Both involved stepwise progression from less to more potent medications.
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That's why Utah's stepwise progress on LGBTQ issues matters so much.
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The stepwise tightening certainly helped Italians adapt to the idea of these restrictions.
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The risk, he said, was increasing in a stepwise manner in successively younger people.
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It's true that Supreme Court justices typically prefer to proceed stepwise when confronting past precedent.
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In 20043, Dr. Nowell published a landmark article in the journal Science describing the stepwise evolution of tumors.
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THREAD ON DIAGNOSTICS: In recent public health emergencies there's been a stepwise approach to ramp up U.S. testing capacity.
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Now, to trace out the motion in this star-planet system, I'm going to use a stepwise numerical method.
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"5G has morphed from a stepwise logical progression of technology to a meme used for political goals," Wheeler told Axios.
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An example is the quantum Hall effect, in which the electrical resistance of a thin film changes in stepwise fashion.
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These towns can expect continued rising seas over the long term, even if the rise occurs in a stepwise fashion.
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"I am convinced that if we succeed, that we must begin to reduce sanctions in a stepwise manner," Gabriel said.
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The orchestra is on a quest to complete a wedge, starting from a single note and fanning outward, stepwise, from there.
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Her band has a settled rhythm section and fizzy arrangements, involving two guitars and concise, stepwise streaks of marimba and baritone saxophone.
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Many patients received more than one drug, and the stepwise addition (adding drugs one at a time) might have favored the diuretic.
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There is no such thing as half a hole, the topologist would note, and the number of holes only changes stepwise in integers.
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David Cameron felt the only way to contain the Europe issue was to make semi-regular, stepwise concessions to Euroscepticism, rather than confronting it.
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It's going to take a stepwise, incremental process to build up the amount of trust, and the institutions, needed to support a global treaty.
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Any such resistance will have to emerge in forms borrowed from the system we have now, in a stepwise process using the political tools already at hand.
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In a numerical solution (instead of an analytical solution), the answer is arrived at in a stepwise manner, by breaking it into a series of smaller problems.
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His stepwise approach to full exclusivity is a little confusing, but if you're a non-Tidal subscriber, I'd still recommend satisfying your musical craving sooner rather than later.
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If Johnson can work out several stepwise advances in hydrogen technology by shopping online and tinkering in his lab, it won't be long before others do the same.
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Frozen means brittle, and the more brittle a thing becomes, the more likely it is to shatter; perhaps radical, stepwise change is on the horizon, for good or ill.
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Just as we are on the verge of a final C-major triumph, with a line ascending stepwise from G to B, the harmony swerves down into A minor.
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Mr. Adams effectively buries the little melodic fragment in an extravagant, churning brew of live and digital sound whose main structural elements are extended, sometimes monumental, stepwise rises and falls.
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You see, the transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to sedentary one was a stepwise process, not a sudden transformation of the whole of Europe into an industrialized food economy.
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While some may caution a stepwise approach, the philosophical shift in the way we talk and think about the birth-to-five years is a necessary precursor to any major policy moves.
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"When you're not clear on your goal or what you're trying to accomplish, then everything sounds good," said Marsha Haygood, founder of StepWise Associates L.L.C., a career and personal-development consulting firm.
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Six of the 12 obesity-related cancers — colorectal, uterine corpus (endometrial), gallbladder, kidney, multiple myeloma, and pancreatic — showed increased incidences in young adults and in successively younger birth groups in a stepwise manner.
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Drawn on eight-to-the-inch graph paper, these works follow simple rules, generally involving a small change being made in a stepwise fashion, causing sequential shifts as the drawing develops across the page.
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Day-to-day research — what he termed science in the making — appeared not so much as a stepwise progression toward rational truth as a disorderly mass of stray observations, inconclusive results and fledgling explanations.
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Variations of this stepwise process were faithfully reproduced in medical textbooks for decades, and the image of the diagnostician who plods methodically from symptom to cause had been imprinted on generations of medical students.
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This partial reprogramming suggested to him that reprogramming is a stepwise process, and that a small dose of the Yamanaka factors might rejuvenate cells without the total reprogramming that converts cells to the embryonic state.
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Likewise, the macroscopic properties of exotic matter change in stepwise "quantum leaps" if the materials involved are thin or small enough that their behavior is determined by the strange rules that govern the behavior of atoms.
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Woosley hypothesizes that stars with initial masses in the range of 70 to 140 solar masses will die in stepwise explosions called "pulsational pair-instability supernovas" (PPISNs), due to a quantum phenomenon that acts on a gargantuan scale.
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The EDSP is more advanced than older approaches not only because it proceeds in stepwise fashion, but it also recognizes that although many chemicals can interact with the endocrine system, there is a wide spectrum of possible effects.
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Intelligent design theorists will protest that they do have good reason for thinking evolutionary theory inadequate: for example, the appearance in the biological world of "irreducible complexity," intricate systems that couldn't have arisen through a series of stepwise alterations as evolutionary theory requires.
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Mortality and poor health were found to increase stepwise from the highest to the lowest levels in the occupational hierarchy: Messengers and porters, for example, had nearly twice the death rate of administrators, even after accounting for differences in smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Dr Thouless then went on, after he had moved to America in the early 1980s, to show that stepwise transitions to and from full superconductivity in the presence of a magnetic field (a phenomenon known as the quantum Hall effect) are also a type of topological invariant.
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"As the facial reconstruction progresses in a stepwise, anatomical manner, the face begins to appear; and once the skin layer is there, it's a bit like meeting a person, in that the brain suddenly begins processing the image as a 'face&apos," he told Fox News, via email.
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"What we are showing is the process of cell death is a gradual, stepwise process, and that some of those processes can be either postponed, preserved or even reversed," Nenad Sestan, lead on the study and a professor of neuroscience at Yale University, told reporters during a press briefing.
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The 1948 discovery of antibiotic treatment for typhoid plunged the infection's fatality rate from almost one in four to just one in 100, triggering "an epic thrust-and-parry duel" between powerful drugs and "a wily bacterial foe's stepwise acquisition of resistance to them," wrote Dr. Myron M. Levine and Dr. Raphael Simon.
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Quasi- adiabatic stepwise charging avoids inductors entirely by storing recovered energy in capacitors. Stepwise charging (SWC) can use on-chip capacitors. Asynchrobatic logic, introduced in 2004, is a CMOS logic family design style using internal stepwise charging that attempts to combine the low-power benefits of the seemingly contradictory ideas of "clock-powered logic" (adiabatic circuits) and "circuits without clocks" (asynchronous circuits).
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With butyllithium, this heterocycle undergoes stepwise lithiation at the 4- and 6- positions.
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Patricia Julien says it involves replacing "harmonic root movement of a fifth with stepwise root movements (e.g., G7–C becomes D7–C) so that although stepwise root movement is involved, the relationship between the chords is functional".Julien, Patricia (2001). Jazz Education Journal, Volume 34, p.ix–xi.
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A stepwise reactionIUPAC Gold Book definition is a chemical reaction with one or more reaction intermediates and involving at least two consecutive elementary reactions. In a stepwise reaction, not all bonds are broken and formed at the same time. Hence, intermediates appear in the reaction pathway going from the reactants to the products. A stepwise reaction distinguishes itself from an elementary reaction in which the transformation is assumed to occur in a single step and to pass through a single transition state.
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Hocker, H. (1991). “Metathesis polymerization - stepwise or chain growth reaction?”. J. Mol. Catal. 65 (1-2): 95–99. .
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1,3-dipolar cycloadditions usually result in retention of configuration with respect to both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile. Such high degree of stereospecificity is a strong support for the concerted over the stepwise reaction mechanisms. As mentioned before, many examples show that the reactions were stepwise, thus, presenting partial or no stereospecificity.
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The principle can be applied stepwise (e.g. the Helicos implementation), or in real time (as in the Pacific Biosciences implementation).
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There are two primary arguments for stepwise mechanisms. The first is that rate constants of Wolff rearrangements depend on the stability of the formed carbene, rather than the migratory aptitude of the migrating group. The most definitive evidence is isotopic scrambling of the ketene, as predicted by an oxirene intermediate, which can only occur in the stepwise path.
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As a result of the stepwise, the process is slower than CVD, however it can be run at low temperatures, unlike CVD.
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The process of code refactoring can result in stepwise reductions in software entropy. Software entropy is increased with accumulation of technical debt.
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In the former case, friction and vibrational motion of atoms can be neglected whereas a stepwise motion is expected in the latter scenario.
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Under both thermolytic and photolytic conditions, there exist competing concerted and stepwise mechanisms. Many mechanistic studies have been carried out, including conformational, sensitization, kinetic, and isotopic scrambling studies. These all point to competing mechanisms, with general trends. α-Diazo ketones that exist in the s-cis conformation generally undergo a concerted mechanism, whereas those in the s-trans conformation undergo a stepwise mechanism.
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One of the main issues with stepwise regression is that it searches a large space of possible models. Hence it is prone to overfitting the data. In other words, stepwise regression will often fit much better in sample than it does on new out-of-sample data. Extreme cases have been noted where models have achieved statistical significance working on random numbers.
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The stepwise mutation model (SMM) is a mathematical theory, developed by Motoo Kimura and Tomoko Ohta, that allows for investigation of the equilibrium distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population where neutral alleles are produced in step-wise fashion.Kimura, M., & Ohta, T. (1978). Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75(6), 2868-2872.
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Each reaction has a stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it happens in sequence—although the detailed description of steps is not always clear from a list of reactants alone. The stepwise course of any given reaction mechanism can be represented using arrow pushing techniques in which curved arrows are used to track the movement of electrons as starting materials transition through intermediates to final products.
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The presence of contiguous exons and introns within the host DNA carried by Helitrons suggested a DNA based mechanism of acquisition. Helitron gene capture was proposed to occur in a stepwise or sequential manner, i.e., gene capture occurs during one transposition and capture of a second gene occurs during a subsequent transposition event. Stepwise capture would result in Helitrons that contain gene fragments from different locations.
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To separate these components, the NRM is stripped away in a stepwise manner using thermal or alternating field demagnetization techniques to reveal the characteristic magnetic component.
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Today, William B. is a top thoroughbred horse breeder along with his wife Joan Taylor through the family's Stepwise Farm, located in Saratoga Springs, New York.
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The stepwise attachment of ubiquitin to the substrate receptor tyrosine kinase can lead to its removal from the plasma membrane and subsequent trafficking to the lysosome for degradation.
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Secondly, it is possible to first form the isoindolone core in an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction and in a second step append the macrocycle in a stepwise fashion.
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Named for the Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara, Egypt because the commarginal constrictions of Swiftopecten djoserus resemble the unique stepwise form of this pyramid. A noun in apposition.
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Swerea research focus on materials development, production development and product development. The research group takes part in international research efforts such as CleanSky, STEPWISE, Fire-resist, Biobased Industries etcetera.
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Figures 1a. and 1b. shows how a cylinder can be approximated with the Cartesian coordinate system. The curve geometry of cylinder in Cartesian coordinate system is approximated by using stepwise approximation.
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A cumulative or overall constant, given the symbol β, is the constant for the formation of a complex from reagents. For example, the cumulative constant for the formation of ML2 is given by :M + 2 L ML2; [ML2] = β12[M][L]2 The stepwise constant, K, for the formation of the same complex from ML and L is given by :ML + L ML2; [ML2] = K[ML][L] = Kβ11[M][L]2 It follows that :β12 = Kβ11 A cumulative constant can always be expressed as the product of stepwise constants. There is no agreed notation for stepwise constants, though a symbol such as K is sometimes found in the literature. It is best always to define each stability constant by reference to an equilibrium expression.
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The resulting liquid (point C) is now richer in X than it was at point A. If the collected liquid is boiled again, it progresses to point D, and so on. The stepwise progression shows how repeated distillation can never produce a distillate that is richer in constituent X than the azeotrope. Note that starting to the right of the azeotrope point results in the same stepwise process closing in on the azeotrope point from the other direction.
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His book, written jointly with Kathleen Jensen, The Pascal User Manual and Report, served as the basis of many language implementation efforts in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States and across Europe. His article Program Development by Stepwise Refinement, about the teaching of programming, is considered to be a classic text in software engineering.Wirth N. (2001) Program Development by Stepwise Refinement. In: Broy M., Denert E. (eds) Pioneers and Their Contributions to Software Engineering.
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UML 1.x Activity diagram for a guided brainstorming process. Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actionsGlossary of Key Terms at McGraw-hill.com. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
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Triplet fluorenylidene reacts with olefins in a stepwise fashion to produce a racemic mixture, provided that the rate of spin inversion (intersystem crossing) is not significantly faster than rates of intermediate bond rotation.
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Methylborane shows little tendency to disproportionate (redistribute) at room temperature. It reacts stepwise with alkenes to produce mono and dialkylmethylboranes. More methylated boranes are less stable. 1,2-Dimethyldiborane slowly converts to 1,1-dimethyldiborane.
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In response to the 2014 Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act Niebel told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that Germany's financial aid to Uganda will be cut, with a stepwise plan for this having already been made.
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HDDA Figure - Thermo The HDDA [4+2] cycloaddition can occur via either a concerted pathway or a stepwise reaction, diradical pathway. These two pathways can differ in activation energy depending on substrate and reaction system. Computational studies have suggested that while both pathways are comparable in activation energy for unactivated (unsubstituted) diynophiles, the stepwise pathway has a lower activation energy barrier, and so is the dominant pathway, for activated diynophiles.Liang, Y.; Hong, X.; Yu, P.; Houk, K. N. Org. Lett.
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Reaction intermediates may be trapped in a trapping reaction. This proves the stepwise nature of the reaction and the structure of the intermediate. For example, superacids were used to prove the existence of carbocations.
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Product ratios from direct and triplet-sensitized photolysis have been used as evidence for proposals that claim that concerted products arise from the s-cis-conformer and stepwise products occur through the s-trans-conformer.
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Ehrlich, P. R., & Raven, P. H. (1964). Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution, 586-608. The process of stepwise adaptation and counteradaptation among the butterflies and hostplants is continuous and creates vast diversity.
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The "step" line relates to Chi-Square test on the step level while variables included in the model step by step. Note that in the output a step chi-square, is the same as the block chi-square since they both are testing the same hypothesis that the tested variables enter on this step are non-zero. If you were doing stepwise regression, however, the results would be different. Using forward stepwise selection, researchers divided the variables into two blocks (see METHOD on the syntax following below).
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Level : See Structural level. Linear progression ( or Zug) : A passing note elaboration involving stepwise melodic motion in one direction between two harmonic tones.Pankhurst, Tom (2008). Schenker Guide: A Brief Handbook and Website for Schenkerian Analysis, p.
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Not only can a sentence have multiple translations within a single language, but its translations into all languages are readily visible, as are indirect translations that involve a chain of stepwise links from one language to another.
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The reaction is stepwise and lacks stereospecificity under both palladium and nickel catalysis. center Silylated allylic acetates, carbonates and other substituted allyl compounds may form TMM synthons under palladium catalysis.Trost, B. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
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1982, 23, 2305. The cycloaddition itself may be either concerted or stepwise, depending on the nature of the oxyallyl intermediate and the reaction conditions.Hill, A. E.; Hoffmann, H. M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 4597.
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The result is a bass line that moves down continuously stepwise, resulting in a figured bass of '5-6', and therefore, the standard descending 5-6 sequence. An important subtype of the descending 5-6 sequence is the root position variant, also known as the Pachelbel sequence, due to the use of this sequence in Pachelbel's Canon. The Pachelbel sequence changes the first inversion chords in the descending 5-6 sequence to root position chords, resulting in a bass pattern that moves down a fourth, and then up stepwise.
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IUPAC Gold Book definition Many other terminologies are used for stepwise reactions: overall reaction, global reaction, apparent reaction, operational reaction, complex reaction, composite reaction, multiple step reaction, multistep reaction, etc. In contrast to elementary reactions which follow the law of mass action, the rate law of stepwise reactions is obtained by combining the rate laws of the multiple elementary steps, and can become rather complex. Moreover, when speaking about catalytic reactions, the diffusion may also limit the reaction. In general, however, there is one very slow step, which is the rate-determining step, i.e.
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Stepwise elongation, in which the amino acids are connected step-by-step in turn, is ideal for small peptides containing between 2 and 100 amino acid residues. Another method is fragment condensation, in which peptide fragments are coupled. Although the former can elongate the peptide chain without racemization, the yield drops if only it is used in the creation of long or highly polar peptides. Fragment condensation is better than stepwise elongation for synthesizing sophisticated long peptides, but its use must be restricted in order to protect against racemization.
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When a concerted mechanism is geometrically unfavorable, a thermal ene reaction can occur through a stepwise biradical pathway. Another possibility is a free-radical process, if radical initiators are present in the reaction mixture. For example, the ene reaction of cyclopentene and cyclohexene with diethyl azodicarboxylate can be catalyzed by free-radical initiators. As seen in Figure 5, the stepwise nature of the process is favored by the stability of the cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl radicals, as well as the difficulty of cyclopentene and cyclohexene in achieving the optimum geometry for a concerted process.
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In practical applications the entire stepwise function is rarely written out. The only parts of the stepwise function that would be written out are the moment equations in a nonlinear portion of the moment diagram; this occurs whenever a distributed load is applied to the member. For constant portions the value of the shear and/or moment diagram is written right on the diagram, and for linearly varying portions of a member the beginning value, end value, and slope or the portion of the member are all that are required.
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Its most distinctive feature compared with other plainchant repertories is a significantly higher amount of stepwise motion, which gives Ambrosian melodies a smoother, almost undulating feel. In manuscripts with musical notation, the neume called the climacus dominates, contributing to the stepwise motion. More ornamental neumes such as the quilisma are nearly absent from the notated scores, although it is unclear whether this reflects actual performance practice, or is simply a consequence of the relatively late musical transcription. The Gregorian system of modes does not apply to Ambrosian chant.
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Rahman, K. (2006). Learning from your business lectures: using stepwise regression to understand course evaluation data. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 19(2), 272–279. They enable instructors to review how others interpret their teaching methods.
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The dominant chord may be linked to the tonic by a stepwise linear progression. In such case, one of the chords in the progression, II, III or IV, usually takes preeminence, reducing the case to one or the other described above.
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25I-NBOMe is usually synthesised from 2C-I and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde, via reductive alkylation. It can be done stepwise by first making the imine and then reducing the formed imine with sodium borohydride, or by direct reaction with sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
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Protein precipitate formation occurs in a stepwise process. First, a precipitating agent is added and the solution is steadily mixed. Mixing causes the precipitant and protein to collide. Enough mixing time is required for molecules to diffuse across the fluid eddies.
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The mechanistic pathway of the Wolff-rearrangement has been the subject of much debate, as there are often competing concerted and stepwise mechanisms. However, two aspects of the mechanism can be agreed upon. First, α-diazocarbonyl compounds are in an equilibrium of s-cis and s-trans-conformers, the distribution of which may influence the mechanism of the reaction. Generally, under photolysis, compounds in the s-cis conformation react in a concerted manner due to the antiperiplanar relationship between the leaving and migrating groups, whereas compounds in the s-trans conformation react stepwise through a carbene intermediate or do not rearrange.
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In the scheme below, the red carbon is 13C labelled. The symmetric oxirene intermediate can open either way, scrambling the 13C label. If the substituents R1 and R2 are the same, one can quantify the ratio of products stemming from the concerted and stepwise mechanisms; if the substituents are different, the oxirene will have a preference in the direction it opens, and a ratio cannot be quantified, but any scrambling indicates some reactant is going through a stepwise mechanism. In photolysis of diazo acetaldehyde, 8% of the label is scrambled, indicating that 16% of product is formed via the oxirene intermediate.
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Neighbour note () : Nonchord tone that passes, usually stepwise, from a chord tone directly above or below it (which frequently causes the NN to create dissonance with the chord) and resolves to the same chord tone. See Neighbor tone. See also Schenkerian analysis.
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However, later events, particularly the recognition that many North American rocks had been pervasively remagnetized in the Paleozoic, showed that a single cleaning step was inadequate, and paleomagnetists began to routinely use stepwise demagnetization to strip away the remanence in small bits.
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Stepwise, the chaser closes in on the target, until proximity operations (see below) can be started. In the very final phase, the closure rate is reduced by use of the active vehicle's reaction control system. Docking typically occurs at a rate of to .
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Joshua, now safely home, refuses a Black Corporation prosthetic hand in favour of a clunky mechanical one—keeping once more from Lobsang's reach. Once everyone has returned to the Datum (or close by), Yellowstone erupts on Datum, causing most of America to flee stepwise.
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Various synthetic methods have been used for the laboratory synthesis of ladderane compounds. The three major approaches are (1) dimerization of polyene precursors, (2) the stepwise addition, one or two rings at a time, (3) and oligomerization. Several examples of ladderane synthesis are outlined below.
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McKechnie, The reform of the House of Lords etc Over the course of the century the powers of the upper house were further reduced stepwise, culminating in the 20th century with the Parliament Act 1911; the Commons gradually became the stronger House of Parliament.
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However, the mean annual temperature increase from 1976 to 2018 in Fairbanks stood at a more moderate ; this stepwise temperature change, also observed elsewhere in Alaska, is explained by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation shifting from a negative phase to a positive phase from 1976 onward.
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In organic chemistry, enone–alkene cycloadditions are a version of the [2+2] cycloaddition This reaction involves an enone and alkene as substrates. Although the concerted photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition is allowed, the reaction between enones and alkenes is stepwise and involves discrete diradical intermediates.
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Radioactive elements in the Earth's crust continuously decay, replenishing the heat. The International Energy Agency classifies geothermal power as renewable. Geothermal power in Iceland is developed in a stepwise development method to ensure that it is sustainable instead of excessive, which would deplete the resource.
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Many algorithms explicitly fit 0-degree splines to the noisy signal in order to detect steps (including stepwise jump placement methods), but there are other popular algorithms that can also be seen to be spline fitting methods after some transformation, for example total variation denoising.
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Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership. A top-down approach (also known as stepwise design and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of decomposition) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems in a reverse engineering fashion. In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying, but not detailing, any first-level subsystems.
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Indeed, Berliner notes that "During the swing period, Walter Page's largely stepwise walking bass accompaniment in Count Basie's band epitomized the changing emphasis on the four-beat approach to meter described by Foster."Berliner, Paul F. Thinking in Jazz: The Infinite Art of Improvisation. Chicago U.a.: Univ.
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The line was built stepwise; the last section was opened on 16 August 1867. The first section was electrified by 1915. Due to the First World War the electrification was not finished until 1 September 1923. The railway was one of the first German electrified lines.
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A jins ( / ALA-LC: jins, pl. أجناس / ajnās) is a set of three, four, or five stepwise pitches used to build an Arabic maqam, or melodic mode. They correspond to the English terms trichord, tetrachord, and pentachord. A maqam is made up of two or more ajnas.
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Knecht, WR. (2005). Pilot willingness to take off into marginal weather, Part II: Antecedent overfitting with forward stepwise logistic regression. (Technical Report DOT/FAA/AM-O5/15). Federal Aviation Administration This problem can be mitigated if the criterion for adding (or deleting) a variable is stiff enough.
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Carbene addition to alkenes Singlet and triplet carbenes exhibit divergent reactivity. Singlet carbenes generally participate in cheletropic reactions as either electrophiles or nucleophiles. Singlet carbenes with unfilled p-orbital should be electrophilic. Triplet carbenes can be considered to be diradicals, and participate in stepwise radical additions.
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Some aspect of a system can be reified at language design time, which is related to reflection in programming languages. It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time. Reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledge representation.
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F. H. Vaillancourt, J. Yin and C. T. Walsh, Proc. Natl. Acad. Soc. USA, 2005, 102, 10111–10116 The stepwise chlorination occurs via an order-independent radical mechanism.G. Thomas and E. I. Mercer, Phytochemistry, 1974, 13, 797–805 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate Biosynthetic scheme of danicalipin A.
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Exonuclease III (ExoIII) is an enzyme that belongs to the exonuclease family. ExoIII catalyzes the stepwise removal of mononucleotides from 3´-hydroxyl termini of double-stranded DNA. A limited number of nucleotides are removed during each binding event, resulting in coordinated progressive deletions within the population of DNA molecules.
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The voice enters after two identical measures, also moving in dotted eighth notes. The first motif is a three note stepwise descent (A sharp, G sharp, F sharp). It is immediately repeated on the word "". The text is mostly rendered simply, with only one note on each syllable.
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Concerted reactions taking place under reductive conditions usually exhibit low regioselectivity due to somewhat indiscriminate frontier orbital control; however, stepwise (or at least asynchronous) reactions under basic conditions do exhibit moderate regioselectivity (attributed to initial formation of a bond between the less sterically hindered ends of the pi systems).
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In the first step, stepwise regression was applied to identify the most significant marker and marker interactions. In the second step, two-dimensional scanning was conducted for detecting additive by additive QTL and estimating the genetic effects, based on the phenotypic values adjusted by the regression model in the first step.
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The LRN consists of a loose network of government labs at three levels:Cieslak, Theodore J. and George W. Christopher (2007), "Medical Management of Potential Biological Casualties: A Stepwise Approach", In: Dembek, Zygmunt F. (2007), Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare , (Series: Textbooks of Military Medicine), Washington, DC: The Borden Institute, pg 457.
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In 1990 the Palace premises were leased for various exhibition and sporting events. The stepwise reconstruction of the Palace of Sports was carried out from 2001–2004 including the updated building facades, replaced refrigeration, lighting and sound equipment, introduction of an air conditioning system, new seats, new electronic bulletin board.
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The biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is catalyzed by 14 glycosyltransferases in an ordered stepwise manner. The Alg1 mannosyltransferase I (MT I) catalyzes the first mannosylation step in this process. Clinically, the deficiency of ALG1 in humans results in ALG1-CDG, a congenital disorder of glycosylation.
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Workflow of the differential lysis of a sample of sexual assault evidence is shown. All steps of the stepwise DNA-extraction process are described in detail. First of all human proteins, e.g. human semenogelin antigen, can be optional isolated and immunologically analyzed to quick-check for the presence of human seminal fluid.
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On the Origin > of Species. London: John Murray. He suggested a stepwise evolution from "an optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and without any other mechanism" to "a moderately high stage of perfection", and gave examples of existing intermediate steps. Current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution.
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The primary debate concerning the mechanism of the rearrangement centers on whether it is a concerted (sigmatropic) or stepwise (diradical) process. Mechanistic experiments have shown that trans-divinylcyclopropanes epimerize to the corresponding cis isomers and undergo the rearrangement via what is most likely a concerted pathway.Arai, M.; Crawford, R. J. Can. J. Chem.
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With P300 signals, intendiX relies on stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA), which is well established within the P300 BCI research community. The more general approach, LDA, is used in other types of BCIs as well.C. Guger, H. Ramoser, G. Pfurtscheller, Real-time analysis with subject- specific spatial patterns. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng.
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Ferreiro believes the conversion of the Suevi was progressive and stepwise and that Thoedemir was responsible for beginning a persecution of the Arians in his kingdom to root out their heresy.Ferreiro, 207. In 569 Theodemir called the First Council of Lugo,Ferreiro, 199 n11. which increased the number of dioceses within the kingdom.
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Roger Tsien had built the foundation of next generation sequencing technology that is widely used today. On 26 October 1990, Roger Tsien et al filed a patent of stepwise ("base-by- base") sequencing with removable 3' blockers on DNA arrays. Illumina integrated this concept with DNA cloning for their next generation sequencer.
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After that the process of baring, preparing of the field and construction of technologic complex on the surface, the washing plant and other units will be carried out. The coal production is scheduled to start in 2013 with a stepwise production capacity growth up to 5 million tons a year since 2017.
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Presto volante, pp. 49-51. ::[7 single-note scale exercises on a single stave, in different keys and patterns, played by alternating hands; the 8th exercise is on two staves with scales in simultaneous octaves played with alternating hands, finishing with diverging stepwise chords in both hands] :(g) Anhang. Terzen [Appendix. Thirds], p.
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The NAM population has, however, been successfully used for linkage analysis. In the linkage study that has been released, the unique structure of the NAM population, described in the previous section, allowed for joint stepwise regression and joint inclusive composite interval mapping of the combined NAM families to identify QTLs for flowering time.
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The Dynaflow aural experience was similar to that of a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) (though modern electronically controlled CVT's address this throttle position dependent engine speed (and sound) characteristic by artificially inserting stepwise ratio changes instead of a truly continuous or constant rate change in order to simulate more driver-satisfying genuine shifts).
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SAS Institute Inc. (1989) SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 2, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. In each step, a variable is considered for addition to or subtraction from the set of explanatory variables based on some prespecified criterion. Usually, this takes the form of a sequence of F-tests or t-tests, but other techniques are possible, such as adjusted R2, Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, Mallows's Cp, PRESS, or false discovery rate. The frequent practice of fitting the final selected model followed by reporting estimates and confidence intervals without adjusting them to take the model building process into account has led to calls to stop using stepwise model building altogetherFlom, P. L. and Cassell, D. L. (2007) "Stopping stepwise: Why stepwise and similar selection methods are bad, and what you should use," NESUG 2007.Harrell, F. E. (2001) "Regression modeling strategies: With applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis," Springer-Verlag, New York. or to at least make sure model uncertainty is correctly reflected.Chatfield, C. (1995) "Model uncertainty, data mining and statistical inference," J. R. Statist. Soc.
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191 The Miserere is one of Josquin's two "motto" motets, motets in which repetitions of a phrase are the predominant structural feature (the other is the five-voice Salve Regina of several years before). In the Miserere, the opening words of the first verse "Miserere mei, Deus", sung to a simple repeated-note motif containing only two pitches (E and F), serves as the motto. This recurs after each of the 19 verses of the psalm. The motto theme begins each time on a different pitch, with the recurrences moving stepwise down the scale from E above middle C to the E an octave below, then back up again to the opening E, and then down stepwise to A fifth below, where the piece ends.
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See also Schenkerian analysis: Initial ascent, initial arpeggiation. Foreground () : See Structural level. Free Composition () : Title of the American translation of Schenker's Der freie SatzHeinrich Schenker (1979). Fundamental line () : The melodic aspect of the fundamental structure, a stepwise descent from one of the triad notes to the tonic, with the bass arpeggiation being the harmonic aspect.
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The formation of multiple native disulfides remains challenging of native peptide synthesis by solid-phase methods. Random chain combination typically results in several products with nonnative disulfide bonds. Stepwise formation of disulfide bonds is typically the preferred method, and performed with thiol protecting groups. Different thiol protecting groups provide multiple dimensions of orthogonal protection.
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The direct method involves estimating the discriminant function so that all the predictors are assessed simultaneously. The stepwise method enters the predictors sequentially. The two-group method should be used when the dependent variable has two categories or states. The multiple discriminant method is used when the dependent variable has three or more categorical states.
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The stamp appears larger with the use of a magnifying glass. Stepwise magnification by 6% per frame into a 39-megapixel image. In the final frame, at about 170x, an image of a bystander is seen reflected in the man's cornea. Magnification is the process of enlarging the apparent size, not physical size, of something.
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Dosing generally applies to feeding chemicals or medicines when used in small quantities. For medicines the term dose is generally used. In the case of inanimate objects the word dosing is typical. The term dose titration, referring to stepwise adjustment of doses until a desired level of effect is reached, is common in medicine.
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This translocase consists of the peripheral membrane ATPase SecA and the translocon membrane channel, which itself is composed of the proteins SecY, SecE, and SecG. Conformational changes within the SecA structure are the effect of its ATP- hydrolyzing behaviour and possibly lead to the stepwise export of the preprotein substrate through the SecYEG channel.
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Bourguiba wanted the fight to be over to fasten the negotiations for the internal autonomy. He had among the party numerous supporters of the stepwise policy of his. But many were those who wanted immediate independence. In this context, he appeared to be the only one to have the necessary authority to resolve the problem.
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This gel is a bi-phasic system containing both a liquid phase (solvent) and a solid phase (integrated network, typically polymer network). The proportion of liquid is reduced stepwise. The rest of the liquid can be removed by drying and can be coupled with a thermal treatment to tailor the material properties of the solid.
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The dissociation of protons from oxalic acid proceeds in a stepwise manner as for other polyprotic acids. Loss of a single proton results in the monovalent hydrogenoxalate anion . A salt with this anion is sometimes called an acid oxalate, monobasic oxalate, or hydrogen oxalate. The equilibrium constant (Ka) for loss of the first proton is (pKa = 1.27).
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Fig 2. Schematic diagram of transcription-translation process in ribosome. Codon in mRNA and its specific recognization with tRNA ensure the ordered sequence of peptide. The peptide bonds are formed via amidation between amino group and ester group in two adjacent tRNAs, along with removal of the front tRNA and insertion of follow-up tRNA stepwise.
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The female makes a shrill kik-kik-kik... call. Calls vary across populations. They show a pattern of moult that differs from those of other parasitic cuckoos. The outer primaries show a transilient (alternating) ascending moult (P9-7-5-10-8-6) while the inner primaries are moulted in stepwise descending order (1-2-3-4).
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One of the first studies was designed to test the safety profile, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of riociguat (0.25–5 mg). 58 healthy male subjects were given riociguat orally (oral solution or immediate-release tablet) in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Doses of riociguat were increased stepwise, and riociguat was well tolerated up to 2.5 mg.
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Figure 3. Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Black line indicates continuously reversible expansion, while the red line indicates stepwise and nearly reversible expansion at each incremental drop in pressure of 0.1 atm of the working gas. The reversible expansion of an ideal gas can be used as an example of work produced by an isothermal process.
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Instead of giving a vector result, the LARS solution consists of a curve denoting the solution for each value of the L1 norm of the parameter vector. The algorithm is similar to forward stepwise regression, but instead of including variables at each step, the estimated parameters are increased in a direction equiangular to each one's correlations with the residual.
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Viscous remanent magnetization (abbreviated VRM), also known as viscous magnetization, is remanence that is acquired by ferromagnetic materials by sitting in a magnetic field for some time. The natural remanent magnetization of an igneous rock can be altered by this process. This is generally an unwanted component and some form of stepwise demagnetization must be used to remove it.
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Polyketides are produced in bacteria, fungi, plants, and certain marine animals. The biosynthesis involves stepwise condensation of acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA with either malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA. The condensation reaction is accompanied by the decarboxylation of the extender unit and yields a beta-keto functional group. The first condensation yields an acetoacetyl group, a diketide.
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As shown in the pseudo code below, an iteration of C3 exists of two phases. In Phase I, the constructive phase, a feasible solution for the entire problem is constructed in a stepwise manner. Considering a different subproblem in each step. After the final step, all subproblems are considered and a solution for the complete problem has been constructed.
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Usually beginning in one or both hands, MMN is characterized by weakness, muscle atrophy, cramping, and often profuse fasciculations (muscle twitching). The symptoms are progressive over long periods, often in a stepwise fashion, but unlike ALS are often treatable. Sensory nerves are usually unaffected. Wrist drop and foot drop (leading to trips and falls) are common symptoms.
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The ionic mechanism of oxidative addition is similar to the SN2 type in that it involves the stepwise addition of two distinct ligand fragments. The key difference being that ionic mechanisms involve substrates which are dissociated in solution prior to any interactions with the metal center. An example of ionic oxidative addition is the addition of hydrochloric acid.
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Melodic fluency, the preference for conjunct (stepwise) motion, is one of the main rules of voice leading, even in free composition. It avoids successive leaps and produces "a kind of wave-like melodic line which as a whole represents an animated entity, and which, with its ascending and descending curves, appears balanced in all its individual component parts".Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 94.
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This phase transition is of the first order; it is accompanied by an anomaly in the heat capacity, elastic, and other properties. In particular, whereas adamantane molecules freely rotate in the cubic phase, they are frozen in the tetragonal one; the density increases stepwise from 1.08 to 1.18 g/cm3 and the entropy changes by a significant amount of 1594 J/(mol·K).
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Applying an increased bias displays multiple independent and stepwise drops in conductance (figure 1.4) resulting from the sequential failure of carbon shells. Current in a MWNT typically travels in the outermost shell due to the direct contact between this shell and the electrodes. This controlled destruction of shells without affecting disturbing inner layers of MWNTs permits the effective separation of the nanotubes.
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In spite of the stepwise, radical mechanism, both stereoselective intra- and intermolecular variants have emerged. Cyclic enones are employed, otherwise competitive cis-trans isomerization ensues. The mechanism of [2+2] photocyclization is proposed to begin with photoexcitation of the enone to a singlet excited state. The singlet state is typically very short lived, and decays by intersystem crossing to the triplet state.
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1986, 25, 1. The reaction is highly regioselective, providing only the substitution pattern shown below regardless of the position of the R' group on the starting allylic acetate. However, cyclization takes place in a stepwise fashion and does not exhibit stereospecificity. Rapid racemization of chiral pi-allyl palladium complexes occurs, and only moderate diastereoselectivity is observed in reactions of chiral allylic acetates.
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Anabarella is a species of bilaterally-flattened monoplacophoran mollusc, with a morphological similarity to the rostroconchs. Its shell preserves evidence of three mineralogical textures on its outer surface: it is polygonal near the crest of the shell, subsequently changing to both spiny and stepwise. Its internal microstructure is calcitic and semi-nacreous. Its name reflects its provenance from Anabar, Siberia.
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The RBF neural network is constructed by the conventional subset selection algorithms. The network structure is determined by combining both the stepwise forward network configuration and the continuous RBF parameter optimization. It is used to efficiently and effectively produce a parsimonious RBF neural network that generalizes well. It is achieved through simultaneous network structure determination and parameter optimization on the continuous parameter space.
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Notation The slide (Schleifer in German, Coulé in French, Superjectio in Latin)Donington, p. 217. is a musical ornament often found in baroque musical works, but used during many different periods. It instructs the performer to begin two or three scale steps below the marked note and "slide" upward—that is, move stepwise diatonically between the initial and final notes.Neumann 1993, p. 352.
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The Finale is in sonata form and follows the conventions of structure and harmonic motion. The exposition begins in D major with a primary theme that resembles the first primary theme of the first movement, including an upward interval of a fourth (x), a dotted rhythm on a repeated D (y), and stepwise motion.Layton, Dvořák Symphonies and Concertos, 36. Primary theme: Mvt.
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There are no such plants in Russia at the moment. When the project is completed in 2013, the construction will start. Mine’s infrastructure implies the construction of a washing plant, railway station Seraphimovskaya and local railway tracks. The mining is planned to start in 2016 with an output of 3 million tons with a stepwise increase up to 8 million tons in 2020.
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Combinatorial libraries are special multi- component mixtures of small-molecule chemical compounds that are synthesized in a single stepwise process. They differ from collection of individual compounds as well as from series of compounds prepared by parallel synthesis. It is an important feature that mixtures are used in their synthesis. The use of mixtures ensures the very high efficiency of the process.
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The chemical structure of osbond acid showing physiological numbering (red) and chemical numbering (blue) conventions. n-6 DPA is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name osbond acid. It is formed by the stepwise elongation and desaturation of arachidonic acid i.e. 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5,8,11,14-20:4n-6) to the 24 carbon PUFA intermediate (i.e.
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The low terrains between the mountains show a "multi-convex" relief over large expanses, which consists of countless low bulging hills. The hills have a striking similarity in top height. The different top levels are arranged in a stepwise manner and can be followed along the river in an upstream direction. They are believed to be remnants of earlier flattening.
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The Global Alliance for Rabies Control, working hand- in-hand with governments, experts and communities, runs in-country training workshops for human and animal health professionals to improve diagnosis, surveillance and awareness. This has included diagnostic training for government laboratories in the Philippines, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho and Indonesia, and education workshops for teachers, community health workers, and vet technicians in Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zanzibar, the Philippines, Haiti and Cambodia. With its partners, the organization has developed tools such as the Rabies Blueprint and Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination to help countries develop rabies programs and monitor progress towards elimination. The Stepwise Approach was used by the Kenyan government to develop its national rabies elimination strategy, and by all countries in the Pan-African Rabies Control Network to determine their stage of progress and next steps needed to eliminate rabies.
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Originally two proposed mechanisms describe the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: first, the concerted pericyclic cycloaddition mechanism, proposed by Rolf Huisgen; and second, the stepwise mechanism involving a diradical intermediate, proposed by Firestone. After much debate, the former proposal is now generally accepted—the 1,3-dipole reacts with the dipolarophile in a concerted, often asynchronous, and symmetry-allowed π4s \+ π2s fashion through a thermal six-electron Huckel aromatic transition state. However, a few examples exist of a stepwise mechanism for the catalyst-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of thiocarbonyl ylides, and nitrile oxides The generic mechanism of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a dipole and a dipolarophile to give a five-membered heterocycle, through a six-electron transition state. Note that the red curly arrows are conventionally used to denote the reaction process but do not necessarily represent the actual flow of electrons.
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The story of pantoprazole's discovery is a good example of the stepwise development of PPIs. The main focus of modification of timoprazole was the benzimidazole part of its structure. Addition of a trifluoromethyl group to the benzimidazole moiety led to a series of very active compounds with varying solution- stability. In general fluoro substituents were found to block metabolism at the point where they were attached.
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Second, regardless of the reaction mechanism, the rearrangement gives a ketene intermediate, which can be trapped by a weakly acidic nucleophile, such as an alcohol or amine, to give the corresponding ester or amide, or an olefin, to give a [2+2] cycloaddition adduct. Strong acids do not rearrange, but rather protonate the α-carbon and give SN2 products. Concerted versus stepwise mechanism for ground state conformers.
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Amongst the courses which Leilich taught at the University of Antwerp are "Contemporary Analytical Philosophy", "Philosophy of Language", "Logic" and "Epistemology and Philosophy of Science". Leilich was noted for his unusual method of stepwise grading during exams. In 2014, Leilich became an emeritus professor at the University of Antwerp. On 22 May 2014, he held his emeritus lecture about the Jewish roots of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
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Depending on these specific chemical reactions, monomers are accurately added to the polymer chain and a well-ordered chain is accomplished stepwise. Meanwhile, by applying multiple chemical reactions, chemists have also developed multi- component reactions to accelerate the construction of polymer skeletons and also enhance variety. Beyond the aforementioned, there was a research group developing a molecule machine, which successfully achieve a sequence- controlled polymerization of oligopeptides.
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In computer science, empirical algorithmics (or experimental algorithmics) is the practice of using empirical methods to study the behavior of algorithms. The practice combines algorithm development and experimentation: algorithms are not just designed, but also implemented and tested in a variety of situations. In this process, an initial design of an algorithm is analyzed so that the algorithm may be developed in a stepwise manner.
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Nearly all processed tissue is compatible with fluoro-jade stain including tissue from rodents (mice and rats), non-human primates and humans. Mounted tissue is stepwise rehydrated with decreasing concentrations of alcohol. Potassium permanganate may be used to decrease background staining and protect tissue from fading and photo bleaching. Fluoro-Jade is highly soluble in water and is therefore first dissolved in distilled water.
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Both the neutral and anionic variants of the oxy-Cope rearrangement may occur via either concerted or stepwise radical pathways, although the former mode is generally favored. The preferred intermediate is characterized by a chair-like conformation. Chirality transfer is effected by a highly ordered transition state. The positioning of the double bonds in the most readily accessible transition state determines the stereochemical course of the reaction.
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The Gulf of Aqaba was created by movement on four left-stepping strike-slip fault segments in a diagonal stepwise sequence known as echelon formation. In the areas where these segments overlap, pull-apart basins have developed, forming three bathymetric lows known as the Daka Deep, the Aragonese Deep and the Elat Deep. Parts of three of these faults ruptured during the 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake.
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These algorithms start with the assumption that there are no steps and introduce possible candidate steps one at a time, testing each candidate to find the one that minimizes some criteria (such as the least-squares fit of the estimated, underlying piecewise constant signal). An example is the stepwise jump placement algorithm, first studied in geophysical problems, that has found recent uses in modern biophysics.
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Affinity area ions increase phytate affinity to the active site and keep the phytate still during hydrolysis from its other phosphate groups. Hydrolysis is repeated stepwise until a myo-inositol product with three phosphates is obtained. Other studies support product with three phosphates, but more phosphates can be removed under extreme conditions such as high BPP concentration and lengthened incubation time. BPP hydrolysis mechanism.
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Common and popular bore sizes for trombone slides are for tenor trombones, and for bass trombones. The slide may also be built with a dual- bore configuration, in which the bore of the second leg of the slide is slightly larger than the bore of the first leg, producing a stepwise conical effect. The most common dual-bore combinations are , , , , for tenor trombones, and for bass trombones.
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The roving pipe and the frame, where the base material is fixed onto, move synchronized stepwise to perform a zigzag stitch relative to needle position. The stitching head equipped with roving spool, pipe and needle can rotate arbitrarily 360 degrees. During each stitch the upper thread is pulled through the base material and looped around the lower thread spool. Hence a double backstitch is performed.
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In Baghdad from 760-1260, writers spurned musical notation.Classical Music in Iraq Virginia Danielson, Harvard University The music is melodically modal, and moves in a stepwise motion with repeated notes. Use of the lower end of a melodic range is characteristic, as is the use of silence; one listens through the silence. Following a cadence, the singer moves up to the next range of pitches.
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The next new melody, for solo euphonium, mixes many leaps with stepwise motion and repeated notes (IV). The melody of the interlude is a restatement of the opening melody in a different key. The final theme presents a new melody played by the flutes, clarinets and alto saxophones; it is rhythmically simpler than previous material (V). The melody in the coda is distributed among the saxophones, trombones, euphonium, and trumpet (VI).
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A two-step strategy was adopted in ICIM for additive and dominance QTL mapping. In the first step, stepwise regression was applied to identify the most significant marker variables in the linear model. In the second step, one-dimensional scanning or interval mapping was conducted for detecting QTL and estimating its additive and dominance effects, based on the phenotypic values adjusted by the regression model in the first step.
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The key advantage of searching a database is that it saves time and power to obtain new effective compounds. Another approach of structure-based drug design is about combinatorially mapping ligands, which is referred to as receptor-based drug design. In this case, ligand molecules are engineered within the constraints of a binding pocket by assembling small pieces in a stepwise manner. These pieces can be either atoms or molecules.
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Data flows on an EIB channel stepwise around the ring. Since there are twelve participants, the total number of steps around the channel back to the point of origin is twelve. Six steps is the longest distance between any pair of participants. An EIB channel is not permitted to convey data requiring more than six steps; such data must take the shorter route around the circle in the other direction.
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Rezaei and Ortt (2012).Rezaei, J., and Ortt, R. (2012). A multi-variable approach to supplier segmentation. International Journal of Production Research, 50(16), 4593-4611 Parasuraman (1980) proposed a stepwise procedure to implement this approach: Step 1: Identify the key features of customer segments Step 2: Identify the critical supplier characteristics Step 3: Select the relevant variables for supplier segmentation, and Step 4: Identify the supplier segments.
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Advantageously, these mirrors have little or zero cross-talk between actuators. Stepwise approximation works poorly for smooth continuous wavefronts. Sharp edges of the segments and gaps between the segments contribute to light scattering, limiting the applications to those not sensitive to scattered light. Considerable improvement of the performance of the segmented mirror can be achieved by introduction of three degrees of freedom per segment: piston, tip and tilt.
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This DNA replication was firmly established by 1961 after further demonstration in other species, and of the stepwise chemical reaction. According to the 1961 Crick–Monod letter, this experimental proof, along with Wilkins having initiated the DNA diffraction work, were the reasons why Crick felt that Wilkins should be included in the DNA Nobel Prize. In 1962 the Nobel Prize was subsequently awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins.Nobel Prize (1962).
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Synthesis of Prismane: The synthesis starts from benzvalene (1) and 4-phenyltriazolidone (2), which is a strong dienophile. The reaction is a stepwise Diels-Alder like reaction, forming a carbocation as intermediate. The adduct (3) is then hydrolyzed under basic conditions and afterwards transformed into a copper(II) chloride derivative with acidic copper(II) chloride. Neutralized with a strong base, the azo compound (5) could be crystallized with 65% yield.
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Ralph-Johan Back is a Finnish computer scientist. Back originated the refinement calculus, an important approach to the formal development of programs using stepwise refinement, in his 1978 PhD thesis at the University of Helsinki, On the Correctness of Refinement Steps in Program Development. He has undertaken much subsequent research in this area. He has held positions at CWI Amsterdam, the Academy of Finland and the University of Tampere.
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Paleomagnetists are interested in the primary natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in a rock, acquired when the rock was originally formed. Viscous remanent magnetization is regarded as noise. Any component of the NRM that is in the direction of the present Earth's field is suspect because it may have been acquired since the last geomagnetic reversal. VRM is often removed by the first steps in a stepwise thermal demagnetization of the NRM.
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Phytic acid has six phosphate groups that may be released by phytases at different rates and in different order. Phytases hydrolyze phosphates from phytic acid in a stepwise manner, yielding products that again become substrates for further hydrolysis. Most phytases are able to cleave five of the six phosphate groups from phytic acid. Phytases have been grouped based on the first phosphate position of phytic acid that is hydrolyzed.
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In formal methods, program refinement is the verifiable transformation of an abstract (high-level) formal specification into a concrete (low-level) executable program. Stepwise refinement allows this process to be done in stages. Logically, refinement normally involves implication, but there can be additional complications. The progressive just-in-time preparation of the product backlog (requirements list) in agile software development approaches, such as Scrum, is also commonly described as refinement.
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Electron beam processing is used to irradiate materials in order to change their physical properties or sterilize medical and food products. Electron beams fluidise or quasi-melt glasses without significant increase of temperature on intensive irradiation: e.g. intensive electron radiation causes a many orders of magnitude decrease of viscosity and stepwise decrease of its activation energy. Linear particle accelerators generate electron beams for treatment of superficial tumors in radiation therapy.
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In this method, ligand molecules are built up within the constraints of the binding pocket by assembling small pieces in a stepwise manner. These pieces can be either individual atoms or molecular fragments. The key advantage of such a method is that novel structures, not contained in any database, can be suggested. A third method is the optimization of known ligands by evaluating proposed analogs within the binding cavity.
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The initial primary theme has three parts that Dvořák uses in many ways throughout the piece. The first (x), is an ascending fourth, followed by a repeated D with a dotted rhythm (y), and finally descending stepwise motion from the fifth scale degree to the second (z).Brown, The Second Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony, 374. First primary theme: Mvt. I, measures 2–10, flute and cello.
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Given a hand which justifies slam exploration, an Asking bid pin-points a potential weakness. As in Blackwood, one partner takes control and asks the other for his holding, but as in cuebids, it is related to a specific suit. The partner replies stepwise to communicate features of the queried suit. Asking bids were devised by Alan Moorehead and developed by Ely Culbertson and are an alternative to cuebids.
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Starting with the first eight bars of the first movement, he reduces the bass progressions of each movement to a fundamental model of a stepwise descent followed by an ascent in leaps. This approach recalls Heinrich Schenker's determination of an Ursatz through his technique of reductive analysis. Uhde and others often point out the danger of too much interpretative license indicating parallels between passages that are scarcely related.
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His skills in the planning of Baku ravished the Russian and European architects. All streets in Baku have been laid by the architect stepwise with regard to a relief and topography of the locality, its hills and slopes. He worked out a structure of urban gardens near seafront, which also exist even at the present days. Gasim bey came to Baku after an earthquake in Shamakhi, when Baku became a center of the province.
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Stepwise progression from normal tissue to precancerous lesion to invasive cancer The pathophysiology of precancerous lesions is thought to be similar to that of cancer, and varies depending on the disease site and type of lesion. It is thought that cancer is preceded by a clinically silent premalignant phase during which oncogenic genetic and epigenetic alterations accumulate. The duration of this premalignant phase can vary from cancer to cancer and from individual to individual.
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Two events are the cornerstones of the series and are stepwise described during numerous flashbacks. Both of them were instigated by the conservative Western faction. One of them is the bloody extermination of the "Rising Sun Utopia" (Muryundang), occurring during the year of the Snake (Gisa year, 1629, Injo '6), and the other is the assassination of Crown Prince Sohyeon by his father in 1645 (Injo '22). The main action is situated circa 1648.
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In the mid to late 1980s, Sugarbaker led the Washington Cancer Institute further investigation into therapy for gastrointestinal malignancies with peritoneal dissemination and was able to report survival benefits. It became apparent early that completness of cytoreduction was associated with survival benefits. In 1995, Sugarbaker created a stepwise approach to cytoreduction, in an attempt to standardize and optimize this process. The HIPEC technique was also further improved upon by suggesting multiple modalities of delivery.
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The oldest rudists are found in late Jurassic rocks in France. The rudists became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous, apparently as a result of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. It had been thought that this group began a decline about 2.5 million years earlier which culminated in complete extinction half a million years before the end of the Cretaceous. The extinction of rudist bivalves was stepwise during the Maastrichtian (end of the Cretaceous).
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This results in a device where output voltage is a logarithmic function of the slider position. Most (cheaper) "log" potentiometers are not accurately logarithmic, but use two regions of different resistance (but constant resistivity) to approximate a logarithmic law. The two resistive tracks overlap at approximately 50% of the potentiometer rotation; this gives a stepwise logarithmic taper. A logarithmic potentiometer can also be simulated (not very accurately) with a linear one and an external resistor.
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Laid out en cremaillère (in a stepwise fashion), the lines were broken at intervals by embrasures for batteries housing guns mounted in pairs. Batteries at the Flat Bastion and the demi- bastion above would provide additional support. The idea was that a defending force would occupy the trenches in the event of an enemy landing and drive off the invaders with volleys of canister or grape shot from 8-inch howitzers.Hughes & Migos, pp.
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These orthogonally protected cysteines are incorporated during the solid-phase synthesis of the peptide. Successive removal of these groups, to allow for selective exposure of free thiol groups, leads to disulfide formation in a stepwise manner. The order of removal of the groups must be considered so that only one group is removed at a time. Thiol protecting groups used in peptide synthesis requiring later regioselective disulfide bond formation must possess multiple characteristics.
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Diabetic foot ulcer is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and probably the major component of the diabetic foot. Wound healing is an innate mechanism of action that works reliably most of the time. A key feature of wound healing is stepwise repair of lost extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms the largest component of the dermal skin layer. But in some cases, certain disorders or physiological insult disturbs the wound healing process.
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According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes of severe disease but should not be used for long term due to their long list of side effects. Step 2 consists of increasing the dose of the current antihistamine, adding other antihistamines, or adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist such as montelukast.
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These can be further divided into "true" cycloadditions (those that take place in a concerted fashion), and formal cycloadditions (those that take place in a stepwise fashion). Beyond that, they are classified by the number of atoms contributed to the cycle by each of the participants. For example, olefin metathesis using a Grubbs catalyst typically involves a reversible [2+2] cycloaddition. A Ruthenium alkylidene and an alkene (or alkyne) react to form a metallocycle.
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This fracture resistance is why tooth enamel is three times stronger than its constituent hydroxyapatite crystallites that make up its enamel rods. Enamel tufts do not normally lead to enamel failure, due to these defects stabilizing potential fractures. The processes involved include them creating ‘‘stress shielding’’ by increasing the compliance of enamel next to the dentin. Decussation is another factor by which cracks form wavy stepwise extensions that arrest their further development.
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The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.Whether or not a process with random interior processes (not including the input) is an algorithm is debatable. Rogers opines that: "a computation is carried out in a discrete stepwise fashion, without the use of continuous methods or analogue devices ... carried forward deterministically, without resort to random methods or devices, e.g., dice" (Rogers 1987:2).
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In theory, any complexation reaction can be used as a volumetric technique provided that: # The reaction reaches equilibrium rapidly after each portion of titrant is added. # Interfering situations do not arise. For instance, the stepwise formation of several different complexes of the metal ion with the titrant, resulting in the presence of more than one complex in solution during the titration process. # A complexometric indicator capable of locating equivalence point with fair accuracy is available.
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Mandwa Waterfalls is located at around 31 km away from Jagdalpur. It is very close to Teerathgarh and Kanger Dhara Waterfalls, located in Bastar district itself. At Mandwa the stream of water flows stepwise and falls from a height of 70 ft to make a beautiful cascade called Mandwa Waterfalls. The water from this waterfall collects there in a small reservoir and flows downstream meeting Kanger river forming two other waterfalls i.e.
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Con moto - the first and second themes are both based on phrases outlining the same ascending-descending stepwise movement (1232176). Scherzo - the primary melodic motif is a four-note diatonic ascent, appearing in several positions on the scale. At the same time, the harmonic motion of phrases consistently follows a descending diatonic pattern. The parts of the trio that are not repeated chords (see first motif above) are almost all adjacent diatonic moves.
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Until about 50,000–40,000 years ago, the use of stone tools seems to have progressed stepwise. Each phase (H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. neanderthalensis) started at a higher level than the previous one, but after each phase started, further development was slow. Currently paleoanthropologists are debating whether these Homo species possessed some or many of the cultural and behavioral traits associated with modern humans such as language, complex symbolic thinking, technological creativity etc.
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This variation is a deconstruction of the theme, consisting entirely of three-note broken triad inversions and stepwise figures. The switch at the halfway point from descending to ascending passages, a characteristic of the waltz faithfully preserved throughout the work, is seen here. These three final C major variations before the minor section have in common a textural distance from the waltz. Brendel's title for this variation is Circles on the Water.
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The structure of this variation is similar to the one preceding, in the exclusive use of three- note figures, the descending-to-ascending pattern, and the switch to stepwise passagework in contrary motion at the midpoint of each half. The triplet pattern consisting of a semitone and a third is taken from the rosalias at measures 8–12 of the theme. Brendel's title for this variation is Juggler. He suggests an ironic approach, characterizing Nos.
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The Social Welfare and Pensions Act of 2011 made changes to the qualifications needed for both the Contributory and Non-Contributory State Pensions. The act rose the qualifying age from 66 in a stepwise manner. Those born after 1 January 1955, but before 1 January 1961 are now are eligible to collect their state pension at 67. All those born after 1 January 1961 will be eligible to collect their pensions at 68.
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Nelson, David L., & Cox, Michael M. (2005) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, p. 543. ;Radioimmunoassay :Rosalyn Sussman Yalow developed the radioimmunoassay, an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules in a stepwise formation of [immune complexes at the Veterans Administration Hospital in the Bronx, New York. This technique is used to accurately measure levels of substances such as hormones which are found in small concentrations in the body.
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Samples are first analyzed in their natural state to obtain their natural remanent magnetization (NRM). The NRM is then stripped away in a stepwise manner using thermal or alternating field demagnetization techniques to reveal the stable magnetic component. Magnetic orientations of all samples from a site are then compared and their average magnetic polarity is determined with directional statistics, most commonly Fisher statistics or bootstrapping. The statistical significance of each average is evaluated.
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PSI-Plot has implemented a broad ranges of commonly used data analysis methods, which include data interpolation, three different methods (Levenberg-Marquardt, Powell, and Simplex) for non-linear curve fitting, over one hundred built-in fitting models, multiple linear fitting, stepwise multiple liner fitting, generalized linear models (GMLs), dose-response analysis, digital signal processing (DSP), matrix manipulation and eigen-problems, ordinary differential equations (ODE) solvers, algebraic equation solvers, difference equation solvers, and other methods.
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These studies confirm that reactants that prefer s-trans conformations tend to undergo stepwise reaction. The degree of scrambling is also affected by carbene stability, migratory abilities, and nucleophilicity of solvent. The observation that the migratory ability of a substituent is inversely proportional to amount of carbene formed, indicates that under photolysis, there are competing pathways for many Wolff reactions. The only Wolff rearrangements that show no scrambling are s-cis constrained cyclic α-diazo ketones.
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51, 574-579 (2006). Recently a multistep nucleic acid extraction procedure was introduced to provide DNA lysates of highest quality.Nature Methods “Differential lysis in a single-tube extraction process for accurate forensic profiling”, 8 May 2012 A self-sealing membrane allows a stepwise release and separation of DNA from mixed specimens. Implemented in a spin-column system, it is ideally suitable for DNA extraction procedures involving differential extraction of forensic samples such as epithelium, saliva or blood vs. sperms.
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A continuation of Agnus Dei, Dona Nobis Pacem starts as the previous section of the movement settles from F-sharp major into a fluctuation of A major and A minor. The result lands the tonal center back to C major at measure 11. It is here that Bernstein starts to use a six-note stepwise scale starting on C as the basis for melodic material. Rhythmically, this final section of Missa Brevis is very dance-like.
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It is important to note that Woodward and Hoffmann based their analysis solely on the principles of the conservation of orbital symmetry theory without however making any mechanistic or stereochemical prediction. Woodward-Hoffmann analysis The attention directed towards the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement by Woodward and Hoffmann as a representative example for [1,3]-carbon shifts clearly enhanced the interest in this reaction. Furthermore, their analysis revealed potential experiments that would allow to distinguish between a concerted or stepwise mechanism.
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The Sound of Music (also known as Rosalia) sequence features root movement up a fourth followed by root movement down a third. Both chords are in root position. The sequence is very similar to the ascending 5-6 sequence since it also allows for an overall stepwise ascent between parallel triads, much like the ascending 5-6. The “Sisyphus Sequence” (term coined by John H. Benson, professor of Music Theory at Lawrence University), is an ascending sequence.
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Urlinie: -- over I-V-I . Decorated third progression . Whereas originally D5 was the nonchord tone in E5-(D5)-C5, here it becomes a chord tone because it is supported by G3 in the bass, and this chord itself is elaborated D5-(C5)-B4, where C5 is the nonchord tone. In music, a linear progression (Auskomponierungszug or Zug, abbreviated: Zg.) is a passing note elaboration involving stepwise melodic motion in one direction between two harmonic tones.Pankhurst, Tom (2008).
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Bayesian model averaging (BMA) makes predictions using an average over several models with weights given by the posterior probability of each model given the data.e.g., BMA is known to generally give better answers than a single model, obtained, e.g., via stepwise regression, especially where very different models have nearly identical performance in the training set but may otherwise perform quite differently. The most obvious question with any technique that uses Bayes' theorem is the prior, i.e.
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In statistics, stepwise regression is a method of fitting regression models in which the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure.Efroymson,M. A. (1960) "Multiple regression analysis," Mathematical Methods for Digital Computers, Ralston A. and Wilf,H. S., (eds.), Wiley, New York.Hocking, R. R. (1976) "The Analysis and Selection of Variables in Linear Regression," Biometrics, 32.Draper, N. and Smith, H. (1981) Applied Regression Analysis, 2d Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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In mammals it occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the male testes in a stepwise fashion. Spermatogenesis is highly dependent upon optimal conditions for the process to occur correctly, and is essential for sexual reproduction. DNA methylation and histone modification have been implicated in the regulation of this process. It starts at puberty and usually continues uninterrupted until death, although a slight decrease can be discerned in the quantity of produced sperm with increase in age (see Male infertility).
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In accordance with Roman Catholic tradition, it is primarily intended to be sung by males. Like the other Italian chant repertories, the Old Roman chant and Ambrosian chant, the melodies are melismatic and ornate. The melodic motion is primarily stepwise, with a limited ambitus, giving the chants a smooth, undulating feel. Unlike Ambrosian chants, Beneventan chants do not notably specify whether any given chant is meant to be sung by the choir or by any particular singer.
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The biosynthesis of streptogramin B is carried out by large multifunctional enzymes called non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). In the NRPS system, each amino acid is activated as an aminoacyladenylate and is linked to the enzyme as a thioester with a phosphopantetheinyl group. An elongation reaction then occurs by transferring the activated carboxyl to the amino group in the next amino acid, thus executing the N-to-C stepwise condensation. NRPSs contain several modules on a single polypeptide.
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A nishiki-e print is created by carving a separate woodblock for every colour, and using them in a stepwise fashion. An engraver by the name of Kinroku is credited with the technical innovations that allowed so many blocks of separate colours to fit together perfectly on the page, in order to create a single complete image. This style and technique is also known as , referring to Edo, the name for Tokyo before it became the capital.
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NBOMe-mescaline can be synthesized from mescaline and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde, via reductive alkylation. That can be done stepwise by first making the imine and then reducing the formed imine with sodium borohydride, or by direct reaction with sodium triacetoxyborohydride. An alternative production method which removes the need to obtain the illegal compound mescaline as an isolated precursor can be achieved via a one-pot reaction utilizing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetonitrile with Lithium Aluminium Hydride as a reducing agent.
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Elementary reactions follow the law of mass action, but the rate law of stepwise reactions has to be derived by combining the rate laws of the various elementary steps, and can become rather complex. In consecutive reactions, the rate-determining step often determines the kinetics. In consecutive first order reactions, a steady state approximation can simplify the rate law. The activation energy for a reaction is experimentally determined through the Arrhenius equation and the Eyring equation.
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While these changes permit the subsequent mounting of new (and most likely remote) targets, they do not enable addressing several RMCE targets , nor do they permit "serial RMCE", i.e. successive, stepwise modifications at a given genomic locus. This is different for Flp-RMCE, for which the post-RMCE status of FRTs corresponds to their initial state. This property enables the intentional, repeated mobilization of a target cassette by the addition of a new donor plasmid with compatible architecture.
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Curved-arrow mechanism, in sequential order from top to bottom. Oxymercuration can be fully described in three steps (the whole process is sometimes called deoxymercuration), which is illustrated in stepwise fashion to the right. In the first step, the nucleophilic double bond attacks the mercury ion, ejecting an acetoxy group. The electron pair on the mercury ion in turn attacks a carbon on the double bond, forming a mercuronium ion in which the mercury atom bears a positive charge.
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When generated in the presence of anthracene, trypticene results. In this method, the concerted mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction between benzyne and furan is shown below. Other benzyne [4+2] cycloadditions are thought to proceed via a stepwise mechanism. center A classic example is the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene. Tetrabromobenzene can react with butyllithium and furan to form a tetrahydroanthracene diaryne reaction with furan [4+2] cycloadditions of arynes have been commonly applied to natural product total synthesis.
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Helitrons are proposed to transpose by a mechanism similar to rolling-circle replication via a single- stranded DNA intermediate. Two models are proposed for the transposition mechanism: the concerted and the sequential. In the concerted model, the donor strand cleavage and ligation occurs simultaneously while in the sequential model they occur in a stepwise fashion. The concerted model does not require a circular intermediate although they could occur if a step fails or is bypassed during transposition.
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Denitrification involves the stepwise reduction of nitrate to nitrite (), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (), and dinitrogen () by the enzymes nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase, and nitrous oxide reductase, respectively. Protons are transported across the membrane by the initial NADH reductase, quinones, and nitrous oxide reductase to produce the electrochemical gradient critical for respiration. Some organisms (e.g. E. coli) only produce nitrate reductase and therefore can accomplish only the first reduction leading to the accumulation of nitrite.
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400px 400px Most CPP-nucleic acid complexes that have been proposed so far are formed through covalent bonding. A range of CPP-nucleic acid complexes have been synthesized through different chemistries that are either stable or cleavable linkages. And the most widely used method in publication is cleavable disulfide linkages through total stepwise solid- phase synthesis or solution-phase or solid-phase fragment coupling. Some other strategies like stable amide, thiazolidine, oxime and hydrazine linkage have also been developed.
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Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was compelling and well-researched, and the authors blended the search for treatment with the personal stories of various individuals. Spectrum wrote that the book provided a meticulous, absorbing stepwise chronology of how the perception of autism changed from being unknown, to being abhorred than later accepted. Ari Ne'eman has criticized the book for sympathizing with a parent who murdered their autistic child, and has claimed that the book misrepresents the neurodiversity movement.
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Benchmarked on a modern desktop computer (3GHz Intel Xeon CPU, 8GB memory), for 4.7 million variants, ANNOVAR requires ~4 minutes to perform gene-based functional annotation, or ~15 minutes to perform stepwise "variants reduction". It is said to be practical for performing variant annotation and variant prioritization on hundreds of human genomes in a day. ANNOVAR could be sped up by using the `-thread` argument which enables multi-threading so that input files could be processed in parallel.
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The unit's control surface consists of a backlit graphic LCD, many pushbuttons, potentiometers, and rotary encoders. The potentiometers are user-assignable and can control multiple MIDI parameters in realtime during recording or performance. A two octave pushbutton keyboard may be played in real time or using during stepwise pattern recording. This keyboard does not generate MIDI velocity or aftertouch information but the AWM2 tone generator will respond to such information if delivered by one of the realtime knobs or an external MIDI controller.
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Under photolysis, the biphenyl (R1=R2=phenyl) substrate shows 20–30% label migration, implying 40–60% of product goes through the oxirene intermediate. α-diazocyclohexanone shows no label scrambling under photolytic conditions, as it is entirely s-cis, and thus all substrate goes through the concerted mechanism, avoiding the oxirene intermediate. Isotopic scrambling of 13C labeled ketocarbene via symmetric oxirene. Isotopic labeling studies have been used extensively to measure the ratio of product stemming from a concerted mechanism versus a stepwise mechanism.
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2,2'-biphenylene phosphorochloridite. Phosphorochloridites are produced by partial alcoholysis of phosphorus trichloride, which proceeds stepwise: :PCl3 \+ ROH → HCl + (RO)PCl2 (phosphochloridite) :(RO)PCl2 \+ ROH → HCl + (RO)2PCl (phosphodichloridite) :(RO)2PCl + ROH → HCl + (RO)3P (phosphite) These reactions are readily controlled with aromatic diols, such as binaphthol and 2,2'-biphenol. Phosphorochloridites are precursors to diphosphite ligands. When combined with rhodium precursors such as Rh(acac)(CO)2, these diphosphite ligands afford catalysts that are used industrially for the hydroformylation of alkenes.
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An elementary reaction is a chemical reaction in which one or more chemical species react directly to form products in a single reaction step and with a single transition state. In practice, a reaction is assumed to be elementary if no reaction intermediates have been detected or need to be postulated to describe the reaction on a molecular scale. An apparently elementary reaction may be in fact a stepwise reaction, i.e. a complicated sequence of chemical reactions, with reaction intermediates of variable lifetimes.
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The surface advances normal to itself without the necessity of a stepwise growth mechanism. This means that in the presence of a sufficient thermodynamic driving force, every element of surface is capable of a continuous change contributing to the advancement of the interface. For a sharp or discontinuous surface, this continuous change may be more or less uniform over large areas each successive new layer. For a more diffuse surface, a continuous growth mechanism may require change over several successive layers simultaneously.
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Western musicians have tended to teach voice leading by focusing on connecting adjacent harmonies because that skill is foundational to meeting larger, structural objectives. Common-practice conventions dictate that melodic lines should be smooth and independent. To be smooth, they should be primarily conjunct (stepwise), avoid leaps that are difficult to sing, approach and follow leaps with movement in the opposite direction, and correctly handle tendency tones (primarily, the leading-tone, but also the , which often moves down to ).Kostka, p. 71–72.
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Retrieved 8 January 2010. Dirk Niebel, the Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development in Germany, told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that financial aid to Uganda will be cut, with a stepwise plan for this having already been made. The White House released a statement in December 2009, to The Advocate, stating that US President Barack Obama "strongly opposes efforts, such as the draft law pending in Uganda, that would criminalize homosexuality and move against the tide of history".Eleveld, Kerry (12 December 2009).
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164 Theo Hirsbrunner has pointed out other signs of influence of Berlioz on Schumann.Hirsbrunner, Theo: Schumann und Berlioz. Ein Franzose in Deutschland, Laaber-Verlag, Laaber 2005 The same idea is used as opening for the next movement of Nachtstücke in varied form (stepwise descending and ascending seconds, with a characteristic accentuation of the upbeat quarter, again reminding the upbeat half note of the ostinato theme in the fourth movement of Symphonie Fantastique). The theme is recapitulated in heroic fashion before collapsing into nothingness.
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Additionally, some specialized instruments, such as spectrophotometers built onto microscopes or telescopes, are single-beam instruments due to practicality. Historically, spectrophotometers use a monochromator containing a diffraction grating to produce the analytical spectrum. The grating can either be movable or fixed. If a single detector, such as a photomultiplier tube or photodiode is used, the grating can be scanned stepwise (scanning spectrophotometer) so that the detector can measure the light intensity at each wavelength (which will correspond to each "step").
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A singlet [3+2] cycloaddition, when it is concerted, is believed to proceed under frontier orbital control. When electron-rich TMMs are involved, the A orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to fused products if the TMM is cyclic). When electron-poor (or unsubstituted) TMMs are involved, the S orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to bridged products if the TMM is cyclic). Cycloadditions involving the triplet state are stepwise, and usually result in configurational scrambling in the two-atom component.
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Symmetry-allowed (4+3) cycloaddition is an attractive method for the formation of historically difficult-to-access seven-membered rings. Neutral dienes and cationic allyl systems (most commonly oxyallyl cations) may react in a concerted or stepwise fashion to give seven-membered rings. A number of dienes have been employed in the reaction, although cyclic, electron-rich dienes such as those found in the cyclopentadiene and furan ring systems are the best 4π systems for this process. Intramolecular variants are also efficient.
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Substituent effects on the formation and equilibration of trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexanes P. L. Barili, G. Bellucci, G. Berti, F. Marioni, A. Marsili, I. Morelli, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1970, (21),1437-1438 In the transition state both bromine atoms connect symmetrically to both carbon atoms on opposite sides and the reaction is concerted. Stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions have also been investigated. :Dyotropic reaction Barili 1970 In organic synthesis an important application is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones.
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The resulting language was suitable for introducing programming concepts used in various applications, including business data processing, scientific calculations and non-numeric computation. SP/k is actually a sequence of language subsets called SP/1, SP/2, ... SP/8. Each subset introduces new programming language constructs while retaining all the constructs of preceding subsets, forming a stepwise system for teaching computer programming. Each subset is precisely defined and self-contained, and can be learned or implemented without the following subsets.
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However, for the purpose of his discussion of the "modern practice" of the 16th century, he extended the definition to include larger intervals within the octave. Accordingly, a perfect fourth is "composite" if it is filled in stepwise in a composition (C-D-E-F), but is "incomposite" when it occurs as a melodic leap or harmonic interval, without any intermediary tones.Henry W. Kaufmann, "Vicentino and the Greek Genera", Journal of the American Musicological Society 16, no. 3 (Autumn 1963): 325–46.
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Composition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based resin. Recently, an efficient stepwise solid-phase synthesis of RANTES (24-91) was published. RANTES is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T Cells.Cocchi F. et al., Science 270:1811-1815, 1995 The serine protease CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26/DPP IV) induces a NH2-terminal truncation from RANTES (1-91) to RANTES(24-91), which inhibits the infection of monocytes by an M-tropic HIV-1 strainProost P. et al.
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The term biogenesis was coined by Henry Charlton Bastian to mean the generation of a life form from nonliving materials; however, Thomas Henry Huxley chose the term abiogenesis and redefined biogenesis for life arising from preexisting life. The generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis, and (according to partisans of abiogenesis) occurred through stepwise chemical and molecular evolution over millions of years. The term biogenesis may also refer to biochemical processes of production in living organisms (see biosynthesis).
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She also broke many stereotypes about aging, such as the midlife crisis, menopause being a necessarily traumatic experience, and the empty nest syndrome. Her research dispelled the notion of a midlife crisis and showed that there was no single successful route into aging. She also critiqued stage and stepwise models of adult development and emphasized the role of chance in determining adult careers. In her work on successful aging, she argued for a more complex and heterogeneous view of older person.
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Among others café+co premium, Milano, Nestlé, Jacobs, Segafredo, Naber, Tchibo, Lavazza, Fairtraid, Café HAG, Bensdorp and Milford are also offered in the different vending machines. The full automatic "café+co-shops" are found in companies as well as in public areas (public offices, hospitals and petrol stations). In 2009 a sustainability program for the "stepwise" adaption of the coffee purchase was introduced. The company group is a licensed partner of "Fairtrade Österreich" and cooperation partner of the Rainforest Alliance.
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Stepwise harmonic and melodic motion in the diatonic scale: The simple and fundamental diatonic scale, particularly an ascent often followed by a descent, is used to create a rich variety of melodies and textures. Allegro vivace - the opening bars outline a diatonic ascent from D to A (12345). The second theme outlines the same pattern, this time descending as well. The unaltered diatonic scale appears prominently in the final lines of the exposition and recapitulation, ascending and descending across the entire keyboard.
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308x308px The mechanism of this enzyme is stepwise and steady-state random. Specifically, the catalytic reaction begins with the NADPH and the substrate attaching to the binding site of the enzyme, followed by the protonation and the hydride transfer from the cofactor NADPH to the substrate. However, two latter steps do not take place simultaneously in a same transition state. In a study using computational and experimental approaches, Liu et al conclude that the protonation step precedes the hydride transfer.
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On the Mechanism of the Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Olefination of Arene Carboxylic Acids. Crystallographic Characterization of Non-Phosphine Palladium(II) Intermediates and Observation of Their Stepwise Transformation in Heck-like Processes JACS, 2005, 127, 10323–33 DOI: 10.1021/ja052099l Despite this, palladium catalysts are able to promote a wide variety of cross-coupling reactions including biaryl formation and aryl alkyne formation, along with a variety of cross- coupling reactions in which the carboxylic acid is not bonded to an aromatic.
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Tintinnabuli (singular. tintinnabulum; from the Latin tintinnabulum, "a bell") is a compositional style created by the Estonian composer Arvo Pärt, introduced in his Für Alina (1976), and used again in Spiegel im Spiegel (1978). This simple style was influenced by the composer's mystical experiences with chant music. Musically, Pärt's tintinnabular music is characterized by two types of voice, the first of which (dubbed the "tintinnabular voice") arpeggiates the tonic triad, and the second of which moves diatonically in stepwise motion.
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It is likely, however, that Chararic and Theodemir must have reigned after Ariamir, since Ariamir must have been the first Suevic monarch to lift the ban on Catholic synods and it is inconceivable that a Catholic monarch could have continued the ban for "a long time".Thompson, 87. On the other hand, some scholars see the conversion of the Suevi as progressive and stepwise and regard Ariamir's lifting of the ban on synods as the second step following Chararic's public conversion.Ferreiro, passim.
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Carboxysomes are then spatially aligned in the cyanobacterial cell via interaction with the bacterial cytoskeleton, ensuring their equal distribution into daughter cells. Alpha-carboxysome assembly may be different than that of beta-carboxysomes, as they have no proteins homologous to CcmN or CcmM and no encapsulation peptides. Empty carboxysomes have been observed in electron micrographs. Some micrographs indicate that their assembly occurs as a simultaneous coalescence of enzymes and shell proteins as opposed to the seemingly stepwise fashion observed for beta-carboxysomes.
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The Andante begins with a luscious melody played by the violoncello in its upper register (Theme A) with only the piano as accompaniment. The opening thematic material of this melody is a sequence of descending thirds, a gesture frequently used by Brahms (such as in his Op. 119, No. 1, and the opening to Symphony No. 4, to name two examples). The violin eventually joins in with a new melody over the cello. The viola enters later with a tutti descending stepwise idea.
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It moves from C minor to G minor, although it ends with a change of mode to G major. After this, the violin plays a descending stepwise melody, which under close inspection is revealed to be an inversion of its own original theme (from B–C–D–E–F–E to G–F–E–D–C–B) in successive quarter notes. The viola and cello soon accompany this figure. This builds up until measure 39, where a thunderous theme erupts in all instruments.
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Fleeing inhabitants may have carried the disease back to Italy, causing its spread across Europe. However, the plague appears to have spread in a stepwise fashion, taking over a year to reach Europe from Crimea. Also, there were a number of Crimean ports under Mongol control, so it is unlikely that Kaffa was the only source of plague-infested ships heading to Europe. Additionally, there were overland caravan routes from the East that would have been carrying the disease into Europe as well.
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Comorbid disorders such as substance abuse and eating disorders are addressed in this phase of treatment. The second phase focuses on stepwise exposure to traumatic memories and prevention of re-dissociation. The final phase focuses on reconnecting the identities of disparate alters into a single functioning identity with all its memories and experiences intact. A study was conducted to develop an "expertise-based prognostic model for the treatment of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative identity disorder (DID)".
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After attachment of the first N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue, elongation of the tetrasacchride linker is continued by the stepwise addition of GlcA and GlcNAc residues. These are transferred from their respective UDP-sugar nucleotides. This is carried out by one or more related enzymes whose genes are members of the exostoses (EXT) gene family of tumour suppressors. Mutations at the EXT1-3 gene loci in humans lead to an inability of cells to produce HS and to the development of the disease Multiple Hereditary Exostoses (MHE).
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October begins with the solo oboe playing an introductory melody (I) in D♭ major, consisting of eighth and quarter notes embellished by grace notes. The next melody, played by all the upper woodwinds, the tenor saxophone and the horns (II), uses a variety of intervals – fourths, fifths, sevenths and an octave – making it somewhat angular. The melody of theme two, played by the upper woodwinds, also uses eighth and quarter notes (III). The motion of this melody is more stepwise than the previous one.
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Traditional production planning and scheduling systems (such as manufacturing resource planning) use a stepwise procedure to allocate material and production capacity. This approach is simple but cumbersome, and does not readily adapt to changes in demand, resource capacity or material availability. Materials and capacity are planned separately, and many systems do not consider material or capacity constraints, leading to infeasible plans. However, attempts to change to the new system have not always been successful, which has called for the combination of management philosophy with manufacturing.
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The Newman–Keuls or Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) method is a stepwise multiple comparisons procedure used to identify sample means that are significantly different from each other. It was named after Student (1927), D. Newman, and M. Keuls. This procedure is often used as a post-hoc test whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Newman–Keuls method is similar to Tukey's range test as both procedures use studentized range statistics.
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Mabinlins, as proteins, are readily soluble in water and found to be highly sweet; however, mabinlin-2 with its high heat stability has the best chance to be used as a sweetener. During the past decade, attempts have been made to produce mabinlin-2 industrially. The sweet-tasting protein has been successfully synthesised by a stepwise solid-phase method in 1998, however the synthetic protein had an astringent-sweet taste. Mabinlin-2 has been expressed in transgenic potato tubers, but no explicit results have been reported yet.
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On "You Still Believe in Me", he references a "stepwise falloff of the interval of a third at the end of each verse" as a typically "Wilsonian" feature that recurs throughout the album, along with a "madrigal sigh motif" that can be heard in "That's Not Me", where the motif concludes each line of the verses. An overwhelming majority of the chords used on the album are slashed, diminished, major seventh, sixths, ninths. augmented, or suspended. Simple (major or minor triad) chords are invoked minimally.
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Resembling primitive free energy generating physico-chemical processes based on temperature-dependent adsorption to inorganic materials such as clay, this simple type of energy conversion is proposed to have sustained the origin of life, including the emergence of the RNA World. For this RNA World it gives a model that describes the stepwise acquisition of the set of transfer RNAs that sustains the Genetic code. The phylogenetic tree of extant transfer RNAs is consistent with the idea. Thermosynthesis may still occur in some terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments.
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Thereby rate constants for all four stereochemically distinct pathways of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement could be determined. Stereochemical distribution of products The data clearly indicated that the mechanistic preferences of the rearrangements are system dependent. Whereas trans- vinylcyclopropanes tend to form more of the symmetry-allowed ar- and si- cyclopentenes supportive of a concerted mechanism, the cis-vinylcyclopropanes preferentially yield the symmetry-forbidden ai- and sr- products suggesting a more stepwise, diradical mechanism. The influence of substituent effects on the reaction stereochemistry also becomes apparent from the data.
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IF central rods contain heptad repeats (repeating seven residue patterns) of hydrophobic resides that allow two different IF proteins to intertwine into a coiled-coil formation via hydrophobic interactions. These heterodimers are formed between specific pairs of type I (acidic) and type II (basic) keratin. K5, a type II keratin, pairs with the type I keratin K14. The coiled-coil dimers undergo stepwise assembly and combine in an antiparallel manner, forming end-to-end interactions with other coiled-coils to form large 10 nm intermediate filaments.
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The Cp statistic is often used as a stopping rule for various forms of stepwise regression. Mallows proposed the statistic as a criterion for selecting among many alternative subset regressions. Under a model not suffering from appreciable lack of fit (bias), Cp has expectation nearly equal to P; otherwise the expectation is roughly P plus a positive bias term. Nevertheless, even though it has expectation greater than or equal to P, there is nothing to prevent Cp < P or even Cp < 0 in extreme cases.
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The ascending 5-6 sequence, like the ascending fifths sequence, adorns a stepwise ascent. It follows a root movement pattern of down a third (usually to a first inversion chord sharing the same bass note as the first note) followed by a root movement up a fourth. This is often accomplished through an alternation of root position and first inversion chords. The figured bass is the same as the descending 5-6 sequence, but the bass itself follows an ascending pattern rather than a descending pattern.
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The type of rhythmic pulse used in basslines varies widely in different types of music. In swing jazz and jump blues, basslines are often created from a continuous sequence of quarter notes in a mostly scalar, stepwise or arpeggio-based part called a "walking bass line". In Latin, salsa music, jazz fusion, reggae, electronica, and some types of rock and metal, basslines may be very rhythmically complex and syncopated. In bluegrass and traditional country music, basslines often emphasize the root and fifth of each chord.
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Ziegler's responsibilities as exploration adviser expanded stepwise to all Shell companies in Europe, then South America, and ultimately worldwide. Parallel to his operational responsibilities, Ziegler compiled regional geological data to gain a better understanding of the hydrocarbon potential of hitherto little explored basins on the Atlantic seaboard and of basins behind the Iron Curtain. Presentations at various conferences and symposia prompted academia to propose to Shell to publish his set of palaeogeographic/palaeotectonic maps. In 1982 Ziegler's Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe was published.
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Canonical duplex unwinding is the stepwise directional separation of a duplex strand, as described above, for DNA unwinding. However, local strand separation occurs by a process wherein the helicase enzyme is loaded at any place along the duplex. This is usually aided by a single-strand region of the RNA, and the loading of the enzyme is accompanied with ATP binding. Once the helicase and ATP are bound, local strand separation occurs, which requires binding of ATP but not the actual process of ATP hydrolysis.
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More generally, a step is a smaller or narrower interval in a musical line, and a skip is a wider or larger interval, where the categorization of intervals into steps and skips is determined by the tuning system and the pitch space used. Melodic motion in which the interval between any two consecutive pitches is no more than a step, or, less strictly, where skips are rare, is called stepwise or conjunct melodic motion, as opposed to skipwise or disjunct melodic motions, characterized by frequent skips.
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Potassium hexachloroplatinate is similarly insoluble, and hexachloroplatinic acid has been used in the determination of potassium ions by gravimetry. When hexachloroplatinic acid is heated, it decomposes through platinum(IV) chloride and platinum(II) chloride to elemental platinum, although the reactions do not occur stepwise: : (H3O)2PtCl6·nH2O PtCl4 \+ 2 HCl + (n + 2) H2O : PtCl4 PtCl2 \+ Cl2 : PtCl2 Pt + Cl2 All three reactions are reversible. Platinum(II) and platinum(IV) bromides are known as well. Platinum hexafluoride is a strong oxidizer capable of oxidizing oxygen.
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Ben Youssef and his supporters disagreed with Bourguiba's "soft" policies and demanded full independence of the Maghreb. This resulted in a civil war that opposed Bourguibists, who favored a stepwise policy and modernism, and Youssefists, the conservative Arab nationalist supporters of Ben Youssef. The conflict ended with the Sfax Congress of 1955 in favor of Bourguiba. Following the country's independence in 1956, Bourguiba was appointed prime minister by king Muhammad VIII al-Amin and acted as De facto ruler before proclaiming the Republic, on 25 July 1957.
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Z11 in the Technical Museum in Vienna The Z11 was a computer, the first serially produced machine of the Zuse KG. Weighing , in 1955 it was built with relays and stepwise relays. Beginning in 1957 the Z11 could be programmed by punched tapes. It consumed 2 kW of electricity, and operated mechanically at a frequency of 10 to 20 Hz. Both input and output were in decimal numbers, and it used floating point arithmetic. The Z11 was first presented on the Hanover Messe in 1957.
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The singers may have used the more traditional practice in their solo repertoire, performing ornaments extemporaneously.Newcomb 1980 p. 57. Specific ornaments used by the concerto delle donne, mentioned in a source from 1581, were such popular sixteenth-century devices as passaggi (division of a long note into many shorter notes, usually stepwise), cadenze (decoration of the penultimate note, sometimes quite elaborate), and tirate (rapid scales). Accenti (connection of two longer notes, using dotted rhythms), a staple of early Baroque music, are absent from the list.
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18th-century musicologist Charles Burney described Berenstadt as an "evirato of a huge unwieldy figure". In operas, he usually took the role of villainous tyrants: it would seem that his physical bulk made him unsuitable as a portrayer of a young lover or a woman, and he never portrayed a female character. The arias composed for him show that his voice possessed only a limited range but considerable vocal virtuosity. Stepwise movement is often avoided in these arias, which consist of sudden, quick leaps.
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This stepwise succession of plains must have been achieved because the interior has undergone a tectonic upheaval from time to time, which forced the rivers to cut downward, after which surface formation could occur again. A large part of the erosion material was deposited in the falling coastal area. The fragmentation of the stepped relief into a "multiconvex" hill landscape must have taken place during the last part of the Pleistocene.Bruijning, C.F.A. en J. Voorhoeve (red.): Encyclopedie van Suriname, Amsterdam en Brussel 1977, blz. 231.
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Azide has become a popular target for chemoselective protein modification, because they are small in size and has a favorable thermodynamic reaction potential. One such azide reactions is the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction with alkyne, but the reaction requires high temperature and often gives mixtures of regioisomers. 460x460px An improved reaction developed by chemist Karl Barry Sharpless involves the copper (I) catalyst, which couples azide with terminal alkyne that only give 1,4 substituted 1,2,3 triazoles in high yields (shown below in Figure 11). The mechanistic study suggests a stepwise reaction.
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Rule #2: Value Cycling The second principle - Value Cycling - refers to the actual cyclical reuse of materials from one high value use to another. It is called a “value cycle” to differentiate from the “value chain” model that is typical of current production approaches, whereby raw materials are converted into products and then into waste in a linear stepwise process. In the biosphere, value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels. The same materials that compose a leaf can be decomposed and incorporated into a new tree, a worm or other organisms.
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Glycoside hydrolase family 89 CAZY GH_89 includes enzymes with α-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. The enzyme consist of three structural domains, the N-terminal domain has an alpha-beta fold, the central domain has a TIM barrel fold, and the C-terminal domain has an all alpha helical fold. Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is a lysosomal enzyme required for the stepwise degradation of heparan sulphate. Mutations on the alpha-N- acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) gene can lead to Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB; or Sanfilippo syndrome type B) characterised by neurological dysfunction but relatively mild somatic manifestations.
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However, he stresses the necessity of not generalizing beyond what the facts truly demonstrate. The next step may be to gather additional data, or the researcher may use existing data and the new axioms to establish additional axioms. Specific types of facts can be particularly useful, such as negative instances, exceptional instances and data from experiments. The whole process is repeated in a stepwise fashion to build an increasingly complex base of knowledge, but one which is always supported by observed facts, or more generally speaking, empirical data.
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According to Ravel, the first movement draws on the zortziko, a Basque dance form. The movement is notated in time, each bar being subdivided into a rhythmic pattern. The influence of Zazpiak Bat is most obvious in the opening theme, whose rhythm is identical to that of the Zazpiak Bat main theme but with halved note values. Also notable is the melody's stepwise movement before followed by a leap of a fourth; the opening themes of the other three movements are similarly constructed—in the second and fourth movements, the jump is of a fifth.
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Close-up view of a flat Fresnel lens shows concentric circles on the surface The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. An ideal Fresnel lens would have an infinite number of sections. In each section, the overall thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This effectively divides the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with stepwise discontinuities between them.
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The SD sound is further shaped by a digitally controlled amplitude (DCA) envelope. Both the VCF and DCA are programmed with traditional 4-stage attack/decay/sustain/release (ADSR) curves [whereas the CZ line used sophisticated 8-stage envelopes and also included a pitch envelope]. Finally, like on the CZ's, a low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is programmable to modulate the DCO pitch, but unfortunately it cannot modulate the VCF or DCA. Nearly all of the SD synth parameters had 5-bit precision, allowing a stepwise range of 0-31.
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The preinitiation complex (PIC) assembles in a stepwise fashion on the promoter of genes to initiate transcription. The TFIID binds to the TATA box in order to begin the assembly of the TFIIA, recruiting other transcription factors and components needed in the PIC. Data suggests that pRb is able to repress transcription by both Rb being recruited to the promoter as well as having a target present in TFIID. The presence of pRb may change the conformation of the TFIIA/IID complex into a less active version with a decreased binding affinity.
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The exposition ends with a largely stepwise figure in the treble clef in a high register, while the left hand moves in an octave- outlining accompaniment in eighth notes. The development section opens with a statement of this final figure, except with alterations from the major subdominant to the minor, which fluidly modulates to E major. Directly after, the exposition's first subject is composed in fugato and features an incredible display of musical development. The fugato ends with a section featuring non-fugal imitation between registers, eventually resounding in repeated D-major chords.
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Andalusian cadences are common in Flamenco music. The Andalusian cadence (diatonic phrygian tetrachord) is a term adopted from flamenco music for a chord progression comprising four chords descending stepwise—a vi–V–IV–III progression with respect to the major mode or i–VII–VI–V progression with respect to the minor mode.Mojácar Flamenco , a website about basics in Flamenco music It is otherwise known as the minor descending tetrachord. Traceable back to the Renaissance, its effective sonorities made it one of the most popular progressions in classical music .
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Extended ML is a wide-spectrum language covering both specification and implementation and based on the ML programming language. It extends the syntax of ML to include axioms, which need not be executable but can rigorously specify the behavior of the program. With this addition the language can be used for stepwise refinement, proceeding gradually from an initial formal specification to eventually yield an executable Standard ML program. Correctness of the final executable SML program with respect to the original specification can then be established by proving the correctness of each of the refinement steps.
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The materials of the second movement consist of "a very slow and extended melody built from stepwise intervals, slightly varied in its numerous repetitions, uncoiling over (or in the midst of) sustained chords that change with note-by- note reluctance, all of it building into a powerful climax at the high end of the instruments' range and then quickly receding to the contemplative quietude that ultimately defines this musical expanse." Barber accepted a commission for a second string quartet in 1947, but never got past a few pages of sketches.
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The Prelude and Fugue in G minor, BWV 861, is No. 16 in Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier Book I, keyboard music consisting of 24 preludes and fugues in every major and minor key. Bach's G minor fugue is "insistent and pathetic". The subject also appears in his funeral cantata Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit (God's time is the very best time).AEF Dickinson The subject of the fugue employs a minor 6th leap in the first measure, then resolves it with a more conventional stepwise motion.
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Philosophical questions, including the Sorites paradox, have been considered based on an infinite- valued logic known as fuzzy epistemicism. The Sorites paradox suggests that if adding a grain of sand to something that is not a heap cannot create a heap, then a heap of sand cannot be created. A stepwise approach toward a limit, in which truth is gradually "leaked", tends to refute that suggestion. In the study of logic itself, infinite-valued logic has served as an aid to understand the nature of the human understanding of logical concepts.
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Head-motif of Missa Papae Marcelli at first occurrence in the Kyrie Missa Papae Marcelli does not (as far as is known) make use of any pre- existing theme. The motif of a rising perfect fourth and stepwise return (illustrated) is used extensively throughout this mass. It is similar in profile to the opening of the French secular song "L'homme armé", which provided the theme for many Renaissance masses. But this is probably a coincidence, as themes with this profile were common in the 16th century, and Palestrina himself used them in several other masses.
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Some of Wilson's stylistic markers include slash chords, key modulations, "stepwise falloffs", the use of minor seventh chords drawn from Burt Bacharach, piano triads "hammered" in eighths, and a tendency for his harmonic progressions to wander far from the tonal center. Only 21 years old when he received the freedom to produce his own records with total creative autonomy, Wilson ignited an explosion of like-minded California producers, supplanting New York as the center of popular records, and becoming the first rock producer to use the studio as a discrete instrument.
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The motivic cell of this movement centers on a stepwise descent from D to A, which then jumps back up to D in an alternating double-dotted sixteenth, followed by a thirty-second note pattern. This motive first appears in the clarinets, but is also repeated in the flute and oboe. This movement also features alternating figures, such as the alternating minor second motif in the oboe, an alternating major third in the second bassoon and a repeating eighth note figure on D in the first bassoon. Both bassoon parts lead into chromatic scalar motion.
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The first non-classical, non-quantum physical principles underlying a matter-antimatter gravitational repulsion have been published by Marcoen Cabbolet. He introduces the Elementary Process Theory, which uses a new language for physics, i.e. a new mathematical formalism and new physical concepts, and which is incompatible with both quantum mechanics and general relativity. The core idea is that nonzero rest mass particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons and their antimatter counterparts exhibit stepwise motion as they alternate between a particlelike state of rest and a wavelike state of motion.
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People on the Schwedter Steg bridge in the Berlin locality of Prenzlauer Berg on 19 April. While the 1.5-metre minimum distance is always possible to maintain on this bridge, on other, narrower bridges found throughout Germany it is not. On 13 April, the German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina, published its third ad hoc statement on the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The statement, which supplements its two predecessors, described strategies for a stepwise lifting or modification of measures against the pandemic, taking into account psychological, social, legal, pedagogic and economic aspects.
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A general pause precedes the recapitulation, which besides reorienting the second subject group to D major, also mixes the subjects of the groups together, with special emphasis on Example 2. Haydn indicated the development, recapitulation and coda are to be repeated as a unit, but that repeat is normally ignored in modern performance. For the slow movement, the second oboist switches to flute. The concluding Rondo's principal theme Example 3 is triadic to an extent not encountered in the previous movement, while the contrasting themes tend to be stepwise.
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Metered customers are either charged a linear tariff, as it is the case in Lagos, or an increasing-block tariff, as it is the case in Katsina and Kaduna. Under the increasing-block tariff, the tariff per cubic meter increases stepwise with consumption beginning at a consumption of 30m3 per month with a total of 3 to 6 blocks. The residential tariff for the first block of consumption is US$0.19 per m3 in Kaduna and US$0.44 per m3 in Katsina. Tariffs for commercial and industrial users are higher.
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The metal-promoted [6+4] cycloaddition using a cycloheptatriene–metal complex is a stepwise, photolytic process that lacks the periselectivity issues of the purely thermal [6+4] cycloaddition. The mechanism has been debated, but likely proceeds through a hapticity change in the metal-triene complex followed by coordination of the diene component and coupling. Dissociation of carbon monoxide has also been invoked instead of hapticity change, but the evolution of carbon monoxide is not observed during the reaction. Complete endo selectivity is observed for this process as a result of templating by the metal.
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Additionally, seasonality may be incorporated by allowing time of year to influence transmission rate in a stepwise or sinusoidal fashion. To connect the epidemiological model to viral genealogies requires that multiple viral strains, with different nucleotide or amino acid sequences, exist in the simulation, often denoted I_1 \cdots I_n for different infected classes. In this case, mutation acts to convert a host in one infected class to another infected class. Over the course of the simulation, viruses mutate and sequences are produced, from which phylogenies may be constructed and analyzed.
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PS II and PS I are connected by a transmembrane proton pump, cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; ). Electrons from PS II are carried by plastoquinol to cyt b6f, where they are removed in a stepwise fashion (reforming plastoquinone) and transferred to a water-soluble electron carrier called plastocyanin. This redox process is coupled to the pumping of four protons across the membrane. The resulting proton gradient (together with the proton gradient produced by the water- splitting complex in PS II) is used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
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In the first work of the Florilegium Secundum, Fasciculus I. – Nobilis Juventus. 1. Ouverture, Georg Muffat writes an Ouverture in stile Francese, in which he writes out the notes inégales in the topmost part, the Violino, in an approximate performance "realization" where the long–short pairs are explicitly notated in dotted eighth/sixteenth note pairs as the stylistically correct performance practice of long–short notes inégales. In the Violetta part immediately below, Muffat writes out the part in conventional, unrealized, notation. This can be seen when stepwise eighth notes are introduced in measure 12.
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Hydrogen is the simplest solar fuel to synthesize, since it involves only the transference of two electrons to two protons. It must, however, be done stepwise, with formation of an intermediate hydride anion: :2 e− \+ 2 H+ H+ \+ H− H2 The proton-to-hydrogen converting catalysts present in nature are hydrogenases. These are enzymes that can either reduce protons to molecular hydrogen or oxidize hydrogen to protons and electrons. Spectroscopic and crystallographic studies spanning several decades have resulted in a good understanding of both the structure and mechanism of hydrogenase catalysis.
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This work was done with his long-term collaborator, John Albery. His profile showed that TIM was a "perfect" enzyme in that catalysis is limited only by the rate of diffusion. Later, Knowles applied similar methods to proline racemase, developing an elegant method to discern whether a reaction proceeds via a stepwise or concerted manner and discovering the consequences of "oversaturation", a situation in which the interconversion of unliganded forms of the enzyme limit catalysis. At Harvard, Knowles also did important work on β-lactamases and their mechanism-based inhibitors.
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Unlike most other chant traditions, they occasionally repeat words within a text, and the two traditions repeat such words in the same places. Corresponding chants in the two traditions are usually assigned to the same mode, although that appears to be the result of later Gregorian influence on the Old Roman repertory, as these analogous chants often have very distinct tonalities. Related chants in the Gregorian and Old Roman repertories differ mostly in ornamentation and surface detail. Old Roman chants are much more stepwise and gently undulating than Gregorian chants.
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A stepwise-falling dotted rhythm, suggested at the very end of the introduction, leads into the main part of sonata form in D minor starting with exposition of first subject (Excerpt 3). Excerpt 4, played by cello during an energetic transition, will play an important role in the finale as the second cyclic theme. Excerpt 4 is also played by violin. The passionate climax is smoothly connected to the exposition of the second subject, in F major, which appeared in dialogue between the first violin and viola (Excerpt 5).
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A temporary filling is used to keep the material in place, and about 6 months later, the cavity is re- opened and hopefully there is now enough sound dentin over the pulp (a "dentin bridge") that any residual softened dentin can be removed and a permanent filling can be placed. This method is also called "stepwise caries removal." The difficulty with this technique is estimating how rapid the carious process has been, how much tertiary dentine has been formed and knowing exactly when to stop excavating to avoid pulp exposure.
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The S-algol compiler was written using the stepwise refinement process described by Urs Amman for the development of a Pascal compiler and championed by the inventor of Pascal, Niklaus Wirth. Reflecting the memory organization of the PDP-11 as 32K 16-bit words, the S-code instruction encoding was designed so that each bytecode consisted of one word. The initial bootstrap was performed by writing an S-algol compiler in Algol W on the IBM/360 that produced S-code, and using it to compile the compiler written in S-algol to S-code.
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Below the moment diagram are the stepwise functions for the shear force and bending moment with the functions expanded to show the effects of each load on the shear and bending functions. The example is illustrated using United States customary units. Point loads are expressed in kips (1 kip = 1000 lbf = 4.45 kN), distributed loads are expressed in k/ft (1 k/ft = 1 kip/ft = 14.6 kN/m), moments are expressed in ft-k (1 ft-k = 1 ft-kip = 1.356 kNm), and lengths are in ft (1 ft = 0.3048 m).
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The Roneat Dek or Roneat Thong has 21 iron or bronze bars. Because of their weight, the bars cannot be suspended on cords but are laid in stepwise order on pads over a rectangular trough resonator. In its shape and size, the bars resemble those of Roneat Ek, but they are tuned by scraping or firing away part of metal. The player use a pair of mallets or Roneat sticks similar to those of other Roneats but made of hard material such as hide of a buffalo or elephant.
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The short slide, he said, consisted of two notes and is to be used to "increase the liveliness of a composition" and therefore needs to be played fast. It is often used when the melodic line ascends a fourth, although it also could be appended to notes moving in stepwise ascending motion. Türk indicated a preference for slides on the strong beat, citing the examples of C.P.E. Bach, but quotes Agricola (in Tosi's Anleitung zur Singkunst, p. 88) that a slide could fill out a melodic gap whose final note occurs on a weak beat.
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Several features besides modality contribute to the musical idiom of Gregorian chant, giving it a distinctive musical flavor. Melodic motion is primarily stepwise. Skips of a third are common, and larger skips far more common than in other plainchant repertories such as Ambrosian chant or Beneventan chant. Gregorian melodies are more likely to traverse a seventh than a full octave, so that melodies rarely travel from D up to the D an octave higher, but often travel from D to the C a seventh higher, using such patterns as D-F-G-A-C.
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This subset increases stepwise until all subcomponents are considered. This makes C3iDE very effective on large-scale global optimisation problems (up to 1000 dimensions) compared to cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (CC) and Differential evolution.Glorieux E., Svensson B., Danielsson F., Lennartson B., "Improved Constructive Cooperative Coevolutionary Differential Evolution for Large-Scale Optimisation", 2015 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, December 2015 The improved algorithm has then been adapted for multi-objective optimization.Glorieux E., Svensson B., Danielsson F., Lennartson B., "Multi-objective constructive cooperative coevolutionary optimization of robotic press-line tending", Engineering Optimization, Vol.
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Steady-state procainamide and acecainide concentrations were used to compute procainamide clearance and acecainide/procainamide (NAPA/PA) concentration ratio. Using stepwise multiple linear regression age, creatinine clearance and congestive heart failure were found to influence procainamide clearance significantly (p less than 0.05). Age and creatinine clearance effected the NAPA/PA concentration ratio (p less than 0.05). Based on this data, age appears to have an independent effect on both procainamide clearance and the NAPA/PA ratio that is separate from the decline in renal function that occurs in elderly patients.
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TDA is often referred to as zero force TMA. The temperature regime may be heating, cooling at a rate of temperature change that can include stepwise temperature changes, linear rate of change, temperature modulation with a set frequency and amplitude, free (uncontrolled) heating or cooling, or maintaining a constant increase in temperature. The sequence of temperatures with respect to time may be predetermined (temperature programmed) or sample controlled (controlled by a feedback signal from the sample response). Thermomechanometry includes several variations according to the force and the way the force is applied.
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The stripping process it not instantaneous but occurs in a stepwise fashion, on the rising edge of the laser pulse. The shorter the laser pulse, the quicker the stripping process and there is less time for the molecule to dissociate before the Coulomb force attains its full strength. Therefore, the KER is highest for the shortest pulses, as demonstrated by the outer curving "lobes" in Fig. 2. The second pair of proton peaks (1 eV KER) comes from bond softening of the H2+ ion, which dissociates into a proton and a neutral hydrogen atom (undetected).
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The stepwise loss of Western Roman Empire dominance, replaced with foederati and Germanic kingdoms, coincided with early missionary efforts into areas not controlled by the collapsing empire.Kenneth Scott Latourette, A history of the expansion of Christianity: vol. 2, The thousand years of uncertainty: A.D. 500 – A.D. 1500 As early as in the 5th century, missionary activities from Roman Britain into the Celtic areas (Scotland, Ireland and Wales) produced competing early traditions of Celtic Christianity, that was later reintegrated under the Church in Rome. Prominent missionaries were Saints Patrick, Columba and Columbanus.
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This climax is approached by stepwise rising two-bar sequences from F major to A minor via G minor. The final dominant seventh chord of each sequence leads to the next one by means of a deceptive cadence. The longer and asymmetric second part of the B section, leading back to the restatement of the A section, uses a similar harmonic progression but shorter sequences. The final A section is a quite literal though shortened restatement of the first one ending with a coda of a rising and falling scale into a Picardy ending.
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Much of the content of Zen of Assembly Language was updated in Zen of Code Optimization: The Ultimate Guide to Writing Software That Pushes PCs to the Limit (1994), along with new material. The presentation of stepwise program refinement empirically demonstrated how algorithm re-design could improve performance up to a factor of 100. Assembly language re-coding, on the other hand, may only improve performance by a factor of 10. Abrash also showed how elusive performance improvement can be, and improving performance in one subroutine can expose bottlenecks in other routines.
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With the discovery of more problems the estimate was stepwise raised to 64.5 million euro within a year. Despite concerns about the rising costs the Ministry of Defense approved a continuation of the repairs. In 2017 it was determined that the amount of work required was much greater; this included the almost complete replacement of the hull plating, renewal of decks and refurbishment of the engine with a cost estimated at 135 million euro. In January 2018 repairs were stopped while a review was carried out by the Ministry of Defence, including consideration of replacing Gorch Fock with a new vessel.
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Tricin synthase (, ROMT-17, ROMT-15, HvOMT1, ZmOMT1) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tricetin 3',5'-O-dimethyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 S-adenosyl-L- methionine + tricetin \rightleftharpoons 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3',5'-O-dimethyltricetin (overall reaction) :(1a) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tricetin \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3'-O-methyltricetin :(1b) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3'-O-methyltricetin \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3',5'-O-dimethyltricetin The enzymes from Oryza sativa (ROMT-15 and ROMT-17) catalyses the stepwise methylation of tricetin to its 3'-mono- and 3',5'-dimethyl ethers.
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Implementing the Biosphere Rules at an established company require longterm strategic commitments and investment and there are many organizational and other barriers to adopting circular economy practices. The Biosphere Rules, however, were designed in a modular fashion that allows for stepwise implementation. A company can take action to review its input sourcing decisions and move towards greater materials parsimony without having to implement all the other rules simultaneously. Other rules can be implemented in a similar sequential manner which eases the disruption to existing systems and helps facilitate a smooth transition towards a circular business model.
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The second movement is in F minor, in ABA form. The A section presents a sparse, lamenting, poignant melody, full of sighing gestures (portrayed by descending seconds).Fisk, Returning Cycles, p. 218. This theme, despite its vastly different character, references the opening bars of the Allegro, an aforementioned source of much of the sonata's material – the Andantino's first measure shares with the fanfare a second-beat bass note 'echo' after the downbeat on A, creating an audible rhythmic affinity; additionally, the quiet close of the A theme features the fanfare's characteristic pattern of stepwise thirds in the middle voices enclosed between tonic octaves.
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The functions of the Omega Machine could then be removed stepwise, posing a series of solvable evolution challenges to the artificial cell chemistry. The project achieved chemical integration up to the level of pairs of the three core functions of artificial cells (a genetic subsystem, a containment system and a metabolic system), and generated novel spatially resolved programmable microfluidic environments for the integration of containment and genetic amplification. The project led to the creation of the European center for living technology. Following this research, in 2007, John McCaskill proposed to concentrate on an electronically complemented artificial cell, called the Electronic Chemical Cell.
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117 (translation by Ian Bent) From the very structure of triads (chords), it follows that arpeggiations remain disjunct and that any filling of their space involves conjunct motion. Schenker distinguishes two types of filling of the tonal space: 1) neighbor notes (Nebennoten), ornamenting one single note of the triad by being adjacent to it. These are sometimes referred to generically as "adjacencies"; 2) passing notes, which pass by means of stepwise motion from one note to another and fill the space in between, and are thus sometimes referred to as "connectives". Both neighbor notes and passing notes are dissonances.
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A generation after the events of The Long Earth, mankind has spread across the new worlds opened up by Stepping. Where Joshua and Lobsang once pioneered, now fleets of airships link the stepwise Americas with trade and culture. Mankind is shaping the Long Earth—but in turn the Long Earth is shaping mankind. A new "America", called Valhalla, is emerging more than a million steps from Datum Earth, with core American values restated in the plentiful environment of the Long Earth, using "combing", slang for hunting-gathering to support their economy —and Valhalla is growing restless under the control of the Datum government.
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Schematic representation of solvent extraction and countercurrent stagewise process The industrial separation processes will be implemented stepwise by annular centrifugal contactors, developed for the first time at Argonne National Laboratory in the 1970s. The countercurrent process consists of the aqueous and organic phases moving continuously in opposite directions stage by stage. The two immiscible liquids enter each contactor unit, first contacted in the annular region between the housing and the spinning rotor and then centrifuged in the inner part of the unit. Two main ways are currently followed within the partitioning strategy: the heterogeneous and homogeneous recycling.
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Trick et al. (2003)Trick, WE, Vernon MO, Hayes RA, et al. Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2003; 36:1383-1390. studied 66 surgical intensive care unit nurses, culturing each staff nurse's hands before and after he or she performed hand hygiene; they found that wearing rings was associated with a 10-fold higher median count of skin microorganisms, especially with yeast species or Gram-negative bacilli and a stepwise increase risk of contamination with any transient organism as the number of rings worn increased.
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One of the first algorithms used a Cα-Cα distance map together with a hierarchical clustering routine that considered proteins as several small segments, 10 residues in length. The initial segments were clustered one after another based on inter- segment distances; segments with the shortest distances were clustered and considered as single segments thereafter. The stepwise clustering finally included the full protein. Go also exploited the fact that inter-domain distances are normally larger than intra-domain distances; all possible Cα-Cα distances were represented as diagonal plots in which there were distinct patterns for helices, extended strands and combinations of secondary structures.
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Daeungbojeon, or The Main Buddha Hall has 3 sections in front and 3 sections on the sides. Daeungbojeon employs the dapo style, meaning that the ornate supporting panels between the rafters and the ceiling are constructed on top of the columns as well as between the columns. Daeungbojeon has a more elaborate design of traditional Korean roof. Viewed from the front, the roof's lower part is rectangular, while its upper part consists of a surface with many parallel grooves in it consisting of a pile of plates of equal thickness arranged stepwise with a constant offset.
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The Barbier reaction is advantageous because it is a one-pot process: the organozinc reagent is generated in the presence of the carbonyl substrate. Organozinc reagents are also less water sensitive, thus this reaction can be conducted in water. Similar to the Grignard reaction, a Schlenk equilibrium applies, in which the more reactive dialkylzinc can be formed. The mechanism resembles the Grignard reaction, in which the metal alkoxide can be generated by a radical stepwise pathway, through single electron transfer, or concerted reaction pathway via a cyclic transition state. An example of this reaction is in Danishefsky’s synthesis of cycloproparadicicol.
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Stereochemical control in the (4+3) cycloaddition is not as strict as in the Diels-Alder reaction, because the former often proceed through stepwise, polar pathways. Even when the reaction is concerted, complications may arise due to conformational dynamics in the oxyallyl component, which can exist in "W," "U," or "sickle" forms. Generally, however, the "W" form dominates. Even so, two stereochemically distinct transition states are possible: a chair-like, "extended" TS which leads to a cis relationship between the bridging atom and oxyallyl substituents, and a boat- like, "compact" TS which leads to a trans relationship. (3)File:43Mech2.
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The three most-cited papers published by Polymers for Advanced Technologies are: # Research Article: 'Stepwise polyelectrolyte assembly on particle surfaces: a novel approach to colloid design', Volume 9, Issue 10-11, Oct-Nov 1998, Pages: 759-767, Sukhorukov GB, Donath E, Davis S, et al. # Research Article: 'Formation of crew-cut aggregates of various morphologies from amphiphilic block copolymers in solution', Volume 9, Issue 10-11, Oct-Nov 1998, Pages: 677-699, Zhang LF, Eisenberg A. # Research Article: 'Nanocomposite materials from latex and cellulose whiskers', Volume 6, Issue 5, May 1995, Pages: 351-355, Favier V, Canova GR, Cavaille JY, et al.
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The programs (expressions) that can be created defines a product line. Expression optimization is program design optimization, and expression evaluation is program generation. : Note: GenVoca is based on the stepwise development of programs: a process that emphasizes design simplicity and understandability, which are key to program comprehension and automated program construction. Consider program p3 above: it begins with base program h, then feature j is added (read: the functionality of feature j is added to the codebase of h), and finally feature i is added (read: the functionality of feature i is added to the codebase of j•h).
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The size of nanoparticles synthesized colloidally may be controlled by changing the platinum precursor, the ratio of capping agent to precursor, and/or the reaction temperature. The size of the nanoparticles can also be controlled with small deviation by using a stepwise seed-mediated growth procedure as outlined by Bigall et al. (2008). The size of nanoparticles synthesized onto a substrate such as alumina depends on various parameters such as the pore size of the support. Platinum nanoparticles can also be synthesized by decomposing Pt2(dba)3 (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) under a CO or H2 atmosphere, in the presence of a capping agent.
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An increase in both MMA and homocysteine distinguishes B12 deficiency from folate deficiency because homocysteine alone increases in the latter. Elevated gastrin levels can be found in around 80-90% of PA cases, but they may also be found in other forms of gastritis. Decreased pepsinogen I levels or a decreased pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio may also be found, although these findings are less specific to PA and can be found in food-B12 malabsorption and other forms of gastritis. The diagnosis of atrophic gastritis type A should be confirmed by gastroscopy and stepwise biopsy.
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Back in 1971, Demole and co-workers has observed formation of oxetane from olefin and carbonyl through an intramolecular reaction mediated by SnCl4. The authors has proposed a stepwise mechanism. Based on this result, several methods have been developed in intramolecular systems to form the alkene bond through the same oxetane intermediate followed by subsequent formal retro [2+2] reaction thus accomplishing a formal olefin carbonyl ring closing metathesis transformation. As for intermolecular version, Bickelhaupt and co-workers have observed carbonyl-olefin metathesis product in 15-30% yield from treating benzaldehyde and alkenes upon EPZ-10, a solid Lewis acid.
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By definition, pericyclic reactions proceed through a concerted mechanism involving a single, cyclic transition state. Because of this, prior to a systematic understanding of pericyclic processes through the principle of orbital symmetry conservation, they were facetiously referred to as 'no- mechanism reactions'. However, reactions for which pericyclic mechanisms can be drawn often have related stepwise mechanisms proceeding through radical or dipolar intermediates that are also viable. Some classes of pericyclic reactions, such as the [2+2] ketene cycloaddition reactions, can be 'controversial' because their mechanism is sometimes not definitively known to be concerted (or may depend on the reactive system).
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After the implementation of the ElWOG I in 1998 the market opened stepwise, basis for the calculation was the annual consumption of all consumers and after the introduction of the ElWOG II in 2002 the electricity market was finally fully opened to the consumers. Therefore, the consumers are capable of choosing their own provider and moreover they are able to switch between the provider respectively. The grid operation section still holds a natural monopoly, because of the high proportion of fixed costs concerning all grid operations. On the other hand, generation and distribution are fully opened for competition in the free market.
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Not only does one see stepwise motion in two of the voices (one of the common pentatonic groups he uses), but one also notices the leap of a fourth in the first measure in the bass line. This is a technique of Hungarian folk music that Kodály commonly uses, and continues to use consistently throughout Te Deum, particularly in the bass line. As is common in Hungarian folk music, he employs verse structure, giving each section of the text its own individual musical style. There are no true or even tonal repeats at all throughout the work.
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The model for formation of the spliceosome active site involves an ordered, stepwise assembly of discrete snRNP particles on the pre- mRNA substrate. The first recognition of pre-mRNAs involves U1 snRNP binding to the 5' end splice site of the pre-mRNA and other non-snRNP associated factors to form the commitment complex, or early (E) complex in mammals. The commitment complex is an ATP-independent complex that commits the pre-mRNA to the splicing pathway. U2 snRNP is recruited to the branch region through interactions with the E complex component U2AF (U2 snRNP auxiliary factor) and possibly U1 snRNP.
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Evolution requires three things to happen: variation between replicators, that the variation causes fitness differences upon which selection acts, and that this variation is heritable. In DE, a single gene is evolved by iterative rounds of mutagenesis, selection or screening, and amplification. Rounds of these steps are typically repeated, using the best variant from one round as the template for the next to achieve stepwise improvements. The likelihood of success in a directed evolution experiment is directly related to the total library size, as evaluating more mutants increases the chances of finding one with the desired properties.
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Women with GDM have an insulin resistance that they cannot compensate for with increased production in the β-cells of the pancreas. Placental hormones, and, to a lesser extent, increased fat deposits during pregnancy, seem to mediate insulin resistance during pregnancy. Cortisol and progesterone are the main culprits, but human placental lactogen, prolactin and estradiol contribute, too. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis reveals that, in combination with other placental hormones, leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and resistin are involved in the decrease in insulin sensitivity occurring during pregnancy, with tumor necrosis factor alpha named as the strongest independent predictor of insulin sensitivity in pregnancy.
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The composer never played all of the Preludes in one sitting, preferring to cycle through a rotating mix of his favorites.Martyn, Barrie, Rachmaninoff: Composer, Pianist, Conductor', Scholar Press (1990).' Nonetheless, certain characteristics of the work, such as the recurrence of stepwise motion, common chords between adjacent preludes, and the bookended relationship between the first and last preludes (both marked Largo, with the latter in the parallel major of the former) suggest that the works could be played as a set. Together with Op. 32 and Op. 3, Rachmaninoff's Preludes represent all twenty-four major and minor keys.
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Nencki's main scientific interest concentrated on urea synthesis, the chemistry of purines and biological oxidation of aromatic compounds. He was also interested in the structure of proteins, enzymatic processes in the intestine and bacterial biochemistry. One of his achievements was for example demonstration that urea is formed in the organism from amino acids rather than being preformed on a protein molecule and that it is accompanied by binding of carbon dioxide. He proposed that the synthesis of fatty acids proceeds stepwise, by a gradual condensation of two-carbon-atom fragments and that oxidation of fatty acids occurs by splitting into two- carbon units.
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He introduced the "infinite alleles", "infinite sites", and "stepwise mutation" models for the study of genetic drift, both of which would be used widely as the field of molecular evolution grew alongside the number of available peptide and genetic sequences. He also created the "ladder model" that could be applied to electrophoresis studies where homologous proteins differ by whole units of charge. An early statement of his approach was published in 1960, in his An Introduction to Population Genetics.Kimura Motoo, Shūdan Idengaku gairon, Baifūkan, Tokyo 1960 He also contributed an important review article on the ongoing controversy over genetic load in 1961.
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Anton Weidinger developed in the 1790s the first successful keyed trumpet, capable of playing all the chromatic notes in its range. Joseph Haydn's Trumpet Concerto was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty,Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, Famous Trumpet Concertos, "Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must have . At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800 a trumpet melody was heard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable." a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range.
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The model also provided a framework within which to explain the effects of substituents and reaction conditions on the mechanism. The appropriate lower energy species were placed at the corners of the two dimensional plot (Figure 2). These were the reactants (top left), the products (bottom right) and the intermediates of the two possible stepwise reactions: the carbocation for E1 (bottom left) and the carbanion for E1cB (top-right). Thus, the horizontal axes represent the extent of deprotonation (C-H bond distance) and the vertical axes represent the extent of leaving group departure (C-LG distance).
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Stepwise Mechanisms in the Oxy-Cope Rearrangement Jerome A. Berson and Maitland Jones pp 5017 – 5018; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964; Oxy-Cope rearrangement In its original form, the reaction needs very high temperatures to proceed at a reasonable rate. However, in 1975, David A. Evans and A. M. Golob showed that deprotonation of oxy-Cope substrates with strong base to form the corresponding potassium alkoxide resulted in rate accelerations of 1010 to 1017 relative to the reaction conducted under neutral conditions. This allows the reaction to be conducted at room temperature or even 0 °C.
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Examples include athletes viewing biometric data on smartwatches to improve their performance, a presenter looking at tips on a smart glass to reduce their speaking rate during a speech, or technicians receiving online and stepwise instructions for repairing an engine. , that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input ---except for space for recursive calls on the "call stack." Typically such an algorithm operates on data objects directly in place rather than making copies of them. For example, heapsort is an in situ sorting algorithm, which sorts the elements of an array in place.
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He wrote six symphonies (1902–1924) and was the first Finnish composer to bear Mahler's influence. The fourth symphony uses a vocalise like that of Carl Nielsen's Sinfonia Espansiva. The fifth is a Sinfonia brevis ending in a fugue and chorale, while the sixth, harmonically more advanced than the other five, advances stepwise from a C minor first movement – with evocations of Mahler's second symphony – to an E-flat major finale. His musical output also includes an opera, Aino (based on the character from the Finnish national epic), a violin concerto, four string quartets, and many piano pieces.
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As the soprano sings the final words, the key changes to a pure diatonic A major which accompanies, in writer David Ellis's words, the "ecstatic final stanza": The orchestra returns to A minor before a final postlude in A major. In Górecki's own words: "Finally there came that unvarying, persistent, obstinate 'walczyk' [on the chord of A], sounding well when played piano, so that all the notes were audible. For the soprano, I used a device characteristic of highland singing: suspending the melody on the third [C] and descending from the fifth to the third while the ensemble moves stepwise downward [in sixths]".
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Another aspect of the conditioning of statistical tests by knowledge of the data can be seen while using the . A crucial step in the process is to decide which covariates to include in a relationship explaining one or more other variables. There are both statistical (see Stepwise regression) and substantive considerations that lead the authors to favor some of their models over others, and there is a liberal use of statistical tests. However, to discard one or more variables from an explanatory relation on the basis of the data means one cannot validly apply standard statistical procedures to the retained variables in the relation as though nothing had happened.
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From diary-style notes and personal memories and conversations, the fictive narrator Reverend Busch reconstructs and documents the stepwise fall of his missing friend, the teacher Konrad Zündel. During many summer weeks, the life of the depressive, intellectual, quixotic protagonist is destroyed step by step. In the reader's eyes, Zündel simply suffers one mishap after another, but for the unstable teacher – that says, he never was happy in his life – these mishaps lead into mania and into the planning and execution of his departure. Konrad Zündel and his wife Magda, whose relationship after five years breaks down because of everyday things, decide to spend their holidays separately.
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Antares Vocal Processor AVP-1 (middle) Auto-Tune is available as a plug-in for digital audio workstations used in a studio setting and as a stand-alone, rack-mounted unit for live performance processing. The processor slightly shifts pitches to the nearest true, correct semitone (to the exact pitch of the nearest note in traditional equal temperament). Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the human voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly,Frere Jones, Sasha. "The Gerbil's Revenge ", The New Yorker, June 9, 2008 such that the voice is heard to leap from note to note stepwise, like a synthesizer.ANTARES KANTOS 1.0.
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The mechanistic discussion on whether the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement proceeds through a diradical-mediated two-step or a fully concerted orbital-symmetry-controlled mechanism has been going on for more than half a century. Kinetic data together with the secondary kinetic isotope effects observed at the vinyl terminus of the vinylcyclopropane suggest a concerted mechanism whereas product distribution indicates a stepwise-diradical mechanism. In the 1960s, shortly after the rearrangement was discovered, it was established that the activation energy for the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement is around 50 kcal/mol. The kinetic data obtained for this rearrangement were consistent with a concerted mechanism where cleavage of the cyclopropyl carbon-carbon bond was rate-limiting.
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Among other achievements, Niklaus Wirth, the developer of Pascal programming language, wrote the influential paper Program Development by Stepwise Refinement. Since Niklaus Wirth went on to develop languages such as Modula and Oberon (where one could define a module before knowing about the entire program specification), one can infer that top-down programming was not strictly what he promoted. Top-down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be utilized. Modern software design approaches usually combine both top-down and bottom-up approaches.
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The protests marches consisted headquarters of various public agencies, obstruction of major roads in major cities, concentrations in places, among others. The government offered a package of wages and benefits under the title One University Sector Collective Bargaining Agreement, which offered, among other things, a stepwise increase of wages.Convención Colectiva Única del Sector Universitario CAPÍTULO VIII: Tabla de salarios y beneficios sociaeconómicos. (pag. 43) The same was rejected by the FAPUV, because the contract was discussed without his presence, as it included items specifically socialist ideological tone, which in his opinion violated the constitution and freedom of thought that must exist in the university sector.
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After he set up his own shop, he could then call himself a master of his craft. This system of a stepwise approach to mastery of a craft, which includes the obtainment of a certain amount of education and the learning of skills, has survived in some countries of the world until today. But crafts have undergone deep structural changes since and during the era of the Industrial Revolution. The mass production of goods by large-scale industry has limited crafts to market segments in which industry's modes of functioning or its mass-produced goods would not or cannot satisfy the preferences of potential buyers.
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For example, C to D (major second) is a step, whereas C to E (major third) is a skip. More generally, a step is a smaller or narrower interval in a musical line, and a skip is a wider or larger interval with the categorization of intervals into steps and skips is determined by the tuning system and the pitch space used. Melodic motion in which the interval between any two consecutive pitches is no more than a step, or, less strictly, where skips are rare, is called stepwise or conjunct melodic motion, as opposed to skipwise or disjunct melodic motion, characterized by frequent skips.
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In the case of weak adsorption, for example, when the potential is close to the stepwise, it is logical to choose x' close to x_0 . (In some cases, choosing x_0\pm R , where R is particle radius, excluding the "dead" volume.) In the case of pronounced adsorption it is advisable to choose x' close to the right border of the transition region. In this case all particles from the transition layer will be attributed to the solid, and K_H is always positive. Trying to put x' = x_0 in this case will lead to a strong shift of x' to the solid body domain, which is clearly unphysical.
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Calculations by Qiao et al suggest that the water assisted stepwise proton transfer from Gar-N to THF-N is 80-100 kj/mol more favorable than the concerted transfer suggested by Klein. The mechanism shown is suggested by Qiao et al, whom admittedly did not consider surrounding residues in their calculations. Much of the early active site mapping on GAR TFase was determined with the bacterial enzyme owing to the quantity available from its overexpression in E. coli. Using a bromoacetyl dideazafolate affinity analog James Inglese and colleagues first identified Asp144 as an active site residue likely involved in the formyl transfer mechanism.
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Mercury on the other hand was found to bind to two sulfur atoms in separate peptides via a linear shape, thus causing the formation of a two strand coiled coil. It was also shown that under certain conditions, termed stepwise aggregation- deprotonation, mercury can be made to bind three sulfurs thus yielding a three strand coiled coil with an Hg in the middle. Cadmium was the last heavy metal studied in these systems. It was found that Cd also binds to three separate sulfurs, though it does not resemble the Hg system in that it does not form a linear binding shape within a two strand coiled coil.
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Gregorian chant supplanted all the other Western plainchant traditions, Italian and non-Italian, except for Ambrosian chant, which survives to this day. The native Italian plainchant traditions are notable for a systematic use of ornate, stepwise melodic motion within a generally narrower range, giving the Italian chant traditions a smoother, more undulating feel than the Gregorian. Crucial in the transmission of chant were the innovations of Guido d'Arezzo, whose Micrologus, written around 1020, described the musical staff, solmization, and the Guidonian hand. This early form of do-re-mi created a technical revolution in the speed at which chants could be learned, memorized, and recorded.
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A schematic outline of stepwise synthesis of NCS Chromophore The biosynthesis of neocarzinostatin takes place through a convergence of the activities of a gene cluster, which includes two separate iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and deoxy sugar biosynthetic pathways. The first type I PKS gene, NcsE, codes for the enediyne moiety. The second type I PKS gene, NcsB, codes for the naphthoic acid moiety. Additionally, a cluster of NcsC genes are responsible for coding enzymes for the synthesis of the deoxyamino sugar moiety of NCS chromophore. The biosynthesis can be divided into three preliminary steps with a final convergence of the three moieties: 1\.
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The ester linkage of ribose and phosphoric acid in RNA is known to be prone to hydrolysis. Pyrimidine ribonucleosides and their respective nucleotides have been prebiotically synthesized by a sequence of reactions which by-pass the free sugars, and are assembled in a stepwise fashion by using nitrogenous or oxygenous chemistries. Sutherland has demonstrated high yielding routes to cytidine and uridine ribonucleotides built from small 2 and 3 carbon fragments such as glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, cyanamide and cyanoacetylene. One of the steps in this sequence allows the isolation of enantiopure ribose aminooxazoline if the enantiomeric excess of glyceraldehyde is 60% or greater.
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The tetrahedral structure of P4O10 and P4S10. The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO43−), a tetrahedral anion.D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam 1995. . Phosphate is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid, which is produced on a massive scale for use in fertilisers. Being triprotic, phosphoric acid converts stepwise to three conjugate bases: :H3PO4 \+ H2O H3O+ \+ H2PO4− Ka1= 7.25×10−3 :H2PO4− \+ H2O H3O+ \+ HPO42− Ka2= 6.31×10−8 :HPO42− \+ H2O H3O+ \+ PO43− Ka3= 3.98×10−13 Phosphate exhibits a tendency to form chains and rings containing P-O-P bonds.
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Further, he was the first to use long-wave theories to describe the destabilization of deposited solid films and their evolution to quantum dots through coarsening via the derivation of convective Cahn-Hilliard equations. He has given growth laws for nano-wire evolution by bulk or surface diffusion (stepwise growth). Finally, Davis has pioneered the study of the interaction of fluid and solidification finding ways of using imposed motion to delay morphological instability and showing how freezing can modify the modes of convection. He recently has outlined a method of freezing a metallic foam so as to produce a porous solid with uniform permeability.
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J. R. Ackerhalt and J. H. Eberly, Coherence versus incoherence in stepwise laser excitation of atoms and molecules, Phys. Rev. A 14, 1705 (1976). In 2003 he discovered the phenomenon of crystallization in time for the highly exited states of atoms i.e. in analogy to the anomalous improvement of the conductivity with the temperature in Kondo effect by coherent "heating" not cooling the system or with respect to the defined energy level by showing the existence of fermion densities in atoms eternally and perfectly periodic in time instead of the space and without any external fields as the Rutherford atom in true quantum theory.
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Pulpitis, in turn, can become irreversible, leading to pain and pulp necrosis, and necessitating either root canal treatment or extraction. The ultimate goal of pulp capping or stepwise caries removal is to protect a healthy dental pulp and avoid the need for root canal therapy. To prevent the pulp from deteriorating when a dental restoration gets near the pulp, the dentist will place a small amount of a sedative dressing, such as calcium hydroxide or MTA. These materials, protect the pulp from noxious agents (heat, cold, bacteria) and stimulate the cell-rich zone of the pulp to lay down a bridge of reparative dentin.
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The English meditation is derived from Old French meditacioun, in turn from Latin meditatio from a verb meditari, meaning "to think, contemplate, devise, ponder".An universal etymological English dictionary 1773, London, by Nathan Bailey . The use of the term meditatio as part of a formal, stepwise process of meditation goes back to the 12th century monk Guigo II.The Oblate Life by Gervase Holdaway, 2008 p. 115 Apart from its historical usage, the term meditation was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as dhyāna in Hinduism and Buddhism and which comes from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning to contemplate or meditate.
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The goal of experimental design is to construct experiments in such a way that when the observations are analyzed, the MSE is close to zero relative to the magnitude of at least one of the estimated treatment effects. In one-way analysis of variance, MSE can be calculated by the division of the sum of squared errors and the degree of freedom. Also, the f-value is the ratio of the mean squared treatment and the MSE. MSE is also used in several stepwise regression techniques as part of the determination as to how many predictors from a candidate set to include in a model for a given set of observations.
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In the 1980s, the third- and fourth-generation implants were stepwise advances in manufacturing technology, such as elastomer-coated shells that decreased gel bleed (filler leakage), and a thicker, increased-cohesion filler gel. The manufacturers of implantable breast prostheses then designed and made anatomic models (like the natural breast) and "shaped" models, which realistically corresponded with the breast and body types of actual women. The tapered models of breast implant have a uniformly textured surface, to reduce rotation of the prosthesis within the implant pocket; round models of breast implant are available in both smooth-surface and textured-surface models, as rotaion is not an issue.
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This quantization has been demonstrated by measuring the conductivity of a nanowire suspended between two electrodes while pulling it: as its diameter reduces, its conductivity decreases in a stepwise fashion and the plateaus correspond to multiples of G. The quantization of conductivity is more pronounced in semiconductors like Si or GaAs than in metals, due to their lower electron density and lower effective mass. It can be observed in 25 nm wide silicon fins, and results in increased threshold voltage. In practical terms, this means that a MOSFET with such nanoscale silicon fins, when used in digital applications, will need a higher gate (control) voltage to switch the transistor on.
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One application of this principle arises in a film projector. In this application, it is necessary to advance the film in a jerky, stepwise motion, in which each frame of film stops for a fraction of a second in front of the projector lens, and then much more quickly the film is moved to the next frame. This can be done using a mechanism in which the rotation of a Reuleaux triangle within a square is used to create a motion pattern for an actuator that pulls the film quickly to each new frame and then pauses the film's motion while the frame is projected., p. 83.
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Typically, the ammonium sulfate concentration is increased stepwise, and the precipitated protein is recovered at each stage. This is usually done by adding solid ammonium sulfate; however, calculating the amount of ammonium sulfate that should be added to add to a solution to achieve the desired concentration may be difficult because the addition of ammonium sulfate significantly increases the volume of the solution. The amount of ammonium sulfate that should be added to the solution can be determined from published nomograms or by using an online calculator. Each protein precipitate can be dissolved individually in a standard buffer and assayed to determine the total protein content.
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There are a few ways in which this can occur. It could be a stepwise mechanism that starts with the elimination of the alcohol and an intermediate Fe-O-Fe core, and the latter can eliminate the water and regenerate the enzyme through a 2e- reduction. On the other hand, it can start with a 2e- reduction process of bridging the O1 atom to give a water molecule, followed by elimination of the alcohol and regeneration of the enzyme. In addition, it is possible that there is a concerted mechanism whereby the elimination of the methanol occurs spontaneously with 2e- reduction of the bridging O1 center and regeneration of the catalyst.
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The biosynthesis of flavones has not yet been elucidated in full; however, most of the mechanistic and enzymatic steps have been discovered and studied. In biosynthesizing tricin, there is first stepwise addition of malonyl CoA via the polyketide pathway and p-coumaroyl Coa via the phenylpropanoid pathway. These additions are mediated by the sequential action of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase to yield naringenin chalcone and the flavanone, naringenin, respectively. CYP93G1 of the CYP450 superfamily in rice then desaturates naringenin into apigenin. After this step, it is proposed that flavonoid 3’5’-hydroxylase (F3’5’H) changes apigenin into tricetin. Upon formation of tricetin, 3’-O-methyltransferase and 5’-O-methyltransferase adds methoxy groups to tricetin to form tricin.
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Opening of the Sonata in A major The sonata begins with a forte, heavily textured chordal fanfare emphasizing a low A pedal and duple-meter stepwise diatonic ascent in thirds in the middle voices, followed immediately by quiet descending triplet arpeggios punctuated by light chords outlining a chromatic ascent. These highly contrasting phrases provide the motivic material for much of the sonata. The second theme is a lyrical melody written in four-part harmony. The exposition follows standard classical practice by modulating from tonic (A) to dominant (E) for the second theme, even preparing the latter tonality with its own V – the only first movement to do so in the mature Schubert.
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A linear progression (Zug) is the stepwise filling of some consonant interval. It usually is underlined in graphic analyses with a slur from the first note of the progression to the last. The most elementary linear progressions are determined by the tonal space that they elaborate: they span from the prime to the third, from the third to the fifth or from the fifth to the octave of the triad, in ascending or descending direction. Schenker writes: "there are no other tonal spaces than those of 1–3, 3–5, and 5–8. There is no origin for passing-tone- progressions, or for melody""Erläuterungen", Der Tonwille 8–9, English translation, vol.
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Baldwin was prominent among early experimental psychologists and was voted by his peers as the fifth most important psychologist in America in a 1903 survey conducted by James McKeen Cattell, but it was his contributions to developmental psychology that were the most important. His stepwise theory of cognitive development was a major influence on the later, and much more widely known, developmental theory of Jean Piaget. His ideas on the relationship of Ego and Alter were developed by Pierre Janet; while his stress on how "My sense of self grows by imitation of you...an imitative creation"Quoted in contributed to the mirror stage of Jacques Lacan. Lacan, J., Écrits (1997), p.
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Grove Music Online, 2001 (subscription required). It is primarily a six-voice mass, but voice combinations are varied throughout the piece; Palestrina scores Agnus II for seven voices, and the use of the full forces is reserved for specific climactic portions in the text. It is set primarily in a homorhythmic, declamatory style, with little overlapping of text and a general preference for block chords such that the text can clearly be heard in performance, unlike many polyphonic masses of the 16th century. As in much of Palestrina's contrapuntal work, voices move primarily in stepwise motion, and the voice leading strictly follows the rules of the diatonic modes codified by theorist Gioseffo Zarlino.
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Madani advocated, on the one hand, the "stepwise" introduction of Sharia (Islamic Law) and called Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of the dominant religious movement in Saudi Arabia, the "avant-garde of the reform- oriented Muslim world". On the other hand, he declared that his party had no intention to impose the wearing of the veil or to ban women from driving. He named the liberal Muslim reformer Muhammad Abduh as part of the same "avant- garde" as Abd al-Wahab. In a 1990 interview he said he wanted to suppress "usury" in banking and to substantially reduce taxes, while he avoided answering a question about the financing of development projects.
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In almost every instance in the 1906 draft, first violins are paired with flute, oboe I, and clarinet I, second violins are paired with second clarinet, and lower strings are paired with octave doublings.Catherine Dale, Schoenberg's Chamber Symphonies: the crystallization and rediscovery of a style (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2000), 163 Harmonically, the Second Chamber Symphony generally progresses by stepwise motion, juxtaposing the First Chamber Symphony’s forward movement through non-traditional suspensions and appoggiaturas. Schoenberg combined this tonal style with 4th chords and similar combinations to grave and severe effect. While the First Chamber Symphony attempts to expand the limits of tonality, the second does not constantly attempt to undermine tonal references.
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Normally, once a tissue is injured or infected, damaged cells elicit inflammation by stimulating specific patterns of enzyme activity and cytokine gene expression in surrounding cells. Discrete clusters ("cytokine clusters") of molecules are secreted, which act as mediators, inducing the activity of subsequent cascades of biochemical changes. Each cytokine binds to specific receptors on various cell types, and each cell type responds in turn by altering the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways, depending on the receptors that the cell expresses and the signaling molecules present inside the cell. Collectively, this reprogramming process induces a stepwise change in cell phenotypes, which will ultimately lead to restoration of tissue function and toward regaining essential structural integrity.
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GrGen can be executed under Windows and Linux (Mono needed) and is open source available under LGPL v3. For rapid prototyping and debugging, an interactive shell and a (VCG-)graph viewer are included in the package. With its languages and its visual and stepwise debugging, GrGen allows one to develop at the natural level of abstraction of graph-based representations, such as those employed in engineering, model transformation, computational linguistics, or compiler construction (as intermediate representation). GrGen increases productivity for those kinds of tasks far beyond what can be achieved by programming in a traditional programming language; due to many implemented performance optimizations it still allows one to achieve high-performance solutions.
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The refinement calculus is a formalized approach to stepwise refinement for program construction. The required behaviour of the final executable program is specified as an abstract and perhaps non-executable "program", which is then refined by a series of correctness-preserving transformations into an efficiently executable program. Proponents include Ralph-Johan Back, who originated the approach in his 1978 PhD thesis On the Correctness of Refinement Steps in Program Development, and Carroll Morgan, especially with his book Programming from Specifications (Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 1994, ). In the latter case, the motivation was to link Abrial's specification notation Z, via a rigorous relation of behaviour-preserving program refinement, to an executable programming notation based on Dijkstra's language of guarded commands.
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For example, the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, was until the 1980s quite abundant in the Low Salinity Zone, until its range in the estuary became restricted to the Central and South Bays.Kimmerer 2006 This is probably due to a behavioral response following the introduction of the Amur River (Potamocorbula amurensis) clam and the subsequent decline in plankton availability. More recently, a general pelagic organism decline (POD) was described, and this has been the source of much concern within the scientific, managerial, and political communities. Several key species, including delta smelt, longfin smelt, striped bass, and threadfin shad have been declared "species of interest" because of a stepwise decline in abundance beginning in 2001.
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Within these fuming and bubbling basins, water laden with zinc and manganese ions could have collected, cooled and condensed in shallow pools. Another study in the 1990s showed that montmorillonite clay can help create RNA chains of as many as 50 nucleotides joined together spontaneously into a single RNA molecule. Later, in 2002, it was discovered that by adding montmorillonite to a solution of fatty acid micelles (lipid spheres), the clay sped up the rate of vesicle formation 100-fold. Research has shown that some minerals can catalyze the stepwise formation of hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids from hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases—gases that may have been released from hydrothermal vents or geysers.
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Finally, Ferreiro believes the conversion of the Suevi was progressive and stepwise and that Chararic's public conversion was only followed by the lifting of a ban on Orthodox synods in the reign of his successor, which would have been Ariamir; while Theodemar would have been responsible for beginning a persecution of the Arians in his kingdom, to root out their heresy.Ferreiro, 207. Finally, the Suebic conversion is ascribed not to a Suebe, but to a Visigoth, by the chronicler John of Biclarum. He put their conversion alongside that of the Goths, occurring under Reccared I in 587–589, but, as such, this corresponds to a later time, when the kingdom was undergoing its integration with the Visigothic kingdom.
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These modifications can be driven to completion in case the compatible donor plasmid(s) are provided at an excess (mass-action principles). Figure 2 illustrates one use of the multiplexing principle: the stepwise extension of a coding region in which a basic expression unit is provided with genomic insulators, enhancers, or other cis-acting elements. A recent variation of the general concept is based on PhiC31 (an integrase of the Ser-class), which permits introduction of another RMCE target at a secondary site the first RMCE-based modification has occurred. This is due to the fact that each phiC31-catalyzed exchange destroys the attP and attB sites it has addressed converting them to attR and attL product sites, respectively.
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Dentin formation usually starts within 30 days of the pulp capping (there can be a delay in onset of dentin formation if the odontoblasts of the pulp are injured during cavity removal) and is largely completed by 130 days. Two different types of pulp cap are distinguished. In direct pulp capping, the protective dressing is placed directly over an exposed pulp; and in indirect pulp capping, a thin layer of softened dentin, that if removed would expose the pulp, is left in place and the protective dressing is placed on top. A direct pulp cap is a one-stage procedure, whereas a stepwise caries removal is a two-stage procedure over about six months.
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A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M ... Serial dilutions are used to accurately create highly diluted solutions as well as solutions for experiments resulting in concentration curves with a logarithmic scale. A tenfold dilution for each step is called a logarithmic dilution or log- dilution, a 3.16-fold (100.5-fold) dilution is called a half-logarithmic dilution or half-log dilution, and a 1.78-fold (100.25-fold) dilution is called a quarter-logarithmic dilution or quarter-log dilution.
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The Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae is significant in that it is not only the most famous example of a soggetto cavato, but also the first. Part of the success of Josquin's Hercules Mass is due to the pitch pattern that was derived from his text. All pitches are based firmly in the C hexachord, the pitches begin and end on D the modal final, the tessitura is small and they form two units of four notes each with different linear motions. The first is a stepwise oscillation, the second is a leap followed by descending conjunct motion. As the premiere soggetto cavato, Josquin’s Hercules Mass is rigid in comparison to Josquin’s other pieces.
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The transcriptional assembly of the 40S subunit precursor, sometimes referred to as the small subunit processome (SSU) or 90S particle happens in a hierarchical fashion – essentially a stepwise incorporation of the UTP-A, UTP-B, and UTP-C subcomplexes. These subcomplexes are made up of over 30 non ribosomal protein factors, the U3 snoRNP particle, a few Rps proteins, and the 35S pre-rRNA. Their exact role, though has not been discovered. The composition of the pre-40S particle changes drastically once cleavage at the U3 snoRNPA dependent sites (sites A0, A1, and A2) are made. This cleavage event creates the 20S pre-rRNA and causes ribosomal factors to dissociate from the pre-40S particle.
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A new mix was created for the stereo version of the album, and on 25 February 1963, Martin made one created from original takes 16, 17 and 18. This stereo version has Lennon fluffing the final verse, causing him to sing 'come on' with a slight chuckle in his voice. Also different in the stereo mix is Harrison's lead guitar line before the final verse; rather than duplicating the overdubbed harmonica exactly as he had earlier in the song, Harrison drops down a fourth for the third note, rather than continuing down by stepwise motion. The song was credited to "McCartney–Lennon", as were all other Lennon–McCartney originals on the Please Please Me album.
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Biochemically, ammonia oxidation occurs by the stepwise oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine () by the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase in the cytoplasm, followed by the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite by the enzyme hydroxylamine oxidoreductase in the periplasm. Electron and proton cycling are very complex but as a net result only one proton is translocated across the membrane per molecule of ammonia oxidized. Nitrite oxidation is much simpler, with nitrite being oxidized by the enzyme nitrite oxidoreductase coupled to proton translocation by a very short electron transport chain, again leading to very low growth rates for these organisms. Oxygen is required in both ammonia and nitrite oxidation, meaning that both nitrosifying and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are aerobes.
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In its original form, Blackwood is an artificial four notrump bid (4NT) which asks partner to disclose the number of aces in his hand. With no aces or four, partner replies 5; with one, two, or three aces, 5, 5, or 5, respectively. In the modern more commonly used form, known as Roman Key Card Blackwood (RKCB), the 4NT bid is used to ask partner about the number of key cards held where the five key cards are the four aces and the king of trumps. Responses are stepwise: 5 for 0 or 3 key cards, 5 for 1 or 4, 5 for 2 without the trump queen, 5 for 2 with the trump queen.
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When the generating models are nonlinear then stepwise linearizations may be applied within Extended Kalman Filter and smoother recursions. However, in nonlinear cases, optimum minimum- variance performance guarantees no longer apply. To use regression analysis for prediction, data are collected on the variable that is to be predicted, called the dependent variable or response variable, and on one or more variables whose values are hypothesized to influence it, called independent variables or explanatory variables. A functional form, often linear, is hypothesized for the postulated causal relationship, and the parameters of the function are estimated from the data—that is, are chosen so as to optimize is some way the fit of the function, thus parameterized, to the data.
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The four-winged Microraptor, a member of the Dromaeosauridae, a group of dinosaurs closely related to birds Most versions of the arboreal hypothesis state that the ancestors of birds were very small dinosaurs that lived in trees, springing from branch to branch. This small dinosaur already had feathers, which were co-opted by evolution to produce longer, stiffer forms that were useful in aerodynamics, eventually producing wings. Wings would have then evolved and become increasingly refined as devices to give the leaper more control, to parachute, to glide, and to fly in stepwise fashion. The arboreal hypothesis also notes that, for arboreal animals, aerodynamics are far more energy efficient, since such animals simply fall to achieve minimum gliding speeds.
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The aggregate is partitioned in the opening of the Third String Quartet with C–D–D–E in the accompaniment (strings) while the remaining pitch classes are used in the melody (violin 1) and more often as 7–35 (diatonic or "white-key" collection) and 5–35 (pentatonic or "black-key" collection) such as in no. 6 of the Eight Improvisations. There, the primary theme is on the black keys in the left hand, while the right accompanies with triads from the white keys. In measures 50–51 in the third movement of the Fourth Quartet, the first violin and cello play black-key chords, while the second violin and viola play stepwise diatonic lines.
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The game board for Terrace has either 64 or 36 squares of uniform color, arranged in L-shaped levels ("terraces") that rise stepwise from the board's lowest points in two diagonally opposite corners to its highest points in the other two corners. All pieces are shaped alike and move according to the same rules, but they are of four different sizes and vary in capturing "power." One of each player's smallest pieces has the letter "T" carved into it and has a role somewhat similar to the king in chess. The object is to win either by moving your "T" piece from its starting point at one corner to an opposite corner, or by capturing your opponent's "T".
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In biology, according to Mold and Stein, the term cascade refers to "a process that, once started, proceeds stepwise to its full, seemingly inevitable, conclusion". The main cause of a cascade of injury in medicine is by misdiagnosis and medical error. These result in iatrogenic injury and from medical error flows a cascade of effects and results often including pain, disability, loss of job, poverty and homelessness which obviously cause mental health problems and may cause death. In medicine, a cascade effect may also refer to a chain of events initiated by an unnecessary test, an unexpected result, or patient or physician anxiety, which results in ill-advised tests or treatments that may cause harm to patients as the results are pursued.
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All the chords are major chords or seventh chords, and all the musical letters of the alphabet (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) are used. The song ends using a Shepard tone, with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings, repeated as the song fades. Musicologist Alan W. Pollack analyses: "The chord progression of the outro itself is a harmonic Moebius strip with scales in bassline and top voice that move in contrary motion." The bassline descends stepwise A, G, F, E, D, C, and B, while the strings part rises A, B, C, D, E, F, G: this sequence repeats as the song fades, with the strings rising higher on each iteration.
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By that time, however, the group was already present in the Americas and Europe, and it is hypothesized that they actually evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the Early Eocene (50 mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-Miocene (10–15 mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. On the other hand, there exists a feather enclosed in fossil amber from the Dominican Republic, dated to about 25 mya, which seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then. Stepwise adaptations for drilling, tapping and climbing head first on vertical surfaces have been suggested.
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ELAN is an educational programming language for learning and teaching systematic programming. It was developed in 1974 by C.H.A. Koster and a group at the Technical University of Berlin as an alternative to BASIC in teaching, and approved for use in secondary schools in Germany by the "Arbeitskreis Schulsprache". It is in use in a number of schools in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Hungary for informatics teaching in secondary education, and used at the Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands for teaching systematic programming to students from various disciplines and in teacher courses. The language design focuses strongly on structured programming, and has a special construction for stepwise refinement, allowing students to focus on top-down design, and bottom-up coding.
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Unlike Six Sigma, which is commonly driven via DMAIC (Define - Measure - Analyze - Improve - Control) projects, DFSS has spawned a number of stepwise processes, all in the style of the DMAIC procedure. DMADV, define – measure – analyze – design – verify, is sometimes synonymously referred to as DFSS, although alternatives such as IDOV (Identify, Design, Optimize, Verify) are also used. The traditional DMAIC Six Sigma process, as it is usually practiced, which is focused on evolutionary and continuous improvement manufacturing or service process development, usually occurs after initial system or product design and development have been largely completed. DMAIC Six Sigma as practiced is usually consumed with solving existing manufacturing or service process problems and removal of the defects and variation associated with defects.
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In his book Arvo Pärt, Paul Hillier provides helpful hints for performance of Pärt's works. He notes the difficulty of singing tintinnabular music smoothly, because the tintinnabular part is by its very nature never stepwise. He continues, > Another possible source of lumpiness arises from the frequent occurrence of > longer notes in the middle of a phrase. (The Magnificat is full of such > moments.) These longer notes can easily go 'dead' (so that you almost hear > the singers counting), and then as the end of the note approaches there is a > slight push as the voices lurch toward the next pitch Hillier advises careful attention to tuning of pure intervals, as well as rehearsing the music extra slowly to understand the gravitas that must be expressed.
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The diminished seventh chord is often used in place of a dominant 7th chord. In the key of A Major the V chord, E dominant 7th (which is made up the notes E, G, B, and D) can be replaced with a G diminished seventh chord (G, B, D, F). If the diminished seventh chord (G) is followed by the I chord (A), this creates chromatic (stepwise semitonal) root movement, which can add musical interest in a song mainly constructed around the interval of the fourth or fifth. The diminished seventh chord on the sharpened second scale degree, II7, may be used as a substitute dominant,Coker, Jerry (1997). Elements of the Jazz Language for the Developing Improvisor, p.82. .
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Depending on the exact substrate, alkyne hydrohalogenation can proceed though a concerted protonation/nucleophilic attack (AdE3) or stepwise by first protonating the alkyne to form a vinyl cation, followed by attack of HX/X- to give the product (AdE2) (see electrophile for arrow pushing). As in the case of alkenes, the regioselectivity is determined by the relative ability of the carbon atoms to stabilize positive charge (either a partial charge in the case of a concerted transition state or a full formal charge for a discrete vinyl cation). Depending on reaction conditions, the main product could be this initially formed alkenyl halide, or the product of twice hydrohalogenation to form a dihaloalkane. In most cases, the main regioisomer formed is the gem- dihaloalkane.
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The metal-mediated processes include a carbonyl-olefination and an olefin–olefin metathesis event. There are two general mechanistic schemes to perform this overall transformation: one, reaction of a [M=CHR1] reagent with an alkene to generate a new metal alkylidene, which then couples with a carbonyl group to form the desired substituted alkene and an inactive [M=O] species (type A); two, conversion of the carbonyl moiety into an alkene through Wittig-type alkenation, followed by metathesis between this newly formed alkene and a second alkene (type B). This transformation could be done in both stepwise (i.e. two-pot) or one-pot fashion. 407x407px For Type A transformation, stoichiometric amount of molybdenum or tungsten complex was often used to generate the metal alkylidene intermediate.
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Data reification (stepwise refinement) involves finding a more concrete representation of the abstract data types used in a formal specification. Data reification is the terminology of the Vienna Development Method (VDM) that most other people would call data refinement. An example is taking a step towards an implementation by replacing a data representation without a counterpart in the intended implementation language, such as sets, by one that does have a counterpart (such as maps with fixed domains that can be implemented by arrays), or at least one that is closer to having a counterpart, such as sequences. The VDM community prefers the word "reification" over "refinement", as the process has more to do with concretising an idea than with refining it.
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Previous prebiotic syntheses of nucleotides had attempted to form them through assembly of their constituent parts, a nucleobase, sugar, and phosphate, but with only limited efficacy for purine nucleotides, and no success for pyrimidine nucleotides. However, Sutherland produced a synthesis resulting in the formation of β-ribocytidine-2',3' cyclic phosphate, a partially activated nucleotide, that is remarkable for its stereospecifity and yield. Instead of assembling the nucleotide components in stepwise linear reactions, the synthesis proceeds through the reaction of cyanoacetylene with an aminooxazole intermediate that is formed from glycolaldehyde and cyanamide, molecules that were likely present on early Earth. In June 2012, Sutherland, along with his former colleague, the chemist Matthew Powner, from University College London, won the Origin of Life Challenge issued by Harry Lonsdale.
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Lasso was introduced in order to improve the prediction accuracy and interpretability of regression models by altering the model fitting process to select only a subset of the provided covariates for use in the final model rather than using all of them. It was developed independently in geophysics, based on prior work that used the \ell^1 penalty for both fitting and penalization of the coefficients, and by the statistician, Robert Tibshirani based on Breiman’s nonnegative garrote. Prior to lasso, the most widely used method for choosing which covariates to include was stepwise selection, which only improves prediction accuracy in certain cases, such as when only a few covariates have a strong relationship with the outcome. However, in other cases, it can make prediction error worse.
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The Claisen rearrangement of aryl ethers can also be performed as a photochemical reaction. In addition to the traditional ortho product obtained under thermal conditions (the [3,3] rearrangement product), the photochemical variation also gives the para product ([3,5] product), alternate isomers of the allyl group (for example, [1,3] and [1,5] products), and simple loss of the ether group, and even can rearrange alkyl ethers in addition to allyl ethers. The photochemical reaction occurs via a stepwise process of radical-cleavage followed by bond-formation rather than as a concerted pericyclic reaction, which therefore allows the opportunity for the greater variety of possible substrates and product isomers. The [1,3] and [1,5] results of the photo- Claisen rearrangement are analogous to the photo-Fries rearrangement of aryl esters and related acyl compounds.
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Fifteen referendums were held in Switzerland during 1992.Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, pp1933–1945 The first two were held on 16 February on popular initiatives "for a financially bearable health insurance" and "for the drastic and stepwise limitation of animal experiments." Both were rejected by voters.Nohlen & Stöver, p1933 The next seven were held on 17 May on joining and contributing to the Bretton Woods system (both approved), a federal law on water protection (approved), a popular initiative "for the recovery of our waters" (rejected), a federal resolution on the popular initiative "against the malpractice of gene technology on humans" (approved), a federal resolution on creating a civilian service alternative to military service (approved) and a change to the Strafgesetzbuch and the Military Penal Code on sexual integrity (approved).
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Gamow would not live to see his colleague's opening of this innovative new science museum, in late August 1969. In his 1961 book The Atom and its Nucleus, Gamow proposed representing the periodic system of the chemical elements as a continuous tape, with the elements in order of atomic number wound round in a three- dimensional helix whose diameter increased stepwise (corresponding to the longer rows of the conventional periodic table). Gamow continued his teaching at the University of Colorado Boulder and focused increasingly on writing textbooks and books on science for the general public. After several months of ill health, surgeries on his circulatory system, diabetes and liver problems, Gamow was dying from liver failure, which he had called the "weak link" that could not withstand the other stresses.
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Book 3, subtitled De mundi systemate (On the system of the world), is an exposition of many consequences of universal gravitation, especially its consequences for astronomy. It builds upon the propositions of the previous books, and applies them with further specificity than in Book 1 to the motions observed in the Solar System. Here (introduced by Proposition 22, and continuing in Propositions 25–35) are developed several of the features and irregularities of the orbital motion of the Moon, especially the variation. Newton lists the astronomical observations on which he relies, and establishes in a stepwise manner that the inverse square law of mutual gravitation applies to Solar System bodies, starting with the satellites of Jupiter and going on by stages to show that the law is of universal application.
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On 12 April 1950, he landed in Paris to raise the Tunisian issue by mobilizing public opinion, media and politicians. Three days later, he gave a conference in Hôtel Lutetia to introduce the main nationalist requests, which he defined in seven points, stating that "these reforms destined to lead us towards independence must reinforce and strengthen the spirit of cooperation [...] We believe that we are a country too weak militarily and too strong strategically to dispense with the help of a great power, which we would want to be France". His speech quickly attracted the opposition of both the "Preponderants" and the pan-Arab circles who were strongly against his stepwise policy and his collaboration with France. Therefore, Bourguiba felt that an endorsement from the bey was not only necessary, but vital.
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Various energy sources, including thermal energy, UV-radiation, irradiation with high-energy (terawatt) laser pulses, or slow protons were tested. Mimics of different formamide-based prebiotic scenarios have been reconstructed and analyzed, including space-wise solar wind irradiation of meteorites, dynamic chemical gardens, and meteorites in aqueous environments. It has been suggested that the stepwise decrease of the temperature of the prebiotic environment could induce a sequence of strongly non-equilibrium chemical events that led to the emergence of more and more complex species from formamide on the early Earth., For each studied combination of catalyst/energy source/environment, formamide condensed into a variety of different prebiotically relevant compounds, each combination giving rise to a specific set of relatively complex molecules, usually encompassing several nucleobases, amino acids, and carboxylic acids.
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It said firstly that "the Tunisian government solemnly invite the fellaghas to deliver their weapons to the French and Tunisian authorities" and secondly that "the resident-general of France and the Tunisian government vouch that under the agreement between them, the fellaghas shall not be disturbed or prosecuted and that measures be taken to facilitate their rehabilitation to normal life and that of their families". Furthermore, Bourguiba intervened a second time to reassure the resistance leaders of his confidence in Mendès France and reiterated his guarantee of their security. After two years of unrest, the discussions can finally resume. Nevertheless, the negotiations for the internal autonomy were not unanimous: On 31 December 1954, while in Geneva, Ben Youssef, who wanted immediate independence, denounced the discussions and challenged the stepwise policy adopted by Bourguiba.
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However, it is not clear whether this is an autotrophic process or if these require organic carbon from cyanobacterial blooms, occurring during periods of heavy rainfall that dilute the surface waters. Below the surface, anoxygenic photosynthesizers using other substances than carbon dioxide for photosynthesis also contribute to primary production in many soda lakes. These include purple sulfur bacteria such as Ectothiorhodospiraceae and purple non-sulfur bacteria such as Rhodobacteraceae (for example the species Rhodobaca bogoriensis isolated from Lake Bogoria.) The photosynthezising bacteria provide a food source for a vast diversity of aerobic and anaerobic organotrophic microorganisms from phyla including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, Thermotogae, Deinococci, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and more. The stepwise anaerobic fermentation of organic compounds originating from the primary producers, results in one-carbon (C1) compounds such as methanol and methylamine.
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When P. ramorum propagules arrive in a new geographic location and establish colonies, these microsatellites begin to display mutation in a relatively short time, and they mutate in a stepwise fashion. Based on this, researchers in California have been able to construct trees, based on microsatellite analyses of isolates collected from around the state, that trace the movement of P. ramorum from two likely initial points of establishment in Marin and Santa Cruz Counties and out to subsequent points. Early detection of P. ramorum on a landscape scale begins with the observation of symptoms on individual plants (and/or detecting P. ramorum propagules in watercourses; see below). Systematic ground-based monitoring has been difficult within the range of P. ramorum because most infected trees stand on a complex mosaic of lands with various ownerships.
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Rufus Hallmark in German Lieder in the Nineteenth Century describes the song as 'rarely performed' and comments that it "offers examples of the Straussian word painting found in many of his lieder...the recurrent piano motive...dramatically anticipates [the] tumult of the storm...a subtle unifying idea in the vocal line is the simple stepwise quarter-note descent. The first two stanzas in G minor give way to G major and a more lyrical, calmer portrayal of drifting snowflakes and thoughts of love and springtime." Critic Charles Osborne has described it as "disappointingly pedestrian." However, the song may be experiencing a revival: two recent collections of Strauss songs, one from 2014 by American bass baritone Thomas Hampson and one from 2015 by German soprano Katharina Persicke have included the song in their selection.
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The A section, which is itself in a sort of AAB form, ends in the conventional dominant key of B major. The B section (in ABAB form) begins with a syncopated ascending stepwise melodic line in the violin to be played molto dolce (Theme B). The piano begins to gain prominence with a distorted version of the opening cello line, played symmetrically across the piano (Theme C). Another theme developed in the B section is a falling line with dotted rhythms (Theme D). The third section begins in B major but is highly chromatic. The piano plays a version of Theme B in broken octaves under consistent eighth-notes played by the violin and viola. This figure ends with a version of Theme C in broken octaves in the piano.
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The structure of vitamin B12 was the first low-molecular weight natural product determined by x-ray analysis rather than by chemical degradation. Thus, while the structure of this novel type of complex biomolecule was established, its chemistry remained essentially unknown; exploration of this chemistry became one of the tasks of the vitamin's chemical synthesis. In the 1960s, synthesis of such an exceptionally complex and unique structure presented the major challenge at the frontier of research in organic natural product synthesis. Figure 2: The two ETH corrin model syntheses Figure 3: The two approaches to cobyric acid synthesis Already in 1960, the research group of the biochemist in Stuttgart had reconstituted vitamin B12 from one of its naturally occurring derivatives, cobyric acid, by stepwise construction of the vitamin's nucleotide loop.
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The finale has the same structure as that of the previous sonata. Many elements of this movement imply large-scale resolution of harmonic and thematic conflicts established earlier in this and even the two previous sonatas. The main rondo theme opens with an 'empty' octave on G, which resolves to C minor, subsequently interpreted as ii in B major. Alfred Brendel asserts that this theme, beginning in the ambiguous G/Cm, functions as a resolution of the troubling G trill presented in the very beginning of the sonata, using G to resolve to F major as V of B. The second theme, in ternary form, is written in the traditional key of the dominant, with a central section in D major; it consists of an extended, characteristically Schubertian stepwise melody played over an uninterrupted flow of semiquavers.
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A gradual transformation of the turtle shell from ancestral forms to modern ones was proposed by Michael S. Y. Lee: The transformation series of the carapace first start with some unarmored parareptile, then armored pareiasaur, and finally develop into modern turtles with fully developed carapace and relocated rib cage. This transformationalist perspective of the turtle shell origin is consistent with the Darwinian view, which agrees on the theory that descendant structures are derived from gradual, stepwise modification of ancestral ones. The discovery of the ancestral turtle fossil Eunotosaurus africanus (260-million-year-old) provided more evidence for the diapsid origin of the turtles. The Eunotosaurus africanus was described as "a diapsid reptile in the process of becoming secondarily anapsid", thus filling a crucial gap in the evolutionary transformation of turtle from diapsid ancestor reptiles to anapsid modern turtles.
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But this method requires large time and is very tedious to work with. Other than this problem there is one more problem which is the cells inside the solid part of the cylinder, which are called dead cells, are not involved in the calculations so they should be removed, otherwise they would consume extra space in computer or other resources. Stepwise approximation is not smooth and thus leads to significant error, though the grid can be refined by using a fine mesh to cover the wall region but this leads to waste of computer memory resources. Therefore, there are limitation in using methods in computational fluid dynamics based on simple coordinate system (Cartesian or cylindrical) as these systems fails while modeling of complex geometries like that of an aerofoil, furnaces, gas turbine combustors, IC-engine etc.
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Most of the harmonic content of the song revolves around a two-chord alternation which music theorists may regard as an L (leading tone) transformation, in which the root of the major chord is lowered by a half-step to form a second inversion minor chord on the third scale degree, a slight tonicization of B major, but resolving back to D minor by having the same A, a perfect fourth down from D. This stepwise motion between B and A highlights this chord change. The song is in verse-chorus form with a bridge before the fourth and final chorus. The song features sparse instrumentation, primarily a minimal beat produced by drum machine. A guitar plays the song's riff, a six-note pattern as Stefani repeats "this my shit" during the chorus, and a brass section joins during the second chorus.
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Richard Greene in Music & Letters describes the piece as "a larghetto dance in a siciliano rhythm with a simple, stepwise, rocking melody", but lacking the power of The Planets and, at times, monotonous to the listener. A more popular success was A Moorside Suite for brass band, written as a test piece for the National Brass Band Festival championships of 1928. While written within the traditions of north-country brass-band music, the suite, Short says, bears Holst's unmistakable imprint, "from the skipping 6/8 of the opening Scherzo, to the vigorous melodic fourths of the concluding March, the intervening Nocturne bearing a family resemblance to the slow-moving procession of Saturn". A Moorside Suite has undergone major revisionism in the article "Symphony Within: rehearing Holst's A Moorside Suite" by Stephen Arthur Allen in the Winter 2017 edition of The Musical Times.
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The main article on compilers honours PL/0 for introducing several influential concepts (stepwise refinement, recursive descent parsing, EBNF, P-code, T-diagrams) to the field by educating students to use these concepts. Over the last 3 decades, most university courses on compiler construction that used PL/0 have followed Wirth strictly in employing these techniques (see references below). Some years ago university courses deviated from the course set by Wirth with the replacement of the classical recursive descent parsing technique by a (nonetheless classical) Unix-like approach of employing lex and yacc. Only recently an implementation (PL/0 Language Tools) along this way has also combined modern concepts like object-orientation and design patterns with a modern scripting language (Python), allowing students to consume the source text of the implementation in a contemporary programming style.
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Boeing's accounting method books sales immediately and distributes estimated production costs over ten years for the 1,300 aircraft it expects to deliver during that time. JPMorgan Chase analyst Joseph Nadol estimated the program's cash loss to be $45 million per airplane, decreasing as the program moves forward. The actual cash flow reflects Boeing collecting most of the purchase price upon delivery; Boeing expects deferred costs to total $25 billion before the company begins to break even on production; the comparable number for the Boeing 777, adjusted for inflation, is $3.7 billion. Boeing plans to improve financial return by reorganizing the production line, renegotiating contracts with suppliers and labor unions, and increasing the 787 production rate, stepwise, to 12 airplanes per month by the end of 2016 and 14 airplanes per month by the end of the decade.
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In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that "Hey Jude" "promised great things" for the ill-conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as "the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market". They commented also that "the epic proportions of the piece" encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists "[failed] to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles' communal feel". Walter Everett admires the melody as a "marvel of construction, contrasting wide leaps with stepwise motions, sustained tones with rapid movement, syllabic with melismatic word-setting, and tension ... with resolution". He cites Van Morrison's "Astral Weeks", Donovan's "Atlantis", the Moody Blues' "Never Comes the Day" and the Allman Brothers' "Revival" among the many songs with "mantralike repeated sections" that followed the release of "Hey Jude".
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In 1975 Höskuldsson started working at The Regional Computing Centre at Technical University of Denmark as a computer specialist in statistics and production technology. Then, in 1987, he was appointed as an associate professor at Technical University of Denmark. During his professorship he successfully showed that the PLS (Partial Least Squares) algorithm can be a principle in any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle known as complementary variables can be known simultaneously. In 1927 Werner Heisenberg stated that the more precisely the position of a particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa. Based on this theory, Höskuldsson’s H-Principle finds a solution in a stepwise way which viewed as maximizing the co-variance between two data sets.
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A variable rules analysis computes a multivariate statistical model, on the basis of observed token counts, such that each determining factor is assigned a numerical factor weight that describes how it influences the probabilities of choice of either form. This is done by means of stepwise logistic regression, using a maximum likelihood algorithm. Although the necessary computations required for a variable rules analysis can be carried out with the help of mainstream general-purpose statistics software packages such as SPSS, it is more often done by means of a specialised software dedicated to the needs of linguists, called Varbrul. It was originally written by David Sankoff and currently exists in freeware implementations for Mac OS and Microsoft Windows, under the title of Goldvarb X. There are also versions implemented in the statistical language R and therefore available on most platforms.
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The content of the waste shows that ceramics were produced early in the settlement's history. Other finds from this first phase of occupation (from the eighth until the beginning of the ninth century) include those connected with iron processing, such as slag, charcoal, ash, and pig iron. Fragments and solid droplets of glass suggest glassmaking are also found from this same period. These types of finds are not extant in this area in the tenth and eleventh centuries, when it was instead occupied by numerous small and primitive grubenhaus dwellings. According to Henning; “It was not the case that a predominantly agricultural style of living opened the way to a stepwise growth in craft activities, but rather a situation of fully developed and highly specialized artisan production was followed later by a process of broad ruralization”.
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A "one in 20 rule" has been suggested, indicating the need for shrinkage of regression coefficients, and a "one in 50 rule" for stepwise selection with the default p-value of 5%. Other studies, however, show that the one in ten rule may be too conservative as a general recommendation and that five to nine events per predictor can be enough, depending on the research question. More recently, a study has shown that the ratio of events per predictive variable is not a reliable statistic for estimating the minimum number of events for estimating a logistic prediction model. Instead, the number of predictor variables, the total sample size (events + non-events) and the events fraction (events / total sample size) can be used to calculate the expected prediction error of the model that is to be developed.
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3 297-312 Abstract] The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to- understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate risks with everyday relevance", while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change, but the Stern Review, ordered by the UK government, made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change.
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The occluding junctions of Sertoli cells form the blood-testis barrier, a structure that partitions the interstitial blood compartment of the testis from the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules. Because of the apical progression of the spermatogonia (sperm stem cells), the occluding junctions must be dynamically reformed and broken to allow the immunoidentical spermatogonia to cross through the blood-testis barrier so they can become immunologically unique. Sertoli cells control the entry and exit of nutrients, hormones and other chemicals into the tubules of the testis as well as make the adluminal compartment an immune-privileged site. The cell is also responsible for establishing and maintaining the spermatogonial stem cell niche, which ensures the renewal of stem cells and the differentiation of spermatogonia into mature germ that progress stepwise through the long process of spermatogenesis, ending in the release of spermatozoa in a process known as spermiation.
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He elaborates: According to Mulvany, Viking metal draws heavily on sea shanties and media images of pirates and Vikings, an influence evident in two basic forms of the genre. The first type "is largely stepwise in motion with many repeated note figures", is frequently in minor key, and is primarily sung in unison. The second type uses an "arching ascent-descent structure" and is less dependent on lyrics, making it "more evocative of rolling waves on the open sea". As examples of the first type, Mulvany examined the structures of sea shanties such as "Drunken Sailor", the 1934 and 1996 film soundtrack versions of "Dead Man's Chest", Mario Nascimbene's "Viking" song for the 1958 film The Vikings, and the chant from Monty Python's "Spam" sketch, and found similar structures in compositions by Viking and black metal bands such as Einherjer, Mithotyn, Naglfar, and Vargevinter.
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The most famous preserved representationThe Arch of Titus (Arcus Titi) was erected by Domitian sometime after the death of his brother in 81 CE, making the relief of the menorah one of the oldest representations in existence. of the menorah of the Temple was depicted in a frieze on the Arch of Titus, commemorating his triumphal parade in Rome following the destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70 CE. In that frieze, the menorah is shown resting upon a hexagonal base, which in turn rests upon a slightly larger but concentric and identically shaped base; a stepwise appearance on all sides is thus produced. Each facet of the hexagonal base was made with two vertical stiles and two horizontal rails, a top rail and a bottom rail, resembling a protruding frame set against a sunken panel. These panels have some relief design set or sculpted within them.
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The F- and V-ATPases all contain rotary motors, one that drives proton translocation across the membrane and one that drives ATP synthesis/hydrolysis. In F-ATPases, the flux of protons through the ATPase channel drives the rotation of the C subunit ring, which in turn is coupled to the rotation of the F1 complex gamma subunit rotor due to the permanent binding between the gamma and epsilon subunits of F1 and the C subunit ring of Fo. The sequential protonation and deprotonation of Asp61 of subunit C is coupled to the stepwise movement of the rotor. In V-ATPases, there are three proteolipid subunits (c, c′ and c′′) that form part of the proton-conducting pore, each containing a buried glutamic acid residue that is essential for proton transport. In a recent study c-subunit has been indicated as a critical component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
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The first publication in which NAM was used to identify QTLs was authored by the Buckler lab on the genetic architecture of maize flowering time, and published in the summer of 2009. In this groundbreaking study, the authors scored days to silking, days to anthesis, and the silking-anthesis interval for nearly one million plants, then performed single and joint stepwise regression and inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) to identify 39 QTLs explaining 89% of the variance in days to silking and days to anthesis and 29 QTLs explaining 64% of the variance in the silking-anthesis interval. Ninety-eight percent of the flowering time QTLs identified in this paper were found to affect flowering time by less than one day (as compared to the B73 reference). These relatively small QTL effects, however, were also shown to sum for each family to equal large differences and changes in days to silking.
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The stereochemical consequences of a concerted reaction pathway on the reaction outcome suggested an experiment where one would correlate the obtained reaction stereochemistry with the predicted reaction stereochemistry for a model substrate. Observing the formation of ai- and sr-cyclopentene products would support the notion that a stepwise, non-concerted mechanism is operative whereas their absence would point towards a fully concerted mechanism. As it turned out finding an appropriate substituted model substrate to study the stereochemical outcome of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was much more challenging than initially thought since side reaction such as the homodienyl 1,5]-hydrogen shifts and more so thermal stereomutations tend to scramble stereochemical distinctions much faster than rearrangements lead to the cyclopentene products. Stereomutations Even though deconvolution of the complex kinetic scenarios underlying these rearrangements was difficult there have been several studies reported where exact and explicit deconvolutions of kinetic and stereochemical raw data to account for the stereochemical contributions arising from competitive stereomutations was possible.
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When viewed and used on a handheld device, mobile work order applications provide details such as location, stepwise job plans, safety alerts, lock-outs and prior work history on the asset, giving a maintenance technician or other remote worker more detailed asset information as well as the ability to transmit work data to the organization's enterprise system when completed – through a wireless network, docking station or other synchronization method. Using computer software to achieve standard mobile EAM practices, organizations often report such advantages as an increase in timely, accurate data flow between their remote workers and central management such as planners and schedulers, which thereby improves capital and labor allocation decision processes (including an ability to schedule more planned/preventive maintenance work). With the proliferation of smartphone and other mobile computing technologies, asset managers can expect an ever more tech-savvy workforce, lower costs in mobile devices and a higher propensity of feature-rich, workflow-specific mobile applications.
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In 1938, Bodecker introduced the Stepwise Caries Excavation (SWE) Technique for treatment of teeth with deep caries for preservation of Pulp vitality. This technique is used when most of the decay has been removed from a deep cavity, but some softened dentin and decay remains over the pulp chamber that if removed would expose the pulp and trigger irreversible pulpitis. Instead, the dentist intentionally leaves the softened dentin/decay in place, and uses a layer of protective temporary material which promotes remineralization of the softened dentin over the pulp and the laying down of new layers of tertiary dentin in the pulp chamber. The color of the carious lesion changes from light brown to dark brown, the consistency goes from soft and wet to hard and dry so that Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli have been significantly reduced to a limited number or even zero viable organisms and the radiographs show no change or even a decrease in the radiolucent zone.
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The inputs are displayed in a real time format via a computer generated Nomogram presenting an individual and an overall predictive index of likelihood ratios establishing evidence for or against a diagnosis. Results are likewise presented in a normalized, relative Standard score, T-score, Z-Score, and Percentile rank format for comparison to the non-clinical reference group. The Nomographic display of the individual and cumulative inputs are evaluated stepwise via the calculation of likelihood ratios applied incrementally with a Fagan's Nomogram, (Fagan TJ; 1975) to produce an overall predictive index beginning with a calculated base rate, and combining the results of the other measures, in either an additive or subtractive manner, to provide a post-test probability. When these components are used in conjunction with clinical judgment they have proven to be highly effective for consideration of diagnosis, in highlighting and documenting a need for further evaluation or actions, and may allow the clinician to evaluate their own diagnostic practices and effectiveness over time.
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Historically, the vast majority of tabulated bond energy values are bond enthalpies. More recently, however, the free energy analogue of bond-dissociation enthalpy, known as the bond-dissociation free energy (BDFE), has become more prevalent in the chemical literature. The BDFE of a bond A–B can be defined in the same way as the BDE as the standard free energy change (ΔG°) accompanying homolytic dissociation of AB into A and B. However, it is often thought of and computed stepwise as the sum of the free-energy changes of heterolytic bond dissociation (A–B → A+ \+ :B−), followed by one-electron reduction of A (A+ \+ e− → A•) and one-electron oxidation of B (:B− → •B + e−). In contrast to the BDE, which is usually defined and measured in the gas phase, the BDFE is often determined in the solution phase with respect to a solvent like DMSO, since the free-energy changes for the aforementioned thermochemical steps can be determined from parameters like acid dissociation constants (pKa) and standard redox potentials (ℇ°) that are measured in solution.
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Synthesis of spiroligomer building blocks (bis-amino acids). (a) Cbz-Cl, NaHCO3, 1:10 dioxane/water (b) Jones reagents, acetone, 0 oC to rt; (c) Isobutylene, H2SO4 (cat.), CH2Cl2, 0 oC to rt; (d) (NH4)2CO3, KCN, 1:1 EtOH/water, sealed tube; (e) (i) AcOH/Ac2O, Reflux; (ii) 2M HCl, reflux; (iii) Recrystallization Spiroligomers are synthesized in a step-wise approach by adding a single bis-amino acid at each stage of the synthesis. This stepwise elongation allows for complete control of the stereochemistry, as any bis-amino acid can be incorporated to allow for elongation; or any mono-amino acid can be added to terminate a chain. This can be accomplished using either solution-phase or solid-phase reactions. Zachary Z. Brown, Jennifer Alleva, and Christian E. Schafmeister, "Solid-Phase Synthesis of Functionalized Bis-Peptides" Biopolymers, (2011), 96(5), 578-585 The original synthesis of spiroligomers allowed for functionalization on the ends of the oligomers, but it did not allow for the incorporation of functionality on the interior diketopiperazine (DKP) nitrogens.
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In custom manufacturing, a typical project starts with the acceptance of the product idea, which originates mainly from business development, by the new product committee, followed by the preparation of a laboratory process, and ends with the successful completion of demonstration runs on industrial scale and the signature of a multiyear supply contract, respectively. The input from the customer is contained in the “technology package”. Its main constituents are (1) reaction scheme, (2) target of project & deliverables (product, quantity, required dates, specifications), (3) list of analytical methods, (4) process development opportunities (stepwise assessment), (5) list of required reports, (6) Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) issues, (7) materials to be supplied by customer and (8) packaging & shipping information The technical part of a project usually determines its duration. Depending on the quality of the information contained in the “technology package” received from the customer and the complexity of the project as such, particularly the number of steps that have to be performed; it can be any time between 12 and 24 months.
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The chemical structure of clupanodonic acid showing physiological numbering (red) and chemical numbering (blue) conventions. n-3 DPA is an n-3 fatty acid with the trivial name clupanodonic acid. It is an intermediary between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 5,8,11,14,17-20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω-3) in the following stepwise pathway in which DPAn-3 is a precursor to DHA (6,9,12,15,18,21:24:6n-3) and the final product, 4,7,10,13,16,19-22:6n-3, can be retro-converted to DPAn-3: Mammalian cells, including human cells, metabolize DPAn-3 to an array of products that are members of the specialized proresolving mediators class of PUFA metabolites. These metabolites include seven resolvins Ds (RvT1, RvT2, RvT3, RvT4, RvD1n-3, RvD2n-3, and RvD5n-3; see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA-derived resolvins and Resolvin); two protectins (PD1n-3 and PD2n-3; see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA-derived protectins/neuroprotectins and neuroprotectin); and three maresins (MaR1n-3, MaR2n-3,and MaR3n-3l see specialized proresolving mediators#n-3 DPA- derived maresins and maresin.
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One complication is the long tradition in Scotland of writing tunes to be played on the fiddle, but 'in bagpipe style', often with the strings retuned to imitate drones; 18th century examples of these can fit well on Border pipes, and may well have been intended as imitations of this instrument. Further, an important difference between the music of the Border pipes and of the Great Highland bagpipe is that many melodic figures in older Border pipe music typically move stepwise or in thirds rather than by wide intervals, and lack the multiple repeated notes found in many Highland pipe tunes. This suggests that in contrast to the Highland pipes, Border pipe music neither needed, nor greatly used, the complex graces which are so characteristic of Highland pipe music. The four specifically named pipe tunes from Skene's manuscript contain complex written-out gracings, and many more repeated notes than the Dixon tunes, so it is reasonable to conclude that playing styles in the 18th century varied from place to place.
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Whether the moratorium has actually happened as a matter of legal right is the subject of some controversy. On 16 May 1996, then-President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree "for the stepwise reduction in application of the death penalty in conjunction with Russia's entry into the Council of Europe", which is widely cited as de facto establishing such a moratorium. The decree called on the legislature to prepare a law which would abolish the death penalty, as well as a recommendation to decrease the number of capital crimes and require the authorities to treat those on the death row in a humane manner. Although the order may be read as not specifically outlawing the death penalty, this was eventually the practical effect, and it was accepted as such by the Council of Europe as Russia was granted membership in the organization. However, since the executions continued in the first half of 1996 - that is, after Russia signed the agreement - the Council was not satisfied and presented Russia with several ultimatums, threatening to expel the country if the death penalty continues to be carried out.
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This work comprises the following: #Fantasia in A major (Vivace – Allegro) #Fantasia in A minor (Grave – Vivace – Adagio – Allegro) #Fantasia in B minor (Largo – Vivace – Largo – Vivace – Allegro) #Fantasia in B-flat major (Andante – Allegro – Presto) #Fantasia in C major (Presto – Largo – Presto – Dolce – Allegro – Allegro) #Fantasia in D minor (Dolce – Allegro – Spirituoso) #Fantasia in D major (Alla francese – Presto) #Fantasia in E minor (Largo – Spirituoso – Allegro) #Fantasia in E major (Affettuoso – Allegro – Grave – Vivace) #Fantasia in F-sharp minor (A Tempo giusto – Presto – Moderato) #Fantasia in G major (Allegro – Adagio – Vivace – Allegro) #Fantasia in G minor (Grave – Allegro – Grave – Allegro – Dolce – Allegro – Presto) The collection is arranged by key, progressing more or less stepwise from A major to G minor. Telemann deliberately avoided keys that are impractical on the one-key flute, i.e. B major, C minor, F minor and F-sharp major. There are two ways to view the overall structure of the collection: one way, in which the work is divided into two parts, is suggested by the fact that Fantasia 7 begins with a French overture, indicating a start of a new section.
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Mathematical operations often take place in a stepwise fashion, using the results from one operation as the input to the next. For instance, a manual calculation of a worker's weekly payroll might look something like: # look up the number of hours worked from the employee's time card # look up the pay rate for that employee from a table # multiply the hours by the pay rate to get their basic weekly pay # multiply their basic pay by a fixed percentage to account for income tax # subtract that number from their basic pay to get their weekly pay after tax # multiply that result by another fixed percentage to account for retirement plans # subtract that number from their basic pay to get their weekly pay after all deductions A computer program carrying out the same task would follow the same basic sequence of operations, although the values being looked up would all be stored in computer memory. In early computers, the number of hours would likely be held on a punch card and the pay rate in some other form of memory, perhaps a magnetic drum. Once the multiplication is complete, the result needs to be placed somewhere.
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It is planned to expand electrification to the northwest up to the existing line at Tabriz (with 200 km/h speed for passenger trains and 250 for tilting EMU or trains like Railjet) that is part of Silk Road and the transit route from Almaty to Istanbul and Islamabad to Istanbul as one of main task and objectives of ECO Economic Cooperation Organization and one of the emphasized routes of ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. The first phase of this project will be from Tehran to Zanjan to make it more economic and also to prepare the new under construction includes straightening the route from Tabriz to Mianeh that will decrease the distance from Tehran to Tabriz about 100 km and for this stepwise plan dual mode or Electro-diesel locomotive could help justifying the project. Recent inauguration of a 4 track 'cut and cover' 9 km railway line in Tehran west railway to Tabriz has made the project more feasible. In the beginning of 2012 a 5-member consortium was formed and proposed to do the project as BOT base.
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In order to increase transformation efficiency, transformed cells are grown in super optimal broth to expedite the recovery process after transformation. In this method, two subsequent transformations must be performed in order to incorporate the pCas9cr4 and pKDsg-XXX plasmids necessary for recombination. This is because preliminary studies found that when both Cas9 and sgRNA were expressed at the same time without the linear DNA to be incorporated into the genome, cell death was induced due to the disruption of the crucial gene. Therefore, the expression of the recombination machinery and sgRNA were kept under strict control and transformed stepwise to reduce cell lethality. To ensure the pCas9cr4 plasmid was first successfully admitted to the cells, the cells were grown on a plate containing chloramphenicol; the pCas9cr4 plasmid contained the gene cmr, conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, which ensured only the successful recombinants grew. Triplicate plates of 10μL of recovered cultures as well as dilutions of 10−1, 10−2, and 10−3 were then spotted and incubated overnight at 30 °C and CFU, or colony forming unit, assessments were then made to identify successful mutants using the miniaturized plating method described previously.
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In 1966 Lemal and coworkers studied a class of reactions that would come to be called cheletropic, cyclic concerted processes in which two bonds are formed or broken at the same atom. Finding that they take place stereospecifically, the findings built on ideas of Woodward and Hoffmann to develop independently a theory of this class of transformations that explained the group's experimental results, shown here: examples of cheletropic reactions A decade later, when it was generally accepted that all cyclic, concerted processes (termed pericyclic) obey the Woodward-Hoffmann orbital symmetry rules (of which those for cheletropic reactions are a subset), Lemal and co-workers discovered an extraordinarily facile degenerate rearrangement that led them to challenge that belief. The S=O group in the molecule below moves stepwise around the 4-membered with an extrapolated rate constant of 70 million s−1 at 25 °C! example of a pseudopericyclic reaction' Given the molecular geometry, the researchers surmised that this could happen only if the sulfur lone pair forms a new S-C bond as the electron pair of the breaking S-C bond becomes the new lone pair.
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