"It was kind of a spontaneous reaction," Shaffer told CNN.
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He got overheated and it was a spontaneous reaction of of anger.
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We wanted her spontaneous reaction to that improper use [of the butter].
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You wouldn&apost know the whole -- the spontaneous reaction to a video was a hoax in Libya.
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It certainly provoked a spontaneous reaction: Local news later reported that teachers were terrified and children sobbed.
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S. ambassador to the United Nations, echoed the claim that the attack on the consulate began as a "spontaneous reaction" to the anti-Islamic video.
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Bannon has told associates he has nothing to do with the hits on McMaster, calling them a spontaneous reaction against the "globalist" from Trump's nationalist base.
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He mints fresh insults to monopolize the spotlight, but that's most likely a spontaneous reaction to how cold and lonely he becomes whenever it starts to recede.
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Per Shapiro, the disturbing incident was "a spontaneous reaction that he regrets," and that "Rob's only concern is for the well-being of baby Dream," the couple's infant daughter.
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Mr. Tillerson "acted as a counterbalance to the president's spontaneous reaction to things," Mr. Hayden said, a role that he suggested Mr. Pompeo would be less likely to play.
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In its initial public statements, the Obama administration seemed to imply that the attack was related to a spontaneous reaction to a video depicting the Prophet Mohammed in a manner considered offensive by many Muslims.
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However, further investigation over the next several days revealed that the attack was not a spontaneous reaction to the video, as was initially stated, but rather was likely a premeditated attack that had been planned before the video even came out.
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The protests started in mid-December in Atbara, a city in River Nile state, about 180 miles from Khartoum, as a spontaneous reaction to rising prices after Mr. Bashir's decision to end fuel and wheat subsidies, following the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund.
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"When I marry—if that ever happens—if it's in a church, I'm not having any of that basic organ nonsense!" was the spontaneous reaction from one of our Noisey Germany colleagues as we watched the video that Rundfunk-Tanzorchester Ehrenfeld (Radio Dance Orchestra Ehrenfeld) dropped earlier this week.
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So when President Trump signed the order two days later, and thousands of lawyers flocked to airports in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and elsewhere, the public saw not so much a spontaneous reaction as the meticulous preparation of a loud, pugnacious 35-year-old lawyer who is now in the middle of one of Mr. Trump's biggest policy fights.
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"Sexual intimacy can be used as a ritual representation of the fertility of Earth and Goddess when celebrating the cycles of seasons; as a spontaneous reaction to psychic energy either during ritual, meditation, or spell work; or a consenting form of kink as energy play between two or more people," says Arwen, a 23-year-old Neo-Druid from Orange, California.
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No one knows for sure how many people from the group will show up on the day of the marches, but so far the head count seems to be roughly 500 for New York and 100 more trekking down to DC. All of this began as a spontaneous reaction to the kick-in-the-gut feeling so many experienced on the day after the election.
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Linda Wassberg, who had filmed Det vita folket, was also nominated in the same category, and Aschan called it a "spontaneous reaction" to Wassberg losing to Reiland.
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Recently, there have been a large emphasis on producing biobased and isocyanate-free polyurethanes. One such example utilizes a spontaneous reaction between polyamines and cyclic carbonates to produce polyhydroxurethanes. Unlike traditional cross-linked polyurethanes, cross-linked polyhydroxyurethanes have been shown to be capable of recycling and reprocessing through dynamic transcarbamoylation reactions.
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16–17; Carey, pp. 52–53. The program In Cold Blood: The Massacre of East Timor was the overall winner at the inaugural Amnesty International UK Media Awards in 1992. Indonesian authorities described the incident as a spontaneous reaction to violence from the protesters or a "misunderstanding".Brigadier General Warouw in Amnesty (1991), p.
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The Air Farce Comedy Album is a comedy album performed by the Royal Canadian Air Farce comedy troupe, released in 1979. The sketches were performed in CBC's Studio 4 over a two-day period on August 23 and 24, 1978. The never- before-performed sketches were performed in front of a live audience, allowing for spontaneous reaction.
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Poet Rafael Alberti wrote a poem hailing the Barcelona goalkeeper Franz Platko. On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club.Shubert, Adrian. p.
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Despite the low solubility of O3F2 in liquid oxygen, it has been shown to be hypergolic with most rocket propellant fuels. The mechanism involves the boiling off oxygen from the solution containing O3F2, making it more reactive to have a spontaneous reaction with the rocket fuel. The degree of reactivity is also dependent on the type of fuel used.
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Plaque commemorating Polish-Hungarian solidarity during the Hungarian revolution of 1956, at Krakowskie Przedmieście Street 5, in Warsaw. The events in Hungary met with a very spontaneous reaction in Poland. Hungarian flags were displayed in many Polish towns and villages. After the Soviet invasion, the help given by the ordinary Poles to Hungarians took on a considerable scale.
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Sulfur dioxygenase (, sulfur oxygenase, sulfur:oxygen oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-sulfanylglutathione:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : sulfur + O2 \+ H2O \rightleftharpoons sulfite + 2 H+ (overall reaction) : (1a) glutathione + sulfur \rightleftharpoons S-sulfanylglutathione (spontaneous reaction) : (1b) S-sulfanylglutathione + O2 \+ H2O \rightleftharpoons glutathione + sulfite + 2 H+ This enzyme contains iron. In humans, sulfur dioxygenase is needed to detoxify sulfide.
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Curium sesquioxide will spontaneously react with gaseous oxygen at high temperatures. At lower temperatures, a spontaneous reaction will occur over a period of time. Curium trioxide reacted with water has been hypothesized to afford a hydration reaction, but little experimentation has been done to prove the hypothesis. Curium sesquioxide has been shown to not react with nitrogen gas, spontaneously or non-spontaneously.
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When asked why they did not attempt to prevent bloodshed, the Legionary ministers denied having any foreknowledge and tried to act as surprised as anyone else.All non- Legionary ministers believed that the massacre was not a spontaneous reaction to the exhumation of Codreanu and his 13 companions, as claimed by the Guard, but rather that its leadership had planned and approved the killings. Arhivele Naţionale ale României.
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Waldo R. Browne (ed.) (1921). "Impossiblism, Impossibilist" in What's What in the Labor Movement: A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor Terminology. New York: B.W. Heubsch. p. 215. While not usually described as an impossibilist, Rosa Luxemburg opposed both reformism and vanguardism, taking the more classical Marxist perspective that revolution would be a spontaneous reaction to underlying material changes in the productive forces of society.
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Because these previously hidden emotions were expressed with such power and passion, the Seventh became a major public event. Alexei Tolstoy, who played a pivotal role in the life of the Fifth Symphony, was the first to note the significance of the spontaneous reaction to the Seventh. After hearing an orchestral rehearsal of it, Tolstoy wrote a highly positive review of the work for Pravda.Volkov, Shostakovich and Stalin, 176.
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This provides for the first time conclusive experimental evidence for the proposed mechanism of borepine formation from boroles and alkynes. However, the reaction of 2 with diphenylacetylene gave unexpected results. Similar to the observations described for 3-hexyne, the electron rich PhCCPh facilitated a spontaneous reaction. Surprisingly, the diphenyl-substituted heptaarylborepine isomers 6 formed by the common Diels–Alder reactivity represented only minor components of the product mixture (25%).
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However, a piece of the burning strip can fall off into the mixture resulting in premature ignition. The reaction between potassium permanganate and glycerol or ethylene glycol is used as an alternative to the magnesium method. When these two substances mix, a spontaneous reaction begins, slowly increasing the temperature of the mixture until it produces flames. The heat released by the oxidation of glycerine is sufficient to initiate a thermite reaction.
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Initially Häberle had defended the thesis of Guttenberg, whom he considered "one of his best students", against accusations of plagiarism, calling them "absurd". However, he later said that his first spontaneous reaction had been "too rash" and that he hadn't been aware of the extent of the flaws in Guttenberg's dissertation. Häberle said that these flaws were "severe" and "not acceptable". He did not address his own failure to identify the flaws of the dissertation.
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In autumn 1944, after shootings in Praga by the Nazis, one of the bullets hit the largest of the domes, causing the collapse of its roof. Losses arising in this way were fixed temporarily in 1945. An extensive fire almost resulted in the destruction of the church in 1944, but the spontaneous reaction of the population of Praga saved it. In 1944, Germany confiscated the church bells for the purpose of making missiles.
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According to the Organizer, the official weekly newspaper of the RSS, the recent violence was "a spontaneous reaction by local people against missioners adamant on conversion". Subash Chouhan was quoted as saying "Christian organizations are on a warpath—accept their religion or face the music". In February 2012 as National President of the Bajarang Dal he attended a ceremony at Sundergarh, Orissa organised by the VHP at which 3,127 people were converted to Hinduism.
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SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum Rediff.com, 31 March 2008. has come under criticism for "perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women", using child soldiers, burning people alive, and the looting of property and destruction of homes. These allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribes against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.
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Kegare can have an adverse impact not only on the person directly affected, but also to the community he or she belongs to. Kegare is not a form of moral judgment, but rather a spontaneous reaction to amoral natural forces. Whether the defiling was caused by a deliberate act, as for example in the case of a crime, or by an external event, such as illness or death, is secondary. It is therefore not an equivalent of sin.
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5-nitrosalicylate dioxygenase (, naaB (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 5-nitrosalicylate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 5-nitrosalicylate + O2 \rightleftharpoons 2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate + nitrite (overall reaction) :(1a) 5-nitrosalicylate + O2 \rightleftharpoons 4-nitro-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienedioate :(1b) 4-nitro-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienedioate \rightleftharpoons 2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate + nitrite (spontaneous reaction) The enzyme from soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium sp. JS329 participates in 5-nitroanthranilate degradation.
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This gene encodes a protein that is expressed in the thyroid. The ETHE1 protein is thought to localize primarily to the mitochondrial matrix and functions as a sulfur dioxygenase. Sulfur deoxygenates are proteins that function in sulfur metabolism. The ETHE1 protein is thought to catalyze the following reaction: : sulfur + O2 \+ H2O \rightleftharpoons sulfite + 2 H+ (overall reaction) : (1a) glutathione + sulfur \rightleftharpoons S-sulfanylglutathione (glutathione persulfide, spontaneous reaction) : (1b) S-sulfanylglutathione + O2 \+ H2O \rightleftharpoons glutathione + sulfite + 2 H+ and requires iron and possibly glutathione as cofactors.
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This exhibition was followed by Spontaneous Reaction, a week- long seminar funded by the Arts Council of England, which took a critical look at interactivity with participants from a variety of disciplines, including psychology, architecture, and computer science. Throughout 1998, SCEMFA collaborated with Channel 4 UK to organise Cached, a monthly event held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. Funded by the Arts Council, this series investigated the conceptual and practical issues of producing art for the internet through a series of artists presentations.
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Glyoxalase I, which is part of the glyoxalase system present in the cytosol, catalyzes the conversion of α-oxoaldehyde (RC(O)CHO) and the thiol glutathione (abbreviated GSH) to S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione derivatives [RCH(OH)CO-SG]. The catalytic mechanism involves an intermediate hemithioacetal adduct [RCOCH(OH)-SG]. The spontaneous reaction forms methylglyoxal-glutathione hemithioacetal and human glyoxalse I. A hemithioacetal is also invoked in the mechanism of prenylcysteine lyase. In catalytic mechanism, S-farnesylcysteine is oxidized by a flavin to a thiocarbenium ion.
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In an electrolytic cell a current is passed through the cell by an external voltage, causing an otherwise nonspontaneous chemical reaction to proceed. In a galvanic cell the progress of a spontaneous chemical reaction causes an electric current to flow. An equilibrium electrochemical cell is at the state between an electrolytic cell and a galvanic cell. The tendency of a spontaneous reaction to push a current through the external circuit is exactly balanced by an external voltage that is called a counter electromotive force or counter e.m.f.
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Some human rights organisations such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties has raised allegations against Salwa Judum. A fact finding commission of National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), appointed by Supreme Court of India reported that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report was submitted to honourable Supreme Court of India which, on the contrary, declared Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding.
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The blue line for the formation of is approximately horizontal, since the reaction C(s) + (g) → (g) leaves the number of moles of gas unchanged so that ΔS is small. As with any chemical reaction prediction based on purely thermodynamic grounds, a spontaneous reaction may be very slow if one or more stages in the reaction pathway have very high activation energies EA. If two metals are present, two equilibria have to be considered. The oxide with the more negative ΔG will be formed and the other oxide will be reduced.
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The first method is by the addition of diborane to a solution of hydrazoic acid in diethyl ether at a temperature range between −20 °C and −10 °C. This synthesis proceeds via the intermediates monoazidoborane, BH2N3, and diazidoborane, BH(N3)2. : B2H6 \+ 6 HN3 → 2 B(N3)3 \+ 6 H2 The compound can also be obtained by passing boron tribromide vapor over solid silver azide in high vacuum. : BBr3 \+ 3 AgN3 → B(N3)3 \+ 3 AgBr A similar gas-phase synthesis uses the spontaneous reaction of boron trichloride with hydrazoic acid.
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The aerial bombardment of Barcelona in 1938 On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club. This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club.Arnaud, Pierre; Riordan, James. p. 103 On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara, against the Spanish national team.
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There had been growing tension between the Sinhalese and Tamil communities of Sri Lanka before the actual riots began. With the formation of rebel Tamil groups, there rose an anti- Tamil sentiment among the Sinhalese majority. Although the violence began as a spontaneous reaction by Sinhalese mobs who had gathered at the Colombo cemetery where the bodies of the soldiers were to be buried, they were later joined by elements associated with Sinhalese political activists involved in the organisation of the riots. During the early stages of the riots, it is alleged that the local police and military stood by and did nothing.
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Isoleucine N-monooxygenase (, CYP79D3, CYP79D4) is an enzyme with systematic name L-isoleucine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : L-isoleucine + 2 O2 \+ 2 NADPH + 2 H+ \rightleftharpoons (E)-2-methylbutanal oxime + 2 NADP+ \+ CO2 \+ 3 H2O (overall reaction) :(1a) L-isoleucine + O2 \+ NADPH + H+ \rightleftharpoons N-hydroxy-L-isoleucine + NADP+ \+ H2O :(1b) N-hydroxy-L-isoleucine + O2 \+ NADPH + H+ \rightleftharpoons N,N-dihydroxy-L-isoleucine + NADP+ \+ H2O :(1c) N,N-dihydroxy-L-isoleucine \rightleftharpoons (E)-2-methylbutanal oxime + CO2 \+ H2O (spontaneous reaction) Isoleucine N-monooxygenase is a heme-thiolate protein (P-450).
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Valine N-monooxygenase (, CYP79D1, CYP79D2) is an enzyme with systematic name L-valine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : L-valine + 2 O2 \+ 2 NADPH + 2 H+ \rightleftharpoons (E)-2-methylpropanal oxime + 2 NADP+ \+ CO2 \+ 3 H2O (overall reaction) :(1a) L-valine + O2 \+ NADPH + H+ \rightleftharpoons N-hydroxy-L-valine + NADP+ \+ H2O :(1b) N-hydroxy-L-valine + O2 + NADPH + H+ \rightleftharpoons N,N-dihydroxy-L-valine + NADP+ \+ H2O :(1c) N,N-dihydroxy- L-valine \rightleftharpoons (E)-2-methylpropanal oxime + CO2 \+ H2O (spontaneous reaction) Valine N-monooxygenase is a heme-thiolate protein (P-450).
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The emphasis and intensification of color and large open expanses of surface were two of the principles applied to the movement called Color Field painting. Ad Reinhardt, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still and Barnett Newman were categorized as such. Another movement was called Action Painting, characterized by spontaneous reaction, powerful brushstrokes, dripped and splashed paint and the strong physical movements used in the production of a painting. Jackson Pollock is an example of an Action Painter: his creative process, incorporating thrown and dripped paint from a stick or poured directly from the can, revolutionized painting methods.
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In response, a fly-sheet in favour of Nehru was published on Wednesday 25 October, said to be a spontaneous reaction against the suggestion of Tedder, and it was said that it started with well over 100 signatures. Those supporting Nehru argued that support in him would show how highly the "virtues of peace" were valued, and noted that almost all the names supporting Tedder were very senior figures."Strong Support for Nehru", Varsity, 28 October 1950, p. 1. When nominations closed, there were a total of 333 names nominating Tedder and 153 nominating Nehru."Cambridge Chancellor", The Times, 3 November 1950, p. 4.
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Grammer remained convinced that Ruby's shooting of Oswald was "a planned event"., citing Grammer interview from Central Independent Television's The Men Who Killed Kennedy; Grammer comments extract here Detective Archer testified to the Warren Commission that when he searched Jack Ruby after his arrest, he was worried about Oswald's condition and he said to Ruby, "Jack, I think you killed him." Archer said that Ruby looked him straight in the eye and said, "Well, I intended to shoot him three times." Seth Kantor believes that Ruby's response to Archer does not suggest a spontaneous reaction, and the very word "intended" implies having prior intention.
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An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy).IUPAC Gold Book definition: exergonic reaction (exoergic reaction) This indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same. For processes that take place in a closed system at constant pressure and temperature, the Gibbs free energy is used, whereas the Helmholtz energy is relevant for processes that take place at constant volume and temperature. Any reaction occurring at constant temperature without input of electrical or photon energy is exergonic, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
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Anti-Italian feeling among the Greek public, already strong, reached its peak after the sinking of "Elli" on 15 August 1940, the day of the Dormition of the Mother of God, a major Orthodox religious holiday. Greek optimism that the Italian attack would fail was evident from the first moments of the war. Besides, official propaganda, as well as the spontaneous reaction of the people created the optimism which was necessary for the first difficult moments. From the first hours of the war a strong national feeling was quite evident "to teach a lesson to the macaroni-boys" (, "Makaronades"), as the Italians were pejoratively called.
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Yet there was less recognition that the KPD had failed to muster the sort of national or even local influence in Berlin to actually launch a rebellion of credible danger to the status quo. The rioting had been less motivated by KPD clamoring as it was a more or less spontaneous reaction to the heavy-handed police tactics, even if the neighborhoods in question were occupied predominately by communists. The SPD had their equivalent of the "social fascism" perspective in its leaders' anxieties over a new Spartacist uprising. Although the KPD did desire to overthrow the Weimar Republic, extremist parties did not have the same appeal they would enjoy after the Great Depression of 1929 hit Germany.
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Murburn is a term coined by Kelath Murali Manoj (Satyamjayatu, The Science and Ethics Foundation) in 2016 to conceptualize and explain the catalytic mechanism of certain redox enzymes. In its essence, the term connotes a ubiquitous interactive equilibrium among molecules, unbound ions and radicals, signifying a process of "mild unrestricted redox catalysis". In aerobic redox enzymology, murburn stands for "mured burning" (connoting a "closed burning"), and implies a spontaneous reaction/equilibrium involving diffusible reactive oxygen species (DROS). Though quite akin to the oxygen assisted combustion of fuel, unlike the flames produced in the open burning process, the biological reaction occurs in enclosed premises, is mild and may generate heat alone (and no flames).
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In the 20th century, most sitcoms in the United Kingdom were taped before live audiences to provide natural laughter. Scenes recorded outdoors, traditionally recorded in advance of studio work, are played back to the studio audience and their laughter is recorded for the broadcast episode (occasionally, entire shows have been recorded in this fashion). Other comedies, such as The Royle Family and The Office, which are presented in the mode of cinéma vérité rather than in the format of a traditional sitcom, do not feature any audience laughter. One notable exception to the use of a live audience was Thames Television's The Kenny Everett Video Show, whose laugh track consisted of spontaneous reaction to sketches from the studio production crew.
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In October 2003, Riverdance, the Irish music and dance entertainment phenomenon, was the first show from the West to perform in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, with eleven sold-out performances. The Riverdance performances recorded a spontaneous reaction with standing ovations at each show which was uncharacteristic for a Chinese audience. Riverdance was officially invited to perform in the Great Hall of the People by former premier of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Rongji during his state visit to Ireland in September 2001. In January 2009, American country music trio Lucy Angel became the first American group to be invited to perform at the Great Hall of the People, doing so before an audience of dignitaries and government officials.
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Iranian state media agencies and certain international news sources described the protests as a reaction of students against Britain's anti-Iran policies. The demonstrators themselves issued an official statement, declaring, "Our actions are a spontaneous reaction of revolutionary students and were not ordered by any state organ." In a statement to the House of Commons on 30 November, Foreign Secretary William Hague said: "Iran is a country where Opposition leaders are under house arrest, more than 500 people have been executed so far this year and where genuine protest is ruthlessly stamped on. The idea that the Iranian authorities could not have protected our Embassy or that this assault could have taken place without some degree of regime consent is fanciful".
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In enzymology, a lactoylglutathione lyase () (also known as glyoxalase I) is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal adducts, which are formed in a spontaneous reaction between a glutathionyl group and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal. :glutathione + methylglyoxal \rightleftharpoons hemithioacetal adduct \rightleftharpoons (R)-S-lactoylglutathione Glyoxalase I derives its name from its catalysis of the first step in the glyoxalase system, a critical two-step detoxification system for methylglyoxal. Methylglyoxal is produced naturally as a byproduct of normal biochemistry, but is highly toxic, due to its chemical reactions with proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular components. The second detoxification step, in which (R)-S-lactoylglutathione is split into glutathione and D-lactate, is carried out by glyoxalase II, a hydrolase.
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On the Eat Bulaga's July 16, 2015 episode, later referred to as "Day 1" Mendoza broke out of her "Yaya Dub" character when she accidentally smiled after noticing Alden Richards watching her on the show's live split screen. Upon seeing Mendoza's spontaneous reaction, the studio panel members Allan K. and Joey de Leon teased the pair and thus prompted Eat Bulagas producers to make an on-screen couple of the two. Mike Tuviera, a resident director of the show, revealed that the resulting "Love Team", now called AlDub, was formed by accident because of the pair's natural on-screen chemistry. Due to the audiences' positive reception to the pairing, the shows' producers decided to make a 30-minute portion under its daily "Juan For All, All for Juan" segment to replace the previous "Problem Solving" portion.
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H2(−2.23 V), Na+(−2.71 V), Li+(−3.05 V)). In a galvanic cell, where a spontaneous redox reaction drives the cell to produce an electric potential, Gibbs free energy ΔG° must be negative, in accordance with the following equation: :ΔG°cell = −nFE°cell where n is number of moles of electrons per mole of products and F is the Faraday constant, ~96485 C/mol. As such, the following rules apply: :If E°cell > 0, then the process is spontaneous (galvanic cell) :If E°cell < 0, then the process is nonspontaneous (electrolytic cell) Thus in order to have a spontaneous reaction (ΔG° < 0), E°cell must be positive, where: :E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode where E°anode is the standard potential at the anode and E°cathode is the standard potential at the cathode as given in the table of standard electrode potential.
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44–46 By 1922–1923, as a nationalist, anti-democratic and anti-Semitic student movement centered around Corneliu Zelea Codreanu gained ascendancy, he was not at the forefront of its radical promoters, but rather figured among a group of moderate, respectable academic supporters who countenanced the agitators and lent them an air of general acceptance.Livezeanu (2000), pp. 272–73 In March 1923, he wrote an article applauding the 15,000 student movement participants; praising the cohesion they showed, rare for Romania, he claimed they represented "a healthy and spontaneous reaction of the national preservation instinct". Addressing students from Bukovina, he called the Jewish quota something all those who wished the country well would endorse, for "in our country [which we] gained with so many sacrifices, we no longer have air to breathe; the invasion of the foreign element stifles us, chokes us".
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When Keynes published his General Theory in 1936, the influence of free market economics on policy making had already declined substantially compared to the almost unchallenged ascendancy it had enjoyed in Britain during the 1840s - 1860s.This was due to political and moral influences more than any change in mainstream economic thinking. The growth of regulation and state intervention in economic affairs, starting in Britain from the 1860s, spreading to Europe and gathering pace in the 70s and early 80s, was catalogued in dismay by the economic liberal Herbert Spencer in his The Man vs the State (1884). At first the reforms seem to have been largely a spontaneous reaction against economic distress resulting from free market policies, by the last two decades of the 19th century intellectual and moral (if not mainstream economic) support arose from diverse quarters such as German progressives, the Fabians and Pope Leo XIII with his social encyclical Rerum novarum.
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Two policemen were beaten to death by a mob near Coimbatore, and in the state capital, Madras, a mob set fire to railway cars and looted stores. Robert Hardgrave Jr, professor of humanities, government and Asian studies, suggests that the elements contributing to the riots were not majorly instigated by DMK or leftists or even the industrialists, as the Congress government of the state suggested, but were genuine frustrations and discontentment which lay beneath the surface of the people of the state. While some industrialists funded student movements and the opposition parties (DMK and Swatantara party) helped move it politically, it is well observed that agitation was a spontaneous reaction, which directly reflected the anger of the common people, especially the students. As if the embarrassment of high involvement of the commoner in the agitations were not enough for the Congress, Baktavatsalam further added fuel to fire by claiming that he possessed documents proving the involvement of DMK in instigating violence, the documents which he could never publish.
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His empirical case in large part relied upon analysis of the Speenhamland laws, which he saw not only as the last attempt of the squirearchy to preserve the traditional system of production and social order but also a self-defensive measure on the part of society that mitigated the disruption of the most violent period of economic change. Polanyi also remarks that the pre-modern economies of China, the Incan Empire, the Indian Empires, Babylon, Greece, and the various kingdoms of Africa operated on principles of reciprocity and redistribution with a very limited role for markets, especially in settling prices or allocating the factors of production.Polanyi, The Great Transformation, pp. 52-53 The book also presented his belief that market society is unsustainable because it is fatally destructive to human nature and the natural contexts it inhabits. Polanyi attempted to turn the tables on the orthodox liberal account of the rise of capitalism by arguing that “laissez-faire was planned”, whereas social protectionism was a spontaneous reaction to the social dislocation imposed by an unrestrained free market.
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Following the election of CY Leung as Chief Executive of Hong Kong, public discontent manifested itself in the form of mass petitions, rallies and demonstrations, so much so that it seemed that a plurality of the Hong Kong public was anti- Leung. In late 2012 pro-Leung advocacy groups began to emerge such as Voice of Loving Hong Kong, Caring Hong Kong Power and Hong Kong Youth Care Association, the fact that all these groups feature the Chinese character for love in the names has led to these groups to be called the "love Hong Kong faction" ( literally "love character faction"). The word love in this context is taken from the lexicon of political debate in mainland China, were the slogan "Love China, Love the Party", is seen as the basis of patriotism, and the demand that any future Chief Executive of Hong Kong must "Love China, Love Hong Kong" (). These supposedly grassroots organisations present themselves as being a spontaneous reaction to the excesses of the pan-democracy camp, as Hong Kong's silent majority who wish for a prosperous, harmonious society and who reject the "social violence" of the pan-democrats.
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Their leaders at that time included Wanda Wasilewska and Zygmunt Berling. Now in Poland, those who remained politically active and in favor ruled the country, aided by the MBP and Soviet "advisers", who were placed in every arm of the government and state security as a guarantee of pro-Soviet policy of the state. The most important of them was Konstantin Rokossovsky (Konstanty Rokossowski in Polish), defense minister of Poland from 1949 to 1956, Marshal of the Soviet Union and war hero. Military conscription was introduced following a postwar hiatus and the army soon reached its permanent size of 400,000 men. The Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, initially called the Stalin's Palace, was a controversial gift from Soviet leader Joseph Stalin The Soviet-style secret police including the Department of Security (UB) grew to around 32,000 agents as of 1953. At its Stalinist peak, there was one UB agent for every 800 Polish citizens. The MBP was also in charge of the Internal Security Corps, the Civil Militia (MO), border guard, prison staff and paramilitary police ORMO used for special actions (with over 100,000 members). The ORMO originated from popular self-defense efforts, which were a spontaneous reaction to the explosion of crime in the power vacuum of 1944–45.
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