem, though occasionally 2 or 3.
|
|
Perophora japonica is a colonial tunicate with a network of slender branching stolon on which small, rounded, translucent zooids some long occur at intervals. Younger regions of the colony are yellowish-green and the growing tips of the stolons may have star-shaped, bright yellow terminal zooids. These zooids are easily detached and can break off, float away and found new colonies.
|
|
Eremochloa ophiuroides, or centipedegrass, is a warm season lawn grass. It is a thick sod forming grass that spreads by stolons, and is medium to light green colored. It has a coarse texture with short upright seedhead stems that grow to about 3-5 inches. Centipedegrass seed is native to southern China and was introduced to the United States in 1916.
|
|
In plants, clonal colonies are created through the propagation of genetically identical trees by stolons or rhizomes. Colonial organisms are clonal colonies composed of many physically connected, interdependent individuals. The subunits of colonial organisms can be unicellular, as in the alga Volvox (a coenobium), or multicellular, as in the phylum Bryozoa. The former type may have been the first step toward multicellular organisms.
|
|
Rosettes of long, narrow, evergreen leaves form at the tips of the stolons, from the center of which arises a vertical stem up to 40 cm (16 inches) tall. Inflorescence is a cyme or a paniculate group of cymes. Flowers are bright purple with lighter purple nearer the center but very dark purple at the very center.Wherry, Edgar Theodore. 1930.
|
|
A plant of C. racemosa consists of a number of branches linked to stolons which are anchored to the sandy substrate by rhizoids. The branches are a few centimetres apart and can grow to a height of . Many spherical or ovate side-shoots branch off these and give the seaweed its name of sea grapes.Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Marine Species Identification Portal.
|
|
The term soil diaspore bank can be used to include non-flowering plants such as ferns and bryophytes. In addition to seeds, perennial plants have vegetative propagules to facilitate forming new plants, migration into new ground, or reestablishment after being top-killed. These propagules are collectively called the 'soil bud bank', and include dormant and adventitious buds on stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs.
|
|
It grows from rhizomes, or corms, which spread out into clumps of plants by stolons. Each corm usually sends out one long-tubed, goblet-shaped, or bell-shaped flower.José Luis Benito Alonso The bloom appears in autumn, or at the end of summer. It ranges from deep purple to lilac-purple with a paler throat and bright orange or yellow stigma.
|
|
Plants in most other areas are mostly gynoecious, reproducing asexually via apomixis. The plant forms mats by spreading stolons and sprouting new stems. The flower heads are lined with an outer layer of phyllaries which are variable in color from white to red, green, or brown. The fruit is an achene with a pappus that helps it disperse on the wind.
|
|
It has thick rhizomes, with slender branching stolons. It has the habit of creating large clumps of plants. It has herbaceous, erect, sword shaped, rigid, leaves that are greyish-green on one side and bright green on the other side. They can grow up to between long and 2–2.5 cm wide. The leaves have between 3 – 5 veins or ribs.
|
|
It is a slender perennial herb 15 to 40 cm tall. It has no stolons, and emits a pleasant aromatic smell when bruised. The leaves are linear, 10 to 20 cm long, rounded on the lower side, deeply grooved on the other. It has many 3 petaled flowers arranged in a long spike, with purple edged perianth segments, 2 mm long.
|
|
It has slender rhizomes,Richard Lynch which are up to 1 cm in diameter.British Iris Society (1997) They do not have stolons, and new growths of rhizomes, are on the sides of the old rhizomes. They form tufts, and spreading plants. It has pale glaucous green, narrow leaves, that can grow up to between long, and between 0.5 and 0.7 cm wide.
|
|
Zoysia japonica (commonly known as Korean lawngrass, zoysiagrass or Japanese lawngrass) is a species of creeping, mat-forming, short perennial grass that grows by both rhizomes and stolons. It is native to the coastal grasslands of southeast Asia and Indonesia. The United States was first introduced to Z. japonica in 1895. It received its first import from the Chinese region of Manchuria.
|
|
Underground stems are modified plants that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, propagation of new clones, and perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). Types include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, spindle-shaped, and tubers. Plants have two axes of growth, which can be best seen from seed germination and growth.
|
|
It produces long tubular flowers which are red and yellow and frequently have a mocha fragrance. Ask Melinda: Crossvine The leaves are dark green to almost purple and produced as opposite pairs with terminal tendrils. The vine often climbs very high, with leaves only remaining on the uppermost portion of the plant. Crossvine can spread aggressively through stolons and become invasive unless properly managed.
|
|
Iris minutoaurea can sometimes be mistaken for Iris henryi (another yellow flowering Chinese iris). But they differ is sizes of pedicel (flower stalk) and perianth tube. Iris henryi has a short perianth tube and long pedicel, while with Iris minutoaurea it is the other way around. It has a yellowish brown, slender, wiry, rhizome, measuring about long and wide, that produces many branches and stolons.
|
|
Plectranthus esculentus of the mint family Lamiaceae, produces tuberous under ground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers. Even though legumes are not commonly associated with forming stem tubers, Lathyrus tuberosus is an example native to Asia and Europe, where it was once even grown as a crop.
|
|
Dracaena pinguicula is a short, erect plant resembling a dwarf agave. It is best known for its growing habit: unlike most related species, which grow from an underground rhizome, this species produces aerial stolons which terminate in new plantlets. These then produce stilt-like roots that extend downward to the ground, resulting in a plant that appears to be walking away from its parent.
|
|
Spinifex sericeus has branched stolons and rhizomes extending up to . The leaves have a ligule of a rim of dense hairs; the blades are flat and densely silky. The male inflorescence is an orange-brown terminal cluster of spiky racemes subtended by silky bracts. The female inflorescence detaches at maturity, a globose seed head of sessile racemes up to 20 cm in diameter which becomes a tumbleweed.
|
|
Hydrosprigging, similar to hydroseeding, is the use of sprigs or cut stolons and rhizomes in a slurry of fertilizer, mulch, and binding agent, sprayed with a hose over a target area. This can be effective in areas sensitive to soil surface disturbance, such as eroding shorelines, hillsides or other slopes of varying steepness, or in diversion channels. The slurry can be sprayed over from a hose.
|
|
It has thick or stout rhizomes,James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) that are short and compact.Richard Lynch and Henry Ewbank It also has long secondary roots, the fleshy, thin stolons, that penetrate into the ground for minerals to feed the plant. They are shorter than Iris stolonifera and Iris hoogiana. The top of the rhizome, has the fibrous remains of last seasons leaves.
|
|
Seeds from open flowers are held in a flat pod, pointed at both ends, that dries when mature and twists to release the seeds. Seeds from closed flowers are held in round pods with a single seed each. The roots and the cooked seeds from under the ground are edible. The seeds which become subterranean from flowers on stolons give it the name peanut.
|
|
The roots get narrower further down and are not fused together. There are no creeping stems (or stolons). The grey to light brown stems grow in clumps (or caespitose), do not branch often, remain approximately the same width during the growing season, and after some years may reach 4 cm in diameter. Young stems are light green, with at their base eight to twelve scales.
|
|
Paeonia delavayi almost exclusively reproduces through stolons, and seedlings are rare to find. This allows for rapid colonization after a seed has arrived at a new location, such as on newly stabilized debris. In combination with its thick roots this makes this species well adapted to colonize open habitat, that may be prone to drying out quickly. Local populations may consist of only one clone.
|
|
Montia parvifolia is a perennial herb growing erect to about 40 centimeters tall from a matted, branching caudex base. It spreads via leafy stolons with sprouting bulblets. The fleshy oval leaves are alternately arranged and measure up to 6 centimeters in length. The inflorescence at the tip of the stem bears 1 to 12 flowers each with five pink or white petals up to 1.5 centimeters long.
|
|
Other plants with stolons below the soil surface include many grasses, Ajuga, Mentha, and Stachys. Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis) has rhizomes that grow stolon-like stems called stoloniferous rhizomes or leptomorph rhizomes. A number of plants have stoloniferous rhizomes including Asters. These stolon-like rhizomes are long and thin, with long internodes and indeterminate growth with lateral buds at the node, which mostly remain dormant.
|
|
Poa confinis is a perennial grass growing in small tufts with rhizomes and stolons, reaching up to about 30 centimeters tall. The narrow leaves are firm to stiff and sometimes folded or rolled along the edges. The inflorescence is a small, rough-haired, light brown cluster of spikelets. The plant is dioecious, with male and female individuals producing different types of inflorescence, the types similar in appearance.
|
|
Cenchrus purpureus (or napier grass) is a monocot C4 perennial grass in the family Poaceae. It is tall and forms in robust bamboo-like clumps. It is a heterozygous plant, but seeds rarely fully form; more often it reproduces vegetatively through stolons which are horizontal shoots above the soil that extend from the parent plant to offspring. It requires low water and nutrient inputs.
|
|
Viola renifolia is a species of violet known by the common names white violet and kidneyleaf violet. It is native to northern North America, where it has a widespread distribution across Canada and the northern United States as far south as Washington, Colorado, and New York. Kidneyleaf violet is a perennial herb growing up to 10 centimeters tall. It does not have stems, rhizomes, or stolons.
|
|
Each branchlet has a length of and is attached to a cylindrical axis in the middle with a diameter of . Each axis connects each frond to a creeping stolon with a diameter of and a length of up to . Stolons are branched out to slim points and rhizoids then form from bottom surface these fork and penetrate the sandy substrate firmly anchoring the seaweed to the seafloor.
|
|
This perennial sprawling plant can grow to a height of , spreads by seeds and stolons and has, unusually amongst this group, yellow hermaphrodite flowers. The inner flowers are male and soon fall off, whilst the outer are bisexual and produce the fruit. The flowers smell of honey. Of the whorls of four leaves, only two in each group are real leaves, the other two being stipules.
|
|
Close-up of flower head showing purple stamen (3 per floret) and feathery stigma (2 per floret) Ligule is short and blunt Timothy grows to tall, with leaves up to long and broad. The leaves are hairless, rolled rather than folded, and the lower sheaths turn dark brown. It has no stolons or rhizomes, and no auricles. The flowerhead is long and broad, with densely packed spikelets.
|
|
Para grass is a vigorous, semi-prostrate perennial grass with creeping stolons which can grow up to long. The stems have hairy nodes and leaf sheaths and the leaf blades are up to wide and long. It roots at the nodes and detached pieces of the plant will easily take root in moist ground. The flower-head is a loose panicle up to long with spreading branches.
|
|
Phlox buckleyi, common name swordleaf phlox or shale-barren phlox, is a plant species native to Virginia and West Virginia. It grows in open woodlands, primarily on hillsides derived from shale. The first known specimen was first collected in 1838 but not described as a species until 1930. Phlox buckleyi is a perennial herb spreading by means of stolons running on the surface of the ground.
|
|
It is thought to be similar in form to Iris bloudowii and Iris humilis, having a short rhizome (like Iris bloudowii) and narrow, pointed spathes like Iris humilis. It has a short, thick rhizome.British Iris Society (1997) It has branching, thick, fibrous and strong secondary stolons roots, which are yellow and white. On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves.
|
|
Mazus gracilis is a plant species native to the Provinces of Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang in China. It grows on lake shores, river banks, and other moist areas at elevations below 800 m.Flora of China v 18 p 48. Mazus gracilis is a perennial herb spreading by means of stolons running along the surface of the ground for as far as 30 cm (12 inches).
|
|
It serves as a landing spot for pollinating insects, however, the plant produces little viable pollen, so it is likely that most of the reproduction is vegetative via stolons, rather than sexual via seed. Biological dispersal then takes place as pieces break off and float downstream. Blooming occurs in mid- June through mid-July, and sometimes extends into August, or rarely September or October.
|
|
They survive in stored tubers during the winter and can infect the stolons of planting material. After infection, the nematodes move throughout the plant tissue producing a pectinase enzyme, which causes cell degeneration and is the main causal agent of the rot observed. The soil plays only a secondary role in the transfer of this nematode.AgroAtlas The life cycle of Ditylenchus destructor lasts approximately 6 days.
|
|
Aeluropus lagopoides is a mat-forming, straggling perennial with long stolons and pungent foliage. The stems grow to a maximum length of and may become woody. The growth is sometimes in the form of tufted erect stems, or may have prostrate stems that root at the nodes. The greyish-green leaves have loose leaf-sheaths, and grow in a single plane from either side of the stem.
|
|
Caulerpa spp help consolidate the seabed and enable seagrasses to colonize the area. C. prolifera grows rapidly with growth taking place at night at the tips of blades and stolons. At dawn, the new tips are white, but during the day chloroplasts move into the newly available space. If parts of the plant become covered in sediment, chloroplasts can be withdrawn and moved to more productive parts.
|
|
Poa foliosa is a perennial, dioecious grass growing as densely clumped tussocks up to 2 m in height. The tussocks arise from short, woody stolons, with the shoots covered at the base by the fibrous remnants of sheaths. The leaf-blades are 150–400 mm long and 3–6 mm wide. The plant flowers from October to December, and fruits from November to April.
|
|
The flowering period of the orchid is from November to January. It produces seeds annually but also reproduces vegetatively through the production of daughter root-tubers on lateral underground stolons. Its leaves die off in autumn, with new leaves emerging in spring. Although the life expectancy and age of sexual maturity of the orchid are unknown, it is likely that some clonal colonies have existed for several decades.
|
|
Along with those made from hardwoods such as quebracho, chaguar crafts make up an important part of the economy of some Wichí groups, though the profits are scarce. Chaguar is not cultivated. It grows in the semi-shade of a middle layer of the Chaco forest, and reproduces by stolons. Desertification of the Chaco has decreased its presence, but the plant is neither endangered nor of primary ecological importance.
|
|
The virus can also cause malformed leaflets, crinkled leaves, and also uneven leaf distribution in the plant. Another symptom can be the formation of lesions or areas of damage in the petioles and stolons of the plant. Episnasty can also occur from the virus, which causes increased growth of the upper region of the plant, which in turn makes the plant top-heavy causing it to bend downward.
|
|
Plants in the genus Blechnum (as circumscribed in the PPG I classification) are mainly terrestrial or grow on rocks; few are epiphytes. Their rhizomes may be upright or creeping and have scales with entire margins or at most a few very small teeth. They generally form stolons, which is a characteristic of the genus. The sterile and fertile fronds are usually of the same form or at most slightly different.
|
|
C. bulbosus is perennial and rhizomatous, with fine grassy foliage and triangular culms. The inflorescence is rarely branched and consists of a cluster of spikes of reddish-brown bracts, eventually producing small, three-sided seeds. The small tubers which form on short stolons are a traditional bush tucker food for Australian Aboriginal peoples. They are dug up on creek banks when the grass of the onion has dried out.
|
|
Epiblema grandiflorum is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and an oval- shaped tuber lacking a protective sheath. The tuber produces replacement tubers on the end of short, root-like stolons. There is a single, tubular leaf about long, about wide at the base of the plant. There are between two and eight resupinate flowers on the end of a wiry stem high.
|
|
The feathery, freely hanging roots are purple-black. An erect stalk supports a single spike of 8–15 conspicuously attractive flowers, mostly lavender to pink in colour with six petals. When not in bloom, water hyacinth may be mistaken for frog's-bit (Limnobium spongia) or Amazon frogbit (Limnobium laevigatum). One of the fastest-growing plants known, water hyacinth reproduces primarily by way of runners or stolons, which eventually form daughter plants.
|
|
Sagittaria pygmaea, commonly known as the dwarf arrowhead or pygmy arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species. It is native to Japan (including the Ryukyu Islands), Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan and China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang). Sagittaria pygmaea grows in shallow water in marshes, channels and rice paddies. It is a perennial herb producing by means of stolons.
|
|
Creeping buttercup was sold in many parts of the world as an ornamental plant, and has now become an invasive species in many parts of the world. Like most buttercups, Ranunculus repens is poisonous, although when dried with hay these poisons are lost. The taste of buttercups is acrid, so cattle avoid eating them. The plants then take advantage of the cropped ground around it to spread their stolons.
|
|
It is a crown-forming, colony-forming plant, occurring in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in central and northern Europe,Altervista Flora Italiana, Felce penna di struzzo, Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. northern Asia, and northern North America. It grows from a completely vertical crown, favoring riverbanks and sandbars, but sends out lateral stolons to form new crowns. It can thus form dense colonies resistant to destruction by floodwaters.
|
|
It grows from a network of long rhizomes and stolons that anchor the grass to its loose sandy substrate; this network may be up to one meter long.Grass Manual Treatment The inflorescence is a dense, oval-shaped series of overlapping spikelets. The grass is dioecious, with male and female individuals producing different types of flowers in their inflorescences. This species, like many sand-dune endemic plants, is threatened by invasive species.
|
|
Montia chamissoi is a perennial herb growing from a pinkish rhizome and spreading through stolons. The fleshy stems are erect, creeping, tangled in mats, or floating, growing from five to twenty centimeters long. The oblong or widely lance-shaped leaves are oppositely arranged and measure anywhere from two to five centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a raceme of two or more flowers, sometimes arising from leaf axils.
|
|
A number of plants have soil-level or above-ground rhizomes, including Iris species and many orchid species. > T. Holm (1929) restricted the term rhizome to a horizontal, usually > subterranean, stem that produces roots from its lower surface and green > leaves from its apex, developed directly from the plumule of the embryo. He > recognized stolons as axillary, subterranean branches that do not bear green > leaves but only membranaceous, scale-like ones.
|
|
Apple mint typically grows to a height of from tall and spreads by stolons to form clonal colonies. The foliage is light green, with the opposite, wrinkled, sessile leaves being oblong to nearly ovate, long and broad. They are somewhat hairy on top and downy underneath with serrated edges. The flowers develop in terminal spikes long and consisting of a number of whorls of white or pinkish flowers.
|
|
Colonies of Amathia vidovici are like miniature trees and consist of a branching mass of individual zooids connected to each other by stolons. The zooids are in groups of four to eight pairs spiralling round the stolon. The colony is stiffened by an exoskeleton made of chitin which is secreted by the epidermis of the zooids. The stolon has a jointed appearance and consists of a series of specialised tubular zooids.
|
|
Systematic Botany 7(4): 457–460 Erigeron rybius grows in grassy meadows and disturbed sites in coniferous forests. It is an perennial herb up to 35 centimeters (14 inches) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes and by leafy stolons that run along the surface of the ground. The inflorescence contains 1-6 flower heads per stem. Each head contains 47–99 white ray florets surrounding many yellow disc florets.
|
|
Arthrochilus aquilus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has between two and five dark green leaves at its base, each leaf long and wide. Between three and fifteen insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide and the lateral sepals are long and wide.
|
|
Arthrochilus corinnae is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves, which in flowering plants are on a short side stem. There are two or three dull bluish green leaves, each leaf long and wide. Between three and twelve insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall.
|
|
The plant spreads via threadlike stolon (runners), with plantlets taking root in the vicinity of the mother plant. It is hardy to USDA zone 5. It grows as a perennial herbaceous plant 10 to 20 cm tall, whose inflorescence bears small zygomorphous flowers that bloom during the transition between spring and summer. Like strawberry plants, it produces stolons with clones at the tip, allowing it to spread easily.
|
|
This is a perennial grass which can reach one half to nearly three meters in height and spreads via stolons. It forms tufts and can spread into wide monotypic stands. The inflorescence is a single or double whorl of fingerlike racemes up to 15 centimeters long. Each spikelet in the raceme is a few millimeters long and contains one or two fertile florets and up to four sterile florets.
|
|
Carex tomentosa is a perennial Herbaceous plant that reaches heights from about 20 to 40 cm and has long stolons. The stiff, upright triangular stem is rough and hairy and the top and has a blackish red sheath at its base. The stem leaves are grey-green, at most 2 mm wide and equipped with triangular tips. The lowest bract has foliage-like development and dominates the spikelets.
|
|
Flora of North America, Euchiton gymnocephalus (de Candolle) Holub, 1974. Creeping-cudweed Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution mapCalflora taxon report, University of California, Euchiton gymnocephalus (DC.) Anderb., creeping cudweed Euchiton collinus is a biennial or perennial herb up to tall, spreading by means of stolons and rhizomes. Leaves form a basal rosette surrounding the base of the stem and also individually farther up the stem.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Acianthus are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a single egg-shaped, heart-shaped or lobed leaf at the base. They have small, roughly spherical, underground tubers from which the flower stems arise. Lacking true roots, they have root-like stolons which develop "daughter" tubers at their ends. These orchids spend the dry, summer months dormant until, following late-summer or autumn rains, the leaf appears.
|
|
Biota of North America 2014 county distribution map Antennaria flagellaris is a petite perennial herb forming a thin patch on the ground no more than 2 centimeters high. It grows from a slender caudex and spreads via thin, wiry, cobwebby stolons. The woolly grayish leaves are one to two centimeters long and generally lance-shaped. The tiny inflorescence holds a single flower head less than a centimeter wide.
|
|
C. multicornis was originally specified under the family Clavidae but it was moved to family Hydractiniidae due to its similarities to other members of this family. The similarities that placed them in the family include having stolons growing off of its skeleton and a variation in the formation of polyps. The most recent study from 2015 confirmed this, placing the species also in Filifera III. Ecomare - knotspoliep (pcd02028-knotspoliep-sd).
|
|
Arthrochilus apectus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has two or three leaves at its base, each leaf long and wide. Between three and seven insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide and the lateral sepals are long and about wide.
|
|
Utricularia densiflora is a carnivorous plant in the genus Utricularia and is endemic to Brazil. It is a hydrophytic herb that has stolons up to long. It produces inflorescences around long with the bracts and flowers arranged spirally around the inflorescence. The species epithet densiflora refers to the density of flowers that each plant produces, which typically ranges from 15 to 23 flowers congested near the top of the inflorescence.
|
|
Seed germination rate at 20 °C after 50 days is very low, but it is increased heavily by scarification of the seed coat. After germination L tuberosus grows very quickly and seed pods and small tubers are formed in the first year. The tubers of the plant will form stolons and new roots during the development of the plant. The tubers can form new stems and grow as a separate plant.
|
|
Maasella edwardsi forms small groups in which the polyps are linked by stolons. The anthocodia, the upper part of the polyp, can be fully retracted back into the anthostele, the stiff, lower part. Each anthocodia bears eight tentacles, each with ten to thirteen short pinnules on each side. The anthostele is broader than the anthocodia and is stiffened by calcareous spicules which are sometimes visible as white markings.
|
|
St. Augustine decline infection St. Augustine is a dark green grass with broad, flat blades. It spreads by aboveground stolons, commonly known as "runners", and forms a dense layer. The grass occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, including much of the southeastern United States, Texas, Mexico, and Central and South America. It has escaped cultivation in California, Hawaii, many Pacific islands, South Africa and New Zealand.
|
|
Alsophila brevipinna, synonym Cyathea brevipinna, is a species of tree fern endemic to the higher parts of Mount Gower (875 m) on Lord Howe Island, where it grows in exposed areas at an altitude of about 790 m. The trunk is erect and may reach 3 m in height. It is often covered with reddish brown scales and stipe bases. This species may produce stolons at ground level.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Genoplesium are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs, usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a pair of more or less spherical tubers. The tubers are partly covered by a protective fibrous sheath which extends to the soil surface. Replacement tubers form at the end of short root-like stolons. Orchids in this genus do not reproduce using "daughter" tubers, but rely on their flowers for reproduction.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Pyrorchis are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and an oval-shaped tuber lacking a protective sheath. Replacement tubers are formed on the end of long, thin root-like stolons. There are between one and three broad, fleshy, egg-shaped to heart- shaped leaves at the base of the plant. The leaves are long, wide and bright green, sometimes with black markings.
|
|
Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with plants in Streptocarpus sect.
|
|
The medusa (jellyfish) is free-living in the plankton. Dense nerve net cells are also present in the epidermis in the cap. They form a large ring-like structure above the radial canal commonly presented in cnidarians. Turritopsis dohrnii also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of stolons that run along the substrate and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.
|
|
This is a perennial herb that spreads via stolons to form mats or clumps of herbage. The leaves are compound, each with three serrated oval leaflets up to 2 to 2.5 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a head of flowers around a centimeter long when first flowering. It increases in size to two centimeters as the fruits develop, the sepals becoming thin and inflated, fuzzy and pinkish in color, to resemble a strawberry or raspberry.
|
|
Bryophyllum daigremontianum with plantlets on one of the leaves Chlorophytum comosum "Variegatum" in a hanging basket showing the plantlets Plantlets are young or small clones, produced on the leaf margins or the aerial stems of another plant. Many plants such as spider plants naturally create stolons with plantlets on the ends as a form of asexual reproduction. Vegetative propagules or clippings of mature plants may form plantlets. An example is mother of thousands.
|
|
However the flowers are different, with G. disticha having smaller flowers of just 12–20 mm which have flower bases that are inflated or swollen for roughly two-thirds of the flower length.Gasteria pillansii - Information page It is proliferous, offsetting from underground stolons, and can form large clumps. It has pink flowers which appear in mid-summer around December. The seeds develop in time to be dispersed during the rains of autumn and winter.
|
|
Osmundea pinnatifida is a small marine alga which grows in tufts with branches to a length of 8 cm from a discoid holdfast which produces of stolons for further support. The fronds are flattened with a medulla of thick cells covered by a cortex of 2 layers. The branches are alternate, flattened and branching in one plane from the sides one or two times. The axes show a small terminal groove at the apex.
|
|
Iris koreana is similar in form to (the larger) Iris minutoaurea and Iris odaesanensis, (both are also from the Iris chinensis series). William Rickatson Dykes thought that Iris koreana was a larger form of Iris minutoaurea,British Iris Society (1997) but Iris koreana is more robust than Iris minutoaurea. It is also similar to the American woodland native, Iris cristata. It has slender rhizomes that are small, long, fine and have many branches (or stolons).
|
|
Ulluku (Ullucus tuberosus) tubers Tubers are enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction. Stem tubers form thickened rhizomes (underground stems) or stolons (horizontal connections between organisms). Common plant species with stem tubers include the potato and yam.
|
|
A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the under sides produce roots. They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. The underground stem tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant.
|
|
Laurel wilt is a highly destructive disease initiated when the invasive flying redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) introduces its highly virulent fungal symbiont (Raffaelea lauricola) into the sapwood of Lauraceae host shrubs or trees. Sassafras's volatile terpenoids may attract X. glabratus. Sassafras is susceptible to laurel wilt and capable of supporting broods of X. glabratus. Underground transmission of the pathogen through roots and stolons of Sassafras without evidence of X. glabratus attack is suggested.
|
|
Subterranean signs include collapsed stolons, enlarged lenticels, vascular tissue browning, medullary ray discoloration, and necrotic flecking of tuber tissue. The University of Nebraska cites the subterranean signs as the unique identification of zebra chip from all other known potato diseases. Zebra chip has been noted among potato disease experts as being unusually complex, and possibly the product of two separate pathogens, as has been discovered before for basses richesses (SBR) and spraing.
|
|
Homaxinella balfourensis is attached to the substrate by roots and has creeping stolons. It is usually arborescent with a main trunk and a dichotomous branching habit of growth but can also be clavate, thickening upwards like a club. The lower branches are stout and cylindrical while the upper branches are soft and spongy and are sometimes clavate themselves. It can grow to a length of with flattened branches up to long and wide.
|
|
The ghost moth larvae grow up to 50 mm long and have a white opaque body with a red/brown head. Their prothoracic plate is also red/brown, and their pinacula is dark brown. The young larvae feed on plant rootlets, while the older large feed on larger roots, stolons, and the lower regions of plant stems. The larval growth is very slow, and the developmental period can last for two to three years.
|
|
V. filiformis is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing mats of hairy stems that readily root at nodes that touch substrate. It is self-sterile and rarely seeds, being spread by stolons. The corolla of V. filiformis is four-lobed and blueish with a white tip, around 8–10 mm in diameter, the top lobe being largest since it is actually a fusion of two lobes. At the center are two long, protruding stamens.
|
|
Clonal colonies are common in many plant species. Although many plants reproduce sexually through the production of seed, reproduction occurs by underground stolons or rhizomes in some plants. Above ground, these plants most often appear to be distinct individuals, but underground they remain interconnected and are all clones of the same plant. However, it is not always easy to recognize a clonal colony especially if it spreads underground and is also sexually reproducing.
|
|
This is a perennial bunch grass growing small, narrow tufts of several erect stems which grow tall. It has a thick, fibrous root system, sometimes with rhizomes, the stems may form stolons. It has flat leaves each up to a centimeter wide at the base and rapidly narrowing to a point. The tip of the stem is occupied by a narrow, pointed inflorescence many centimeters long made up of a few spikelets.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Caleana are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a dark red, oval-shaped, tuber. Replacement tubers called "droppers" form at the end of long root-like stolons. A single linear to egg-shaped leaf long develops near the base of the plant during the growing season and withers late in the flowering season. The leaf is folded lengthwise and often has purple markings.
|
|
N. peltata can reproduce vegetatively or sexually. Fragments of one plant, including stolons, rhizomes, and leaves attached to part of a stem, can also develop into a new plant. Seeds are produced either by cross or self-pollination, though self- pollination usually produces fewer and less viable seeds than cross- pollination. Seed dispersal is facilitated by the semi-hydrophobia of seeds, which causes them to float on the water's surface until disturbed.
|
|
By splitting such a stack before the older corm generations wither too badly, the horticulturist can exploit the individual corms for propagation. Other species seldom do anything of that kind; their corms simply grow larger in most seasons. Yet others split when multiple buds or stolons on a large corm sprout independently, forming a tussock. Corms can be dug up and used to propagate or redistribute the plant (see, for example, taro).
|
|
Arthrochilus laevicallus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It lacks leaves but has between four and seven green, insect-like flowers on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is strap-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, about long and wide. The lateral sepals are strap-shaped but curved, about long and wide.
|
|
Resistance-breeding, or generating plants that are genetically resistant to pathogen infections, is another option being explored. Generating vector-resistant plants have been proven to be largely unsuccessful for PMTV. This is because plants need to have immunity towards S. subterranea in its tubers, roots, and stolons in order to completely resist infection by the vector and virus. To this date, however, potatoes have been produced with resistant tubers but susceptible roots.
|
|
Plant Disease. 73(10):814-819. The whole leaflet may turn yellow and then brown due to infection and subsequent necrosis of the plant tissue. In severe cases where the pathogen has progressed substantially, the stolons, fruit, and petioles of the leaf become infected and may girdle and kill the stem. The disease is commonly found in young tissue of the strawberry plant, when defense mechanisms may not yet be fully established.
|
|
Aeration on a sand-based system is used more to control the thickness of the thatch layer than to relieve compaction. Thatch layers are the accumulation of decomposed vegetative parts of grass plants like stolons and rhizomes at the surface level. A thick thatch layer on a sand-based athletic field may prevent nutrients and water from reaching the soil. Further, fertilizers, fungicides, and insecticides can not penetrate the surface and reach the soil.
|
|
It is easily raised from seed and can also be propagated from stolons, which are often produced in great quantity. The tree is hardy in the south of England and in the Channel Islands. In respect to the power of making heartwood, the persimmon rarely develops any heartwood until it is nearly one hundred years old. This heartwood is extremely close-grained and almost black, resembling ebony (of which it is a true variety).
|
|
Jepson Manual Treatment It forms basal patches of oval- shaped leaves 3 to 10 centimeters long, fuzzy on the undersides and shiny green above. The patches are connected with stolons covered in leaves. The erect stem bears an inflorescence which can be shaped like a raceme and is often dense, especially in higher elevations, containing several flower heads. The species is dioecious, with male and female plants producing different types of flowers in the heads.
|
|
Antennaria umbrinella is a perennial herb growing erect stems to a maximum height around 16 centimeters from a woody base with spreading stolons. The base is covered in woolly leaves each one to two centimeters long and lance-shaped to spoon-shaped. Each inflorescence holds several flower heads with fuzzy phyllaries which are whitish to brown in color. The plant is dioecious, with males and females producing different flower types in the heads.
|
|
This sedge produces stems up to 60 centimeters tall, growing from a long rhizome. The stem just below the inflorescence is sheathed in the base of the bract, the characteristic that gives the plant its name. The inflorescence contains a terminal spike and usually at least one lateral spike. The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting from the rhizome and the stolons, and from buds at the bases of the stems.
|
|
The leaves are large (8 to 18 cm long), opposite, serrated, ovate, and deciduous. The lower leaf surface is glabrous or with inconspicuous fine hairs, appearing green; trichomes of the lower surface are restricted to the midrib and major veins. The stem bark has a peculiar tendency to peel off in several successive thin layers with different colors, hence the common name "sevenbark". Smooth hydrangea can spread rapidly by stolons to form colonies.
|
|
The body is fragile and easily broken in pieces. The dorsal cirri (thread-like growths) on the body segments are elongated and sometimes of unequal length; they are articulated while the ventral cirri are short and conical and not articulated. The chaetae (bristles) are simple and shaped somewhat like tomahawks. Some branches of the worm develop into stolons, reproductive elements that contain the eggs or sperm and which later become detached from the parent worm.
|
|
The seeds are shiny, black, and plumed. After maturing they are dispersed by wind, clothing, hair, feathers, and some vehicles that disturb fields or soils. P. caespitosa persists and regrows each year from rhizomes and often spreads by stolons, which can be extensive, creating a dense mat of hawkweed plants (a colony) that practically eliminates other vegetation. P. caespitosa prefers silt loam, well-drained soil: coarse textures, moderately low in organic matter, and moist.
|
|
The hairy water lily is an aquatic plant having erect perennial rhizomes or rootstocks that anchor it to the mud in the bottom. The rhizomes produce slender stolons. Its leave blades are round above the water and heart-shaped below 15–26(–50) cm, papery, abaxially densely pubescent. Some of the leaves that emerge rise slightly above the water held by their stem in lotus fashion, but most of them just float on the surface.
|
|
Epilobium lactiflorum is a species of willowherb known by the common name milkflower willowherb or whiteflower willowherb. This plant is found throughout northern North America and northern Eurasia, where it most often grows in moist, rocky areas at some elevation. It is a hairy, clumping perennial with thin stems reaching 10 to 50 centimeters in height, and leafy stolons. The leaves are 2 to 5 centimeters long and have hairs along the edges and winged petioles.
|
|
It is similar in form to Iris falcifolia (in the Hexapogon Section) but differs in having a looser rhizome system and the leaves are also different.British Iris Society (1997) It has a small and slender rhizome, that is 0.5 cm in diameter. It has several stolons (branches), that are between 1–5 cm long. On top of the rhizome, are the fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. It has 4–7, grey-green, or green leaves.
|
|
The leaves have no hairs on the margin and are somewhat narrow, distinguishing this plant from the similar Streptopus. They spread asexually by means of long under ground stolons with most plants in a clonal colony not flowering. Flowering plants often do not set seed, but when plants form seeds they are in three angled fruits. The native range extends from the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Nova Scotia, west to Texas, The Dakotas and Manitoba .
|
|
Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 236-237. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees and often by honey bees. The leaves are trifoliolate, smooth, elliptic to egg-shaped and long-petioled and usually with light or dark markings. The stems function as stolons, so white clover often forms mats, with the stems creeping as much as a year, and rooting at the nodes.
|
|
Alternanthera philoxeroides can thrive in both dry and aquatic environments and is characterized by whitish, papery flowers along its short stalks, irregular, or sprawling hollow stems, and simple and opposite leaf pattern sprouting from its nodes. The species is dioecious. It is also considered a herbaceous plant due to its short-lived shoot system. It produces horizontal stems, otherwise known as stolons, that can sprout up to in length and thanks to its hollow stems, floats easily.
|
|
Arthrochilus dockrillii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It one or two dark green, linear to lance-shaped leaves, usually one larger than the other, each leaf long and wide. Between five and twenty five greenish, insect-like flowers long are well spaced along a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is oblong to spatula- shaped, long and about wide.
|
|
It is a dwarf perennial which forms cushions and has well-developed rhizomes and stolons. The culms are erect, smooth, and 0.5–5 cm high, both slightly shorter and slightly exceeding the leaves in length. The leaves are borne on the more or less elongated aerial portion of a stem, with the older leaves persisting and turning yellow-brown. The inflorescence is a 1–5-flowered cluster, which expands to about 3–7 mm in diameter when in fruit.
|
|
Epilobium clavatum is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names talus willowherb and clavatefruit willowherb. It is native to western North America from Alaska to northern California to Colorado, where it grows in rocky high mountain habitat such as talus. It is a clumping perennial herb forming bristly mounds up to about 20 centimeters high and spreading outward via tough stolons. The oval-shaped leaves are 1 to 3 centimeters long.
|
|
Potamogeton species range from large (stems of 6 m or more) to very small (less than 10 cm). Height is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly water depth. All species are technically perennial, but some species disintegrate in autumn to a large number of asexually produced resting buds called turions, which serve both as a means of overwintering and dispersal. Turions may be borne on the rhizome, on the stem, or on stolons from the rhizome.
|
|
Arthrochilus huntianus is a leafless terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. Up to ten insect-like flowers long and about wide are borne on a thin, wiry, green to reddish flowering stem tall. There are two, three or four bracts at the base of the flowering stem. The dorsal sepal and petals are long about wide and the lateral sepals are long and about wide.
|
|
Arthrochilus byrnesii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It usually has three dark green leaves, one large and one or two smaller, each leaf long and wide. Between five and fifteen greenish, insect-like flowers long are well spaced along a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide and the lateral sepals are long and about wide.
|
|
It has a twisted and fleshy peduncle, a set of membranous, petal-like stamen appendages around the anthers, and angular black seeds. It reproduces from seed and vegetative means in the form of cormlets. The cormlets are attached to the parent corm by stolons and are sessile, produced in the axils of the old leaf bases on the mature corm. Plants thrive in open disturbed environments, and are a common post-fire succession species in chaparral.
|
|
Colonial tunicate with multiple openings in a single tunic. Colonies of tunicates occur in a range of forms, and vary in the degree to which individual organisms, known as zooids, integrate with one another. In the simplest systems, the individual animals are widely separated, but linked together by horizontal connections called stolons, which grow along the seabed. Other species have the zooids growing closer together in a tuft or clustered together and sharing a common base.
|
|
Phytologia 67(4): 301-302 Solidago macvaughii is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall, spreading by means of stolons running along the surface of the ground. The leaves near the bottom of the stem can be up to 7 cm (2.8 inches) long; leaves get progressively smaller higher up on the stem. One plant can produce many small yellow flower heads in a large, branching array at the top of the plant.
|
|
Caulerpa prolifera A plant of C. prolifera consists of a number of blades or laminae linked by underground stolons which are fixed to the sandy substrate by rhizoids.Morphological Diversity within the Algae Retrieved August 18, 2011. The blades contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis though the green colour is somewhat masked by other pigments. Like other members of the order Bryopsidales, each C. prolifera plant is an individual organism consisting of a giant single cell with multiple nuclei.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Calochilus are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a pair of egg-shaped tubers lacking a protective fibrous sheath. The tubers produce replacement tubers on the end of a short, root-like stolons. There is either a single, linear, fleshy, convolute leaf, usually channelled, sometimes triangular in cross section, or there is no leaf.labelled image The inflorescence is a raceme with from one to many resupinate flowers.
|
|
Rhabdopleura compacta colony with creeping and erect tubes. Each graptolite colony originates from an initial individual, called the sicular zooid, from which the subsequent zooids will develop; they are all interconnected by stolons. These zooids are housed within an organic tubular structure called a theca, rhabsodome, coenoecium or tubarium, which is secreted by the glands on the cephalic shield. The composition of the tubarium is not clearly known, but different authors suggest it is made out of collagen or chitin.
|
|
Pondberry flowers Clones expand vegetatively through stolons, and this mechanism of vegetative reproduction is the principal way that colonies develop. Stems usually live 6 or 7 years, and when a stem dies it is usually replaced by a new stem that grows from the base of the plant. Thus, mature colonies often include some dead stems intermingled with numerous live stems. Despite the regular production of mature fruit, virtually no seedlings of pondberry have been observed at any of the known sites.
|
|
Globularia vulgaris is a plant belonging to the genus Globularia, in the family Plantaginaceae. It has a very disjunct distribution: One population in the mountains of southern France and north-central and eastern Spain; and another population on the islands Öland and Gotland in the Baltic Sea. It differs from Globularia trichosantha of the Balkans and Crimea by lacking stolons and having the teeth of the calyx as long as (or slightly longer) than its tube (3–4 times longer in G. trichosantha).
|
|
Galium laevigatum is a species of plants in the Rubiaceae. It is native to the mountains of southern and Central Europe: the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Apennines. It has been recorded from Italy, Switzerland, France, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesAltervista Flora Italiana, Caglio levigato Galium laevigatum is a fairly large plant for the genus, erect and up to 110 cm tall, often reproducing by means of stolons running along the surface of the ground.
|
|
Research suggests that E. propullans rarely reproduces from seed on its own, but is highly dependent on vegetative reproduction, or limited cross pollination with Erythronium albidum, thus limiting population growth and spread of the species. Erythronium propullans produces one stolon below the soil surface on the midway point of the stem on blooming plants; that stolon then produces a new bulb. On non-blooming plants, 1 to 3 stolons are produced directly from the bulbs, each ending in a new clone.
|
|
West Indian marsh grass is a semiaquatic perennial grass that forms dense stands by spreading via stolons. It is native to tropical Central and South America, where it is utilized for forage on flood-prone land. It has occasionally been introduced to other regions as a pasture grass, such as Queensland. It was noted as an introduced species in Florida by the 1970s and it is still a notorious noxious weed of wetland habitats, where its thick stands displace native flora.
|
|
Rhizopus oryzae was discovered by Frits Went and Hendrik Coenraad Prinsen Geerligs in 1895. The genus Rhizopus (family Mucoraceae) was erected in 1821 by the German mycologist, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg to accommodate Mucor stolonifer and Rhizopus nigricans as distinct from the genus Mucor. The genus Rhizopus is characterized by having stolons, rhizoids, sporangiophores sprouting from the points of which rhizoids were attached, globose sporangia with columellae, striated sporangiospores. In the mid 1960s, researchers divided the genus based on temperature tolerance.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Microtis are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and an egg-shaped to almost spherical tuber. The tuber often produces two tubers on the end of long, root- like stolons. There is a single, linear, cylindrical, onion-like leaf at the base of the plant. The leaf resembles that of the closely related genus Prasophyllum except that is entirely green (usually red at the base in Prasophyllum) and exudes clear mucilage when damaged.
|
|
Capsule of Allium oreophilum. The genus Allium (alliums) is characterised by herbaceous geophyte perennials with true bulbs, some of which are borne on rhizomes, and an onion or garlic odor and flavor. The bulbs are solitary or clustered and tunicate and the plants are perennialized by the bulbs reforming annually from the base of the old bulbs, or are produced on the ends of rhizomes or, in a few species, at the ends of stolons. A small number of species have tuberous roots.
|
|
A. lavarackianus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It one or two bluish green, linear to lance-shaped leaves, usually one larger than the other, each leaf long and wide. Between three and fifteen greenish, insect- like flowers long are well spaced along a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is linear to spatula-shaped, long, about wide and curves forward towards the column.
|
|
It was formerly classified in the genus Potentilla as Potentilla egedei. It is considered a member of the Argentina anserina species aggregate, or is alternatively treated as a subspecies of A. anserina by some botanists. Eged's Silverweed is a low-growing herbaceous plant with creeping red stolons up to 80 cm long. The leaves are 10–40 cm long, evenly pinnate into in crenate leaflets 3–5 cm long and 2 cm broad, thinly covered with a few silky white hairs.
|
|
The variety of vetiver used in the Vetiver System does not have stolons or rhizomes and does not produce fertile seed. In some countries vetiver has been used to define property lines. The Vetiver System is a developing technology. As a soil conservation technique and, more recently, a bioengineering tool, the effective application of the Vetiver System in large-scale projects that involve significant engineering design and construction requires an understanding of biology, soil science, hydraulics, hydrology and geotechnical principles.
|
|
Epilobium oregonense is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Oregon willowherb. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Arizona, where it generally grows in moist places in several types of habitat. It is a perennial herb growing spindly erect stems approaching 40 centimeters high or sometimes forming mats spreading via stolons. The small leaves are rounded near the base of the plant and linear in shape farther up the stem.
|
|
Epilobium leptophyllum is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names bog willowherb and linear-leaved willowherb. It is native to much of eastern and northern North America, where it grows in moist areas, such as bogs. It is a perennial herb growing up to a meter tall and spreading with tiny stolons. The leaves are generally linear in shape but may be wider to nearly oval, and reach up to about 7.5 centimeters.
|
|
Root tubers of Dahlia A stem tuber may form from thickened rhizomes or stolons. The tops or sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves, and the undersides produce roots. Such tubers tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. A below ground stem tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant.
|
|
A colony of Perophora regina consists of a mat of slender, branching stolons, with short- stalked zooids growing at intervals. The zooids are so crowded together in mature colonies that the surface of the colony appears smooth. The zooids are long and on each there is a yellow neural gland between the siphons with a distinctive white spot on either side of this. Like Perophora viridis, the zooids have four rows of stigmata and the muscles in the mantle wall are predominantly longitudinal.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Prasophyllum are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a pair of more or less spherical tubers partly covered by a fibrous sheath. Replacement tubers form at the end of short root- like stolons. Leek orchids rarely reproduce by forming "daughter" tubers, relying on their flowers for reproduction. A single onion or leek-like leaf develops near the base of the plant and accounts for the common name of the group.
|
|
Kudzu spreads by vegetative reproduction via stolons (runners) that root at the nodes to form new plants and by rhizomes. Kudzu also spreads by seeds, which are contained in pods and mature in the autumn, although this is rare. One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. The hard- coated seeds can remain viable for several years, and can successfully germinate only when soil is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F).
|
|
Sanderia malayensis has a complex life cycle with a number of types of asexual reproduction. New polyps can bud off existing polyps, with a moveable stolon developing at the same time on the opposite side of the mother polyp. These stolons may develop a knobbed end, curl up and attach themselves to the substrate, before detaching from the mother polyp and developing into a new polyp. Strobilation of the polyp may occur with ephyrae being formed which separate from the mother polyp.
|
|
If the sand accretion is not too fast, the stolons can grow vertically through it, but the seagrass can be overwhelmed by rapid accretion. Patch death was mostly caused by erosion as roots were uncovered, encrusting and drilling organisms increased and plants were swept away. The dune movement cycle tended to take two to six years, which gives the seagrass time to recolonise bare areas. Sand accretion also stimulates flowering and dormant seeds can enable recolonisation when conditions allow it.
|
|
Veronica plebeia, commonly known as creeping- or trailing speedwell, is a plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae native to Australia and New Zealand. Robert Brown described the trailing speedwell in 1810 in his work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. He had collected the species near Sydney in May 1802. A 2012 molecular study found it was most closely related to V. grosseserrata. Veronica plebeia grows as a perennial herb, with stolons reaching 1 m (3 ft) in length.
|
|
It generally does well in response to fires, due to survival of rhizomes and seeds. It can be found in open woodland, rough grassland, hedgerows, roadsides and waste ground, and as a weed on arable land. This species is similar to Agrostis stolonifera, with the key difference being that the latter has stolons. In fact the two are sometimes treated as a single species, and it is not always clear precisely what an author means by Agrostis alba or Agrostis stolonifera.
|
|
Oxalis suksdorfii Oxalis suksdorfii is a species of flowering plant in the woodsorrel family known by the common name western yellow woodsorrel and Suksdorf's woodsorrel. It is native to the west coast of the United States from Washington to northern California, where it can be found in open and wooded habitat types. It is a perennial herb growing erect or trailing, sometimes rooting at stolons, its stem reaching up to 25 centimeters in length. The leaves are each made up of three leaflets.
|
|
Leporella fimbriata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and an oval-shaped tuber lacking a protective sheath. The tuber produces two "droppers" which become the daughter tubers in the following year. Unlike those in some other orchids, the droppers are produced well away from the parent tuber at the end of long, root-like stolons. There are one or two egg-shaped to lance-shaped, glabrous leaves at the base of the stem.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Lyperanthus are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and an oval-shaped, tuber lacking a protective sheath. Each year, new tubers develop on the ends of long, root-like stolons. There is a single, erect, leathery, stiff, linear to lance-shaped leaf, long, wide with tiny pimple-like glands on the lower surface. The distinctive leaf protruding though surrounding vegetation is often the first part of the orchid apparent to the observer.
|
|
Spiculaea ciliata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and an oval-shaped tuber lacking a protective sheath. The tuber produces a replacement tuber and daughter tubers on the end of short, root-like stolons. There is a single stalked leaf about long, wide at the base of the plant and purplish on the lower surface. The leaf is fully developed before the first flowers appear but withers before the first flowers open in late October.
|
|
Urtica dioica from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885 Urtica dioica is a dioecious, herbaceous, perennial plant, tall in the summer and dying down to the ground in winter. It has widely spreading rhizomes and stolons, which are bright yellow, as are the roots. The soft, green leaves are long and are borne oppositely on an erect, wiry, green stem. The leaves have a strongly serrated margin, a cordate base, and an acuminate tip with a terminal leaf tooth longer than adjacent laterals.
|
|
Form: Pondberry occurs in dense thickets with erect or ascending shoots up to tall and few branches; stems are connected underground by stolons. Thickets of female plants tend to be smaller than those of males and are sometimes absent from populations.FAO "Effect of global climate change on rare trees and shrubs" Die-back of stems is a fairly common occurrence. Foliage: The drooping, alternate leaves are oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, long, wide, and tend to be strongly tapered to a point at the tip.
|
|
Bulbs up to 3 cm in diametre, with stolons or bulbils frequently present. The stem varies between 4–20 cm in height but may reach 35 cm when bearing fruit, and may frequently have papillae present at ground level. F. assyriaca, a tetraploid, has a very large genome. With approximately 127 pg (130 Gb (Giga base pairs)), it was for a long time the largest known genome, exceeding the largest vertebrate animal genome known to date, that of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus), in size.
|
|
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families They are typically found in subtropical forests and are tuberous plants with heart shaped peltate leaves. A characteristic feature of Remusatia is its stolons that emerge from the tubers on which is produced bulbils that allow the plant to reproduce. The bulbils cling to animals which allows for them to be distributed and is likely the primary cause for their large distribution. Flowering of many Remusatias are often rare and bulbils serve as their primary means of reproduction.
|
|
R. stolonifer colonizing a strawberry. The disease caused by this fungus occurs mainly on ripe fruits, such as strawberries, melon and peach, which are more susceptible to wounds and have a higher sugar content. After a couple of days, the infected fruits become soft and release juices with an acidic odour. When the humidity and temperature are favourable, the mycelial growth occurs rapidly at the surface of the infected fruit and the disease causes the development of long mycelial stolons with black sporangia and spores.
|
|
Ranunculus cymbalaria is a species of buttercup known by the common names alkali buttercup and seaside buttercup. It is native to much of Eurasia and parts of North and South America, where it grows in many types of habitat, especially in moist to wet areas such as marshes, bogs, and moist spring meadows. It is a perennial herb producing several stems a few centimeters to nearly 40 centimeters long. Some are prostrate against the ground and are stolons which root in moist substrate, and some are erect.
|
|
This is a rhizomatous perennial generally not exceeding 40 centimeters in height. It forms clumps of very thin stringlike stems of smooth bright green which are four-sided or cylindrical. The stems are somewhat erect but they bend easily to become stolons; if the tip touches the substrate it may root there and produce a new plant. The spikelet is a flat oval shape up to a centimeter long and holds ten or more flowers, each covered in a dark purple-brown or black bract.
|
|
In fall, the aboveground biomass of N. peltata dies, sinks to the substrate and decomposes, and the plant overwinters as dormant rhizomes. These rhizomes can survive freezing temperatures up to -30°C. During the winter, stolons and stems either on or buried beneath the substrate can remain dormant until spring, and some small submerged leaves measuring 1-2 cm sometimes grow on these stems. After winter, the species requires light and oxygen to produce new growth and floating leaves begin to appear in spring.
|
|
Perophora viridis is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. In the Caribbean it is plentiful in nutrient-rich lagoons where the creeping stolon spreads like a vine across the seabed, over seaweed and oysters and around mangrove roots. It often grows intertwined with the tree-like bryozoan Amathia vidovici and less often with another bryozoan, Zoobotryon verticillatum. The stolons of tunicate and bryozoan run parallel with and round each other, making the whole resemble a single organism.
|
|
Arthrochilus prolixus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has a rosette of between two and six linear to lance-shaped leaves on a side branch at its base, each leaf long and wide. Between three and twenty two pale green, insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is linear, long, about wide and partly wrapped around the base of the column.
|
|
Zoobotryon verticillatum sometimes grows in association with the honeysuckle tunicate (Perophora viridis), the stolons of which intertwine with those of the bryozoan. The colonies provide hiding places for juvenile fish and for the amphipods, copepods, polychaete worms and the other small invertebrates on which the young fish feed. The tissues of Zoobotryon verticillatum contain certain secondary metabolites that render it unappetizing to many potential predators. The main one is a bromo-alkaloid which has been shown to prevent settlement of mussel and barnacle larvae on the colony.
|
|
Caulerpa lamourouxii is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. The seaweed has a grass green to olive green thallus with erect grey-green fronds reaching in width with smooth stolons that have a diameter of . The species is usually found in shallow waters in sandy substrata in tropical waters of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast from Kimberley, through the Pilbara and south as far as Ningaloo reef in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia.
|
|
The gut is U-shaped, curving down towards the base of the calyx, where it broadens to form the stomach. This is lined with a membrane consisting of a single layer of cells, each of which has multiple cilia. Pedicellina cernua (magnified x 27) The stalks of colonial species arise from shared attachment plates or from a network of stolons, tubes that run across a surface. In solitary species, the stalk ends in a muscular sucker, or a flexible foot, or is cemented to a surface.
|
|
Most diascia species are short- growing, straggling plants, reaching no more than in height, although Diascia rigescens can reach , and the rather similar D. personata (with which it is often confused)Google Books: The European Garden Flora up to or so. Some Diascia species spread by means of stolons, while others produce multiple lax stems from a single crown. The flowers are borne in loose terminal racemes. The corolla is five-lobed, and normally pink or rose-coloured in the perennial species most commonly seen in cultivation.
|
|
Taro stolons or stems, kochur loti (কচুর লতি), are also favored by Bangladeshis and cooked with shrimp, dried fish or the head of the ilish fish. Taro is available, either fresh or frozen, in the UK and US in most Asian stores and supermarkets specialising in Bangladeshi or South Asian food. Also, another variety called maan kochu is consumed and is a rich source of vitamins and nutrients. Maan Kochu is made into a paste and fried to prepare a delicious food known as Kochu Bata.
|
|
Pīngao seed heads and bracts Pīngao is a stout, grass-like plant, 30–90 cm tall, from the sedge family, found on active sand dunes. It is found only in New Zealand and is easily distinguished from other dune species such as spinifex or marram grass. Seen from a distance, pīngao patches have a distinctive orange hue. Most plants produce long, prostrate, tough rope-like stolons that creep along the sand surface until buried by shifting sand, leaving just the upper portion of leaves exposed.
|
|
The IRRI project was terminated in 2001 because of budget cuts, but the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS) in Kunming has continued the research. Rhizome were considered more stress tolerant than stolons, so they focused on populations derived from crosses with O. longistaminata. As Eric Sacks and colleagues found at IRRI, the plants in these populations mostly lack rhizomes and have a high level of sterility. Finding the extremely rare plants with both rhizomes and fertility has required screening large F2 and Backcross populations.
|
|
Luhrs, 1995 These stolons, which have small non-glandular leaves interspersed along their length, can take root to form new plantlets upon contact with a suitable growing substrate. This trait allows the species to form clumps of plants, many of which are genetically identical. As is typical in the genus, the upper lamina surface of the summer leaves is densely covered by peduncular (stalked) mucilagenous glands and sessile (flat) digestive glands. The peduncular glands consist of a few secretory cells on top of a single-celled stalk.
|
|
An antique spurge plant, Euphorbia antiquorum, sending out rhizomes Lotus rhizome sliced and peeled Turmeric rhizome, whole and ground into a spice Stolons growing from nodes from a corm of Crocosmia In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (, from "mass of roots", from "cause to strike root") is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards.
|
|
The combining form laim- from (Greek: λαιμός) denotes a connecting organ (neck) while -sphere indicates a zone of influence. Topographically, the laimosphere includes the soil around any portion of subterranean plant organs other than roots where exuded nutrients (especially sugars and amino acids) stimulate microbial activities. Subterranean plant organs with a laimosphere include hypocotyls, epicotyls, stems, stolons, corms, bulbs, and leaves. Propagules of soil-borne plant pathogens, whose germination is stimulated by a plant exudates in the laimosphere, can initiate hypocotyl and stem rots leading to "damping-off".
|
|
Galium triflorum (also known as cudweed, sweet-scented bedstraw, and fragrant bedstraw) is a herbaceous plant of the family Rubiaceae. It is widespread in northern Europe (Scandinavia, Switzerland, Russia, Baltic States), eastern Asia (Kamchatka, Japan, Korea, Guizhou, Sichuan, India, Nepal) and North America (from Alaska and Greenland south to Veracruz).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Galium triflorum The plant is considered a noxious weed in New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut and Massachusetts.Biota of North America Program, Galium triflorum Galium triflorum grows on the forest floor, spreading vegetatively by means of stolons.
|
|
Poa macrantha is a species of grass known by the common names seashore bluegrass and large-flowered sand dune bluegrass. It is native to the west coast of North America from Alaska to northern California, where it grows in sand dunes and other beach habitat. Poa macrantha is a perennial grass growing in loose clumps with stems up to 60 centimeters in maximum height. The grass grows from a network of very long, stout rhizomes and stolons which may be up to 4 meters in length, anchoring the grass in its shifting sandy substrate.
|
|
N. peltata is an aquatic bottom-rooted perennial species with underwater creeping stolons that extend up to 2 meters. Each node on a stolon can produce a new shoot and roots. N. peltata has cordate floating leaves that are 3-15 cm in diameter, green to yellow-green in color, have purple-tinted undersides, and are attach to submerged rhizomes. The leaves have slightly wavy margins and support a lax, or loose, inflorescence of two to five yellow, five-petal flowers (2-4 cm in diameter) with fringed petal margins.
|
|
Potentilla simplex, also known as common cinquefoil or old-field five-fingers or oldfield cinquefoil, is a perennial herb in the Rosaceae (rose) family native to eastern North America from Ontario, Quebec, and Labrador south to Texas, Alabama, and panhandle Florida. Potentilla simplex is a familiar plant with prostrate stems that root at nodes, with yellow flowers and 5-parted palmately pinnate leaves arising from stolons (runners) on separate stalks. Complete flowers bearing 5 yellow petals (about 4-10 mm long) bloom from March to June. It bears seed from April to July.
|
|
Arthrochilus rosulatus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber that produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has a rosette of between three and four elliptic to lance-shaped leaves surrounding the base of the flowering stem, each leaf long and wide. Between two and fifteen pale green, insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is linear to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long, about wide and partly wrapped around the base of the column.
|
|
Arthrochilus irritabilis is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has between three and five narrow lance-shaped, bluish green leaves long and wide on side growth at the base of the flowering stem. Between five and thirty light greenish or reddish insect- like flowers, long are borne on a thin, wiry, green to reddish flowering stem tall. The dorsal is long, about wide, folded lengthwise near the tip and directed more or less downwards.
|
|
Arthrochilus sabulosus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber that produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has a rosette of between two and three egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves on side growth at the base of the flowering stem, each leaf long and wide. Between three and fifteen pale green, insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is linear but tapered, long, about wide and partly wrapped around the base of the column.
|
|
New Haven: Yale University Press. page 1. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant survive under or close to the ground from season to season (for biennials, until the next growing season, when they flower and die). New growth develops from living tissues remaining on or under the ground, including roots, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at ground level) or various types of underground stems, such as bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers.
|
|
The epidermis contains only a single layer of cells, each of which bears multiple cilia ("hairs") and microvilli (tiny "pleats") that penetrate through the cuticle. The stolons and stalks of colonial species have thicker cuticles, stiffened with chitin. There is no coelom (internal fluid-filled cavity lined with peritoneum) and the other internal organs are embedded in connective tissue that lies between the stomach and the base of the "crown" of tentacles. The nervous system runs through the connective tissue and just below the epidermis, and is controlled by a pair of ganglia.
|
|
A colony of Perophora multiclathrata consists of slender, branching stolons, with unstalked zooids growing at intervals. Each zooid is long and has about twenty tentacles surrounding the buccal siphon, alternately long and short. The pharynx has five rows of stigmata, some of which extend from the first row into the second. The musculature in the atrial wall is distinctive with horizontal and radial elements and a circular muscle fibre surrounding the base of the atrial siphon allowing the atrium to become pouched and the atrial siphon to be pulled inward.
|
|
Berries Convallaria majalis is an herbaceous perennial plant that often forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes. New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer,Flora of China: Convallaria majalis these upright dormant stems are often called pips. These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground. The stems grow to tall, with one or two leaves long; flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of five to fifteen flowers on the stem apex.
|
|
Arthrochilus latipes is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. There are two to four lance-shaped, ground-hugging, dull green leaves at the base of the plant, each leaf long and wide. The inflorescence is a raceme, tall with three to about fifteen flowers, each long with and green with brownish glands on the labellum. The dorsal sepal curves downwards, is narrow egg-shaped to spoon-shaped, about long, wide and is wrapped around one-quarter of the column.
|
|
Arthrochilus oreophilus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber that produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has a rosette of between two and five lance-shaped leaves at its base, each leaf long and about wide. Between two and fifteen insect-like flowers long are borne on a fleshy, dark reddish brown flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is spatula-shaped to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long, about wide, folded lengthwise and wrapped around the base of the column.
|
|
In addition to western North America, Limnobiophyllum has been reported from the Paleocene of eastern Russia and the Miocene of the Czech Republic. Unusually complete specimens from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, range from single leaves up to about 4 cm in diameter to rosettes of up to four leaves, some of which were connected to adjacent plants by stolons, and a few of which bear remains of flowers with anthers that contain Pandaniidites pollen.Stockey, R.A., Hoffman, G.L. and Rothwell, G.W. 1997. The fossil monocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: Resolving the phylogeny of Lemnaceae.
|
|
There is some concern for Hieracium albertinum (and other native species) because while they are members of the genus Hieracium whose introduced species are often aggressively invasive or weedy, reproducing vegetatively from aboveground runners called stolons or from wandering underground stems called rhizomes, the less aggressive native hawkweeds reproduce only by reseeding. While not listed as endangered, H. albertinum is somewhat threatened while its environment is overrun by the aggressive non- native family as well as being listed as a noxious weed due to its membership in the same genus.
|
|
Neoregelias, like most bromeliads, bloom only once in their lifetime and then begin to die, but normally not before producing several pups - small clones of the parent plant - around the central flowering rosette on stolons. These offshoots eventually replace the mother plant and form a cluster around it - although in cultivation, the offshoots can be severed and replanted when about two-thirds the size of the adult plant. The leaves immediately surrounding the inflorescence are very often brightly colored, even in species otherwise not brightly marked - an adaptation to attract pollinating insects.
|
|
A Perophora colony consists of a system of stolons from which individual zooids arise at intervals. Each zooid has four or five rows of stigmata in the wall of the atrium, the one exception being Perophora multistigmata which has eight rows. In some cases, the five-rowed species have some stigmata extending over the first and second rows indicating that the primary number of rows is four. In Ecteinascidia, the only other genus in the family, there are always eight or more rows of stigmata, usually twelve to twenty rows.
|
|
Stolons allow for vegetative propagation The leaf blades of the summer rosettes of P. orchidioides are smooth, rigid, and succulent, and generally green in color. The laminae are generally ovate to lanceolate, between 20 and 46 millimeters (2–5 in.) long and 6–18 millimeters wide, and have deeply involute margins. These are supported by 10–30 millimeter petioles with ciliate margins. The "winter" or "resting" rosette of P. orchidioides is 6–13 millimeters (¼–½ in.) in diameter and consists of 25 to 36 small, compact, fleshy, non-glandular leaves.
|
|
Orchids in the genus Arthrochilus are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a single oval-shaped tuber lacking a protective fibrous sheath. (A. huntianus lacks a true tuber.) Some species form colonies, reproducing asexually from daughter tubers formed on the end of root-like stolons. The stem is short, erect and unbranched with thin, leaf-like cataphylls at each node. There are up to six leaves at or near the base of the plant, sometimes forming a rosette around the stem.
|
|
Bouteloua eriopoda, commonly known as black grama, is a perennial prairie grass that is native to the Southwestern United States. Its main means of reproduction is by stolons, as its ratio of viable seeds to sterile ones is naturally low. The disparity may play a role in its lack of tolerance to overgrazing (relative to other grasses), but aside from this B. eriopoda is a good forage food for livestock. It was first described, as Chondrosum eriopodum, in 1848 from specimens collected along and nearby the "Del Norte" river in New Mexico.
|
|
Utricularia gibba is an aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia, or bladderworts. The specific epithet gibba is Latin for "hump" or "swelling" – a reference to the inflated base of the lower lip of the corolla. It is a small- to medium-sized aquatic plant that can either be affixed to the substrate in shallow water or free-floating in the water column, however it will likely flower more if supported by a substrate beneath shallow water. It forms mats of criss-crossing, branching, thread-like stolons, each growing to approximately long or longer and 0.2–1 mm thick.
|
|
Rhodobryum roseum, commonly known as rose moss, is a species of moss of the subclass Bryidae and family Bryaceae, found throughout most of the world in woods or sheltered grassy places. It rarely forms sporophytes and spore cases, and primarily reproduces vegetatively by stolons, horizontal stems that root at the nodes, resulting in populations of plants that are sterile or only female. This species forms characteristic rosettes of leaves at the ends of secondary stems, which in turn grow from a wiry, creeping primary stem. The rosette of some 18-22 leaves somewhat resembles a small green rose.
|
|
Limnobium laevigatum is a floating aquatic plant, which can be mistaken for water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) due to their superficial similarity. Juvenile plants grow in rosettes of floating leaves that lie prostrate upon the water surface, a distinguishing character of the juvenile plant is the presence of spongy aerenchyma tissue upon the abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf. Mature plants grow up to 50 cm tall, and have emergent leaves borne on petioles that are not swollen or inflated like the spongy leaf stalks of water hyacinth, which aid in buoyancy. Spongeplant produces stolons which bear gametes.
|
|
Rhododendron atlanticum (Greek Ροδόδενδρο) (dwarf azalea or coastal azalea), is a species of Rhododendron native to coastal areas of the eastern United States, from New Jersey south to Georgia. It is a deciduous shrub 50–150 cm tall, forming a thick understory in forests, spreading by underground stolons. The leaves are 3–5 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, bluish green, and hairless or with scattered glandular hairs. The fragrant flowers are 3–4 cm long, usually white to pink, sometimes with a bit of yellow; they are produced in trusses of 4-10 together.
|
|
In the wild, it commonly grows in areas of damp soil, such as wetlands. It is a medium to tall deciduous shrub, growing 1.5–4 m tall and 3–5 m wide, spreading readily by underground stolons to form dense thickets. The branches and twigs are dark red, although wild plants may lack this coloration in shaded areas. The leaves are opposite, 5–12 cm long and 2.5–6 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin; they are dark green above and glaucous below; fall color is commonly bright red to purple.
|
|
The distinctive leaf sheath common to all Commelinaceae involute unfurling of the leaf in most Commelinaceae can be seen in the background; also note the clawed petals, polymorphic stamens, and dimorphic petals in this species Plants in the Commelinaceae are usually perennials, but a smaller number of species are annuals. They are always terrestrial except for plants in the genus Cochliostema, which are epiphytes. Plants typically have an erect or scrambling but ascending habit, often spreading by rooting at the nodes or by stolons. Some have rhizomes, and the genera Streptolirion, Aetheolirion, and some species of Spatholirion are climbers.
|
|
Arthrochilus stenophyllus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber that produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has a rosette of between two and five linear to narrow lance- shaped leaves on side growth at the base of the flowering stem, each leaf long, wide and lying flat on the ground. Between three and fifteen pale green, insect-like flowers long are borne on a flowering stem tall. The dorsal sepal is linear to spatula-shaped, long, about wide and partly wrapped around the base of the column.
|
|
Plant without flower Saxifraga paniculata is a perennial and stoloniferous herbaceous plant with flowering stems 10–30 cm in height. The most easily identifiable feature is its highly dense basal rosette of leaves, which are leathery, flat and stiff. 1–3 cm long, the oblong to ovate leaves are densely toothed and have fine leaf margins; a lime-encrusted white pore is present at the base of each leaf. The rosettes produce erect flowering stems (though nothing might be produced for a few years), whilst the rosettes themselves grow at the end of runners (horizontal, long stolons).
|
|
Additionally, in the primitive states of plant development, tissue differentiation and division of labor was minimal, thus specialized water absorbing tissue was not required. Once plants colonized land however, they required specialized tissues to absorb water efficiently, and also to anchor themselves to the land. Rhizoids absorb water by capillary action, in which water moves up between threads of rhizoids and not through each of them as it does in roots. In fungi, rhizoids are small branching hyphae that grow downwards from the stolons that anchor the fungus to the substrate, where they release digestive enzymes and absorb digested organic material.
|
|
There they metamorphose, and the larval gut rotates by up to 180°, so that the mouth and anus face upwards. Both colonial and solitary species also reproduce by cloning — solitary species grow clones in the space between the tentacles and then release them when developed, while colonial ones produce new members from the stalks or from corridor-like stolons. Fossils of entoprocts are very rare, and the earliest specimens that have been identified with confidence date from the Late Jurassic. Most studies from 1996 onwards have regarded entoprocts as members of the Trochozoa, which also includes molluscs and annelids.
|
|
The hydranths have a circular mouth surrounded by a single whorl of adhesive tentacles which each bear a little knob at the tip; in some Cladonematidae an aboral whorl of thread-like unknobbed tentacles is also present. They have a preoral chamber formed by epidermal gland cells. The medusae bud off at the base of the hydrants, though where aboral tentacle are present these are located between the stolons and the budding sites. Cladonematidae medusae have a various extend of nematocysts around their umbrellar margin, varying between a continuous dense ring to none at all among the species.
|
|
Occasionally the stolons will produce floating air shoots at the water's surface and tuber-like organs in the substrate. Its filiform leaf-like structures appear to be additional branches off the main stolon and are tiny, filament-like structures that are not true leaves, though the terminology is often disputed among experts. The leaf structures are numerous and anywhere from 2–18 cm long, originating from the stolon base into two primary and unequal segments, which are further divided extensively into additional segments. The stalked, ovoid traps, 1–3 mm long, are produced on the latter leaf segments and are very numerous.
|
|
Saintpaulia, or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots. Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering.
|
|
In the experiment, they would eventually transform into stolons and polyps and begin their lives once again even without suffering from environment changes or injury. A diagram of the transformation procedure can be found at the further reading section in this article. This ability to reverse the biotic cycle (in response to adverse conditions) is unique in the animal kingdom, and allows the jellyfish to bypass death, rendering Turritopsis dohrnii potentially biologically immortal. The process has not been observed in their natural habitat, in part because the process is quite rapid, and because field observations at the right moment are unlikely.
|
|
In a large- scale study of the plant communities of 3447 British lakes, red pondweed was found in 169, with a preference for circumneutral, moderate alkalinity lakes. Unlike other broad-leaved pondweeds, the stolons of red pondweed die back in winter, leaving constellations of resting buds rooted in the substrate, which regrow in spring. In rivers, red pondweed can persist entirely by asexual means (rooting of stem fragments and turion-like resting bodies, and growth in summer) though this may reflect weed cutting suppressing flowering and seed set. In Britain P. alpinus has declined markedly, especially in the south, though it still occurs throughout Britain.
|
|
They are often stoloniferous, forming long spreading colonies by way of short stolons produced after flowering. Plants produce both basal and cauline leaves; the foliage occupy 1/4–1/2 of the plant height, the leaves have petioles 1–6(–10+) cm long, with simple leaf blades or they sometimes have 1 or 2, or more lateral lobes. The basal leaf blades are suborbiculate or ovate-elliptic to lance-ovate and typically 15–55 mm long and 9–25 mm wide. Flower heads are produced on the ends of 8 to 25 cm long peduncles, the heads have 9–12 mm long phyllaries that are lance-deltate to lance-ovate.
|
|
The rangeomorphs are a form taxon of frondose Ediacaran fossils that are united by a similarity to Rangea. Some researchers, such as Pflug and Narbonne, suggest that a natural taxon Rangeomorpha may include all similar- looking fossils. Rangeomorphs appear to have had an effective reproductive strategy, based on analysis of the distribution pattern of Fractofusus, which consisted of sending out a waterborne asexual propagule to a distant area, and then spreading rapidly from there, just as plants today spread by stolons or runners. Rangeomorphs are a key part of the Ediacaran biota, which survived about 30 million years, until the base of the Cambrian, which was .
|
|
Utricularia vulgaris is an aquatic species and grows into branching rafts with individual stolons up to one metre or longer in ponds and ditches throughout Eurasia. Some South American tropical species are epiphytes, and can be found growing in wet moss and spongy bark on trees in rainforests, or even in the watery leaf-rosettes of other epiphytes such as various Tillandsia (a type of bromeliad) species. Rosette-forming epiphytes such as U. nelumbifolia put out runners, searching for other nearby bromeliads to colonise. The plants are as highly adapted in their methods of surviving seasonally inclement conditions as they are in their structure and feeding habits.
|
|
The first few pitchers at the beginning of each growing season are much larger than the others Growing cobra lilies from seed is extremely slow and cobra seedlings are difficult to maintain, so these plants are best propagated from the long stolons they grow in late winter and spring. When a minute cobra plant is visible at the end of the stolon (usually in mid to late spring), the whole stolon may be cut into sections a few inches long, each with a few roots attached. Lay these upon cool, moist, shredded long-fibered sphagnum moss and place in a humid location with bright light. In many weeks, cobra plants will protrude from each section of stolon.
|
|
Dewberry is known as a subshrub or herbaceous perennial (Kartesz 2011). The trailing stems (stolons) are in length, and the upright petioles are usually less than 20 cm (8 inches) tall. They differ from larger shrubby species in the genus in that the only upright part is herbaceous and only lightly speckled with fine hairs (hence the specific epithet pubescens), as opposed to the woody stems and larger prickles that cover many other species of Rubus Leaves are compound with three more or less sessile (stalk-less), diamond-shaped leaflets. The middle leaflet is the largest, and most symmetrical, while the two side leaflets are wider below the midrib; all leaflets have toothed margins.
|
|
Antennaria media is a North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family known by the common name Rocky Mountain pussytoes. It is native to western Canada and the Western United States from Alaska and Yukon Territory to California to New Mexico. It grows in cold Arctic and alpine regions, either at high latitudes in the Arctic or at high elevations in the mountains (Rocky Mountains, Cascades, Sierra Nevada).Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution mapCalflora taxon report, University of California, Antennaria media E. Greene, Rocky Mountain pussytoes, alpine pussytoes Antennaria media is a perennial herb forming a matted patch of stolons and woolly basal leaves with inflorescences no more than about 13 centimeters tall.
|
|
California Invasive Plant Council, University of California @ DavisWeeds Australia, Capeweed Arctotheca calendula Flora of New Zealand Arctotheca calendula (L.) LevynsFlora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental, Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns in SpanishFlora Catalana, Arctotheca calendula in Catalan with color photosAltervista Flora Italiana, Arctoteca simile alla calendola, Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns numerous photos Arctotheca calendula is a squat perennial or annual which grows in rosettes and sends out stolons and can spread across the ground quickly. The leaves are covered with white woolly hairs, especially on their undersides. The leaves are lobed or deeply toothed. Hairy stems bear daisy-like flowers with small yellow petals that sometimes have a green or purple tint surrounded by white or yellow ray petals extending further out from the flower centers.
|
|
What is here treated as the single genus Hieracium is now treated by most European experts as two different genera, Hieracium and Pilosella, with species such as Hieracium pilosella, Hieracium floribundum and Hieracium aurantiacum referred to the latter genus. Many members of the genus Pilosella reproduce both by stolons (runners like those of strawberries) and by seeds, whereas true Hieracium species reproduce only by seeds. In Pilosella, many individual plants are capable of forming both normal sexual and asexual (apomictic) seeds, whereas individual plants of Hieracium only produce one kind of seeds. Another difference is that all species of Pilosella have leaves with smooth (entire) margins whereas most species of Hieracium have distinctly dentate to deeply cut or divided leaves.
|
|
Some species produce root sprouts that can spread rapidly, and they can form thick mats of roots that can reclaim areas that have been cleared of vegetation by logging, erosion, pasturing. These plants could be considered invasive, but they are cultivated or permitted to grow to stabilize soils and even to then be naturally replaced by non-pioneer species in locations as such those that have been developed for public works and along channels of waterways that may flood and reservoirs. These plants form shaded areas wherein new species may grow and gradually replace them. Stolons are stems that grow on the surface of the soil or immediately below it and form adventitious roots at their nodes, and new clonal plants from the buds.
|
|
Linnaea borealis ssp. longiflora in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, U.S. clonal colonies Linnaea borealis has a circumpolar distribution in moist subarctic, boreal, or cool temperate forests, extending further south at higher elevations in various mountains, in Europe south to the Alps, in Asia south to northern Japan, and in North America south to northern California and to Arizona and New Mexico in the west, and to West Virginia (and formerly Tennessee) in the Appalachian Mountains in the east. Linnaea borealis is self-incompatible, requiring cross-pollination to produce viable seeds; since pollen dispersal is usually not far, individuals and clonal colonies can become reproductively isolated. Regardless of seed production, Linnaea plants in a particular area often spread by stolons to form clonal patches of the same genotype.
|
|
What are sometime described as leaves or leaf-like organs – the actual distinction is difficult in the reduced morphology – are numerous and scattered along the length of the stolons and are long with a very short dichotomous branching pattern toward the tip of anywhere from one to eight branches but usually not more than four. The bladder traps take the place of some of these distal branches on the leaf- like structures. The traps are ovoid and are attached to the leaf-like structure by a short stalk; each trap is 1–2.5 mm long and has two primary setiform branched appendages on top and some smaller appendages surrounded the entrance to the trap. The appendages are the trigger that sets the trap off and vacuums the prey that touched it into the bladder to be digested.
|
|
Rubus lasiococcus is a species of wild blackberry known by the common names roughfruit berry and dwarf bramble. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in mountain forests.Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution mapCalflora taxon report, University of California, Rubus lasiococcus A. Gray, rough fruit berry, roughfruit berry Turner Photographics, Rubus lasiococcus - Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest includes description, photos, distribution map In the southern half of its range the plant is commonly found in a plant community in the understory of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis).US Forest Service Plant Communities Rubus lasiococcus is a tangling, prostrate shrub with very slender stolons spreading along the ground and rooting where their nodes come in contact with moist substrate, forming a mat.
|
|
Paeonia delavayi is closely related to P. ludlowii, but can easily be distinguished because it reproduces mainly by stolons, has fused roots, stems emerge from the ground individually, is only up to 1¾ m high, has segmented leaves with narrow and acute segments. Petals, stamens, disk, and stigmas may be yellow, maroon, orange or white. It has two to eight carpels, which develop in small follicles (2-3½ × 1-1½ cm) and rarely produce seeds. P. ludlowii on the other hand can only reproduce by seed and lacks creeping underground stems, has slender, regular roots, while the stems form a clump, grows to 2-3½ m high, has leaves with short and suddenly pointed lobes, petals, stamens, disk and stigmas are always yellow, only one or very rarely two carpels develop but this grows into a much larger follicle (4¾-7 × 2-3⅓ cm) which always develops seeds.
|
|
The plants are annual or perennial, growing emersed, floating-leaved, or seasonally submersed, leaves glabrous to stellate-pubescent; rhizomes present or absent; stolons absent; corms absent; tubers absent. Roots not septate. Leaves sessile or petiolate; petioles triangular, rarely terete; blade with translucent markings as dots or lines present or absent, linear to lanceolate to ovate, base attenuate to cordate, margins entire or undulating, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences racemes or panicles, rarely umbels, of 1-18 whorls, erect or decumbent, emersed; bracts coarse, apex obtuse to acute, surfaces smooth or papillose along veins, apex obtuse to acute. Flowers bisexual, subsessile to pedicellate; bracts subtending pedicels, subulate to lanceolate, shorter than to longer than pedicels, apex obtuse to acute; pedicels ascending to recurved; receptacle convex; sepals recurved to spreading, herbaceous to leathery, sculpturing absent; petals white, entire; stamens 9-25; filaments linear, glabrous; pistils 15-250 or more, spirally arranged on convex receptacle, forming head, distinct; ovules 1; style terminal or lateral.
|
|