The NEDC was conceived when European vehicles were lighter and less powerful. The test offers a stylized driving speed pattern with low accelerations, constant speed cruises, and many idling events. However, accelerations are much steeper and variable in practice, which is in part caused by the power surplus of modern engines as the average-time decreased from 14 seconds in 1981 to 9 seconds in 2007. In 1998, a Swedish researcher criticized the NEDC standard for allowing large emission differences between test and reality.
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In 1995, the machine vision group produced the MaxVision Toolkit, a software library for image acquisition, object finding, metrology, inspection functions, and camera calibration. More specifically, the Toolkit provided image acquisition (normalized correlation and connectivity), metrology tools (line fitting, arc fitting, and edge locators), inspection tools (golden template, pixel counting, and histogramming), image processing tools (Sobel edge filters, cross-gradient edge filters, threshold operations, morphology, image arithmetic, image copy, X & Y projections, and convolutions), and high accuracy calibration that corrected for perspective distortion. Swami Manickam, Scott Roth, and Tom Bushman of the machine vision group developed a significant tool called the Finder which performed intelligent normalized grayscale correlation that is invariant to rotation, scaling [to a limited extent], and perspective distortion. Swami Manickam, Scott D. Roth, Thomas Bushman, ‘’Intelligent and Optimal Normalized Correlation for High-Speed Pattern Matching‘’, NEPCON WEST 2000.
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