"On the metal speculum, there are pokey bits," says Wang.
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She knows the traditional speculum works fine for most gynecologists.
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Sometimes, I even have my patient insert the speculum herself.
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In Oregon, a group called Ceek Women's Health has begun clinical trials for a series of new devices—including a sleeve, a speculum with narrower bills, and a speculum that patients can self-insert.
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And that a small speculum is often "more comfortable and works just as well" as the medium one doctors tend to default to, and to listen if a woman asks for a small speculum.
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Do you want the government guiding the speculum, or a doctor?
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That the speculum is old is not, on its face, a problem.
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Tellingly, a collection titled "health" contains the GynePunks speculum and nothing else.
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Delving deep with her speculum, she delves deeper into matters of the heart.
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Every single patient said the smaller device provided a better experience than the speculum.
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If they wanted to redesign the speculum, they had to redesign the entire experience.
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There's one question some doctors ask that can cause some speculum-like personal discomfort.
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If stirrups and a speculum aren't your idea of fun, we have good news.
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The GynePunks garnered media attention with a speculum, so I figured I'd start there.
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Gynecologists have been using the speculum for over a century, and so far, it's worked.
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In 2005, a San Francisco-based company patented the design for an inflatable speculum called FemSpec.
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A trainee doctor opens her vagina with a speculum and gazes inside to find the cervix.
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But unless you're Annie Sprinkle, a speculum on its own isn't going to do much for you.
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It is done by inserting a speculum into the patient's vagina, then gathering cells from the cervix.
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Your provider could collect the swab this way without a speculum or you could collect it yourself.
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Thus the speculum and the tampon were originally more controversial in medical circles than was the vibrator.
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And on the other, the common speculum—the device used in routine gynecological exams to inspect the cervix.
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And yet, the speculum today looks almost identical to the one Sims used more than 150 years ago.
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The pelvic exam — complete with the stirrups and the speculum — isn't anyone's favorite thing about having a vagina.
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They slid in the speculum, widening it, like they were jacking up a car to change a tire.
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This may be the first musical to incorporate into its stage directions the fondling of a medical speculum.
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So to say that the speculum was not designed with patient comfort in mind would be an egregious understatement.
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Stewart and Wang are still hashing out new speculum prototypes, while Kumar and Hobart refine the app and experience.
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Then, your doctor will insert a speculum (that metal device that looks like a duck's bill) into your vagina.
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If someone comes in with these symptoms, and you look inside with a speculum, you usually see a lesion.
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The professional will then insert a speculum into the vagina to make room for a tool with the IUD.
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There's the speculum itself, still in development with the insight from several OB/GYNs who have signed on to help.
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Sims, sometimes called the "father of modern gynecology," used the speculum to pioneer treatments for fistula and other complications from childbirth.
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The design also included a rotating handle to open the speculum bills vertically, and a hidden lever mechanism to prevent pinching.
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Look at your cervix with a plastic speculum (which I later used as a duck bill for my Halloween costume). 2.
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When I first joined the service, I had not yet put a speculum into my own body, much less someone else's.
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Perhaps the most promising new design comes from Duke University, where researchers are testing a device that could circumvent the speculum altogether.
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If you've browsed through Refinery29's AltMoji and wondered, Er, how exactly am I supposed to use a speculum in daily conversation?
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A button unlocks or locks the speculum with one hand, freeing up the other hand; a push handle eliminates the need for screws.
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For the pelvic exam, the doctor will use a speculum (the duck-billed device illustrated above) to look at your vagina and cervix.
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I have a speculum to open my vagina with—it's what a nurse or health practitioner would use to examine the cervix with.
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I love the feeling of fullness in my vagina, so being able to use the speculum to apply internal pressure is just lovely.
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"With a speculum, you just shove it in and expand it as wide as you want to get the visualization you want," Asiedu says.
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Kumar invented a gear kit—a stress ball, socks to cover your feet in the stirrups—to improve patient comfort, alongside the new speculum.
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The longtime gynecologist "penetrated her with his fingers" and "told her that he wanted to check whether the speculum would fit," the complaint says.
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He moved his fingers into and out of the students at the beginning of pelvic exams, when common practice is to insert a speculum.
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Once there, your doctor will take a look inside your vagina using a speculum, and pull out the tampon using large forceps, she says.
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When we got to the chiropractor's office, he took me up to a room where he had an exam table with stirrups and a speculum.
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So we would put in a speculum, squeeze some of the paste onto the woman's cervix, and that would cause a miscarriage within usually 24 hours.
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Sims, who has been lauded as the "father of American gynecology," is credited with the invention of the speculum, which is still used in gynecological exams today.
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"Better to address your concerns early on than risk infection," she says, adding that these lost objects are generally easy to remove using a vaginal speculum exam.
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Your doctor can use a speculum to open up your vagina, which makes it much easier to see what's going on — and get that sucker outta there.
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The doctor inserts a speculum in my vagina, and the tech has a probe pressed against my abdomen so that the doctor can see what he's doing.
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"Sometimes when you're trying to do a pap smear, you have to angle the speculum a different way so that you can see their cervix clearer," she says.
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Inserting a vaginal swab on your own without need for a speculum or a provider to touch you may be a far less painful and fear-inducing option.
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In 2014, the American College of Physicians went so far as to recommend against pelvic exams, citing the "harms, fear, anxiety, embarrassment, pain, and discomfort" associated with speculum examinations.
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In the 1840s, the gynecologist J. Marion Sims (who created the speculum that is widely used in physical exams today) practiced surgical procedures on enslaved black women, without anesthesia.
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She explained that she needed to stretch my vagina open with the speculum, clamp my cervix in place, and stick a metal rod deep inside me, past my cervix.
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And now, she told the rest of the designers at Frog, they had taken on what was turning into a particularly ambitious project: redesigning the speculum for the 21st century.
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Dr. Tyndall performed pelvic exams with women by initially using his fingers, rather than a speculum, as is regular medical practice now, according to medical staff interviewed in the investigation.
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A doctor uses a speculum to examine the vagina and cervix and then places fingers of one hand inside the vagina and presses on the abdomen with the other hand.
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Technically H.P.V. testing as currently recommended is a swab from the cervix (so a speculum is needed), but there is data showing self-collected vaginal samples may be as accurate.
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A medical student using a speculum on a plastic vagina learns nothing about what could be painful or uncomfortable, nor about how to interact when doing such examinations with real women.
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"He put a speculum into the eye to hold the eye open as he put the anesthetic in, and he noticed a blue mass under the top eyelid," Morjaria told CNN.
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She inserts an internal condom, then a speculum—the metal's glint exaggerated by sparkling gifs that dance playfully on the surface of the screen—and slowly begins to crank it open.
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I was put in an open-back paper gown, asked to climb up on the exam table, my feet were put in stirrups, and I was cranked open with a speculum.
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Some other options that can help reduce pain are applying topical numbing medication to the vaginal opening and using a narrow vaginal speculum that is about the size of a finger.
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Republished as Our Bodies Ourselves in 1971, the pamphlet quickly spread as an underground success, encouraging many women to look into themselves using a speculum and a mirror for the first time.
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The hospital paid exorbitant amounts for supplies and equipment, including $300 per speculum it could have bought for $122 each, and $900 each for a special needle that was available for $250.
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You can see her stomach ripple as she breathes deeply, taking the extension, which surely must be painful; what appears in the open gap of the speculum is an uncertain space, a void.
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"There are some cases where you might use your hands instead of a speculum," like checking on "a 70-year-old woman who tells you she has difficulty with bladder control," he said.
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After telling us about the tools that were laid out—plus the ones she didn't have with her, the speculum and tenaculum—Thill demonstrated a first-trimester abortion on the papaya she'd displayed earlier.
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Viewers may wonder exactly what they are seeing at first, but as the camera zooms out it becomes clear: a speculum seen from the point of view of a doctor conducting a vaginal examination.
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A speculum was also in my vagina, opened wide so a doctor — a friend of mine trying not to cry — trimmed Aidan's umbilical cord dangling from his placenta that was still inside my uterus.
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"The speculum kind of started in this really dark place, and if you look at the original patent, it really hasn't changed very much," Fran Wang, a mechanical engineer on the Yona team, told Broadly.
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Numerous chaperones witnessed the doctor stick fingers in patients to see if the speculum, the device that widens vaginal walls and allows the doctor to view the cervix, would fit, which is not standard procedure.
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A collective of radical biohackers, the GynePunks first caught my attention in the summer of 2015, when they burst onto the public stage with a nifty 203D-printed speculum and a manifesto for body sovereignty.
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A collective of radical biohackers, the GynePunks first caught my attention in the summer of 2015, when they burst onto the public stage with a nifty 3D-printed speculum and a manifesto for body sovereignty.
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For More Stories Like This, Sign Up for Our Newsletter Ultimately, it's about changing not just the objects—the speculum, the rape kit—but the process and prevailing attitudes around them, including in the courtroom, advocates say.
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After my doctor popped out the speculum, she scheduled me for an ultrasound and told me not to get my hopes up that the IUD would shift into place, while I clutched my cramping gut and sobbed.
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The pelvic exam, which uses a speculum (a metal or plastic tool consisting of a handle and duckbill-shaped prongs that help open the vagina) and swabs to collect samples, can be particularly difficult, Helfert Moësse said.
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Professor and medieval historian Carrie E. Beneš tracked the precarious use of SPQR as "a word or image with a meaning beyond itself" for various political and cultural movements in a pivotal article for the journal Speculum.
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Pelvic exams, which typically involve inserting a speculum to widen the vagina and visually examine the cervix as well as a manual internal exam of the reproductive organs and rectum, aren't recommended for asymptomatic women who aren't pregnant.
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" The idea of a doomsday spiritual dovetailed with what he called "this Negro zombie apocalypse idea I'd had," an extension of concepts he'd been exploring in works like "Negro Antichrist" and a requiem, "Speculum Orum: Shackled to the Dead.
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Yona's rethinking of the speculum includes using sterilizable silicone, which is less cold and abrasive than metal or plastic, and having it open three ways instead of the current two, eliminating the unpleasant ratcheting noise and making it more gentle.
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And in her new book Everything Below the Waist, Jennifer Block writes about attending a secret speculum insertion and papaya workshop taught by a clandestine provider who asked not to be identified for fear of being discovered by law enforcement.
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When we didn't have the paste, we would put in a speculum, do a very slight dilation if necessary, depending on how far along the pregnancy was, and then break the amniotic sac so that the amniotic fluid would come out.
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We heard, for instance, of how they discovered Karen Carpenter (after flunking a family softball game) and how the singer's nontraditional femininity helped shape Mx. Bond's conception of "queerness" — "I'm on the opposite end of the gender speculum," they quipped.
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Benny demonstrates how to discuss a smear test and internal exam with a patient sensitively—showing her the speculum; discussing previous bad experiences if she raises them; asking for her consent; explaining she can ask the exam to stop at any moment.
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They learn the "gold standard" of respect in this situation—locking the door to the consulting room so others can't wander in; using the speculum expertly and with plenty of lubrication; not "prodding and poking" the cervix; stopping if there is any discomfort.
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J. Marion Sims was long known as the "father of modern gynecology": He's known for creating the vaginal speculum as well as a successful treatment for "vesico-vaginal fistulas," a wound between a woman's bladder and vagina that often developed after childbirth.
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Five mirrored side tables display tokens of more or less sexualized masculinity, from a straight razor to a rectal speculum, while a chrome-finished music stand draped with a wig, earrings and a dress acts as a winking stand-in for the artist.
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The patient lies on her back and places her feet in supports called stirrups, and the doctor inserts a speculum to keep the vagina open enough so that a swab can be inserted to scrape a small sample of cells from the cervix.
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She talked to the "patient" throughout, checking in on how they were doing as she inserted a finger into the "cervix," then pantomimed inserting the speculum; she pretended to apply the local anesthetic and then began inserting the metal tapered rods on the table one by one to dilate the opening.
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Though no drugs were found, Doe was taken to a nearby hospital, "where over the course of six hours she suffered an observed bowel movement, an X-ray, a speculum exam of her vagina, a bimanual vaginal and rectal exam, and a CT scan," the ACLU reported in a press release issued earlier today.
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This is the first time the Preventive Services Task Force has turned its attention to pelvic examinations, which can include a visual exam of external genitalia, an internal exam using a speculum, manual palpation to check the shape and size of the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes, and the simultaneous palpation of the rectum and vagina using lubricated gloves.
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Whether I was holding a woman's hand because I was the Jane sitting beside the bed where she was having her abortion, or putting a speculum into her or giving a shot or whatever, that was also really important learning for me as a woman, as a human, to be able to deal with these things completely differently from that time on.
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When a young woman has been receiving all her routine health care from a primary care clinician for many years, they have usually established a high level of comfort and trust and have had ample opportunity not only to discuss sexual activity, sexually transmitted infections, contraception and other common gynecological concerns, but also to prepare for a first speculum examination.
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If you're troubled by the revelation that the pill was tested on unwitting Puerto Rican women, consider that the speculum was perfected through experimental surgical procedures performed without anesthesia on slave women, or that for 40 years the Public Health Service allowed a group of Black men to suffer and die from syphilis — even after effective treatment became available — all in the name of scientific research.
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"Arthur's Loss of Queen and Kingdom." Speculum 15.1 (1940): 3-11. \---. "The Esplumoir and Viviane." Speculum 20.4 (1945): 426-32.
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Sims' double bladed vaginal speculum Sims' vaginal speculum is a double-bladed surgical instrument used for examining the vagina and cervix. It was developed by J. Marion Sims out of pewter spoon, but nowadays it is manufactured out of stainless steel or plastic. The plastic speculum is disposable, but the stainless steel one is not. Therefore, the stainless steel speculum should be sterilized before each use.
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Minor differences are that the male has uniformly brownish-grey upperwing coverts and a glossy greenish- black speculum, while the female has mottled upperwing coverts and a dull brown speculum.
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Sims' speculum is available in various sizes, and the size appropriate to the vaginal dimensions of the woman is chosen for use. The disadvantage of Sims' speculum is that it is not self-retracting. The examiner might want to use an anterior wall retractor in addition to Sims' speculum for better visualization of the cervix.
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Nymph of Ricania speculum Ricania speculum can reach a length of about , with a wingspan of about . These planthoppers have dark brown wings with central wavy horizontal bands and irregular transparent patches of different sizes.Ricania speculum at gaga.biodiv.twProject Noah The precostal area of the forewings shows dense transverse veinlets and the costal margin is distinctly convex near the base.
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Liber pandectarum medicinae. Straßburg ca. 1480 (Digitalisat)Vincentius. Speculum naturale.
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This author portrait of Vincent of Beauvais in a manuscript of his Speculum Historiale, contains an actual convex mirror as a visual pun. French translation by Jean de Vignay, Bruges, c. 1478–1480, for Edward IV;British Library The medieval genre of speculum literature, popular from the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, was inspired by the urge to encompass encyclopedic knowledge within a single work.Bradley, Ritamary "Backgrounds of the Title Speculum in Mediaeval Literature" Speculum 29.1 (January 1954), pp. 100–115.
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The speculum examination is not necessary for adolescents who are asymptomatic.
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Two proctoscopes A proctoscope is a hollow, tube-like speculum that is used for visual inspection of the rectum. Both disposable and non-disposable proctoscopes are available for use. Out of these, the non- disposable Kelly's rectal speculum, named after the American gynecologist Howard Atwood Kelly, is the most commonly used speculum for proctoscopy. Some proctoscopes have a light source for better visibility.
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Michael R. Solomon, editor (1986). Text and Concordance of Speculum al foderi, Biblioteca Nacional MS. 3356. Michael R. Solomon (1990). The Mirror of coitus : a translation and edition of the fifteenth-century Speculum al foderi. Spanish.
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A sample of the text appears on the Speculum Vitae page. For the whole text see William of Nassington, Speculum vitae. Early English Text Society (Series), No. 331–332, 2008. Edited by Ralph Hanna and Venetia Somerset.
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The original structure of the work consisted of three parts: the Mirror of Nature (Speculum Naturale), Mirror of Doctrine (Speculum Doctrinale) and Mirror of History (Speculum Historiale). A fourth part, the Speculum Morale, was initiated by Vincent but there are no records of its contents. All the printed editions of the Great Mirror include this fourth part, which is mainly compiled from Thomas Aquinas, Stephen de Bourbon, and a few other contemporary writers by anonymous fourteenth century Dominicans. As a whole, the work totals 3.25 million words and 80 books and 9885 chapters.
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Besides his "Constitutions," issued in 1236 (printed in W. Lynwood's Constitutiones Angliae, Oxford, 1679), Edmund wrote a work in the genre of the Speculum literature entitled Speculum ecclesiae (London, 1521; Eng. transl., 1527; reprinted in M. de la Bigne's Bibliotheca veterum patrum, v., Paris, 1609),Cf. Alan D. Wilshere (ed.), Miroir de Seinte Eglise, Anglo- Norman Text Society, London, 1982 (= Anglo-Norman Texts 40); Helen P. Forshaw (ed.), Speculum religiosorum and Speculum ecclesiae, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, Oxford, 1973 (= Auctores Britannici medii aevi 3), pp. 29–111.
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Schlauch, M. 1932. The palace of Hugon of Constantinopel. Speculum 7: 500-514.
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He also drew on Josephus's Antiquities, and the works of Cassiodorus,Meyvaert "Bede" Speculum p. 831 and there was a copy of the Liber Pontificalis in Bede's monastery.Meyvaert "Bede" Speculum p. 843 Bede also had correspondents who supplied him with material.
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Sims' speculum is inserted into the vagina to retract posterior vaginal wall. It gives more exposure of the vaginal walls than Cusco's Speculum and therefore is preferred for gynaecological surgeries. it is possible to slide the instrument around the vaginal wall to enable better visualization. The groove in the middle of Sims' speculum allows free flow of secretions and blood to the outside, thereby keeping the area dry.
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Oruch, Jack B. "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February." Speculum, vol. 56, no.
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The four-volume complete edition Speculum quadruplex (with the speculum morale) was printed in Douai by Balthazar Bellerus in 1624 and was reprinted in 1964/65 in Graz. Printed editions of the Great Mirror often include a fourth section called the Speculum Morale. While Beauvais had plans to write this book there is no historical record of its content. However, after 1300 a compilation was created and attributed to be part of the Great Mirror.
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Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" > Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1127.
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Speculum al foder (sometimes known as "The Mirror of Coitus" or literally "a mirror to fuck") is a 15th-century Catalan anonim text discovered in the 1970s.Michael R. Solomon (ed.) (1986). Text and Concordance of Speculum al foder, Biblioteca Nacional MS. 3356. Michael R. Solomon (1990).
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Giles Constable, "Nona et Decima: An Aspect of Carolingian Economy", Speculum, 35:2 (1960), pp. 242–43.
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Her husband prepared a volume of her devotional poetry, Speculum animae, which was circulated amongst her friends.
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In 1602, the Latin version of Speculum Alchemiae appeared in Volume II of the influential Theatrum Chemicum.
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Coulter, Cornelia. Review in Speculum, Vol. 7, No. 1, Medieval Academy of America, January 1932, p. 131.
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Cusco's speculum is usually long and broad. However, smaller and larger sizes are available. Cusco's speculum is used for introducing an intrauterine contraceptive device, taking a Pap smear, cauterization of vaginal erosion, and colposcopic examination. It is preferred in cryosurgery because it protects the anterior and posterior vaginal wall.
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Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 355. and this included cases that were pending at a higher court.Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 356. The results of the loveday could vary; often they broke down (including a celebrated affair in 1411, when on their way to their own loveday, one party ambushed his opponent, with 500 armed men),Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 360.
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"A Note on the Nugae of G. H. Gerould's "King Arthur and Politics"." Speculum 2.4 (1927): 449-55. \---.
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The advantage of Cusco's speculum is that it is self-retaining. Therefore, an assistant's help is not needed to keep the speculum in place. It also acts as the vaginal wall retractor. However, it reduces the space in the vaginal cavity and therefore is not a preferred instrument for vaginal surgery.
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He also increased the public character of the lordship in Montpellier and supported the growth of its trade.Archibald Ross Lewis, "Seigneurial Administration in Twelfth-Century Montpellier", Speculum, 22/4 (1947): 562–77.Archibald Ross Lewis, "The Development of Town Government in Twelfth-Century Montpellier", Speculum, 22/1 (1947): 51–67.
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Amphion was a chestnut colt foaled in 1886 and bred by G. S. Thompson. He was sired by either Speculum or his son Rosebery. Speculum was champion sire of Great Britain in 1878, when his son Sefton won the Derby. Rosebery won both the Cesarewitch Handicap and Cambridgeshire Handicap in 1876.
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The specific name refers to the similarity to its congeners and is derived from Latin speculum (meaning a similarity).
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Waugh "Reluctant Knights and Jurors" Speculum p. 980 footnote 150 Besides his son, Biset also had a daughter, Margaret.
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In the context of a 'loveday', 'love' meant concord or a settlement;Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 357. likewise, in law, a 'day' indicated a case-opening rather than a twenty-four hour period.Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 354, n. 19.
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A speculum is a circular or oval hand-mirror used predominantly by Etruscan women. Speculum is Latin; the Etruscan word is or . Specula were cast in bronze as one piece or with a tang into which a wooden, bone, or ivory handle fitted. The reflecting surface was created by polishing the flat side.
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Both were written in the middle of the 13th century. No medieval encyclopedia bore the title Encyclopaedia – they were often called On nature (De natura, De naturis rerum), Mirror (Speculum maius, Speculum universale), Treasure (Trésor).Monique Paulmier-Foucart, "Medieval Encyclopaedias", in André Vauchez (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, James Clarke & Co, 2002.
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Cusco's speculum Cusco's self-retaining bivalved speculum is a surgical instrument used for vaginal and cervical examination. It has a jaw that opens up like a duck bill. The instrument was named after French surgeon Édouard- Gabriel Cusco (1819–1894). It comes in three models: side screw, centre screw, and special narrow virgin size.
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Image of Dracocopede by Vincent of Beauvais in his Speculum Naturale The medieval Latin term draconcopedes is a beast mentioned in some medieval zoologies. Vincent of Beauvais (c.1190–1264) describes this beast as a vast serpentine creature with the head, face and breasts of a woman. In the Speculum naturale:Speculum naturale, XX.33 (Vol.
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Norden's map of south Essex from the Speculum Britanniae Speculum Britanniae ("Mirror of Britain"), published in London from 1593, was a projected, but unfinished, chorography of Britain by John Norden (1548—1625).S.G. Mendyk, Speculum Britanniae: regional study, antiquarianism, and science in Britain to 1700, 1989. It was intended to take the form of a series of county maps, accompanied by place-by-place written descriptions. Norden was primarily a surveyor and cartographer, and the written descriptions always had a subsidiary role, being much slighter than other early county histories.
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William of Nassington (2008). Speculum vitae. Early English Text Society (Series), No. 331–332. Edited by Ralph Hanna and Venetia Somerset.
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"Review: [Untitled]." Modern Language Notes 44.1 (1929): 58-60. \---. "Review: [Untitled]." Modern Language Notes 44.6 (1929): 407-8. \---. "Review: [Untitled]." Modern Language Notes 45.4 (1930): 265-6. \---. "Review: [Untitled]." Speculum 6.2 (1931): 305-8. \---. "Review: [Untitled]." Modern Language Notes 46.3 (1931): 182-3. \---. "Review: [Untitled]." Modern Language Notes 46.7 (1931): 483-4. \---. "Review: [Untitled]." Speculum 10.1 (1935): 100-1. \---.
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After two earthquakes in 1590 Masco wrote a small work about earlier earthquakes from the antiquity until 1590, called Erdbidems Spiegel or Speculum terrae motusLater in the work called "Speculum terrae motuum". ("Mirror of the Earth[quakes]", printed in Nuremberg in 1591).H. Miklas, Dissertation, p. 394 In the subtitle he wrote that earthquakes are God's wrath and punishments.
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In this case, the book mirrors "both the contents and organization of the cosmos". Vincent himself stated that he chose "Speculum" for its name because his work contains "whatever is worthy of contemplation (speculatio), that is, admiration or imitation". It is by this name that the compendium is connected to the medieval genre of speculum literature.
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Mirour de l'Omme ("the mirror of mankind") (also Speculum Hominis), which has the Latin title Speculum Meditantis ("mirror of meditation"), is an Anglo-Norman poem of 29,945 lines written in iambic octosyllables by John Gower (c. 1330 – October 1408). Gower's major theme is man's salvation. Internal evidence (no mention of Richard II) suggests that composition was completed before 1380.
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Book Review of The Book of Hours of Catherine of Cleves by John Plummer. Speculum, v. 40, n. 3, 1965. (538-540).
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Víkingarvísur, composed c. 1014-15, is the oldest of the surviving long poems attributed to him.Fell, Christine, 1981: Víkingarvísur. In: Speculum Norroenum.
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A plastic sheet with a receptacle helps collect the fluids during phacoemulsification. An eye speculum is inserted to keep the eyelids open.
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Einar Joranson, 'The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy: Legend and History', Speculum, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jul., 1948), p.
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Hanna, Ralph. 2008. Speculum Vitae: A Reading Edition. Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society. Volume 1: lines 35 to 40.
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The solemn pond displays the summer night Perfect in the rondure of its speculum, The sky set out in order, light by light.
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The first step is to open the vaginal opening with two fingers at the vulvo-perineal angle, then separate the fingers slightly and press down, then insert the speculum arranging the width of the tip of the flaps in anteroposterior. Then the speculum is moved into the vagina at an angle of 45°, following the natural contour of the posterior vaginal wall. When the speculum is in place, the fingers are removed and the device is rotated so that the flaps are horizontal. The flaps are then separated and locked into place when the cervical neck is completely visible.
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The wings are whitish below, and from above show a white-bordered green speculum. Sexes are similar, and juveniles are slightly duller than adults. The north-eastern race is darker and has a brighter bill and blue speculum. It is a bird of freshwater habitats in fairly open country and feeds by dabbling for plant food mainly in the evening or at night.
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In some cases, the addition of a small sleeve of rubber tubing at the end of the plastic speculum or use of a rubber-tipped speculum helps to avoid trauma and improve the air-tight seal. Gently squeezing and releasing the rubber bulb in rapid succession permits observation of the degree of eardrum mobility in response to both positive and negative pressure.
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Her first major book Speculum of the Other Woman, based on her second dissertation, was published in 1974, In Speculum, Irigaray engages in close analyses of phallocentrism in Western philosophy and psychoanalytic theory, analyzing texts by Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant. The book's most cited essay, "The Blind Spot of an Old Dream," critiques Freud's lecture on femininity.
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The writings of Conrad of Saxony include several sermons and the "Speculum Beatæ Mariæ Virginis"; the latter, at times erroneously attributed to St. Bonaventure, was edited by the Friars Minor at Quaracchi in 1904. The preface to this excellent edition of the "Speculum" contains a brief sketch of the life of Conrad of Saxony and a critical estimate of his other writings.
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Another feature of the female color pattern is the distinct, detailed penciling found on feathers of the head, neck, body, most of the wing and tail. Rouen females can be much darker brown than Mallard females. Both sexes also have blue speculum feathers. However, Rouen speculum feathers are brighter in color and larger in size than that of the Mallard.
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The encyclopedia shows a tendency toward "exhaustiveness," or systemic plagiarism, typical of the medieval period."Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum historiale," Medieval Primary Sources Vincent was used as a source by Chaucer. The full version of Speculum proved to be too long to circulate in the era of manuscripts and manual copying. However, an abridged version by Bartholomeus Anglicus did enjoy a wide readership.
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The Tetrarch is inbred 4 × 4 to Speculum, Doncaster and Rouge Rose, meaning both horses appear twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree.
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Howard, "Florentine Literary Culture" pp. 186 - 199Robert Coogan, Studies in Philology, Vol. 68, No. 3 (July 1971), pp. 270-291Ernest H. Wilkins, Speculum, Vol.
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Ophrys speculum, the mirror orchid, is a species of Ophrys distributed throughout the Mediterranean that is pollinated exclusively by a single species of scoliid wasp.
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Rarely, on introduction of speculum in the external ear, patients have experienced syncope due to the stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
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The first known apparatus similar to a gyroscope (the "Whirling Speculum" or "Serson's Speculum") was invented by John Serson in 1743. It was used as a level, to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions. The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by Johann Bohnenberger of Germany, who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine".
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The Codex Speculum or Speculum Ps-Augustine, designated by m, is a 5th-century Latin manuscript of the New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the old Latin. The manuscript contains passages from all the books of the New Testament except 3 John, Hebrews, and Philemon on 154 parchment leaves. It also has a citation from the Epistle to the Laodiceans.
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A vaginal speculum suggests gynecology was practiced, and an anal speculum implies knowledge that the size and condition of internal organs accessible through the orifices was an indication of health. They could extract eye cataracts with a special needle. Operating room amphitheaters indicate that medical education was ongoing. Many have proposed that the knowledge and practices of the medici were not exceeded until the 20th century CE.
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Jacob's Ladder from a Speculum of c. 1430, pre-figuring the Ascension, right Ascension from the same manuscript, see left. Danish Royal Library The Speculum Humanae Salvationis or Mirror of Human Salvation was a bestselling anonymous illustrated work of popular theology in the late Middle Ages, part of the genre of encyclopedic speculum literature, in this case concentrating on the medieval theory of typology, whereby the events of the Old Testament prefigured, or foretold, the events of the New Testament. The original version is in rhyming Latin verse, and contains a series of New Testament events each with three Old Testament ones that prefigure it.
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She was expelled from this school in 1974 after the publication of her second doctoral thesis (doctorat d'État), Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum: La fonction de la femme dans le discours philosophique, later retitled as Speculum: De l'autre femme), which received much criticism from both the Lacanian and Freudian schools of psychoanalysis. This criticism brought her recognition. But she was removed from her position as an instructor at the University of Vincennes as well as ostracized from the Lacanian community. She held a research post at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique since 1964, where she is now a Director of Research in Philosophy.
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Isembard may have been leading his own men on this campaign.Bernard S. Bachrach, "Military Organization in Aquitaine under the Early Carolingians", Speculum 49, 1 (1974): 27.
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Euzophera speculum is a species of snout moth in the genus Euzophera. It was described by Joseph de Joannis in 1927 and is known from Mozambique.
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It lacks the red bill spot, and has a blue speculum. Both males and females undergo a complete postnuptial moult, dropping all their wing feathers simultaneously.
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A tritone is also commonly defined as an interval spanning six semitones. According to this definition, a diatonic scale contains two tritones for each octave. For instance, the above-mentioned C major scale contains the tritones F–B (from F to the B above it, also called augmented fourth) and B–F (from B to the F above it, also called diminished fifth, semidiapente, or semitritonus).E.g., Jacobus Leodiensis, Speculum musicae, Liber secundus, in Jacobi Leodiensis Speculum musicae, edited by Roger Bragard, Corpus Scriptorum de Musica 3/2 ([Rome]: American Institute of Musicology, 1961): 128–31, citations on 192–96, 200, and 229; Jacobus Leodiensis, Speculum musicae, Liber sextus, in Jacobi Leodiensis Speculum musicae, edited by Roger Bragard, Corpus Scriptorum de Musica 3/6 ([Rome]: American Institute of Musicology, 1973): 1–161, citations on 52 and 68; Johannes Torkesey, Declaratio et expositio, London: British Library, Lansdowne 763, ff.
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471-73 (online at JSTOR). He completed this edition with an index of names published in 1949,Review by Francis P. Magoun, Jr., Speculum 30.4, October 1955, pp.
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While hybridization is common, double white bars above and below the speculum are not a sufficient indicator of hybridization and therefore should not be used to determine genetics.
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According to Norse mythology, the Heodenings (Hjaðningar) were involved in the never-ending "battle of the Heodenings", the Hjaðningavíg.Malone, Kemp. "An Anglo-Latin Version of the Hjadningavig". Speculum, Vol.
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He planned (but did not complete) a series of county maps and accompanying county histories of England, the Speculum Britanniae. He was also a prolific writer of devotional works.
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Linne R. Mooney (2006), "Chaucer's Scribe," Speculum, 81 : 97–138. Ezard, John (20 July 2004). "The scrivener's tale: how Chaucer's sloppy copyist was unmasked after 600 years". The Guardian.
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"Heraclius, Byzantine imperial ideology, and the David plates." Speculum 52.2 (1977): 234. Regarding the form, the plates are similar, with rolled rims, concave surfaces, and a high foot ring.
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Books xxiii.-xxviii. discuss the psychology, physiology and anatomy of man, the five senses and their organs, sleep, dreams, ecstasy, memory, reason, etc. The remaining four books seem more or less supplementary; the last (xxxii.) is a summary of geography and history down to the year 1250, when the book seems to have been given to the world, perhaps along with the Speculum Historiale and possibly an earlier form of the Speculum Doctrinale.
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1), and in Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo's encyclopedic Speculum vitae humanae. In the sixteenth century these and new texts came to be widely printed and distributed. Sánchez de Arévalo's Speculum was first printed at Rome, 1468, and there are more than twenty fifteenth-century printings; German, French and Spanish translations were printed. The characters of Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (1528) discuss the requirement that a cortegiano be noble (I.XIV-XVI).
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Title page of Speculum Orbis Terrae. Speculum Orbis Terrae ("Mirror of the World") was an atlas published by Cornelis de Jode in Antwerp in 1593. The atlas was largely a continuation of unfinished works of his father, Gerard de Jode, who died in 1591. Contemporary scholars consider many of de Jode's maps to be superior, both in detail and style, to those of the competing atlas of the time, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, by Ortelius.
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Verdette sired Speculum who won the Goodwood Cup and City and Suburban Handicap. Speculum was also a successful sire, with his progeny including Epsom Derby winner Sefton and becoming British Champion sire in 1878. Verdette's best son was Galopin who won the Epsom Derby in 1875 and was British Champion sire three times. Vedette's sire line survives today mainly through Galopin's son, the undefeated St. Simon, who was Champion sire nine times.
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In flight, the male shows a black speculum bordered white at the rear and pale rufous at the front, whereas the female's speculum is dark brown bordered with white, narrowly at the front edge but very prominently at the rear, being visible at a distance of . The male's call is a soft ' whistle, similar to that of the common teal, whereas the female has a mallard-like descending quack, and a low croak when flushed.
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Also from the 1st century BC, is a speculum, an instrument used for gynecological examinations. A model of the hypocaust shows how the thermal baths of the city were heated.
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The first edition was edited by Richard Hunt of the University of Liverpool and Raymond Klibansky of Oriel College, Oxford."Announcement", Speculum, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1939), p. 514.
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A.H. Denney (ed.), The Sibton Abbey Estates. Select Documents, 1325–1509, Suffolk Record Society II (Ipswich 1960).J.H. Lynch, 'Review: Sibton Abbey Cartularies and Charters. Philippa Brown', Speculum 64, no.
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On Ivan's policies regarding the sect, see George Vernadsky, "The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow", Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1933): 436-454.
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Thudichum's nasal speculum Thudichum was the author of numerous works, including books on non-medical topics such as viticulture and cookery. He also devised a specialized nasal speculum that is still in use by physicians today.Drtbalu's Otolaryngology atlas Thudichum's nasal speculum Since 1974 the "Thudichum Medal Lecture" is awarded in England for outstanding achievements in the field of neurochemistry, and at Yale University, the "Thudichum Post–Doctoral Research Fellowship in Neuro-oncology" was founded within the fields of cell biology, neurochemistry and adult stem cell research to support the study of brain tumors.Biochemical Society The Thudichum Medal LectureYale Bulletin & Calendar Neuro-oncology fellowship supports the study of brain tumors A collection of his papers are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.
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In the final furlong Wells produced Blue Gown with a challenge down the centre of the course, overtaking King Alfred near the finish and winning by half a length. Speculum finished third, Rosicrucian fifth, and Green Sleeve ninth. The Ascot Gold Cup in June saw a near repeat of the Derby result, as Blue Gown won from Speculum and King Alfred. In autumn, Blue Gown won the Fitzwilliam Stakes at Doncaster before moving on to Newmarket in October.
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Use of a lid speculum is no longer essential. Now a lid speculum, manual lid retraction or a similar maneuver can be used to keep the eyelids out of the way during the procedure. The strong 2004 consensus that the pupil should be routinely dilated to examine the posterior segment of the eye post injection was dropped. Some of the 2014 panelists did not dilate the pupil for routine injections while others found this examination to be highly important.
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Speculum; Vol. 65, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 972–975.Jane Williams has disputed that the windows were actually dedicated by the guilds, in The Windows of the Trades at Chartres Cathedral.
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Manasser Biset (sometimes Bisset or Manasseh Biset;Friend "Master Odo" Speculum p. 642 died 1177) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and royal official during the reign of King Henry II of England.
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Serlo of Wilton (c. 1105–1181) was a 12th-century English poet, a friend of Walter MapWalter Map, De Nugis Curialium 2.4. and known to Gerald of Wales.Gerald of Wales, Speculum Ecclesiae 2.33.
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Kenneth John Conant, "Cluny Studies, 1968–1975." Speculum 50.3 (1975): 383–390. Since 1901 it has been a center of the École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers (ENSAM), an elite school of engineering.
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Portable models are powered by batteries in the handle; these batteries are usually rechargeable and can be recharged from a base unit. Otoscopes are often sold with ophthalmoscopes as a diagnostic set. Diseases which may be diagnosed by an otoscope include otitis media and otitis externa, infection of the middle and outer parts of the ear, respectively. Otoscopes are also frequently used for examining patients' noses (avoiding the need for a separate nasal speculum) and (with the speculum removed) upper throats.
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His first reflecting telescope (a design which came to be known as a Newtonian reflector) had a 33-mm (1.3-inch) diameter speculum metal primary mirror of his own formulation. Newton was likewise confronted with the problem of fabricating the complex parabolic shape needed to create the image, but simply settled on a spherical shape. The composition of speculum metal was further refined and went on to be used in the 1700s and 1800s in many designs of reflecting telescopes.
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Among the many volumes published under his name only two appear to have had the benefit of his revision, namely, Der Seelen Paradies von waren und volkumen Tugenden, and that entitled Das irrig Schaf. Of the rest, probably the best-known is a series of lectures on his friend Sebastian Brant's work, Das Narrenschiff or the Navicula or Speculum fatuorum, of which an edition was published at Strasbourg in 1511 under the following title: Navicula sive speculum fatuorum praestantissimi sacrarumliterarum doctoris Joannis Geiler Keysersbergii. Navicula sive Speculum fatuorum (1510) The numerous volumes of Geiler's sermons and writings which have been published do not give a complete picture of the characteristic qualities of the preacher. An orator, Geiler sought, without regard to other considerations, was to produce the most powerful effect on his hearers.
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The speculum metal mirror from William Herschel's 1.2-meter (49.5-inch) diameter "40-foot telescope" at the Science Museum in London Speculum metal is a mixture of around two-thirds copper and one-third tin making a white brittle alloy that can be polished to make a highly reflective surface. It was used historically to make different kinds of mirrors from personal grooming aids to optical devices until it was replaced by more modern materials such as metal- coated glass mirrors. Large speculum metal mirrors are hard to manufacture and the alloy is prone to tarnish, requiring frequent re-polishing. However, it was the only practical choice for large mirrors in high-precision optical equipment between mid-17th and mid-19th century, before the invention of glass silvering.
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Speculum metal found an application in early modern Europe as the only known good reflecting surface for mirrors in reflecting telescopes. In contrast to household mirrors, where the reflecting metal layer is coated on the back of a glass pane and covered with a protective varnish, precision optical equipment like telescopes needs first surface mirrors that can be ground and polished into complex shapes such as parabolic reflectors. For nearly 200 years speculum metal was the only mirror substance that could perform this task. One of the earliest designs, James Gregory’s Gregorian telescope could not be built because Gregory could not find a craftsman capable of fabricating the complex speculum mirrors needed for the design. Isaac Newton was the first to successfully build a reflecting telescope in 1668.
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Legousia speculum-veneris, the looking glass or large Venus's-looking-glass, is an annual ornamental plant in the family Campanulaceae (bellflowers). It blooms from June to August and is native to the Mediterranean region.
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Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 249 Augustine's example also influenced the great missionary efforts of the Anglo-Saxon Church.Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity pp. 265–266Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum p.
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Coptic Studies in Honor of Walter Ewing Crum, Bulletin of the Byzantine Institute 2 (1950), W. H. Worrell, Review of Coptic Studies in Honor of Walter Ewing Crum , Speculum 27.1, January 1952, pp. 88-94.
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Prawer, Joshua. "The Settlement of the Latins in Jerusalem," Speculum 27.4 (1952): 496. In 1187, when Saladin captured the city, the Holy Sepulchre and many other churches were returned to the care of Eastern Christians.
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Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. Vol. 7, No. 331, pp. 249–256. December 1956. Speculum metal was very hard to cast and shape. It only reflected 66 percent of the light that hit it.
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Wilson & Wilson p.208 In addition, the first of the somewhat legendary editions supposedly produced by Laurens Janszoon Coster, working earlier than Johannes Gutenberg, was a Speculum. Even if the Coster story is ignored, the work seems to have been the first printed in the Netherlands, probably in the early 1470s.Wilson & Wilson p.111 ff Editions continued to be printed until the Reformation, which changed the nature of religious devotion on both sides of the Catholic/Protestant divide, and made the Speculum seem outdated.
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Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p.376 His accounts were reported by Vincent de Beauvais in his ‘’Speculum Historiale’’. The Armenian historian Kirakos wrote an apology about him and his role in establishing relations with the Mongols.
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Founded in 1836, Emory University is a prominent research institution in the city of Atlanta, GA. Emory has five secret societies, including the Paladin Society, D.V.S. Senior Honor Society, Ducemus, Speculum and The Order of Ammon.
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1596 and 1602 he was rector of the University of Tübingen.Entry Daniel Mögling on Tobias-Bild. He published under the psydonym Theophilus Schweighardt the Rosenkreuzerischen Weisheitsspiegel (Speculum sophicum rhodo-stauroticum) in 1618.Hans-Jürgen Ruppert: Rosenkreuzer.
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Unlike the speculum original, and unlike modern aluminium- or silver-coated glass mirrors, this is made of aluminium, as a compromise between authenticity and utility in astronomical observation."Telescope Restoration ". Birr Castle. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
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"Something More about Artefius and His Clavis Sapientiae." Speculum 13: 80–85 Artephius has also been misidentified as a Jewish convert,Patai , Raphael. ‘‘The Jewish alchemists: A history and source book.’’ Princeton University Press. 1994. p.
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Speculum Vol. 53, No. 2, p.417 This medieval account alters the characters of both Echo and Narcissus. In Ovid’s account Echo is a beautiful nymph residing with the Muses, and Narcissus is a haughty prince.
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Malta, 2010 and is very probably the author of the Speculum Disciplinae and of the Epistola ad Quendam Novitium erroneously attributed to St. Bonaventure (See Bonav. Opera Omnia ed. Quaracchi, 1898, VIII, 583 sqq. and 663 sqq.).
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Miniature from a manuscript Speculum. Eleazar Maccabeus kills the elephant and is crushed. The work originated between 1309, as a reference to the Pope being at Avignon indicates, and 1324, the date on two copies.Wilson & Wilson p.
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These insects feed on sap that they suck from the leaves of the host plants. Ricania speculum has a single generation per year. The eggs overwinter in the bark of the branches waiting for the spring hatching.
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Penn State Press, . David energetically supported Tamar's expansionist policy and was responsible for Georgia's military successes in a series of conflicts of those years.Vasiliev, A. A. The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222). Speculum, Vol.
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Jordanes, Gothica 240f. Translated by Charles C. Mierow, The Gothic History of Jordanes, 1915 (Cambridge: Speculum Historiale, 1966), pp. 118f The emperor then exchanged the Auvergne for Provence, giving the Visigoths the territories they had long desired.
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In 1308, a new campaign was sent to quell King Robert, and Courtenay was made a knight banneret, one of the King's elite household.M.Powicke, The General Obligation to Cavalry Service, Speculum, vol.28, no.4, (1953) pp.
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In flight the brilliant blue rump and speculum are distinctive. The bill is red or reddish brown. Juveniles are similar to adults, except that the breast is scalloped and the bill is blackish with an orange tip.
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920 and in 1130 was a royal justice in western England.Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 360 Alice was the abbess of Barking Abbey and Agnes became the wife of Roger de Valognes.Keats-Rohan Domesday People p.
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Liber pandectarum medicinae. Straßburg ca. 1480 (Digitalisat)Vincentius. Speculum naturale. Straßburg 1481. Band I Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Band II (Digitalisat)Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann: Die Mainzer Kräuterbuch- Inkunabeln – „Herbarius Moguntinus“ (1484) – „Gart der Gesundheit“ (1485) – „Hortus Sanitatis“ (1491).
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Gísli Sigurdsson, Review of A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics, Speculum 83 (2008) 680-82, p. 680. She has also written articles on Australian Aboriginal rituals and contributed to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
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A vaginal speculum is commonly used in artificial insemination procedures and are routinely used for IUI inseminations. The device consists of two shaped flanges which are inserted into the vagina and can be opened and locked in the open position to allow the cervix to be viewed. A syringe containing sperm or a catheter may then be inserted through the open speculum and into the opened vagina. This device enables sperm to be more accurately deposited near to the cervix or, in the case of IUI, directly into the womb.
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Characteristic green speculum with white base and white tertials This duck is around the same size as a mallard and has a scaly patterned body with a green speculum bordered by white. At rest the white stripe stands out and the long neck and the bill with yellow tip and orange red spots at the base are distinctive in the nominate subspecies. The red spots at the base of the bills are absent in haringtoni. It measures in length and across the wings, with a body mass of .
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H. H. Thornton, "The Authorship of the Poems Ascribed to Frederick II, 'Rex Fredericus', and King Enzio", Speculum 2:4 (1927), 463–69. The lines in question are Or se ne va lo mio amore / ch'io sovra gli altri l'amava; / biasma la dolze Toscana, / che mi diparte lo core. Frederick was also the patron of Orfinus of Lodi, a judge who composed a 1,600-line poem, De regimine et sapientia potestatis, on the office of podestà.C. H. Haskins, "Latin Literature under Frederick II", Speculum 3:2 (1928), 135.
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With this worldview, it seemed reasonable to assert that astrology could be used to predict the probable future of a human being. Albert argued that an understanding of the celestial influences affecting us could help us to live our lives more in accord with Christian precepts.Scott E. Hendrix, How Albert the Great's Speculum Astronomiae Was Interpreted and Used by Four Centuries of Readers (Lewiston: 2010), 44-46. The most comprehensive statement of his astrological beliefs is to be found in a work he authored around 1260, now known as the Speculum astronomiae.
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Gynaecological examination is quite intimate, more so than a routine physical exam. It also requires unique instrumentation such as the speculum. The speculum consists of two hinged blades of concave metal or plastic which are used to retract the tissues of the vagina and permit examination of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus located within the upper portion of the vagina. Gynaecologists typically do a bimanual examination (one hand on the abdomen and one or two fingers in the vagina) to palpate the cervix, uterus, ovaries and bony pelvis.
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Telescopes with speculum metal mirrors were a large breakthrough in aperture, but their drawbacks fueled competition from refractors The metal mirror of the Leviathan, the largest telescope mirror until the 100-inch Hooker telescope of 1917 (a metal-on-glass mirror). Looking down the insides of an old reflecting telescope. It's not clear if the reflector in this case is speculum metal, but it illustrates how a reflecting mirror rests at the inside of tube. Dating to the 18th century, this telescope would have originally used a metal mirror.
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The telescope had a small convex hyperboloidal secondary mirror placed near the prime focus to reflect light through a central hole in the main mirror. No further practical advance appears to have been made in the design or construction of the reflecting telescopes for another 50 years until John Hadley (best known as the inventor of the octant) developed ways to make precision aspheric and parabolic speculum metal mirrors. In 1721 he showed the first parabolic Newtonian reflector to the Royal Society. It had a diameter, focal length speculum metal objective mirror.
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Parsons improved the techniques of casting, grinding and polishing large telescope mirrors from speculum metal, and constructed steam-powered grinding machines for parabolic mirrors. His mirror of 1839 was cast in smaller pieces, fitted together before grinding and polishing; its 1840 successor was cast in a single piece. In 1842, Parsons cast his first mirror, but it took another five casts, before he had two ground and polished mirrors. Speculum mirrors tarnished rapidly; with two mirrors, one could be used in the telescope while the other was being re- polished.
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Henry was freed from his homage to Robert, and agreed to pay the Duke an annual sum (which, however, he only paid until 1103).C. Warren Hollister, "The strange death of William Rufus." Speculum 48.4 (1973): 637–653.
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Speculum spiritualium (The Spiritual Mirror) is an anonymous religious compilation written in Latin, made between 1400 and 1430. The work was relatively popular, known in at least a dozen manuscripts, and printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1510.
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1305 and printed at Augsburg in 1471; and the Speculum Maius of Vincentius Bellovacensis (Vincent de Beauvais) written about 1250 and first printed in Strasbourg in 1473–76. There are a number of other incunabula or early editions.
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The earliest drawings of triangular-frame harps appear in the Utrecht Psalter, written and illustrated in the early 9th century from a scriptorium in Rheims.The Anglo-Saxon Harp Robert Boenig Speculum, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Apr. 1996), pp.
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Papal Benediction at Saint Peter, a 1555 engraving of Lafreri from Speculum Romanae magnificentiae Antonio Lafreri, or Antoine Lafréry, also Antoine du Pérac Lafréry (Orgelet, 1512 – Rome, 1577), was a French engraver, cartographer and publisher, active in Rome.
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The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries. Speculum, 5(1), 3–20. In addition to these types of works, in some libraries during that time Plato was especially popular. In the early Middle Ages, Aristotle was more popular.
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Kadrin wrote the first half of the book, and Christina the second half. Christina is also identified as the translator of Antiphonarium for the Abbess Margareta Clausdotter, and as the author of Speculum Virginum and Christina Hansdotters bönbok.
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1327), edited for the Early English Text Society by Georgiana Lea Morrill Morrill, 1898.(Morrill) Speculum Gy de Warewyke Introduction, VIII "Concerning Guido, count of Tours", pp lxxxiiiff. Today Guy of Warwick's Sword can be seen at Warwick Castle.
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Nothing is known of his fate, and the possibility remains that he never left.Gregory G. Guzman, "Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal" Speculum, Vol. 46, No. 2. (April., 1971), p. 234.
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Speculum Sophicum Rhodostauroticum ("The Mirror of the Wisdom of the Rosy Cross") is an early text of Rosicrucianism, published in 1618 by the pseudonymous "Theophilus Schweighardt Constantiens", believed to be Daniel Mögling (1596–1635), an alchemist, physician and astronomer.
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173–185; Edward Gwynn (ed. & trans.), The Metrical Dindshenchas, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1906, Vol 4, Druimm Criaich Poem 13: Druimm Criach, pp. 43–57; Vernam Hull, (ed. & trans.), "Aided Meidbe: The Violent Death of Medb", Speculum v.
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Stenton Anglo-Saxon England pp. 104–105Jones "Gregorian Mission" Speculum The Kingdom of Kent was ruled by Æthelberht, who married a Christian princess named Bertha before 588,Stenton Anglo-Saxon England pp. 105–106 and perhaps earlier than 560.
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Nider explained that females were capable of such acts by pointing out what he considered their inferior physical, mental and moral capacity.Bailey, Michael. From Sorcery to Witchcraft: Clerical Conceptions of Magic in the Later Middle Ages. Speculum, Vol. 76.
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Myths and misconceptions about IUCs > Myth: IUCs are abortifacients. Fact: IUCs prevent fertilization and are true > contraceptives. After the pelvic exam, the vagina is held open with a speculum. A tenaculum is used to steady the cervix and uterus.
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Constance B. Bouchard, 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (April 1981), pp. 269–70 Eventually, the nobility became too interrelated to marry easily as the local pool of unrelated prospective spouses became smaller; increasingly, large payments to the church were required for exemptions ("dispensations"), or retrospective legitimizations of children.Constance B. Bouchard, 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (April 1981), pp. 270, 271 In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council reduced the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from seven back to four.John W. Baldwin, The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 78 The method of calculating prohibited degrees was changed also.Constance B. Bouchard, 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (April 1981), p.
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Some of the new chapters, however, were praised for their original content."Review: The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500–1492 by Jonathan Shepard" Review by Kostis Smyrlis, Speculum, Vol. 85, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 464-465.
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The Parliament of Fowls is a love poem associated with Valentine's Day. Many claim Chaucer is the mythmaker of the concept as we know it today.Oruch, Jack B., "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February," Speculum, 56 (1981): 534–565.
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A vaginal speculum and a soft cup may also be used. STI testing kits are also available but these only produce a 'snap-shot' result and, since sperm will not be frozen and quarantined, there will be risks associated with it.
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Most miscarriages occur before 12 weeks gestation age. Other causes include implantation bleeding, gestational trophoblastic disease, polyps, and cervical cancer. Tests to determine the underlying cause usually include a speculum examination, ultrasound, and hCG. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
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Hostile to paganism, the early Christians, such as the Church Fathers, embraced euhemerism in attempt to undermine the validity of pagan gods.Euhemerism: A Mediaeval Interpretation of Classical Paganism, John Daniel Cooke, Speculum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Oct., 1927, p. 397.
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Radulfus Ardens (Raoul Ardens) (died c. 1200) was a French theologian and early scholastic philosopher of the 12th century. He was born in Beaulieu, Poitou. He is known for his Summa de vitiis et virtutibus or Speculum universale (universal mirror).
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Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants p. 953 FitzRoger's holdings were extensive enough that he was considered a baron during the reigns of King Richard ITurner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart p. 103 and King John of England.Russell "Social Status" Speculum p.
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Panagia Tou Araka The Panagia tou Araka or Arakos () is a middle Byzantine Orthodox church located in Cyprus. It stands as one of the most well known and completely preserved middle Byzantine churches with mural paintings.Carr, Annemarie Weyl. Speculum 80, no.
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Two notable examples are Jerome Cardan's Ptolemaei De Astrorvm Ivdiciis (Basel, 1578) and Francisco Junctinus's Speculum Astrologiae (Lugduni, 1583). Modern translators continue to make reference to the Hieronymous Wolf Commentary in their explanatory annotations.See for example, Robbins (1940) p.98, n.
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NGC 6304 is a globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus. William Herschel discovered this star cluster using an f/13 speculum reflector telescope in 1786. It is about 19,000 light-years away, near the Milky Way's central bulge. HST (WFC3).
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Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century.
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The answer must have something to do with its targets. Although the work is concerned with the growing absolutism of kings; the encroachment of foreign interests in Castile; and the factional struggles that were then dividing the country, these are not reasons enough to account for its anonymity. After all, it is purportedly about an unthreatening lowly knight called Diego Fajardo and unimportant whores. Carajicomedia’s initial rubric, however, describes the work as “eſpeculatiua,” an adjective that ultimately derives from the Latin noun "speculum" (mirror, see speculum literature) through the verb "speculārī" (observe, consider, examine) and the late-Latin adjective "speculātīvus" (speculative).
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The ideal composition was around 68.21% copper to 31.7 % tin; more copper made the metal more yellow, more tin made the metal more blue in color.Norman W. Henley et al: Speculum Metal Ratios with up to 45% tin were used for resistance to tarnishing. Although speculum metal mirror reflecting telescopes could be built very large, such as William Herschel's 126-cm (49.5-inch) "40-foot telescope" of 1789 and Lord Rosse 1845 183-cm (72-inch) mirror of his "Leviathan of Parsonstown", impracticalities in using the metal made most astronomers prefer their smaller refracting telescope counterparts.Edison Pettit: The Reflector.
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The author of the Gesta Stephani described Pain as having been a page at Henry's court, stating that he owed his position to being one of the "special and very intimate friends of King Henry" and that although Pain had been "taken into [Henry's] service as [one of his] court pages",Quoted in Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 360 it appears likely that the three fitzJohn brothers—Pain, Eustace and William—worked to advance each other's careers, as they are frequently found witnessing, or attesting, the same charters and other royal documents.Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p.
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His works were for the most part composed during his many official journeys. In light of his duties he was familiar with the highest levels of authority in both circles and collected historical material, in his own words, for over forty years as notary and chaplain to the Emperor Frederick. About 1183 he compiled for the use of schools his Speculum regum, dedicated to his Staufian imperial patrons, father Frederick and son Henry. Here the title speculum, 'mirror' is commonly used for works in the genre of "mirrors for princes", texts suitable for the royal dedicatees' education.
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He was Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Cambridge from 1919 to 1939. He was joint editor of The Cambridge Medieval History from 1907 to 1922.P.A. Linehan, ‘The making of the Cambridge Medieval History’, Speculum 57 (1982), 463–494.
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393 By a charter to the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in 1050, William was still in Normandy at that time.Einar Joranson, 'The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy: Legend and History', Speculum, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jul., 1948), p.
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The pelvic exam is part of the physical examination of the internal pelvic organs (uterus, cervix, ovaries), vagina, and external genitalia. This exam often includes three parts: # Inspection of the external genitalia # Bimanual examination # Inspection of the cervix and vagina using a speculum.
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The original "long version", called Tractatus (or Speculum) artis bene moriendi, was composed in 1415 by an anonymous Dominican friar, probably at the request of the Council of Constance (1414–1418, Germany).N.F. Blake (1982). "Ars Moriendi". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. v.
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Christian writers during the Middle Ages continued to embrace euhemerism, such as Vincent of Beauvais, Petrus Comestor, Roger Bacon and Godfrey of Viterbo.Euhemerism: A Mediaeval Interpretation of Classical Paganism, John Daniel Cooke, Speculum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Oct., 1927, pp. 396–410.
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1985: Iiro Kajanto, Papal Epigraphy in Renaissance Rome, in Newsletter of the Institute for the Classical Tradition 4 (March). 1984: Elizabeth M. and Michael J. Jeffreys, Popular Literature in Late Byzantium, in Speculum 59 (July), 721-2. 1983: James J. Wilhelm, ed.
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Detail from tomb of John Gower in Southwark Cathedral, Southwark, London, England. The head of the effigy rests on three books. Gower wrote Vox Clamantis in Latin, Speculum Meditantis in French and Confessio Amantis in English. Photographed by Karen Townsend in 2006.
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Similar works were created later in the Hellenistic and Islamic world and, in the speculum regum, had a parallel in medieval Europe.Lichtheim, op.cit., p.97 Like similar later "royal testaments" one of its functions may have been the legitimization of the ruling king.
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Simon of Saint-Quentin: History of the Tartars Those sections of Simon’s text that were included in Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum historiale translated into English and annotated by Stephen Pow, Tamás Kiss, Anna Romsics, Flora Ghazaryan. Published online in 2019; bilingual: English, Latin.
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"Bede, Imperium, and the bretwaldas." Speculum 66.01 (1991): 1–26. Oswiu's extension of overlordship over the Picts and Scots is expressed in terms of making them tributary. Military overlordship could bring great short-term success and wealth, but the system had its disadvantages.
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Its long grey bill is an aid to identification. The eclipse male is like the female, but darker on the back and head. In flight both sexes show a pale grey underwing. The blackish speculum is bordered with a white bar on its inner edge.
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With its peculiar age-dependent color and elongated outline, this species has been placed in a monotypic subgenus Megaprotodon. Its closest living relatives seem to be the species of the subgenera Discochaetodon (e.g. Eight-banded Butterflyfish, C. octofasciatus) and Tetrachaetodon (e.g. Mirror Butterflyfish, C. speculum).
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Joel Marangella is an American oboist who has performed in concert with many of the world's leading orchestras. A founding member of the Speculum Musicae, he was the principal oboist for the West Australian Symphony Orchestra, and a founding member of the New Music Ensemble.
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Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 112 Although the letter has not survived, Bede quoted from parts of it.Higham Convert Kings pp. 138–139 In 614, Justus attended the Council of Paris, held by the Frankish king, Chlothar II.Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum p.
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"History, Historicism and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages," Speculum 65 (1990). Her 1993 monograph, Romancing the Past: The Rise of Vernacular Prose Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France sought to demonstrate the utility of such an approach to historical sources.
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Dasyscolia ciliata is a species of scoliid wasp found throughout the Mediterranean. It is the only known pollinator of the European Ophrys speculum. The male wasp is tricked into pollinating the Ophrys orchid (via pseudocopulation) by mimicking the female wasp in appearance and scent.
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The male ranges from and from , averaging and . The white-winged scoter has a wingspan of 31.5 in (80 cm). He is all black, except for white around the eye and a white speculum. This scoter's bill has a black base and a large knob.
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John L. LaMonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 151. Guy is known only from the above two charters and is not mentioned among the Greniers in the Lignages d'Outremer. His brother Walter succeeded him before 1182.
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Karl Rodenberg (Berlin, 1887), Vol. 2, No. 102, p. 72. However, nothing more is known about Laurentius' embassy, and it is possible that he never actually left.Gregory G. Guzman, "Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal" Speculum, Vol.
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In 1118 he took control of Mayyafiriqin and pacified the surrounding countryside. In 1119 Ilghazi defeated and killed Roger at the Battle of Ager Sanguinis;The Lords of Le Puiset on the Crusades, John L. La Monte, Speculum, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan., 1942), 106.
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Rather than telling the patient to "relax", which can trigger strong emotions for patients who are survivors of assault, patients can be told to breathe slowly and deeply into their abdomens, which is a more instructive way of describing how to relax the pelvic muscles. Careful preparation is helpful for an efficient and comfortable exam. Prior to asking the patient to position themselves on the exam table, the examiner should collect all the instruments needed for the exam and any planned procedures, including the speculum, light source, lubricant, gloves, drapes, and specimen collection media. Warming the speculum with warm tap water can also increase comfort.
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A page from Konungs skuggsjá Konungs skuggsjá (Old Norse for "King's mirror"; Latin: Speculum regale, modern Norwegian: Kongsspegelen (Nynorsk) or Kongespeilet (Bokmål)) is a Norwegian didactic text in Old Norse from around 1250, an example of speculum literature that deals with politics and morality. It was originally intended for the education of King Magnus Lagabøte, the son of King Håkon Håkonsson, and it has the form of a dialogue between father and son. The son asks, and is advised by his father about practical and moral matters, concerning trade, the hird, chivalric behavior, strategy and tactics. Parts of Konungs skuggsjá deals with the relationship between church and state.
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Norden's maps of London and Westminster (in his Speculum Britanniae of 1593) are the best representations known of the English metropolis under the Tudors; his maps of Middlesex (also from the Speculum Britanniae of 1593), of Essex (1594), of Hertfordshire (1598) and of Cornwall (published in 1728; see above) are also notable. In the last of these the roads are indicated for the first time in English cartography. Norden also executed maps of Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey and Sussex, for the fifth edition (1607) of Camden's Britannia; and maps of Middlesex, Essex, Sussex, Surrey and Cornwall for John Speed (1610). Several important cartographical works are lost.
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Speculum metal mixtures usually contain two parts copper to one part tin along with a small amount of arsenic, although there are other mixtures containing silver, lead, or zinc. The knowledge of making very hard white high luster metal out of bronze-type high- tin alloys may date back more than 2000 years in China although it could also be an invention of western civilizations. Such metals were used in sculpture and to make more effective mirrors than the more common yellow easily tarnishing bronze mirrors. In that era mirrors of speculum metal, or any precious metal, were rare and only owned by the wealthy.
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His campaign to be paid culminated in the verse Angliae speculum, or, England's Looking-Glasse (1646). It was addressed to Essex and pleaded for payment of his back pay of £900 from parliament. In the same year that Mercer wrote Angliae speculum he also wrote an elegy for his father-in-law Sir Henry Mervyn and later the same year one for Essex. By 1648 Mercer was in the Engagers army, probably with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, because in 1650 with that rank he repented his support for the Engagers in a petition to the commission of the general assembly of the Church of Scotland.
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The feathers of the upperparts are brown-black with buff edges. The wings are grey-brown with buff-tipped greater coverts and glossy black secondaries with buff tips. The speculum is glossy black edged with buff. Females are similar to males though slightly duller in appearance.
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1295; Telesphorus of Cosenza applied it to the Western Schism and treated it as an utterance of the Holy Ghost. Another writing erroneously attributed to Cyril is De processu sui Ordinis, by a contemporary, probably a French author; edited by Daniel a Virgine Mariâ in Speculum Carmelitarum.
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Cadoc's early vita takes the form of a short homily.J. S. P. Tatlock, "The Dates of the Arthurian Saints' Legends", Speculum 14.3 (July 1939:345-365) pp. 349ff. Many details of his life are obscure or contradictory. Ceredigion is given as his birthplace, sua proprio regio.
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Both of these other works were also written in Latin.Sharpe Handlist of Latin Writers p. 754 The Alda was modeled closely on the style of Matthew of Vendôme, so much so that it is difficult to distinguish the Alda from Matthew's own works.Sedgwick "Textual Criticism" Speculum p.
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The liquid in which the cells are suspended can also be used for HPV typing. The procedure is easily performed in a doctor's office, using the same kit as for cervical cancer detection. It can be performed quickly, as a vaginal speculum or anoscope is not required.
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2006: Geoffrey Malaterra, The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of His Brother Duke Robert Guiscard, trans. Kenneth Baxter Wolf, in Speculum 81, no. 3 (July), 850-2. 2003: Jon Soloman, The Ancient World in the Cinema; in The Classical World 96, no.
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Merfyn Frych, who became king of Gwynedd c. 825, established a new dynasty. He was the first king of Gwynedd not to claim descent from Cunedda, instead he claimed to be a direct descendant of Llywarch Hen.Ford, P.K. (1970) Llywarch, Ancestor of Welsh Princes, Speculum, Vol.
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Stephen L. Wailes frames Abraham as a "contest of flesh and spirit...waged around Maria," in his essay, Beyond Virginity: Flesh and Spirit in the Plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim.Stephen L. Wailes. “Beyond Virginity: Flesh and Spirit in the Plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim.” Speculum, vol.
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The most massive encyclopedia of the Middle Ages was Speculum Maius (The Great Mirror) by Vincent of Beauvais. It was 80 books long and was completed in 1244. With a total of 4.5 million words, the work is presumably the product of an anonymous team.Blair, p. 387.
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Centule sold the magisterium sectionis cognorum (right to mint coins) to a private moneyer.Robert Sabatino Lopez, "An Aristocracy of Money in the Early Middle Ages", Speculum, 28:1 (1953), pp. 1–43, at 12. The mint continued operating under his successors, always minting coins bearing Centule's name.
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A 40-foot telescope tube had to be cast of iron. The tube was large enough to walk through. Mirror blanks were poured from Speculum metal, a mix of copper and tin. They were almost four feet (1.2 m) in diameter and weighed 1,000 pounds (454 kg).
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Works by Sanford have been performed by the Chamber Society of Lincoln Center, the San Francisco Contemporary Music Players, Chicago Symphony Chamber Players, Detroit Symphony, Corvini e lodice Roma Jazz Ensemble, Meridian Arts Ensemble, and Speculum Musicae. His most recent works are published by Oxingale Music.
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In Europe, the Etruscans were making bronze mirrors in the sixth century BC, and Greek and Roman mirrors followed the same pattern. Although other materials such as speculum metal had come into use, bronze mirrors were still being made in Japan in the eighteenth century AD.
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The subject is the Old Testament story of Noah when drunk. Shem and Japheth averted their eyes from their father's nudity, and covered him, but Ham mocked his father. The story is found in Genesis 9. The story is illustrated in many Biblia Pauperum and the Speculum Humanae Salviationis.
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In particular, superb Flemish editions were produced in the 15th century for Philip the Good and other wealthy bibliophiles. The Speculum is probably the most popular title in this particular market of illustrated popular theology, competing especially with the Biblia pauperum and the Ars moriendi for the accolade.
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Harsh acts of S&M; may include consensual torture of the sensitive parts of body, such as cock and ball torture for males, and breast torture and pussy torture for females. Acts common for both genders may include ass torture (ex. using speculum), face torture (ex. nose torture), etc.
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The work was subsequently lost, then rediscovered in the fifteenth century.Too recently to have been included in the inclusive list of Sicco Polenton, a Paduan humanist, completed in 1437, according to Dorothy M. Robathan, "A Fifteenth-Century History of Latin Literature", Speculum 7.2 (April 1932:239-248) p. 242.
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In 1069 Juhel was one of the leaders of the Breton forces on the Norman side, fighting against the remaining forces that had been loyal to King Harold.E. M. R. Ditmas, "Reappraisal of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Allusions to Cornwall", Speculum, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Jul., 1973), pp. 510-524.
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This dominant position proved to be its downfall. The peace treaty required the surviving inhabitants to demolish their own city, exiled them all, and forbade any further building on the site. Supposedly the salt was plowed into the ground.Herbert L. Oerter, "Campaldino, 1289", Speculum, 43:3:429 (1968).
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A refracting telescope of 1848. Fitz knew Alexander Wolcott, who was working on a speculum mirror for a Cassegrain reflector in the early 1830s. Fitz was able to obtain the half- finished blank that Wolcott had done. He then completed the mirror in 1837 to make a telescope.
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3, pp. 337–343, 348. Speculum Orbis Terrarum was once the object of an attempted theft from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, by rare map thief Forbes Smiley. Smiley was caught and arrested after a library staff member found his X-Acto knife on the floor.
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Nikolás is noted in F. P. Magoun, Jr., "The Italian Itinerary of Philip II (Philippe-Auguste) in the Year 1191", Speculum 17.3 (July 1942:367-376) p. 367 note 2. Two somewhat differing maps of the route appear in manuscripts of Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, from the 13th century.
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Pierre Salomon Ségalas d'Etchépare (1 August 1792 - 19 October 1875) was a French physician. He is noted for creating the "speculum for urethra", the precursor to the endoscope, which was presented in 1826 to the Academy of Science in Paris, and for the idea of practising an exclusive speciality.
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Prawer, Joshua. "The Settlement of the Latins in Jerusalem," Speculum 27.4 (1952): 493. Jerusalem became the capital of a 'Latin Kingdom' with a Latin church and a Latin Patriarch, all under the authority of the Pope. The city's first Latin ruler, Godfrey of Bouillon, was elected in 1099.
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The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Oct., 1936), 479. The two armies were facing each other, when Phokas galloped forward, seeking personal combat with the Emperor who was riding in front of the lines.
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The edifice of the Florentine inquisition was destroyed, and the Signoria rolled back legal restrictions on usury and other practices frowned on by the (now defunct) ecclesiastical courts.Becker, Marvin B. 1959. "Florentine Politics and the Diffusion of Heresy in the Trecento: A Socioeconomic Inquiry." Speculum. 34, 1: 60-75.
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In 1977, Gardner published The Life and Times of Chaucer. In a review in the October 1977 issue of Speculum, Sumner J. Ferris pointed to several passages that were allegedly lifted either in whole or in part from work by other authors without proper citation. Ferris charitably suggested that Gardner had published the book too hastily, but on April 10, 1978, reviewer Peter Prescott, writing in Newsweek, cited the Speculum article and accused Gardner of plagiarism, a claim that Gardner met "with a sigh."John Gardner, The Art of Fiction No. 73 He is associated with a truism that holds that, in literature, only two plots exist: someone taking a journey, or a stranger arriving in town.
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Some of these arguments have been rebutted; George Clark, for instance, argues against an early composition date, rebutting Irving, and states that the detail and specificity found in the poem do not necessarily necessitate an early composition date.The Battle of Maldon: A Heroic Poem. Author(s): George Clark. Source: Speculum, Vol.
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Medieval Galician-Portuguese Poetry. An Anthology. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., Garland Library of Medieval Literature, Series A, Vol. 87 1992. I-CXXXVIII. 624 pp. (see reviewJosiah Blackmore (1995). Review of Frede Jensen 'Medieval Galician-Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology' Speculum, 70, pp 157-158. doi:10.2307/2864736.) 12\.
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The operation may occur on a stretcher or a reclining examination chair. The eyelids and surrounding skin will be swabbed with disinfectant. The face is covered with a cloth or sheet, with an opening for the operative eye. The eyelid is held open with a speculum to minimize blinking during surgery.
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290 One of the plot lines of the Alda is the seduction of a woman who is immured by the device of pretending to be a woman.Carver "Transformed in Show" English Literary Renaissance p. 327 Some at least of William's works were dramas.Holmes and Weedon "Peter of Blois" Speculum p.
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This process requires the health care provider to find the cervix with a speculum and then use ring forceps, which only go into the vagina, to grasp the IUD strings and then pull the IUD out. IUD placement and removal can be taught both by manufacturers and other training facilities.
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Kenneth M. Setton, The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh Century. (Speculum, 25, 4, 1950, 502-543). Tsenov maintained that Alexander the Great is descended from that people, who today are called Bulgarians.Ганчо Ценов, Народността на старите македонци, Сказка, държана на 4 ноември 1938 г.
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Miniature of Vincent of Beauvais in a manuscript of the Speculum Historiale, translated into French by Jean de Vignay, Bruges, c. 1478-1480, British Library Royal 14 E. i, vol. 1, f. 3 What is known of Vincent and his historical importance largely depends on his compendium the Great Mirror.
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The uncertainty over his paternity was due to Speculum dying shortly after covering Amphion's dam. His dam then came in heat and she was covered again by Rosebery. Amphion's dam was Suicide, a daughter of Hermit. Amphion was purchased for General Byrne by Mr. Chandler as a yearling for 350 guineas.
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Nevertheless, the rest were released despite their conviction, after monks and his brother Richard interceded.; "The Knight's Tale of Young Hugh of Lincoln", Gavin I. Langmuir, Speculum, Vol. 47, No. 3 (July 1972), pp. 459–482. One example of Christian hostility towards Jews is the Accusation of Ritual Murder at Blois.
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King Solomon in front of his throne, receiving the Queen of Sheba (painting by Edward Poynter, 1890) Depiction of Solomon's throne, from the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, around 1360 The Throne of Solomon is the throne of King Solomon in the Hebrew Bible, and is a motif in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
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Ophrys speculum is spread throughout the Mediterranean region, and is particularly prolific in the Algarve region of Portugal. It becomes more scarce in the east. Other countries in Europe where this orchid is known to occur include Spain, Cyprus and Greece. It occurs up to 1,200 m above sea level.
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For source material for his text, Jonson relied upon the Speculum Sophicum Rhodo-strautoricum of Teophilus Schweigardt (1618) and the Artis Kabbalisticae of Pierre Morestel (1621).Schuchard, p. 361. The name Johphiel derives from Cornelius Agrippa's De Occulta Philosophia (later translated to English under the title Three Books of Occult Philosophy).
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Another of Preserve's daughters Doralice 1852 was the dam of Speculum, who won several important races including the Goodwood Cup. Through her daughter Dora, she was the ancestor of the classic winners Brownhylda (Oaks) and Firdaussi (St Leger). Preserve was euthanised in 1855 after failing to conceive in two successive years.
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Plants and animals in the area include Narcissus assonanus, Narcissus dubious, Bee Orchids, Ophrys speculum, Venus' Mirror Orchid, Man Orchid, Aceras anthropophorum, Sombre Bee, Ophrys fusca Sawfly, Phrys tenthredinifera and Woodcock, Ophrys scolopax, also the Yellow Bee Orchid Ophrys lutea, the very rare Orchis italica, Fritillaria hispanica, and Dictamnus. Tulips include Tulipa australis.
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The altarpieces are full of convex Venetian mirrors, made of tin and mercury. The mirrors serve to reflect light, sending it to other points. This multiplies the effect of the light, as well as deforms and enlarges reality. Further, the mirrors call upon the motto “speculum sine macula”, attributed to the Virgin Mary.
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In 2003 a reviewer noted that Ottonian manuscript illustration was a field "that is still significantly under- represented in English-language art-historical research". Review by Karen Blough of The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany by Adam S. Cohen, Speculum, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp.
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The Mirror of Alchimy is a translation of earlier works found in Latin and French. The earliest known manuscript copy is in Latin and dates from the fifteenth century. It was published as Speculum Alchemiae in Johannes Petreius' De alchimia. This was the first alchemical compendium, and was printed in Nuremberg in 1541.
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It is the largest scoter at 51–58 cm. The male is all black, except for white around the eye and a white speculum. It has a bulbous yellow bill with a black base. The females are brown birds with two pale patches on each side of the head and white wing patches.
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Andrew of Longjumeau led one of four missions dispatched to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV. He left Lyon in the spring of 1245 for the Levant.Gregory G. Guzman, "Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal" Speculum, Vol. 46, No. 2. (April., 1971), p. 235.
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Speculum also had the unfortunate property of tarnishing in open air with a sensitivity to humidity, requiring constant re-polishing to maintain its usefulness. This meant the telescope mirrors had to be constantly removed, polished, and re-figured to the correct shape. This sometimes proved difficult, with some mirrors having to be abandoned.
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Silvered glass mirrors were a vast improvement since silver reflects 90 percent of the light that hits it and is much slower to tarnish than speculum. Silver coatings can also be removed from the glass, so a tarnished mirror could be resilvered without changing the delicate precision polished shape of the glass substrate.
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Pope Gregory XI sent Philippe to Perugia and designated him papal legate and governor of Umbria in early 1372.Speculum (Jan 1960), Medieval Academy of America, Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 76 Before his term ended he died on 27 August 1372 and was buried in the Carthusian monastery of Bonpas, near Avignon.
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As Europe was Christianized, the Church Fathers regularly secularized pagan deities and myths through euhemerism, a practice where the deities are interpreted as historical figures who at some point had become worshiped as gods.Euhemerism: A Mediaeval Interpretation of Classical Paganism, John Daniel Cooke, Speculum, Vol. 2, No. 4, Oct., 1927, p. 397.
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Glass is also more thermally stable than speculum metal, allowing it to hold its shape better through temperature changes. This marked the end of the speculum-mirror reflecting telescope, with the last large one, the Great Melbourne Telescope with its 122-cm (48-inch) mirror, being completed in 1867. The era of the large glass-mirror reflector had begun, with telescopes such as Andrew Ainslie Common's 1879 36 inch (91 cm) and 1887 60 inch (152 cm) reflectors built at Ealing, and the first of the "modern" large glass mirror research reflectors, 60 inch (150 cm) Mount Wilson Observatory Hale telescope of 1908, the 100 inch (2.5 m) Mount Wilson Hooker telescope in 1917 and the 200 inch (5 m) Mount Palomar Hale telescope in 1948.
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This lake is referred to by poets as speculum Dianae – "Diana's Mirror"; by the town of Aricia which was situated about three miles off, at the foot of the Albanus Mons, the Alban Mount, and separated by a steep descent from the lake, which lies in a small crater-like hollow on the mountainside.
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Hugh I (died between 1112 and 1118) was the Lord of Le Puiset (as Hugh II) from 1097 and Count of Jaffa from 1106. He was the son of Hugh I of Le Puiset and Alice of Montlhéry.The Lords of Le Puiset on the Crusades, John L. La Monte, Speculum, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan.
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He is also the reputed author of important medical works, such as Speculum medicinae and Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum, but many others, such as Breviarium Practicae, were falsely attributed to him. In addition, he wrote many theological works for the reformation of Christianity in Latin and in Catalan, some of them including apocalyptical prophecies.
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Lawrence, citing Masters and Johnson's Human Sexual Response (1966), states that pages 73 and 74 of that book show that typical vaginal depth in Masters and Johnson's participants ranged from 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in) in an unstimulated state, to 11–12 cm (4.3–4.7 in) during sexual arousal with a speculum in place.
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The drake's belly and flanks are a bright white. Its neck, breast, and tail feathers are a glossy black, while its lower flanks are vermiculated gray. The upper wing has a white stripe starting as the speculum and extending along the flight feathers to the wingtip. Legs and feet of both sexes are gray.
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Juveniles are browner and duller than adults. The eastern spot- billed duck is darker and browner; its body plumage is more similar to the Pacific black duck. It lacks the red bill spot, and has a blue speculum. Both males and females undergo a complete post-breeding moult, dropping all their wing feathers simultaneously.
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A speculum is placed in the vagina to allow visualization of the cervix. If osmotic dilators were placed prior to the procedure, these are removed. The cervix may be further dilated with rigid dilator instruments (as opposed to osmotic dilators). Sufficient cervical dilation decreases the risk of morbidity, including cervical injury and uterine perforation.
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This 45–51 cm duck looks like a small goose, and mostly feeds by grazing in flocks. The male is grey with a dark brown head and mottled breast. The female has white stripes above and below the eye and mottled underparts. Both sexes have grey wings with black primaries and a white speculum.
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De Jode made plans for another enlarged edition, which was uncompleted at his death in 1591. His son Cornelis de Jode took over and published the Speculum Orbis Terrae in 1593. This never sold well either. Scholars consider many of De Jode's maps to be superior to those of Ortelius, both in detail and style.
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In 638, Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, handed over the keys of the city to Caliph Umar's Muslim forces. The Muslim authorities in Jerusalem were not kind to their Christian subjects, forcing them to live a life of "discrimination, servitude and humiliation".Prawer, Joshua. "The Settlement of the Latins in Jerusalem," Speculum 27.4 (1952): 491.
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Before the recording of their third album The 3 Man Themes, bassist Michael B.© left to be replaced by David Scott Stone. Slug disbanded in 1996. Stone would go on to work with The Melvins, LCD Soundsystem and other groups. Bassist Damian Romero continued his side noise/ambient project under the name Speculum Fight.
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"Barefoot Boy Makes Good: A Study of Machiavelli's Histography". Speculum 59.3 (1984): 585-605. Although the Ciompi Rebellion was brief, it left an impact on future generations. The three and a half year revolt not only affected Florentine society throughout the 15th century, but was a flashpoint in Florentine history, which continued to intrigue historians.
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Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 366 After Henry's death, the Welsh attempted to drive out the Norman lords who had been extending their control into Wales during Henry's reign. Pain was with King Stephen at the siege of Exeter from June to August 1136, early in the king's reign.Crouch Reign of King Stephen p.
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With the groups Ensemble Sospeso, Sequitur, and Speculum Musica, McCoy has premiered and recorded chamber works by contemporary classical composers including Andriessen, Carter, Druckman, Lachenmann, Meltzer, Musgrave, Neuwirth, Rakowski, Shore and Wolff. As a session musician, McCoy has recorded scores and string tracks for motion picture and television soundtracks as well as popular artists.
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Récamier is credited with the popularization of several instruments in gynecological medicine, including the curette, vaginal speculum and the uterine sound. In his 1829 treatise Recherches sur le traitement du cancer, he coined the term "metastasis" as a definition for the spread of cancer. "Récamier's operation" is a term used for curettage of the uterus.
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The author has composed the Hortus sanitatis out of well-known medieval encyclopaedias, such as the Liber pandectarum medicinae omnia medicine simplicia continens of Matthaeus Silvaticus (14th c.) and the Speculum natural of Vincent of Beauvais (13th century).Matthaeus (Silvaticus) Moretus. Liber pandectarum medicinae omnia medicine simplicia continens. Bologna 1474 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Matthaeus (Silvaticus) Moretus.
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In Gautreks saga, Starkad is referred to as a þulr after he sacrifices a king.Michael J. Enright, "The Warband Context of the Unferth Episode", Speculum 73.2 (1998) 297–337, , . The word also appears on the runic inscription of the Snoldelev Stone."Snoldelev- sten" at Danske Runeindskrifter, National Museum of Denmark, retrieved September 21, 2017 .
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The head is brown, but is slightly lighter in tone than the darker brown body. The cheeks and throat are streaked brown, with a dark streak going through the crown and dark eye. The speculum feathers are iridescent violet-blue with predominantly black margins. The fleshy orange feet of the duck have dark webbing.
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The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Oct., 1936), 479. Never before had a Byzantine imperial princess, and one "born in the purple" at that, married a barbarian, as matrimonial offers of French kings and German emperors had been peremptorily rejected.
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Available via ProQuest. The reviewer for Speculum conceded that the book had some brilliant ingredients, but compared it unfavourably with a book by the Petrarch specialist Ernest H. Wilkins,The reviewer does not specify the book. Ernest Hatch Wilkins published a number about Petrarch; perhaps this is his Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961; ).
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A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen By Robert Chambers, Thomas – Page 175 It was not until ten years after Gregory's publication, aided by the interest of experimental scientist Robert Hooke, that a working instrument was created. The early Scottish optician and telescope maker James Short built Gregorian telescopes with parabolic mirrors made from the highly reflective speculum metal.
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1194 Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world.Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum pp. 236–237 When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern".Singman Daily Life p.
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The Empire of Trebizond was formed after Georgian expedition in Chaldia,A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 18f commanded by Alexios Komnenos a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople. Located at the far northeastern corner of Anatolia, it was the longest surviving of the Byzantine successor states.
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If this is true, this would give a year of death between 605 and 611. This information, however, is contradicted by the fact that Peter was present at the Council of Paris in 614, convened by Chlothar II.Wood "Mission of Augustine" Speculum p. 7 It is possible that he died during his return from the Council of Paris.
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Olivia then leaves for a LASIK appointment to improve her myopic vision. Her head is secured and her right eyelid pried open with a speculum. Out of anxiousness, she squeezes a teddy bear, popping off its eye onto the floor. The doctor realizes that he is missing file information and leaves Olivia by herself to talk to his secretary.
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Thus, Ramla was initially an ecclesiastical lordship. This would change, however, sometime between 1115 and 1120, when a certain Baldwin is noted as having a "lordlike position"Mayer, Hans Eberhard. "The Origins of the Lordships of Ramla and Lyddia in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," Speculum 60.3 (1985): 541. in Ramla, suggesting the city had passed into secular control.
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"The Knight's Tale of Young Hugh of Lincoln", Gavin I. Langmuir, Speculum, Vol. 47, No. 3 (July 1972), pp. 459–482. The case is mentioned by Matthew Paris and Chaucer, and thus has become well-known. Its notoriety sprang from the intervention of the Crown, the first time an accusation of ritual killing had been given royal credibility.
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The Speculum of Ignorance: The Women's Health Movement and Epistemologies of Ignorance, Nancy Tuana, Hypatia, Vol. 21, No. 3, Feminist Epistemologies of Ignorance (Summer, 2006), pp. 1-19 She was invited to present her research findings at the Senate hearing on DES in 1974. This made her the first women's health activist to ever testify as an expert witness.
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"Once again, as in the early Middle Ages, the color black had become associated with spiritual darkness and cultural 'otherness'".Dorothy Gillerman, reviewing Suckale-Redlefsen 1988 in Speculum 65.3 (July 1990:764 ). There is an oil on wood painting of Maurice by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553) in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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Junayd was killed during an incursion into the territories of the Shirvanshah and was succeeded by his son Haydar Safavi. Haydar married Martha 'Alamshah Begom, Uzun Hassan's daughter, who gave birth to Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty. Martha's mother Theodora—better known as Despina KhatunPeter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' Trébizonde en Colchide", Speculum, Vol.
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Ogive de l'église Saint-Yved et Notre-Dame The abbey church was built at the request of Agnès de Baudement, Saint-Yved of Braine: The Primary Sources for Dating the Gothic Church, Madeline H. Caviness, Speculum, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Jul., 1984), 527. wife of Robert I, Count of Dreux, according to the plans of Andre de Baudement.
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Fred Sherry (b. 1948) is an American cellist who is particularly admired for his work as a chamber musician and concert soloist. He studied with Leonard Rose at the Juilliard School before winning the Young Concert Artists International Auditions in 1968. In 1971 he co-founded the Speculum Musicae and in 1973 he co-founded the Tashi Quartet.
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See also Marjorie Nice Boyer (1964), "The Bridgebuilding Brotherhoods," Speculum, 39:4, 637. Besides the bridge at Fucechhio which is known from the imperial edict of 1244 to have been charged to the Order's care, other bridges may have been maintained in Italy where the Via Francigena crosses the Arda, the Elsa, the Taro, and the Usciana.
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The volume also included five works attributed to Geber, the works of Calid and Ortolanus, and three other texts. Portions of De alchimia were translated into French in 1557 as Le miroir d'alquimie. The French volume was published in four parts. Speculum Alchemiae was translated by Nicolas Bernard and appears in French at the beginning of part one.
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However, some of these works have a restricted scope and function as instructional manuals. In this sense encyclopedias and speculum are similar but they are not the same genre. Some have suggested that the modern equivalent is a summary survey, in the sense of a survey article in a scholarly journal that summarizes a field of research.
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From the later thirteenth century, a loveday gradually became a day where legal redress could be obtained. It was called the dies amoris by Bracton (Latin being the legal linga franca), and in the contemporary book of manorial law, the Court Baron in the French, jour d'amour.Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 353.
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Carter W. Clarke, "Signal Corps Pigeons." The Military Engineer 25.140 (1933): 133-138 Online. Charlemagne extended to the whole territory of his empire the system used by Franks in northern Gaul and connected this service with that of missi dominici.François L. Ganshof, "The impact of Charlemagne on the institutions of the Frankish realm." Speculum 40.1 (1965): 47-62 Online .
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The mistreatment of Christians would only worsen as the armies of the First Crusade approached Jerusalem. Fearing that the Eastern Christians had been conspiring with approaching crusaders, the Muslim authorities of Jerusalem massacred much of the city's Christian population, seeing the fortunate escape the city in terror.Prawer, Joshua. "The Settlement of the Latins in Jerusalem," Speculum 27.4 (1952): 492.
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The first encyclopedias in vernacular languages were translations or abridgements of works in Latin. Among them, the most famous is Li livre dou Trésor, written in French by the Florentine Brunetto Latini. It is mainly based on the Speculum Majus. The works by the Flemish Jacob van Maerlant, as a whole, are regarded as an encyclopedia.
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The procedures for testing women using Pap smear, liquid- based cytology, or HPV testing are similar. A sample of cells is collected from the cervix using a spatula or small brush. The cells are then checked for any abnormalities. To take the sample of cells, the health care clinician inserts an instrument, called a speculum, inside the vagina.
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Gauzlin quotes from several sources, notably a "Valerius Rufus" who is apparently Valerius Maximus. Cf. Dorothy M. Schullian (1937), "Valerius Maximus and Walter Map," Speculum, 12(4), 517-18\. Andrew of Fleury, oddly, does not include the Valerius quotation. He also records the poem to which the cycle of Apocalyptic frescoes at Fleury, commission by Gauzlin, corresponds.
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DZ Reinstein, TJ Archer, M Gobbe, N Johnson. The flap is replaced and the speculum is removed. The dominant eye is treated next. The software data for each eye is stored in the Carl Zeiss Meditc MEL 80 laserCarl Zeiss Meditec AG (2010) “MEL80 Excimer Laser high performance meets versatility” Publicis v/2010 No. 0000001838386, Germany, USA.
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From his time in England there is a map of Ireland from 1592, Hyberniae novissima descriptio. It was published by Hondius and served as a model for later editions of the Theatrum of Abraham Ortelius. Keere also contributed to John Norden's Speculum Britanniae of 1593. Lincolnshire, map by Pieter van den Keere for a "Miniature Speed Atlas".
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John F. Benton, The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center, in Speculum, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Oct., 1961), p. 551. According to the chronicle of Gislebert of Mons, on 13 May 1179 Marie was officially bethrothed to Baldwin, son of the count of Flanders and Hainaut, to whom she was already promised to be wed in 1171.
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Bäuml, Franz H. "Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy", Speculum, Vol. 55, No. 2 (1980), pp. 243–44. Finally, in the view of Ursula Schaefer, the question of whether the poem was "oral" or "literate" becomes something of a red herring. In this model, the poem is created, and is interpretable, within both noetic horizons.
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230 The medieval poet Nigel Wireker (also known as Nigel de Longchamps) dedicated to the bishop a satirical poem, Speculum Stultorum ("Mirror of Fools"), on the habits of students.Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 241 Richard Barre, a medieval writer and judge, dedicated his work Compendium de veteris et novo testamento to Longchamp.Turner English Judiciary p.
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As primary sources the author of the Herbarius moguntinus used well-known medieval encyclopaedias, such as the Liber pandectarum medicinae omnia medicine simplicia continens of Matthaeus Silvaticus (14th c.) and the Speculum natural of Vincent of Beauvais (13th century).Matthaeus (Silvaticus) Moretus. Liber pandectarum medicinae omnia medicine simplicia continens. Bologna 1474 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Matthaeus (Silvaticus) Moretus.
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The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries. Speculum, 5(1), 3-20. doi:10.2307/2846353 Also, in Eastern Christianity monastery libraries kept important manuscripts. The most important of them were the ones in the monasteries of Mount Athos for Orthodox Christians, and the library of the Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt for the Coptic Church.
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Saint Florus () (died 389) was the legendary first bishop of Lodève. He evangelised in Languedoc and the Auvergne, and was martyred in about 389. His historicity is dubious. The first written references only appear in the 10th century, and the first vita was added to Bernard Gui's collection of the lives of saints Speculum sanctorale in the 14th century.
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The two-storey house with a flat balustraded roof was severe in outward aspect. Thomas Fuller calls Wimbledon manor house "a daring structure;" and says, that "by some it has been thought to equal Nonsuch, if not to exceed it."Fuller 1684. Anglorum Speculum or the Worthies of England, part iii p28, noted in Lysons 1792 and Bartlett 1865.
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Toumanoff, Cyril (July 1940), "On the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar", Speculum, Vol. 15, No. 3: pp. 299–312 According to the Georgian historical tradition, during Andronikos I's sojourn in Georgia, he left progeny in the country, which flourished and produced the noble family of Andronikashvili, i.e., "scions of Andronikos".
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NGC 5000 is a barred spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices.Galaxy NGC 5000 - DSO browser It was discovered by William Herschel in 1785. It is also known as LEDA 45658, MCG+05-31-144, UGC 8241, VV 460, III 366, h 1544, and GC 3433. Herschel discovered it with the help of 18.7-inch f/13 speculum telescope.
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In flight they show dark wings with a green speculum. Females of all subspecies are somewhat smaller than the drakes; they have orange underparts and throat, with the head and upperparts grey and a yellower bill. Juveniles are pale grey above and whitish below. The male's call is a shrill whistle, while the female's is a throatier whistle.
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Map of the general outlines of some of the Anglo-Saxon peoples about 600 The Gregorian missionJones "Gregorian Mission" Speculum p. 335 or Augustinian missionMcGowan "Introduction to the Corpus" Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature p. 17 was a Christian mission sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 596 to convert Britain's Anglo-Saxons.Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p.
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Kata's marriage is mentioned by the 12th-century History of the King of Kings David, part of the compiled Georgian Chronicles, which does not specify the name of her husband.Toumanoff, Cyril (July 1940), "On the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar", Speculum, Vol. 15, No. 3: p. 307, fn. 2.
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The Mirror contains chapters, for example, on the seven deadly sins, the seven evangelical virtues (based, like the virtues in our text, on the Beatitudes of the Sermon on the Mount), the twelve articles of the creed, the seven works of mercy, directions on the contemplation of God in his humanity and in his divinity, the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer, and the ten commandments, of which "the first three pertain to the love of God, the latter seven to the love of one's brother."Vernon Manuscript ME version, ed. Carl Horstman, Yorkshire Writers: Richard Rolle of Hampole...and his Followers (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1895-6), 1:248; Latin versions, ed. Helen P. Forshaw, Edmund of Abingdon: Speculum Religiosorum and Speculum Ecclesie, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi 3 (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), 60-61.
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The Speculum speculationum (edited by Rodney M. Thomson, 1988) is Neckam's major surviving contribution to the science of theology. It is unfinished in its current form, but covers a fairly standard range of theological topics derived from Peter Lombard's Sentences and Augustine. Neckam is not regarded as an especially innovative or profound theologian, although he is notable for his early interest in the ideas of St. Anselm of Canterbury. His outlook in the Speculum, a work written very late in his life, probably in 1215, and perhaps drawing heavily on his teaching notes from the past decades, combines an interest in the Platonic writings of earlier 12th-century thinkers such as Thierry of Chartres and William of Conches, with an early appreciation of the newly translated writings of Aristotle and Avicenna.
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It also required that two or more mirrors had to be fabricated for each telescope so that one could be used while the other was being polished. Rapidly cooling night-time air would cause stresses in large speculum metal mirrors, distorting their shape and causing them to produce poor images. Lord Rosse had a system of adjustable levers on his 72-inch metal mirror so he could adjust the shape when it was unreliable at producing an acceptable image.Voyage through the universe: The Visible Universe. Time-Life Books, 1990. (Web clip) In 1856–57 an improvement over speculum mirrors was invented when Karl August von Steinheil and Léon Foucault introduced the process of depositing an ultra thin layer of silver on the front surface (first surface) of a ground block of glass.
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The male is black with a grey rump, white underparts and a white wing-speculum. It is longer-billed than the superficially similar black-and- white seedeater and lacks the black flanks and chalk-white bill of the related cone-billed tanager. The female is olive with faintly mottled, yellow-tinged underparts. Both sexes have a reddish iris and a greyish bill.
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Wilson, R., & Delabre, B. (1997). Concerning the Alignment of Modern Telescopes: Theory, Practice, and Tolerances Illustrated by the ESO NTT. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 109(731), 53-60. William Herschel was one of the first to have tilted the mirror of his telescope in order to avoid light loss due to the low reflectivity of his speculum-metal mirror.
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Handwriting experts at the 1966 Conference tended to disagree with Witten's assessment that the map captions had been written by the same person as the Speculum and Relation texts. This had also been a major reason why the British Museum had rejected the map in 1957, the Keeper of Manuscripts having detected elements of handwriting style not developed until the nineteenth century.
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The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in Chaucer’s Parliament of Fowls (1382), a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates.Oruch, Jack B., "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum, 56 (1981): 534–65. Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer.
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Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh. Other causes include overgrowth of the commensal flora of the vagina. When associated with the ectocervix, inflammation may be caused by the herpes simplex virus. Inflammation is often investigated through directly visualising the cervix using a speculum, which may appear whiteish due to exudate, and by taking a Pap smear and examining for causal bacteria.
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Anno M.D. XCI." (translation: "Speculum terrae motus, That is Mirror (read: History) of Earthquakes. To look [manly] from it: What to think of it/ namely/ they mean God's wrath and punishments/ even if not so [they mean a] manifold cross/ misfortune/ destitution and misery. Written and neatly arranged/ By Balthasar Masco/ Vicar of the March Lossdorff in Austria below the Enns (i.e.
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Conrad Porta (1541-1585) was a Lutheran pastor of Mansfeld, and author of theologian tracts of the first generation following Martin Luther. His most notable work is the Jungfrawen-Spiegel ("Mirror of Virgins", so called after the medieval Speculum Virginum) of 1580 which he wrote on the request of the widowed Margareta von Mansfeld-Hinterort, duchess of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1534-1596).
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Ruth Karras wrote, "this book begins, not as a history of universities, but as a history of learning."Ruth Mosso Karras (2002) Speculum 77(1):234-5 Her opinion was that a "more balanced view for both medievalists and non-specialists" was provided by volume one of A History of the University in Europe (1992), edited by Hilde Ridder-Symoens.
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Einar Ólafur was born in Mýrdalur, where his father, Sveinn Ólafsson, was a farmer and smith.Vésteinn Ólason, "Einar Ólafur Sveinsson", Andvari 124 (1999) 13-63, p. 13 Robert Kaske, Otto Springer and Theodore M. Andersson, "Einar Ólafur Sveinsson", in "Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America", Speculum 60 (1985) 768-77, pp. 776-77, p. 776.
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The mirror butterflyfish or oval-spot butterflyfish (Chaetodon speculum) is a species of butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae). It is found in the Indo- Pacific region from Indonesia to Japan and south to the Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea. The species has also been reported from Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion. It grows to a maximum of 18 cm (7 in) in length.
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Probably including the Three-striped Butterflyfish (C. tricinctus) also, these diverse but always high-bodied species make up the subgenus Discochaetodon, of which C. octofasciatus is the type species. They appear to be close relatives of the subgenus Tetrachaetodon which includes for example the Mirror Butterflyfish (C. speculum) and together with these would probably go in Megaprotodon if Chaetodon is split up.
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About 1200, in his Magna derivationes, Uguccione of Pisa included gastradeus [sic., a copyist's slip for gastaldeus] given the meaning "rector loci", the "administrator of a place".H. D. Austin, "Germanic Words in Uguiccione's Lexicon" Speculum 23.2 (April 1948:273-283) p. 276. In Milan, the institution of gastaldi endured within the cathedral chapter until the close of the Middle Ages.
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Its repertoire includes 25 commissioned works, 52 world premieres, and 32 U.S. premieres. Speculum Musicae has been in residence at Brandeis University, Columbia University, Harvard University, and Rice University, and has recorded for the Albany, Bridge, Cambria, Centaur, Columbia, Composers Recordings, Inc., New World, and Nonesuch labels. It received the Laurel Leaf Award from the American Composers Alliance in 1997.
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William Purvis (born 1948) is an American French horn player and conductor. He performs with the New York Woodwind Quintet, Speculum Musicae, Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, and the Orchestra of St. Luke's.Schonberg, Harold. Orpheus, Conductorless Orchestra, The New York Times, March 28, 1978 As of September 2016, he is director of the collection of musical instruments at Yale University's School of Music.
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Vaginal speculum examination was performed, and pH was measured. No significant changes were noted. This report was the first containing extensive information on the safety and acceptability of a widely used menstrual cup that included both preclinical and clinical testing and over 10 years of post-marketing surveillance. One case report noted the development of endometriosis and adenomyosis in one menstrual cup user.
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Prior to a planned surgical abortion, osmotic dilator(s) may be inserted into a woman's cervix. A speculum is placed in the vagina to allow the provider to see the uterine cervix. A tenaculum may be placed on the anterior lip of the cervix to straighten the cervical canal and hold the cervix steady. Pain medications may be administered via a paracervical block.
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Speculum Vol. 40 No. 2 Apr. 1965. 302. (Every army that Narses commanded was made up of very diverse peoples, drawing from many of the surrounding tribes.) Procopius referred to Narses as the eunuch and keeper of the royal treasuries, and described him as “keen and more energetic than would be expected of a eunuch”.Procopius. History. xxv. 26 Vol. I 247.
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The underparts are tawny, the back and head are dull brownish-olive, and the tail and wings are contrastingly black (the latter with a white speculum that is difficult to see when perched, but conspicuous in flight). The male has a yellow crown patch and a large black patch around the eyes (the black "goggles" for which the species is named).
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With anesthesia induced, the surgical team prepares the eye to be operated on and drapes the face around the eye. An eyelid speculum is placed to keep the lids open, and some lubrication is placed on the eye to prevent drying. In children, a metal ring is stitched to the sclera which will provide support of the sclera during the procedure.
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Modern equine dentistry. This horse is heavily sedated and has been given analgesics, its head is supported by a sling. The mouth is kept open with a (horse) mouth gag, commonly referred to as a "speculum". Like humans, horses can develop a variety of dental problems, with a variety of dental services available to minimise problems through reactive or prophylactic intervention.
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Soon after, he developed a precursor to the modern speculum, using a pewter spoon and strategically placed mirrors. From 1845 to 1849, Sims started doing experiments on enslaved black women to treat vaginal problems. He added a second story to his hospital, for a total of eight beds. He developed techniques that have been the basis of modern vaginal surgery.
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Arthur is mentioned in several 12th- to 13th- century hagiographies of Welsh and Breton saints, including those of Cadoc, Carantoc, Gildas, Goeznovius, Illtud, and Paternus. The Legenda Sancti Goeznovii is a hagiography of the Breton saint Goeznovius which was formerly dated to c. 1019J. S. P. Tatlock, "The Dates of the Arthurian Saints' Legends", Speculum 14. (July 1939:345–65 [349]).
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On the day of the procedure, the patient will arrive to the hospital or laser center where the surgery is to be performed. After a brief physical examination, he/she will be taken to the operating room. General anesthesia or local anesthesia is given before the surgery begins. An eyelid speculum is used to keep the eye open throughout the surgery.
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The lake has its own microclimate and is protected from wind by the crater walls. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lord Byron and Charles Gounod all lived in Nemi and saw the reflection of the Moon seen in the centre of the lake during summer. This phenomenon is the source of the Roman name for the lake, Speculum Dianae (Diana's Mirror).
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Taking off This duck is around the same size as a mallard and has a scaly patterned body with a blue speculum. At rest the long neck and the bill with the yellow tip are distinctive. It measures in length and across the wings, with a body mass of .CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor).
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He was professor of gynaecology in the post-graduate Medical School of New York in 1884, and was president of the American Gynaecological Society. Skene wrote over 100 medical articles and several textbooks. He contributed many surgical instruments and improved on surgical techniques. He performed the first successful operation of gastro-elytrotomy that is recorded, and also that of craniotomy, using Sims's speculum.
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The Laurel Leaf Award recognizes the achievement of an individual or group in encouraging and fostering American music. The award has been presented annually by the American Composers Alliance since 1951. Past recipients of the award include the Juilliard String Quartet, the American Music Center, Leonard Slatkin, Minnesota Composers Forum (now known as American Composers Forum), Harold Rosenbaum, and Speculum Musicae.
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6 Moreover, the Franks appreciated the chance to participate in mission that would extend their influence in Kent. Chlothar, in particular, needed a friendly realm across the Channel to help guard his kingdom's flanks against his fellow Frankish kings.Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum p. 9 Sources make no mention of why Pope Gregory chose a monk to head the mission.
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During the 1880s, he introduced the "Auvard couveuse", an inexpensive incubator that became widely popular in the latter part of the 19th century. Other eponyms in the field of obstetrics that bear his name are: "Auvard maneuver" - a procedure for extraction of the placenta; "Auvard's vaginal speculum", and "Auvard's basiotribe" - an instrument that is a combination of a craniotomy forceps and a cranioclast.
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Speculum metal was noted for its use in the metal mirrors of reflecting telescopes, and famous examples of its use were Newton's telescope, the Leviathan of Parsonstown, and William Herschel's telescope used to discover the planet Uranus. A major difficulty with its use in telescopes is that the mirrors could not reflect as much light as modern mirrors and they would tarnish rapidly.
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She bore him a son, Glaisne, but the marriage was a bad one and she left him. Eochaid gave Conchobar another of his daughters, Eithne (or Clothru),Vernam Hull, "Aided Meidbe: The Violent Death of Medb" , Speculum vol. 13 issue 1, Jan 1938, pp. 52–61 but Medb murdered her while she was pregnant; her son Furbaide was born by posthumous caesarian section.
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A set of antique rectal dilators exhibited at Glore Psychiatric Museum. A rectal or anal dilator is a medical device similar to a speculum designed to open and relax the internal/external anal sphincter and rectum in order to facilitate medical inspection or relieve constipation. One early version of a rectal dilator was Dr. Young's Ideal Rectal Dilators, invented in 1892.
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Ensamble Speculum Amoris is an ensemble formed by Ileana Ortiz (soprano), Roberto González (theorbe and baroque guitar) and Rafael Sánchez Guevara (viola da gamba), dedicated to promoting Baroque and ancient music in Mexico. They have performed in various festivals in Mexico, such as the Festival Internacional Cervantinoand the Festival Ágape, and all its members have performed in Mexico and abroad.
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The Tartar Relation is known from two manuscripts, both also containing the Speculum historiale of Vincent of Beauvais. The earlier dates to 1338–1340 and the later to about 1440. The latter was first brought to public attention in 1965 because it had been bound with the Vinland map, a modern forgery. It is part of the Beinecke collection at Yale University Library.
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Such metal mirrors remained the norm through to Greco-Roman Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages in Europe. During the Roman Empire silver mirrors were in wide use even by maidservants. Speculum metal is a highly reflective alloy of copper and tin that has been used for mirrors until a couple of centuries ago. Such mirrors may have originated in China and India.
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Constance of Aragon (; 1343 – 2/18 July 1363), was the first Queen consort of Frederick III the Simple and she was an infanta of Aragon. She was the eldest child of Peter IV of AragonArchbishop Pierre d'Ameil in Naples and the Affair of Aimon III of Geneva (1363-1364), Kenneth M. Setton, Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct., 1953), 645.
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Inflammation and discharge are noted if present. During this time, the Skene's and Bartolin's glands are palpated to identify abnormalities in these structures. After the digital examination of the vagina is complete, the speculum, an instrument to visualize internal structures, is carefully inserted to make the cervix visible. Examination of the vagina may also be done during a cavity search.
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" Boccaccio's text is mainly used for Parts I and II of the book, while Part III is more reliant upon Jean de Vignay's Miroir historical (1333). This text is the French translation of the historical portions of Speculum Maius, an encyclopedia by Vincent of Beauvais that was begun after 1240.King, Margaret, and Albert Rabil. Introduction. "Dialogue on the Infinity of Love.
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In Speculum 14.3 (July 1939: 345-365). but this conclusion has been challenged by Léon Fleuriot: the preface includes material that is found in early sources but not in Geoffrey, suggesting that the author had access to some earlier document. More recently André-Yves Bourgès has demonstrated that the author of the Life is most likely Guillaume le Breton (c. 1166-1226 AD).
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As apt to kill off corrupt and tyrannical police as they were to debate captured Christian archbishops, the Akhiya served to protect their communities and faith at a time where the boundaries between principalities were loose at best.Arnakis, G.G. “Gregory Palmas Among the Turks and Documents of His Captivity as Historical Sources” Speculum Vol. 26, No. 1 (Jan. 1951) p.
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Four Middle English Romances. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. This popular romance must have been circulating in England before 1320, because William of Nassyngton, in his work Speculum Vitae, which dates from this time, mentions feats of arms and other 'vanities', such as those found in stories of Sir Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton, Octavian and Sir Isumbras.Hudson, Harriet. 1996.
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Petra Munro describes these women as "transgressing gender norms" by violating the dictates of the Apostle Paul that "women should not speak, teach or have authority" (). Munro notes that, although the number of female mystics was "significant", we tend to be more familiar with male figures such as Bernard of Clairvaux, Francis of Assisi, Thomas Aquinas or Meister Eckhart than with Hildegard of Bingen, Julian of Norwich, Mechthild of Magdeburg, or Hadewijch of Antwerp. An example is provided by the 12th-century Speculum Virginum (Mirror of Virgins in Latin) document which provides one of the earliest comprehensive theologies of cloistered religious life.Sorrentino, Janet The Medieval Review April 12, 2001 Medieval Review at Indiana University The growth of the various manuscripts of the Speculum Virginum in the Middle Ages had a particular resonance for women who sought a dedicated religious life.
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The wing has an iridescent purplish-green patch (speculum feathers) in both sexes. Leucistism, or extensive white feathering, is common on the head and neck of older birds. The legs and feet are orange, usually brighter in the male. The annual pre-basic molt is complete, and the ducks lose all their flight feathers and become incapable of flight until new feathers grow in.
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Omnis Mundi Creatura is a single released by electro-medieval/darkwave band Helium Vola. It was released in 2001 by Chrom Records. The lyrics of the song are entirely in Latin. They come from a 12th-century text by the neo-Platonist Alain de Lile: Omnis mundi creatura quasi liber et pictura obis est in speculum: nostrae vitae, nostrae mortis, nostri status, nostrae sortis fidele signaculum.
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The increasingly impressive ceremonies surrounding adoubement figured largely in the Romance literature, both in French and in Middle English, particularly those set in the Trojan War or around the legendary personage of Alexander the Great.Ackerman, Robert W. "The Knighting Ceremonies in the Middle English Romances." Speculum 19(3): July 1944, 285-313, compared the abbreviated historical accounts with the sometimes fancifully elaborated episodes in the romances.
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He also painted the prostitutes in the "Rue des Moulins" at the time of a medical inspection of which they were obliged to have regularly. In Medical Inspection rue des Moulins (1894), two girls raise their shifts in preparation for the examination. A physician was sent to perform these weekly medical examination in deplorable conditions of hygiene, examining them with a disposable non-disinfected speculum.
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A speculum is used to facilitate use of a swab or spatula to sample fluid inside the vagina. The sampling procedure may cause some discomfort and minor bleeding, but otherwise there are no associated risks. The sample is then smeared upon a microscope slide and is observed by wet mount microscopy by placing the specimen on a glass slide and mixing with a salt solution.
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Constant J. Mews, 'The Council of Sens (1141): Abelard, Bernard, and the Fear of Social Upheaval,' Speculum, Vol. 77, No. 2 (Apr., 2002), pp. 342-382. The council of 1198 was concerned with the Manichaean sect of Poplicani which had spread throughout the Nivernais region, to which the dean of Nevers and the Abbot of St-Martin de Nevers were said to have belonged.
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765 and p. 890. Jean or Jehan Bagnyon's 15th century La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras (also called Fierabras) includes material from the Historia Caroli Magni, probably via Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Historiale.Hasenohr and Zink, 746. This work knew a European success and was adapted into Castilian, Portuguese, German, and English.
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From 1955-1976, many scientific groups made EEG recordings from electrodes placed on the maternal abdomen, or placed on the cervix using a speculum, and techniques continued improving. In the 1980s, functional MRI or magnetoencephalography became the primary research tools for the prenatal study of human brain development; however, fetal EEG prevailed in clinical settings for determining sleep states in the unborn, or fetal distress.
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This may result in unnecessary discomfort. A number of studies have shown that using a small amount of water- based gel lubricant does not interfere with, obscure, or distort the Pap smear. Further, cytology is not affected, nor are some STD testing. The health care worker begins by inserting a speculum into the woman's vagina, which spreads the vagina open and allows access to the cervix.
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This was contrary to the custom of the time, which was to promote bishoprics from within the locality.Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society pp. 98–99 Wilfrid's deposition became tangled up in a dispute over whether or not the Gregorian plan for Britain, with two metropolitan sees, the northern one set at York, would be followed through or abandoned.Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum p.
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ME made its debut at the National Organization for Women conference in Santa Monica, California in August 1971. To Rothman and Downer's dismay, the organizers of the conference were "so appalled that they refused to give the women exhibit space." Instead, Downer and Rothman hung flyers around the conference, announcing a demonstration in their hotel room. The attendees were given a plastic speculum to begin their education.
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Emblematic image of a Rosicrucian College; illustration from Speculum sophicum Rhodo-stauroticum, a 1618 work by Theophilus Schweighardt. Frances Yates identifies this as the "Invisible College of the Rosy Cross".Detailed discussion in The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, pp.94–5. Invisible College is the term used for a small community of interacting scholars who often met face-to- face, exchanged ideas and encouraged each other.
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The standard printed edition was compiled by Danish classical scholar Ada Adler in the first half of the twentieth century. A modern translation, the Suda On Line, was completed on 21 July 2014. The Suda has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the Kitab al-Fehrest of Ibn al-Nadim. Compare also the Latin Speculum Maius, authored in the 13th century by Vincent of Beauvais.
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Louis being crowned with his second wife, Clementia of Hungary. Louis was born in Paris, the eldest son of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. He inherited the kingdom of Navarre on the death of his mother, on 4 April 1305, later being crowned 1 October 1307.The Low Countries and the Disputed Imperial Election of 1314, Henry S. Lucas, Speculum,Vol.
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Heralds performed music during the twice-daily meals for the Signoria, held in the Palazzo Vecchio. One type of songs which heralds performed were canzoni morali, or moral songs. Many of the Herald's songs would have likely been improvised because their subjects would have often been transitory, such as current events.Timothy McGee, "Dinner Music for the Florentine Signoria, 1350-1450" Speculum 74 (1999): 98.
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The first one was the plague, which lasted from 541 to 543 and, by decimating the Empire's population, probably created a scarcity of labor and a rising of wages.Moorhead (1994), pp. 100–101 The lack of manpower also led to a significant increase in the number of "barbarians" in the Byzantine armies after the early 540s.John L. Teall, "The Barbarians in Justinian's Armies", in Speculum, vol.
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Roman civil law prohibited marriages within four degrees of consanguinity.de Colquhoun, Patrick MacChombaich, A summary of the Roman civil law (William Benning and Co., Cambridge, 1849), p. 513 This was calculated by counting up from one prospective partner to the common ancestor, then down to the other prospective partner.Bouchard, Constance B., 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr.
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Vincent of Beauvais ( or Vincentius Burgundus; c. 1264) was a Dominican friar at the Cistercian monastery of Royaumont Abbey, France. He is known mostly for his Great Mirror (Speculum Maius), a major work of compilation that was widely read in the Middle Ages. Often retroactively described as an encyclopedia or as a florilegium, his text exists as a core example of brief compendiums produced in medieval Europe.
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Barlaams saga ok Jósafats is an Old Norse rendering of the story of Barlaam and Josaphat, which is based upon the life of the Buddha. The saga exists in Old Norwegian and Old Swedish versions. These versions use different source material. The older of the two Old Swedish versions draws on the Golden Legend; the younger uses the Speculum historiale as its main source.
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The telescope had a speculum primary mirror, and was mounted on an equatorial mounting, enabling it to track the stars accurately as they appeared to move across the sky. The design had been approved by a committee of leading British astronomers and scientists.Robinson, T. R. & Grubb, Thomas. (1869). 'Description of the Great Melbourne Telescope,' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 159: 127-161.
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Alternate Spellings: Djibril b. Bukhtishu’, Jibril ibn Bakhtishu',Andras Hamori, "A Sampling of Pleasant Civilities," Studia Islamica, no. 95(2002): 9. Jibra’il ibn Bukhtyishu,De Lacy O'Leary, How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs (London: William Clowes and Sons, Lmtd, 1957), 151. Djabra’il b. BakhtishuTimothy S. Miller, "The Knights of Saint John and the Hospitals of the Latin West," Speculum 53, no. 4(1978):725.
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For an extended discussion of this will, cf. Elena Lourie, "The Will of Alfonso I, ‘El Batallador,’ King of Aragon and Navarre: A Reassessment", Speculum, 50:4 (1975), 635. When the siege was lifted is not known, but most of November 1131 must have been spent returning, by way of the Camino de Santiago, to Aragon. In December the royal court was at Tiermas.
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He is the author of the Speculum stultorum (A Mirror of Fools), a satire in Latin elegiac verse on the clergy and society in general. The hero is Burnellus, or Brunellus, a foolish ass, who goes in search of a means of lengthening his tail. Brunellus first visits Salernum to obtain drugs for this purpose. However, he loses these when attacked by a Cistercian monk with dogs.
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The Mirror of coitus: a translation and edition of the fifteenth-century Speculum al foder. Spanish. This text is significant as it is a rare example of known Medieval treatise describing the art of sexual positions (others examples include Aretino's I Modi ["The Ways"], also known as "The Sixteen Pleasures").I Modi: The Sixteen Pleasures. An erotic album of the Italian renaissance / Giulio Romano … [et al.
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It has a total length of approximately . Adult males have a relatively heavy black bill. The upper parts are black, except for a greyish rump (actually white finely streaked black, but only visible up-close), a white wing-bars and a small white wing-speculum. The underparts are white, except for an irregular black chest-band (often incomplete) and greyish mottling to the flanks.
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His first publication, the Speculum Latinum (1728), was a simplified scheme to teach Latin. For his Evidences of Christianity (1729) he styled himself on its title-page student of divinity. In 1736 he issued a proposal, which fell through, to print Chaucer in two folio volumes, and he put M.A. after his name. In 1754 he published his Phaedri Fabulae, with accents and notes.
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The sample should be collected swabbing the lower vagina (vaginal introitus) followed by the rectum (i.e., inserting the swab through the anal sphincter) using the same swab or two different swabs. Cervical, perianal, perirectal, or perineal specimens are not acceptable, and a speculum should not be used for sample collection. Samples can be taken by healthcare professionals, or by the mother herself with appropriate instruction.
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Walter II Grenier (; died 1189×91) was the Lord of Caesarea, succeeding his older brother, Guy, between 1176 and 1182. The date of his birth is unknown. His parents, Hugh Grenier and Isabelle Goman, are recorded as husband and wife in five charters between 1160 and 1166.John L. LaMonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 151–52.
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Rex Harold II pp. 42–43 These disputes over the estates and revenues of the archbishopric contributed to the friction between Robert and Godwin,Campbell "Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England" Speculum p. 22 which had begun with Robert's election. Robert's election had disrupted Godwin's patronage powers in Canterbury, and now Robert's efforts to recover lands Godwin had seized from Canterbury challenged the earl's economic rights.
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John L. Lamonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947), p. 159. On 24 June 1286, the teen-aged Henry II sailed to claim the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The fleet and Henry's knights were under the command of Baldwin.George Hill, A History of Cyprus, Volume II: The Frankish Period, 1192–1432 (Cambridge University Press, 2010 [1948]), pp.
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John L. Lamonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 158–59. In April 1249, Margaret and John sold six casalia to the Teutonic Knights. In 1253 they sold Al-Damun near Acre to the Hospitallers for 12,000 besants. In 1255 they also sold the Hospitallers everything they owned in Acre as well as the casalia of Chasteillon and Rout.
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In 1593 he was re-elected MP for Plympton Erle. From 1593 to 1599 Sandys travelled abroad. When in Venice he became closely connected with Fra Paolo Sarpi, who helped him compose the treatise on the religious state of Europe, known as the Europae speculum. In 1605 this treatise was printed from a stolen copy under the title A Relation of the State of Religion in Europe.
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The speculum has two arms that spread the walls of the vagina apart in order to see the cervix. Then, they scrape the surface of the cervix with a spatula or small brush. This collects a sample of cells from the outer layer of the cervix. With a Pap smear, cells collected using a spatula are smeared onto a slide for examination under a microscope.
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All of these larger reflectors suffered from the poor reflectivity and fast tarnishing nature of their speculum metal mirrors. This meant they need more than one mirror per telescope since mirrors had to be frequently removed and re-polished. This was time-consuming since the polishing process could change the curve of the mirror, so it usually had to be "re-figured" to the correct shape.
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With such authorities accepting it, post-Roman Europeans continued to accept Troy and the events of the Trojan War as historical. Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudo-genealogy traced a Trojan origin for royal Briton descents in Historia Regum Britanniae.Analysed in Francis Ingledew, "The Book of Troy and the Genealogical Construction of History: The Case of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae" Speculum 69,.3 (July 1994:665-704).
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Because of the poor reflectivity of mirrors made of speculum metal, Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror of a standard newtonian reflector from his design and tilted his primary mirror so he could view the formed image directly. This "front view" design has come to be called the Herschelian telescope. The creation of larger, symmetrical mirrors was extremely difficult. Any flaw would result in a blurred image.
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Ascension from a Speculum Humanae Salvationis c. 1430, see below. Typology in Christian theology and Biblical exegesis is a doctrine or theory concerning the relationship of the Old Testament to the New Testament. Events, persons, or statements in the Old Testament are seen as types pre-figuring or superseded by antitypes, events or aspects of Christ or his revelation described in the New Testament.
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1430, pre-figuring the Ascension above Typology frequently emerged in art; many typological pairings appear in sculpture on cathedrals and churches and in other media. Popular illustrated works expounding typological couplings were among the commonest books of the late Middle Ages, as illuminated manuscripts, blockbooks, and incunabula (early printed books). The Speculum Humanae Salvationis and the Biblia pauperum became the two most successful compilations.
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A biblical paraphrase is a literary work which has as its goal, not the translation of the Bible, but rather, the rendering of the Bible into a work that retells all or part of the Bible in a manner that accords with a particular set of theological or political doctrines.James H. Morey, "Peter Comestar, Biblical Paraphrase, and the Medieval Popular Bible," Speculum, vol. 68, no. 1, Jan.
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Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1999. . Brandr, who was nicknamed "the Generous" (inn örvi), came from Iceland to Norway. The skald Þjóðólfr Arnórsson, who was Brandr's friend, had praised him to king Haraldr, saying "that it was not clear that any other man was better suited to be king of Iceland because of his generosity and outstanding personal qualities".Anderson, Theodore M. "The King of Iceland ". Speculum.
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Speculum, volume 56, No. 2, April 1981. pp. 259–267 and is often attributed to the saint. Pärt wrote his setting in modern English, beginning with "Christ with me", composed for a four-part choir a cappella. It was published by Universal Edition in 2007, and was first performed by the State Choir Latvija, conducted by Fergus Sheil, in Louth on 13 February 2008.
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From 1316 to 1342, the Avignon popes relied on the exchange services of three large Florentine banking houses—the Bardi, Peruzzi, and Acciaioli—all of whom failed in 1342, bringing down the entire papal transfer system with them.de Roover, Raymond. 1946. Review of Les relations des papes d'Avignon et des compagnies commerciales et bancaires de 1316-1478 by Yves Renouard. Speculum. 21(3): pp. 355-259.
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Male with a yellow beak and showing speculum Female with a dull green beak The American black duck weighs and measures in length with a wingspan. This species has the highest mean body mass in the genus Anas, with a sample of 376 males averaging and 176 females averaging .CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), .
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Turville-Petre died of cancer in Oxford on 17 February 1978. He bequeathed his personal library to the English Faculty Library of Oxford University (Icelandic Collections). At Oxford, the room which houses the university's collection of books on Old Norse and Icelandic is named after him. Speculum Norroenum (1981), a festschrift in Turville-Petre's honor edited by Ursula Dronke, was published by the University Press of Southern Denmark after his death.
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The Medieval Academy of America (MAA; spelled Mediaeval until c. 1980) is the largest organization in the United States promoting the field of medieval studies. It was founded in 1925 and is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The academy publishes the quarterly journal Speculum, and awards prizes, grants, and fellowships such as the Haskins Medal, which is named for Charles Homer Haskins, one of the academy's founders and its second president.
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Speculum Vitae is a Middle English poem possibly by William of Nassyngton, written in the middle or late 14th century. However, the exact date has not been established and there is also debate about whether Nassyngton was the author or not. The title translates as Mirror of Life. It consists of a commentary on the Lord's Prayer that derives from a prose French work, Somme le roi, dated 1279.
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Meredith Jones, reviewing Sir Francis Oppenheimer's The Legend of the Ste. Ampoule (London: Faber & Faber) 1953, in Speculum, 29, 3 (July 1954: 600-602); p. 601. "It gained a reputation for holiness and authenticity that brought fame, wealth and great honours to the see of Reims." An order of knights named after the ampoule, the Knights (later Barons) of the Holy Ampulla was created for the coronation of kings.
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At least three of his translations, a short version of the Secretum Secretorum dedicated to a Queen Tarasia, a tract on gout offered to one of the Popes Gregory, and the original version of the 9th century Arabic philosopher Qusta ibn Luqa's De differentia spiritus et animae (The Difference Between the Spirit and the Soul), were medical translations intermixed with alchemy in the Hispano-Arabic tradition.Goulding, Robert. Speculum, vol. 82, no.
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Kenneth M. Setton, "A Note on Michael Choniates, Archbishop of Athens (1182-1204)", Speculum, 21 (1946), pp. 234-236 In 1204, he defended the Acropolis of Athens from attack by Leo Sgouros, holding out until the arrival of the Crusaders in 1205, to whom he surrendered the city.N.G. Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium 1983:204-06. After the establishment of Latin control, he retired to the island of Ceos.
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In 1955, Karman, who at the time was working towards his doctorate in psychology and who was not licensed to practice medicine, used a speculum and a nutcracker to perform an abortion on a woman in a California motel room, who subsequently died. He was convicted of providing abortion, which was illegal in California at the time.District Court of Appeal, Second District Division 3, California. People v. Karman.
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During the insertion procedure, health care providers use a speculum to find the cervix (the opening to the uterus) and then use an insertion device to place the IUD in the uterus. The insertion device goes through the cervix. The procedure itself, if uncomplicated, should take no more than five to ten minutes. For immediate postpartum insertion, the IUD is inserted following the removal of the placenta from the uterus.
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The alleged cause of the conflict between the nobles was the rape of Gerard van Velsen's wife by Floris. Henry S. Lucas, The Problem of the Poems concerning the Murder of Count Floris V of Holland, Speculum , Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr., 1957), pp. 283-298 In 1297, the castle was conquered by Willem van Mechelen, the Archbishop of Utrecht, and by the year 1300 the castle was demolished.
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The reflecting telescope type was scarcely used in the United States at the time of the donation, with a noted exception being the work of H. Draper's reflector. Observations by Keeler helped establish large reflecting telescopes with metal-coated glass mirrors as astronomically useful, as opposed to earlier cast speculum metal mirrors. Great refractors were still in vogue, but the Crossley reflector foreshadowed the success of large reflectors in the 1900s.
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A diagram of a vacuum aspiration abortion procedure at 8 weeks gestation. 1: Amniotic sac 2: Embryo 3: Uterine lining 4: Speculum 5: Vacurette 6: Attached to a suction pump Figure I is before aspiration of amniotic sac and embryo, and Figure II is after aspiration with the instrument still inside the uterus. Vacuum aspiration is an outpatient procedure that generally involves a clinic visit of several hours.Baird (2001), p.
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During the First Crusade, Ramla was abandoned by its Muslim inhabitants, as it lacked the defenses necessary to withstand a siege.Mayer, Hans Eberhard. "The Origins of the Lordships of Ramla and Lyddia in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," Speculum 60.3 (1985): 538. Upon its capitulation in 1099, Ramla was left under the supervision of Robert of the diocese of Rouen, whom the crusaders installed as Bishop of Lydda and Ramla.
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According to Weiss's obituary in The Times, the Italian department at UCL "developed into one of the most flourishing centres of Italian scholarship outside Italy" under his leadership. The Times also called him "a vital link in Anglo-Italian cultural relations". His obituary in the medievalist journal Speculum called him "one of the most learned and productive scholars of his generation". He has had a successful posthumous publishing career.
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An eighteenth century writer remarked that this work was "a more-or-less worthless farrago of a clumsy plagiarist", one who merely extracted compiled great swaths of text from other authors. A textual analysis of how the Speculum Morale integrated St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa theologiae shows that, while heavily extracted, the compiler made conscious decisions about the placement of parts and also redirected the meaning of certain passages.
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The Abbaye Saint-Loup, which came to be enclosed within the burgeoning medieval city of Troyes, developed a renowned libraryFor the development and contents of the library: see C. Lalore, Inventaire, ccxxii-iv. and scriptorium. The famous poet Chrétien de Troyes may have been a canon of this monastic house.John F. Benton, "The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center" Speculum 36.4 (October 1961:551-591) p. 13.
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Boris and Gleb received the crown of martyrdom in 1015. The brothers became known as "Strastoterptsy" (Passion-Bearers), since they did not resist evil with violence."Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb", Orthodox Church in America Boris and Gleb's relics were housed in the Church of St. Basil in Vyshhorod, later destroyed.The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, Vol.
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Newton was admitted as a fellow of the society in the same year. Like Gregory before him, Newton found it hard to construct an effective reflector. It was difficult to grind the speculum metal to a regular curvature. The surface also tarnished rapidly; the consequent low reflectivity of the mirror and also its small size meant that the view through the telescope was very dim compared to contemporary refractors.
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Pinocchio's nose is his best-known characteristic. It grows in length when he tells a lie; this appears in chapter XVI. Collodi himself, in Note gaie claims how "to hide the truth of a speculum animae (mirror of the soul) face [ ... ] is added to the true nose another papier-mache nose." There is an inconsistency, however, because his nose grows when it is first carved by Geppetto, without Pinocchio ever lying.
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Oxford University Press, 2007, One scholar has suggested that the enthroned figure in the centre of the apse mosaic of Santa Pudenziana in Rome of 390-420, normally regarded as Christ, in fact represents God the Father.Suggestion by F.W. Sclatter, see review by W. Eugene Kleinbauer of The Clash of Gods: A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art, by Thomas F. Mathews, Speculum, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Oct., 1995), pp.
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Title page of the 1597 edition of The Mirror of Alchimy. The Mirror of Alchimy is a short alchemical manual, known in Latin as Speculum Alchemiae. Translated in 1597, it was only the second alchemical text printed in the English language. Long ascribed to Roger Bacon (1214-1294), the work is more likely the product of an anonymous author who wrote between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries.
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It was a court-appointed day, although the details (time, place, etc.) were up to the litigants to decide).Bennett, J.W., 'The Mediaeval Loveday' Speculum, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1958), 352. Historians have since debated the extent to which the growth of lovedays was a reflection of the decline in royal authority; Christine Carpenter has suggested that until the fourteenth century the King's writ was sufficient to keep the peace,C.
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His most outstanding work is a two volume atlas Speculum Orbis Terrarum published in 1578. It was aimed at competing with another atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Ortelius, published eight years earlier in 1570. The competing atlas had become so popular by the time he finally published his own atlas however, that his version never sold well, despite his outstanding reputation. Only about a dozen examples have survived.
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The first instalment of Norden's chorographical project was published in 1593 as the Speculum Britanniae: the First Parte: an Historicall, & Chorographicall Discription of Middlesex. The manuscript in the British Library (Harleian MS 570) has corrections in Lord Burleigh's handwriting. In 1595 he wrote a manuscript "Chorographical Description" of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Wight, Guernsey and Jersey, dedicated, and perhaps presented, to Queen Elizabeth (now British Library Add. MS 21853).
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Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum pp. 9–10 Other historians, however, believe that Gregory initiated the mission, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Bede, an 8th-century monk who wrote a history of the English church, recorded a famous story in which Gregory saw fair-haired Saxon slaves from Britain in the Roman slave market and was inspired to try to convert their people.Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity pp.
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For the Atlas he collaborated with the most important Italian cartographers of the time: Giacomo Gastaldi, Battista Agnese, Antonio Salamanca, Francesco Camocio the Younger, Donato Bertelli, Ferando Bertelli and Paolo Forlani. In 1575 he finished the Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae, a collection of 200 engravings of Rome, organized in three volumes. In 2014 the Bavarian State Library bought from a private collector the Atlases of Lafrery for 1.4 million euro.
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In the 1220s he was generally referred to as "the old lord of Caesarea", although probably only in his fifties.John L. LaMonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 154–56. He took part in two Crusades and in two civil wars on the side of the House of Ibelin. As a young man, Walter was frequently in attendance at the royal court.
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Paul J. Alexander, "The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen through Byzantine Eyes," Speculum 37.3 (1962) 347. From interpretations of the texts it has been suggested that the liquid was distributed via siphons or instruments termed as strepta. The fire was supposedly not possible to put out with water. Some have suggested that this was made using a mix of resin, asphalt, sulfur, naphtha, and fine quicklime or calcium phosphide.
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He first tried making his mirrors out of glass as suggested by Gregory, but he later switched to speculum metal mirrors creating Gregorian telescopes with original designers parabolic and elliptic figures. Short then adopted telescope-making as his profession which he practised first in Edinburgh, and afterward in London. All Short's telescopes were of the Gregorian form. Short died in London in 1768, having made a considerable fortune selling telescopes.
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The surgery is performed in jack-knife position, making the vagina and anorectum more accessible. Spinal anaesthesia is usually preferred. After exposing the cervix and posterior wall of the rectum using a Sim's speculum, a Kocher clamp is placed in the posterior vaginal wall just below the cervix. The incision diverges outwards to the anal margin, encloses the anterior third of anal orifice and forms a triangular flap.
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The specialist then sterilizes the eye and the surrounding area, often with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) solution, to prevent any infection in the injected site. Aqueous chlorhexidine is used instead in case of adverse effects to povidone-iodine. Next, an eyelid speculum is placed to retract the eyelids and thus hold the eye open. It helps to prevent contamination of the needle and the injection site by the eyelid or eyelashes.
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Ensamble Speculum Amoris was founded in 2012 by Ileana Ortiz and Roberto González. With the aim of promoting this music in Mexico, the ensamble focuses on vocal and instrumental works from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, using replicas of instruments from the time. The recreation of the works involves research of the styles and the various methods of playing, in order to interpret the manuscripts from these centuries.
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The medieval writer Orderic Vitalis described them as a group as "of base stock who had served him [Henry] well, raised them, so to say, from the dust" and that the king "stationed them above earls and famous castellans".Quoted in Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 359 Although Orderic stated that the families of these men were not considered high status, this was probably an exaggeration on the chronicler's part.
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The upper wing coverts are white, while its speculum is an iridescent green. The female has a white eye ring, black crest, white face, chin, throat, neck, and uppers wing coverts and a dark brown body with white striations. Additionally, both sexes have a distinctive green tuft of feathers protruding from the head. Very little is known about this species because of the limited number of observations of it.
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The crested shelduck is sexually dimorphic, with the male possessing a greenish-black crown, breast, primaries, and tail, while the rest of its face, chin, and throat are brownish black.Beacham and World Wildlife Fund, 1997Madge and Burn, 1988, pp. 166–167 The male's belly, undertail coverts, and flanks are a dark grey with black striations. The upper wing coverlets are white, while its speculum is an iridescent green.
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Furthermore, the initial five secondary feathers have a bright red speculum on the edge of the feathers. The wing coverts, underside of the flight feathers, and the tail are green while the tail is tipped with a yellowish coloring similar to that of the cheeks and ear coverts. Their beak, orbital rings, and legs are a palebrown-grey coloring. The irides of adult lilac-crowned parrots are amber colored.
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These had been created by his father in an effort to get the townspeople to accept his chosen heir.Archibald Ross Lewis, "The Development of Town Government in Twelfth Century Montpellier", Speculum, 22: 1 (1947), 64–67. In 1204, Mary married the divorced King Peter II of Aragon, who thus obtained a claim on Montpellier. The townspeople rebelled against William's government and drove him and the Council from the town.
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Amícus saga ok Amílius is a medieval Icelandic romance saga. Probably from the fourteenth century, it was translated from Vincent de Beauvais's Speculum historiale, probably during the reign of Haakon V of Norway, and tells a similar story to the related French romance Amis et Amiles. The saga survives in only one manuscript, Stockholm, Royal Library Perg 4to nr 6 (ca 1400). The saga has enjoyed extensive critical discussion.
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John Hine Mundy, [Review of Pierre Tucoo-Chala (1959), Gaston Fébus et la vicomté de Béarn, 1343–1391 (Bordeaux: Birère)], Speculum, 36:2 (1961), pp. 354–56. Its chief seat and stronghold lay at Pau, a site fortified by the 11th century, and proclaimed as official capital of the independent principality in 1464. The official language of the sovereign principality was the local vernacular Bearnès dialect of Old Occitan.
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Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; p. 155 n. 12 William Daly, more directly assessing Clovis's allegedly barbaric and pagan origins,Daly, William M., "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum 69.3 (July 1994:619–664) ignored the Gregory of Tours version and based his account on the scant earlier sources, a sixth-century "vita" of Saint Genevieve and letters to or concerning Clovis from bishops (now in the Epistolae Austrasicae) and Theodoric.
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Cervical weakness is not generally treated except when it appears to threaten a pregnancy. Cervical weakness can be treated using cervical cerclage, a surgical technique that reinforces the cervical muscle by placing sutures above the opening of the cervix to narrow the cervical canal. Cerclage procedures usually entail closing the cervix through the vagina with the aid of a speculum. Another approach involves performing the cerclage through an abdominal incision.
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McGinn, p. 131. There is also an "Index Expurgatorius" (Paris, 1598), where can be found, as well as in the "Index of Sotomayor" (1640), the opinions to be corrected. He was praised by Mabillon, Bona, and others. Of his works, only one was printed during his lifetime, Speculum aureum decem præceptorum Dei (Mainz, 1474); it is a collection of 213 sermons on the Commandments for the use of preachers and confessors.
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The redhead is a pochard, a diving duck specially adapted to foraging underwater. Their legs are placed farther back on the body, which makes walking on land difficult, the webbing on their feet is larger than dabbling ducks and their bills are broader, to facilitate underwater foraging. In addition, pochards have a lobed hind toe. No pochard has a metallic coloured speculum, something that is characteristic of other ducks.
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Eudo was the fourth son of Hubert of Ryes,Keats-Rohan Domesday People p. 194 who is legendarily known as the loyal vassal who hosted Duke William of Normandy prior to his flight from Valognes during a revolt in 1047.Douglas William the Conqueror p. 48 and footnote 8 Eudo's brothers were Ralph , Robert, Bishop of Séez,Bates "Character and Career of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux" Speculum p.
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Yale's Vinland Map on display at Mystic Seaport Museum, May 2018. The Bianco map (1436) The Cantino planisphere (1502), which was the first world map to show the Americas separate from Asia In June 2013, it was reported in the British press that a Scottish researcher, John Paul Floyd, claimed to have discovered two pre-1957 references to the Yale Speculum and Tartar Relation manuscripts which shed significant light on the provenance of the documents. According to one of these sources (an exhibition catalogue), a 15th-century manuscript volume containing books 21-24 of the Speculum Historiale and C. de Bridia's Historia Tartarorum featured among the many items loaned by the Archdiocese of Zaragoza for display at the 1892-93 Exposición Histórico-Europea (an event held in Madrid, Spain to commemorate the voyages of Columbus). Floyd noted that Spanish priest and scholar Cristóbal Pérez Pastor also reported having seen such a codex, in historical notes organised and published posthumously in 1926.
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Males are highly vocal, and their loud, piercing whistle is frequently heard. It is strongly sexually dimorphic. Except for a bright yellow wing-speculum, males are superficially similar to the male common blackbird, while the far less conspicuous females are overall olive. The female resemble both sexes of the only other member of the genus, the grey- winged cotinga, but is larger, has a thicker bill, and yellowish-olive (not grey) remiges.
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This probably belonged to one of twelve apostle statues that would have stood against the pillars inside the palace chapel at Mehun (similar to the ones in the Ste Chapelle in Paris). Some have argued that the head is the work of Beauneveu's successor, Jean de Cambrai, though the weight of opinion generally favours Beauneveu or his workshop.Harry Bober, Andre Beauneveu and Mehun-sur- Yevre in Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct.
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Although Jordanes wrote that the Patrician Liberius was its commander: > He [Theudis] was succeeded by Agila, who holds the kingdom to the present > day. Athanagild has rebelled against him and is even now provoking the might > of the Roman Empire. So Liberius the Patrician is on the way with an army to > oppose him.Jordanes, Getica, translated by Charles Christopher Mierow, The > Gothic History of Jordanes, 1915 (Cambridge: Speculum Historiale, 1966), > LVIII, 303, p. 138.
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2, 2007, pp. 494–495. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20464144. A lesser known translation of his titled Speculum Elementorum, also referred to as Tractatus de perfecta et infallibili Medicina arte Akimie, was originally written by an unknown author. Another notable work translated by John of Seville from arabic is the Emerald Tablet, an alchemical work of the Hermetic tradition that is originally credited to Hermes Trismeguistus himself, it was said to contain many alchemical secrets.
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The bishop's case was heard in Parliament, where he stated that Durham lay outside the bounds of any English shire and that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as sheriff... nor made there proclamations or attachments".C. M. Fraser, Edward I of England and the Regalian Franchise of Durham in Speculum, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr. 1956), pp.
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The speculum is an instrument made of metal or plastic and is constructed with two flaps. Its purpose is to separate and widen the vaginal opening and keep it open. This allows direct observation by the physician into the vaginal canal with the help of a lamp or a mirror. There are different types of speculums used within the different characteristics of each patient such as age, sex life, and other factors.
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Its use of English rather than the more normal Latin gave Lingua a wider accessibility to a general audience than academic dramas of its era usually had. In 1613 Lingua was translated into a German version titled Speculum Aestheticum, by Johannes Rhenanus; a Dutch translation followed in 1648, by Lambert van den Bosch.Morris P. Tilley, "The Comedy Lingua and Sir John Davies's Nosce Teipsum", Modern Language Notes Vol. 44 No. 1 (January 1929), p.
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At the same time, the fairly rigid division between oral and literate was replaced by recognition of transitional and compartmentalized texts and societies, including models of diglossia (Brian StockBrian Stock. "The Implications of Literacy. Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983) Franz Bäuml,Bäuml, Franz H. "Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy", in Speculum, Vol. 55, No. 2 (1980), pp.243-244.
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The pneumatic otoscope is the standard tool used in diagnosing otitis media. In addition to the pneumatic (diagnostic) head, a surgical head also is useful. The pneumatic head contains a lens, an enclosed light source, and a nipple for attachment of a rubber bulb and tubing. The head is designed so that when a speculum is attached and fitted snugly into the patient’s external auditory canal, an air-tight chamber is produced.
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These are reasonable accommodations to ask for and are aligned with good practice. Many people experience spotting or mild diarrhea afterward. The spotting is usually from the scrape on the cervix, and the diarrhea may be due to indirect stimulation of the lower intestine during the exam. Many health care providers are under the false impression that only sterile water, or no lubricant at all, should be used to lubricate the speculum.
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According to the chronicler Otto of Freising, Arnold had studied in Paris under the tutelage of the reformer and philosopher Pierre Abélard. He took to Abélard's philosophy of reform ways. The issue came before the Synod of Sens in 1141 and both Arnold and Abélard's positions were overruled by Bernard of Clairvaux.Constant J. Mews, "The Council of Sens (1141): Abelard, Bernard, and the Fear of Social Upheaval" Speculum 77.2 (April 2002:342–382).
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Barisone commended his judgeship to Pope Innocent III before he died, so as to protect his daughter's inheritance. He was probably looking at Innocent's succession protecting the rights of Constance and Frederick I of Sicily.John C. Moore (1987), "Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State", Speculum, 62(1), 91. There was a conflict in Sardinia following his death in 1203 as various powers sought the marriage of Elena to establish control over Gallura.
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This species is widespread in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Philippines and Vietnam. Recently, it has been accidentally introduced in northern Italy, possibly with ornamental plants or crops.FLOW WebsiteGiuseppe Mazza, Fabrizio Pennacchio, Elisabetta Gargani, Italo Franceschini, Pio Federico Roversi e Fabio Cianferoni First report of Ricania speculum (Walker, 1851) in Europe (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae) Zootaxa, vol. 3861, nº 3, Magnolia Press This species can be found in the low-elevation mountains and prefers dark environments.
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Speculum Musicae is an American chamber ensemble dedicated to the performance of contemporary classical music. It was founded in New York City in 1971 and is particularly noted for its performances of the music of Elliott Carter and Charles Wuorinen. Oboist Joel Marangella and cellist Fred Sherry were two of the group's founding members, and Robert Black was also a long-time member. The group is made up of twelve New York-based musicians.
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Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:1107–1143). The Saint Peter's church in Vienne is the only surviving one. A number of other buildings, now lost, including the Merovingian foundations of Saint- Denis, St. Gereon in Cologne, and the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, are described as similarly ornate. Some small buildings remain, especially baptisteries, which fell out of fashion and were spared rebuilding.
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London: Viking Club, 1908 There is of course a need to remember the literary nature of the poem when reading it as a historical source as certain aspects do not translate literally and must be read allegorically and stereotypically. For example, despite the explicit and detailed physical differences between the classes in the poem, slaves, freeman, and aristocrats did not necessarily look different.Thomas D. Hill, “Rígsþula: Some Medieval Christian Analogues.” Speculum 61.1 (1986): 79-89.
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Through Isidore, Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Maius (The Great Mirror, c. 1235–1264) also used Pliny as a source for his own work. In this regard, Pliny's influence over the medieval period has been argued to be quite extensive. For example, one twentieth century historian has argued that Pliny's reliance on book-based knowledge, and not direct observation, shaped intellectual life to the degree that it "stymie[d] the progress of western science".
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He taught at Oberlin, Stanford University, Long Island University (C. W. Post Campus), Princeton University and the University of California, Santa Barbara. His early recording of works by Franz Liszt was nominated by the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest for a Grand Prix du Disque. He founded the New York New Music Ensemble in 1975, was a member of Speculum Musicae from 1978, and founded the Prism Chamber OrchestraPrism in 1983.
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Aeromancy was mentioned in Deuteronomy 18 as being condemned by Moses. It is also condemned by Albertus Magnus in Speculum Astronomiae, who describes the practice as a derivative of necromancy. The practice was debunked by Luis de Valladolid in his 1889 work Historia de vita et doctrina Alberti Magni. In Renaissance magic, aeromancy was classified as one of the seven "forbidden arts," along with necromancy, geomancy, hydromancy, pyromancy, chiromancy (palmistry), and spatulamancy (scapulimancy).
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He died on January 12, 1703 in Copenhagen. Lilienskiold wrote two volumes of travel records from his journey through Europe, two volumes of general history and three volumes of topographical and cultural depictions of Finnmark. His most notable work was titled Speculum Boreale (1699) which contained an early historical description of the Sami residents of Finnmark. The work also contained colored ink and watercolor drawings of landscapes, towns and people in the county.
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Thegan wrote his history of Louis the Pious, translated as "The Deeds of Emperor Louis," in 836-7. The text is a narrative in unpolished Latin, as judged by the standards of the day,Kathleen Mitchell, reviewing Tremp 1988 in Speculum 65.4 (October 1990:1066). Walafrid also feels it necessary to excuse the poor scholarship in his prologue, claiming that Thegan has been occupied with other ecclesiastical matters. MGH SS rer. Germ.
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The Fratres Saccati, or Brothers of Penitence, were an order that were active in Spain, France and England. It is said that they controlled Ashridge Priory and Edington Priory in England, but this has been completely repudiated in an article by Richard Emory in the journal Speculum (1943), who attributes the original connection to Helyot's Dictionnaire des Ordres Religieux, which was compiled in Paris between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
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He made a Latin translation (Vita Secundi Philosophi), which became popular, as numerous copies show. An abridged version of this translation was placed by Vincent of Beauvais into his popular encyclopedia Speculum Historiale in the 13th century.Ben Edwin Perry, (1964), Secundus, The Silent Philosopher, page 101. In the early 14th Century, the Liber de Vita et Moribus Philosophorum, which was a popular biographical presentation of ancient non-Christian spiritual life, dedicated a chapter to Secundus.
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300), prohibited the marriage of a widower with his deceased wife's sister.R. Burtsell, 'Affinity (in Canon Law)', The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907) also online at New Advent The prohibition became slowly more extensive. By the early 9th century the Western Church had increased the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from four to seven.Constance B. Bouchard, 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol.
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The mirrors remained the largest in the world until 1845. Herschelian telescope. Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror of a standard newtonian reflector from his design and instead tilted his primary mirror so he could view the formed image when he stood in an observing cage directly in front of the telescope. This saved on the severe light loss the image would suffer if he had used a speculum metal diagonal mirror.
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The Phoenix and the Mirror, or, The Enigmatic Speculum is a fantasy novel by American writer Avram Davidson, the first volume in his Vergil Magus series. It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in February 1969, with the first paperback edition issued by Ace Books in the same year. The Ace edition was reprinted in January 1978 and February 1983. The First ebook edition was issued by Prologue Books in August 2012.
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VPG was first introduced in the 1960s by Palti and Bercovici, who affixed a light source and photosensitive cell onto a gynecological speculum and recorded vaginal pulse waves.Palti, Y. & Bercovici, B. [“Photoplethysmographic study of the vaginal blood pulse”], “American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 97, 143–53”, 1967 Sintchak and Geer improved on the device in the 1970s by using a vaginal probe which became the common instrument to measure vaginal blood flow.
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Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii. Roman surgical instruments; from the "Surgeon's House" in Ariminum (Rimini, Italy). Ancient Roman bronze catheters (1st century AD) A variety of surgical instruments are known from archaeology and Roman medical literature, including: ;Rectal speculum: An instrument mentioned by Hippocrates, which allowed physicians to examine the rectal cavity of a patient. ;Bone levers: A tool used to leverage bones back into their proper place in a limb.
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Their mother, Margaret, the heiress of the fief, disappears from contemporary records after 1255.John L. Lamonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 159–60. Nicholas married Isabella, daughter of Lord John II of Beirut and already twice widowed: first by King Hugh II of Cyprus and second by Raymond l'Estrange, an Englishman. In 1277, Nicholas assassinated John, son of Guy of Ibelin, in Nicosia.
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Paul Meyvaert was a Benedictine monk who turned to medieval scholarship, and became a renowned scholar whose philological and historical work focused on medieval conceptions of authorship. Largely self-taught, he published on forgeries, iconography, and textual criticism. He taught at Duke University and in 1971 was appointed at Harvard University, where he spent the rest of his life. He was executive director of the Medieval Academy of America, and editor of Speculum, its journal.
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It also recounts that in 675 the Aquitanian official Lupus attempted to make himself the king of an independent Aquitaine: ad sedem regam se adstare ("to stand himself on a royal seat").Ian N. Wood, "Frankish Hegemony in England", The Age of Sutton Hoo: The Seventh Century in North- Western Europe, ed. Martin Carver (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1992), p. 236.Archibald R. Lewis, "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751", Speculum 51.3 (1976), pp.
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Vita Christi by Ludolph of Saxony, Vol. 1, folio. The Vita Christi (Life of Christ), also known as the Speculum vitae Christi (Mirror of the Life of Christ) is the principal work of Ludolph of Saxony, completed in 1374.Catholic encyclopedia The book is not just a biography of Jesus, but also a history, a commentary borrowed from the Church Fathers, and a series of dogmatic and moral dissertations, spiritual instructions, meditations, and prayers.
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E … Codice Glastoniensi, Oxford, 1719. From the same manuscript he edited Nicolai Triveti Annalium Continuatio; ut et Adami Murimuthensis Chronicon, cum ejusdem continuatione; quibus accedunt Joannis Bostoni Speculum Cœnobitarum et Edmundi Boltoni Hypercritica, Oxford, 1722. Hall furnished the introduction and account of the ancient state of Britain for Thomas Cox's Magna Britannia, 1720. He claimed the account of Berkshire, but disowned the description of Cumberland in a postscript to his edition of Trivet's Annales.
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Henry had the most to gain by his brother's death. Indeed, Henry's actions "seem to be premeditated: wholly disregarding his dead brother, he rode straight for Winchester, seized the treasury (always the first act of a usurping king), and the next day had himself elected."Austin Lane Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087–1216 (1955) p 113-14C. Warren Hollister, "The Strange Death of William Rufus," Speculum (1973) 48#4 pp.
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Sexually deceptive orchids in the genus Ophrys feature in the 2002 movie, 'Adaptation', written by Charlie Kaufman. The film follows a screenwriter attempting to adapt the novel 'The Orchid Thief' into a movie screenplay. The species appearing in the movie may be Ophrys speculum. The naturalist David Attenborough discusses the unusual pollination systems among Ophrys orchids in his 1995 BBC television series 'The Private Life of Plants', as well as the book accompanying the series.
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From London, he was educated at Merchant Taylors' School from 1571, and matriculated at St John's College, Oxford in 1575, aged 18, becoming a fellow in the same year. He graduated B.A. on 22 June 1579, and M.A. on 29 May 1583; he proceeded B.D. on 27 October 1589, and D.D. 20 January 1596. He is mentioned as Rodolphus Ravens in the Speculum of John Case. He was ordained in 1587, by Thomas Cooper.
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Review by Walter Simons in Speculum, 78:3 (2003), pp. 962-963. Her work examines the role of collegiate churches in the medieval Low Countries,B. Meijns, "The Canonical Order in the County of Flanders from the Merovingian Period until 1155", Revue d'Histoire Ecclesiastique, 97:1 (2002), pp. 1-57.De canonicis qui seculares dicuntur: treize siècles de chapitres séculiers dans les anciens Pays-Bas, edited by B. Meijns and M. Carnier (Turnhout, 2018)B.
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In the last decade of the 15th century he was appointed tutor to Prince Henry (afterwards King Henry VIII of England). He wrote for his pupil a lost Speculum principis, and Erasmus, in 1500, dedicated an ode to the prince speaking of Skelton as "unum Britannicarum literarum lumen ac decus." This Latin phrase roughly translates as "the one light and glory of British letters." In 1498 he was successively ordained sub-deacon, deacon and priest.
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Jane Campbell Hutchison in J. P. Filedt Kok (ed.), Livelier than Life, The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or the Housebook Master 1470-1500, Rijksmuseum/Garry Schwartz/Princeton University Press, 1985, / 0-691-04035-4 The design of the woodcuts for a 1473 edition of the Speculum Humanae Salvationis has been attributed to the Housebook Master.Wilson, Adrian, and Joyce Lancaster Wilson. A Medieval Mirror. p 208, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
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Jane Roberts, "Aldred Signs Off from Glossing the Lindisfarne Gospels", in Writing and Texts in Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Alexander R. Rumble (D. S. Brewer: Cambridge, 2006), pp. 28-43.Lawrence Nees, "Reading Aldred's Colophon for the Lindisfarne Gospels", Speculum 78 (2003), pp. 333-377. Scribes generally added colophons to indicate the circumstances of their work; sometimes including the place, date, price of the manuscript, and client for whom it was copied.
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Higham Convert Kings pp. 76–77 In 597 the mission landed in Kent, and it quickly achieved some initial success:Fletcher Barbarian Conversion pp. 116–117 Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his capital of Canterbury, where they used the church of St. Martin's for services, and this church became the seat of the bishopric. Neither Bede nor Gregory mentions the date of Æthelberht's conversion,Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum p.
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Sonohysterography performed because of postmenopausal bleeding. In serial images, polyps would be more immobile than freely moving debris within the uterine cavity which are seen in the image. The cause of the bleeding can often be discerned on the basis of the bleeding history, physical examination, and other medical tests as appropriate. The physical examination for evaluating vaginal bleeding typically includes visualization of the cervix with a speculum, a bimanual exam, and a rectovaginal exam.
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Koschorreck and Werner 1981 discern no fewer than eleven scribes, some working simultaneously, in the production. The manuscript is "the most beautifully illumined German manuscript in centuries;"Ingeborg Glier, reviewing Koschorreck and Werner 1981 in Speculum 59.1 (January 1984), p 169. The only other contemporary illuminated song book is the Weingarten Manuscript, once thought to have been a model for the Codex Manesse. its 137 miniatures are a series of "portraits" depicting each poet.
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The area known as Derrynaflan is an island of pastureland surrounded by bogland, which was the site of an early Irish abbey. The chalice was found with a composite silver paten, a hoop that may have been a stand for the paten, a liturgical strainer and a bronze basin inverted over the other objects.Michael Ryan, "The Derrynaflan Hoard and Early Irish Art" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:995–1017) p. 997, with wide-ranging notes.
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A continued point of controversy is whether courtly love was purely literary or was actually practiced in real life. There are no historical records that offer evidence of its presence in reality. Historian John Benton found no documentary evidence in law codes, court cases, chronicles or other historical documents.John F. Benton, "The Evidence for Andreas Capellanus Re-examined Again", in Studies in Philology, 59 (1962); and "The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center", in Speculum, 36(1961).
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Using wooden letters at first, he later used lead and tin movable type. His company prospered and grew. He is said to have printed several books including Speculum Humanae Salvationis with several assistants including the letter cutter Johann Fust, and it was this letter cutter Fust (often spelled Faust) who, when Laurens was nearing death, broke his promise of secrecy and stole his presses and type and took them to Mainz where he started his own printing company.
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Metzger, Bruce M., The Early Versions of the New Testament, (Oxford University Press, 1977), 304. "Taken in its context, liber comicus could not possibly mean a comic book ... this term is sometimes used to denote a lectionary." "This reviewer unblushingly admits that he did not know that this term is sometimes used to denote a lectionary." Bernard M. Rosenthal, Review of Otto Meyer and Renate Klauser, Clavis Mediaevalis: Kleines Wörterbuch der Mittelalterforschung, in Speculum 39 (1964): 322–324.
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Acetic acid solution and iodine solution (Lugol's or Schiller's) are applied to the surface to improve visualization of abnormal areas. Colposcopy is performed with the woman lying back, legs in stirrups, and buttocks at the lower edge of the table (a position known as the dorsal lithotomy position). A speculum is placed in the vagina after the vulva is examined for any suspicious lesions. 1% or 3% dilute acetic acid is applied to the cervix using cotton swabs.
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Hilton's spiritual writings were influential in 15th-century England. They were used extensively shortly after his death in the Speculum spiritualium. The most famous was the Scale of Perfection, which survives in some 62 manuscripts, including 14 of a Latin translation (the Liber de nobilitate anime) made about 1400 by Hilton's contemporary at Cambridge and Ely, the Carmelite friar Thomas Fishlake (or Fyslake). This translation became the first work written originally in English to circulate on the European continent.
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But Svyatopolk returned in 1018 with Polish troops furnished by his father-in-law, seized Kyiv and pushed Yaroslav back into Novgorod. Yaroslav, at last, prevailed over Svyatopolk, and in 1019 firmly established his rule over Kyiv.Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition, Samuel Hazzard Cross, Speculum, 180. One of his first actions as a grand prince was to confer on the loyal Novgorodians (who had helped him to gain the Kyivan throne), numerous freedoms, and privileges.
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Baker works as Principal Percussionist for the New York City Ballet Orchestra and serves as director of the Percussion Ensemble at the New School, Mannes College of Music. He also serves as Music Director of the Composers' Conference at Wellesley College. Baker often leads the New York New Music Ensemble and Speculum Musicae, and is resident conductor at the University at Buffalo's Center for 21st Century Music. He also appears as guest conductor with the Cygnus and Talea Ensembles.
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William A. Wallace considered The Beginnings of Western Science "most welcome", but also stated he had reservations about the omission of several details he considered necessary for an introduction and criticized Lindberg's decision to comment on the continuity thesis while his book doesn't include renaissance science.William A. Wallace, "David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450.", Speculum, Vol. 69, No. 4 (October 1994), 1213.
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After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin crusaders, two Byzantine successor states were established: the Empire of Nicaea, and the Despotate of Epirus. A third, the Empire of Trebizond, was created after Alexios Komnenos, commanding the Georgian expedition in ChaldiaA. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 18f a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople, found himself de facto emperor, and established himself in Trebizond.
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Some historians of theology cite Origen's peri archon as the first summary of Catholic theology. Others consider that the first in point of time is "De Trinitate" by St. Hilary of Poitiers. The distinction has also been accorded to Radulfus Ardens, an eleventh-century theologian and preacher, a native of Beaulieu, author of a comprehensive "Speculum Universale", still in Manuscript. In this wide sense of the word, however, the encyclopedic treatises of St. Isidore of Seville, Rabanus Maurus etc.
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Yet, its effect on the development of female monastic life also influenced the proliferation of male monastic orders.Listen daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women by Constant J. Mews 2001 pages vii and 1 Joan of Arc is considered a national heroine of France. She began life as a pious peasant girl. As with other saints of the period, Joan is said to have experienced supernatural dialogues that gave her spiritual insight and directed her actions.
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For refractors, the difficulties of fabricating two disks of optical glass for a large achromatic lens were formidable. For reflectors in much of the 19th century, the preferred material of a primary mirror was speculum metal, a substance that reflected up to 66 percent of the light that hit it and tarnished in months. They had to be removed, polished, and re-figured to the correct shape. This sometimes proved so difficult, that a telescope mirror was abandoned.
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The only species it is likely to be confused with is the yellow-billed teal, a relatively recent self-introduction first recorded breeding on South Georgia in 1971.Weller & Howard (1972). The speckled teal also has a yellow bill but differs in being smaller and more compact, with less spotting on the flanks, and having a buff bar in front of the speculum, a central white stripe on the underwing, and a shorter and less pointed tail.
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Mikhailo was Orthodox (as was Marfa Boretskaya) and he and his brother had strong differences of opinion with Casimir IV Jagiellon.Lenhoff and Martin, "Marfa Boretskaia," 349. Mikhailo entered Novgorod on November 8, 1470 with a large retinue and remained in the city until March 15, 1471.George Vernadsky, “The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow.” Speculum 8 (1933): 437-38; John I. L. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (London: Macmillan, 1961), 325.
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The first bishop of Braga and Saint Paternus of Avranches in Normandy appear to be the same person. Padarn built a monastery in Vannes and is considered one of the seven founding saints of Brittany. Padarn's early vita is one of five insular and two Breton saints' lives that mention King Arthur independently of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.J. S. P. Tatlock, "The Dates of the Arthurian Saints' Legends", Speculum 14.3 (July 1939:345–365) pp. 349ff.
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The anonymous Historia Compostelana is based on the relation of events by a writer in the immediate circle of Diego Gelmírez,A.G. Biggs, Diego Gelmírez: first archbishop of Compostela Catholic Universities of America Press), 1949. second bishop (1100–1120) then first archbishop (1120-1140) of Compostela, one of the major figures of the Middle Ages in Galicia.B.F. Reilly, "The Historia Compostelana: The Genesis and Composition of a Twelfth-Century Spanish Gesta" Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies, 1969.
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John L. LaMonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 149–51. The date of Walter I's death and Hugh's accession is unknown. Walter was still alive and ruling in 1149, and Hugh's lordship is first attested by a royal charter of 1154. Unlike his father, Hugh had a close relationship with the Kings of Jerusalem, but like his father he was a patron of the Order of the Hospital.
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Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies is a quarterly academic journal published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America. It was established in 1926 and today is widely regarded as the most prestigious journal in medieval studies. The journal's primary focus is on the time period from 500 to 1500 in Western Europe, but also on related subjects such as Byzantine, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian and Slavic studies. , the editor is Sarah Spence.
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Since speculum metal mirror secondaries or diagonal mirrors greatly reduced the light that reached the eyepiece, several reflecting telescope designers tried to do away with them. In 1762 Mikhail Lomonosov presented a reflecting telescope before the Russian Academy of Sciences forum. It had its primary mirror tilted at four degrees to telescope's axis so the image could be viewed via an eyepiece mounted at the front of the telescope tube without the observer's head blocking the incoming light.
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John de la Pole's only recent biographer has suggested that, notwithstanding his family's controversial recent history, "although he was not of such major importance, the young John de la Pole was also a good catch for a magnate who wished wealth and dignity for a daughter".Thomson, J.A.F., 'John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk', Speculum 54 (1979), 529. With her, Elizabeth brought a marriage portion of about £1533. This was not to make Suffolk rich.
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Later in the decade, however, several heretics were burned in both Novgorod and Moscow.David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia," The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32; Andrei Pliguzov, "Archbishop Gennadii and the Heresy of the 'Judaizers'" Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16(3/4) December 1992: 269-288; George Vernadsky, "The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow," Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct.
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Never, François, A Brief History of The Normans, Howard Curtis, translator, Constable & Robinson, Ltd., London, 2008 La Monte, John L., The Lords of Le Puiset on the Crusades, Speculum, 1942 Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. III, Henry G. Bohn, London, 1854 Anselm de Guibours, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France des Pairs, Grands officiers de la couronne et de la Maison du roi; et des grands barons.
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In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake pintail looks similar to the female, but retains the male upperwing pattern and long grey shoulder feathers. Juvenile birds resemble the female, but are less neatly scalloped and have a duller brown speculum with a narrower trailing edge. The pintail walks well on land, and swims well. It has a very fast flight, with its wings slightly swept-back, rather than straight out from the body like other ducks.
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He also translated a Life of St. Francis (Leven van St. Franciscus) from the Latin of Bonaventure. Jacob's most extensive work is the Spiegel Historiael, a rhymed chronicle of the world, translated, with omissions and important additions, from the Speculum historiale of Vincent de Beauvais. It is dedicated to Count Floris V and was begun in 1283, but was left unfinished at the poet's death. Continuations were given by Philip Utenbroeke and Lodewijc van Velthem, a Brabant priest.
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Born in Belgium in 1932 Irigaray is a French feminist, psychoanalytic, and cultural theorist. Best known works: Speculum of the Other Woman (1974) and This Sex Which is Not One (1977). She was inspired by the psychoanalytic theories of Jaques Lacan and the deconstruction of Jaques Derrida. Her work aims to reveal a perceived masculine philosophy underlying language and gestures toward a “new” feminine language that would allow women to express themselves if it could be spoken.
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To Rothman and Downer's dismay, the organizers of the conference were "so appalled that they refused to give the women exhibit space." Instead, Downer and Rothman hung flyers around the conference, announcing a demonstration in their hotel room. The attendees were given a plastic speculum to begin their education. From the extensive mailing list collected during these demonstrations, Downer and Rothman began a national tour, going to 23 cities in the United States to teach women the new technique.
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Both male and female American black ducks produce similar calls to their close relative, the mallard, with the female producing a loud sequence of quacks which falls in pitch. In flight, the white lining of the underwings can be seen in contrast to the blackish underbody and upperside. The purple speculum lacks white bands at the front and rear, and rarely has a white trailing edge. A dark crescent is visible on the median underwing primary coverts.
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Blue-winged teal at Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge The blue-winged teal is long, with a wingspan of , and a weight of . The adult male has a greyish blue head with a white facial crescent, a light brown body with a white patch near the rear and a black tail. The adult female is mottled brown, and has a whitish area at base of bill. Both sexes have sky-blue wing coverts, a green speculum, and yellow legs.
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Vaginoscopy is the inspection of the vagina, used most often to assess prepubertal children without damaging the hymen or any other part of the vagina or vulva. A hysteroscope, cystoscope, dedicated vaginoscope, or other irrigating endoscope may be used; a vaginoscope is a distinct instrument from a speculum. Vaginoscopy is performed to biopsy lesions, investigate potential sexual abuse, remove foreign bodies, perform rectovaginal examinations, and drain cysts. Saline irrigation to distend the vagina is often used to maximize visualization.
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Recent studies have shown that long-tipped spatulas (Aylesbury device) or a cytobrush along with an extended-tip spatula are better than Ayre spatula in collecting endocervical cells. However, Ayre spatula continues to be used for cervical sample collection in less-income countries. Ayre spatula is introduced into the cervix after visualizing the os using a speculum. The cytology specimens are obtained by rotating the spatula firmly over the ectocervix and quickly transferring the cells to a slide or jar.
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De expugnatione is untitled in its sole manuscript. Its first English editor, William Stubbs, gave it its modern title, which was picked up by Charles Wendell David, who preferred it for its similarity to the titles used by the Lisbon Academy, by Reinhold Pauli for his German edition of some excerpts,Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, xxvii, 5–10. and in the bibliographies of August Potthast and Auguste Molinier.C. W. David, "The Authorship of the De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi", Speculum, 7:1 (1932), 50–51.
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Athenius, Bishop of Rennes, took part in the First Council of Tours in AD 461. The last to sign the canons was Mansuetus, episcopus Brittanorum ("bishop of the Britons" [in Armorica])."He subscribed last of the eight bishops, suggesting either that he had been recently ordained or that he was considered junior to the bishops of cities". (Ralph W. Mathisen, "Barbarian Bishops and the Churches "in Barbaricis Gentibus" During Late Antiquity" Speculum 72 No. 3 [July 1997:664-697] p 667 note 21.
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Liber Comicus Toletanus Teplensis (also spelled Commicus), designated by t or 56 (in Besaurion system), is the oldest known lectionary from the Iberian Peninsula,"72 fragments of the Old Latin text are preserved in the Spanish Lectionary or Liber Comicus." Ann Freeman, 'Theodulf of Orleans and the Libri Carolini', Speculum 32 (1957): 663–705. dated to somewhere between the 7th and 9th centuries.Novum Testamentum Graece The Latin text of the New Testament is not of the Vulgate but of the Vetus Latina.
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Much of his career was concerned with administering the royal will in Yorkshire, which was undoubtedly a source of income for him. For example, in the 1440s, the City of York offered him gifts to gain his "friendship".Griffiths, R.A., 'Local Rivalries and National Politics- The Percies, the Nevilles, and the Duke of Exeter, 1452-55', Speculum, 4 (1968), 595. He sat on commissions of the peace in 1448 and 1458;Griffiths, R.A., The Reign of Henry VI (Berkeley, 1981), 410.
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Both methods use the same level of suction, and so can be considered equivalent in terms of effectiveness and safety.Baird (2001), pp. 4-6. The clinician places a speculum into the vagina and cleanses the cervix then uses a local anesthetic using lidocaine in a paracervical block or intracervical injection into the cervix. The clinician may use instruments called "dilators" to gently open the cervix, or sometimes medically induce cervical dilation with drugs or osmotic dilators administered before the procedure.
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Vincent of Beauvais made extensive use of it in his Speculum Historiale. The original manuscript of the Chronicon is now at Auxerre. The Chronicon was first published by Nicolas Camuzat (1575–1655) at Troyes in 1608; the best edition is in Band xxvi of the Monumenta Germaniae historica Scriptores, with introduction by Oswald Holder- Egger. Robert has been identified, but on very questionable grounds, with a certain Robert Abolant, an official of the monastery of St Marien, who died in 1214.
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His Treatise on Gems (Trattato delle gemme, 1565) falls into the lapidary tradition, with Dolce discussing not only the physical qualities of jewels but the power infused in them by the stars.Terpening, pp. 151–156. As his authorities, he cites Aristotle, the Persian philosopher Avicenna, Averroes, and the Libri mineralium of Albert the Great among others, but, according to Ronnie H. Terpening, he appears to have simply translated Camillo Leonardo's Speculum lapidum (1502) without crediting the earlier author.Terpening, p. 150.
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Two royal visits to respectively the author and translator of Vincent's Mirror of History translated into French by Jean de Vignay as Le Miroir historial, c. 1333. At left Saint Louis visits Vincent. Strasbourg: Johann Mentelin 1473, Speculum historiale The most widely disseminated part of the Great Mirror was the Mirror of History, which provided a history of the world down to Vincent's time. It was a massive work, running to nearly 1400 large double-column pages in the 1627 printing.
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The species was described in 1850 by French entomologist Victor Antoine Signoret, who described Eurymela vicina at the same time. British entomologist Francis Walker described E. speculum in 1851 from several specimens that had been sent to the British Museum. In 1852, he updated the latter two species as synonyms of E. distincta. In 1906, George Willis Kirkaldy described E. lubra from a specimen he collected in Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, which he reported differed from E. distincta by virtue of its red abdomen.
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In late 1668 Isaac Newton built his first reflecting telescope. He chose an alloy (speculum metal) of tin and copper as the most suitable material for his objective mirror. He later devised means for shaping and grinding the mirror and may have been the first to use a pitch lap to polish the optical surface. He chose a spherical shape for his mirror instead of a parabola to simplify construction; even though it would introduce spherical aberration, it would still correct chromatic aberration.
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350px Samite was a royal tissue: in the 1250s it features among the clothing of fitting status provided for the innovative and style-conscious English king Henry III, his family, and his attendants. For those of royal blood there were robes and mantles of samite and cloth of gold.Noted by James F. Willard, reviewing Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III, A.D. 1251-1253 in Speculum, 4.2 (April 1929:222-223). Samite itself might be interwoven with threads wrapped in gold foil.
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However, the dates assigned to the many periods of construction and the assessment of the military architecture are open to various interpretations.Edwards, Robert W., “Medieval Castles of Anatolia: Kütahya,” Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 62.3, 1987, pp.675-680. At the end of the nineteenth century Kütahya's population was counted at 120,333, of which 4,050 were Greeks, 2,533 Armenians, 754 Catholics, and the remainder Turks and other Muslims.Hovannisian and Manuk-Khaloyan, "The Armenian Communities of Asia Minor," p. 34.
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The original sources differ on their explanation of Mehmed's actual motivations for attacking Trebizond. William Miller quotes Kritoboulos as stating that Emperor David of Trebizond's "reluctance to pay tribute and the intermarriages with Hassan and the Georgian court provoked the Sultan to invade the Empire."Miller, Trebizond, p. 100 On the other hand, Halil İnalcık cites a passage from the 15th-century Ottoman historian Kemal Pasha-zade, who wrote:Inalcik, "Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481) and His Time", Speculum, 35 (1960), p.
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A terrestrial orchid up to 25 cm tall and each inflorescence carries between 2 and 8 large flowers. The plants often grow in groups. In bright sunshine the flowers are highly visible as the light reflects off the speculum in the centre of the lip – it is a bright iridescent purple/blue in colour and very glossy. The lip is three-lobed and bordered by a greenish-yellow border which is surrounded by a band of thick velvety hairs which are reddish brown.
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An illustration of a dilation and curettage Depending on the anticipated duration and difficulty expected with the procedure, as well as the clinical indication and patient preferences, a D&C; may be performed with local anesthesia, moderate sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia. The first step in a D&C; is to place a speculum in the vagina so as to see the cervix. Often, a tenaculum is placed to steady the cervix. Next, the provider will dilate the cervix.
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Risk factors include infection of the amniotic fluid, prior PROM, bleeding in the later parts of pregnancy, smoking, and a mother who is underweight. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and speculum exam and may be supported by testing the vaginal fluid or by ultrasound. If it occurs before 37 weeks it is known as preterm PROM otherwise it is known as term PROM. Treatment is based on how far along a woman is in pregnancy and whether complications are present.
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282; compare R. Poole, "Skaldic Verse and Anglo-Saxon History. Some Aspects of the Period 1009-16." Speculum 62 (1987): 265-98: 276-80. The focus is on the deeds of its subject as a prince, and as a king, with the climax of his conquest of England, at the Battle of Assandun, in 1016, and with the Battle of the Helgeå, in 1026, when he was victorious over the Norwegian and Swedish kings who were in alliance against him, amongst its events.
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John de la Pole started being included in commissions from around 1457. One of these, to Oxfordshire in July 1457, was to suppress "congregations and unlawful gatherings against the king"; since he was still only fifteen this was probably a symbolic position.Thomson, J.A.F., 'John De La Pole, Duke of Suffolk', Speculum 54 (1979), 532. Sometime before February 1458, in a match arranged, it appears by his mother, John married Elizabeth, the second surviving daughter of Richard of York and Cecily, née Neville.
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The entire Bible was translated into Czech around 1360. The most notable Middle English Bible translation, Wycliffe's Bible (1383), based on the Vulgate, was banned by the Oxford Synod in 1408. A Hungarian Hussite Bible appeared in the mid 15th century, and in 1478, a Catalan translation in the dialect of Valencia. Many parts of the Bible were printed by William Caxton in his translation of the Golden Legend, and in Speculum Vitae Christi (The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ).
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The Lucerne manuscript (Latin MS P Msc 13.2°) is written in Gothic script. The scribe, Hugo de Tennach, was employed by Peter of Bebelnhein, a teacher in the cathedral of Basel and the prior of Saint Martin's Church in Colmar. He wrote out not only the Tartar Relation but all four volumes of the Speculum. These four manuscripts belonged to the abbey of Pairis until in 1420 they were pawned to the abbey of Saint Urban for 110 Rhenish guilders.
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The traditional date of the battle in 496 was challenged by Augustine Van de Vyver, whose revised chronology placed the battle in 506. This was extensively debated and is followed in some modern accounts.A single Frankish-Alemannic combat, in summer 506, is presented, for example, in J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Long-Haired Kings p 168, or Rolf Weiss, Chlodwigs Taufe: Reims 508 (Bern) 1971; the debate is briefly summarised in William M. Daly, "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum 69.3 (July 1994, pp.
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Dragon standards were in fairly wide use in Europe at the time, being derived from the draco standard employed by the later Roman army and there is no evidence that it explicitly identified Wessex.J. S. P. Tatlock, The Dragons of Wessex and Wales in Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 2. (Apr., 1933), pp. 223–235. A panel of 18th century stained glass at Exeter Cathedral indicates that an association with an image of a dragon in south west Britain pre-dated the Victorians.
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The Canonists and Pluralism in the Thirteenth Century. Speculum , 35-48. However, during the thirteenth century the pope's plenitudo potestatis expanded as the Church became increasingly centralized, and the pope's presence made itself felt every day in legislation, judicial appeals, and finance. Although Plenitudo potestatis had been used in canonical writings since the time of Pope Leo I (440-461), Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) was the first pope to use the term regularly as a description of papal governmental power.
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Hilary Maddocks, "Pictures for aristocrats: the manuscripts of the Légende dorée", in Margaret M. Manion and Bernard James Muir, eds.,Medieval Texts and Images: studies of manuscripts from the Middle Ages 1991:2 note 4. The many extended parallels to text found in Vincent de Beauvais' Speculum historiale, the main encyclopedia that was used in the Middle Ages, are attributed by modern scholars to the two authors' common compilation of identical sources, rather than to Jacobus' reading Vincent's encyclopedia.Christopher Stace, tr.
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247; Robert W. Karrow Jr, Mapmakers of the sixteenth century and their maps: bio-bibliographies of the cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570: based on Leo Bagrow's A. Ortelii Catalogus cartographorum, Chicago, Speculum Orbis Press, 1993, 80/C, p.574; Hildegard Binder Johnson, Carta Marina: World Geography in Strassburg, 1525, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1963, p.123; Thomas Horst, “Traces of Voyages of Discovery on Early 16th-Century Globes”, Globe Studies, No. 55/56, 2009 (for 2007/2008), pp. 23–37, p.25.
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The "tail of a serpent" detail is given in both the Pseudo-Marcella and the Speculum Historiale. The tail was "long and ringed and looked considerably like that of the scorpion" in a lost sculpture on a face of an old church (Église Sainte- Marthe de Tarascon) according to surgeon-author . It is a ringed tail, and does turns upright as can be verified in facsimile sketch of the sculpture printed by Faillon.Illustration on , reprinted by Dumont (, planche XIII) as noted by n67.
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Waugh joined the Department of History at UCLA in 1975. He is Professor of History. He is the author of two books about the Middle Ages in England. His first book, The Lordship of England: Royal Wardships and Marriages in English Society and Politics, 1217-1327, published in 1988, was reviewed by John Maddicott in Albion, by J. R. S. Phillips in The English Historical Review, by Richard W. Kaeuper in Speculum, and by Robert Bartlett in the Journal of British Studies.
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In the 17th century, Russia experienced the famine of 1601–1603, as a proportion of the population, believed to be its worst as it may have killed 2 million people (1/3 of the population). ( 5 million people estimated to have died in 1920-22 famine). Major famines include the Great Famine of 1315–17, which affected much of Europe including part of RussiaLucas, Henry S. "The great European famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317." Speculum 5.4 (1930): 343-377.
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Building the design, the first known functional reflecting telescope, today known as a Newtonian telescope, involved solving the problem of a suitable mirror material and shaping technique. Newton ground his own mirrors out of a custom composition of highly reflective speculum metal, using Newton's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes. In late 1668, he was able to produce this first reflecting telescope. It was about eight inches long and it gave a clearer and larger image.
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The philosopher Iain Hamilton Grant has compared Of Grammatology to the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari's Anti-Oedipus (1972), the philosopher Luce Irigaray's Speculum of the Other Woman (1974), the philosopher Jean-François Lyotard's Libidinal Economy (1974), and the sociologist Jean Baudrillard's Symbolic Exchange and Death (1976), noting that like them it forms part of post-structuralism, a response to the demise of structuralism as a dominant intellectual discourse.Jean-François Lyotard] and Iain Hamilton Grant (1993), Libidinal Economy, Indiana University Press, p. xvii.
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Shelducks are a group of large, often semi-terrestrial waterfowl, which can be seen as intermediate between geese (Anserinae) and ducks. They are mid-sized (some 50–60 cm) Old World waterfowl. The sexes are colored slightly differently in most species, and all have a characteristic upperwing coloration in flight: the tertiary remiges form a green speculum, the secondaries and primaries are black, and the coverts (forewing) are white. Their diet consists of small shore animals (winkles, crabs etc.) as well as grasses and other plants.
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William of Nassyngton is the author of the Middle English poem Speculum Vitae (The Mirror of Life), which was written in the middle to late 14th century. The poem consists of a commentary on the Lord's Prayer, 16,000 lines long. It covers analysis of the Ten Commandments, the Creed, the divine and cardinal virtues, the gifts of the Holy Ghost, the seven deadly sins, the Beatitudes, and the heavenly rewards. It derives in part from a French work in prose: Somme le roi, dated 1279.
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Esplorazioni sotto la confessione di San Pietro. Eseguite negli anni 1940-1949 (Città del Vaticano, 1951) 1:173-93, noted in Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1134 note 70. The Visigothic crypt (the Crypt of San Antolín) in Palencia Cathedral (Spain), was built during the reign of Wamba to preserve the remains of the martyr Saint Antoninus of Pamiers, a Visigothic-Gallic nobleman brought from Narbonne to Visigothic Hispania in 672 or 673 by Wamba himself.
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Reflecting telescopes come in many design variations and may employ extra optical elements to improve image quality or place the image in a mechanically advantageous position. Since reflecting telescopes use mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a "catoptric" telescope. From the time of Newton to the 1800s, the mirror itself was made of metal usually speculum metal. This type included Newton's first designs and even the largest telescopes of the 19th century, the Leviathan of Parsonstown with a 1.8 meter wide metal mirror.
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Then in August The Shield was moved to London publication, and Hooppell started a successor, The Torch. In 1871 Hooppell read a paper to the British Association on The Statistical Results of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Hooppell was in the habit of showing a speculum at public meetings, but this worked against him in 1872, because Butler found his behaviour extreme; and Henry J. Wilson was chosen instead as secretary of the Northern Counties League for Repeal. Hooppell was also an advocate of temperance.
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Both the Great and Little Turnstiles were well known for their booksellers and publishers. In 1636, George Hutton was at the "Sign of the Sun within the Turning Stile at Holborne" and published works such as Europæ Speculum by Sir Edwin Sandys. John Bagford was a shoemaker in the Great Turnstile who went on to become a bookseller and collector there. He made two great collections – one of ballads and another of title pages and other parts of books, which was to form a history of printing.
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In his youth, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule the northern lands around Rostov but was transferred to Veliky Novgorod,Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition, Samuel Hazzard Cross, Speculum, 178. as befitted a senior heir to the throne, in 1010. While living there, he founded the town of Yaroslavl (literally, "Yaroslav's") on the Volga River. His relations with his father were apparently strained, and grew only worse on the news that Vladimir bequeathed the Kyivan throne to his younger son, Boris.
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In 1014 Yaroslav refused to pay tribute to Kyiv and only Vladimir's death, in July 1015, prevented a war. During the next four years Yaroslav waged a complicated and bloody war for Kyiv against his half-brother Sviatopolk I of Kyiv, who was supported by his father-in-law, Duke Bolesław I Chrobry (King of Poland from 1025).Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition, Samuel Hazzard Cross, Speculum, 179. During the course of this struggle, several other brothers (Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav) were brutally murdered.
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Bound with the Howard Psalter is part of what was once the De Lisle Psalter (Arundel MS 83 II), consisting of a calendar and the Speculum theologiae, a collection of diagrams attributed to John of Metz, a 13th century Franciscan friar working in Paris. The illuminations have been attributed to the Madonna Master, named after the facing miniatures of the Virgin and the Crucifixion (ff. 131v-132r), who may also have been responsible for paintings on the oak sedilia at Westminster Abbey (1307–8).
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Contributors to volumes four and six were similarly affected."The Making of the Cambridge Medieval History" by P.A. Linehan, Speculum, Vol. 57, No. 3 (July 1982), pp. 463-494. Writing in the preface to volume II of The New Cambridge Medieval History in 1995, Rosamond McKitterick commented on the "unhappy legacy of the old volume III when the principles of scholarship were sullied with political enmities and many scholars excluded as authors because of their nationality", a fault that she felt was expunged in the new history.
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Throughout the Middle Ages, Bible stories were always known in the vernacular through prose and poetic adaptations, usually greatly shortened and freely reworked, especially to include typological comparisons between Old and New Testaments. Some parts of the Bible stories were paraphrased in verse by Anglo-Saxon poets, e.g. Genesis and Exodus, and in French by Hermann de Valenciennes, Macé de la Charité, Jehan Malkaraume and others. Among the most popular compilations were the many varying versions of the Bible moralisée, Biblia pauperum and Speculum Humanae Salvationis.
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The back and nape often have a whitish tinge; almost as if it had been covered in a thin layer of flour ("meal"; hence its name). The distal half of the tail is paler and more yellow than the basal half, thus resulting in a distinctly bi-colored look. In flight it shows a bluish-black trailing edge to the wing and a conspicuous red speculum. Occasionally a few yellow feathers are apparent on the top of the head and it has a bluish-tinged crown.
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Gregory dictating, from a 10th-century manuscript The mission landed in Kent in 597, and quickly achieved some initial success:Mayr-Harting "Augustine [St Augustine] (d. 604)" Oxford Dictionary of National BiographyFletcher The Barbarian Conversion pp. 116–117 Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his capital of Canterbury, where they used the church of St. Martin's for services, and this church became the seat of the bishopric. Neither Bede nor Gregory mentions the date of Æthelberht's conversion,Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum p.
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The green speculum has an indistinct cinnamon-buff inner border. Some "females" have "bridle" markings on their faces, but it has been suggested that at least some of these bridled "females," if not all, are in fact juvenile males. The juvenile has a plumage similar to that of the female and can be distinguished from the Common Teal by the pale loral spot. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but plumage is a much richer reddish-brown (rufous) colour.
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The cases > of high mountains becoming deep abysses and of profound valleys changing > into peaks are metamorphoses on an immense scale. It is clear, therefore, > that transformation is something spontaneous in nature. Why should we doubt > the possibility of making gold and silver from something different? Compare, > if you will, the fire obtained with a burning-mirror and the water which > condenses at night on the surface of a metal speculum [譬諸陽燧所得之火方諸所得之水].
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While physicians of the period acknowledged that the disorder stemmed from sexual dissatisfaction, they seemed unaware of or unwilling to admit the sexual purposes of the devices used to treat it. In fact, the introduction of the speculum was far more controversial than that of the vibrator. By the turn of the 20th century, the spread of home electricity brought the vibrator to the consumer market. The appeal of cheaper treatment in the privacy of one's own home understandably made the vibrator a popular early home appliance.
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A diamminesilver(I) solution is mixed with a sugar and sprayed onto the glass surface. The sugar is oxidized by silver(I), which is itself reduced to silver(0), i.e. elemental silver, and deposited onto the glass. In 1856-57 Karl August von Steinheil and Léon Foucault introduced the process of depositing an ultra-thin layer of silver on the front surface of a piece of glass, making the first optical-quality first surface glass mirrors, replacing the use of speculum metal mirrors in reflecting telescopes.
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Godman and Roncaglia date it to the late ninth century with later interpolations. Brittain puts it between 892 and 900. According to J. J. Savage (1927), "The Song of the Soldiers of Modena," Speculum, 2:4, 475-76, Edelestand du Méril and Domenico Comparetti place its composition between about 924 and 934. The chapel of Santa Maria e San Giovanni was beside a city gate, and it was probably there that the guards assembled before their watch and joined the clergy in singing the song.
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Juliana or Julianne Grenier (died 1213×16) was the Lady of Caesarea, which she inherited from her brother, Walter II, upon his death between 1189 and 1191. When she inherited the lordship, it had recently been conquered by Saladin, but in September 1192 it was restored to her rule by the Treaty of Jaffa. The city and its fortifications, however, were not rebuilt in her lifetime.John L. LaMonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 152–54.
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Harfield, 373–374. In 1316 the Nomina Villarum survey was initiated by Edward II of England; it was essentially a list of all the administrative subdivisions throughout England which could be utilized by the state in order to assess how much military troops could be conscripted and summoned from each region.Ravenhill, 425. The Speculum Britanniae (1596) of the Tudor era English cartographer and topographer John Norden (1548–1625) had an alphabetical list of places throughout England with headings showing their administrative hundreds and referenced to attached maps.
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John Aleman (died after 1264) was the Lord of Caesarea (as John II) in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, exercising this right through his wife, Margaret, from at least 1243 until his death. He was the son of Garnier l'Aleman and Pavie de Gibelet, and the older brother of Hugh Aleman. John was active politically and militarily, although less influential than the previous lords of Caesarea had been.John L. Lamonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 158–59.
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Many encyclopedic works were written during the 12th and 13th centuries. Among them, Hortus deliciarum (1167–1185) by Herrad of Landsberg which is thought to be the first encyclopedia written by a woman. De proprietatibus rerum by Bartholomeus Anglicus (1240) is often described as the most widely read and quoted encyclopedia in the High Middle AgesSee "Encyclopedia" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages. while Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Majus (1260) was the most ambitious encyclopedia in the late-medieval period at over 3 million words.
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It recommended religious revival and active clerical organization and the awakening of an ultramontane spirit. Napoleon's police deemed the book dangerously ideological and tried to suppress it. Lamennais devoted most of the following year to translating Louis de Blois's Speculum Monachorum into French, which he published in 1809 under the title Le Guide spirituel. In 1811 Lamennais received the tonsure and became professor of mathematics in an ecclesiastical college at Saint-Malo founded by his brother, who had been ordained a Catholic priest in 1804.
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Any further enclosed air is removed by gently pressing the plunger forward. The woman lies on her back and the syringe is inserted into the vagina. Care is optimal when inserting the syringe, so that the tip is as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. A vaginal speculum may be used for this purpose and a catheter may be attached to the tip of the syringe to ensure delivery of the semen as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible.
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Although slightly smaller than the Leviathan, the 60-inch had many advantages including a far better site, a glass mirror instead of speculum metal, and a precision mount which could accurately track any direction in the sky, so the 60-inch was a major advance. Five foot telescope climbs the mountain Steel dome of the 60-inch telescope in 1909 The 60-inch telescope is a reflector telescope built for newtonian, cassegrain and coudé configurations. It is currently used in the bent Cassegrain configuration.
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At Brioude, the ancient Brivas, its martyrs in the 4th century, Julien and Ferréol, became its patron saints; according to the Chronicle of Moissac, Euric of Toulouse had the basilica built, in the fourteenth year of his reign (c. 480): it was wondrously decorated with columns."Apud Tolosam regnavit Eoricus super Gothicus post Theodoricum. Anno 14 regni sui basilicam sancti Juliani Brivate columnis ornatam mirifice construxit." (MGH SS 1;284, quoted by Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997):1107-1143) p.
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In the early 1970s, after tensions inflamed by a failed attempt to unionize the Pace faculty, Lurier collaborated with mathematician William J. Adams to develop the Lurier–Adams plan for faculty promotion and tenure decision-making at Pace.. Speculum praised his annotated translation of Chronicle of the Morea into English for its accuracy and for conveying "the flavor" of the Greek. Lurier is among a group of medievalists arguing that the original of the Chronicle was written in medieval French.. Lurier died in New York in 2000.
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He was a friend and ally of King John during the papal interdict, receiving remuneration from the king.Josiah Cox Russell, "Social Status at the Court of King John," Speculum, 12:3 (1937), 326. The foundation grew and became very wealthy, eventually possessing lands over by the 14th century. Sometime in the 13th Century, the body of St. Wulfric of Haselbury was buried in the western transept of the abbey's church, after an attempt by Benedictine monks from Montacute Priory to steal the body of the saint.
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Local tradition, first written down by John Leland in 1542, holds that Cadbury Castle was King Arthur's Camelot. The site and the Great Hall are extensive, and the writer Geoffrey Ashe argued in an article in the journal Speculum that it was the base for the Arthur of history. His opinion has not been widely accepted by students of the period. Militarily, the location makes sense as a place where refugees and the southwestern Brythons of Dumnonia could have defended themselves against attacks from the east.
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Pérotin, one of the few composers of "Ars Antiqua" who is known by name, composed this Alleluia nativitas in the third rhythmic mode. The original Middle Ages uses of the expression, found in the Speculum Musice of Jacobus and once by Johannes de Muris (the only one to use the exact term "ars antiqua"), referred specifically to the period of Franco of Cologne, approximately 1250–1310, but this restricted usage is rarely employed in modern scholarship. Almost all composers of the ars antiqua are anonymous. Léonin (fl.
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The ruddy shelduck grows to a length of and has a wingspan. The male has orange-brown body plumage and a paler, orange-brown head and neck, separated from the body by a narrow black collar. The rump, flight feathers, tail-coverts and tail feathers are black and there are iridescent green speculum feathers on the inner surfaces of the wings. Both upper and lower wing-coverts are white, this feature being particularly noticeable in flight but hardly visible when the bird is at rest.
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560–636) and Rabanus Maurus (c. 780–856) became influential as summarizers and compilers of works setting out standardized interpretations of correspondences and their meanings.Emile Male, The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century, p 131-9, English translation of 3rd edition, 1913, Collins, London, (and many other editions) Jewish typological thought continued to develop in Rabbinic literature, including the Kabbalah, with concepts such as the Pardes, the four approaches to a Biblical text. Jacob's Ladder from a Speculum Humanae Salvationis c.
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According to Cassiodorus, Martianus was a native of Madaura—which had been the native city of Apuleius—in the Roman province of Africa (now Souk Ahras, Algeria). He appears to have practiced as a jurist at Roman Carthage. Martianus was active during the 5th century, writing after the sack of Rome by Alaric I in 410, which he mentions, but apparently before the conquest of North Africa by the Vandals in 429.William H. Stahl, "To a Better Understanding of Martianus Capella" Speculum 40.1 (January 1965), pp. 102-115.
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Hercules is caught in a rare moment of repose. Leaning on his knobby club which is draped with the pelt of the Nemean Lion, he holds the apples of the Hesperides, but conceals them behind his back cradled in his right hand. Many engravings and woodcuts spread the fame of the Farnese's Hercules. By 1562 the find was already included in the set of engravings for Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae ("Mirror of Rome's Magnificence") and connoisseurs, artists, and tourists gaped at the original, which stood in the courtyard of the Palazzo Farnese, protected under the arcade.
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Horn is best known for his book Liber Horn, compiled in 1311. Besides coroners' reports and other mundane matters, Liber Horn contains some of the earliest and most reliable versions of early English laws, including certain Statutes of uncertain date and an annotated copy of Magna Carta of 1297. Horn is also thought to have compiled and edited La somme appelle Mirroir des justices: vel Speculum justiciariorum (translated variously as The Mirror of Justices or The Mirror of Justice).The Mirror of Justice Horn was a member of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers.
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Only the earliest ones, which had influence on the development of the order, can be mentioned here. The most important is that of the Four Masters, edited at least six times in old collections of Franciscan texts, under the names of Monumenta, Speculum, Firmamenturn (Brescia, 1502; Salamanca, 1506, 1511; Rouen, 1509; Paris, 1512; Venice, 1513). The chapter of the custodes at Montpellier, 1541, had ordered that the solution of some doubts about the rule should be asked for from each province. We know of two expositions of the rule drawn up on this occasion.
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"Fugue" as a theoretical term first occurred in 1330 when Jacobus of Liege wrote about the fuga in his Speculum musicae. The fugue arose from the technique of "imitation", where the same musical material was repeated starting on a different note. Gioseffo Zarlino, a composer, author, and theorist in the Renaissance, was one of the first to distinguish between the two types of imitative counterpoint: fugues and canons (which he called imitations). Originally, this was to aid improvisation, but by the 1550s, it was considered a technique of composition.
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It claims to be the first book of Art History on the topic and has introduction written by Kelman's former MIT Professor, Dr. Henry Jenkins. "The Village Voice," November 22nd, 2005 Kelman's third book, the novel Behaviour of the Light: A Speculum, was published by Fazi Editore in 2008. In 2011, Kelman's first screenplay, "Genneris," was purchased by Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks Studios. "Variety," April 4, 2011 Since then, Kelman has also written original screenplays for other major studios and directors including Warner Brothers, Paramount Pictures, and Roland Emmerich.
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The three works were previously edited by A. Riese, 1878. Their image of the world was deeply based on Agrippa's Commentarii, and perhaps on his world map, which inscribed in marble by Augustus and displayed in the Porticus Vipsania at Rome.LacusCurtius: "Porticus Vipsania" The Dimensuratio, which was used by Alfred the Great in his geographic treatise,Jerzy Linderski, "Alfred the Great and the Tradition of Ancient Geography", Speculum 39.3 (July 1964:434-439) formed a link in the persistence of classical tradition, and even elements of Agrippa's Commentarii, in medieval geographies.Linderski 1964:439.
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29 Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High", and "Late". In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the "Dark Ages",Mommsen "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'" Speculum p. 226 but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians.
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Frede Jensen, Ph.D., (February 17, 1926 - September 13, 2008) was a 20th- century, Danish-born Romance philologist, author, and professor of French. Author of 17 books and over 60 articles, he was widely respected by the romance philology community and recognized as an expert in the field.www.cu.edu , accessed 3/12/2013 He is highly esteemed for his detailed and thorough publications on the grammar of Old Occitan (also referred to as Provençal)Joan H. Levin (1989). Review of Frede Jensen 'The Poetry of the Sicilian School' Speculum, 64, pp 443-444. doi:10.2307/2851981.
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The Election and Assassination of Bishop Albert of Louvain, Bishop of Liège, 1191-1192, R.H.Schmandt, Speculum 42 (1967), p.641. Conon was not known to be married and left no heirs. After Conon’s death, his brother-in-law Wery II de Walcourt became Count of Montaigu and Clermont, whereas Gérard II, Count of Looz, became the Count of Duras, reflecting the relationship between Looz and Duras dating back to the first Count of Looz, Giselbert. Gislebert of Mons calls him called 'small in body, smaller in mind and knowledge'.
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As astronomer, he made astrolabes, and wrote Magistralis compositio astrolabii, dedicated to his friend William of Moerbeke. He drew up astronomical tables: the Tabule Mechlinenses, from around 1285–1295, and a 1290 work, De erroribus tabularum Alphonsi, which pointed out errors in the Alfonsine tables. While in Rome in 1292, he wrote commentaries on the astrological works of Abraham ibn Ezra and Albumasar. He became tutor to Guy de Hainaut, brother of Count Jean d'Avesnes, for whom he wrote, between 1285 and 1305, a Speculum divinorum et quorundam naturalium (On the Unity of Natural).
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Caleb Smith, an English insurance broker with a strong interest in astronomy, had created an octant in 1734. He called it an Astroscope or Sea- Quadrant.Bedini, Silvio, History Corner: Benjamin King of Newport, R.I.-Part II, Professional Surveyor Magazine, September 1997 Volume 17 Number 6 He used a fixed prism in addition to an index mirror to provide reflective elements. Prisms provide advantages over mirrors in an era when polished speculum metal mirrors were inferior and both the silvering of a mirror and the production of glass with flat, parallel surfaces was difficult.
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Benjamin Z. Kedar argued that the canons of the Council of Nablus were in force in the 12th century but had fallen out of use by the thirteenth. Marwan Nader questions this and suggests that the canons may not have applied to the whole kingdom at all times.Benjamin Z. Kedar, On the origins of the earliest laws of Frankish Jerusalem: The canons of the Council of Nablus, 1120 (Speculum 74, 1999), pp. 330–331; Marwan Nader, Burgesses and Burgess Law in the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1099–1325) (Ashgate: 2006), pg. 45.
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It used a spherically ground metal primary mirror and a small diagonal mirror in an optical configuration that has come to be known as the Newtonian telescope. Despite the theoretical advantages of the reflector design, the difficulty of construction and the poor performance of the speculum metal mirrors being used at the time meant it took over 100 years for them to become popular. Many of the advances in reflecting telescopes included the perfection of parabolic mirror fabrication in the 18th century,Parabolic mirrors were used much earlier, but James Short perfected their construction.
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He gained renown for his instructive treatises of Polish municipal law. By publishing a Polish language summary of the 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina, he contributed substantially to its popularization in Poland. His stated motivation for the extensive translation of laws into vernacular Polish was so that the laws could be applied even in smaller towns and urban areas where it might be difficult to find Latin speakers. Groicki authored the first printed law book in Poland, a treatise on the text Speculum Saxonum, which was published by the print-shop of Łazarz Andrysowicz.
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No Syriac manuscripts include the Comma, and its presence in some printed Syriac Bibles is due to back-translation from the Latin Vulgate. Coptic manuscripts and those from Ethiopian churches also do not include it. Of the surviving "Itala" or "Old Latin" translations, only two support the Textus Receptus reading, namely the Codex Monacensis (9th or 10th century) and the Speculum, an 8th- or 9th-century collection of New Testament quotations. In the 6th century, Fulgentius of Ruspe is quoted as a witness in favour of the Comma.
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Large choanal polyp seen with nasal endoscopy Nasal polyps can be seen on physical examination inside of the nose and are often detected during the evaluation of symptoms. On examination, a polyp will appear as a visible mass in the nostril. Some polyps may be seen with anterior rhinoscopy (looking in the nose with a nasal speculum and a light), but frequently, they are farther back in the nose and must be seen by nasal endoscopy. Nasal endoscopy involves passing a small, rigid camera with a light source into the nose.
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The throat, cheeks and belly often have a bluish tinge. As most members of the genus Amazona, it has broad dark blue tips to the remiges and a red wing- speculum. Its beak is horn coloured. In its range the yellow shoulder patch and extensive yellow on the head distinguish the yellow-shouldered amazon from other Amazona species, which have red or orange on the shoulder and less yellow on the head (the orange-winged amazon, which has as much yellow to the head as some yellow-shouldered amazons, has a blue ocular region).
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Anatomy of the human ear Right tympanic membrane as seen through a speculum An otoscope or auriscope is a medical device which is used to look into the ears. Health care providers use otoscopes to screen for illness during regular check-ups and also to investigate ear symptoms. An otoscope potentially gives a view of the ear canal and tympanic membrane or eardrum. Because the eardrum is the border separating the external ear canal from the middle ear, its characteristics can be indicative of various diseases of the middle ear space.
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Most models also have an insertion point for a bulb capable of pushing air through the speculum which is called pneumatic otoscope. This puff of air allows an examiner to test the mobility of the tympanic membrane. Many otoscopes used in doctors offices are wall-mounted while others are portable. Wall-mounted otoscopes are attached by a flexible power cord to a base, which serves to hold the otoscope when it's not in use and also serves as a source of electric power, being plugged into an electric outlet.
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Mende had later as bishops, Guillaume Durand (1285–1296), a Doctor of Laws (Bologna) and teacher of law at Modena, author of "Speculum juris", and of the "Rationale divinorum officiorum";Pascal, pp. 425–439, includes an analysis of the works. he was secretary of the Second Council of Lyon in 1274. His nephew, Durand le Jeune (1296–1328) who negotiated the "Paréage" with King Philip, definitively settled the respective rights of king and bishop in the Gévaudan; he left a work on the general councils and on the reform of abuses.
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For example, the Waterlow score and the Braden scale deals with a patient's risk of developing a Pressure ulcer (decubitus ulcer), the Glasgow Coma Scale measures the conscious state of a person, and various pain scales exist to assess the "fifth vital sign". The use of medical equipment is routinely employed to conduct a nursing assessment. These include, the otoscope, thermometer, stethoscope, penlight, sphygmomanometer, bladder scanner, speculum, and eye charts. Besides the interviewing process, the nursing assessment utilizes certain techniques to collect information such as observation, auscultation, palpation and percussion.
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The Rawlinson Excidium Troie ("The Destruction of Troy"), discovered among the manuscripts collected by Richard Rawlinson (1690–1755)MS Rawlinson D893. conserved in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is unique in that it contains the only medieval account of the Trojan War that is fully independent of Dictys and Dares, "strikingly different from any other known mediaeval version of the Trojan War", according to its editor, E. Bagby Atwood.E. Bagby Atwood, "The Rawlinson Excidium Troie -- A Study of Source Problems in Mediaeval Troy Literature" Speculum 9.4 (October 1934), pp. 379-404) p 389.
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In 1977, Irigaray published This Sex Which is Not One (Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un) which was subsequently translated into English with that title and published in 1985, along with Speculum. In addition to more commentary on psychoanalysis, including discussions of Lacan's work, This Sex Which is Not One also comments on political economy, drawing on structuralist writers such as Lévi-Strauss. For example, Irigaray argues that the phallic economy places women alongside signs and currency, since all forms of exchange are conducted exclusively between men.
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In 1884, at the age of 19, Manly accepted a position at William Jewel College teaching Mathematics which he held for five years. After taking his doctorate in 1890 and teaching Anglo-Saxon at Radcliffe for a year, Manly accepted a call to Brown University and became one of the chief members of the English staff there, until 1898. He then accepted the department chair in English at the University of Chicago which he maintained until retirement. In 1931 he published a paper in Speculum disproving William Romaine Newbold's deciphering of the Voynich Manuscript.
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357 Coignet also added an introduction to the atlas Speculum Orbis terrarum of Gerard de Jode.Meskens (2013), pp. 169–171 In 1621 Coignet drew a map that showed the preferred itinerary for merchants and merchandise traveling from Flanders to Milan (two copies are preserved one of which is kept in the library of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The map was promoted in May 1621 by the Antwerp newspaper Nieuwe Tijdinghe in an advertisement that referred to the route as the Prince conduitte since the route fell supposedly under the protection of the Archdukes.
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The embryo transfer procedure starts by placing a speculum in the vagina to visualize the cervix, which is cleansed with saline solution or culture media. A soft transfer catheter is loaded with the embryos and handed to the clinician after confirmation of the patient's identity. The catheter is inserted through the cervical canal and advanced into the uterine cavity. There is good and consistent evidence of benefit in ultrasound guidance, that is, making an abdominal ultrasound to ensure correct placement, which is 1–2 cm from the uterine fundus.
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Tschochner 590 The Virgin as queen was a recurring theme in many books composed in her honor in 13th century France. In the Speculum beata Maria she was at once queen of Heaven where she was enthroned in the midst of angels, and queen of Earth where she constantly manifested her power. The concept was carried over to art that decorated churches, e.g. the west porch of Chartres Cathedral and in the Porte Sainte-Anne at Notre Dame, Paris where she is seated in regal state, as well as in a window at Laon Cathedral.
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Along with Marie de France, Marguerite is one of the first women writers in France of whom any record survives. She habitually wrote in Latin, of which her knowledge was comparable with that of the (male) clerics of the age. Her first work, in Latin, was Pagina meditationum ("Meditations") of 1286. She also wrote two long texts in Franco-Provençal, the first surviving works in that language: Li Via seiti Biatrix, virgina de Ornaciu, the vita of Blessed Beatrice of Ornacieux, also a Carthusian nun; and Speculum ("The Mirror").
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In the 820s, a controversy emerged over the iconoclastic policies of bishop Claudius of Turin.S. Wemple, "Claudius of Turin's Organic Metaphor or the Carolingian Doctrine of Incorporation," Speculum 49 (1974): 222–37; James R. Ginther, Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology, (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009), 40. This stance was opposed by Dungal of Bobbio at the request of Louis the Pious. Agobard, in his Book on Paintings and Images, came out in opposition to Dungal's method of using secular knowledge to justify veneration of images.Giulio D’Onofrio, ed.
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A vacuum aspiration abortion at eight weeks gestational age (six weeks after fertilization). 1: Amniotic sac 2: Embryo 3: Uterine lining 4: Speculum 5: Vacurette 6: Attached to a suction pump Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction-aspiration or vacuum aspiration are the most common surgical methods of induced abortion. Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of removing the fetus or embryo, placenta, and membranes by suction using a manual syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) uses an electric pump. These techniques can both be used very early in pregnancy.
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The emblem of the gourd in the Lyon edition of Andrea Alciato's Emblemata (1550) The fable first appeared in the west in the Latin prose work Speculum Sapientiae (Mirror of wisdom),III.13 which groups its accounts into four themed sections. At one time attributed to the 4th century Cyril of Jerusalem, the work is now thought to be by the 13th century Boniohannes de Messana.According to notes in a Christies catalogue The story is told of a gourd that roots itself next to a palm tree and quickly equals her in height.
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Albert was deeply interested in astronomy, as has been articulated by scholars such as Paola ZambelliPaola Zambelli, "The Speculum Astronomiae and its Enigma" Dordrecht. and Scott Hendrix. Throughout the Middle Ages –and well into the early modern period– astrology was widely accepted by scientists and intellectuals who held the view that life on earth is effectively a microcosm within the macrocosm (the latter being the cosmos itself). It was believed that correspondence therefore exists between the two and thus the celestial bodies follow patterns and cycles analogous to those on earth.
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In flight, the wings look pale without a marked pattern, and no speculum on the secondaries. These birds feed mainly in shallow water by dabbling or up- ending, occasionally diving. Adults feed mostly on seeds (for example, from Scirpus and Ruppia), but also take significant quantities of invertebrates (especially aquatic insect larvae and pupae, tiny crustaceans, and—highly unusual for a duck—ants) and green plants (for example, Potamogeton). Their gizzard allows them to break down seeds and the lamellae in their beak allow them to filter feed on zooplanktonic organisms.
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Like the Paris Psalter, with which it is usually discussed, it is heavily classicising in style, though the extent to which this represents a revival or copying from a much earlier model is the subject of much debate. Its origins have been much debated by art historians, and the roll is considered to be "one of the most important and difficult problems of Byzantine art." "The Joshua Roll: A Work of the Macedonian Renaissance" – (a review of the named book by Kurt Weitzmann.) Review written by Adolf Katzenellenbogen. Published in Speculum, Vol.
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Neckam was a firm admirer of Aristotle as an authority in natural science as well as in the logical arts, one of the first Latin thinkers since antiquity to credit this aspect of the Stagirite's output. In the Speculum speculationum Alexander identifies one of his key purposes as combating the Cathar heresy, particularly its belief in dualism. He spends a large part of Book 1 on this, and thereafter passes on to focus on his other key purpose, the application of dialectic logic to the study of theology.
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During construction, whilst the telescope tube lay on the ground, the King as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury visited the telescope. Just prior to them entering the open mouth of the tube, the King commented "Come, my Lord Bishop, I will show you the way to Heaven!" Two concave metal mirrors were made for the telescope, each with a focal ratio of f/10. The first was cast in a London foundry on 31 October 1785, and was made of speculum (an alloy of mostly copper and tin) with arsenic to improve the finish.
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Usually metallic Chalcidoids of varying body size (from 1–48 mm long) and built (slender to quite robust), with the tarsi of the fore and hind legs consisting of five segments, which carry antennae consisting of eight to thirteen segments (including up to 3 annelli), and that in fully winged forms have in the fore wing a marginal vein that is at least several times longer than broad, very often with well-developed postmarginal and stigmal veins, although these are rarely quite short, and nearly always a distinct speculum.
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Peter Lang International Academic Publishers; Speculum (September 1, 1999) In addition, he has published a number of edited or co-edited volumes of literary criticism as well as more than a hundred articles, most of them on literature. He is a distinguished professor of Humanities at New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey where he teaches literary and cultural studies. His academic interests include modern and postmodern American poetry and the development of the poetics of authorship in medieval Europe. As a poet he works within the tradition of William Carlos Williams.
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A good deal about the manners and customs of the Tatars is demonstrably derived from the work of the Franciscan Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, who went as the pope's ambassador to the Tatars in 1245–1247; but Dr. Warner considers that the immediate source for Mandeville was the Speculum historiale of Vincent de Beauvais. Though the passages in question are all to be found in Carpine more or less exactly, the expression is condensed and the order changed. For examples compare Mandeville, p. 250, on the tasks done by Tatar women, with Carpine, p.
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During the 1840s, he had the Leviathan of Parsonstown built, a 72-inch (6 feet/1.83 m) telescope at Birr Castle, Parsonstown, County Offaly. The telescope replaced a telescope that he had built previously. He had to invent many of the techniques he used for constructing the Leviathan, both because its size was without precedent and because earlier telescope builders had guarded their secrets or had not published their methods. Details of the metal, casting, grinding and polishing of the 3-ton 'speculum' were presented in 1844 at the Belfast Natural History Society.
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The Duke was never caught while Queen Margaret was not so lucky, accused of frequently protecting and enabling the pirates. In response to the accusations against Margaret, a truce was drawn to last from September 1381 through November 11, 1383, listing the names of pirate chiefs which included Danish nobles, knights, squires, bailiffs, councilors, and vassals of the queen.Bjork, David K. "Piracy In The Baltic, 1375-1398." Speculum, 1943: 49 These efforts proved to be useless and piracy continued, leaving the merchant Hansa to patrol the seas at a great risk.
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By 1395 piracy was officially outlawed as an attempt to create peace in the Baltic once more, which ended up being more of a form of “paper peace”. Piracy had proved to be so profitable that pirates continued their activity, using the island of Gotland as headquarters and Duke Eric of Mecklenburg as the pirate chief.Bjork, David K. "Piracy In The Baltic, 1375-1398." Speculum, 1943: 66 From there the pirates preyed on Russia and Livonia while continuing to raid the Hansa, then pressed on to assault the Grand Master of Prussia in 1398.
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Four outermost primary wing-covert feathers feature white patches forming a distinctive speculum. The mid-throat has a pair of large oval white patches, while the upper throat is blackish with buff spots. The tawny lower throat and breast feature blackish-brown bars often flecked with grey, while underparts are tawny to ochre. Although the species is generally considered monotypic, adult females may tend to be a slightly lighter and paler tawny colour around the back, under-parts and collar, while also having slightly less prominent white markings on the outer wing-coverts.
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Denny, Don. Notes on the Avignon Pieta, Speculum, Medieval Academy of America, 1969. The curved back form of Christ's body is highly original, and the stark, motionless dignity of the other figures is very different from Italian or Netherlandish depictions. The style of the painting is unique for its time: the grouping of the figures appears somewhat primitive, yet the conception evidences both great breadth and delicacy, the latter quality especially evident in the specificity of the portraits and the elegant gesture of St. John's hands at Christ's head.
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Kedar argues that the canons are largely derived from the Byzantine Ecloga, promulgated by Leo III and Constantine V in 741. Kedar believes that the canons were put into practise in the 12th century,Benjamin Z. Kedar, "On the Origins of the Earliest Laws of Frankish Jerusalem: The Canons of the Council of Nablus, 1120" (Speculum 74 (1999)), pp. 330-331. although Marwan Nader disagrees, since they were not included in the Livre des Assises de la Cour des Bourgeois and other Assizes of Jerusalem, which were written in the 13th century.
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It is very similar to the other subspecies, the Andean crested duck, differing in being slightly smaller, with more distinctively mottled underparts, and a lighter purple speculum with green or bronze reflections.Blake (1977). Although, some crested ducks can also have rather fat bodies that may lead to varying degrees of motor incoordination Young ducks have smaller crests than the adults, or lack crests entirely. The faces of the young birds are browner than those of the adults; the abdomen is also much whiter and the mandible a pinkish colour.
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To diagnose cervicitis, a clinician will perform a pelvic exam. This exam includes a speculum exam with visual inspection of the cervix for abnormal discharge, which is usually purulent or bleeding from the cervix with little provocation. Swabs can be used to collect a sample of this discharge for inspection under a microscope and/or lab testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. A bimanual exam in which the clinician palpates the cervix to see if there is any associated pain should be done to assess for pelvic inflammatory disease.
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Colophons in the Lucerne manuscript give the title of the work as Hystoria Tartarorum and specify that it is not part of the Speculum historiale, which contains material on the Mongols derived from the Ystoria Mongalorum and the lost Historia Tartarorum of Simon of Saint- Quentin. The Yale manuscript may be a copy of the Lucerne, but it is more likely they both derive from the same exemplar. They certainly belong to the same manuscript family. The title Tartar Relation, coined by Painter for his 1965 edition, has stuck.
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Polishing the primary mirror for the Hubble Space Telescope. A deviation in the surface quality of approximately 4λ resulted in poor images initially, which was eventually compensated for using corrective optics. Mirrors are usually manufactured by either polishing a naturally reflective material, such as speculum metal, or by applying a reflective coating to a suitable polished substrate. In some applications, generally those that are cost-sensitive or that require great durability, such as for mounting in a prison cell, mirrors may be made from a single, bulk material such as polished metal.
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Henry de Balnea is the mistaken identity created by Thomas Tanner for the author of Speculum spiritualium. Balnea was of the Carthusian order. Of the exact date at which he flourished there seems to be no certain information; but as he quotes from both Richard Hampole, who died in 1349, and Walter Hylton, who died in 1395, he cannot well be assigned to an earlier period than the fifteenth century. Tanner infers that Henry de Balnea was an Englishman from the fact that he quotes Hylton in English.
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The Empire of Trebizond or Trapezuntine Empire was a monarchy and one of three successor rump states of the Byzantine Empire that flourished during the 13th through 15th centuries, consisting of the far northeastern corner of Anatolia (the Pontus) and the southern Crimea. The empire was formed in 1204 with the help of the Georgian queen Tamar after the Georgian expedition in Chaldia and Paphlagonia,A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 18f commanded by Alexios Komnenos a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople.
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John L. La Monte, "Some Problems in Crusading Historiography", Speculum 15, No. 1 (1940), p. 58. Although the Geschichte is now out of date, Röhricht's other magnum opus, the Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, remains useful to modern crusade historians; it is a collection of over nine hundred charters and other documents issued from the royal chancery of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which, until edited and published by Röhricht, had remained scattered throughout dozens of other medieval cartularies. He was also the first historian to collect all the medieval material pertaining to the Fifth Crusade.
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Leo was the leader in the early stages of the struggle in the order for the maintenance of St Francis's ideas on strict poverty. He thereupon retired to some hermitage of the order. Leo assisted at Saint Clara's deathbed, 1253; after suffering many persecutions from the dominant party in the order he died at the Porziuncola in extreme old age, and his remains are buried in the Basilica of St. Francis. Much that is known concerning him is collected by Paul Sabatier in the "Introduction" to the Speculum perfectionis (The Mirror of Perfection).
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The Leviathan in 1885, a 1.8 (6 foot wide/ 72 inch)) aperture metal-mirror reflecting telescope in Ireland List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century, are listings of what were, for the time period of the 19th century large optical telescopes. See List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century for the 1900s. The list includes various refractor and reflector that were active some time between about 1799 to 1901. The main reflecting technology early on, speculum metal reflected some 2/3 of light, and also had higher maintenance due to tarnishing.
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The story also appears in the 14th-century Italian epic La Spagna (attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350–1360Pulci, notes, p. 765 and p. 890.). Based in part in the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle (probably via Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Historiale),Hasenohr and Zink, 746. Jean or Jehan Bagnyon's 15th-century La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras (also called Fierabras) includes the story of Ferragus (Book 3, Part 1, Chapters 10–11).
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Largely self-educated, he was by some dubbed "Adelaide's Edison" for his inventiveness, absorption in his work, and his absent-mindedness. He built several telescopes from instructions found in English Mechanic magazine. His first telescope, completed in 1874, had a (glass, not speculum metal) reflector, and his second, which took 11 years to complete, had a diameter reflector, the largest privately owned telescope in Australia. He ground and silvered (to a method expounded by John Browning) the mirror himself and cast and turned the mount and all the mechanism, all in brass of course.
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From this it appears that the office of thyle was connected to the keeping and reproducing of orally transmitted lore like the Rígsþula, "Lay of Rígr". Unferð holds the role of thyle in the poem Beowulf; it has been suggested that he was also the scop who is mentioned reciting poetry at the feast.Norman E. Eliason, "The Þyle and Scop in Beowulf", Speculum 38.2 (1963) 267–84, , . It might be seen as a legitimate function of a guardian of the knowledge of the past to challenge boasts, judging them against the heroic past.
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Gervase's Otia imperialia is an encyclopedic work concerning history, geography, physics, and folklore, in the manner of speculum literature. It is sometimes associated with the Ebstorf Map, to the extent that some claim the map was meant to accompany the text, but this is a subject of continued debate. The text is divided into three parts (decisiones). The first is a history of the world from the Creation to the Flood. The second is a geographic treatise on the regions of the known world, as divided between Noah’s three sons.
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Speculoscopy is a procedure in which a special blue-white light (Speculite) is used to examine the cervix for cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions. Acetic acid is applied to the cervix, it is let sit for 60 seconds, then the cervix is examined with 4-6x magnification. The light is generated by a chemiluminescent light stick, which is attached to the inner side of the upper blade of the vaginal speculum by an adhesive strip. The test can be used to complement a pap smear in screening of cervical cancer.
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Versions of this chanson were extremely popular in England, Italy (see the adaptation by Andrea da Barberino) and even Scandinavia.Hasenohr, 106. Agolant appears in Jean Bagnyon's 15th century La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras (book 3, part 1, chapters 4–5), a work largely based on the Historia Caroli Magni, probably known to Bagnyon via the Speculum Historiale of Vincent de Beauvais. Through this tradition, Agolant(e) appears in the Italian romantic epics.
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The Centre for Medieval Studies (CMS) is a research centre at the University of Toronto in Canada dedicated to the history, thought, and artistic expression of the cultures that flourished during the Middle Ages. The centre was founded in 1964, with Bertie Wilkinson as its first director. Its foundation was announced in the journal Speculum: The centre had originated in a Medieval Club that met at Hart House. It was inspired by the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (PIMS), which had been founded in 1929 by Étienne Gilson.
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In short, to marry the 27-year-old princess to a pagan Slav seemed impossible. Vladimir was baptized at Chersonesos, however, taking the Christian name of Basil out of compliment to his imperial brother-in-law; the sacrament was followed by his wedding to Anna. Returning to Kiev in triumph, he destroyed pagan monuments and established many churches, starting with a church dedicated to St. Basil,The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev, Samuel H. Cross, H. V. Morgilevski and K. J. Conant, Speculum, 481. and the Church of the Tithes (989).
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Many miracles were said to be wrought through the intercession of Saint Nazarius at Lorsch, and from all parts of Europe pilgrims in large numbers came to visit the shrine. In the course of the 9th century the library and scriptorium of Lorsch made it one of the cultural centres of Germany; its four surviving 9th-century catalogues show that it was rich in both Classical and Christian texts.James W. Thompson, The Medieval Library (New York) 1957, pp. 80-82; Chauncey E. Finch, "Catalogues and Other Manuscripts from Lorsch" Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 99 (1968) pp. 165-179. Few Carolingian manuscripts are better known than the Lorsch gospels, the Codex Aureus of Lorsch, now divided between the Vatican Library and the Batthyaneum Library in Alba Iulia, Romania; the carved ivory consular diptychs of Anastasius (consul 517) that were reused for its bindings are urbane classicising works of art in themselves, and embodiments of the classical tradition of Byzantium as it was transmitted to Lorsch in the time of Charlemagne.Margaret H. Longhurst and Charles Rufus Morey, "The Covers of the Lorsch Gospels", Speculum 3.1 (January 1928:64-74); Charles Rufus Morey, " The Covers of the Lorsch Gospels", Speculum 4.4 (October 1929):411-429).
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Aspidopleura baltica is in length when the ovipositor is included and a uniform dark brown color. Several areas on each of the females are obscured or missing, with the dorsal view and right side not visible on the holotype, while the paratype has areas of white mold. The forewings are hyaline in coloration with a large brown spot covering the area behind the marginal and postmarginal veins but fading towards the wing apex. In general Aspidopleura does not closely resemble extant members of the subfamily Neanastatinae, with a very large speculum in the forewing and possessing a distinct frenum.
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The exam can be done awake in the clinic and emergency department, or under anesthesia in the operating room. The most commonly performed components of the exam are 1) the external exam, to evaluate the external genitalia 2) the internal exam with palpation (commonly called the bimanual exam) to examine the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, and 3) the internal exam using the speculum to visualize the vaginal walls and cervix. During the pelvic exam, sample of cells and fluids may be collected to screen for sexually transmitted infections or cancer. The examination can be emotionally and physically uncomfortable for patients.
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Nick Brooke (born December 26, 1968) is an American composer, musician, arranger, thereminist, instrument builder, and researcher of early musical automata. He was born in Manchester, New Hampshire. Brooke mixes musical sampling, lipsynching, and theater into an idiosyncratic genre. In many of his works, vocalists and actors are trained to mimic sampled collages of sound effects, pop songs, and musical ephemera, blurring the line between recording and live performance. Brooke’s instrumental works have been performed by the Paul Dresher Ensemble, the Nash Ensemble of London, Orchestra 2001, Dan Druckman, Speculum Musicae, and New York’s Gamelan Son of Lion.
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However, the philologist Theodor Mommsen argued that Jordanes' detailed description of the battle was copied from lost writings of the Greek historian Priscus. It is available in an English translation by Charles Christopher Mierow, The Gothic History of Jordanes (Cambridge: Speculum Historiale, 1966, a reprint of the 1915 second edition); all quotations of Jordanes are taken from this edition, which is in the public domain. However, Jordanes' account of Gothic history is notoriously unreliable. Other contemporary writers offer different motivations: Justa Grata Honoria, the sister of the emperor Valentinian III, had been betrothed to the former consul Herculanus the year before.
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Smits van Waesberghe associated him with Iacobus de Oudenaerde, professor at the University of Paris and canon of Liège, while he has also been identified with the Iacobus de Montibus mentioned in another manuscript. The discovery of an attribution of the Speculum to a Iacobus de Ispania initially suggested that the author had come from Spain (), possibly identifying him with a James of Spain known to have worked in Oxford in the 14th century, suggesting that the connection with Liège was spurious. Further research demonstrated that Ispania more likely refers to Hesbaye, and brought forward further evidence of the author's association with Liège.
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Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and intimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism and a more natural humanity to art.
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The book is believed to be the work of a Carthusian monk. It has been the subject of many conjectural attributions. An index to the catalogue of Syon Abbey made by Thomas Betson around 1504 (though he based his work on earlier materials) attributes Speculum spiritualium to 'Adam monachus Cartusiensis' (not the same as Adam of Dryburgh); hence John Bale called the author of the book 'Adam the Carthusian', attributing four other works to this identity, all of which are now known to be the work of other writers. Henry de Balnea was invented by Thomas Tanner as another author for the work.
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The author quotes Walter Hilton repeatedly, and refers to him as 'uenerabilis', implying the work was composed after his death in 1396. There are three known English Carthusians named Adam who lived in the early fifteenth century: Adam the prior of Hinton Priory (died 1400/1); Adam Cantwell, a monk of Hinton (died 1419/20); and Adam Horsley, monk of Beauvale Priory (died in 1424/25). Adam Horsley is thought to be the most plausible identification, since he is known to have been acquainted with Walter Hinton. Walter addressed his Epistola aurea, quoted in the Speculum, to this Adam.
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IV of the "Analecta Franciscana" (Quaracchi, 1906). In addition to the "Conformities", Bartholomew left some thirty other works, including an exposition of the Rule of the Friars Minor found in the "Speculum" Morin (Rouen, 1509) and a book "De Vita B. Mariae Virginis", published at Venice in 1596; his Lenten sermons were printed at Milan in 1498, Venice, 1503, and Lyons, 1519. Sbaralea and others have attributed to him the "Summa Casuum Conscientiae", which is really the work of Bartholomew a S. Concordio of Pisa, O. P., and the "Vita B. Gerardi", which was written by Bartholomew Albisi.
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Intravenous sedation may be combined with the topical and injection techniques. General anesthesia with the patient unconscious from intravenous agents and or inhaled gases is another technique, however general anaesthetic is not the standard treatment. #Exposure of the eyeball using an eyelid speculum; #Entry into the eye through a minimal incision (corneal or scleral); #Viscoelastic This is injected to stabilize the anterior chamber, to help maintain eye pressurization, and to distend the cataract's capsule during IOL implantation. #Capsulorhexis; #Hydrodissection; The cataract's outer cortical layer is dissected, by the injection of a fluid wave, from the capsule, the outer-most skin of the cataract.
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Viewed on speculum exam In prepubertal girls, the functional squamocolumnar junction is present just within the cervical canal. Upon entering puberty, due to hormonal influence, and during pregnancy, the columnar epithelium extends outward over the ectocervix as the cervix everts. Hence, this also causes the squamocolumnar junction to move outwards onto the vaginal portion of the cervix, where it is exposed to the acidic vaginal environment. The exposed columnar epithelium can undergo physiological metaplasia and change to tougher metaplastic squamous epithelium in days or weeks, which is very similar to the original squamous epithelium when mature.
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Trauma to the hymen may also occur in adult non-virgins following consensual sex, although it is rare. Trauma to the hymen may heal without any visible sign of injury. An observational study of adolescent sexual assault victims found that majority of wounds to the hymen healed without any visible sign of injury having occurred. Trauma to the hymen is hypothesized to occur as a result of various other behaviors, such as tampon or menstrual cup use, pelvic examinations with a speculum, masturbation, gymnastics, or horseback riding, although the true prevalence of trauma as a result of these activities is unclear.
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The Indian spot-billed duck (Anas poecilorhyncha) is a large dabbling duck that is a non-migratory breeding duck throughout freshwater wetlands in the Indian subcontinent. The name is derived from the red spot at the base of the bill that is found in the mainland Indian population. When in water it can be recognized from a long distance by the white tertials that form a stripe on the side, and in flight it is distinguished by the green speculum with a broad white band at the base. This species and the eastern spot-billed duck (A.
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Carloman died on 4 December 771, at the Villa of Samoussy; the death, sudden and convenient though it was, was set down to natural causes (a severe nosebleed is sometimes claimed as being at fault).Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, p.70Story, Joanna, "Cathwulf, Kingship, and the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis", Speculum 74.1 (January 1999:1–21) At the time of his death, he and his brother Charlemagne were close to outright war, which Charlemagne's biographer Einhard attributes to the miscounsel of Carloman's advisors. Carloman was buried in Reims, but he was reburied in the Basilique Saint-Denis in the 13th century.
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Villeloup, Aube) ca 1520–30 polychromed limestone The name of Saint Barbara was known in Rome in the 7th century; her cult can be traced to the 9th century, at first in the East. Since there is no mention of her in the earlier martyrologies, her historicity is considered doubtful.Alexander Joseph Denomy, "An old French life of Saint Barbara", Medieval Studies 1 (1939:148–78) publishes a 13th- or 14th-century poem in octasyllabic couplets; Wilhelm Weyh, Die syrische Barbara-Legende (Schweinfurt, 1912), concludes that the first legenda was in Greek. Her legend is included in Vincent of Beauvais' Speculum historiale (xii.
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MS 21853), but it remained unpublished. (He did, however, publish maps alone of Surrey, Hampshire, Sussex and probably Kent.) In 1596 he published an explanation and justification of the overall project as Speculum Britanniae: a Preparative to this Work. In 1604, he presented to James I a more expansive description and set of nine maps of Cornwall (later published in 1728). A description of Northamptonshire (which he had surveyed in the 1590s, and is known to have completed in 1610) reached print in 1720; and one of Essex (related to, but distinct from, that in the "Chorographical Description") was eventually published in 1840.
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Speculum, 35-48. The bull declares that the Church must be united and the Pope was its sole and absolute head: "Therefore, of the one and only Church there is one body and one head, not two heads like a monster". Transcribed from The bull also stated, "We are informed by the texts of the gospels that in this Church and in its power are two swords; namely, the spiritual and the temporal." The swords being referred to are a customary reference to the swords yielded by the Apostles upon Christ's arrest (Luke 22:38; Matthew 26:52).
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Greenstein, L., Davara, G. A., Ganon, G., & Aviv, D. (19 April 2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,314,162. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filing date: 2 May 2014. The trademark application for Illumigyn describes the device: > “An integrated medical device system for imaging, diagnosing and treating > abnormal cells, a speculum and high resolution medical imaging apparatus and > processors and also including illumination apparatus and working space for > tools in the nature of medical trays for holding instruments, medical > supplies and tissue samples during interventional procedures, for use in a > clinical setting.”Lederman, Robyn S. (10 April 2015). Illumigyn.
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John Serson (died 1744) was an English sea captain best known for his invention of a "whirling speculum".Bedini SA, "History Corner: The Artificial Horizon", Professional Surveyor Magazine December 1999 Volume 19 Number 10 This was an early form of artificial horizon designed for marine navigation, consisting of a mirror, attached to a spinning top, that attempted to remain in a horizontal plane despite the movement of the ship. This device can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope used in modern inertial navigation, although it was not itself a gyroscope.Turner G, "History of Gyroscopes", gyroscopes.
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Bonaventura of Iseo (died c. 1273) was an Italian Friar Minor, diplomat, theologist and alchemist. He played an important role for the Franciscan Order (Ordo Fratrum Minorum) as fiduciary of Elias of Cortona and later of Crescentius of Jesi, whose he was Vicar around the First Council of Lyon in 1245. Friend of Albertus MagnusCharles Burnett (2012), How Albert the Great's Speculum astronomiae was Interpreted and Used by Four Centuries of Readers: A Study in Late Medieval Medicine, Astronomy, and Astrology (review) and of Thomas Aquinas, he was Franciscan Minister Provincial, in particular in the March of Treviso under Ezzelini.
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Three examples of early English printing were donated to the Library by Gwendoline and Margaret Davies of Gregynog in 1921. Two of these books were printed by William Caxton: Speculum Vitae Christi of 1488, and the copy of Ranulf Higden's Polychronicon (1482) that had previously been the property of Higden's Monastery, St. Werburgh's Abbey at Chester. The third is another copy of the Polychronicon, printed by Caxton's successor Wynkyn de Worde in 1495. Nine specimens of early printed books (three German, five Italian and one printed in Ghent) were deposited by Lord Harlech between 1938 and 1941.
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The primary mirror of a reflecting telescope is a spherical or parabolic shaped disks of polished reflective metal (speculum metal up to the mid 19th century), or in later telescopes, glass or other material coated with a reflective layer. One of the first known reflecting telescopes, Newton's reflector of 1668, used a 3.3 cm polished metal primary mirror. The next major change was to use silver on glass rather than metal, in the 19th century such was with the Crossley reflector. This was changed to vacuum deposited aluminum on glass, used on the 200-inch Hale telescope.
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Many members of his family had been in the service of the House of Habsburg. Agrippa studied at the University of Cologne from 1499 to 1502, (age 13-16) when he received the degree of magister artium. The University of Cologne was one of the centers of Thomism, and the faculty of arts was split between the dominant Thomists and the Albertists. It is likely that Agrippa's interest in the occult came from this Albertist influence.Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, The Western Esoteric Traditions', 2008, , p. 55 Agrippa himself named Albert’s Speculum as one of his first occult study texts.
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Palazzo Caprini's facade along Borgo Nuovo in a 1549 etching by Antoine Lafréry from Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae Detail of the facade. Photo by Paolo Monti, 1979 The original building is known only through etchings and drawings by contemporaries. These include an etching by Antoine Lafréry in 1549; drawings by Jean de Cheveniéres and Andrea Palladio (1541 ca.), Domenico Alfani (Christmas 1581), and Ottavio Mascherino; and a fresco in the Logge of Gregory XIII in the Vatican by Antonio Tempesta and Matthijs Bril, representing the translation in St. Peter of the corpse of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus.Gigli (1992) p.
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Oleson's theories attracted considerable academic criticism. Several reviews of the book were critical of this thesis, arguing that it went against the archaeological evidence. The prevailing interpretation was that the Thule culture had its origins in Alaska and had moved eastward. Oleson's thesis was that the Thule originated in the eastern Arctic and gradually moved westward. Several reviewers challenged Oleson's interpretation,David B. Quinn, "Review: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000–1632 by Tryggvi J. Oleson" Canadian Historical Review, Volume 46, Number 1, March 1965.J. H. Parry, "Reviewed Work: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000-1632 by Tryggvi J. Oleson", Speculum, Vol.
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34–37 The historian Ian Wood has suggested that Mellitus' journey through Gaul probably took in the bishoprics of Vienne, Arles, Lyons, Toulon, Marseilles, Metz, Paris, and Rouen, as evidenced by the letters that Gregory addressed to those bishops soliciting their support for Mellitus' party. Gregory also wrote to the Frankish kings Chlothar II, Theuderic II, Theudebert II, along with Brunhilda of Austrasia, who was Theudebert and Theuderic's grandmother and regent. Wood feels that this wide appeal to the Frankish episcopate and royalty was an effort to secure more support for the Gregorian mission.Wood "Mission of Augustine" Speculum p.
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In 1596 he published his Preparative to the Speculum Britanniae, dedicated to Burleigh. In 1598 there appeared the only other part of the project to reach print in his lifetime, Speculi Britaniae Pars: the Description of Hartfordshire. He also completed accounts of five other counties in manuscript. Three of these were printed many years after his death: Essex, edited for the Camden Society in 1840 by Sir Henry Ellis from a manuscript at Hatfield House; Northamptonshire, known to have been finished in 1610, but not published until 1720; and Cornwall, likewise finished in 1610, but published in 1728.
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In late medieval Europe, several authors had the ambition of compiling the sum of human knowledge in a certain field or overall, for example Bartholomew of England, Vincent of Beauvais, Radulfus Ardens, Sydrac, Brunetto Latini, Giovanni da Sangiminiano, Pierre Bersuire. Some were women, like Hildegard of Bingen and Herrad of Landsberg. The most successful of those publications were the Speculum maius (Great Mirror) of Vincent of Beauvais and the De proprietatibus rerum (On the Properties of Things) by Bartholomew of England. The latter was translated (or adapted) into French, Provençal, Italian, English, Flemish, Anglo-Norman, Spanish, and German during the Middle Ages.
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Oleson's thesis was controversial and attracted considerable opposition and critical reviews, particularly from practitioners of Arctic archaeology. The prevailing interpretation was that the Thule culture had its origins in Alaska and had moved eastward. Oleson's thesis was that the Thule originated in the eastern Arctic and gradually moved westward. Several reviewers challenged Oleson's interpretation,David B. Quinn, "Review: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000–1632 by Tryggvi J. Oleson" Canadian Historical Review, Volume 46, Number 1, March 1965.J. H. Parry, "Reviewed Work: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000-1632 by Tryggvi J. Oleson", Speculum, Vol.
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As set out in an introductory "Author's Note," the novel's protagonist Vergil Magus is based on the ancient Augustan era Roman epic poet Virgil, in his legendary medieval guise as a great magician. The book is set in an alternate ancient Mediterranean world and features and concerns Vergil's quest to forge a "virgin speculum" (mirror) for the purpose of divination. The construction of such a mirror requires the use of unsmelted copper ore and tin, precipitating a quest to Cyprus, the source of copper in the ancient world. The story also includes a brazen head, which lends its name to Vergil's house.
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Charles Julian Bishko (1948), "Salvus of Albelda and Frontier Monasticism in Tenth-Century Navarre", Speculum, 23:4, 561. The title prefect indicated margravial rank. The first charter mentioning him with the title dux has been redated by one scholar to 920. He appears to have governed the Rioja with quasi-regal authority, part of a Navarrese experiment in creating a new kingdom, which would be the Kingdom of Viguera.Alberto Cañada Juste (1981), "Un milenario navarro: Ramiro Garcés, rey de Viguera", Príncipe de Viana, 42:29, considers the special status of Rioja a result of its proximity to Castile and distance from Pamplona.
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The mosaic of the apse's semi-dome depicts a ship in its central medallion. The ship's sail features the monogram of Mary, while a star in the sky shows an intertwined A and M, which stands for Ave Maria. This medallion is surrounded by rinceaux and thirty two birds, including peacocks, parrots, hoopoes, bluethroats, herons, and goldfinches. The band beneath the semi-dome is decorated with nine medallions, which represent several titles of Mary from the Litany of Loreto: Foederis Arca, Speculum Iustitiae, Sedes Sapientiae, Turris Davidica, Rosa Mystica, Turris Eburnea, Domus Aurea, Vas Spirituale, Ianua Coeli.
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He was the first to use an aural speculum for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, and his writings on surgical subjects are still of interest. He published two treatises on ulcers and tumors, a treatise on surgery, and a commentary on Hippocrates's book on wounds of the head. In his own time he was regarded as somewhat of an authority in the field of sexuality. Fallopio was the first to describe a condom (in his writings, a linen sheath wrapped around the penis), and he advocated the use of such sheaths to prevent syphilis.
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The second section is a chronicle of Sens drawn from earlier chronicles, such as that of Odorannus and the Historia Francorum Senonensis. It covers the years 675–1096, although some of this material is dispersed throughout the universal history. The third section contains an account of the abbacy of Arnaud of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif (1096–1124) in the form of a series of annals. The fourth section contains a continuation of the annals down to 1180 and further continuations that take it down to 1290.Gabrielle M. Spiegel, "Review of Bautier and Gilles", Speculum, 57(1), 114–116.
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In 1976, at the age of twenty-two, Picker was commissioned to compose "Sextet No. 3" by Speculum Musicae, which premiered at Alice Tully Hall. Soon after, in 1978, the premier of "Rhapsody for Violin and Piano" led New Yorker critic Andrew Porter to deem Picker "a genuine creator with a fertile, unforced vein of invention." "A genuine creator with a fertile, unforced vein of invention." By the age of thirty, Picker had been recognized with numerous awards, including fellowships from the National Endowment of the Arts, the Joseph H. Bearns Prize (Columbia University), a Charles Ives Scholarship, and a Guggenheim Fellowship.
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He observed the heavens with this telescope for some twenty years, replacing the mirror several times. In 1789 Herschel finished building his largest reflecting telescope with a mirror of and a focal length of , (commonly known as his 40-foot telescope) at his new home, at Observatory House in Slough, England. To cut down on the light loss from the poor reflectivity of the speculum mirrors of that day, Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror from his design and tilted his primary mirror so he could view the formed image directly. This design has come to be called the Herschelian telescope.
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The Grand Master did not stand for this, equipping a large fleet and sailing to Gotland, where castles were burned and the pirates soon evacuated.Bjork, David K. "Piracy In The Baltic, 1375-1398." Speculum, 1943: 67-68 King Albert of Sweden ceded Gotland to the Order as a pledge (similar to a fiefdom), with the understanding that they would eliminate the pirating Victual Brothers from this strategic island base in the Baltic Sea. An invasion force under Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen conquered the island in 1398 and drove the Victual Brothers out of Gotland and the Baltic Sea.
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Simon of Saint-Quentin (fl. 1245-48) was a Dominican friar and diplomat who accompanied Ascelin of Lombardia on an embassy which Pope Innocent IV sent to the Mongols in 1245. Simon’s account of the mission, in its original form, is lost; but a large section has been preserved in Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Historiale, where nineteen chapters are expressly said to be ex libello fratris Simonis. The embassy of Ascelin and Simon proceeded to the camp of Baiju at Sitiens in Armenia, lying between the Aras River and Lake Sevan, fifty-nine days' journey from Acre.
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The chocolate-backed kingfisher has the typical stocky kingfisher shape with dark upper parts and pure white underparts. The head and hind neck are very dark brown, the mantle is brownish black, the back is black, the rump a brilliant iridescent blue, the upper tail coverts are black, and the tail is pale blue. The wings are dark, apart from a brilliant azure speculum formed in the outer webs of the secondary feathers. The underparts from the throat to the vent are snowy white, apart from a small blackish flank patch, and are clearly demarcated from the dark upper parts.
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José María Lacarra (1907-1987) affirmed that the cross was originally only a diocesan boundary, of Carolingian provenance, and was associated with the Way of Saint James. The famous Spanish historian Ramón Menéndez Pidal argued that the cross was an important stage in the pilgrim's journey because it marked their entrance into Spain.Stephen G. Nichols, Jr. (1969), "The Interaction of Life and Literature in the Peregrinationes ad Loca Sancta and the Chansons de Geste," Speculum, 44(1), 67; ibid. (1969), "Poetic Reality and Historical Illusion in the Old French Epic," The French Review, 43(1), 27.
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During the surgery, a corneal flap is created, during which there can be a sensation of slight pressure on the eye during the procedure. The non-dominant eye is covered and the dominant eye is opened and kept open by a speculum, the corneal flap is lifted and the laser correction is done – an ultra thin flap can be created for treatment of very high prescriptions.Accuracy and reproducibility of Artemis central flap thickness and visual outcomes of LASIK with the Carl Zeiss Meditec Visumax Femtosecond Laser and the MEL 80 Excimer Laser platforms. Journal of Refractive Surgery 2010, Feb 26: 107 – 19.
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Although the canons may have been well known in William's time, only one copy, located in a church in Sidon, seemed to survive the Muslim reconquest of the Kingdom. This copy made its way to Europe where it was in the papal library at Avignon by 1330. It is now located in the Vatican Library, MS Vat. Lat. 1345. A copy was edited in the Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio of Giovanni Domenico Mansi in the 18th century, and more recently a new edition has been published by Benjamin Z. Kedar in Speculum (Vol. 74, 1999).
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Watt is the author of three important books on late medieval women's writing: Secretaries of God, Medieval Women's Writing and Women, Writing and Religion. She has also written a study of the work of Chaucer's friend and literary executor John Gower, entitled Amoral Gower which received critical praise in the journal Speculum. She was awarded the John Hurt Fisher Prize for "significant contribution to the field of John Gower Studies" in 2004. She has also published an edition of the letters of the Paston women, and has edited and co-edited a number of other works.
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Cadoc's story appears in a Vita Cadoci written shortly before 1086 by Lifris of Llancarfan;The text is Latin: for confirmation of before ca 1086 as the most likely date for the text, see below. "it was clearly written at Llancarfan with the purpose of honouring the house and confirming its endowments,"Tatlock, J. S. P. (1939) "The Dates of the Arthurian Saints' Legends", Speculum 14.3 (July 1939:345–365) p. 345 Consequently, it is of limited historical merit though some details are of interest. Llancarfan did not survive the intrusion of Norman power into South Wales, being dissolved about 1086.
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The date was argued for by J. S. P. Tatlock, "Caradoc of Llancarfan," Speculum 13, 144–45. Cadoc began life under a cloud of violence. His father, Gwynllyw the Bearded, was one of the lesser kings of Wales, a brother of Saint Petroc, and a robber chieftain. He wanted to propose to Princess Gwladys, daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog, a neighboring chieftain, but Brychan turned away the envoys asking for Gwladys' hand. Wildly in love, Gwynllyw and Gwladys eloped from her father’s court at Brecon and escaped over the mountains in a raid in which 200 of Gwynllyw's 300 followers perished.
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The most famous block-books are the Speculum Humanae Salvationis and the Ars moriendi, though in this the images and text are on different pages, but all block-cut. The Biblia pauperum, a Biblical picture-book, was the next most common title, and the great majority of block-books were popular devotional works. All block-books are fairly short at less than fifty pages. While in Europe movable metal type soon became cheap enough to replace woodblock printing for the reproduction of text, woodcuts remained a major way to reproduce images in illustrated works of early modern European printing.
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Speculum exam in candidal vulvovaginitis, showing thick, curd-like plaque on the anterior vaginal wall. A slightly erythematous base is visible close to the center of the image, where some of the plaque was scraped off The symptoms of vaginal thrush include vulval itching, vulval soreness and irritation, pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse (superficial dyspareunia), pain or discomfort during urination (dysuria) and vaginal discharge, which is usually odourless. This can be thin and watery, or thick and white, like paper paste or cottage cheese. As well as the above symptoms of thrush, vulvovaginal inflammation can also be present.
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Image magic is a tradition of magic in medieval Europe originating from the influx of Arabic texts in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and focused on astrology. It serves as a major precursor to and was reinterpreted by the Hermetic Renaissance magical traditions, particularly the work of Marsilio Ficino. The term astrological image first appears in the Speculum astronomiae and refers to talismans created under specific astrological signs in order to draw down influence from astral spirits (i.e. the planets and stars embodied as the Aristotelian Intelligences, and later the Neoplatonic planetary demons) for magical operation.
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The great talmudist Rabbi Moses ben Joseph di Trani (1505–1585) was born in Thessaloniki, three years after his family had fled there from Trani due to antisemitic persecution. Trani entered a crisis under the Anjou and Aragonese rule (14th–16th centuries), as its Jewish component was persecuted under Dominican pressure.Joshua Starr, "The Mass Conversion of Jews in Southern Italy (1290–1293)" Speculum 21.2 (April 1946), pp. 203-211, Under the House of Bourbon, however, Trani recovered a certain splendour, thanks to the generally improved condition of Southern Italy economy and the construction of several magnificent buildings.
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The Biblia was rivalled by the Speculum Humanae Salvationis (Mirror of Human Salvation), another very popular compilation of typological pairings, with rather more text than the Biblia. The iconographical programmes of these books are shared with many other forms of medieval art, including stained glass windows and carvings of biblical subjects. Since books are more portable than these, they may well have been important in transmitting new developments in depicting the subjects. Most subjects, such as the Annunciation to the Shepherds, can be seen in a very similar form at different dates, in different media and different countries.
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The famous illuminated manuscript – described as "the most beautifully illumined German manuscript in centuries;"Ingeborg Glier, reviewing Koschorreck and Werner 1981 in Speculum 59.1 (January 1984), p 169. – was commissioned by the Manesse family of Zürich, copied and illustrated in the city at some time between 1304 and 1340. Producing such a work was a highly expensive prestige project, requiring several years work by highly skilled scribesKoschorreck and Werner 1981 discern no fewer than eleven scribes, some working simultaneously, in the production. and miniature painters, and it clearly testifies to the increasing wealth and pride of Zürich citizens in this period.
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Carol Downer joined a NOW chapter in California in 1969, where she learned about abortions and in 1970, helped refer women to Harvey Karman's illegal abortion clinic. The Karman cannula was of particular interest to Downer, as it did not require cervical dilation, curettage, or powerful vacuum suction. Karman let them observe several abortions and an IUD insertion, during which Downer saw a woman's cervix for the first time and was "amazed" at how close and accessible it was. This inspired her interest in performing abortions and to take a speculum home to perform a cervical examination on herself.
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Metrodora's work was circulated during this period as well. Her bibliographic references include "a Berenice called Cleopatra" or "mono marciglia", which caused some Medieval publishers to incorrectly attribute her work to the famous Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and it was under the name of "Cleopatra" that On the Diseases and Cures of Women was published by Caspar Wolf in 1566, and then by Israel Spach in 1597. Metrodora was evidently greatly experienced with clinical practice. Her works reference examinations done both digitally (that is, by hand alone) and using a speculum, and show a detailed familiarity with physiology.
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Endocervical polyps are visible at the time of a gynecologic examination using a vaginal speculum, and can often be removed with a minor office procedure. Adenomyosis is a condition in which endometrial glands are present within the muscle of the uterus (myometrium), and the pathogenesis and mechanism by which it causes abnormal bleeding have been debated. Uterine leiomyoma, commonly termed uterine fibroids, are common, and most fibroids are asymptomatic. The presence of leiomyomas may not be the cause of abnormal bleeding, although fibroids that are submucosal in location are the most likely to cause abnormal bleeding.
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His work is widely performed and has been presented by ensembles including the Boston Symphony Chamber Players, the New York New Music Ensemble, Speculum Musicae, the League-ISCM, Earplay, Musica Viva and Collage New Music. He received the Jeunesse musicales award for his String Quartet No. 1 in 1967, and the League-ISCM award for Elegy in 1982. Other awards include a Rockefeller grant (1974), NEA award (1983), Guggenheim Fellowship (1984), two Fulbrights (1953–55), as well as a recording award and the Walter Hinrichsen Publication Award from the American Academy (1988) and National Institute of Arts and Letters (1986).
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In 1347, possibly in September, Islip was appointed keeper of the Privy Seal. Previously he had held the seal of Lionel of Antwerp, the King's second son, who was the regent in England. He enjoyed the trust and confidence of Edward III, who relied on him in political and diplomatic as well as Church affairs, and gave him extensive powers during his absence in France. Though loyal to the King he did not hesitate to oppose him where the affairs of the Church were concerned, and later addressed a famous remonstrance, the Speculum Regis Edwardi, refusing the King's demand for a tenth of ecclesiastical income for six years.
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The Siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords. The Siege of Lisbon was one of the few Christian victories of the Second Crusade—it was "the only success of the universal operation undertaken by the pilgrim army", i.e., the Second Crusade, according to the near contemporary historian Helmold,C. W. David, "The Authorship of the De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi", Speculum, 7:1 (1932), 50, citing Helmold's Chronica Slavorum in MGH, Scriptores, 11, 58: Hoc solum prospere cessit de universo opere, quod peregrinus patravit exercitus.
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A Pap smear is performed by opening the vaginal canal with a speculum and collecting cells at the outer opening of the cervix at the transformation zone (where the outer squamous cervical cells meet the inner glandular endocervical cells), using an Ayre spatula. Similar method is used to collect cells in anus of both women and men. The collected cells are examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities. The test aims to detect potentially precancerous changes (called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical dysplasia; the squamous intraepithelial lesion system (SIL) is also used to describe abnormalities) caused by human papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted DNA virus.
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During the insertion, the vagina is held open with a speculum, the same device used during a pap smear. A grasping instrument is used to steady the cervix, the length of the uterus is measured for proper insertion with a uterine sound for decreasing chance of uterine perforation with the IUD, and the IUD is placed using a narrow tube through the opening of the cervix into the uterus. A short length of monofilament plastic/nylon string hangs down from the cervix into the vagina. The string allows physicians and patients to check to ensure the IUD is still in place and enables easy removal of the device.
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That same year he helped form the Speculum Musicae. He soon began to perform with notable music groups throughout the United States, notably playing the American premiere of Hans Werner Henze’s Double Concerto with the National Symphony Orchestra at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C. He has also appeared at several chamber music festivals, including the Spoleto Festival of the Two Worlds in Italy. Marangella has served as principal oboist for numerous ballet orchestras throughout his career. Former posts include Principal Oboe with the New York City Ballet, the American Ballet Theatre, the Bolshoi Ballet, the Royal Ballet, the Royal Swedish Ballet, and the Royal Danish Ballet.
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The nave of Auxerre Cathedral Close-up view of the nave The narrative sculptural program of the portals on the west end are noted for their extent and variety.Don Denny, "Some Narrative Subjects in the Portal Sculpture of Auxerre Cathedral" Speculum 51.1 (January 1976:23–34). Guillaume de Seignelay, bishop of Auxerre decided to undertake the reconstruction of the older edifice about 1215,His vita in Gesta Pontificum Autissiodorensium is the primary source for the building campaign. to which he set an example by contributing heavily and consistently from his own resources, and even bequeathed funds after his transfer to the see of Paris in 1220.
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He was born at Gueschard, between Abbeville and Hesdin, in what is now the Somme department, but was then in Picardy, and from 1435 part of the Duchy of Burgundy.It was ceded in the 1435 Treaty of Arras. Gueschard was a commune in 1854, but now appears to have been swallowed up by Abbeville. He was recruited by the Duke after he translated and adapted the Speculum Humanae Salvationis into French in 1448, and as well as his court salary he was made a canon of Saint Peter's in Lille in 1453, serving until his death in 1472, when he was buried in the church.
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The examiner first straightens the ear canal by pulling on the pinna (usually the earlobe, side or top) and then inserts the ear speculum side of the otoscope into the external ear. It is important to brace the hand holding the otoscope against the patient's head to avoid injury to the ear canal by placing the index finger or little finger against the head. The examiner can then look through a lens on the rear of the instrument and see inside the ear canal. In many models, the lens can be removed, which allows the examiner to insert instruments through the otoscope into the ear canal, such as for removing earwax.
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Especially interesting within the Iter Italicum is the selection of drawings that Buchel made, many of which are based on earlier prints.For a survey of Buchel's borrowings, see Jan L. De Jong, 'Aernout van Buchel's Description of Italy, 1587-88', Print Quarterly, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2 (June, 2016): 123–134. One example is his drawing of the Sarcophagus of Constantia, which resembles an illustration from Bartolomeo Marliani’s travel guide Antiquae Romae topographia, first published in 1538. Marliani’s illustration is based in turn on an etching and engraving by Ambrosius Brambilla, published by Claudio Duchetti in 1582 in the Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae (Mirror of Roman Magnificence).
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"By 1268 Roman formulas of the proctorial mandate were adapted for use of knights of the shire in Parliament; and soon the kings of England and France, following the precedent established by the lawyers and by cathedral chapters in provincial councils, began to express the Roman principle of due process in court, 'Quod omnes tangit' etc., as an integral part of the rationale of the representation of individual and corporate rights before the king and his court and council in assembly."Gaines Post, "Roman Law and Early Representation in Spain and Italy, 1150-1250" Speculum 18.2 (April 1943:211-232), p. 232, noting the precedent set at Bourges, 1225.
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Each word in the corpus is tagged with its part of speech and the subject matter category of its source. Disseminated throughout the world, the Brown Corpus has served as a model for similar projects in other languages and as the basis for numerous scholarly studies, including Francis and Kučera's Frequency Analysis of English Usage, which was published in 1967. ;Magazine and journal contributions Francis wrote articles that were published in American Speech, College Composition and Communication, College English, Computers and the Humanities, Contemporary Psychology, East Anglian Magazine, English Journal, The Explicator, Language, Language in Society, Lingua, Modern Language Notes, PMLA, The Quarterly Journal of Speech, Speculum, Style, and Word.
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In 1969 Oppens won the Gold Medal at the Busoni International Piano Competition and the Young Concert Artists competition, plus an Avery Fisher Career Grant in 1976. She served as a Founding Member of the Speculum Musicae from 1971 to 1982. From 1994 until 2008 Oppens was on the summer faculty of the Tanglewood Music Center. She held the position of Distinguished Professor of Music at Northwestern University from 1994 to 2008, and in 2008 went on to take up a new post as Distinguished Professor of Music at the Conservatory of Music at Brooklyn College and the CUNY Graduate Center in New York City.
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He became a student of the instrument-maker Jean de Fusoris, who was employed between 1400 and 1445 by Philip the Good and later by the French king Louis XI of France. By 1432, Henri was at the court of Philip the Good in Dijon as well. Between 1438 and 1446 (several decades before the activities of Leonardo da Vinci), he created manuscripts in Latin on a wide variety of technical subjects, including astronomy, hydraulics, astronomical instruments, and drawings of apparent inventions like a folding ladder and a gem polishing machine. Among the manuscripts is a copy (in Henri's handwriting) of Jacob of Liège's Speculum musicae.
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Dennis Smylie is an American bass clarinetist, known particularly for his performances of contemporary classical music. He studied at the Juilliard School under Joseph Allard. He is a member of the Westchester Philharmonic, American Symphony Orchestra and the Brooklyn Philharmonic and performed with several other orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Ballet and New York City Opera, the Buffalo Philharmonic, Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra and Montreal Symphony Orchestra, and Speculum Musicae. Smylie was the bass clarinet soloist in the premiere performance and recording of Donald Martino's Triple Concerto.
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Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that this was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and intimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular.
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The following year she published Medieval Literature, A Book of Translations, which Francis P. Magoun, Jr. found "well executed" with much "genuine artistry", although he objected on thematic and stylistic grounds to the choice of Icelandic items and wanted more informative introductions.Review by F. P. Magoun, Jr., Speculum 4.1, January 1929, pp. 129-31 (Online at JSTOR). She is widely known for The Gift of Language (originally published in 1942 as The Gift of Tongues), a layperson's introduction to linguistics; a reviewer wrote: "It is rarely that one comes across an academic treatise so lively, so easy to read, and so full of meat and meaning".
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She frequently collaborated with Sharon Butler, and they produced a bestseller with the 1976 book Pleyn Delit: Medieval Cookery for Modern Cooks (published in paperback in 1979, revised in 1996 with Brenda Hosington). With Butler she published Curye on Inglysch in 1985 for the Early English Text Society, and in 1988 she published An Ordinance of Pottage. With Rudolf Grewe she published The Libellus de Arte Coquinaria (2001), an edition and translation of manuscripts that evidence "one of the oldest, perhaps even the very oldest, vernacular collections of European culinary recipes". She also published essays on the topic in leading journals such as Speculum and Medium Aevum.
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Onoulphus was a Scirian; with his brother, Odoacer, he was raised at the court of Attila, King of the Huns. Following the destruction of the Sciri, who had been incited to break their treaty with the Ostrogoths by Hunimund, king of the Swabians, Onoulphus with his father Edeko joined the Swabian side in the Battle of Bolia in the late 460s, where they were again defeated by the Ostrogoths under their king Theodemir.Jordanes, Getica, 274-279. Translated by Charles C. Mierow, The Gothic History of Jordanes, second edition, 1915 (Cambridge: Speculum Historiale, 1966), pp. 130-132. Onoulphus joined the Roman army in the 470s and rose through its ranks.
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L. J. Sackville, Heresy and Heretics in the Thirteenth Century: The Textual Representations (2011) p. 60. Parts of his work were published in Paris in 1877 by A. Lecoy de La Marche under the title Anecdotes historiques, légendes et apologues, tirés du recueil inédit d'Étienne de Bourbon dominicain du 13e siècle. A free use of his writings was made by a later compiler to form a "Speculum Morale", which for a long time was falsely attributed to Vincent of Beauvais. Stephen was the protagonist of a 1987 French film Le Moine et la Sorcière, by Suzanne Schiffman, where he was played by Tchéky Karyo.
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These apocryphal scenes became much more restricted in the later Middle Ages. Certain events from the Life were celebrated as feasts by the Church, and others were not; this greatly affected the frequency with which they were depicted. Other Marian devotional practices affected the length and composition of cycles; Books of Hours often had eight scenes to go with the eight sections of the text of the Hours of the Virgin. The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin, the Seven Joys of the Virgin and the 15 decades of the Rosary also influenced selection of scenes,Schiller: I,125 for example in the standardised illustrations for the Speculum Humanae Salvationis.
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Although he was never formally installed as King of Tuscany, several documents pertaining to the Tuscan communes refer to him as "lord king" (dominus rex), "Lord Frederick, son of the emperor, and King" (dominus Federighus filius domini imperatoris et rex) or "King Frederick" (re Federigo). Four Tuscan poems variously ascribed to the emperor and to "King Frederick" (rex Fredericus) may have been written by Frederick of Antioch. Although the evidence is slim, several lines of one poem seem to have been penned by a person with intimate knowledge of Tuscany.H. H. Thornton, "The Poems Ascribed to Frederick II and 'Rex Fredericus'", Speculum 1:1 (1926), 87–100.
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The elm replies to the 'poor infatuated shrub' that misapplication of its resources will soon bring about its downfall.Fable XXXI, pp.194-5 In the rewriting, the original moral of the Elm and the Vine, that weakness needs support, is made to revert to the economics of the Speculum Sapientiae. Very much the same moral is drawn from "The Oak and the Sycamore" in the same section of Dodsley's book: 'A Sycamore grew beside an Oak, and being not a little elevated by the first warm days of spring, began to shoot forth and to despise the naked Oak for insensibility and want of spirit.
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I have frequently seen people > obtain water from the moon at night by means of a speculum, and fire from > the sun in the morning by used of a burning-mirror [餘數見人以方諸求水於夕月陽燧引火於朝日]. I > have seen people conceal themselves to the point of complete disappearance, > or change their appearance so that they no longer seem human. I have seen > them knot a kerchief, throw it to the ground, and produce a hopping hare. I > have seen them sew together a red belt and thereby produce a wriggling > snake.
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Kirby, I. J. (1986) Bible Translation in Old Norse, Genève: Université de Lausanne, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres XXVII p. 53 The compiler states that he makes use of extra-Biblical texts, such as Peter Comestor's Historia scholastica and Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum historiale. However, this can apply only to Stjórn I, as the others do not display the wide-ranging compilation of sources evidenced in Stjórn I. Nothing certain is known of the history of the Stjórn translations before 1670. However, a “biblia j norænu’’ is mentioned as belonging to the cathedral of Hólar in 1525, which some have argued to be a Stjórn work.
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In this respect, it is similar to other vernacular medieval redactions of the Bible such as the Bible moralisée, Biblia pauperum and Speculum Humanae Salvationis; it differed from these, however, in containing extended direct translations from the Bible. The French name is usually used in English, at least partly because scholars differ as to whether "Historiale" should be translated as "historical" or "historiated" (illustrated). Contents vary tremendously among manuscript copies. Guyart des Moulins did not translate the entire Bible; he seems to have only treated the historical books of the Bible, abridged versions of Job and Proverbs and the combined Gospels, based on Peter Comestor's Historia Evangelica.
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Ruins of the castle of Cafarlet, which John managed to sell to the Hospitallers after it had been declared forfeit by the crown John (died 1238/41) was the Lord of Caesarea from 1229 and an important figure in the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem. He was the only son of Walter III of Caesarea and Marguerite d'Ibelin, daughter of Balian of Ibelin. He was often called "the young lord of Caesarea" throughout his life to distinguish him from his father, who had been called "the old lord of Caesarea".John L. Lamonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 156–58.
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Intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination (IUTPI) involves injection of washed sperm into both the uterus and fallopian tubes. The cervix is then clamped to prevent leakage to the vagina, best achieved with a specially designed double nut bivalve (DNB) speculum. The sperm is mixed to create a volume of 10 ml, sufficient to fill the uterine cavity, pass through the interstitial part of the tubes and the ampulla, finally reaching the peritoneal cavity and the Pouch of Douglas where it would be mixed with the peritoneal and follicular fluid. IUTPI can be useful in unexplained infertility, mild or moderate male infertility, and mild or moderate endometriosis.
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The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, believed to have been written in the 1st to 6th centuries, has a notorious reputation as a sex manual. Different sex positions result in differences in the depth of sexual penetration and the angle of penetration. Many attempts have been made to categorize sex positions. Alfred Kinsey categorized six primary positions,6 Positions For Sexual Intercourse - In Order Of Popularity - Sex, Love And Marriage - Book of Lists - Canongate Home The earliest known European medieval text dedicated to sexual positions is the Speculum al foderi, sometimes known as "The Mirror of Coitus" (or literally "a mirror for fuckers"), a 15th-century Catalan text discovered in the 1970s.
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The surviving charter recording this grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another.Bernard F. Reilly, "The Chancery of Alfonso VII of León-Castilla: The Period 1116-1135 Reconsidered," Speculum, 51:2 (1976), 254 n68. It contains the date 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it more probably belongs to 1127. It names Rodrigo Martínez as a count, but he cannot be shown to have attained that rank before late 1128. On 28 October 1155 Rodrigo confirmed a royal donation of property to the abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos.
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His other works include: Speculum Ecclesiasticum 'Church mirror' (London, 1686?); Some Queries to the Protestants (London, 1687); Monomachia (London, 1678), written about Archbishop Tenison, as also was The Roman Catholic Soldier's Letter (London, 1688). He also published in 1688 in two broadsheets an epitome of church history, under the title The Tree of Life. The Controversy of Ordination truly stated (London, 1719) and Controversy with Mr. Ritschel (1819) were posthumous works. He left two unpublished manuscripts on the Divine Office now in the British Museum, one on the pope's supremacy in the possession of Mr. Gillow, one of the history of England, and others.
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Retrieved 11 December 2014 Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.Naunton, Robert Fragmenta Regalia 1694, reprinted 1824. Fuller, Thomas (1684) Anglorum Speculum or the Worthies of England10 Historical Misconceptions, HowStuffWorks The story of Raleigh's trial is included in John George Phillimore's 1850 book The History and Principles of Evidence, and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence in common law countries. The author George Garrett's historical fiction novel Death of the Fox explores Raleigh's relationships with Elizabeth I and her successor James I.
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He also read James Ferguson's Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics (1756) and William Emerson's The elements of trigonometry (1749), The elements of optics (1768) and The principles of mechanics (1754). Herschel took lessons from a local mirror-builder and having obtained both tools and a level of expertise, started building his own reflecting telescopes. He would spend up to 16 hours a day grinding and polishing the speculum metal primary mirrors. He relied on the assistance of other family members, particularly his sister Caroline and his brother Alexander, a skilled mechanical craftsperson.
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As such, he is one of the earliest saints whose appearance was given a distinct and readily recognisable iconography. Artists of the late medieval and Renaissance periods often represented him as small and emaciated, with three mitres at his feet (representing the three bishoprics which he had rejected) and holding in his hand the IHS monogram with rays emanating from it (representing his devotion to the "Holy Name of Jesus"), which was his main attribute.Emily Michelson, "Bernardino of Siena Visualizes the Name of God," in: Speculum Sermonis: Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Medieval Sermon, ed. Georgiana Donavin, Cary J. Nederman, and Richard Utz (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), pp. 157-79.
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A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 18f While Michel Kurskanskis has argued in support of Vasiliev's interpretation, he disagrees with Vasiliev over the intent of Tamar's intervention: Vasiliev has argued that the Queen intended to create a buffer state to protect the Georgian Kingdom, while Kurskanskis believes she supported the brothers in their attempt to reclaim the Byzantine throne in Constantinople.Michel Kuršanskis, "L'Empire de Trébizonde et la Géorgie", Revue des études byzantines, 35 (1977). pp. 243–247 After marching from Georgia, and with the help of their paternal aunt Queen Tamar, Alexios and David occupied Trebizond in April 1204.
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However Pope Severinus died on 2 August 640 without having opened the letter. The future Pope John IV and others in the Vatican hierarchy replied to the letter sometime between August and Christmas 640, beginning as follows- “"Our most beloved and most holy Thomian, Columbanus, Croman, Diman, and Baithan bishops—to Croman, Hernian, Laistran, Scellan, and Segenus, presbyters—to Saran, and the rest of the Irish doctors or abbots." The Vatican was worried that the doctrine of Pelagianism was taking root in Ireland and advised against it in this letter.'"New Heresy for Old": Pelagianism in Ireland and the Papal Letter of 640' by Dáibhí Ó Cróinín in Speculum, Vol.
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However, Pope Severinus died on 2 August 640 without having opened the letter. The future Pope John IV and others in the Vatican hierarchy replied to the letter sometime between August and Christmas 640, beginning as follows: "Our most beloved and most holy Thomian, Columbanus, Croman, Diman, and Baithan bishops—to Croman, Hernian, Laistran, Scellan, and Segenus, presbyters—to Saran, and the rest of the Irish doctors or abbots." Rome was worried that the doctrine of Pelagianism was taking root in Ireland and advised against it in this letter.'"New Heresy for Old": Pelagianism in Ireland and the Papal Letter of 640' by Dáibhí Ó Cróinín in Speculum, Vol.
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In 2006, he compiled and edited the book, Essays in Honour of AJ Kerr, a festschrift honouring Kerr's contribution to legal academia in South Africa. Glover also contributes the chapter on "Divorce" to the Family Law Service. He was Technical Editor of the Speculum Juris Law Journal from 2003 to 2008, and joined the editorial team at the South African Law Journal (SALJ) as notes editor in 2009. With the departure of the two senior editors at the end of that year, the new editorial team requested of Glover that he take over the reins of the SALJ for an initial period of at least three years.
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The work was first published as Rommant de Fierabras le geant in Geneva in 1478 (it was perhaps the first chanson de geste to be printed). La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes contains a brief history of the kings of France until Clovis, an encomium of Charlemagne and brief history of his reign, his trip to Jerusalem, the story of Fierabras, and Charlemagne's Spanish wars. The historical sections were largely based on the Historia Caroli Magni (also known as the "Pseudo-Turpin" chronicle), probably known to Bagnyon via the Speculum Historiale of Vincent de Beauvais, but the story of Fierabras occupies most of the work.
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45 In feudalism, the use of church lands to support warriors contributed to the growth of precaria in the eighth century in Catholic Europe. Modern historians have sometimes called these lands fiefs; however, to the extent that they were church property and not property of the lord or king--although that was a flexible distinction in the ninth and tenth centuries--they were not fiefs. The distinction was between the right of ownership in the ecclesiastical manner (jure proprio et more ecclesiastico), which remained with the church, and the right of benefit and usufruct (jure beneficiario et usufructuario), which was ceded away.Giles Constable, "Nona et Decima: An Aspect of Carolingian Economy", Speculum, 35:2 (1960), pp. 224–250.
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The rise of Christianity created more incentives to keep families nuclear; the Church instituted marriage laws and practices that undermined large kinship groups. From as early as the fourth century, the Church discouraged any practice that enlarged the family, like adoption, polygamy, taking concubines, divorce, and remarriage. The Church severely discouraged and prohibited consanguineous marriages, a marriage pattern that has constituted a means to maintain kinship groups (and thus their power) throughout history; Canon law followed civil law until the early ninth century, when the Western Church increased the number of prohibited degrees from four to seven.Bouchard, Constance B., 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr.
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His Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature (1875), based on Emil Hübner's Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die römische Litteraturgeschichte, was a valuable aid to the student, and his edition of Cicero's Second Philippic became widely used. He also edited the English works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (1876); Thomas Baker's History of St John's College, Cambridge (1869); Richard of Cirencester's Speculum historiale de gestis regum Angliae 447–1066 (1863-69); Roger Ascham's Schoolmaster (new ed., 1883); the Latin Heptateuch (1889); and the Journal of Philology. According to the Enciklopedio de Esperanto, Mayor learned Esperanto in 1907, and gave a historic speech against Esperanto reformists at the World Congress of Esperanto held at Cambridge.
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David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia," The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32; Andrei Pliguzov, "Archbishop Gennadii and the Heresy of the 'Judaizers'" Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16(3/4) December 1992: 269-288; George Vernadsky, "The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow," Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1933): 436-454. The Novgorodian Fourth Chronicle notes that Gennady also helped pay for one third of the reconstruction of the current Detinets or Kremlin walls between 1484 and 1490,Michael C. Paul, “The Military Revolution in Russia, 1550-1682,” The Journal of Military History 68, No. 1 (January 2004) 34, fn.
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While subdean he was involved in a dispute with the precentor of the cathedral, John Featley, with regard to some capitular appointments, and was attacked by him in a tract entitled Speculum Mapletoftianum. As master of the Spital Hospital he exerted himself for the revival of the charity, in conjunction with Dean Michael Honywood. A bill in chancery was exhibited in 1662 against Sir John Wray for the restoration of the estates, and Mapletoft at his own expense rebuilt the demolished chapel and increased its revenues. He also received from the crown the living of Clayworth, Nottinghamshire, which in 1672 he exchanged for the college living of Soham, Cambridgeshire, resigning his fellowship.
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Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii More use of the text, if indirect, was made by the famous Cistercian Northumbrian, Ailred of Rievaulx. Ailred's Vita S. Eduardi Regis et Confessoris was the most widely circulated hagiography of Edward, and all later accounts of Edward's miracles and life are based on this.Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward, pp. xxxvii-xxix Book iv of Richard of Cirencester's Speculum Historiale de Gestis Regum Angliae is a compilation based on the Vita by Ailred, and contains extracts of the Vita Ædwardi Regis, some of which—roughly 500 words regarding Edith's marriage to Edward—are unique and probably represent part of the lost sections of the original Vita Ædwardi Regis.
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Robert Chazan is the S.H. and Helen R. Scheuer Professor of Hebrew & Judaic Studies at New York University. According to Andrew Gow writing in Speculum, Chazan is, "a distinguished scholar in the field of Jewish history and Christian-Jewish relations in the high Middle Ages." A festschrift published in Chazan's honor and edited by David Engel, Lawrence Schiffman, Elliot Wolfson, and Yechiel Schur, lists, "the history of the Jewish communities in Western Christendom during the Middle Ages, Jewish-Christian interactions in medieval Europe, medieval Jewish Biblical exegesis and religious literature, and historical representations of the experience of medieval Jewry," as 4 of the scholarly concerns that have been central to Chazan's work.
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Eleazar Maccabeus illustration, Speculum Humanae Salvationis In Islamic tradition, the year 570 is when the Prophet Muhammad was born and is known as the Year of the Elephant. In that year, Abraha, ruler of Yemen tried to conquer Mecca and demolish the Kaaba, reportedly in retaliation for the previous Meccan defilement of Al–Qalis Church in Sana'a, a cathedral Abraha had constructed.Hajjah Adil, Amina, "Prophet Muhammad", ISCA, 1 Jun 2002, However, his plan was foiled when his white elephant named Mahmud refused to cross the boundary of Mecca. The elephant, who led Abraha's forty thousand men, could not be persuaded with reason or even with violence, which was regarded as a crucial omen by Abraha's soldiers.
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The Huanglan compilers adopted the macrostructure of the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary with explicitly labelled sections, the microstructure of the (c. 239 BCE) Lüshi Chunqiu (Yong and Peng 2008: 225). The original Huanglan was divided into over 40 sections and comprised over 1000 chapters. During the Six dynasties period (222-589), a number of works like the Huanglan were compiled, including the (c. 530) Liang dynasty Hualin bianlue 華林遍略 "An Arrangement of the Whole Company of Flowers" by Xu Mian 徐勉 and (c. 550) Northern Qi Xiuwendian yulan 修文殿御覽 "Imperial Speculum of the Hall of the Cultivation of Literature" (tr. Needham et al. 1986: 207, 571).
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The Visio was widely transcribed in the ninth through fifteenth centuries, especially in the High Middle Ages (11th-13th). Versions were inserted into the Gesta Regum Anglorum of William of Malmesbury, the Chronicon Centulense of Hariulf of Oudenbourg, and the anonymous Annals of Saint Neots as pieces of historical information. From Wiliam and Hariulf the story was extracted and placed in the universal Chronicon of Helinand of Froidmont under the year 888 and in the Speculum historiale of Vincent of Beauvais. A complete English translation of the Visio was included in The Birth of Purgatory by Jacques Le Goff as evidence of the need, as early as the ninth century, for a realm lying between Hell and Paradies (i.e.
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100 copies of the first issue were produced on a second-hand roneo duplicator which Howard had purchased from the redundancy payment given to him by EMI. 25 copies were placed in the Atlantis Bookshop while the rest were sent to Speculum subscribers to complete their outstanding subscriptions. Over the coming forty years, The Cauldron published articles by a range of individuals associated with the study or practice of magic, including Ronald Hutton, Caroline Tully, Philip Heselton, Geraldine Beskin, Sorita d'Este, Rae Beth, Gareth Knight, Evan John Jones, and Nigel Pennick. In 1977 Howard was contacted by E. W. Liddell, who was then publishing controversial articles on the Essex cunning man George Pickingill in The Wiccan.
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Some highlights from this era are the Nicholas Wiseman Old Latin and Speculum scholarship, the defence of the verse by the Germans Sander, Besser and Mayer, the Charles Forster New Plea book which revisited Richard Porson's arguments, and the earlier work by his friend Arthur-Marie Le Hir,Arthur-Marie Le Hir. Les Trois Témoins Célestes Études bibliques, 1869, pp. 1–89. Discoveries included the Priscillian reference and Exposito Fidei. Also Old Latin manuscripts including La Cava, and the moving up of the date of the Vulgate Prologue due to its being found in Codex Fuldensis. Ezra Abbot wrote on 1 John V.7 and Luther's German Bible and Scrivener's analysis came forth in Six Lectures and Plain Introduction.
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John was born in Legnano. He was a doctor utriusque iuris, in both civil and canon law, teaching at Bologna by 1351. "According to tradition, he was schooled at the University of Bologna in liberal arts, astrology,In addition to his treatise De cometa exploring the meaning of comets, astrological discourse surfaces in several of his works (John P. McCall, "Chaucer and John of Legnano" Speculum 40.3 [July 1965:484-489].) philosophy and medicine before taking his degrees in law", John P. McCall reports, suggesting that some of his backing at Bologna may have come from the Visconti of Milan, who extended their control to the south in 1350.McCall 1965:484-489).
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It was designed with two purposes: for use at the royal court as a speculum principis and to defend the interests of Castile against those of the Kingdom of León. The Chronica originally ended in 1230 with the death of Alfonso IX of León, who was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Modern historians disagree whether the continuation down to the capture of Córdoba six years later was written by Juan de Soria or by another author.Luis Charlo Brea, "¿Un segundo autor para la última parte de la Crónica latina de los Reyes de Castilla?", Actas I Congreso Nacional de Latín Medieval (León: University of León, 1995), 251–56, argues for a second author.
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The ringed plover is described as having "eye-masking and 'obliterative' shadow-and-hole-picturing pattern". Chapter 15 describes the leg feather patterns of hawks, asserting that these "pantaloons" mask these "dangerous talons" to facilitate attack, just as their beaks, like the beaks of wading birds, are masked paradoxically with "gaudy colors". Chapter 16 controversially claims that the iridescent colours of, for example, the speculum wing patch of the mallard and other ducks is "obliterative", the "brightly changeable plumage" serving to camouflage the wearer in varying conditions. Thayer asserts that such brightly colored species as the European kingfisher and the purple gallinule are camouflaged: Chapter 17 argues that bird plumage has "many devices" to conceal the animals' outlines.
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But of course Life of Soul does not appear there either. The truth is, the tract enjoys some affinities with each of these categories, though the affinities are stronger with some than with others. The "dialogue" and "mystical" categories are probably the least apt: the dialogue form contributes little to the work and fades almost completely away by the end. And as for mysticism, at best, Life of Soul belongs among those works of religious devotion that invoke affective themes in pursuit of a basically didactic or catechetical end, such as the Mirror of Life (Speculum Vitae),Most readily available in its prose version entitled "A Mirror for Laymen and -women": Venetia Nelson, ed.
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For the involvement of the Church, and especially of Julian of Toledo, in the Jewish persecutions of the late seventh century, see Francis X. Murphy (1952), "Julian of Toledo and the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain", Speculum, 27 (1), 1-27\. Bernard S. Bachrach (1977), Early Medieval Jewish policy in Western Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 23-25, deduces reasons from later medieval Christian chroniclers for believing Roderic's predecessor Wittiza to have been mild in his policies towards the Jews, thus provoking opposition. provided fighters to augment the Moorish forces. Kaula al-Yahudi distinguished himself in the battle at the head of a mixed contingent of Jews and Berbers,Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v.
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He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1849 and won their Royal Medal in 1858. Lassel was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL).On a Method of Supporting a large Speculum, free from sensible Flexure, in all Positions - website Google Books He was furthermore elected an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE) and of the Society of Sciences of Upsala, and received an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Cambridge in 1874.Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 – website of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Lassell died in Maidenhead in 1880 and is buried at St. Luke's Church. HistoryTrail.
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Newton completed his first telescope in 1668 and it is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope.Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought, by Alfred Rupert Hall, page 67 After much experiment, he chose an alloy (speculum metal) of tin and copper as the most suitable material for his objective mirror. He later devised means for grinding and polishing them, but chose a spherical shape for his mirror instead of a parabola to simplify construction. He added to his reflector what is the hallmark of the design of a "Newtonian telescope", a secondary "diagonal" mirror near the primary mirror's focus to reflect the image at 90° angle to an eyepiece mounted on the side of the telescope.
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This reply complained of the high words of the Latin envoys, and commanded the pope to come in person and submit to the Master of all the Earth (the Mongol emperor). The mission thus ended in complete failure; but, except for Carpini's, it was the earliest Catholic embassy which reached any Mongol court, and its information must have been valuable. It performed something at least of what should have been (but apparently was' not) done by Lawrence of Portugal, who was commissioned as papal envoy to the Mongols of the south-west at the same time that Carpini was accredited to those of the north (1245). See Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum historiale, book xxxii.
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Suffolk himself appears to have taken no part in York's military campaign, but according to one contemporary chronicler, at the same parliament, Suffolk was stripped of his dukedom and reduced to the rank of earl, because he had married a daughter of York. Official records continued to refer to John as duke,Thomson, J.A.F., 'John De La Pole, Duke of Suffolk', Speculum 54 (1979), 530. and in any case, as he was still strictly a minor, and not in official receipt of any of his titles, it may not have been true. Or, if it did happen, it may well have been on the grounds of his fiscal inability to uphold the status of a duke.
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Catherine's prose works show a deep knowledge of biblical, mythological and historical sources, acquired most likely through compilations (although possibly through direct French translations). She mentions The Bible, Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy [Consolatio Philosophiae], Vincent de Beauvais' Mirror of history [Speculum historiale], Paulus Orosius' History, Paul the Deacon's Roman History, Aristotle, Lucan, Flavius Josephus, and Boccaccio, in addition to compilations of her time like La Mer des histoires, Les Histoires romaines, Les Grandes Chroniques de France, and L'Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César. She also mentions several of Cicero's and Virgil's masterpieces. Moreover, her Fainting Lady's Complaint against Fortune suggests that her sources probably included allegorical pilgrimages, like those written by Guillaume de Deguileville, Philippe de Mézières, and Gabrielle de Bourbon.
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The Ragusan archives document, Speculum Maioris Consilii Rectores, lists all the persons that were involved in the Republic's government between September 1440 and January 1808. Of 4397 rectors elected, 2764 (63%) were from "old patrician" families: Gozze, Bona, Caboga, Cerva, Ghetaldi, Giorgi, Gradi, Pozza, Saraca, Sorgo, and Zamanya. An 1802 list of the republic's governing bodies showed that six of the eight Minor Council and 15 of the 20 Major Council members were from the same 11 families. Because of the decrease of their numbers and lack of noble families in the neighborhood (the surroundings of Dubrovnik was under Ottoman control) the aristocracy became increasingly closely related, and marriages between relatives of the third and fourth degree were frequent.
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After Carloman died (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source),"Cathwulf, Kingship, and the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis", by Joanna Story, Speculum Gerberga expected her sons to inherit Carloman's realm, and perhaps intended to rule as regent;Riche, Pierre, The Carolingians instead, Charlemagne seized his brother's territory, and Gerberga fled Francia with her sons and Carloman's chief advisor, Autchar. Charlemagne's biographer, Einhard, claimed she fled "for no reason at all".Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne In Lombardy, Gerberga and her companions were given refuge by King Desiderius at Pavia. Desiderius and Carloman had been enemies during the latter's reign, due to the alliance between Desiderius and Charlemagne, with whom Carloman had lived in a state of hostility.
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Martin's Press, 2000), which utilized postmodern gender theory (the work of Judith Butler, Luce Irigaray, and others) to reinvestigate historical elements, such as double houses and early English religious women, and literature, including Beowulf. At the time, it was "the first and only monograph on motherhood to appear in Anglo-Saxon studies". The book received a fair amount of attention from reviewers, though opinions were mixed, one reviewer stating that "her historical analyses, however, are unsatisfying and problematic" and that Dockray-Miller too easily conflates patriarchy with heroic society. On the other hand, a reviewer in Speculum praised the book as "well argued and an important contribution to women's studies and Anglo-Saxon scholarship".
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In Yngvi und die Ynglinger (1964) he dismissed the widely accepted view espoused by, for example, Otto Höfler that Germanic peoples had sacral kingship.According to Lee M. Hollander's review, he "knocks out the props from under" it "with sober and competent scholarship". Speculum 42.3 (1967) 511-513, p. 511. The issue and his arguments are still debated today: in a re- examination in 2004, Olof Sundqvist substantially agreed, finding that "this paradigm [sacral kingship] implies a number of methodological difficulties";Olof Sundqvist, "Aspects of rulership ideology in Early Scandinavia - with particular references to the skaldic poem Ynglingatal", Das Frühmittelalterliche Königtum: ideelle und religiöse Grundlagen, Ed. Franz- Reiner Erkens, Ergänzungsband zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 49, Berlin: de Gruyter, 2005, , pp.
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Zeila (, ), also known as Zaila or Zeyla, is a port city in the western Awdal region of Somaliland. In the Middle Ages, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela identified Zeila (or Zawilah) with the Biblical location of Havilah.François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, "Desperately Seeking the Jewish Kingdom of Ethiopia: Benjamin of Tudela and the Horn of Africa (Twelfth Century)", Speculum, 88.2 (2013): 383–404. Most modern scholars identify it with the site of Avalites mentioned in the 1st-century Greco-Roman travelogue the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and in Ptolemy, although this is disputed.G. W. B. Huntingford (ed.), The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, by an Unknown Author: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhides ‘On the Erythraean Sea’ (Ashgate, 1980), p. 90.
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Several weeks before the occupation of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, one branch of the Komnenoi fled back to their homelands in Paphlagonia, along the eastern Black Sea and its hinterland in the Pontic Alps, where they established the Empire of Trebizond. Their first 'emperor', named Alexios I, was the grandson of Emperor Andronikos I.A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 3-37 These emperors – the "Grand Komnenoi" (Megaloi Komnenoi or Megalokomnenoi) as they were known – ruled in Trebizond for over 250 years, until 1461, when David Komnenos was defeated and executed by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II.Discussed by Ruth Macrides, "What's in the name 'Megas Komnenos'?" Archeion Pontou, 35 (1979), pp.
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The images in the Speculum were treated in many different styles and media over the course of the two centuries of its popularity, but generally the essentials of the compositions remained fairly stable, partly because most images had to retain their correspondence with their opposite number, and often the figures were posed to highlight these correspondences. Many works of art in other media can be seen to be derived from the illustrations; it was for example, the evident source for depictions for the Vision of Augustus in Rogier van der Weyden's Bladelin Altarpiece and other Early Netherlandish works.Wilson & Wilson p.28 In particular the work was used as a pattern-book for stained glass, but also for tapestries and sculpture.
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She died on 28 February 1159 and was buried in the Pantheon of Kings in San Isidoro de León, where her mother, Queen Urraca had been interred. The remains of the Infanta Sancha were deposited in a stone tomb with the following epitaph in Latin: > Hesperiae speculum, decus orbis, gloria Regni, HIC REQUIESCIT REGINA DOMNA > SANCIA, SOROR IMPERATORIS justitia culmen, et pietatis apex Santia pro > ADEFONSI FILIA URRACHAE ET RAIMUNDI, HAEC STATUIT meritis inmensum nota per > orbem, proh dolor¡ exiguo ORDINEM REGULARIUM CANONICORUM IN ECCLESIA ISTA, > ET clauderis in tumulo, Sol bis sexcentos, QUIA DICEBAT BEATUM ISIDORUM > SPONSUM SUUM, demtis tribus, egerat annes, cum pia subcubuit VIRGO OBIIT ERA > M. C. LX VII PRID. KAL. MARTII finis erat Februarii. The Royal Pantheon.
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Having performed in over 20 countries he has been frequently sought after as a guest artist with Speculum Musicae, Eos, Da Capo, Harmonie, North Country, Houston Da Camera, and the American Chamber Ensembles. In addition to being one of the most active and visible violinists in New York, Rood is on the faculty at Columbia University as an adjunct violin professor, and has coached at the Juilliard School, Manhattan School of Music, and the Interlochen Arts Academy through the Orpheus Institute. He has also given masterclasses at the Masterworks Festival, SUNY Potsdam, and the Norwalk Youth Symphony, and judged competitions at the Juilliard School, New York Youth Symphony, and New Jersey Youth Symphony. Rood is also active in the genre of jazz.
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A more recent translation and edition by Richard J. Kelly was widely panned by scholars and critics upon publication.Book Review of Kelly's Blickling Homilies in Church History, Vol. 73Review of Kelly's Blickling Homilies in Medium Aevum, Spring 2006Review of Kelly's Blicking Homilies in Speculum, Vol 80, Issue 2 Another important manuscript formerly at Blickling Hall is the Blickling or Lothian Psalter, an 8th-century illuminated psalter with Old English glosses, now owned by the Pierpont Morgan Library, where it is MS M.776.Blickling Psalter Retrieved 12 October 2009 The entire collection at Blickling Hall is in the process of being cataloged and put online by John Gandy, who began the project in 2010 but does not expect to finish for several years.
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Iacobus de Ispania (James of Hesbaye; died after 1330) was a music theorist active in the southern Low Countries who compiled The Mirror of Music () during the second quarter of the 14th century. Before the discovery of his full name, scholars designated him Jacques de Liège (). The Speculum musicae, the longest surviving medieval work on music, was previously attributed to Jean de Muris by Edmond de Coussemaker, until it was discovered that the initial letters of each of the seven chapters of the book spell out the acrostic IACOBUS. Further research associated him with the diocese of Liège, and suggested that he studied in Paris in the late 13th century before returning to Liège to complete the final two books of his treatise.
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Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century.Vasiliev, A.A., “The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204-1222”, Speculum 11 (1936), pp. 3-37· The following year, David Komnenos commanded the Georgian troops in a successful campaign that resulted in the conquest of territories between Trebizond and Heraclea Pontica, while Alexios defeated the Seljuks and recaptured Amisos, Sinope, Oinaion and Chalybia. Tamar's political involvement in the Fourth Crusade, her exploitation of the Byzantine decline, and military campaigns, decisively expanded the Kingdom of Georgia's influence and number of tributaries, turning her kingdom into one of the most powerful Christian states at the time.
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In Bordeaux across the Gironde the oliphaunt, Roland's split ivory horn, was preserved: , "the pilgrim may see it who goes"; a Seint Romain; la gisent li baron, "at Saint-Romain; there lie the barons", a sign interpreted by Gerald BraultBrault, The Song of Roland: An Analytical Introduction and Commentary, vol. 2 (1978:314). to show that the pilgrimage sites at Bordeaux and Blaye had been established before the Chanson de Roland was composed. Indeed, in 1109 Hugh of Fleury concluded his account of the battle of Roncevaux with the words "whence Roland was carried to the citadel of Blaye and buried."Stephen G. Nichols, Jr., "The Interaction of life and literature in the Peregrinationes ad Loca Sancta and the Chansons de Geste" Speculum 44 (January 1970:68).
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Speculum, the journal of the Medieval Academy of America, published a review by the historian Joan Cadden of Kenyon College, in which she described the book as a monument to Boswell's "prodigious accomplishments", providing an opportunity to celebrate his life and mourn his death. Although largely positive of it, she thought that Boswell's choice of the term "same-sex union" was unsuccessful, because in its usage it became a "transparent euphemism" for "homosexual marriage", the very term that Boswell sought to avoid. She also thought he was unwilling to deal with the views of theorists of social construction, as evidenced by his description of the North American berdache as "homosexuals." Ultimately she thought that the book greatly added to the continuing debate on the issue.
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The most commonly used otoscopes—those used in emergency rooms, pediatric offices, general practice, and by internists- are monocular devices. They provide only a two-dimensional view of the ear canal, its contents, and usually at least a portion of the eardrum, depending on what is within the ear canal and its status. Another method of performing otoscopy (visualization of the ear) is use of a binocular microscope, in conjunction with a larger metal ear speculum, with the patient supine and the head tilted, which provides a much larger field of view and the added advantages of a stable head, far superior lighting, and most importantly, depth perception. A binocular (two- eyed) view is required in order to judge depth.
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Two page spread of Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Doctrinale, a manuscript copy c. 1301-1400. The second part, Mirror of Doctrine, in seventeen books and 2,374 chapters, is intended to be a practical manual for the student and the official alike; and, to fulfil this object, it treats of the mechanic arts of life as well as the subtleties of the scholar, the duties of the prince and the tactics of the general. It is a summary of all the scholastic knowledge of the age and does not confine itself to natural history. It treats of logic, rhetoric, poetry, geometry, astronomy, the human instincts and passions, education, the industrial and mechanical arts, anatomy, surgery and medicine, jurisprudence and the administration of justice.
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Alexios was the eldest son of Manuel Komnenos, and a grandson of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I (reigned 1183–1185). Andronikos had taken refuge at the court of King George III of Georgia in the 1170s, and was a governor in the Pontus when his cousin the emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) died; upon hearing the news, he marched on Constantinople and seized the imperial throne. His reign was a turbulent one, and in 1185 Andronikos was dethroned and killed while his son Manuel was blinded and may have died from this mutilation.A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 5–8 Manuel left two children, the Caesars Alexios and David.
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Toumanoff, "On the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar", Speculum, 15 (1940), pp. 299–312 More recently Michel Kuršanskis has argued against Toumanoff's theory, producing evidence that Alexios' mother and/or grandmother were daughters of the houses of Palaiologos or Doukas, yet failing to offer an explanation why Panaretos describes Tamar as Alexios' paternal aunt.Kuršanskis, "L'Empire de Trébizonde et la Géorgie", Revue des études byzantines, 35 (1977). pp. 237–256 Despite the research of Vasiliev, Toumanoff, Kuršanskis and others, Alexios' life is a blank between 1185, when Andronikos was deposed and murdered, and 1204 when he and David arrived at Trebizond—although this lack of information has not prevented scholars from proposing various hypotheses.
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John of Cornwall, possibly called in Latin Johannes Cornubiensis or Johannes de Sancto Germano was a 14th-century scholar and teacher, author of the English grammar Speculum Grammaticale He is not to be confused with the twelfth-century theologian John of Cornwall who authored the Eulogium ad Alexandrum Papam III. There was also a Benedictine monk John of St. Germans who wrote a Commentarius in Aristotelis libros duo analyticorum posteriorum (now at the Magdalen College, Oxford); it is not clear whether these were the same person. It has been claimed as one of the great ironies of history that three Cornish-speaking Cornishmen brought the English language back from the verge of extinction - John of Cornwall, John Trevisa and Richard Pencrych.
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Bitel 2003. Joseph Falaky Nagy of the University of California, Los Angeles, reviewed the work for Speculum, the journal of the Medieval Academy of America. He was somewhat critical of Harrington's title, believing that the use of the term "Celtic Church" implied that the book would deal not just with Ireland but with the entirety of the Celtic-speaking world. Remarking that those interested in Irish Christianity would find "much of value" in the book, he nevertheless thought that the book contained several "serious problems" in that it "loop[s] back on itself" by repeatedly making use of the same source material, and that it reads like an "unkempt dissertation" by referencing entire books rather than the relevant pages within them.
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Medieval studies is buoyed by a number of annual international conferences which bring together thousands of professional medievalists, including the International Congress on Medieval Studies, at Kalamazoo MI, U.S., and the International Medieval Congress at the University of Leeds.W. D. Padenm The Future of the Middle Ages: medieval literature in the 1990s (University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 23. There are a number of journals devoted to medieval studies, including: Mediaevalia, Comitatus, Viator, Traditio, Medieval Worlds, Journal of Medieval History, Journal of Medieval Military History, and Speculum, an organ of the Medieval Academy of America founded in 1925 and based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.A. Molho, and G. S. Wood, Imagined histories: American historians interpret the past (Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 238.
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David's life is not well-documented; the primary historian for the Empire of Trebizond, Michael Panaretos, fails to mention him even once. Because he was the brother of Alexios, we can deduce the names of some of his relatives: Their father was Manuel Komnenos, and their grandfather Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I. Their relative Tamar was queen of Georgia; exactly how David and Tamar were related is not clear. According to Michael Panaretos, Queen Tamar was Alexios' paternal relative (προς πατρός θεὶα); Cyril Toumanoff argued that their grandfather Andronikos had, while in Georgia, married an unnamed sister of king George III.Toumanoff, "On the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar", Speculum, 15 (1940), pp.
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Mann's work has always had a strongly comparative character, bringing together texts in several medieval languages. Her dominant interests are the literature of fourteenth-century England, especially Chaucer, and medieval beast literature in Latin, French, and English. Her books include Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire (1973), Feminizing Chaucer (2002), and The Cambridge Companion to Chaucer (edited with Piero Boitani); she also edited the Canterbury Tales for Penguin Classics. She produced an edition and translation of the Latin beast epic Ysengrimus, with a lengthy account of the poem’s relation to its historical context in twelfth-century Flanders; she is currently working on an edition and translation of the Speculum Stultorum, another twelfth-century Latin beast epic, written by a monk of Christ Church, Canterbury.
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In the first, Guilhem criticises contemporary politics and religion as too worldly, relating them to the sorry state of the Holy Land at the time. In the second, inspired by piety, Guilhem blames internal wars in Christendom for the failures of the Crusades. He also suggests that the mendicant orders are partly to blame. It is universally agreed that this song was written after the loss of Jerusalem in 1244. Some scholars place it in the years 1245-58 (C. Fabre) or 1254-1269 (Karl Appel, Sergio Vatteroni). During the pontificate of Clement IV (1264-68) the wars between the Guelphs and Ghibellines were intense.Palmer A. Throop (1938), "Criticism of Papal Crusade Policy in Old French and Provençal", Speculum, 13(4), 408 and n4.
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1991: Deno John Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West, in Religious Studies Review 17, no. 4 (October), 366-7. 1988: James Marshall Campbell and Martin R. P. McGuire, ed., The Confessions of St. Augustine: Books I-IX (Selections), in New England Classical Newsletter 15, no. 3 (February), 47-8. 1987: Paul J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, in The Catholic Historical Review 73 (April), 271-2. 1986: Niall Slater, Plautus in Performance, in The Wooster Alumni Magazine (Summer), 32-3. 1986: Deno John Geanakoplos, Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes, in Speculum 61 (July), 653-4. 1985: Hanne Carlsen, A Bibliography to the Classical Tradition in English Literature, in Newsletter of the Institute for the Classical Tradition 5 (October).
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Neither Bede nor Gregory mentions the date of Æthelberht's conversion,Wood "Mission of Augustine of Canterbury" Speculum p. 11 but it probably took place in 597. In the early medieval period, large-scale conversions required the ruler's conversion first, and Augustine is recorded as making large numbers of converts within a year of his arrival in Kent. Also, by 601, Gregory was writing to both Æthelberht and Bertha, calling the king his son and referring to his baptism. A late medieval tradition, recorded by the 15th-century chronicler Thomas Elmham, gives the date of the king's conversion as Whit Sunday, or 2 June 597; there is no reason to doubt this date, although there is no other evidence for it.
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The distal half of the tail is paler and more yellow than the basal half, thus resulting in a distinctly bi-colored look. In flight it shows a bluish-black trailing edge to the wing and a conspicuous red speculum. Occasionally a few yellow feathers are apparent on the top of the head. In South America, it is commonly confused with the yellow-crowned amazon, but can be recognized by its larger size, less yellow to the crown (not entirely reliable, as some yellow-crowned may show almost none), the whitish tinge to its plumage, broader white eye-ring, and red of the leading edge of the wing placed near the phalanx (not near the radiale), but this is often difficult to see (especially on perched birds).
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Ecclesia enthroned, 12th century, Prüfening Abbey, Bavaria Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins (top registers), Speculum Humanae Salvationis in Darmstadt, c. 1360 The personification of Ecclesia preceded her coupling with Synagoga by several centuries. A number of biblical passages, including those describing Christ as a "bridegroom" led early in the history of the church to the concept of the church as the Bride of Christ, which was shown in art using a queenly personification. The church was in this context sometimes conflated with the Virgin Mary, leading to the concept of Maria Ecclesia, or Mary as the church, which is an element, now usually unrecognised, in the theology behind much of the art showing the Virgin as a queen.
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Macaulay also found borrowings "from the poem of Alexander Neckam De Vita Monachomm, from the Speculum Stultorum, or from the Pantheon, so that in many places the composition is entirely made up of such borrowed matter variously arranged and combined. This is evidently a thing to be noted, because if the author, when describing (for example) the vices of monasteries, is found to be merely quoting from Alexander Neckam, we cannot attach much value to his account as a picture of the manners of his own time." In addition to the major sources listed above, Pouzet believes other material found in the library of the priory St Mary Overie may have influenced Gower. Gower was familiar with Brunetto Latini's Li Livres dou Trésor.
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On 29 May 1777 Mudge was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in the same year was awarded the Copley medal for his ‘Directions for making the best Composition for the Metals for reflecting Telescopes; together with a Description of the Process for Grinding, Polishing, and giving the great Speculum the true Parabolic Curve,’ which were communicated by the author to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions (1777, lxvii. 296). The ‘Directions’ were also issued separately by Bowyer (London, 1778). Sir John Pringle, the president, in making the presentation, remarked that Isaac Newton had predicted the role of mechanical devices in making parabolic mirrors. The manufacture of telescopes continued to occupy much of his spare time.
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W. Eugene Kleinbauer, James Marrow and Ruth Mellinkoff, "Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America: Walter W. Horn," Speculum 71 (1996), p. 800 ("his most important piece of detective work led to the recovery of the coronation regalia of the Holy Roman Empire"); "Walter Horn," San Francisco Chronicle, 30 December 1995, obituary; University of California (System) Academic Senate, "1996, University of California: In Memoriam," "Walter Horn, History of Art: Berkeley" ("his most spectacular feat was the recovery of Charlemagne's ceremonial regalia"). As a scholar, Horn is most noted for his work on the medieval architectural drawing known as the Plan of Saint Gall. Additions: for recovery of Imperial Regalia, see Sidney Kirkpatrick, Hitler’s Holy Relics, Simon and Schuster, 2010.
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Her first professional success came in 1991, when her piano piece Per Speculum in Aenigmate won the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival Composition Prize. Subsequent major works have included the piano quartet Jack B. (inspired by the work of the Irish painter Jack B. Yeats), the piano trio How to Make the Water Sound, the opera Hey Persephone!, the violin concerto Venus Blazing and the clarinet concerto Celestial Pied Piper, the latter composed in New York where she was a Fulbright Fellow in 1999-2000. Several of her works respond to the political climate of her homeland, such as the ensemble piece Tribe, the orchestral work Unity of Being, and her epic percussion concerto Goliath, premiered at the Belfast Festival in 2006.
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Kabbalists of different schools have been concerned with a range of esoteric encounters with divinity mediated by different meditative practices, ranging from ecstatic mystical cleaving to God, or prophetic visual and auditory disclosing of the divine, to theurgic manipulation of theosophical divine emanations. Practices included meditation on the names of God in Judaism, combinations of Hebrew letters, and kavanot (esoteric "intentions"). The main concern of the Theosophical Kabbalah such as the Zohar and Isaac Luria was on theurgic harmonisation of the sephirot Divine attributes, though recent phenomenological scholarship has uncovered the prophetic visualisation of the sephirot as a Divine Anthropos in the imagination of the medieval theosophical practitioners.Through a Speculum That Shines - Vision and Imagination in Medieval Jewish Mysticism, Elliot R. Wolfson, Princeton University Press 1997.
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The account of St. Martha and the tarasque in the Golden Legend (LA) roughly correspond to the versions of the legend found in the pseudo-Marcella ("V"), and in Vincent de Beauvais's Speculum historiale ("SH"). are near contemporaneous works (late 12th and 13th century), with the pseudo-Marcella probably being the oldest, and dating "between 1187 and 1212 or 1221". and note 2 apud The three texts LA, SH, and V are similar in content with only modest variations. There is also a fourth variant Latin account, a "Life of St. Mary Magdalene and her sister St. Martha" (Vita Beatae Mariae Magdalenae et sororis ejus Sanctae Marthae) with somewhat divergent content from the other three, whose authorship had formerly been credited to Raban Maur (d.
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Type 3: Endocervical component, not fully visible. For best results, a Pap test should not occur when a woman is menstruating, partly because the additional cells can obscure cervical cells and partly because this part of the menstrual cycle is when the female organs are most inflamed. However, Pap smears can be performed during a woman's menstrual period, especially if the physician is using a liquid-based test; if bleeding is extremely heavy, endometrial cells can obscure cervical cells, and it is therefore inadvisable to have a Pap smear if bleeding is excessive. Obtaining a Pap smear should not cause much pain, but it can if the woman has certain untreated vaginal problems such as cervical stenosis or vaginismus, or if the person performing it is too harsh or uses the wrong size speculum.
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It is, however, not comfortable, for two reasons: the cervix is full of nociceptors (pain nerves), and the brush used to collect cells has to be stiff enough to scrape them off of the surrounding tissue. So it can be uncomfortable, but it is generally quick, and the information obtained may be critical. People with underlying pain or tissue diseases that can react to nociceptors being scraped or to excessive cold in the mucous membranes should take appropriate precautions and discuss the process ahead of time with their providers, in writing if necessary. A smaller speculum, lidocaine gel, and warming the instruments and lubricant ahead of time, along with extra time in the exam room and gentle technique, can all contribute to reducing the risk to manageable levels.
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A miniature from the Cantigas de Santa Maria depicting a farfan unit under the banner of the Virgin in the army of the Almohad Umar al-Murtada during the battle of Marrakesh against the Marinid Abū Yūsuf, in 1262. Farfanes (sing. farfan) is the name given to a class of soldiers hailing mostly from the Christian Iberian kingdoms in the later Middle Ages fighting as mercenaries for the various Muslim dynasties of the Western Mediterranean.The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa, by Michael Lower; published in Speculum, Volume 89 / Issue 03 / July 2014, pp 601-631; doi: 10.1017/S0038713414000761; retrieved May 7, 2015 Farfanes fought following the European fashion, in dense formations of heavily armed men either on horseback or on foot under the command of a Christian European officer, the qadi.
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At Worms in 829, Louis gave Alemannia to Charles, with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.Paired gold medallions of father and son had been struck on the occasion of the synod of Paris (825) that asserted Frankish claims as emperor, recently denigrated by the Byzantines; see Karl F. Morrison, "The Gold Medallions of Louis the Pious and Lothaire I and the Synod of Paris (825)" Speculum 36.4 (October 1961:592–599). An insurrection was soon at hand. With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having committed adultery with Bernard of Septimania, even suggesting Bernard to be the true father of Charles.
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On the other hand, the observation that some saints are more to be admired than imitated must not lead into the mistake of letting one's works be weighted with the ballast of human comfort and ease, at last looking with suspicion on every heroic act, as though it were something that transcended one's own energy and could not be reconciled with the present circumstances. Such a suspicion would be justified only if the heroic act could not at all be made to harmonize with the preceding development of interior life. The Blessed Mother of God is, after Christ, the most sublime ideal. No one has received grace in such fulness, no one has co-operated with grace so faithfully as she, so the Church praises her as the Mirror of Justice (speculum justitioe).
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Since its publication, the Dictionary has been frequently cited in bibliographies of recommended reference works on the life of Thomas Aquinas, although it attracted criticism in scholarly reviews when it was first published, mainly due to the selection and arrangement of material. Vernon Bourke wrote a particularly dismissive review in the medieval history journal Speculum, asserting that "scholars need not concern themselves with this so-called dictionary". He was especially concerned about the quotations being printed without context or commentary, thus limiting their usefulness or potentially altering their meaning. Hans Bynagle, in his 21st-century guide to philosophical reference material, Philosophy: A Guide to the Reference Literature, echoed these concerns, pointing to the entry for "horse and donkey", which states: "Horse and Donkey are different beings, but both are animals".
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Sobecki was awarded the John Hurt Fisher Prize by the John Gower Society and has held fellowships from Yale University, All Souls College Oxford, and the Huntington Library. Sobecki has written widely on medieval and early modern topics, and his articles have appeared in leading journals, including Speculum, English Literary History, Studies in the Age of Chaucer, Renaissance Studies, The English Historical Review, The Chaucer Review, The Library, New Medieval Literatures, and The Review of English Studies. Together with Michelle Karnes (University of Notre Dame), Sobecki is the editor of the journal Studies in the Age of Chaucer. He is completing his third monograph, Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England (Oxford University Press), and two volumes in the Oxford edition of Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations.
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In addition to serving as a place of worship, the Sainte-Chapelle played an important role in the political and cultural ambitions of King Louis and his successors.Beat Brenk, The Sainte Chapelle as a Capetian Political Program in Artistic integration in Gothic buildings, Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, Peter Draper (eds), pp. 195-273, University of Toronto Press, 1995Meredith Cohen, An Indulgence for the Visitor: The Public at the Sainte- Chapelle of Paris, in Speculum, Vol.83, 2008, pp 840-883 With the imperial throne at Constantinople occupied by a mere Count of Flanders and with the Holy Roman Empire in uneasy disarray, Louis' artistic and architectural patronage helped to position him as the central monarch of western Christendom, the Sainte-Chapelle fitting into a long tradition of prestigious palace chapels.
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The only printed edition of Odo's sermons, Paris 1520 Beside the 64 sermons on the Sunday Gospels, of which extracts were published under the title Flores Sermonum ac Evangeliorum Dominicalium in Paris in 1520, Odo had composed early treatises on the Lord’s Prayer and the Passion. In 1224 he compiled another collection of sermons (Sermones Dominicales in Epistolas), many of which were preached in Spain, where he was also credited with an exposition of the Song of Songs (1226/7). About the same time he compiled a further set of sermons on Feast Days (Sermones de Festis). His final religious work, written about 1235, after his return to England, was a handbook for priests on penitence.Most of the information above is derived from Albert C. Friend’s “Master Odo of Cheriton”, Speculum (University of Chicago) Vol.
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A wild man is described in the book Konungs skuggsjá (Speculum Regale or "the King's Mirror"), written in Norway about 1250: > It once happened in that country (and this seems indeed strange) that a > living creature was caught in the forest as to which no one could say > definitely whether it was a man or some other animal; for no one could get a > word from it or be sure that it understood human speech. It had the human > shape, however, in every detail, both as to hands and face and feet; but the > entire body was covered with hair as the beasts are, and down the back it > had a long coarse mane like that of a horse, which fell to both sides and > trailed along the ground when the creature stooped in walking.
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Anne Ross, "Chain Symbolism in Pagan Celtic Religion," Speculum 34 (1959), p. 42. The best known image appears on the Gundestrup cauldron found on Jutland, dating to the 1st century BCE, thought to depict Celtic subject matter though usually regarded as of Thracian workmanship. Among the Celtiberians, horned or antlered figures of the Cernunnos type include a "Janus-like" god from Candelario (Salamanca) with two faces and two small horns; a horned god from the hills of Ríotinto (Huelva); and a possible representation of the deity Vestius Aloniecus near his altars in Lourizán (Pontevedra). The horns are taken to represent "aggressive power, genetic vigor and fecundity."Francisco Marco Simón, "Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 6 (2005), p. 310.
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As Jane Chance Nitzsche, Chance published a revised version of her dissertation as The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages in 1975. Beginning in 1994, she then published a three-volume history of medieval mythography. Volume 1, From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177, was termed "monumental" and "highly detailed" by a reviewer in Arthuriana who nonetheless found the focus on gender poorly supported; although the reviewer in Speculum called it "disappointing"; Volume 2, From the School of Chartres to the Court at Avignon, 1177–1350, was called "immensely learned and ambitious" in the same journal in 2002. The final volume, The Emergence of Italian Humanism, 1321–1475, appeared in 2015, and was judged by one reviewer to be less comprehensive than claimed.
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Politzer was a prolific inventor of new medical devices for the diagnosis and treatment of ear diseases. He developed several surgical instruments which bear his name for the operation of the outer and the inner ear structures, such as an ear perforator, a surgical knife, a grommet for the ventilation of the middle ear after tympanocentesis, as well as a method to restore permeability to the Eustachian tube by using an insufflator made out of a pear-shaped rubber bag ("politzerisation" or Politzer's method). He also devised methods and apparatuses to examine the outer ear canal and tympanic membrane (Politzer's otoscope), a speculum and a qualitative test for the function of the Eustachian tube. In the field of hearing, Politzer devised an acoumeter for measuring hearing acuity and at least two early acoustical hearing aids.
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Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932. The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet), and work is underway on several 30-40m designs. The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays.
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A festival said to be of Juno Februata or Juno Februa, though it does not appear in Ovid's Fasti, was described by Alban Butler, famous as the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, who presented an aspect of the Roman Lupercalia as a festival of a "Juno Februata", under the heading of February 14: :"To abolish the heathens lewd superstitious custom of boys drawing the names of girls, in honour of their goddess Februata Juno, on the fifteenth of this month, several zealous pastors substituted the names of saints in billets, given on this day."Butler, Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints London, 1756-59, quoted in Jack B. Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum 56.3 (July 1981, pp. 534-565), p 539.
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One of Beverley's works, Modern Times (1818) was prompted by the death in childbirth of Princess Charlotte of Wales, the only child of the future King George IV, taking the form of a sermon on the text of Jeremiah 5:29, "Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this?" Others, in verse or prose, comment on a child's death, on the value to women of male applause, and on publisher/author relations (a writer beaten down to £5 for his work later managing to obtain £200 for it by subscription). The prose Veluti in speculum (1827) consists of letters on subjects such as singing in church, managing a theatre, and the importance of elocution, addressed to "Mira".
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Upon this, the city surrendered.Turan (2004), pp. 383–385 Although the primary sources consistently named the leader of the Trapezuntine forces as Alexios, beginning with Fallmerayer earlier scholars used to place the death of David Komnenos, Alexios' younger brother and co-founder of the Trapezuntine empire, during the siege of Sinope. For example, Alexander Vasiliev wrote in 1936, "the name of Alexius, the first emperor of Trebizond, was of course more familiar ... than the name of his brother David, the real ruler of Sinope at that time. But since the name of David never occurs in the sources after 1214, we may positively conclude that it was David who was slain at the first Turkish capture of Sinope."Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), p.
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After 1189, Gervase moved to the court of the Otto of Brunswick, a grandson of Henry II and after 1198 one of the two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire. Gervase accompanied Otto to Rome in 1209 for his imperial coronation and was enmeshed in the papacy's struggle with his patron Otto, who was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. Gervase employed the next years, from 1210 to 1214, writing the Otia Imperialia for his patron. The Otia was written at a time when other encyclopedic descriptions of the world were being produced and translated, such as the Summarium Heinrici, the Hortus deliciarum (Herrad of Landsberg), the Liber exceptionum (Richard de Saint- Victor, Jean Châtillon), the De proprietatibus rerum (Bartholomeus Anglicus), and the Speculum naturale (Vincent of Beauvais).
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William Manchester's book A World Lit Only by Fire, embellishes the story: "Servants kept score of each man's orgasms, for the pope greatly admired virility and measured a man's machismo by his ejaculative capacity....After everyone was exhausted, His Holiness distributed prizes." pp. 79-80. Professional historians, however, have dismissed or ignored the book because of its numerous factual errors and its dependence on interpretations that have not been accepted by experts since the 1930s at the latest. In a review for Speculum, the journal of the Medieval Academy of America, Jeremy duQuesnay Adams remarked that Manchester's work contained "some of the most gratuitous errors of fact and eccentricities of judgment this reviewer has read (or heard) in quite some time." The banquet is depicted in episode 4 of season 3 of the Showtime TV series The Borgias.
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Dews suggestes that Lyotard too quickly rejected the perspective advanced in the work. The philosopher Douglas Kellner writes that Libidinal Economy and Anti-Oedipus were both key texts in the "micropolitics of desire" advocated by some French intellectuals in the 1970s; according to Kellner, the "micropolitics of desire" advocates revolutionary change in practices of everyday life as a way of providing "the preconditions for a new society". He contrasts Lyotard's views with those of Baudrillard, noting that the latter eventually abandoned the "micropolitics of desire". Grant compares Libidinal Economy to the philosopher Jacques Derrida's Of Grammatology (1967), the philosopher Luce Irigaray's Speculum of the Other Woman (1974), and Baudrillard's Symbolic Exchange and Death (1976), as well as to Anti-Oedipus, noting that like them it forms part of post-structuralism, a response to the demise of structuralism as a dominant intellectual discourse.
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The diocese is named after St. Florus (Flour), who is said to have been the first Bishop of Lodève and to have died at Indiciat (later Saint-Flour) while evangelizing Haute-Auvergne. These traditions have been the subject of numerous discussions. In two documents concerning the foundation of the second monastery of St-Flour, drawn up in 1013 and 1031, and in a letter written to Pope Urban IV in 1261 by Pierre de Saint-Haon, prior of Saint-Flour, St. Flour is already considered as belonging to the Apostolic times, and the Speculum sanctorale of Bernard Gui in 1329 relates at length the legend of this "disciple of Christ". Marcellin Boudet believes it more likely that St. Flour lived in the fifth century, and that it was he who attended the Council of Arles in 450 or 451.
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The Speculum humane salvationis contains illustrations of related scenes from the Old and New Testament Saint Thomas Aquinas taught that the most obvious Old Testament prefiguring of the sign aspect of the Eucharist was the action of Melchizedek in , that all the Old Testament sacrifices, especially that of the Day of Atonement, prefigured the content of the sacrament, namely Christ himself sacrificed for us, and that the manna was a special prefiguration of the effect of the sacrament as grace; but he said that the paschal lamb was the outstanding type or figure of the Eucharist under all three aspects of sign, content and effect.Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica III, q. 73, art. 6 The reverence Moses showed before the burning bush on Mt. Sinai is equated with the adoration of the Shepherds and the priest celebrating the sacrifice of the Mass.
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299-312 More recently Michel Kuršanskis has argued against Toumanoff's theory, producing evidence that Alexios' mother and/or grandmother were daughters of the houses of Palaiologos or Doukas, yet failing to offer an explanation why Panaretos describes Tamar as Alexios' paternal aunt.Kuršanskis, "L'Empire de Trébizonde et la Géorgie", Revue des études byzantines, 35 (1977). pp. 237-256 Whatever the nature of their relationship, after the death of Emperor Andronikos and their father Manuel, Queen Tamar provided a refuge for the boys at the Georgian court, where presumably they were raised and educated.A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 9-18 In April 1204, while Constantinople was occupied with the on-going conflict with the Fourth Crusade, David and Alexios occupied the city of Trebizond and raised the banner of revolt.
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Documentary sources from the middle 16th century refer to the bear-baiting rink as being in Paris Garden, the liberty at the western end of the Bankside. The names of the facility and its location were merged in popular usage: John Stow, writing in 1583, calls it "The Beare-garden, commonly called the Paris garden."Similarly, the prison located in the liberty of the Clink was called The Clink Prison, from which derived the colloquialism "in the clink." The origins of the names of both liberties, Paris Garden and the Clink, are obscure and debated. Late-16th-century sources, however -- the Speculum Britanniae map of 1593, and the Civitas Londini map of 1600 -- show the Beargarden farther to the east, in the liberty of the Clink, where it sits on the northwestern side of the Rose Theatre.
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The 1953 article on Beowulf, "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry," published in Speculum, was of particular importance in the view of Albert Lord (for whom Magoun served as dissertation advisor; he was also one of Walter Ong's teachers). Magoun argued that written Anglo-Saxon poetry was essentially a transcription of traditional oral performance, and furthermore, heavily imbued with pre-Christian ideas and values. The position has implications for how Anglo-Saxon poetry should be approached for purposes of literary criticism. His ideas sparked ongoing controversy among medievalists, with some accepting his view, others arguing for a written poetry inspired by traditional idiom and methods (and a complex layering of Christian and pre-Christian influences), and still others insisting that the entire Anglo-Saxon corpus consists of individually authored, written texts with an exclusively Christian matrix of belief.
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The Hale telescope at Mount Palomar In 1856–57, Karl August von Steinheil and Léon Foucault introduced a process of depositing a layer of silver on glass telescope mirrors. The silver layer was not only much more reflective and longer lasting than the finish on speculum mirrors, it had the advantage of being able to be removed and re-deposited without changing the shape of the glass substrate. Towards the end of the 19th century very large silver on glass mirror reflecting telescopes were built. The beginning of the 20th century saw construction of the first of the "modern" large research reflectors, designed for precision photographic imaging and located at remote high altitude clear sky locations such as the 60-inch Hale telescope of 1908, and the Hooker telescope in 1917, both located at Mount Wilson Observatory.
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High medieval depictions of the New Testament parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins sometimes used the iconography of Ecclesia and Synagoga. This is not done in the German portal sculptures, several on the same buildings that feature figures of Ecclesia and Synagoga, as for example Strasbourg and Minden Cathedrals. It can be seen very clearly in the Darmstadt manuscript of the Speculum Humanae Salvationis illustrated here, from about 1360, where the leading virgins of each group have all the attributes of Ecclesia and Synagoga, and the lamp of the leading Wise Virgin has become a chalice. The interpretation of the parable in terms of wise Christian and foolish Jewish virgins, the latter missing the wedding party, long remained common in sermons and theological literature, and has been argued to be present in Handel's oratorio Messiah (1741).
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The early Gothic includes the French music composed in the Notre-Dame school up until about 1260, and the high Gothic all the music between then, and about 1310 or 1320, the conventional beginning of the ars nova. The forms of organum and conductus reached their peak development in the early Gothic, and began to decline in the high Gothic, being replaced by the motet. Though the style of the ars antiqua went out of fashion rather suddenly in the first two decades of the fourteenth century, it had a late defender in Jacques of Liège (alternatively known as Jacob of Liège), who wrote a violent attack on the "irreverent, and corrupt" ars nova in his Speculum Musicae (c.1320) vigorously defending the old style in a manner suggestive of any number of music critics from the Middle Ages to the present day.
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He was the author of two commentaries on the Rule of St. Benedict; in one, written when he was Abbot of St. Chinian, he deals with the Rule from the point of view of the canonist; in the other, written in the Sacro Speco at Subiaco when he was Bishop of Orvieto, he deals with it more from the point of view of the ascetic. He dedicated the later commentary to Charles V, King of France. He also wrote a commentary on the Constitution "Pastor bonus" of Benedict XII; "Speculum Monachorum"; "De Signis locutionum"; "Notæ in Damasi Pontificale" (an annotated copy of the "Liber Pontificalis", likewise dedicated to Charles V); and began at Rouen in 1379 a treatise on the question of calling a general council with a view to ending the schism then distracting the Church. This treatise remained unfinished.
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It wasn't only the newspapers that covered the 'curious incident'; Stawell photographer Aaron Flegeltaub began selling copies of the formal portrait Marquand and Evans had taken in the early 1870s, while Sandhurst photographer N. White managed to gain access to the Bendigo Hospital and took a number of head-shots of Evans wearing a 'white hospital nightshirt (or straight-jacket)' and looking 'wild eyed and probably affronted by the intrusion' which were used to create an image he also sold. The hospital refused requests from 'entrepreneurs' for Evans be ‘publicly exhibited'. 'Another intrusion' was a gynaecological examination conducted by a Dr Penfold, which caused Evans to 'cry and scream' when the speculum was used, and resulted in a finding that he was 'physiologically female' and 'had carried and borne a child'. Evans later said the 'examination had injured' him.
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They had one house in Paris, in a street called after them the rue de Sachettes, and in 1257 they were introduced into England. Matthew Paris records under this year that "a certain new and unknown order of friars appeared in London", duly furnished with credentials from pope; and he mentions later that they were called from the style of their habit Fratres Saccati. Paris' notation about a "novum ordum" has led some to suggest that the Fratres Saccati were the order quite soon afterwards established at Ashridge and Edington, though this was repudiated in an article by Richard Emory in the journal Speculum (1943), who attributes the original connection to Helyot's Dictionnaire des Ordres Religieux, which was compiled in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century. There is in fact nothing to connect the Fratres Saccati with the Boni Homines of Ashridge and Edington.
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Judaism's ban on physical iconography, along with anthropomorphic metaphors for Divinity in the Hebrew Bible and midrash, enabled their internal visualisation of the Divine sephirot Anthropos in imagination. Disclosure of the aniconic in iconic internal psychology, involved sublimatory revelation of Kabbalah's sexual unifications. Previous academic distinction between Theosophical versus Abulafian Ecstatic-Prophetic Kabbalah overstated their division of aims, which revolved around visual versus verbal/auditory views of prophecy.Elliot R. Wolfson, Through a Speculum That Shines: Vision and Imagination in Medieval Jewish Mysticism, Princeton University Press 1994, Chapter 6 Visionary Gnosis and the Role of the Imagination in Theosophic Kabbalah In addition, throughout the history of Judaic Kabbalah, the greatest mystics claimed to receive new teachings from Elijah the Prophet, the souls of earlier sages (a purpose of Lurianic meditation prostrated on the graves of Talmudic Tannaim, Amoraim and Kabbalists), the soul of the mishnah, ascents during sleep, heavenly messengers, etc.
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By then, by his own admission, he had mastered the necessary skills—in the era before DNA profiling—to leave minimal incriminating forensic evidence at crime scenes. Shortly after midnight on January 4, 1974 (around the time that he terminated his relationship with Brooks), Bundy entered the basement apartment of 18-year-old Karen Sparks (identified as Joni Lenz, Mary Adams, and Terri Caldwell by various sources), a dancer and student at UW. After bludgeoning Sparks senseless with a metal rod from her bed frame, he sexually assaulted her with either the same rod, or a metal speculum, causing extensive internal injuries. She remained unconscious for 10 days, but survived with permanent physical and mental disabilities. In the early morning hours of February 1, Bundy broke into the basement room of Lynda Ann Healy, a UW undergraduate who broadcast morning radio weather reports for skiers.
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Ralph Hanna is Professor Emeritus of Paleography at Keble College, Oxford and Professor Emeritus of English at University of California, Riverside. After undergraduate study at Amherst College, he earned his M.A. and Ph.D. at Yale University. He is the author of Pursuing History: Middle English Manuscripts and Their Texts (1996), London Literature, 1300-1380 (2005), The English Manuscripts of Richard Rolle: A Descriptive Catalogue (2010), Introducing English Medieval Book History: Manuscripts, Their Producers and Their Readers (2014), and Editing Medieval Texts: An Introduction (2015). He has also edited a number of important Middle English texts, including volumes such as Richard Rolle: Uncollected Prose and Verse, With Related Northern Texts (2007), the Speculum Vitae, with David Lawton The Siege of Jerusalem (2003), and, with Sarah Wood, Richard Morris's Prick of Conscience: A Corrected and Amplified Reading Text (2013), all with the Early English Text Society.
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The walls of the Brunella Fortress above Aulla Traces of Roman and Etruscan civilizations found in the church of the Abbey of San Caprasio indicate that there were settlements in Aulla long before the 8th century CE, when margrave Adalbert I of Tuscany founded a village and built a castle to accommodate pilgrims traveling the via Francigena.Geo Pistarino, Una fonte medievale falsa e il suo presunto autore (University of Genoa, 1958) demonstrated in detail that the notorious "cartulary of Aulla", supposedly drawn up at the end of the thirteenth century, was in fact a forgery by Alfonso Ceccarelli, who was executed for other forgeries in 1583. Here, at Aguilla Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury, sojourned on his return journey from Rome about 990.F. P. Magoun, Jr., "The Italian Itinerary of Philip II (Philippe-Auguste) in the Year 1191" Speculum 17.3 (July 1942;367-376) p. 373.
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Der Stricker's tale Pfaffe Âmis (13th century) is about the English Priest Amis whose well-to-do lifestyle earns the Bishop's displeasure, but fends off five questions of examination posed to him; this tale is an imperfect analogue since not substitution is made and the priest answers himself. In the Gesta Romanorum (late 13th to early 14th century) is a tale of a knight compelled to answer difficult questions before a king: in the English version of the Gesta, the number of questions is seven. also says an analogue to the play Kiaser und Apt exists in the Gesta Romanorum, in the second volume in the edition he owns. The Speculum Morale (14th century) a later addition to Vincent of Beauvais's works records a story of a king who tried to relieve a wealthy wise man of some of his riches by stumping him with questions, only to be foiled.
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Mirrors for princes (), or mirrors of princes, form a literary genre, in a loose sense of the word, of political writing during the Early Middle Ages, Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and are part of the broader speculum or mirror literature genre. They occur most frequently in the form of textbooks which directly instruct kings or lesser rulers on certain aspects of rule and behaviour, but in a broader sense the term is also used to cover histories or literary works aimed at creating images of kings for imitation or avoidance. Authors often composed such "mirrors" at the accession of a new king, when a young and inexperienced ruler was about to come to power. One could view them as a species of self-help book – a sort of proto-study of leadership before the concept of a "leader" became more generalised than the concept of a monarchical head-of-state.
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The origins of the family remain largely unclear, but according to the two oldest traditions, it originated from Kotor in Venetian Albania, or else from the town of Vieste in Apulia and Leck. The Almanach de GothaAlmanach de Gotha 1763/1785 bis 1944 by Justus Perthes Verlag enumerates it among the eleven oldest native families of the Republic of Ragusa,Ragusan Archives Document: "Speculum Maioris Consilii Rectores", showed 4397 rectors elected between September 1440 to June 1806; 2764, (63 %) were from eleven "old patrician" families: Gozze, de Bona, de Caboga, Cerva, de Ghetaldi,de Giorgi(slavic Juric/Jurici), Gradi, Pozza, Saraca, Sorgo and Zamanya. A list of Ragusa's governing bodies in 1802 showed 3 that 6 of the 8 Minor Council, and 15 of 20 Grand Council members were from the same 11 families.Helias and Blasius De Radoano: Ragusa Merchants in the Second Half of the 14th Century by Barisa Krekic.
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Tradition links the Zorzi to the origins of the city of Venice. In 1817, Antonio Longo wrote that they came from Moravia and Silesia; entered Italy in 411 AD and took up residence at Pavia; and after the invasion of Attila in 453 AD were among the founders of Venice. The Almanach de GothaAlmanach de Gotha 1763/1785 bis 1944 by Justus Perthes Verlag enumerates it among the eleven oldest native families of the Republic of Ragusa,Ragusan Archives Document: "Speculum Maioris Consilii Rectores", showed 4397 rectors elected between September 1440 to June 1806; 2764, (63 %) were from eleven "old patrician" families: Gozze, de Bona, de Caboga, Cerva, de Ghetaldi,de Giorgi(slavic Juric/Jurici), Gradi, Pozza, Saraca, Sorgo and Zamanya. A list of Ragusa's governing bodies in 1802 showed 3 that 6 of the 8 Minor Council, and 15 of 20 Grand Council members were from the same 11 families.
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In 1962 Wuorinen and fellow composer-performer Harvey Sollberger formed The Group for Contemporary Music. The ensemble raised the standard of new music performance in New York, championing such composers as Milton Babbitt, Elliott Carter and Stefan Wolpe, who wrote several works for the ensemble. Many of Wuorinen's works were premiered by The Group, including Chamber Concerto for Cello and the Chamber Concerto for Flute. Major Wuorinen compositions of the '60s include Orchestral and Electronic Exchanges, premiered by the New York Philharmonic conducted by Lukas Foss; the First Piano Concerto, with composer as soloist; the String Trio, written for the then newly formed new music ensemble Speculum Musicae; and Time's Encomium, Wuorinen's only purely electronic piece, composed using the RCA Synthesizer at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center on a commission from Nonesuch Records, for which Wuorinen was awarded the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Music at the age of 32.
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Early, perhaps as early as the fifth century,Marcellin Boudet's estimated date (Boudet, La Source Minérale Gallo- Romaine de Coren Et Son Trsor; "the traditions of Saint Florus (Flour)...have been the subject of numerous discussions" (Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "Saint- Flour") Florus of Lodève, credited in medieval tradition with being the first bishop of Lodève and belonging to the apostolic era,In two documents concerning the refounding of the monastery (1013, 1031) and in a letter from the prior to Pope Urban IV (1231), expanded on by Bernard Gui, Speculum sanctorale (1261) (Catholic Encyclopedia); "after the received fashion in France, the founders of the several churches are thrust back into Apostolic times", observes Sabine Baring-Gould (The Lives of the Saints, vol. 13, s.v. "S. Florus, B. of Lodève"); for other founding saints redated in medieval tradition to apostolic times, see Martial of Limoges, Denis.
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They compared its performance with that of a diameter aerial telescope originally presented to the Royal Society by Constantijn Huygens, Jr. and found that Hadley's reflector, "will bear such a charge as to make it magnify the object as many times as the latter with its due charge", and that it represents objects as distinct, though not altogether so clear and bright. Bradley and Samuel Molyneux, having been instructed by Hadley in his methods of polishing speculum metal, succeeded in producing large reflecting telescopes of their own, one of which had a focal length of . These methods of fabricating mirrors were passed on by Molyneux to two London opticians —Scarlet and Hearn— who started a business manufacturing telescopes.Smith, Robert, Compleat system of opticks in four books, bk, iii. ch. I. (Cambridge, 1738) The British mathematician, optician James Short began experimenting with building telescopes based on Gregory's designs in the 1730s.
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His mother was a daughter of Theodore Branas and Agnes of France. Baldwin was absent for several years, first staying in France and then joining Louis IX in the Seventh Crusade. He returned by 8 October 1248, the date of a charter that empowered her to mortgage his western lands in order to pay the huge debt of 24,000 hyperpers.Robert L. Wolff, "Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople", Speculum, 29 (1954), p. 60 Within a month of Baldwin's arrival, Marie left Constantinople for Western Europe, assuming they followed the instructions of Blanche of Castile, Marie's great-aunt, who had arranged for her visit and had given Baldwin 20,000 livres in exchange for two promises: not to sell his properties at Namur, and to send Marie to visit her within a month after his return to Constantinople.
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Accessed on line 9 June 2013.Notes file for the WDS , WDS Catalog United States Naval Observatory. Accessed on line 9 June 2013.References and discoverer codes, The Washington Double Star Catalog , United States Naval Observatory. Accessed on line 9 June 2013. These double star observations were all made roughly between December 1827 and December 1828, being observed through his homemade 9-foot 23 cm (9-inch) speculum Newtonian reflector, or by measuring the separated distances and position angles of selected double stars using the small equatorial mounted refracting telescope. Most of these pairs have proved to be uninteresting to astronomers, and many of the double stars selected were too wide for the indication of orbital motion as binary stars. It seems these observations were made when the atmospheric conditions were quite unsuitable for looking at deep sky objects, either being made under unsteady astronomical seeing or when the sky was illuminated by the bright moon.
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The Franks conquered the kingdom of the Lombards in Italy in 774. The first Frankish king, Charlemagne, established counties in Italy on the Frankish model. The first recorded count of Piacenza, and the only known from Charlemagne's reign, was named Aroinus or Arowinus.François Bougard, "Entre Gandolfinigi et Obertenghi: les comtes de Plaisance aux Xe et XIe siècles", Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome: Moyen-Âge, 101,1 (1989), pp. 11–66. On 3 June 870, the Louis II granted his queen, Engelberga, the monastery of San Pietro in the county of Piacenza along with seven manors to support the convent of San Sisto she had recently founded within the walls of Piacenza. In 874, Louis extended granted her control of the aqueduct system in the county, as well as the right to certain building materials and to a canal.Charles E. Odegaard, "The Empress Engelberge", Speculum, 26, 1 (1951), pp. 77–103, at p. 88.
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Ruins of the castle in 2005 In 1225, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall traded with Gervase de Tintagel, swapping the land of Merthen (originally part of the manor of Winnianton) for Tintagel Castle. A castle was built on the site by Earl Richard in 1233 to establish a connection with the Arthurian legends that were associated by Geoffrey of Monmouth with the areaTintagel does not appear in the Domesday Book (the manor was then entered as Botcinii (Bossiney)); E. M. R. Ditmas ("A Reappraisal of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Allusions to Cornwall" Speculum 48, 3 [July 1973:510–524], p. 515) suggested that "Tintagel" was a name of Geoffrey's own invention; the first mention of Tintagel dates from the 13th century, Ditmas notes, after the Arthurian romances had been in circulation and because it was seen as the traditional place for Cornish kings. The castle was built in a more old- fashioned style for the time to make it appear more ancient.
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The Mirror of Justices, also known in Anglo-Norman as Le mireur a justices. and in Latin as Speculum Justitiariorum, is a law textbookIn , Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas sitting as a judge of the House of Lords, said the Mirror of Justices was "perhaps the very earliest of our text books" and cited it for the "admitted principle" that "the common law only taketh him to be a son whom the marriage proveth to be so". of the early 14th century, written in Anglo-Norman French by Andrew Horn (or Horne). The original manuscript is in the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (manuscript identifier CCCC MS 258).. The work was published in 1642, based on a copy owned by Francis Tate and the Cambridge manuscript.. In 1646 it was translated into English and printed together with Anthony Fitzherbert's The Diversity of Courts and their Jurisdictions.
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His first works were translations: Ven. Bede's "History of the Church in England" (Antwerp, 1565), the "Apology of Staphylus" (Antwerp, 1565), and Hosius on "The Expresse Word of God" (1567). His original works were very numerous: "A Fortress of the Faith" (Antwerp) contains the earliest use of the term hugenots;Oxford English Dictionary Huguenot, n. (a.) "A Return of Untruths" (Antwerp, 1566); "A Counterblast to M. Horne's vain blast" (Louvain, 1567); "Orationes funebres" (Antwerp, 1577); "Principiorum fidei doctrinalium demonstratio" (Paris, 1578); "Speculum pravitatis hæreticæ" (Douai, 1580); "De universa justificationis doctrina" (Paris, 1582); "Tres Thomæ" (Douai, 1588); "Promptuarium morale" in two parts (Antwerp, 1591, 1592); "Promptuarium Catholicum in Evangelia Dominicalia" (Cologne, 1592); "Promptuarium Catholicum in Evangelia Ferialia" (Cologne, 1594) and "Promptuarium Catholicum in Evangelia Festorum" (Cologne, 1592); "Relectio scholastica" (Antwerp, 1592); "Authoritatis Ecclesiasticæ circa S. Scripturarum approbationem defensio" (Antwerp, 1592); "Apologia pro rege Philippo II" (Constance, 1592), published under the punning pseudonym of Didymus Veridicus Henfildanus, i.e.
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Notable among these are the College Council (CC) which handles students' concerns primarily for the undergraduate body of the Emory College of Arts and Sciences and annually sponsors the State of Race event, and the BBA Council which does similar activities for the Goizueta Business School BBA Program. The Student Programming Council is the school's primary programming organization, responsible for planning multiple events every year: Homecoming Week, Dooley's week, and a plethora of other events that happen around campus that benefit the students in a proactive way. Emory also has several secret societies—the Paladin Society, the D.V.S. Senior Honor Society, Ducemus, Speculum, and The Order of Ammon. Emory has a partnership with Coca-Cola in which they pledged 3 million dollars over a 5-year period for "Service for Learning" which projects that Emory student volunteers participate to help preserve nature trails, create urban farms, as well as restore neighborhood parks.
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Guys Cliffe, near Warwick, where in the fourteenth century Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, erected a chantry, with a statue of the hero, does not correspond with the site of the hermitage as described in the Godfreyson (see Havelok). The narrative detail of the legend is obvious fiction, though it may have become vaguely connected with the family history of the Ardens and the Wallingford family, but it was accepted as authentic fact in the chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft (Peter of Langtoft) written at the end of the thirteenth century. The adventures of Reynbrun, son of Guy, and his tutor Heraud of Arden, who had also educated Guy, have much in common with his father's history, and form an interpolation sometimes treated as a separate romance. A connection between Guy and Guido, count of Tours (flourished about 800) was made when Alcuin's advice to the count, Liber ad Guidonem, was transferred to the English hero in the Speculum Gy de Warewyke (c.
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Encyclopedias of various types had been published since antiquity, beginning with the collected works of Aristotle and the Natural History of Pliny the Elder, the latter having 2493 articles in 37 books. Encyclopedias were published in Europe and China throughout the Middle Ages, such as the Satyricon of Martianus Minneus Felix Capella (early 5th century), the Speculum majus (Great Mirror) of Vincent of Beauvais (1250), and Encyclopedia septem tomis distincta (A Seven-Part Encyclopedia) by Johann Heinrich Alsted (1630). Most early encyclopedias did not include biographies of living people and were written in Latin, although some encyclopedias were translated into English, such as De proprietatibus rerum (On the properties of things) (1240) by Bartholomeus Anglicus. However, English-composed encyclopedias appeared in the 18th century, beginning with Lexicon technicum, or A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences by John Harris (two volumes, published 1704 and 1710, respectively), which contained articles by such contributors as Isaac Newton.
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Some details are known about his life, and more can be inferred. In his own treatise he described himself as the papal chaplain and the preceptor of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John at Cologne, an extremely powerful position in northern Europe in the 13th century. Other documents of the time refer to him as "Franco of Paris" as well as "Franco teutonicus"; since his writing on music is intimately associated with the Notre Dame school of Paris, and his Teutonic origin is mentioned in several sources, he was probably German, probably traveled between Cologne and Paris, which had close relations during that time, and probably had a musical position at Notre Dame at some point, perhaps as a teacher, composer or singing master. Jacques of Liège, in his early 14th century Speculum musice, a passionate defense of the 13th century ars antiqua style against the new "dissolute and lascivious" ars nova style, mentioned hearing a composition by Franco of Cologne, a motet in three voices.
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The inscription contains "pentadic" numerals. Such numerals are known in Scandinavia, but nearly always from relatively recent times, not from verified medieval runic monuments, on which numbers were usually spelled out as words. S. N. Hagen stated "The Kensington alphabet is a synthesis of older unsimplified runes, later dotted runes, and a number of Latin letters ... The runes for a, n, s and t are the old Danish unsimplified forms which should have been out of use for a long time [by the 14th century]...I suggest that [a posited 14th century] creator must at some time or other in his life have been familiar with an inscription (or inscriptions) composed at a time when these unsimplified forms were still in use" and that he "was not a professional runic scribe before he left his homeland".Article The Kensington Runic Inscription by S.N. Hagen, in: Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies, Vol.
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Reliquary for the head of St. Martin, silver and copper, part gilt, from the church at Soudeilles, late 14th century, Louvre The veneration of Martin was widely popular in the Middle Ages, above all in the region between the Loire and the Marne, where Le Roy Ladurie and Zysberg noted the densest accretion of place names commemorating Martin.Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie and A. Zysberg, "Géographie des hagiotoponymes en France", Annales E.S.C. (1983), map p. 1331. Venantius Fortunatus had earlier declared, "Wherever Christ is known, Martin is honored."Quoted by Louis Réau, Iconographie de I'art chretien, p. 902. When Bishop Perpetuus took office at Tours in 461, the little chapel over Martin's grave, built in the previous century by Martin's immediate successor, Bricius,"Hic aedificavit basilicam parvulam super corpus beati Martini, in qua et ipse sepultus est" (Gregory, Libri historiarum 10.31, quoted in Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:1107-1143) p. 1108.
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Aymar witnessed a charter of King Henry I of Jerusalem in 1193, subscribing as Azemarus Cesariensis dominus ("Aymar, Caesarean lord").John L. LaMonte, "The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades", Speculum 22, 2 (1947): 153–54. He subscribed a second royal act with the same title the next year (1194). The wife in whose right he held the title, Juliana, is not herself recorded using the feminine equivalent (Lady of Caesarea) until 1197, when together they confirmed a grant made by her brother, Walter II, on his deathbed. Between 1201 and 1213 he and his wife jointly issued a number of charters. Aymar was a leading baron of the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the reigns of Henry I (1192–97), Amalric II (1197–1205) and John (1210–15). He witnessed royal charters in 1193, 1194, 1200, 1211 and 1212.There is also a highly corrupted charter of Henry I dated 1198, cf.
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The Floridian population, which occurs approximately south of Tampa, is separated as the nominate subspecies Anas fulvigula fulvigula and is occasionally called the Florida mottled duck or Florida mallard. It differs from the other subspecies, the Gulf Coast mottled duck (A. f. maculosa) (etymology: maculosa, Latin for "the mottled one"), by being somewhat lighter in color and less heavily marked; while both subspecies are intermediate between female mallards and American black ducks, the Florida mottled duck is closer to the former and the Gulf Coast mottled duck closer to the latter in appearance; this is mainly recognizable in the lighter head being quite clearly separated from the darker breast in Gulf Coast mottled ducks, but much less so in Florida mottled ducks. As the subspecies' ranges do not overlap, these birds can only be confused with female mallards and American black ducks however; particularly female American black ducks are often only reliably separable by their dark purple speculum from mottled ducks in the field.
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He first wrote a rhyming chronicle for the English queen Philippa of Hainault, which he offered to her in 1361 or 1362.Normand R. Cartier, 'The lost chronicle', Speculum 36 (1961), 424-434; Peter F. Ainsworth, Jean Froissart and the Fabric of History: Truth, Myth, and Fiction in the Chroniques (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 32-50; Jean Devaux, 'From the court of Hainault to the court of England: the example of Jean Froissart', in Christopher Allmand (ed.), War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France (Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2000), pp. 1-20. The text of this earliest historical work, which Froissart himself mentioned in the prologue of his Chronicles, is usually considered to have been completely lost, but some scholars have argued that a 14th-century manuscript containing a rhyming chronicle, of which fragments are now kept in libraries in Paris and Berlin, may be identified as this so-called 'lost chronicle'.
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One of the goals of his analysis is to uncover the literal violence sublated in the poetic accounts of spiritual warfare: "in Hermann's view, traditional exegetical and formalist readings have had the effect of obscuring a real (and reprehensible) commitment to violence and terror as instruments of forced cultural conversion in the early Middle Ages". This critical stance was taken within the profession as evidence that "the armies of modern critical theory stand at the gates of one of the last bastions of traditional philological discourse", in a book whose "discursive content is explicitly intended to serve a larger purpose—the dismantling of an established philological tradition which rests on the ideological alliance of modern exegesis and New Criticism". The book received very mixed reviews. Joseph Harris, in a review for Speculum, was not convinced by its supposed "efforts at a high-level Marxist historical analysis" and thought its deconstructionist theme "least satisfactory".
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Into his industrious hands William Leybourn introduced the second year of his astronomical almanac, Speculum Anni for 1649, and also the important astronomical work he had written with Vincent Wing, their Urania Practica, together with their reply to the criticisms of Julian Shakerley. From this time forth the Leybourn press found its direction in the works of William Leybourn, and of Vincent Wing, and for a wide range of serious works of astronomy, mathematics, surveying, military matters, and the like. In 1650 was printed Richard Elton's The Complete Body of the Art Military, John Wybard's Tactometria, seu Tetagmenomentria: or, the geometry of regulars practically proposed, John Chatfield's The Trigonall Sector: the description and use thereof and the two parts of Thomas Rudd's Practical Geometry, and also John Spencer's Catalogue of the Library of Sion House, as well as Leybourn's own Planometria, or the Whole Art of Surveying Land under the pseudonym 'Oliver Wallinby'.See Worldcat for bibliographical details.
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His second book, England in the Reign of Edward III, published in 1991, was reviewed by Professor Ruth Mazo Karras of the University of Minnesota in Albion, by Anthony Goodman in History, by Ian Dawson in Teaching History, by James W. Alexander in Speculum, by Professor Stephen H. Rigby of the University of Manchester in The Economic History Review, by Professor Robert C. Stacey of the University of Washington in The Journal of Economic History, by Professor Kurt-Ulrich Jäschke of Saarland University in Historische Zeitschrift, and by Simon Walker in The English Historical Review. With Peter D. Diehl, Waugh co-edited Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500 in 1996. The book was reviewed by Professor Glenn W. Olsen of the University of Utah in The Catholic Historical Review, by George H. Shriver in Church History, and by P. J. Nugent in The Journal of Religion. Waugh served as the Dean of the Division of Social Sciences from 1992 to 2006.
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Although Ponce benefited early in his career from royal patronage, he was at first "a fairly peripheral figure ... one among a large number of second-rate Leonese nobles who lacked the wealth and political clout of the great magnates of the realm."Barton (1992), 239. During the first half of Alfonso VII's reign, Ponce was rarely in attendance at the curia regis (royal court), where noble attendees "were expected to counsel the monarch in the day-to-day business of government."Barton (1992), 239, basing his assessment on a survey of Alfonso's surviving charters, which have not yet appeared in an edited collection, although Bernard F. Reilly, "The Chancery of Alfonso VII of León-Castilla: The Period 1116–1135 Reconsidered", Speculum, 51 (1976), 243–61, provides an overview of just the period of Alfonso's reign under consideration. The first record of Ponce at court dates to 25 March 1129, when the court was staying at Palencia and the king made a grant to the archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela, witnessed by Ponce among others.
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Soon after the invention of the refracting telescope Galileo, Giovanni Francesco Sagredo, and others, spurred on by their knowledge that curved mirrors had similar properties as lenses, discussed the idea of building a telescope using a mirror as the image forming objective. The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors (primarily a reduction of spherical aberration with elimination of chromatic aberration) led to several proposed designs for reflecting telescopes,works by Bonaventura Cavalieri and Marin Mersenne among others have designs for reflecting telescopes the most notable of which was published in 1663 by James Gregory and came to be called the Gregorian telescope, but no working models were built. Isaac Newton has been generally credited with constructing the first practical reflecting telescopes, the Newtonian telescope, in 1668 although due to their difficulty of construction and the poor performance of the speculum metal mirrors used it took over 100 years for reflectors to become popular. Many of the advances in reflecting telescopes included the perfection of parabolic mirror fabrication in the 18th century,Parabolic mirrors were used much earlier, but James Short perfected their construction.
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Luce Irigaray (born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst and cultural theorist who examined the uses and misuses of language in relation to women. Irigaray's first and most well known book, published in 1974, was Speculum of the Other Woman (1974), which analyzes the texts of Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant through the lens of phallocentrism. Irigaray is the author of works analyzing many thinkers, including This Sex Which Is Not One (1977) which discusses Lacan's work as well as the political economy, Elemental Passions (1982) can be read as a response to Merleau‐Ponty's article “The Intertwining—The Chiasm” in The Visible and the Invisible, and The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger (1999) in which Irigaray critiques Heidegger's emphasis on the element of earth as the ground of life and speech and his "oblivion" or forgetting of air. Irigaray is known for the employment of three different modes in her investigations into the nature of gender, language, and identity: the analytic, the essayistic, and the lyrical poetic.
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The anti-Merovingian propaganda was created and disseminated by the Carolingians, their supporters and scholars. Its purpose was to undermine and discredit the Merovingian dynasty and to pave the way for legitimating the Carolingian usurpation. Paradoxically, it is still effective and deceives historians who, relying heavily on Carolingian sources, have produced a deriding picture of Merovingian Gaul. In The Royal Patronage of Liturgy in Frankish Gaul to the Death of Charles the Bald (877) (London, 2001),For reviews, see: Speculum 78.2 (2003); History 87 (2002); the examination of the royal patronage of liturgy in the Frankish kingdoms provided a remarkable opportunity to re-examine some of the most prevailing notions regarding the Frankish liturgy, such as the traditional assumption that the liturgy of Frankish Gaul during the Carolingian period was a unified liturgy and, moreover, the product of a unified Frankish Church. Similarly, the reports on the Romanisation of the Frankish liturgy under Pippin III and Charlemagne, which, in the past, were accepted at face value, appear to be part of what Hen calls ‘the Carolingian rhetoric of reforms’.
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Pseudo-historical works translated from Latin are Alexanders saga (a translation of Alexandreis), Amícus saga ok Amilíus (based on Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum historiale), Breta sögur (a translation of Historia Regum Britanniae), and Trójumanna saga (a translation of De excidio Troiae). Also pseudo-historical, Þiðreks saga af Bern is unusual in having been translated from German. These Old Norse translations have been characterised by Margaret Clunies Ross thus: :The Old Norse term riddarasaga ... covers what were a number of genres in Latin, French and Anglo-Norman, but common to all of them are their courtly setting, their interest in kingship, and their concerns with the ethics of chivalry and courtly love. It seems, however, from a comparison between the French originals and the Old Norse translations of courtly romances, such as Chrétien de Troyes' Erec et Enide (Erex saga), Yvain (Ívens saga) and Perceval (Parcevals saga and Velvens þáttr), that the translators who supplied King Hákon's court and others in Norway and Iceland who enjoyed such sagas offered an independent rewriting of their sources.
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Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited. Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper, locally produced products parchment and vellum, of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though Henri Pirenne's connection of its disappearance with the Muslim conquest of Egypt is contested.Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, critiqued by R.S. Lopez, "Mohammed and Charlemagne: a revision", Speculum (1943:14–38.). Its last appearance in the Merovingian chancery is with a document of 692, though it was known in Gaul until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all papal bulls were on papyrus until 1022), under Pope Victor II,David Diringer, The Book before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental, Dover Publications, New York 1982, p. 166. and 1087 for an Arabic document.
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Considering mirrors in paintings and book illumination as depicted artifacts and trying to draw conclusions about their functions from their depicted setting, one of these functions is to be an aid in personal prayer to achieve self-knowledge and knowledge of God, in accord with contemporary theological sources. E.g. the famous Arnolfini-Wedding by Jan van Eyck shows a constellation of objects that can be recognized as one which would allow a praying man to use them for his personal piety: the mirror surrounded by scenes of the Passion to reflect on it and on oneself, a rosary as a device in this process, the veiled and cushioned bench to use as a prie- dieu, and the abandoned shoes that point in the direction in which the praying man kneeled. The metaphorical meaning of depicted mirrors is complex and many- layered, e.g. as an attribute of Mary, the “speculum sine macula”, or as attributes of scholarly and theological wisdom and knowledge as they appear in book illuminations of different evangelists and authors of theological treatises.
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715, etc.For Carpine cites ; for Mandeville cites The account of Prester John is taken from the famous Epistle of that imaginary potentate, which was widely diffused in the 13th century. Many fabulous stories, again, of monsters, such as Cyclopes, sciapodes, hippopodes, anthropophagi, monoscelides, and men whose heads did grow beneath their shoulders; of the phoenix and the weeping crocodile, such as Pliny has collected, are introduced here and there, derived no doubt from him, Solinus, the bestiaries, or the Speculum naturale of Vincent de Beauvais. And interspersed, especially in the chapters about the Levant, are the stories and legends that were retailed to every pilgrim, such as the legend of Seth and the grains of paradise from which grew the wood of the cross, that of the shooting of old Cain by Lamech, that of the castle of the sparrow-hawk (which appears in the tale of Melusine), those of the origin of the balsam plants at Masariya, of the dragon of Cos, of the river Sambation, etc.
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Herschel's early observational work soon focused on the search for pairs of stars that were very close together visually. Astronomers of the era expected that changes over time in the apparent separation and relative location of these stars would provide evidence for both the proper motion of stars and, by means of parallax shifts in their separation, for the distance of stars from the Earth. The latter was a method first suggested by Galileo Galilei. From the back garden of his house in New King Street, Bath, and using a , (f/13) Newtonian telescope "with a most capital speculum" of his own manufacture, in October 1779, Herschel began a systematic search for such stars among "every star in the Heavens", with new discoveries listed through 1792. He soon discovered many more binary and multiple stars than expected, and compiled them with careful measurements of their relative positions in two catalogues presented to the Royal Society in London in 1782 (269 double or multiple systems) and 1784 (434 systems).
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The third section, parts of which have been reprinted separately from the rest of the book, is a compendium of marvels. Like Honorius of Autun’s Imago mundi and Vincent of Beauvais’s Speculum naturale, the Otia imperialia contains fables attributed to Pliny the Elder and Solinus, as well as other tales and folk beliefs, including the Fairy Horn, a Gloucester variety of the widespread fairy cup legend; the supernatural powers of Virgil; the folk belief that a priest's cloak could be viewed as an element pitting good Christians against the Devil; and the first recorded instance of the Wandlebury Legend, which Gervase summarizes as follows: > In England, on the borders of the diocese of Ely, there is a town called > Cantabrica, just outside which is a place known as Wandlebria, from the fact > that the Wandeli, when ravaging Britain and savagely putting to death the > Christians, placed their camp there. Now, on the hill-top where they pitched > their tents, is a level space ringed with entrenchments with a single point > of entry, like a gate.
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In 2005, a team from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, led by René Larsen, studied the map and its accompanying manuscripts to make recommendations on the best ways to preserve the centuries-old parchment.René Larsen & Dorte V. Poulsen, Report on the Assessment and Survey ... of the Vinland Map ... web version, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (2005) Among other findings, this study confirmed that the two halves of the map were entirely separate, though they might have been joined in the past. A few months earlier, Kirsten Seaver had suggested that a forger could have found two separate blank leaves in the original "Speculum Historiale" volume, from which the first few dozen pages appeared to be missing, and joined them together with the binding strip. On the other hand, at the International Conference on the History of Cartography in July 2009, Larsen revealed that his team had continued their investigation after publishing their original report, and he told the press that "All the tests that we have done over the past five years — on the materials and other aspects — do not show any signs of forgery".
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Records of 1385 pertaining to the purchase and then sale (back to the previous owner) of a property adjoining the church of St. Thomas of Acre refer to 'Adam Pynkhurst, scriptor et civis Londonie' ('scrivener and citizen of London'), the first record of his membership in the Scriveners Company, in whose 'Common Paper' he inscribed his confirmation ca. 1395. The final record, dated sometime from 1399 to 1401, requests the confirmation of grants made by the previous kings to 'Adam Penkhurst'; these pertain to Sussex and Surrey, suggesting his retirement to his original home. There are no records of any 'Adam Pinkhurst' after 1401 or that place him into contact with Geoffrey Chaucer.Save the Poll Tax record and 1399-1401 petition, these are discussed in Linne R. Mooney, ‘Chaucer’s Scribe’, Speculum, 81 (2006), 97–138; the petition was first discussed in Jane Roberts, ‘On Giving Scribe B a Name and a Clutch of London Manuscripts from c. 1400’, Medium Aevum, 80 (2011), 247-70, and the Poll Tax record, with reference Pinkhurst's career, in Lawrence Warner, Chaucer's Scribes: London Textual Production, 1384-1432 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 2.
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Whether it was Sidney who next challenged Oxford to a duel or the other way around, the matter was not taken further, and the Queen personally took Sidney to task for not recognizing the difference between his status and Oxford's. Christopher Hatton and Sidney's friend Hubert Languet also tried to dissuade Sidney from pursuing the matter, and it was eventually dropped. The specific cause is not known, but in January 1580 Oxford wrote and challenged Sidney; by the end of the month Oxford was confined by the Queen to his chambers, and was not released until early February. Oxford openly quarrelled with the Earl of Leicester at about this time; he was confined to his chamber at Greenwich for some time 'about the libelling between him and my Lord of Leicester'. In the summer of 1580, Gabriel Harvey, apparently motivated by a desire to ingratiate himself with Leicester, satirized Oxford's love for things Italian in verses entitled Speculum Tuscanismi and in Three Proper and Witty Familiar Letters. Although details are unclear, there is evidence that in 1577 Oxford attempted to leave England to see service in the French Wars of Religion on the side of King Henry III.
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The left panel draws from the Speculum Humanae Salvationis and depicts the legendary occasion when the Roman Emperor Augustus consulted the Tiburtine Sibyl to ask if he was the greatest man on earth and if he should consent to being worshiped as a god; the Sybil revealed to him a vision of the Virgin and Child, and Augustus then reputedly founded an altar in Rome to the "firstborn of god" (Ara primogeniti Dei) at the location now occupied by the Ara Coeli. The emperor is kneeling next to the Sybil, looking towards the central panel to observe the vision through a window symbolically marked with the double- headed eagle of the Habsburgs; to his right stand three attendants, possible based on courtiers of the Philip the Good; all are wearing 15th century Flemish dress. The right panel shows the arrival of the three Magi in Bethlehem, bearing gifts; they kneel facing towards the central panel to observe a vision of an infant Christ Child. The side panels of the altarpiece would only be opened to reveal the brightly coloured images inside for church services at the weekend and on other special occasions.
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The reign of Peter III of Aragon ("the Great") included the conquest of Sicily and the successful defense against a French crusade; his son and successor Alfonso ("the Generous") conquered Menorca; and Peter's second son James II, who first acceded to the throne of Sicily and then succeeded his older brother as king of Aragon, conquered Sardinia; under James II, and Catalonia was the center of the flourishing empire. Barcelona, then the most frequent royal residence, was consolidated as the administrative center of the domains with the establishment of the Royal Archives in 1318. The Catalan Company, mercenaries led by Roger de Flor and formed by Almogavar veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, were hired by the Byzantine Empire to fought the Turks, defeating them in several battles. After the assassination of Roger de Flor by orders of the emperor's son Michael Palaiologos (1305),Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305-1311". Speculum. Vol. 29 (No. 4 Oct.) p. 752 the Company took revenge sacking Thrace and later Greece, where they founded the duchies of Athens and Neopatras in the name of the King of Aragon. Catalan rule over the Greek lands lasted until 1390.
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Title page of John Case's Sphaera Civitatis (1588)Most of Case's works were commentaries on various treatises of Aristotle (Organon, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, Economics, Physics) under curious titles; they enjoyed a large circulation during his time, and were frequently reprinted. His works include Summa veterum interpretum in universam dialecticam Aristotelis (1584, on the Organon) and Speculum moralium quaestionium in universam ethicen Aristotelis (1585, a commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics; verses prefixed by Laurence Humphrey), which was the first book printed at the press presented to Oxford by their chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and which had been reprinted eight times in Frankfurt by 1625. Sphaera Civitatis (1588, a commentary on Aristotle's Politics), like other books by Case, was reprinted abroad, and Barnes, the printer, obtained an order from the university in 1590 that every bachelor should take one copy on "determining." Case's later works were Reflexus Speculi Moralis (1596, a commentary on the Magna Moralia), Thesaurus Oeconomiae (1597, a commentary on the pseudo-Aristotelian Economics), Lapis philosophicus seu commentarius in VIII libros Physicorum Arisotelis in quo arcana physiologiae examinantur (1599, a commentary on Aristotle's Physics; despite the title it bears no relation to alchemy) and Ancilla Philosophiae (1599, an epitome of the Physics).
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Spiegel's work focuses on the theory and practice of historiography, both in the Middle Ages and in the modern era. Her publications on these topics include The Chronicle Tradition of Saint‐Denis: A Survey (1978), Romancing the Past: The Rise of Vernacular Prose Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France (1993), The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography (1997), and Practicing History: New Directions in Historical Writing after the Linguistic Turn (2005), as well as some sixty articles on medieval historiography and contemporary theories of historical writing. Many of her articles and books have been translated into other languages such as Japanese, French, German, Italian, Hungarian, Spanish and Chinese. Her best known theoretical work is "History, Historicism and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages," published in the academic journal, Speculum, in 1990. In this article, Spiegel addresses the challenges that the linguistic turn poses to the historical profession and offers the "social logic of the text" as an interpretive lens that locates written sources within the social, political and economic currents that shaped the discourse of the moment while simultaneously foregrounding the active nature of the author’s work as he seeks to reconstitute and reshape reality as he writes.
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Marti published two books, an edition of Arnulph of Orleans: Glosule super Lucanum (Rome 1958), and The Spanish College at Bologna in the Fourteenth Century (Philadelphia 1966), as well as numerous articles and reviews. Among her principal articles are "Arnulf and the Faits des Romans," Modern Language Quarterly 2 (1941) 3-23; "The Meaning of the Pharsalia," American Journal of Philology 66 (1945) 352-376; "Seneca's Tragedies: a New Interpretation," Transactions of the American Philological Association 76 (1945) 216-45; "Vacca in Lucanum," Speculum 25 (1950) 198-214; "Lucan's Invocation to Nero in the Light of the Medieval Commentaries," Quadrivium 1 (1956) 1-11; "1372: The Spanish College versus the Executors of Cardinal Albornoz's Testament," Studia Albornotiana 12 (1972) (= El Cardinal Albornoz y el Colegio de España) 93-129. By her students, both undergraduate and graduate, Marti was known as a lively, exciting, and demanding teacher. She expected her students to read both carefully and widely (once terrifying a graduate class in Livy by asking them to read all of the fragments of the Roman annalists in their spare time) and to pay attention to the meanings of words, syntax, literary qualities, and historical questions in every text they read.
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2050-1915 BCE) Qijia culture, mainly in Gansu and eastern Qinghai, has provided rich finds of copper mirrors (Bai 2013: 157, 164). Archeological evidence shows that yangsui burning- mirrors were "clearly one of the earliest uses to which mirrors were put, and the art of producing them was doubtless well known in the [Zhou dynasty]" (Todd and Rupert 1935: 14). Chemical analyses of Chinese Bronze Age mirrors reveal that early technicians produced sophisticated speculum metal, a white, silvery smooth, high-tin bronze alloy that provides extremely reflective surfaces, used for mirrors and reflecting telescopes (Needham and Lu 1974: 198). Among Chinese ritual bronzes, the most common mirror was jiàn 鑒 "mirror", which anciently referred to either a circular mirror, often with intricate ornamentation on the back, or a tall, broad dish for water. The Kaogongji "Record Examining Crafts" section of the Zhouli (above) lists six official standards for tóngxī 銅錫 copper-tin (Cu-Sn) bronze alloys to produce different implements; from the least tin (1 part per 5 parts copper) for "bells and sacrificial urns" to the most (1 part tin per 1 part copper) for "metallic mirrors", namely, the jiànsuì 鑒燧 "mirror-igniter" alloy (Hirth 1907: 217-218).
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14 and began producing telescopes using it in commercial quantities, starting in 1758. Important developments in reflecting telescopes were John Hadley's production of larger paraboloidal mirrors in 1721; the process of silvering glass mirrors introduced by Léon Foucault in 1857; and the adoption of long-lasting aluminized coatings on reflector mirrors in 1932. The Ritchey-Chretien variant of Cassegrain reflector was invented around 1910, but not widely adopted until after 1950; many modern telescopes including the Hubble Space Telescope use this design, which gives a wider field of view than a classic Cassegrain. During the period 1850–1900, reflectors suffered from problems with speculum metal mirrors, and a considerable number of "Great Refractors" were built from 60 cm to 1 metre aperture, culminating in the Yerkes Observatory refractor in 1897; however, starting from the early 1900s a series of ever-larger reflectors with glass mirrors were built, including the Mount Wilson 60-inch (1.5 metre), the 100-inch (2.5 metre) Hooker Telescope (1917) and the 200-inch (5 metre) Hale telescope (1948); essentially all major research telescopes since 1900 have been reflectors. A number of 4-metre class (160 inch) telescopes were built on superior higher altitude sites including Hawaii and the Chilean desert in the 1975–1985 era.
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The Catholic Church prohibited consanguineous marriages, a marriage pattern that had been a means to maintain clans (and thus their power) throughout history.Bouchard, Constance B., 'Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries', Speculum, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 269–70 The Roman Catholic Church curtailed arranged marriages in which the bride did not clearly agree to the union. Male and female adolescents needed parental consent to marry because they were under the age of majority, 21 years old. In the 12th century, the Roman Catholic Church drastically changed legal standards for marital consent by allowing daughters over 12 years old and sons over 14 years old to marry without their parents' approval, even if their marriage was made clandestinely. Parish studies have confirmed that in the late medieval period females did sometimes marry without their parents' approval in England. In the 12th century, Canon law jurist Gratian, stated that consent for marriage could not take place before the age of 12 years old for females and 14 years old for males; and consent for betrothal could not take place before the age of 7 years old for females and males, as that is the age of reason.
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In recent years, a different type of classification has emerged for Sir Isumbras and similar romances, replacing the homiletic romance/secular hagiography debate. As scholarly opinion about the force and popularity of late medieval English crusading has changed from a story of decline to a story continued emphasis, some critics have attempted to place romances such as Sir Isumbras within the context of crusade literature. For instance, in his 2010 article “The Loss of the Holy Land and Sir Isumbras: Some Literary Contributions to Fourteenth-Century Crusade Discourse,” Lee Manion argues that the romance should be viewed in light of popular reactions to the loss of Acre in 1291.Lee Manion, “The Loss of the Holy Land and Sir Isumbras: Literary Contributions to Fourteenth-Century Crusade Discourse,” Speculum 85 (2010), 65-90. He states that Sir Isumbras “at the very least imagines, if not outright promotes, crusading reform and action for a mixed audience of lesser knights and non-nobles.” Leila Norako agrees with Manion's view and elaborates upon it in her 2013 article “Sir Isumbras and the Fantasy of Crusade,” even arguing that Sir Isumbras belongs in the further sub- category of “recovery romance.”Leila Norako,"Sir Isumbras and the Fantasy of Crusade," in The Chaucer Review 48, no.2 (2013), 167.
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The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece 1204–1566. Cambridge, Speculum Historiale, 1908. p. 4. and the people's very late conversion to Christianity in the 9th century and practice of traditional Hellenic customs, a fact which correlated with their isolation from mainstream medieval Greek society.. What is often considered the first reference to Tsakonians is a note from around 950 by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his De Arte Imperiando, "the inhabitants of the district of Main... are of the older Greeks, who are to this day called Hellenes (pagans) by the locals for being pagans in time past and worshippers of idols, like the Hellenes of old, and were baptised and became Christians during the reign of the late Basil (867–886)", with Maina in his usage typically interpreted to instead mean TsakoniaOriginal from Porphyrogenitus: Ἱστέον ὅτι οἱ τοῦ κάστρου τῆς Μαΐνης οἰκήτορες οὐκ εἰσὶν ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς τῶν προρρηθέντων Σκλάβων, ἀλλ’ ἐκ τῶν παλαιοτέρων Ῥωμαίων, οἳ καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν παρὰ τῶν ἐντοπίων Ἕλληνες προσαγορείονται διὰ τὸ ἐν τοῖς προπαλαιοῖς χρόνοις εἰδωλολάτρας εἶναι καὶ προσκυνητὰς τῶν εἰδώλων κατὰ τοὺς παλαιοὺς Ἕλληνας, οἵτινες ἐπὶ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ ἀοιδίμου Βασιλείου βαπτισθέντες χριστιανοὶ γεγόνασιν The Tsakonians are thought to have been often border guards in the Byzantine military, judging by the number of references to τζάκωνες and τζέκωνες playing such roles in Byzantine Greek writings. The first reference to their "barbaric" speech being unintelligible to Koine Greek dates to the 15th century.
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