In astrophysics, the K2 mission has already made discoveries about star clusters.
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Given that range, possible candidates include globular star clusters and massive black holes.
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The pair of interacting galaxies are also a hotbed for starbursts and star clusters.
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The pair of interacting galaxies are also a hotbed for starbursts and star clusters.
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Still, other scientists have previously argued that star clusters could in fact harbor life.
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Essentially, the image shows generations of star clusters, from young to older and more evolved.
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Clustered together by hyperlinks, they form solar systems, star clusters, and galaxies of related information.
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The galaxy is made up of just the mass of the star clusters inside it.
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And just for fun, here's how detailed the VLT's images of surrounding star clusters are.
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Looking at the images, the researchers could discern such features as star clusters and individual stars.
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In total, scientists have found about 1,000 star clusters like Messier 18 in the Milky Way.
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Within it, two giant star clusters appear brilliant white and are swaddled by greenish hydrogen gas clouds.
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Most of our images of cloudy nebulae, stunning galaxies, and star clusters can be credited to the Hubble.
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The photo also reveals just how many star clusters call this nebula, also known as 30 Doradus, home.
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At 340 light-years away, it houses some of the brightest star clusters in the southern sky, too.
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Scientists have been studying star clusters for decades, but they are still not sure how they take shape.
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This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows star clusters encircling a galaxy, like bees buzzing around a hive.
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For instance, intermediate-mass black holes could have originated from the collisions of stars in extremely dense star clusters.
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Wikipedia entries, are clustered together according to their hyperlinks, forming solar systems, star clusters, and galaxies of related concepts.
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Holwerda and his colleagues are counting star clusters found in a shell around it, known as the galaxy's halo.
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Those objects include globular star clusters, spheres full of hundreds of thousands of stars that orbit our galactic center.
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This eerie image shows galaxy NGC 303—the bright object to the right of the frame—surrounded by star clusters.
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This eerie image shows galaxy NGC 4874—the bright object to the right of the frame—surrounded by star clusters.
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Next, in the spirit of spooky season, is an eerie photo of star clusters swarming a massive galaxy named NGC 4874.
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This instrument can pierce through dusty star clusters, revealing details like individual stars, glowing gases, and long streams of cosmic dust.
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As it flies from the outer to inner bands, the gas becomes more dense, piles up, and creates new star clusters.
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All were created from the same dense gas and dust clumps, but not all of the star clusters are the same age.
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By removing known star clusters from the data, the researchers narrowed in on a group of stars that are about 117 million years old.
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M75, also known as NGC 6864, is a spherical bundle containing an estimated 400,000 stars, making it one of the densest-known star clusters.
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Star clusters like NGC 3201 are prime targets of study for astronomers, because they are some of the oldest known stellar objects in the universe.
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And Hubble spied a dazzling barred spiral galaxy NGC 5398 and its star-making cloud Tol 89 which boasts more than seven massive star clusters.
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A dying star lights the way When massive stars lie too close together inside dense star clusters, they can merge to create an intermediate-mass black hole.
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Constellation piercings are exactly what they sound like: an artful grouping of piercings, normally three or more, that are as unique as the star clusters they're named after.
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Sandage demonstrated that subgiant stars serve as an intermediary between the two, and the branching pattern observed in star clusters were thus part of a star's natural evolution.
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Located in Chile, the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) used what's known as laser tomography to capture test images of the planet and surrounding star clusters.
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Image: NASA, ESA, and the LEGUS teamThe new catalog will now provide detailed information for astronomers about young, massive stars and star clusters, and how their environment influences their development.
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This Hubble shot features NGC 5398, a barred spiral galaxy with an ionized hydrogen cloud known as Tol 89, a star-making machine containing more than seven massive star clusters.
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This Hubble shot features NGC 5398, a barred spiral galaxy with an ionized hydrogen cloud known as Tol 89, a star-making machine containing more than seven massive star clusters.
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A conjunction, when two or more planets or star clusters share the same right ascension in the sky and look very near each other, is not an uncommon celestial occurrence.
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The second planet was discovered with a special multi-channel spectrometer instrument called MUSE, which was originally developed to investigate galaxies and star clusters, rather than to seek out exoplanets.
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Amateur astronomers and park rangers set up telescopes nightly and offer constellation tours, lectures and free viewing tips to help spot planets, star clusters and far off galaxies in the sky.
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Located 15 million lightyears away in the constellation Hydra, this galaxy is full of star clusters, which pop in this composite of several exposures taken between August 2009 and September 2012.
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Like previous surveys, they found half as many brown dwarfs as stars, implying that the formation and frequency of brown dwarfs has very little to do with the composition of star clusters.
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"By tracing the faint remains of these smaller galaxies with embedded star clusters, we've been able to recreate the way Andromeda drew them in and ultimately enveloped them at the different times," Mackey said.
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In 2019 it will be used to study super-massive black holes in far-off galaxies and dense star clusters within the Milky Way, revealing formerly hazy secrets of stellar evolution in hi-def.
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Scientists used the Hubble to photograph these galaxies in ultraviolet light, revealing bursts of star formation within them, producing a catalogue that reveals 39 million hot, blue stars and 8,000 star clusters, according to NASA.
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Over a one year period, the astronomers used Hubble's Wide Field Camera 235 and its Advanced Camera for Surveys to capture the finer details of nearby galaxies, including star clusters, spiral arms, and individual stars themselves.
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"If we wait long enough, then eventually LIGO will see something that could only have come from these star clusters, because it would be bigger than anything you could get from a single star," Rodriguez said.
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The rest of Kiso 5639 also plays host to star formation, but far less than in the head, and other star clusters throughout the galaxy are up to a few billion years old, the statement reads.
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"By seeing galaxies in very fine detail—the star clusters—while also showing the connection to the larger structures, we are trying to identify the physical parameters underlying this ordering of stellar populations within galaxies," said Calzetti.
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Related: Meet Dinild Trimp, Trump's Freakish Alter Ego The Spaghetti Moons And Disco Ball Boyfriends Of Collage Artist Eugenia Loli Star Clusters and Sunflowers Pour Out of These Anatomical Collages Ordinary Is Extraordinary in CUR3ES' Collage Wonderland
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But in fact, the Pleiades — named for one of the more conspicuous star clusters in the night sky, which was in turn was named for seven sisters in Greek mythology — is one of the most powerful computers on earth.
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"By seeing galaxies in very fine detail — the star clusters — while also showing the connection to the larger structures, we are trying to identify the physical parameters underlying this ordering of stellar populations within galaxies," Calzetti said in the statement.
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If we could stand on the surfaces of these bizarre exoplanets, like those found in the middle of star clusters, "the sky would be blazing with stars -- more than the 6,000 you can see from Earth if you have the whole sky view," Carpenter said.
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Today, there are no clusters in the immediate vicinity of Earth that may have produced the supernovas, but by looking back in time at where star clusters were millions of years ago, the team of scientists think they found a possible cluster that was close enough to produce the explosions.
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"Because of their great distances, globular star clusters are some of the best tracers astronomers have to measure the mass of the vast envelope of dark matter surrounding our galaxy far beyond the spiral disk of stars," said a statement from the Space Telescope Science Institute's Tony Sohn, who led the Hubble measurements.
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"The motion of the stars may also offer a glimpse into how the star cluster was formed — whether it was built up over time by globular star clusters that happen to fall into the galaxy's center, or from gas spiraling in from the Milky Way's disk to form stars at the core," the STScI said.
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Some are like watching the universe form as an embryo inside of an egg, like this simulation of the evolution of everything: Others are more like soothing snow globes filled with stars, like this view of star clusters in the Milky Way: Or, like this rendering of the evolution of a dark matter galactic halo, some are more reminiscent of the plasma ball experiments you'd see in mad scientist's lab: A few of the fulldome videos put you back on earth, like the timelapse ALMA telescopes under the Chilean sky: And then there's our future home — or at least, how an artist imagined it looked four billion years ago.
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In astronomy, the Melotte catalogue is a catalogue of 245 star clusters by British astronomer Philibert Jacques Melotte. It was published in 1915 as A Catalogue of Star Clusters shown on Franklin-Adams Chart Plates.Melotte, P. J. "A Catalogue of Star Clusters shown on Franklin-Adams Chart Plates", MmRAS, 1915 Catalogue objects are denoted by Melotte, e.g. "Melotte 20".
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For star clusters the IMF may change over time due to complicated dynamical evolution.
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Alpha Comae Berenicis forms an isosceles triangle with globular star clusters Messier 53 and NGC 5053. The apparent diameter of this triangle is a little more than one degree. The location of Alpha Comae Berenicis is westward (preceding) of both globular star clusters.
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Charles Messier publishes his catalog of star clusters and nebulas. Messier draws up the list to prevent these objects from being identified as comets. However, it soon becomes a standard reference for the study of star clusters and nebulas and is still in use today.
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Because nuclear star clusters occur in most galaxy species, they should still be present in the halo of the resulting galaxy after the fusion of galaxies. This is a hypothesis for the formation of globular clusters. Thus, globular clusters could be the remains of nuclear star clusters excluded from gas incidence, in which no new star formation occurs. According to other hypotheses, however, the nuclear star clusters could be the result of a fusion of globular clusters captured by a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy and dynamically destroyed.
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Her research specialty is in the gaseous environments of young 'super star clusters' in local galaxies, including O star winds and star formation efficiency. The youngest star clusters are typically embedded in dusty gas clouds, and therefore hidden from optical telescopes, so observations are done with infrared and millimeter wavelength telescopes. Such studies can help explain the differences in early Milky Way and Population III stars.
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Very large regions of star formation known as super star clusters, such as Westerlund 1 in the Milky Way, may be the precursors of globular clusters.
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The New General Catalogue (NGC, J. L. E. Dreyer 1888) was much larger and contained nearly 8,000 objects, still mixing galaxies with nebulas and star clusters.
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Annapurni Subramaniam is the director of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore and works on areas like star clusters, stellar evolution and population in galaxies and Magellanic clouds.
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H11 is a starburst galaxy that has 'super star clusters' within it and is one of nine galaxies in the local universe known to emit Lyman Continuum photons (LyC).
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Hubble Image In NGC 2623 there are bright star clusters in the tails of the galaxy, and many of them are situated in the upper tail. There are at least 170 star clusters within the galaxy. In addition to this both tails contain many young stars in their respective early stages in evolution. The most active part of the galaxy in regards to star formation is the upper and more prominent tail.
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Stellar nurseries, which are covered by interstellar dust, are detectable in infrared, since at this wavelength electromagnetic radiation can penetrate the dust. Infrared measurements from the WISE astronomical survey have been particularly effective at unveiling previously undiscovered star clusters. Examples of such embedded star clusters are Camargo 18, Camargo 440, Majaess 101, and Majaess 116. In addition, galaxies of the young Universe and interacting galaxies, where star formation is intensive, are bright in infrared.
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Observations with ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile have discovered a new class of “dark” globular star clusters around this galaxy. In the image, the dark globulars are circled in red. Normal globulars are circled in blue, and globulars showing similar properties to dwarf galaxies are in green. Dark globular cluster is a proposed type of globular star clusters that has an unusually high mass for the number of stars within it.
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EMRIs are expected to occur regularly in the centers of most galaxies and in dense star clusters. Conservative population estimates predict at least one detectable event per year for LISA.
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The real objects that SpaceEngine includes are the Hipparcos catalog for stars, the NGC and IC catalogs for galaxies, all known exoplanets, and prominent star clusters, nebulae, and Solar System objects.
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This is a list of NGC objects 1–1000 from the New General Catalogue (NGC). The astronomical catalogue is composed mainly of star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies. Other objects in the catalogue can be found in the other subpages of the list of NGC objects. The constellation information in these tables is from The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer, which was accessed using the VizieR Service.
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His work on the structure of the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds was held in high regard. He contributed significantly in studies of star clusters, stellar populations, carbon stars, planetary nebulae, Wolf-Rayet stars, stellar classification and supernova remnants. He was regarded as an expert on the Magellanic Clouds and wrote a book on them (The Magellanic Clouds, Cambridge University Press, 1997 ). He discovered or rediscovered three open star clusters, Westerlund 1, Westerlund 2 and Westerlund 3.
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The Leviathan, 1885 The purpose of the telescope was to re-visit the nebulae in the catalogues of Charles Messier and John Herschel. These catalogues list star clusters as well as nebulae, and the question was whether the latter were merely unresolved star clusters or genuinely nebulous regions of space. It resolved into stars unclear areas which might be the first galaxies to be identified as such. Parsons discovered that several nebulae had a spiral structure, suggesting "dynamical laws".
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Today Lund Observatory research activity focuses on observational and theoretical astrophysics. Areas covered include galaxy formation and evolution, exoplanet research, laboratory astrophysics, high- energy astrophysics, star clusters, and astrometry (Hipparcos and Gaia).
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Dr. Subramaniam finished her schooling from Victoria College, Palakkad, in science. She did her PhD on the topic "Studies of star clusters and stellar evolution" from Indian Institute of Astrophysics in 1996.
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In astronomy, an open cluster family is a group of approximately coeval (age range \sim30 Myr) young open star clusters located in a relatively small region of the Galactic disk (radius \sim250 pc).
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The interaction seems to occur in the north-western areas of the system because of the broadening of the H i arm and the spread of the UV-rich star clusters in this region.
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These methods included multi-color imaging surveys around field stars, imaging surveys for faint companions of main-sequence dwarfs and white dwarfs, surveys of young star clusters, and radial velocity monitoring for close companions.
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Differential simulations with large numbers of objects perform the calculations in a hierarchical pairwise fashion between centers of mass. Using this scheme, galaxies, star clusters and other large assemblages of objects have been simulated.
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Nectoux (2004), p. 171. Joseph Horowitz has suggested that the "dissonant star clusters" in its third and fourth books were particularly compelling to Olivier Messiaen, who called Iberia "the wonder of the piano."Horowitz (2010), p. 18.
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They have similar distribution to the stellar disk of NGC 1380 and have slightly higher metallicity than the globular clusters in the Milky Way, and are associated with the bulge of the galaxy. Based on their size, there are three star cluster populations, the typical globular clusters, with effective radius under 3 kpc, the diffuse star clusters, with effective radius circa 5 kpc, and the faint fuzzy clusters, with effective radius over 8 kpc. The typical globular clusters are closer to the nucleus than the diffuse star clusters.
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The total infrared luminosity of the galaxy is , and thus it is categorised as a luminous infrared galaxy. Much of the mid-infrared emission originates from a massive extra-nuclear star formation region. Very large star clusters, categorised as super star clusters, have been formed in the loops, as a result of the increased gas density created by the density waves of the impact. The gas dynamics in the galaxy are characterised by the very large velocity range, which is up to 1,100 m/s for the CO emission.
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Lynden-Bell developed a theory for the relaxation of a system of particles in changing potential field known as "violent relaxation." Violent relaxation has many applications in dynamical astronomy, affecting the orbits of stars within star clusters and galaxies. Lynden-Bell is also known for the development of the theory of the "gravothermal catastrophe," a phenomenon in star clusters that is the result of the negative heat capacity of gravitational systems. The catastrophe occurs when the core of a cluster shrinks and heats up, causing it to transfer energy to stars in the cluster's halo, leading the cluster core to collapse.
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The stars in the ring form star clusters with masses between and . Although there have been observed clusters with ages as little as 4 million years or over one billion years, the star clusters predominantly have intermediate ages, with average ages of 200–300 million years, and are massive. Based on the ages of the clusters it is suggested that the most intense star formation in the ring took place 800 million years ago, then lowered, only to increase again 400 million years ago. NGC 6951 has a large stellar bar with dust lanes running across it.
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For example, the well-known compact galaxy group Copeland Septet in the Leo constellation appears as non- existent in the RNGC Nearly 800 objects are listed as "non-existent" in the RNGC. The designation is applied to objects which are duplicate catalogue entries, those which were not detected in subsequent observations, and a number of objects catalogued as star clusters which in subsequent studies were regarded as coincidental groupings. A 1993 monograph considered the 229 star clusters called non-existent in the RNGC. They had been "misidentified or have not been located since their discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries".
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The Plummer model or Plummer sphere is a density law that was first used by H. C. Plummer to fit observations of globular clusters.Plummer, H. C. (1911), On the problem of distribution in globular star clusters, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 71, 460.
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The telltale signs of the collision are two extended luminous tails swirling out from the galaxy. The tails are studded with a particularly high density of star clusters. NGC 3256 is the most luminous galaxy in the infrared spectrum located within z 0.01 from Earth.
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Numerous smaller star clusters, some of them having masses similar to those of small globular clusters or R136 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, with relatively young ages (between 2 million years and 1 billion years) have also been identified. These results, along with the results from other dwarf galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud and NGC 1705, demonstrate that star formation in dwarf galaxies does not occur continuously but instead occurs in a series of short, nearly instantaneous bursts. Center of NGC 1569 as imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. At center left the two super star clusters NGC 1569 A1 and NGC 1569 A2 are visible.
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Each dSph is named after constellations they are discovered in, such as the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy, all of which consist of stars generally much older than 1-2 Gyr that formed over the span of many gigayears. __For example, 98% of the stars in the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy are older than 2 Gyr, formed over the course of three bursts around 3, 7, and 13 Gyr ago. The stars in Carina have also been found to be metal-poor. This is unlike star clusters because, while star clusters have stars which formed more or less the same time, dwarf spheroidal galaxies experience multiple bursts of star formation.
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Bidelman reported the Double Cluster in the I Persei association is physically associated with neighborhood supergiant stars, and is part of an association of O- and B-type stars,Elmegreen, Bruce & Efremov, Yuri. "The formation of star clusters". American Scientist, 86(3):264. May–June 1998.
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It also passed near the Auriga star clusters M38 on April 14, M36 on April 17, and M37 in on April 21, 2009, and passed near Comet Lulin on May 12, 2009, for observers on Earth. It peaked in brightness in June–July 2009 at 8.5-9m.
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Several galaxies and star clusters are contained within Capricornus. Messier 30 is a globular cluster located 1 degree south of the galaxy group that contains NGC 7103. The constellation also harbors the wide spiral galaxy NGC 6907. M30 (NGC 7099) is a centrally-condensed globular cluster of magnitude 7.5 .
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For example, the asterism known as The Plough, Charles' Wain, the Big Dipper, etc. comprises the seven brightest stars in the International Astronomical Union (IAU) recognised constellation Ursa Major. Another is the asterism of the Southern Cross, whose recognised constellation is Crux. Asterisms may coincide with true star clusters.
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His successor, John Alldis improved the standards of the choir and also encouraged the performance of contemporary works such as David Bedford's Star clusters, Nebulae and Places in Devon. The choir worked with Bernard Haitink and Sir John Pritchard during their time as LPO Principal conductors in the 1970s.
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NGC 2000.0 (also known as the Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters) is a 1988 compilation of the NGC and IC made by Roger W. Sinnott, using the J2000.0 coordinates. It incorporates several corrections and errata made by astronomers over the years.
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The young stars so released from their natal cluster become part of the Galactic field population. Because most if not all stars form in clusters, star clusters are to be viewed as the fundamental building blocks of galaxies. The violent gas- expulsion events that shape and destroy many star clusters at birth leave their imprint in the morphological and kinematical structures of galaxies. Most open clusters form with at least 100 stars and a mass of 50 or more solar masses. The largest clusters can have over 104 solar masses, with the massive cluster Westerlund 1 being estimated at 5 × 104 solar masses and R136 at almost 5 x 105, typical of globular clusters.
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Schommer carried out some of the first charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging studies of Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters, published in a paper on what is now called the "short distance" to the LMC.Schommer, R. A., Olszewski, E. W., Aaronson, M. (1984), A distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud by main-sequence fitting, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 285, L53-L57. His work on star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds and the galaxy M33 were fundamental in providing a basis for our understanding of the chemical histories of those galaxies. Schommer was an active member of the High-z Supernova Search Team and co-authored their 1998 paper arguing that we live in an accelerating universe with a cosmological constant.
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The stellar magnitudes are indicated by circles with graded sizes. Double and multiple stars are identified and visual binaries are differentiated from spectroscopic binaries. All known variable stars are identified, including novae that had maxima brighter than magnitude 7.75 (totalling 443). 249 star clusters are shown and their relative size indicated.
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Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred as star clusters or stellar associations.
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This list of black holes (and stars considered probable candidates) is organized by mass (including black holes of undetermined mass); some items in this list are galaxies or star clusters that are believed to be organized around a black hole. Messier and New General Catalogue designations are given where possible.
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C/2008 T2 (Cardinal), is a non-periodic comet. It was discovered by Rob. D. Cardinal from the University of Calgary. It was visible as a telescopic and binocular object during 2009. It passed near the Perseus star clusters NGC 1528 on March 15 and NGC 1545 on March 17, 2009.
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"Yellow stragglers" or "red stragglers" are stars with colors between that of the turnoff and the red giant branch but brighter than the subgiant branch. Such stars have been identified in open and globular star clusters. These stars may be former blue straggler stars that are now evolving toward the giant branch.
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Describes double stars, variable star, star clusters, nebulas, globular clusters, and galaxies. Explains how astronomers determine the distances to stars and galaxies, how sky objects are designated, and how to use deep-sky charts. Includes an atlas of 20 star charts. The charts are ideal for stargazers using a small telescope or binoculars.
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V. with Archenhold as president. This is now considered the oldest and largest public observatory in Germany. The exhibition covered themes like history of astronomy, Earth and Moon, Sun and planets, comets and meteors, stars and star clusters, instruments and optics. Observations included standard objects, lunar eclipses, comets and the Nova Cygni 1903.
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Stars orbit moving galaxies, and they also orbit moving star clusters and companion stars. Planets orbit their moving stars. Stellar drift is measured by two components: proper motion (multiplied by distance) and radial velocity. Proper motion is a star's motion across the sky, slowly changing the shapes of constellations over thousands of years.
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NGC 1569 is characterized by a large starburst. It has formed stars at a rate 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way during the last 100 million years.Hubble Resolves Puzzle about Loner Starburst Galaxy Newswise, Retrieved on November 17, 2008. It contains two prominent super star clusters with different histories.
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In Heidelberg he presented the first stellar-dynamic computations in 1993–1995 of star clusters, in which all stars are born as binary stars. He thus solved the problem that field populations have a significantly lower double star rate than star formation areas, because the binary stars are broken up as the star clusters evolve and disperse. He mathematically formulated and applied a theory of the evolution of binary stars (eigenevolution), created the method of dynamic population synthesis, and predicted the existence of binary stars forbidden by previous theory (forbidden binaries). He suggested in co-operation with Ingo Thies and Christian Theis in 2003–2004 in Kiel that brown dwarves and extrasolar planetary systems can develop in circumstellar disks due to passing stars which disturb the disks.
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Through HST and GALEX, which are two space telescopes, images it is evident that recent star formation has occurred within the galaxy. Though there are many star clusters in the tails of NGC 2623, the nucleus, or center of the galaxy still is responsible for more than 99 percent of the star formation occurring.
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2MASS produced an astronomical catalog with over 300 million observed objects, including minor planets of the Solar System, brown dwarfs, low-mass stars, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies. In addition, 1 million objects were cataloged in the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog (2MASX). The cataloged objects are designated with a "2MASS" and "2MASX"-prefix respectively.
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Charles Messier (; 26 June 1730 – 12 April 1817) was a French astronomer. He published an astronomical catalogue consisting of 110 nebulae and faint star clusters, which came to be known as the Messier objects. The purpose of the catalogue was to help astronomical observers distinguish between permanent and transient visually diffuse objects in the sky.
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Data: 152 mm clear aperture and 1216 mm focal width. To view nebulae, galaxies and star clusters in a large field of view, a binocular is available which is purpose-built for astronomical purposes. Specifications: 25x100 millimeters on fork support, optics: 100 mm opening. For astrophotography an astrograph on a separate socket is available.
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There is no systematic bias in the Hipparcos data when it comes to star clusters. In August 2014, the discrepancy between the cluster distance of as measured by Hipparcos and the distance of derived with other techniques was confirmed by parallax measurements made using VLBI, which gave , the most accurate and precise distance yet presented for the cluster.
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Square-shaped Sextans A, with bright star clusters and bright Milky Way's foreground star Sextans B, by Hubble Space Telescope Antlia Dwarf, by Hubble Space Telescope Antlia-Sextans Group is made by five members. They are NGC 3109, Sextans A, Sextans B, Antlia Dwarf and Leo P. Leo A is candidate for member, but highly unlikely.
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In astrometry, the moving-cluster method and the closely related convergent point method are means, primarily of historical interest, for determining the distance to star clusters. They were used on several nearby clusters in the first half of the 1900s to determine distance. The moving-cluster method is now largely superseded by other, usually more accurate distance measures.
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The William M. Staerkel Planetarium's Zeiss M1015 The Planetarium uses the Zeiss Model M1015 star projector, manufactured by Carl Zeiss, Inc. of Germany. It is the first of its kind to be installed anywhere in the world. It projects 7,600 stars down to magnitude 6, 25 star clusters and nebulae, the sun, moon, and the five planets visible to the human eye.
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At the core, the arms converge to form a circumnuclear ring with symmetrically-placed hot spots containing super star clusters. A pair of supernova events have been detected in the proximity of this galaxy. CCD images taken October 24, 2003 revealed supernova SN 2003jg, positioned east and north of the galactic nucleus. This was determined to be a Type Ib/c supernova.
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PLCKESZ G286.6-31.3 is a galaxy cluster that is seen through the outer fringes of the Large Magellanic Cloud, it has 530 trillion times the Sun's mass, it can host up to 100 galaxies and hosts more than 700 star clusters inside the galaxy cluster, along with additions from hundreds to thousands of supergiant stars, and is invisible to the naked eye.
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In 1937 Rayton designed a lens that was described as the "world's fastest". Its speed was f:0.59—6.5 times faster than the f:1.5 lenses used in minicameras of the day. Astronomer Milton Humason used Rayton's lens to observe star clusters beyond the Milky Way Galaxy. The lens cut the time it took to make spectrographic readings of remote objects in half.
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Because they are composed of star clusters, BCD galaxies lack a uniform shape. They consume gas intensely, which causes their stars to become very violent when forming. BCD galaxies cool in the process of forming new stars. The galaxies' stars are all formed at different time periods, so the galaxies have time to cool and to build up matter to form new stars.
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Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE, observatory code C51) is a NASA infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope launched in December 2009, and placed in hibernation mode in February 2011. It was re-activated in 2013. WISE discovered thousands of minor planets and numerous star clusters. Its observations also supported the discovery of the first Y Dwarf and Earth trojan asteroid.
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Michel Hénon (; 1931 in Paris – 7 April 2013 in Nice) was a French mathematician and astronomer. He worked for a long time at the Nice Observatory. In astronomy, Hénon is well known for his contributions to stellar dynamics. In the late 1960s and early 1970s he made important contributions on the dynamical evolution of star clusters, in particular globular clusters.
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The Teacup galaxy is dominated by a bulge and has a asymmetric structure with a shell-like structure and a tidal tail. The shell and tail are signatures of a recent merger of two galaxies. Dust lanes in the system are interpreted as a gas-rich merger. Several candidate star clusters were identified in this galaxy with Hubble Space Telescope images.
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An exhibition of Beyond images was also toured around the United States by SITES, the Smithsonian Institution's Traveling Exhibitions Service, from 2008-2011. Benson's second book, Far Out: A Space- Time Chronicle, was published by Abrams Books in October 2009. A companion volume to Beyond, Far Out covers such deep space phenomena as nebulae, star clusters, galaxies, and galaxy clusters.
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However, the technique is based on well-known properties regarding the structure of the eye. It is claimed this technique is most useful to astronomers for viewing large but faint nebulae and star clusters. By developing the technique, some observers report a gain of up to three or four magnitudes (15:1 to 40:1). Others report no appreciable improvement.
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Eta Carinae lies within the scattered stars of the Trumpler 16 open cluster. All the other members are well below naked eye visibility, although WR 25 is another extremely massive luminous star. Trumpler 16 and its neighbour Trumpler 14 are the two dominant star clusters of the Carina OB1 association, an extended grouping of young luminous stars with a common motion through space.
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Towards the end of her life, she arranged two-and-a- half thousand nebulae and star clusters into zones of similar polar distances. She did this so that her nephew, John, could re-examine them systematically. Eventually, this list was enlarged and renamed the New General Catalogue. In 1828, she was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for her work.
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The radius of this star is thought to be larger than the radius of Jupiter's orbit around the Sun. Essentially, the HST searches the night sky, specifically nearby galaxies, for star clusters and "dense stellar objects" to see if any have the properties similar to that of a SSC or an object that would, in its lifetime, evolve into a globular cluster.
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Barmby focuses her scientific investigations on nearby galaxies like the Andromeda galaxy (M31) and other galaxies in our Local Group. She studies various regions within these local galaxies, including star-forming regions and related star formation laws and X-ray emitting star clusters. She studies polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in these galaxies. Her work focuses on astronomical 'big data', and she is active in public outreach about astronomy.
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He was educated at Princeton University and the University of California, Berkeley, after which he became a Fellow of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He has received a Presidential Young Researcher award and a Guggenheim Fellowship for his research into the dynamics of star clusters and the formation of binary stars. He currently serves as President of the Board of Directors of the WIYN Observatory.
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Founded in 1946 by Viktor Hambardzumyan, it was one of the main astronomy centers of the USSR. The buildings were designed by architect Samvel Safarian. The hotel, central building and structures are for astronomical instruments. The observatory has discovered special star clusters — stellar associations (1947), more than 1,000 flare stars, dozens of supernovae, hundreds of Herbig–Haro objects and cometary nebulae, hundreds of galaxies.
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As a boy, Houston learned to build microscopes and telescopes and developed an interest in amateur astronomy. He soon observed all 103 nebulae and star clusters in the Messier catalog. While at the University of Wisconsin he began observing variable stars and in 1931 he joined the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). Eventually, he contributed more than 12,000 variable star observations to AAVSO.
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She also helped discover the pulsar with the fastest known rotation rate, PSR J1748-2446ad, star clusters with a high concentration of pulsars, and (using the Green Bank Telescope) the "cosmic recycling" of a slow-spinning pulsar into a much faster millisecond pulsar.Scientists witness cosmic recycling first, AdelaideNow, May 22, 2009.Researchers catch nature in the act of "recycling" a star, Space Daily, May 22, 2009.
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The collision has also triggered extensive star formation between the two galaxies. The most intense star formation takes place in the region between the two nuclei, where a large population of luminous clusters, also known as super star clusters, has been observed. At this region is observed the most tidal stress. Many large clusters are also observed in the tail and the nucleus of NGC 6621.
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Central massive object (CMO) refers to a mass concentration at the center of a galaxy. It can be either a supermassive black hole or a nuclear star cluster. The most massive galaxies are thought to always contain a supermassive black hole (SBH); these galaxies do not contain nuclear star clusters, and the CMO is identified with the SBH. Fainter galaxies usually contain a nuclear star cluster (NSC).
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Rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud complex from NASA. Rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud complex. Ophiuchus contains several star clusters, such as IC 4665, NGC 6633, M9, M10, M12, M14, M19, M62, and M107, as well as the nebula IC 4603-4604. M10 is a fairly close globular cluster, only 20,000 light-years from Earth. It has a magnitude of 6.6 and is a Shapley class VII cluster.
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By early 1976, Applewhite and Nettles had settled on the names "Do" and "Ti"; Applewhite stated that these were meaningless names. In June 1976, they gathered their remaining followers at Medicine Bow National Forest in Southeastern Wyoming, promising a UFO visit. Nettles later announced that the visit had been cancelled. Applewhite and Nettles then split their followers into small groups, which they referred to as "Star Clusters".
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A total of 178 frames of film were obtained of 11 different targets including: the Earth's upper atmosphere and aurora, various nebulae and star clusters, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The film was digitally scanned and saved on tape. Files from these tapes can be requested at NASA. Most of the Apollo 16 and Skylab photos have been converted to JPGs by a third party enthusiast.
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During this time she undertook summer study visits to the University of St Andrews, and the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, which lead to her first published research article and her interest in globular clusters of stars. Elson undertook her PhD (1982 - 1986) at the Institute of Astronomy and Christ’s College Cambridge University where she was awarded an Isaac Newton Studentship, an overseas research student award, and a vice chancellor’s bursary. Her primary supervisor was S. Michael Fall and while working on her PhD she spent time at the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Canberra and Siding Spring observatory Coonabarabran, New South Wales, working under Ken Freeman. This period led to several scientific articles, and her PhD thesis, ‘The rich star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud’ which developed the EFF luminosity profile and resulted in the discovery of unexpectedly extended profiles in star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
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NGC 7314 is a spiral galaxy located in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus. It was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel on July 29, 1834. This is a nearby Seyfert (active) galaxy, located at a distance of approximately from the Milky Way. Since it appears to have detached spiral arm segments (either from dust lanes or bright star clusters), it was listed in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies.
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Plot of the Messier objects relative to the modern constellations, ecliptic, and Milky Way, using equatorial coordinates (right ascension, declination) A Messier marathon is an attempt, usually organized by amateur astronomers, to find as many Messier objects as possible during one night. The Messier catalogue was compiled by French astronomer Charles Messier during the late 18th century and consists of 110 relatively bright deep-sky objects (galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters).
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Nebula Abell 24. The Milky Way passes through much of Canis Minor, yet it has few deep-sky objects. William Herschel recorded four objects in his 1786 work Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, including two he mistakenly believed were star clusters. NGC 2459 is a group of five thirteenth- and fourteenth-magnitude stars that appear to lie close together in the sky but are not related.
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In 1931, the finished catalog included nearly 2800 objects. This work earned her membership in the IAU Commission 28 on Nebulae and Star Clusters. On June 26, 1932, while vacationing on Squam Lake, Ames was taking a canoe tour with a friend on the lake when it capsized. She was presumed to have drowned and her body was found after a ten-day search on July 5, 1932.
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The sector is further subdivided into at least five "zones". Most of its star clusters and planets are inhospitable to life, lacking any "Gaia worlds" that rivals Earth's biodiversity. Terran settlements are sparsely populated being riddled by chaos and anarchy; law and order are concentrated within the sparse few capitol worlds able to support dense population centers numbering in the billions. Still, the sector offers a vast range of natural resources.
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Star clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy. There are approximately 460 globular clusters associated with the Andromeda Galaxy. The most massive of these clusters, identified as Mayall II, nicknamed Globular One, has a greater luminosity than any other known globular cluster in the Local Group of galaxies. It contains several million stars, and is about twice as luminous as Omega Centauri, the brightest known globular cluster in the Milky Way.
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Supernovae are likely to be found within these regions. NGC 3982 has a high rate of star birth within its arms, which are lined by pink star-forming regions of glowing hydrogen and newborn blue star clusters. Its bright nucleus is home to older populations of stars, which grow more densely packed toward the center. The galaxy also has active star formation in the circumnuclear region estimated at 0.52 M⊙/year.
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In Leipzig he was assistant to Karl Christian Bruhns and took part in measurements of double stars carried out by Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf Engelmann. Vogel was awarded a doctorate in 1870 from Jena for work on nebulae and star clusters and went in the same year to the Sternwarte Bothkamp of Kammerherrn von Bülow, c. 20 km south of Kiel. Here he undertook his first spectral analyses on celestial bodies.
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NGC 3256 is a peculiar galaxy formed from the collision of two separate galaxies in the constellation of Vela. NGC 3256 is located about 100 million light years away and belongs to the Hydra-Centaurus supercluster complex. NGC 3256 provides a nearby template for studying the properties of young star clusters in tidal tails. The system hides a double nucleus and a tangle of dust lanes in the central region.
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Regarding the distribution of star clusters in the LMC, Schommer et al. measured velocities for 80 clusters and found that the LMC's cluster system has kinematics consistent with the clusters moving in a disk- like distribution. These results were confirmed by Grocholski et al., who calculated distances to a sample of clusters and showed that the cluster system is distributed in the same plane as the field stars.
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The large exit pupil also collects more light from the background sky, effectively decreasing contrast, making the detection of faint objects more difficult except perhaps in remote locations with negligible light pollution. Many astronomical objects of 8 magnitude or brighter, such as the star clusters, nebulae and galaxies listed in the Messier Catalog, are readily viewed in hand-held binoculars in the 35 to 40 mm range, as are found in many households for birding, hunting, and viewing sports events. For observing smaller star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies binocular magnification is an important factor for visibility because these objects appear tiny at typical binocular magnifications.Sky & Telescope, October 2012, Gary Seronik, "The Messier Catalog: A Binocular Odyssey" (pg 68) A simulated view of how the Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31) would appear in a pair of binoculars Some open clusters, such as the bright double cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884) in the constellation Perseus, and globular clusters, such as M13 in Hercules, are easy to spot.
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In Potsdam in 1906, the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung noticed that the reddest stars—classified as K and M in the Harvard scheme—could be divided into two distinct groups. These stars are either much brighter than the Sun, or much fainter. To distinguish these groups, he called them "giant" and "dwarf" stars. The following year he began studying star clusters; large groupings of stars that are co-located at approximately the same distance.
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Johann Gottfried Koehler (15 December 1745 – 19 September 1801) was a German astronomer who discovered a number of nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies. Koehler is best remembered for his discovery of Open Cluster M67, Elliptical Galaxy M59, and Elliptical Galaxy M60. The latter two were discovered on the same day, 11 April 1779. He worked with the noted astronomer Johann Elert Bode, who refined and published Koehler's proposal for the symbol of Uranus.
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The second Observatory (housing the 16" and 5" telescopes) was completed in June 2018. First light for the new system was on the weekend of June 9, 2018 with spectacular "space-walk" views of the Globular Star Clusters M13, M11, M22, M3, M80, as well as the Nebulae M8 and M20. Attendees celebrating the opening included astronomers in residence, park Interpreters from the Discovery team and representation from Science North's Space Place.
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HR diagrams for two open clusters, M67 and NGC 188, showing the main sequence turn-off at different ages. The turnoff point for a star refers to the point on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where it leaves the main sequence after the exhaustion of its main fuel. It is often referred to as the main sequence turnoff. By plotting the turnoff point of the stars in star clusters, one can estimate the cluster's age.
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A galaxy merger is a prerequisite for forming a binary SMBH, which is a prerequisite for a kick. Second, the escape velocity from a galaxy cluster is large enough that a HCSS would be retained even if it escaped from its host galaxy. It has been estimated that the nearby Fornax and Virgo galaxy clusters may contain hundreds or thousands of HCSSs. These galaxy clusters have been surveyed for compact galaxies and star clusters.
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It is one of the most massive such star-forming regions known, with a total mass of over 5,500 solar masses. Inside, there are two massive star-forming cores, one of which has an estimated mass of 545 solar masses. It is thought to be a potential precursor to massive OB associations and massive star clusters, like the famous Trapezium Cluster. It is claimed to live a lifetime of barely a million years.
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Markus Kissler-Patig (born 21 August 1970, in Switzerland) is a German astronomer, previously based at the European Southern Observatory in Garching, Germany. In August 2012, he took over as the new director of the Gemini Observatory. He specializes in the study of star clusters and galaxies. In 1999, he was winner of the Ludwig Biermann Award of the German Astronomical Society in recognition of his work on extragalactic globular cluster systems.
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The latter is a ring-shaped, circumnuclear star-forming region with a diameter of approximately . The spiral structure extends outward from the ring. The ring structure of M95 has a mass of in molecular gas and a star formation rate of yr−1. The star formation is occurring in at least five regions with diameters between 100 and 150 pc that are composed of several star clusters ranging in size from 1.7 to 4.9 pc.
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Hen 2-10 is a starburst galaxy featuring at least two star-forming regions near the center of the galaxy. These regions feature a variety of different substances, and multiple super star clusters. A study of some of these SSCs estimates their age to be between 4 and 5 megayears. The galaxy also features emission typical of that in a Wolf–Rayet star, further providing evidence for the starburst region of the galaxy.
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A fraction of the globular star clusters in our galaxy, as well as those in other massive galaxies, might have formed in situ. The rest might have been accreted from now-defunct dwarf galaxies. In astronomy, in situ also refers to in situ planet formation, in which planets are hypothesized to have been formed in the orbit that they are currently observed to be in rather than migrating from a different orbit.
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The most notable spiral nebula observed by Parsons was Messier 51, which he resolved into stars. Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue, by Wolfgang Steinicke, year 2010, 650 pages. The book discusses Parsons' Leviathan telescope in section 6.4 (including page 115). After William Parsons (the 3rd Earl of Rosse) died in 1867, the 4th Earl (Laurence Parsons) continued to operate the six-foot telescope.
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The inner region of NGC 7531 is characterised by a high surface brightness ring. The ring is a place of active star formation and a number of star clusters and HII regions have been identified in it. The star formation rate of the inner ring is estimated to be 0.41 ± 0.12 per year based on H-alpha emission. A weak bar is observed in the near infrared inside the ring, along with dust lanes.
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An image of the constellation, Cancer relative to other known constellations The center of NGC 2623 is very bright and circular, and connected to it are two elongated tails, called tidal tails, of star clusters. Because of how bright it is, it is classified as a super luminous galaxy. The galaxy is very bright for both the radio waves and infrared waves it emits. There are two very distinct features of the X-rays that NGC 2623 emits.
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The large trails of gas on each end of NGC 2623 are known as tidal tails. Tidal tails are long strips of bright star clusters that occur due to the interactions between different galaxies. In the case of this galaxy, the tidal tails are formed due to the merging of the galaxies that formed NGC 2623. Tidal tails are very strong indicators of whether a galaxy has been formed due to the merging of multiple other galaxies.
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In 1802, the Royal Society published Caroline's catalogue in its Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A under William's name. This listed around 500 new nebulae and clusters to the already known 2,000. Toward the end of Caroline's life, she arranged two-and-a-half thousand nebulae and star clusters into zones of similar polar distances so that her nephew, John Herschel, could re-examine them systematically. The list was eventually enlarged and renamed the New General Catalogue.
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Astronomers are searching for exoplanets of stars in globular star clusters. In 2000, the results of a search for giant planets in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae were announced. The lack of any successful discoveries suggests that the abundance of elements (other than hydrogen or helium) necessary to build these planets may need to be at least 40% of the abundance in the Sun. Terrestrial planets are built from heavier elements such as silicon, iron and magnesium.
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Stars predominantly form in regions of large clouds of dust and gases, giving rise to star clusters. Radiation pressure from the member stars eventually disperses the clouds, which can have a profound effect on the evolution of the cluster. Many open clusters are inherently unstable, with a small enough mass that the escape velocity of the system is lower than the average velocity of the constituent stars. These clusters will rapidly disperse within a few million years.
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WinStars 2 includes a database of 2,500,000 stars and (SAC) catalogue of 10,000 nebulae, galaxies and star clusters, and can read several astrometric catalogs in their original formats. The Bright Star Catalog, Digitized Sky Survey, Sky2000, and the Tycho 2 databases are also included. The USNO UCAC catalogs and ESA Gaia data are supported in Winstars 3. WinStars 2 features integrated support for the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) system for use with the SETI@home project.
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The object is to locate a suitable home for mankind after the humans have made Earth nearly uninhabitable. The player pilots a vessel with a wide variety of weapons and encounters a variety of aliens; while some are friendly to the player's cause, the player must eliminate the hostile aliens or arrange peace treaties with them to allow the habitation of new worlds. There are four star clusters to explore, each one with its own difficulty level.
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These properties ensure excellent imagery and study of extended objects such as galaxies, star clusters and gaseous nebulae. To further improve the observation of extended objects, a focal reducer had been developed which nearly doubles the field of view while offering the possibility of spectroscopy. In 2006, in collaboration with the University of Tuebingen, a third 0.6m telescope was installed. This Cassagrain telescope, called "Ganymede" is fully robotic and web-driven and has a 29.3′×19.5′ field of view.
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Amateur astronomers can build their own equipment, and hold star parties and gatherings, such as Stellafane. Astronomy is one of the sciences to which amateurs can contribute the most. Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with equipment that they build themselves. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun, the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers, and a variety of deep-sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae.
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Stars in our stellar halo tend to be old (most are greater than 12 billion years old) and metal-poor, but there are also halo star clusters with observed metal content similar to disk stars. The halo stars of the Milky Way have an observed radial velocity dispersion of about 200 km/s and a low average velocity of rotation of about 50 km/s. Star formation in the stellar halo of the Milky Way ceased long ago.
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Stellar kinematics is related to but distinct from the subject of stellar dynamics, which involves the theoretical study or modeling of the motions of stars under the influence of gravity. Stellar- dynamical models of systems such as galaxies or star clusters are often compared with or tested against stellar-kinematic data to study their evolutionary history and mass distributions, and to detect the presence of dark matter or supermassive black holes through their gravitational influence on stellar orbits.
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Trumpler 16 and Trumpler 14 are the most prominent star clusters in , a giant stellar association in the Carina spiral arm. Another cluster within , , is thought to be an extension of appearing visually separated only because of an intervening dust lane. The spectral types of the stars indicate that formed by a single wave of star formation. Because of the extreme luminosity of the stars formed, their stellar winds push away the clouds of dust, similar to the Pleiades.
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For more than 50 years she worked at UNAM which awarded her a number of prizes including the "Science Teaching Prize". Pişmiş studied among others the kinematics of galaxies, H II nebulae, the structure of open star clusters and planetary nebulae. She compiled the catalogue Pismis of 22 open clusters and 2 globular clusters in the southern hemisphere.SIMBAD list of Pismis clusters In 1998, she published an autobiography entitled "Reminiscences in the Life of Paris Pişmiş: a Woman Astronomer".
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The ring is brighter north of the nucleus and there is inhabited by the younger star populations. Brandl et al. detected in near- and mid-infrared nine prominent structures within the ring they identified as star clusters with stellar ages ranging between 5.5 Myr and 6.3 Myr. These clusters account for the 75% of the bolometric luminosity of the starburst ring, with total luminosity of the clusters 2.1 × 1010 L⊙. Numerous supernova remnants have been observed in the ring.
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Adolphus Albert Le Sueur was born on 8 December 1849,W. Steinicke, Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New Catalogue (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 415–416. the son of John Le Sueur, a mercer, of Jersey. He matriculated at the University of Cambridge in 1859, being admitted to Pembroke College, where he was a scholar. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree as 21st wrangler in 1863,J.
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The young star cluster NGC 2264, with a large number of T Tauri stars contracting towards the main sequence. The solid line represents the main sequence, while the two lines above that are the 10^{6.5} yr (upper) and 10^{6.7} yr (lower) isochrones. Observational evidence of the Hayashi track comes from color-magnitude plots—the observational equivalent of HR diagrams—of young star clusters. For Hayashi, NGC 2264 provided the first evidence of a population of contracting stars.
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NGC 90 is an interacting spiral galaxy estimated to be about 300 million light-years away in the constellation of Andromeda. It was discovered by R. J. Mitchell in 1854 and its apparent magnitude is 13.7. The galaxy is currently interacting with NGC 93 and exhibits two highly elongated and distorted spiral arms with bright blue star clusters indicative of star formation, likely caused by the interaction with its neighbor. NGC 90 and NGC 93 form the interacting galaxy pair Arp 65.
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The Carina Nebula (catalogued as NGC 3372; also known as the Grand Nebula, Great Nebula in Carina, or Eta Carinae Nebula) is a large, complex area of bright and dark nebulosity in the constellation Carina, and is located in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm. The nebula is approximately from Earth. The nebula has within its boundaries the large Carina OB1 association and several related open clusters, including numerous O-type stars and several Wolf–Rayet stars. encompasses the star clusters and .
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Brown dwarfs , Gliese 229B, and WISE 1828+2650 compared to red dwarf Gliese 229A, Jupiter and our Sun Coronagraphs have recently been used to detect faint objects orbiting bright visible stars, including Gliese 229B. Sensitive telescopes equipped with charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have been used to search distant star clusters for faint objects, including Teide 1. Wide-field searches have identified individual faint objects, such as Kelu-1 (30 ly away). Brown dwarfs are often discovered in surveys to discover extrasolar planets.
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Osipkov-Merritt distribution functions, derived from galaxy models obeying Jaffe's law in the density. The isotropic model, f=f(E), is plotted with the heavy line. Osipkov–Merritt models (named for Leonid Osipkov and David Merritt) are mathematical representations of spherical stellar systems (galaxies, star clusters, globular clusters etc.). The Osipkov–Merritt formula generates a one-parameter family of phase-space distribution functions that reproduce a specified density profile (representing stars) in a specified gravitational potential (in which the stars move).
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Debris disks detected in HST archival images of young stars, HD 141943 and HD 191089, using improved imaging processes (24 April 2014). Under certain circumstances the disk, which can now be called protoplanetary, may give birth to a planetary system. Protoplanetary disks have been observed around a very high fraction of stars in young star clusters. They exist from the beginning of a star's formation, but at the earliest stages are unobservable due to the opacity of the surrounding envelope.
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Amateur astronomers can build their own equipment and can hold star parties and gatherings, such as Stellafane. Astronomy has long been a field where amateurs have contributed throughout time, all the way up to the present day. Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with equipment that they build themselves. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers, and a variety of deep-sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae.
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Due to its enormous size, this cluster was never recognized as such before the 20th century. The British astronomer Philibert Jacques Melotte was the first to notice it, who described it in his 1915 catalogue of star clusters as a large group of stars scattered around the star 67 Ophiuchi. In 1931, it was re- observed by Swedish astronomer Per Collinder, who described it as a group of 15 stars devoid of appreciable concentration, providing measurements of its member stars.
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M65 was discovered by Charles Messier and included in his Messier Objects list. However, William Henry Smyth accidentally attributed the discovery to Pierre Méchain in his popular 19th-century astronomical work A Cycle of Celestial Objects (stating "They [M65 and M66] were pointed out by Méchain to Messier in 1780"). This error was in turn picked up by Kenneth Glyn Jones in Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters. This has since ramified into a number of other books by a variety of authors.
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An image of the Cat's Paw Nebula created combining the work of professional and amateur astronomers. The image is the combination of the 2.2-metre MPG/ESO telescope of the La Silla Observatory in Chile and a 0.4-meter amateur telescope. Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun, the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers, and a variety of deep sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae.
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Labelled map of Carina OB1 Chandra image of Carina OB1 Carina OB1 is a giant OB association in the Carina Nebula, which is home to some of the most massive and luminous stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. It includes the young star clusters Collinder 228, NGC 3293, NGC 3324, IC 2581, Trumpler 14, Trumpler 15 and Trumpler 16, the last being the home of Eta Carinae. It also includes another massive and luminous star, HD 93129A. It is approximately from Earth.
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She contributed to the book Dynamics of Young Star Clusters and Associations in 2015. Her recent work has combined analytical observation and hydrodynamical simulations in exoplanet discovery. She demonstrated the first evidence of external disc photoevaporation in a low mass star in 2017. The star studied was IM Lup, which was shown to have a CO (carbon monoxide) halo that extends beyond 1,000 AU. Clarke identified a young star with four planets, the size of Jupiter and Saturn, in orbit around it.
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Sextans A is 5,000 light-years in diameter, and square-shaped, and contains numerous star clusters, located at the distance of about 4.31 million light-years away. Sextans A has a peculiar square shape. Massive short-lived stars exploded in supernovae that caused more star formation, triggering yet more supernovae, ultimately resulting in an expanding shell. Young blue stars now highlight areas and shell edges high in current star formation, which from the perspective of observers on Earth appears roughly square.
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Galaxy clusters should not be confused with star clusters, such as galactic clusters—also known as open clusters—which are structures of stars within galaxies, or with globular clusters, which typically orbit galaxies. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. The galaxy groups and clusters can themselves cluster together to form superclusters. Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby Universe include the Virgo Cluster, Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster.
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ESO Science Archive has been providing access to data from astronomical catalogs since 1988. An astronomical catalog or catalogue is a list or tabulation of astronomical objects, typically grouped together because they share a common type, morphology, origin, means of detection, or method of discovery. The oldest and largest are star catalogues. Hundreds have been published, including general ones and special ones for such items as infrared stars, variable stars, giant stars, multiple star systems, star clusters, and so forth.
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Martínez- Delgado, Aparicio, & Gallart (1999) looked into the star formation history of NGC 185 and found that the majority of star formation in NGC 185 happened at early times. In the last ~1 Gyr, stars have formed only near the center of this galaxy. Walter Baade discovered young blue objects within this galaxy in 1951, but these have turned out to be star clusters and not individual stars. A supernova remnant near the center was also discovered by Martínez-Delgado et al.
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VISTA data will also be used to create a 3D map of about 5% of the entire observable Universe. Further out, VISTA will be a powerful tool for discovering remote quasars and studying the evolution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. It will help to probe the nature of dark energy by finding very distant galaxy clusters. Infrared measurements from the VVV astronomical survey have been employed to bolster the cosmic distance ladder, namely by providing reliable distances to star clusters and Cepheid variable stars.
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At the time it was first published, the Atlas Coeli was unique in that it contained essentially all non-stellar objects (star clusters, galaxies etc.) that were visible in an 8-inch telescope, in addition to stars brighter than magnitude 7.75. Until the mid-1970s when it went out of print, the Atlas was extremely popular among amateur astronomers, especially those engaged in comet hunting and the study of variable stars. The Atlas Coeli was also widely used by professional astronomers. Many astronomical observatories still contain copies.
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Kalirai & Richer (2010). Star clusters as laboratories for stellar and dynamical evolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 368, 1913 Further, the morphology of the cluster stars in a color-magnitude diagram, and that includes the brightnesses of distance indicators such as RR Lyrae variable members, can be influenced by observational biases. One such effect is called blending, and it arises because the cores of globular clusters are so dense that in low-resolution observations multiple (unresolved) stars may appear as a single target.
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel remotely activate the ARIES telescope from Brussels on 30 March 2016. Research activities at ARIES cover topics related to the sun, stars and galaxies. ARIES has made significant contributions particularly to the field of star clusters and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The longitude of ARIES (79° East) locates it in the middle of a 180-degree wide longitude band having modern astronomical facilities lying between the Canary Islands (20° West) and Eastern Australia (157° East).
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Observations, which are not possible in Canary Islands or Australia due to daylight, can be made at ARIES. Because of its geographical location and existence of good astronomical observation sites, ARIES has made unique contributions to many areas of astronomical research, particularly those involving time critical phenomena (e.g., the first successful attempt in the country to observe optical afterglow of GRBs was carried out from ARIES). A large number of eclipsing binaries, variable stars, star clusters, nearby galaxies, GRBs, and supernova have been observed from ARIES.
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The extinction value for HM 1 is calculated to be EB−V = 1.85 magnitudes, and its distance was first estimated to be around 2.9 ± 0.4 kiloparsecs away. Later estimates put the cluster at around 3.3 kiloparsecs away; this is still one of the more closer massive star clusters. HM 1 is fairly young for an open cluster; it is estimated to be 1 to 2, or 2 to 4 million years old. This is indicated by the presence of Of stars, which have relatively short lives.
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Radio observations and Hubble Space Telescope images of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's center as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole. It also has a few young stars and star clusters, indicating star formation at a very low rate. The number of globular clusters is , which is much lower than expected for an elliptical galaxy. Two supernovae have been observed in M84: SN 1957 and SN 1991bg.
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Together they founded Crouch End Festival Chorus in that year. It was at this time that Malcolm Hicks joined as accompanist and Deputy Chorus Master.Snowman, pp. 37–38 Along with maintaining a high performance level with standard choral repertoire, Alldis also encouraged the choir to undertake contemporary works such as David Bedford's Star Clusters, Nebulae and Places in Devon which was commissioned for the LPC and Brass of the LPO and was given its première on 7 March 1971 at the Royal Festival Hall.
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His research has involved star formation, the motions of star clusters and stellar associations, and distance scale. His main contributions are the explanation of the origin of stars that move with high velocity in our galaxy and the description of star formation in associations. Among his many honours he was made member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963, elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973. In 1989, he was awarded the Bruce Medal.
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The galaxy was discovered on 19 June 1790, by the British astronomer Frederick William Herschel I. It was catalogued in 1895 by John Louis Emil Dreyer as the 1,101st object of the Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters (IC). At its discovery, it was identified as a nebulous feature. Following Edwin Hubble's 1932 discovery that some of the "nebulous features" were actually independent galaxies, subsequent analysis of objects in the sky were conducted and IC 1101 was therefore found to be one of the independent galaxies.
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The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated NGC) is an astronomical catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, including galaxies, star clusters, emission nebulae and absorption nebulae. Dreyer published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908, known as the Index Catalogues (abbreviated IC), describing a further 5,386 astronomical objects. Thousands of these objects are best known by their NGC or IC numbers, which remain in widespread use.
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Two or more stars, double stars or open star clusters, which are moving in similar directions, exhibit so-called shared or common proper motion (or cpm.), suggesting they may be gravitationally attached or share similar motion in space. Barnard's Star, showing position every 5 years 1985–2005. Barnard's Star has the largest proper motion of all stars, moving at 10.3 seconds of arc per year (arcsec/a). Large proper motion is usually a strong indication that a star is relatively close to the Sun.
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Other than the south polar constellation of Octans, it is the most southerly of constellations and is observable only south of the 5th parallel of the Northern Hemisphere. One of the faintest constellations in the night sky, Mensa contains no apparently bright stars—the brightest, Alpha Mensae, is barely visible in suburban skies. Part of the Large Magellanic Cloud, several star clusters and a quasar lie in the area covered by the constellation, and at least three of its star systems have been found to have exoplanets.
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Luminosae, or star clusters to the naked eye, Nebulae, or clusters that appeared nebulous to the naked eye, but which were resolvable in his telescope, and Occultae, which did not resolve even with the aid of his telescope. The second part is a list of 40 nebulae, of which roughly 25 have been identified as known objects, the others having too unclear a description for a modern identification. The third section is an attempt at a unifying theory of celestial objects, and the fourth concerns Copernican heliocentrism.
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Gould arrived in Buenos Aires in 1870. The same night of the inauguration of the Astronomical Observatory of Córdoba, Gould began with the naked eye, and later with the aid of small binoculars, a map of the southern sky, recording more than 7000 stars, which was published under the name of Uranometría Argentina. He remained as director of the observatory until 1885, when he returned to the United States. The first stellar photographs in the world - hundreds of sheets of open star clusters - were taken at this observatory.
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The SMBH itself is dark and undetectable, but its gravity causes the stars to move at much higher velocities than in an ordinary star cluster. Normal star clusters have internal velocities of a few kilometers per second, while in an HCSS, essentially all the stars are moving faster than , i.e. hundreds or thousands of kilometers per second. If the kick velocity is less than the escape velocity from the galaxy, the SMBH will fall back toward the galaxy nucleus, oscillating many times through the galaxy before finally coming to rest.
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It is possible that some of the objects picked up in these surveys were HCSSs that were misidentified as ordinary star clusters. A few of the compact objects in the surveys are known to have rather high internal velocities, but none appear to be massive enough to qualify as HCSSs. Another likely place to find a HCSS would be near the site of a recent galaxy merger. From time to time, the black hole at the center of an HCSS will disrupt a star that passes too close, producing a very luminous flare.
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Bootes II is located only 1.5 degrees (~1.6 kpc) away from another dwarf galaxy—Boötes I, although they are unlikely to be physically associated because they move in opposite directions relative to the Milky Way. Their relative velocity—about 200 km/s is too high. It is more likely associated with the Sagittarius Stream and, therefore, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (SagDEG). Bootes II may be either a satellite galaxy of SagDEG or one of its star clusters torn from the main galaxy 4–7 billion years ago.
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Like many star clusters of all kinds, Praesepe has experienced mass segregation. This means that bright massive stars are concentrated in the cluster's core, while dimmer and less massive stars populate its halo (sometimes called the corona). The cluster's core radius is estimated at 3.5 parsecs (11.4 light years); its half-mass radius is about 3.9 parsecs (12.7 light years); and its tidal radius is about 12 parsecs (39 light years). However, the tidal radius also includes many stars that are merely "passing through" and not bona fide cluster members.
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Main directions of the scientific research: multicolor photometry of stars, stellar physical parameters, stellar classification, interstellar extinction, interstellar clouds, star clusters, Galactic structure. One of the authors of the Vilnius photometric system for the classification of stars. In 1969–90 conducted the construction of the Molėtai Observatory in Lithuania and the Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan. Author of 324 scientific papers published in 1957–2009 and of three monographs: Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Vilnius, 1977, in Russian), Metal-Deficient Stars (Vilnius, 1982, in Russian) and Multicolor Stellar Photometry (Tucson, Arizona, 1992 and 1995, revised version, in English).
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William Sadler Franks (26 April 1851 in Newark, Nottinghamshire - 19 June 1935 in East Grinstead) was a British astronomer. He published a catalogue of the colours of 3890 stars. Franks was employed between 1892 and 1904 by the wealthy amateur astronomer Isaac Roberts as an assistant to support the photographic observations of star clusters and nebulae at Roberts's private observatory at Crowborough in Sussex. In 1910 he was hired by F. J. Hanbury (of the Allan and Hanbury firm) to work as an observer at Hanbury's private Brockhurst Observatory at East Grinstead in Sussex.
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NGC 2535 is an unbarred spiral galaxy exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the nucleus in the constellation Cancer that is interacting with NGC 2536. The interaction has warped the disk and spiral arms of NGC 2535, producing an elongated structure, visible at ultraviolet wavelengths, that contain many bright, recently formed blue star clusters in addition to enhanced star forming regions around the galaxy center. The two galaxies are listed together in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as an example of a spiral galaxy with a high surface brightness companion.
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The telescope can be used remotely by observers from anywhere in the world, alleviating the need to be on campus when conducting research. Research conducted using the Holcomb telescope includes asteroids, eclipsing variable stars, exoplanets, and long period variables in globular star clusters. Second, in 2018 and 2019 the planetarium underwent a complete overhaul of over $200,000 with the help of Indianapolis-based Bowen Technovation and is now a fully digital, immersive fulldome theater. The planetarium had its old Spitz AP3 star projector replaced with a fulldome digital projector in 2018.
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IC 2177 is a region of nebulosity that lies along the border between the constellations Monoceros and Canis Major. It is a roughly circular H II region centered on the Be star HD 53367. This nebula was discovered by Welsh amateur astronomer Isaac Roberts and was described by him as "pretty bright, extremely large, irregularly round, very diffuse." The name Seagull Nebula is sometimes applied by amateur astronomers to this emission region, although it more properly includes the neighboring regions of star clusters, dust clouds and reflection nebulae.
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The hydrogen emission lines from these stars are much stronger than in normal Be stars, and certain forbidden lines are present in the spectrum as well so they are classified as B[e] stars. FS CMa stars are rare and it has been difficult to determine their properties well enough to determine what causes their unusual character. Several have been detected in massive star clusters and this has ruled out some theories about their origin. The preferred explanation is still for a binary origin, possibly as the result of stellar mergers.
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In an Astronomical Journal published in 1996, using pictures taken in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum by the Hubble Space Telescope of star-forming rings in five different barred galaxies, numerous star clusters were found in clumps within the rings which had high rates of star formation. These clusters were found to have masses of about 10^3M☉ to 10^5M☉, ages of about 100 Myr, and radii of about 5 pc, and are thought to evolve into globular clusters later in their lifetimes. These properties match those found in SSCs.
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Although NGC 3256 has seven large HII regions, a number small in comparison with other interacting galaxies, they are very luminous, with a total flux 85 times that of the Tarantula Nebula and they could host super star clusters. The HII regions conicide with X-ray emission regions, with possible sources being supernova remnants and X-ray binaries, which suggests the sources are in clusters with massive stars which may be initially embedded in HII regions. The HI mass of these features suggests they could be progenitors of globular clusters.
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The motion of stars in elliptical galaxies is predominantly radial, unlike the disks of spiral galaxies, which are dominated by rotation. Furthermore, there is very little interstellar matter (neither gas nor dust), which results in low rates of star formation, few open star clusters, and few young stars; rather elliptical galaxies are dominated by old stellar populations, giving them red colors. Large elliptical galaxies typically have an extensive system of globular clusters. The dynamical properties of elliptical galaxies and the bulges of disk galaxies are similar, suggesting that they may be formed by the same physical processes, although this remains controversial.
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In 1947, Martin Schwarzschild joined his lifelong friend, Lyman Spitzer at Princeton University. Spitzer died 10 days before Schwarzschild. Schwarzschild's work in the fields of stellar structure and stellar evolution led to improved understanding of pulsating stars, differential solar rotation, post-main sequence evolutionary tracks on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (including how stars become red giants), hydrogen shell sources, the helium flash, and the ages of star clusters. With Fred Hoyle, he computed some of the first stellar models to correctly ascend the red giant branch by steadily burning hydrogen in a shell around the core.
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A hypercompact stellar system (HCSS) is a dense cluster of stars around a supermassive black hole that has been ejected from the center of its host galaxy. Stars that are close to the black hole at the time of the ejection will remain bound to the black hole after it leaves the galaxy, forming the HCSS. The term "hypercompact" refers to the fact HCSSs are small in size compared with ordinary star clusters of similar luminosity. This is because the gravitational force from the supermassive black hole keeps the stars moving in very tight orbits about the center of the cluster.
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In March 2015, two teams released their discoveries of several new potential dwarf galaxies candidates found in Year 1 DES data.Scientists find rare dwarf satellite galaxy candidates in Dark Energy Survey data In August 2015, the Dark Energy Survey team announced the discovery of eight additional candidates in Year 2 DES data.Eight Ultra-faint Galaxy Candidates Discovered in Year Two of the Dark Energy Survey Spectroscopic data will be needed to confirm whether these candidates are true dwarf galaxies, or instead are star clusters within the Milky Way. There is potential for many more dwarf galaxy discoveries as DES continues.
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In addition, X-ray observations have revealed the presence of the anomalous X-ray pulsar CXO J164710.20-455217, a slow rotating neutron star that must have formed from a high-mass progenitor star. Westerlund 1 is believed to have formed in a single burst of star formation, implying the constituent stars have similar ages and compositions. Aside from hosting some of the most massive and least-understood stars in our galaxy, Westerlund 1 is useful as a relatively nearby, easy to observe super star cluster that can help astronomers determine what occurs within extragalactic super star clusters.
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Next, the grey goo consumes small stars around the sun, then the sun itself, working up to red giants. The goo eats the largest stars (red hypergiants); though one of them undergoes a hypernova leaving a black hole, the goo consumes the black hole as well. The goo continues to consume nebulae, star clusters, galaxies, and galaxy clusters. Ripping through the fabric of time, it eats said fabric and discovers that the space-time continuum is resting on the back of a turtle, which is on the back of a slightly larger turtle, and that it's turtles all the way down.
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Early stages of a star's life can be seen in infrared light, which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light. Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous galactic protostars and their parent star clusters.Majaess, D. (2013). Discovering protostars and their host clusters via WISE, ApSS, 344, 1 (VizieR catalog) Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184, FSR 1190, Camargo 14, Camargo 74, Majaess 64, and Majaess 98.Camargo et al. (2015). New Galactic embedded clusters and candidates from a WISE Survey, New Astronomy, 34 Star-forming region S106.
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Bok globules were first observed by astronomer Bart Bok in the 1940s. In an article published in 1947, he and Edith Reilly hypothesized that these clouds were "similar to insect's cocoons" that were undergoing gravitational collapse to form new stars, from which stars and star clusters were born. This hypothesis was difficult to verify due to the observational difficulties of establishing what was happening inside a dense dark cloud that obscured all visible light emitted from within it. An analysis of near-infrared observations published in 1990 confirmed that stars were being born inside Bok globules.
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At least 20 regions with star clusters and associated HII regions have been detected in Minkowski's object. The stellar population in Minkowski's object is dominated by stars formed in a single event 7.5 million years ago. The current starbirth rate is 0.52 per year. Although it has been proposed that Minkowski's object was a dwarf galaxy that happened to pass through the radio jet of NGC 541, it is more probable that the HI region was warm intergalactic gas that was cooled by the jet, resulting in star formation, a model that has been reproduced by computer stimulations.
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In 1888 his friend Richard Anthony Proctor died, leaving his major work, Old and New Astronomy, incomplete, and Ranyard undertook to finish it for the benefit of the author's family. The chapters which are entirely by Ranyard are those on the universe of stars, the construction of the Milky Way, and the distribution of nebulae. He also succeeded Proctor as editor of Knowledge, to which he contributed a long series of articles upon the sun and moon, the milky way, the stellar universe, star-clusters, the density of nebulae, &c.; These papers give his mature views on many problems.
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The game gives the player the option to choose one of four star clusters in which to play in. The Hyades cluster is the easiest, while the Cerberus cluster offers a challenge for expert players of alliance and morality. The Sasanid cluster features a despotic empire the player must decide to aid or oppose and the Ragnarok cluster features a great plan that may save or destroy the universe if implemented. One can also engage in practice ship-to-ship combat from the main menu, or can elect to view a 3D gallery of some the ships in the game.
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Other abilities, such as the Chronomyst traveling quickly through star lanes, are continually active. All opponent species (numbering from two to six) are controlled by a computer AI and are selected randomly. The star density in each game determines how many solar systems exist in the star cluster - the higher the density the more planets that are available to colonize. Star density affects both the length of the game, as large star clusters will take longer to conquer, as well as affecting how quickly species will encounter each other and how much room they have to grow.
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Once he had established that the object was moving relative to the background stars, he emailed the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, the clearing house for astronomical discoveries. Bopp did not own a telescope. He was out with friends near Stanfield, Arizona, observing star clusters and galaxies when he chanced across the comet while at the eyepiece of his friend's telescope. He realized he might have spotted something new when, like Hale, he checked his star maps to determine if any other deep-sky objects were known to be near M70, and found that there were none.
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The longer wavelengths of infrared can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light, allowing the observation of young stars embedded in molecular clouds and the cores of galaxies. Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their host star clusters. With the exception of infrared wavelengths close to visible light, such radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere, or masked, as the atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission. Consequently, infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places on Earth or in space.
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Exoplanet YBP 1194 b was discovered in January 2014 by researchers at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) when three new planets were discovered in the M67 cluster, one of them orbiting YPB 1194, showing that open star clusters are more likely to have planets orbiting them than originally thought. The exoplanet is prominently about 100 times the mass of Earth. Exoplanet YBP 1194 b when compared to the Sun-Earth, orbits the star about 87 million miles closer than planet Mercury. The orbital eccentricity of YPB 1194 b is 0.24, close to Pluto's eccentricity of 0.24905.
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While open clusters and globular clusters form two fairly distinct groups, there may not be a great deal of intrinsic difference between a very sparse globular cluster such as Palomar 12 and a very rich open cluster. Some astronomers believe the two types of star clusters form via the same basic mechanism, with the difference being that the conditions that allowed the formation of the very rich globular clusters containing hundreds of thousands of stars no longer prevail in the Milky Way. It is common for two or more separate open clusters to form out of the same molecular cloud.
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Open clusters, especially super star clusters, are also easily detected in many of the galaxies of the Local Group and nearby: e.g., NGC 346 and the SSCs R136 and NGC 1569 A and B. Accurate knowledge of open cluster distances is vital for calibrating the period-luminosity relationship shown by variable stars such as cepheid stars, which allows them to be used as standard candles. These luminous stars can be detected at great distances, and are then used to extend the distance scale to nearby galaxies in the Local Group. Indeed, the open cluster designated NGC 7790 hosts three classical Cepheids.
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The first color- magnitude diagrams of open clusters were published by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1911, giving the plot for the Pleiades and Hyades star clusters. He continued this work on open clusters for the next twenty years. From spectroscopic data, he was able to determine the upper limit of internal motions for open clusters, and could estimate that the total mass of these objects did not exceed several hundred times the mass of the Sun. He demonstrated a relationship between the star colors and their magnitudes, and in 1929 noticed that the Hyades and Praesepe clusters had different stellar populations than the Pleiades.
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In 1781, the French astronomer Charles Messier published a catalogue of 103 objects that had a nebulous appearance as part of a list intended to identify objects that might otherwise be confused with comets. In subsequent use, each catalogue entry was prefixed with an "M". Thus, M87 was the eighty-seventh object listed in Messier's catalogue. During the 1880s, the object was included as NGC 4486 in the New General Catalogue of nebulae and star clusters assembled by the Danish-Irish astronomer John Dreyer, which he based primarily on the observations of the English astronomer John Herschel.
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In it he wrote on a great variety of subjects, including chess and whist. He was also the author of the articles on astronomy in the American Cyclopaedia and the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and was well known as a popular lecturer on astronomy in England, America and Australia. Proctor's map of Mars Elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866, he became honorary secretary in 1872, and contributed eighty-three separate papers to its Monthly Notices. Of these the more noteworthy dealt with the distribution of stars, star clusters and nebulae, and the construction of the sidereal universe.
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The dynamics of these objects, if they do exist, must be quite different from that of standard star clusters. With a very narrow mass range (all brown dwarfs or white dwarfs), the evaporation rate of these RAMBOs should be very slow as predicted by the evolution of simulated mono-component cluster models.de la Fuente Marcos, R. 1995, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 301, 407-418 (ADS entry ) Theoretically, these very long-lived objects could exist in large numbers. The presence of a clustered thick disk-like component of dark matter in the Galaxy has been suggested by Sanchez-Salcedo (1997, 1999) and Kerins (1997).
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Map showing the location of NGC 6067 NGC 6067 is an open cluster in the constellation Norma. It is located to the north of Kappa Normae, with an angular diameter of 12′. Visible to the naked eye in dark skies, it is best observed with binoculars or a small telescope, and a 12-inch aperture telescope will reveal about 250 stars. Discovered by James Dunlop in 1826, it has been described by John Herschel as "a most superbly rich and large cluster" and by Stephen James O'Meara as "one of the sky’s most stunning open star clusters".
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The observatory offers guided tours – Moon, Solar System objects, stars, star clusters, interstellar clouds, and galaxies – and special events for a wide audience, as well as individual tours for schools and groups.Urania observatory: Oberservations Paid public tours can be found on clear weather from Tuesday to Friday, starting at 20:00 (8 pm).Urania observatory: Private tours (schools and groups) , Schools and groups of over 10 persons are kindly asked to reserve tours in advance. The central location and the city of Zurich overriding observation tower also provide an unusual view of the city, Lake Zurich and Alps.
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This area includes observational research programs spanning the nearby universe of stars and the interstellar medium within the Galaxy to cosmological observations of the large-scale structure of the universe, including studies of fundamental physics. Projects include works that aim to elucidate the nature of the cosmos on the largest scales and most distant times. Other programs include the identification of the upper mass limit to stars and the search for young massive star clusters in the Galaxy. It also includes leadership roles on major future astronomy telescope panels to specify the detector requirements needed in order to satisfy mission science requirements.
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Time Machine will help users explore the map of the night sky of tomorrow or years ago. The application helps to determine the exact position of celestial objects in the sky above. It also includes extra information on star clusters, meteor showers, iridium flares, galaxies and nebulas, along with the current position of dwarf planets, comets, asteroids and man-made satellites. Star Walk also provides a single-screen space dashboard, showing you when the Sun (and potentially visible planets) rises and sets at your location, along with the current moon phase, elevation angle, and day length.
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The core helium fusing phase of a star's life is called the horizontal branch in metal-poor stars, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H–R diagram of many star clusters. Metal-rich helium-fusing stars instead lie on the so-called red clump in the H–R diagram. An analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again, causing helium in a shell to begin fusing. At the same time hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell.
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The eastern tail has mean stellar population age determined to be 841+125−157 Myr and a larger percentage of mass belonging to the stellar population that was formed before the galaxy interaction. In the eastern tail were also detected several young (< 10 Myr), low mass objects with strong nebular emission, indicating a small, recent burst of star formation. The mean stellar population of the western tail was estimated to be 288+11−54 Myr and its light is dominated by stars formed after the interaction. The tails feature large numbers of star clusters, especially the western tail.
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Dunlop made several noteworthy discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere sky and in 1828 published A Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars in the Southern Hemisphere observed in New South Wales, which contains 629 objects. A little more than half the objects he discovered proved to be real, most being small nebulous objects being probably artificially created from the handmade reflecting telescope he had constructed himself. He found many new open star clusters, globular clusters, bright nebulae and planetary nebulae, most previously unknown to visual observers. His most famous discovery is likely the radio galaxy NGC 5128 or Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus.
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The first purely calculational simulations were then done by Sebastian von Hoerner at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg, Germany. Sverre Aarseth at the University of Cambridge (UK) has dedicated his entire scientific life to the development of a series of highly efficient N-body codes for astrophysical applications which use adaptive (hierarchical) time steps, an Ahmad-Cohen neighbour scheme and regularization of close encounters. Regularization is a mathematical trick to remove the singularity in the Newtonian law of gravitation for two particles which approach each other arbitrarily close. Sverre Aarseth's codes are used to study the dynamics of star clusters, planetary systems and galactic nuclei.
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Dr. Stanley Wyatt joined the faculty in 1953, George Swenson and Ivan King in 1956, Kennth Yoss, John Dickel and James Kaler in 1964 and Edward Olson in 1966. With George Swenson's arrival, Illinois began a program of radio astronomy resulting in the Vermillion River Radio Observatory that opened in 1962. Prairie Observatory was an optical observatory consisting of a 40-inch telescope and was completed in 1967. By the time of Dr. McVittie's retirement in 1971, the one-astronomer department had expanded to nine faculty with research interests in relativity, cosmology, celestial mechanics, perturbation theory, dynamics of star clusters, planetary nebulae, planets, supernovae and radio astronomy.
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Our Solar System is likely to have been shaped by such events. In Kiel he also theoretically formulated the concept that galaxies ought to be described by stars forming in populations of embedded star clusters. With this he explained in 2002 the observed heating or thickening with age of the disk of the Milky Way, and with Carsten Weidner he formulated the "IGIMF (integrated galactic initial mass function) theory". In 2008 in Bonn together with Jan Pflamm-Altenburg he pointed out that the IGIMF theory implies that disk galaxies have a radial star formation law, in which the star formation density is proportional to the radial gas density.
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The net mass of NGC 922 is estimated as 75 billion solar masses within a radius of , with 72% being in the form of dark matter and 20% as neutral hydrogen. It is a starburst galaxy, and the collision has resulted in star formation at the rate of . New star clusters have been formed in the ring or bar with a mean age of 16 million years, whereas older clusters of 50 million years or more are predominantly found in the nuclear region. The tidal plume pointing toward the companion mainly consists of much older stars, indicating not much new star formation has taken place in that feature.
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For example, Physico-Theology contains his recognition of natural variation within species and that he knew that Didelphis virginialis (the Virginia opossum) was the only marsupial in North America. It also includes one of the earliest theoretical descriptions of a marine chronometer, accompanied by a discussion of the use of vacuum seals to reduce inaccuracies in the operation of timepieces. He is the first person known to have used the word chronometer. Similarly, Astro-Theology includes several newly identified nebulae (this was the name used at the time for all extended astronomical objects: some of his nebulae are what we would now call star clusters).
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Both clusters have experienced episodic star formation. Super star cluster A, located in the northwest of the galaxy and actually formed of two close clusters (NGC 1569 A1 and NGC 1569 A2), contains young stars (including Wolf-Rayet stars) that formed less than 5 million years ago (in NGC 1569 A1) as well as older red stars (in NGC 1569 A2). Super star cluster B, located near the center of the galaxy, contains an older stellar population of red giants and red supergiants. Both of these star clusters are thought to have masses equivalent to the masses of the globular clusters in the Milky Way (approximately (6-7) × 105 solar masses).
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Priscilla was the at-home parent until their children finished high school, and published less research herself in this period, though the Boks' public outreach often took place together. Their marriage began a close scientific collaboration that would span the next four decades, in which "it is difficult and pointless to separate his achievements from hers". They co-authored a number of academic papers on star clusters, stellar magnitudes, and the structure of the Milky Way. Their enthusiasm for explaining astronomy to the public led to them being well known: they were described as "salesmen of the Milky Way" by The Boston Globe in 1936.
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Four first magnitude stars, Regulus, Spica, Antares, and Aldebaran, are sufficiently close to the ecliptic that they may be occulted by the Moon. In addition, two star clusters visible to the naked eye, the Beehive Cluster and the Pleiades, are often occulted. Depending on one's location on the Earth, there are usually several occultations involving naked eye objects every year and many more that can be observed using binoculars or a telescope. Accurate timings (accuracy at least +/-0.02 seconds) of lunar occultations are scientifically useful in fields such as lunar topography, astrometry, and binary star studies and are collected by the International Occultation Timing Association - IOTA.
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The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue. While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation, Moore noted that Messier's list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets.
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"Chandra: Exploring the Invisible Universe" MSFC The Chandra X-ray Observatory, originating at MSFC, was launched on July 3, 1999, and is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. With an angular resolution of 0.5 arcsecond (2.4 µrad), it has a thousand times better resolution than the first orbiting X-ray telescopes. Its highly elliptical orbit allows continuous observations up to 85 percent of its 65-hour orbital period. With its ability to make X-ray images of star clusters, supernova remnants, galactic eruptions, and collisions between clusters of galaxies - in its first decade of operation it has transformed astronomer's view of the high-energy universe.
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By the 1920s, a large fraction of the astronomical community had recognized that some of the diffuse, cloud-like objects, or nebulae, seen in the night sky were collections of stars located beyond our own, local collection of star clusters. These galaxies had diverse morphologies, ranging from ellipsoids to disks. The concentrated band of starlight that is the visible signature of the Milky Way was indicative of a disk structure for our galaxy; however, our location within our galaxy made structural determinations from observations difficult. Classical mechanics predicted that a collection of stars could be supported against gravitational collapse by either random velocities of the stars or their rotation about its center of mass.pp.
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The M-type supergiants of h and χ Per became the prototypes of this class of stars, and the major source of data for their properties. Unlike most the usual relatively young star clusters including few supergiant stars, 18 were found in the Double Cluster of Perseus by 2007, which Robert F. Wing noted as the 60th anniversary of Bidelman's "important paper", saying Bidelman's 1947 two-dimensional classifications of the then-known supergiants in h and χ Per had "served as the benchmark" for later studies of the red supergiant stars. Vertical Lines of H-alpha and Balmer lines are shown using spectra from many dwarf stars. Weak Balmer lines show a star's atmosphere to be hydrogen-deficient.
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Most 18th to 19th century astronomers considered them as either unresolved star clusters or anagalactic nebulae, and were just thought as a part of the Milky Way, but their true composition and natures remained a mystery. Observations using larger telescopes of a few nearby bright galaxies, like the Andromeda Galaxy, began resolving them into huge conglomerations of stars, but based simply on the apparent faintness and sheer population of stars, the true distances of these objects placed them well beyond the Milky Way. For this reason they were popularly called island universes, but this term quickly fell into disuse, as the word universe implied the entirety of existence. Instead, they became known simply as galaxies.
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In 1983, Oldfield created a short-lived record label called Oldfield Music whose sole release was a David Bedford album, Star Clusters, Nebulae and Places in Devon / The Song of the White Horse. Bedford's association with Oldfield led to a record contract to make a number of albums for Virgin, some using orchestral players, others featuring Bedford's keyboards, and some include Oldfield as a featured performer. Album titles from this period include Star's End (1974), The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1975, a musical setting of the poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge), The Odyssey (1976, a musical setting of the poem by Homer), and Instructions for Angels (1977), the latter including an appearance by Mike Ratledge.
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The other research fields of the institute include solar astronomy, stellar astronomy, star clusters, stellar variability and pulsation, photometric studies of nearby galaxies, Quasars, and transient events like supernovae and highly energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). A total solar eclipse lasting about 4 minutes was successfully observed from Manavgat, Antalya in Turkey on 29 March 2006 by a team of scientists from the Institute. In past, new ring systems around Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune were discovered from the observatory. Recently, for the first time a direct correlation between the intra-night optical variability and the degree of polarization of the radio jets in Quasars was established based on the observations from ARIES.
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Hodge 301 (lower right) in the Tarantula Nebula Hodge 301 is a star cluster in the Tarantula Nebula, visible from Earth's Southern Hemisphere. The cluster and nebula lie about 168,000 light years away, in one of the Milky Way's orbiting satellite galaxies, the Large Magellanic Cloud. Hodge 301, along with the cluster R136, is one of two major star clusters situated in the Tarantula Nebula, a region which has seen intense bursts of star formation over the last few tens of millions of years. R136 is situated in the central regions of the nebula, while Hodge 301 is located about 150 light years away, to the north west as seen from Earth.
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Stars and planetary systems tend to be born in star clusters rather than forming in isolation. Protoplanetary disks can collide with or steal material from molecular clouds within the cluster and this can lead to disks and their resulting planets having inclined or retrograde orbits around their stars. Retrograde motion may also result from gravitational interactions with other celestial bodies in the same system (See Kozai mechanism) or a near-collision with another planet, or it may be that the star itself flipped over early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk."Tilting stars may explain backwards planets", New Scientist, 1 September 2010, Issue 2776.
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After her doctorate at Cambridge, Brodie was a post-doctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley (1980–82), then a research fellow at Girton College, Cambridge and the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge (1982–84), and returned to UCB as an assistant research astronomer (1984–87). She took up a post of assistant professor/astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1987, and became associate professor/astronomer there in 1991 and professor/astronomer in 1997. Her main research interests are globular star clusters and galaxy formation. She founded the international research network Study of the Astrophysics of Globular Clusters in Extragalactic Systems (SAGES), from which developed the SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS Survey.
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Gould's measurements of L. M. Rutherfurd's photographs of the Pleiades in 1866 entitle him to rank as a pioneer in the use of the camera as an instrument of precision; and he secured at Córdoba 1400 negatives of southern star clusters, the reduction of which occupied the closing years of his life. He remained in Argentina until 1885, when he returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1883 and the James Craig Watson Medal in 1887. Astronomers continue to investigate the astrophysics of a large scale feature of the Milky Way to which he called their attention in 1877, and honor him with its name, The Gould Belt.
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Carollo's contribution to astronomy is in the fields of extragalactic astronomy and specifically galaxy formation and evolution. Her early work established the relation between the metallicity gradient and stellar mass in galactic spheroids, demonstrated the presence of dark matter halos beyond their half- light radii and was seminal in discovering and characterizing disk-like (pseudo) bulges and nuclear massive star clusters in disk galaxies like the Milky Way. Later she and her ETH group worked on the role of galactic environment and progenitor bias in galaxy evolution, the growth and "quenching" of massive galaxies at high redshifts, and participated in the discovery and characterization of the most distant galaxies in the universe, in the heart of the reionization epoch.
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The Hvar Observatory, part of the Geodetic school of the University of Zagreb, is an astronomical research observatory located above the city of Hvar (the observatory's dome is between 173 and 245 meters above sea level). Opened in 1972, research at the observatory focuses on solar physics, the photometry of stars, especially variable class Be stars, and star clusters and galaxies. A double telescope is used for solar observation; one telescope observes the photosphere (opening diameter 217 mm, focal length 2450 mm) and the other observes the chromosphere (opening diameter 130 mm, focal length 1950 mm) with a narrowband spectral filter. For stellar observation, a Cassegrain reflector with an opening diameter of 65 cm is used.
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M 42 in his catalogue Messier's occupation as a comet hunter led him to continually come across fixed diffuse objects in the night sky which could be mistaken for comets. He compiled a list of them, in collaboration with his friend and assistant Pierre Méchain (who may have found at least 20 of the objects), to avoid wasting time sorting them out from the comets they were looking for. The entries are now known to be 39 galaxies, 4 planetary nebulae, 7 other types of nebulae, and 55 star clusters. Messier did his observing with a 100 mm (four-inch) refracting telescope from Hôtel de Cluny (now the Musée national du Moyen Âge), in downtown Paris, France.
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Stars of Pleiades with color and 10,000-year backwards proper motion shown cross-eyed viewing 10px (click for viewing guide) Ages for star clusters can be estimated by comparing the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for the cluster with theoretical models of stellar evolution. Using this technique, ages for the Pleiades of between 75 and 150 million years have been estimated. The wide spread in estimated ages is a result of uncertainties in stellar evolution models, which include factors such as convective overshoot, in which a convective zone within a star penetrates an otherwise non-convective zone, resulting in higher apparent ages. Another way of estimating the age of the cluster is by looking at the lowest-mass objects.
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O-type stars form only a tiny fraction of main-sequence stars and the vast majority of these are towards the lower end of the mass range. The most massive and hottest types O3 and O2 are extremely rare, were only defined in 1971 and 2002 respectively, and only a handful are known in total. Giant and supergiant stars are somewhat less massive than the most massive main sequence O-type stars due to mass loss, but are still among the most massive stars known. The formation rate of class O stars cannot be observed directly, but initial mass functions (IMF) can be derived that model observations of existing star populations and particularly young star clusters.
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NGC 1052 is located at a distance of around 63 million light years from the Milky Way, and has a LINER-type active galactic nucleus which signals the intense starburst activity in the galaxy's center that were confirmed with observations with better resolution showing a number of star-forming regions and young star clusters. NGC 1052 shows also two small jets emerging from its nucleus as well as a very extended disc of neutral hydrogen, far larger than the galaxy itself, all these features suggesting a gas-rich galaxy collided and merged with it 1 billion years ago producing all the above features. A scale image of NGC 1052 and its satellite galaxies is available at the reference.
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A super star cluster (SSC) is a very massive young open cluster that is thought to be the precursor of a globular cluster. These clusters are referred to as "super" due to the fact that they are relatively more luminous and contain more mass than other young star clusters. The SSC, however, does not have to physically be larger than other clusters of lower mass and luminosity. They typically contain a very large number of young, massive stars that ionize a surrounding HII region or a so-called "Ultra dense HII regions (UDHIIs)" in the Milky Way Galaxy as well as in other galaxies (however, SSCs do not always have to be inside an HII region).
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Institute of Astronomy Observatory Building, housing the library The Institute of Astronomy (IoA) is the largest of the three astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge, and one of the largest astronomy sites in the UK. Around 180 academics, postdocs, visitors and assistant staff work at the department.The Institute of Astronomy: Past and Present Research at the department is made in a number of scientific areas, including exoplanets, stars, star clusters, cosmology, gravitational-wave astronomy, the high- redshift universe, AGN, galaxies and galaxy clusters.The Institute of Astronomy: Research This is a mixture of observational astronomy, over the entire electromagnetic spectrum, computational theoretical astronomy, and analytic theoretical research. The Kavli Institute for Cosmology is also located on the department site.
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Picture by the Hubble Space Telescope. In the 1940s, Bok first observed small, dark clouds of dense cosmic dust and gas which would later become known as Bok globules in the Milky Way. In a paper published in 1947, Bok and E.F. Reilly hypothesized that these clouds were "similar to insect's cocoons" that were undergoing gravitational collapse to form new stars and star clusters. This hypothesis was difficult to verify due to the observational difficulties of establishing what was happening inside a dense dark cloud that obscured all visible light emitted from within it, but after Bok's death his ideas were confirmed when analyses of near infrared observations published in 1990 confirmed that stars were being born inside Bok globules.
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Thus, in 1958 Sandage published the first reasonably accurate measurement of the Hubble constant, at 75 (km/s)/Mpc, which is close to modern estimates of 68–74 (km/s)/Mpc. The age of the Earth (actually the Solar System) was first accurately measured around 1955 by Clair Patterson at 4.55 billion years, essentially identical to the modern value. For H0 ~ 75 (km/s)/Mpc, the inverse of H0 is 13.0 billion years; so after 1958 the Big Bang model age was comfortably older than the Earth. However, in the 1960s and onwards, new developments in the theory of stellar evolution enabled age estimates for large star clusters called globular clusters: these generally gave age estimates of around 15 billion years, with substantial scatter.
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Messier 100 (also known as NGC 4321) is a grand design intermediate spiral galaxy located within the southern part of constellation Coma Berenices. It is one of the brightest and largest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, located approximately 55 million light-years distant from Earth and has a diameter of 107,000 light years, roughly 60% the size of the Milky Way. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 15, 1781 and was subsequently entered in Messier's catalogue of nebulae and star clusters after Charles Messier made observations of his own on April 13, 1781. The galaxy was one of the first spiral galaxies to be discovered, and was listed as one of fourteen spiral nebulae by Lord William Parsons of Rosse in 1850.
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A cluster of young stars lies at the center of the W40 HII region containing approximately 520 stars down to 0.1 solar masses (). Age estimates for the stars indicate that the stars in the center of the cluster are approximately 0.8 million years old, while the stars on the outside are slightly older at 1.5 million years. The cluster is roughly spherically symmetric and is mass segregated, with the more massive stars relatively more likely to be found near the center of the cluster. The cause of mass segregation in very young star clusters, like W40, is an open theoretical question in star-formation theory because timescales for mass segregation through two-body interactions between stars are typically too long.
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Often, these metaphors are used as a visual shorthand in explanations as they allow one to refer to the Internet as a definite object without having to explain the intricate details of its functioning. Clouds are the most common of abstract metaphors employed for this purpose in cloud computing and have been used since the creation of the Internet. Other abstract metaphors of the Internet draw on the fractal branching of trees and leaves, and the lattices of coral and webs, while others are based on the aesthetics of astronomy such as gas nebulas, and star clusters. Technical methods such as algorithms are often used to create huge, complex graphs or maps of raw data from networks and the topology of connections.
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He died of a heart attack in his home in Austin at the age of 77. His earliest work had concerned the planet Mars and while at Harvard he used telescope observations from 1909 to 1958 to study the areographic coordinates of features on the surface of Mars. His later work focused on the study of galaxies and he co-authored the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies with his wife Antoinette (1921-1987), a fellow UT Austin astronomer and lifelong collaborator.Memoriam to Antoinette de Vaucouleurs from University of Texas Austin His specialty included reanalyzing Hubble and Sandage's galaxy atlas and recomputing the distance measurements utilizing a method of averaging many different kinds of metrics such as luminosity, the diameters of ring galaxies, brightest star clusters, etc.
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The Pleiades (, ), also known as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45, are an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars in the north-west of the constellation Taurus. It is among the star clusters nearest to Earth, it is the nearest Messier object to Earth, and is the cluster most obvious to the naked eye in the night sky. The cluster is dominated by hot blue and luminous stars that have formed within the last 100 million years. Reflection nebulae around the brightest stars were once thought to be left over material from the formation of the cluster, but are now considered likely to be an unrelated dust cloud in the interstellar medium through which the stars are currently passing.
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Michell was the first person to apply the new mathematics of statistics to the study of the stars, and demonstrated in a 1767 paper that many more stars occur in pairs or groups than a perfectly random distribution could account for. He focused his investigation on the Pleiades cluster, and calculated that the likelihood of finding such a close grouping of stars was about one in half a million. He concluded that the stars in these double or multiple star systems might be drawn to one another by gravitational pull, thus providing the first evidence for the existence of binary stars and star clusters. His work on double stars may have influenced his friend Herschel's research on the same topic.
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Stellar dynamics is primarily used to study the mass distributions within stellar systems and galaxies. Early examples of applying stellar dynamics to clusters include Albert Einstein's 1921 paper applying the virial theorem to spherical star clusters and Fritz Zwicky's 1933 paper applying the virial theorem specifically to the Coma Cluster, which was one of the original harbingers of the idea of dark matter in the universe. The Jeans equations have been used to understand different observational data of stellar motions in the Milky Way galaxy. For example, Jan Oort utilized the Jeans equations to determine the average matter density in the vicinity of the solar neighborhood, whereas the concept of asymmetric drift came from studying the Jeans equations in cylindrical coordinates.
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It is a mercury-manganese star, a type of non-magnetic chemically peculiar star with unusually large signatures of some heavy elements in its spectrum. Relative to the Sun, β Tauri is notable for a high abundance of manganese, but little calcium and magnesium. However, the lack of strong mercury signatures, together with notably high levels of silicon and chromium, have led some authors to give other classifications, including as a "SrCrEu star" or even an Ap star. At the southern edge of the quite narrow plane of the Milky Way Galaxy a few degrees west of the galactic anticenter, β Tauri figures (appears) as a foreground object south of many nebulae and star clusters such as M36, M37, and M38.
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The distances to star clusters can be estimated by using a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram or colour–colour diagram to calibrate the absolute magnitudes of the stars, for example fitting the main sequence or identifying features such as a horizontal branch, and hence their distance from Earth. It is also necessary to know the amount of interstellar extinction to the cluster and this can be difficult in regions such as the Carina Nebula. A distance of 7,330 light-years (2,250 parsecs) has been determined from the calibration of O-type star luminosities in Trumpler 16. After determining an abnormal reddening correction to the extinction, the distance to both Trumpler 14 and Trumpler 16 has been measured at 9,500±1000 light-years (2,900±300 parsecs).
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The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by William Henry Smyth Returning to England and settling at Bedford, in 1825 he fitted out a private observatory equipped with a 5.9-inch refractor telescope. He used this instrument to observe a variety of deep sky objects over the course of the 1830s, including double stars, star clusters and nebulae. He published his observations in 1844 in the Cycle of Celestial Objects, which earned him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1845 and also the presidency of the society. The first volume of this work was on general astronomy, but the second volume became known as the Bedford Catalogue and contained his observations of 1,604 double stars and nebulae.
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The choir also participated in many opera recordings for Decca and RCA, featuring artists such as Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo, Janet Baker, Joan Sutherland and Kiri Te Kanawa. In 1970, Alldis directed his choir in the recording and the first performance of Pink Floyd's prog rock suite "Atom Heart Mother". In 1973, he directed the choir in the Westminster Abbey performance of Duke Ellington’s Third Sacred Concert--a recording that was to be the penultimate one made by the great bandleader. He also conducted the London Philharmonic Choir and brass section in the recording of David Bedford’s Star Clusters, available on the Classicprint label. In 1977, he recorded Sounds of Glory for Arcade Records, a celebration of choral classics, which won a gold disc.
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Hawaiian altar on the Saddle Road near the Mauna Kea access road Just below the support complex, a Visitor Information Station at , has its own parking lot for visitors. The VIS houses informational displays, and shows videos depicting the history and work of the observatories, as well as the geology, ecology and cultural significance of Mauna Kea. Every evening it hosts a stargazing program in which several small telescopes, up to 16 inches in diameter, are set up outside the building and visitors are shown various planets, star clusters, galaxies, nebulae and other interesting features of the night sky. A VIS staff member or volunteer usually presents a star and constellation tour, using a small laser to point out features in the sky.
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Westerlund 1 (abbreviated Wd1, sometimes called Ara Cluster) is a compact young super star cluster in the Milky Way galaxy, about 3.2 kpc away from Earth. It is one of the most massive young star clusters in the Milky Way, and was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in 1961 but remained largely unstudied for many years due to high interstellar absorption in its direction. In the future, it will probably evolve into a globular cluster. The cluster contains a large number of rare, evolved, high-mass stars, including: 6 yellow hypergiants, 4 red supergiants including Westerlund 1-26, one of the largest known stars, 24 Wolf-Rayet stars, a luminous blue variable, many OB supergiants, and an unusual supergiant sgB[e] star which has been proposed to be the remnant of a recent stellar merger.
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Star map with the Pleiades (upper right) and the Hyades (centre, V-shaped head of the constellation Taurus with its main star Aldebaran, γ Tauri und ε Tauri (Ain)) at both sides of the ecliptic line (dashed red). The Golden Gate of the Ecliptic is an asterism in the constellation Taurus that is known for several thousand years. The constellation is built by the two eye-catching open star clusters of the Pleiades and the Hyades that form the two post of a virtual gate at the two sides of the ecliptic line. Since all planets as well as the moon and the sun always move very closely along the virtual circle of the ecliptic, all these seven orbiting bodies are regularly passing through the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic.
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Robinson was active with Parsons in interpreting the higher-resolution views of the night sky produced by Parsons' telescope, particularly with regard to the galaxies and nebulae and he published leading-edge research reports on the question.Book Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters, by Wolfgang Steinicke, year 2010, pages 106–117. Back at his own observatory in Armagh, Robinson compiled a large catalogue of stars and wrote many related reports. In 1862 he was awarded a Royal Medal "for the Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars, deduced from observations made at the Armagh Observatory, from the years 1820 up to 1854; for his papers on the construction of astronomical instruments in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society, and his paper on electromagnets in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy".
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Priscilla Fairfield Bok (April 14, 1896 – November 1975) was an American astronomer and the wife of Dutch-born astronomer Bart Bok, Director of Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia and later of Steward Observatory in Arizona, US. Their harmonious marriage accompanied the four decades of their close scientific collaboration, in which "it is difficult and pointless to separate his achievements from hers". They co-authored a number of academic papers on star clusters, stellar magnitudes, and the structure of the Milky Way galaxy. The Boks displayed great mutual enthusiasm for explaining astronomy to the public: described as "salesmen of the Milky Way" by The Boston Globe, their general interest book The Milky Way went through five editions and was said to be "one of the most successful astronomical texts ever written".
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Heggie has conducted pioneering theoretical research on the topic of the classical gravitational N-body problem, with a particular focus on the three- body problem, and related applications to the dynamical evolution of globular star clusters and high-performance computing. The article in which he presented the theory of binary evolution in stellar dynamics (often referred to as Heggie's law) has found an outstanding spectrum of applications in many astrophysical domains. One of the originators of the current paradigm of the dynamical evolution of collisional stellar systems, he has made seminal contributions also to the quantitative study of prehistoric mathematics and astronomy. On these subjects, he has authored or co-authored of two books: The Gravitational Million-Body Problem: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Star Cluster Dynamics and Megalithic Science: Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy in North-west Europe.
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This motion may be viewed as having components that consist in part of motion of the galaxy to which the star belongs, in part of rotation of that galaxy, and in part of motion peculiar to the star itself within its galaxy. In the case of star systems or star clusters, the individual components move with respect to each other in a non-linear manner. The development of Newton's laws raised further questions among theorists about the mechanisms of the heavens: the universal force of gravity suggested that stars could not simply be fixed or at rest, as their gravitational pulls cause "mutual attraction" and therefore cause them to move in relation to each other. This real motion of a star is divided into radial motion and proper motion, with "proper motion" being the component across the line of sight.
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Most of its energy output is thought to be the result of a massive burst of star formation, or starburst, probably triggered by the merging of two smaller galaxies. Recent (2002 and 1997) HST observations of Arp 220, taken in visible light with the ACS, and in infrared light with NICMOS, revealed more than 200 huge star clusters in the central part of the galaxy. The most massive of these clusters contains enough material to equal about 10 million suns. X-ray observations by the Chandra and XMM-Newton satellites have shown that Arp 220 probably includes an active galactic nucleus (AGN) at its core, which raises interesting questions about the link between galaxy mergers and AGN, since it is believed that galactic mergers often trigger starbursts, and may also give rise to the supermassive black holes that appear to power AGN.
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Harvey-Smith worked as a support scientist at the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe in the Netherlands, where she carried out real-time testing of the European VLBI Network telescope array, was responsible for science data quality control and took part in some of the first global real-time electronic VLBI experiments. During this time she worked on polarimetric studies of galactic masers and their relation to magnetic fields in regions of massive star-formation. Harvey-Smith was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at The University of Sydney from 2007 to 2009, where she published work on the role of magnetic fields in the shaping of supernova remnants and a study of large-scale magnetic fields in galactic regions of ionised gas surrounding massive star clusters. From 2009 until 2011, Harvey-Smith was Chair of the Australia Telescope National Facility's Telescope Time Assignment Committee.
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The constellation does not lie on the galactic plane of the Milky Way, and there are no prominent star clusters. NGC 625 is a dwarf irregular galaxy of apparent magnitude 11.0 and lying some 12.7 million light years distant. Only 24000 light years in diameter, it is an outlying member of the Sculptor Group. NGC 625 is thought to have been involved in a collision and is experiencing a burst of active star formation. NGC 37 is a lenticular galaxy of apparent magnitude 14.66. It is approximately 42 kiloparsecs (137,000 light-years) in diameter and about 12.9 billion years old. Robert's Quartet (composed of the irregular galaxy NGC 87, and three spiral galaxies NGC 88, NGC 89 and NGC 92) is a group of four galaxies located around 160 million light-years away which are in the process of colliding and merging. They are within a circle of radius of 1.6 arcmin, corresponding to about 75,000 light-years.
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Elson did her postdoctoral work at the Institute for Advanced Study under the supervision of John N. Bahcall, continuing her star cluster work using ground-based telescopes when plans to use the new capabilities of the Hubble space telescope were affected by its delayed launch following the Challenger space shuttle disaster. In 1987, she was the first-named author on a major review article on star clusters for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, after which she took up a Bunting Fellowship at Radcliffe College in 1989, where she taught creative writing, followed by a term teaching a Harvard expository writing course on science and ethics. In 1989 she was the youngest astronomer selected to serve on a US National Academy of Sciences decennial review of the field. In the early 1990s she returned to the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge to accept the research position she would hold for the remainder of her life.
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In 1971, as a post-doctoral fellow and part-time faculty member studying binary systems at the Dunlap Observatory, Bolton observed star HDE 226868 wobble as if it were orbiting around an invisible but massive companion emitting powerful X-rays, independently of the work by Louise Webster and Paul Murdin, at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Further analysis gave an estimate about the amount of mass needed for the gravitational pull, which proved to be too much for a neutron star. After more observations confirmed the results, by 1973, the astronomical community generally recognized black hole Cygnus X-1, lying in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy at a galactic latitude of about 3 degrees. In 1985, Bolton and Douglas Gies showed that hot, massive "runaway OB stars" (stars that travel at an abnormally high velocity relative to the surrounding interstellar medium), could be accelerated through stellar interactions within star clusters, in addition to being ejected from binary systems after supernova explosions.
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This star- forming region is located in the 5-kpc ring, a ring with that radius that encircles the central bar of our galaxy and that contains most of its molecular hydrogen as well as most of its star formation. It is associated with a very massive complex of molecular clouds with a total mass of more than 7 million times the one of our Sun and is forming stars of all masses within star clusters that are less massive versions of those found on starburst galaxies; it still has capacity to form more clusters. There are also massive protostars as well as stellar clusters in formation embedded within the nebula, with this star formation region likened to NGC 3603 W43's center, finally, contains a dense and massive star cluster with several O stars and Wolf-Rayet stars that has been compared due to its compactness to NGC 3603 or even Large Magellanic Cloud's R136.
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The scale of everything. It begins with spacetime (quantum foam) and moves through small elementary particles, intermediate elementary particles, large elementary particles, components of composite particles, the components of atoms, electromagnetic waves, simple atoms, complex atoms, molecules, small viruses, large viruses, chromosomes, cells, hairs, body parts, species, groups of species, small areas such as craters, large areas such as land masses, planets, orbits, stars, small planetary systems, intermediate planetary systems, large planetary systems, collections of stars, star clusters, galaxies, galaxy groups, galaxy clusters, galaxy superclusters, the cosmic web, Hubble volumes, and ends with the Universe. An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive.
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Using the Hubble Space Telescope, Figer observed approximately one thousand stars in a young star cluster, the Arches Cluster, which is near the Galactic center. By measuring the initial mass function, he identified an upper limit of 150 solar masses to the masses of stars. Figer, D. F. 2005, An upper limit to the masses of stars, Nature, 34, 192 Figer led a team to identify the Pistol star as one of the most massive stars known in the Galaxy using data that the team obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope.Figer, D. F., Najarro, F., Morris, M., McLean, I. S., Geballe, T. R., Ghez, A. M., & Langer, N. 1998, The Pistol Star, Astrophysical Journal, 506, 384 His teams performed the first census of massive stars in both the Quintuplet Cluster and the Arches Cluster, finding that massive star clusters form in the present-day Galaxy, as opposed to the previous paradigm that suggested such clusters only formed at the time that the Galaxy formed.
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Finnadar Records (1974) LP notes by Karen Phillips from Viola Today LP by Karen Phillips, SR 9007 In general, Bedford's music has a tendency to harmonic stasis, the main interest instead being created by shifting timbres and textures. The score to The Song of the White Horse (1978), posted by family of David BedfordDavid Bedford's The Song of the White Horse BBC Radio 3 instructs the choir to inhale helium gas to be able to reach the highest notes near the end of the piece.Oldfield Music Records (1983) LP notes from Star Clusters, Nebulae and Places in Devon / The Song of the White Horse LP, OM 1 In his music for voice, he set many texts by the poet Kenneth Patchen, especially on Music for Albion Moonlight which set four Patchen poems to music, and Instructions for Angels (1978), an album which uses Patchen's poems for inspiration and song titles, although Patchen's poems are not sung or recited in the music, but are printed on an insert. Science fiction was a repeated area of interest for Bedford.
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" Vaclav Nelhybel crafts a supernatural world, describing nebulae, meteors, star clusters and craters on Mars with sounds natural and manipulated to tell the story of cosmic space. Beginning in the early 1970s, the term "space music" was applied to some of the output of such artists as Vangelis, Jean-Michel Jarre, Klaus Schulze and Tangerine Dream, due to the transcendent cosmic feelings of space evoked by the sound of the music and enhanced by the use of the emerging new instrument, the synthesizer,"a quartet of albums, Phaedra, Rubycon, Ricochet and Stratosfear, established the Dream's modus operandi with throbbing, cosmic rubber band rhythms thrumming like galactic space basses through floating mellotron pads, ghost flutes and electronic effects whirling by at hyperspeed. This was the soundtrack for countless planetarium shows... the first electronic music to shed the synthesizers reputation as cold and unfeeling... beyond emotion, into the sensual and the transcendent. It was as if the universe were wrapping you up in a warm velvet glove and showing you the wonders of existence.
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This has important uses all over astronomy, from detecting binary stars, exoplanets, compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes (by the motion of hydrogen in accretion disks around them), identifying groups of objects with similar motions and presumably origins (moving groups, star clusters, galaxy clusters, and debris from collisions), determining distances (actually redshifts) of galaxies or quasars, and identifying unfamiliar objects by analysis of their spectrum. Balmer lines can appear as absorption or emission lines in a spectrum, depending on the nature of the object observed. In stars, the Balmer lines are usually seen in absorption, and they are "strongest" in stars with a surface temperature of about 10,000 kelvins (spectral type A). In the spectra of most spiral and irregular galaxies, active galactic nuclei, H II regions and planetary nebulae, the Balmer lines are emission lines. In stellar spectra, the H-epsilon line (transition 7→2, 397.007 nm) is often mixed in with another absorption line caused by ionized calcium known as "H" (the original designation given by Joseph von Fraunhofer).
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All this time, Bedford was also writing avant-garde classical works. The liner notes from a 1970 album cite Piece for Mo (1963) as "his first work of standing", although that piece has never been recorded for release. Another early composition, Come in Here, Child was recorded twice in the 1960s for two different classical record labels, Mainstream and RCA Red Seal. O Now the Drenched Land Wakes and The Great Birds (two poems for chorus based on the words of Kenneth Patchen, 1966) were released by Deutsche Grammophon on one of their Avant Garde series of albums in 1968. Music for Albion Moonlight was released in 1970 by Argo Records, paired with And Suddenly It's Evening by Elisabeth Lutyens. Star Clusters, Nebulae and Places in Devon (1971), for chorus and brass instruments was premièred by the London Philharmonic Choir and the brass of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In With 100 Kazoos (1971), an instrumental ensemble is joined by the audience who are invited to play kazoos. Bedford also composed a number of works for wind orchestra, beginning with Sun Paints Rainbows on the Vast Waves in 1982, commissioned by the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival.
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The most recent such encounter is thought to have happened around 2–5 years ago and resulted in a concentrated starburst together with a corresponding marked peak in the cluster age distribution. This starburst ran for up to ~50 Myr at a rate of ~10 M⊙ per year. Two subsequent starbursts followed, the last (~4–6 Myr ago) of which may have formed the core clusters, both super star clusters (SSCs) and their lighter counterparts. Stars in M82's disk seem to have been formed in a burst 500 million years ago, leaving its disk littered with hundreds of clusters with properties similar to globular clusters (but younger), and stopped 100 million years ago with no star formation taking place in this galaxy outside the central starburst and, at low levels since 1 billion years ago, on its halo. A suggestion to explain those features is that M82 was previously a low surface brightness galaxy where star formation was triggered due to interactions with its giant neighbor. Ignoring any difference in their respective distances from the Earth, the centers of M81 and M82 are visually separated by about 130,000 light-years.
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Astronomers theorize that a collision with a smaller companion galaxy near the core of the main galaxy could have led to the unusual spiral structure. NGC 5253, a peculiar irregular galaxy, is located near the border with Hydra and M83, with which it likely had a close gravitational interaction 1–2 billion years ago. This may have sparked the galaxy's high rate of star formation, which continues today and contributes to its high surface brightness. NGC 5253 includes a large nebula and at least 12 large star clusters. In the eyepiece, it is a small galaxy of magnitude 10 with dimensions of 5 arcminutes by 2 arcminutes and a bright nucleus. NGC 4945 is a spiral galaxy seen edge-on from Earth, 13 million light-years away. It is visible with any amateur telescope, as well as binoculars under good conditions; it has been described as "shaped like a candle flame", being long and thin (16' by 3'). In the eyepiece of a large telescope, its southeastern dust lane becomes visible. Another galaxy is NGC 5102, found by star-hopping from Iota Centauri. In the eyepiece, it appears as an elliptical object 9 arcminutes by 2.5 arcminutes tilted on a southwest-northeast axis.
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Boötes is in a part of the celestial sphere facing away from the plane of our home Milky Way galaxy, and so does not have open clusters or nebulae. Instead, it has one bright globular cluster and many faint galaxies. The globular cluster NGC 5466 has an overall magnitude of 9.1 and a diameter of 11 arcminutes. It is a very loose globular cluster with fairly few stars and may appear as a rich, concentrated open cluster in a telescope. NGC 5466 is classified as a Shapley-Sawyer Concentration Class 12 cluster, reflecting its sparsity. Its fairly large diameter means that it has a low surface brightness, so it appears far dimmer than the catalogued magnitude of 9.1 and requires a large amateur telescope to view. Only approximately 12 stars are resolved by an amateur instrument. Boötes has two bright galaxies. NGC 5248 (Caldwell 45) is a type Sc galaxy (a variety of spiral galaxy) of magnitude 10.2. It measures 6.5 by 4.9 arcminutes. Fifty million light-years from Earth, NGC 5248 is a member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies; it has dim outer arms and obvious H II regions, dust lanes, and young star clusters. NGC 5676 is another type Sc galaxy of magnitude 10.9.
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