He was chairman of a select committee on French spoliations. He served as a trustee of Bowdoin College in 1861 and was corresponding secretary of the Maine Historical Society and then president of that body from 1867 to 1887.
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Two regular vetoes, plus one pocket veto. # To provide for the ascertainment and satisfaction of claims of American citizens for spoliations committed by the French prior to the July 31, 1801, vetoed August 8, 1846. Override failed the Senate by a vote of 27 yeas to 15 nays on August 10, 1846. # Making appropriations for the improvement of certain harbors and rivers, vetoed August 3, 1846.
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The work takes its name from the church of San Francesco al Prato of Perugia, where it was originally located. It was commissioned in 1499 and finished presumably around 1501. During the artworks spoliations following the French Napoleonic invasion of Italy, it was brought to Paris. It returned to Italy in 1815, and thenceforth it has been exhibited at the Vatican Museums' art gallery.
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In 1828, Saunders left Congress to become North Carolina Attorney General. He left the post in 1834 after receiving a presidential appointment on the French spoliations claims commission. The state legislature appointed Saunders to the North Carolina Superior Court in 1835 - an office he held until 1840 when he became the Democratic nominee for Governor of North Carolina. After a contentious campaign, Saunders was defeated by Whig nominee John Motley Morehead.
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It appears that McLean led a boom and bust merchant's life, his fortunes hitting a low at the end of the eighteenth century. Between December 1799 and January 1800, eight ships whose insurance was in part underwritten by him were taken by French privateers.Committee on Claims, French Spoliations: A Condensed Report of the Findings of the Court of Claims in Each Case Named in the Proposed Amendment by Senator Lodge to H.R. 19115 (1912).
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It was later part of the short-lived state of Cesare Borgia, and then part of the duchy of the della Roveres in the Marche. During the Napoleonic Wars it suffered heavy spoliations; the city had an active role in the Risorgimento. In World War I Fano was several times bombed by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. During World War II it was massively bombed by Allied airplanes due to hit the strategic railway and street bridges crossing the Metauro river.
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Bishop Hugues d'Orges erected the third vault, and Bishop Jean d'Arsonval the fourth and fifth, with contributions from the Chapter and the people. The consecration took place in 1403 by Bishop Olivier de Matreuil.Courtépée, pp. 216-217. The cathedral was severely damaged by the Huguenots in 1562.E. Fyot (1934-1935), "Les spoliations commises par les Calvinistes en 1562 dans la cathédrale Saint- Vincent de Chalon," in: Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire et d’Archéologie de Chalon-sur-Saône 25 (Chalon-sur-Saône, 1934-1935), pp. 124-140.
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Nine vetoes: # Making a grant of public lands to the several States for the benefit of indigent insane persons, vetoed May 3, 1854. # Making appropriations for the repair, preservation, and completion of certain public works, heretofore commenced under authority of law, vetoed August 4, 1854. # To provide for the ascertainment of claims of American citizens or spoliations committed by the French prior to July 31, 1801, vetoed February 17, 1855. # Making appropriations for the transportation of the United States mail, by ocean steamships and otherwise, during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1855 and June 30, 1856, vetoed March 3, 1855.
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Among the many consequences of this agreement was the reluctance to appoint ordinaries likely to call into question the spoliations and expropriations that the French church underwent between 1790 and 1905. The veto has been rarely used but its existence induces caution in nunciature circles when proposing candidates. Disagreements are known from time to time to occur, as mentioned by the former ambassador to the Vatican, Jean Guégenou, on France-Culture on 13 July 2009. The system also indirectly ensures that, almost without exception, French citizens alone are employed in Catholic administration and schools in France.
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From 1833 to 1835, Livingston was minister plenipotentiary to France, charged with procuring the fulfillment by the French government of the treaty negotiated by W. C. Rives in 1831, by which France had bound herself to pay an indemnity of twenty-five millions of francs for French spoliations of American shipping chiefly under the Berlin and Milan decrees, and the United States in turn agreed to pay to France 1,500,000 francs in satisfaction of French claims. Livingston's negotiations were conducted with excellent judgment, but the French Chamber of Deputies refused to make an appropriation to pay the first installment due under the treaty in 1833, relations between the two governments became strained, and Livingston was finally instructed to close the legation and return to America.
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The Hindus had allowed their strength to be wasted in internal division and war; they had adopted religions like Buddhism and Jainism, which unnerved them for the tasks of life; they had failed to organize their forces for the protection of their frontiers and their capitals." During this period, Buddhism declined rapidly while Hinduism faced military-led and Sultanates-sponsored religious violence. Even those Hindus who converted to Islam were not immune from persecution, which was illustrated by the Muslim caste system in India as established by Ziauddin Barani in the Fatawa-i Jahandari.Caste in Muslim Society by Yoginder Sikand While Alain Danielou writes that, "From the time Muslims started arriving in 632 A.D., the history of India becomes a long monotonous series of murders, massacres, spoliations, destructions.
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The Louvre is involved in controversies that surround cultural property seized under Napoleon I, as well as during World War II by the Nazis. During Nazi occupation, thousands of artworks were stolen. But after the war, 61,233 articles of more than 150,000 seized artworks returned to France and were assigned to the Louvre's Office des Biens Privés. In 1949, it entrusted 2,130 unclaimed pieces (including 1,001 paintings) to the Direction des Musées de France in order to keep them under appropriate conditions of conservation until their restitution and meanwhile classified them as MNRs (Musées Nationaux Recuperation or, in English, the National Museums of Recovered Artwork). Some 10% to 35% of the pieces are believed to come from Jewish spoliations and until the identification of their rightful owners, which declined at the end of the 1960s, they are registered indefinitely on separate inventories from the museum's collections. They were exhibited in 1946 and shown all together to the public during four years (1950–1954) in order to allow rightful claimants to identify their properties, then stored or displayed, according to their interest, in several French museums including the Louvre. From 1951 to 1965, about 37 pieces were restituted. Since November 1996, the partly illustrated catalogue of 1947–1949 has been accessible online and completed.
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