"The key for moving spaceports forward is developing a robust network of spaceports across the nation," said Alaska Aerospace President and CEO Mark Lester.
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It also directs the FAA to establish an Office of Spaceports to provide guidance, support licensing for spaceports, and promote infrastructure improvements for future space travel.
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The spaceports could work together or share resources, he says.
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The physical realities of spaceships docking at spaceports become apparent.
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Other spaceports have already put these biology-based interventions to work.
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This could lead to a network of spaceports, just like airports nowadays.
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Which means there's no real need for all these spaceports right now.
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Spaceports, though, aren't only banking on the slow-to-ripen commercial industry.
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" Regulations will discourage "unauthorised access and interference with spacecraft, spaceports and associated infrastructure.
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But Britain lacks any spaceports or launchpads to put the satellites in orbit.
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Nongovernment employees will soon leave Earth in nongovernment launch systems from nongovernment spaceports.
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Whole spaceports have sprung up (and basically died) in belief of that economic promise.
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The boom in spaceports is just the latest example of the space community's irrepressible optimism.
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These sites have undergone environmental impact reports, to see how the spaceports might affect surrounding wildlife and property.
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These include the US's two most prolific spaceports, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
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These cities hope that by some law of attraction, spaceports will draw other aerospace businesses to their locales.
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But for cities, towns, and even spaceports on the front lines, a much more comprehensive mitigation effort will be needed.
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The company's ultimate vision is to land most, if not all, of its rockets at ground-based spaceports in the future.
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The rest of Virgin's vision: space hotels and a network of spaceports allowing supersonic travel anywhere on earth within a few hours.
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"I'm hopeful that in the future, as launch operations increase, these spaceports will see sufficient activity to justify their investment," says Gulliver.
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There are more licensed private spaceports in the United States than you might guess — but depending on who you ask, there aren't nearly enough.
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Though spaceports typically call to mind the launchpads at Florida's Cape Canaveral, the Colorado Air and Space Port is not in fact a rocket spot.
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This kind of thing is of course extremely common, and it's the reason new spaceports and launch pads are being built all over the world.
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Next steps for government regulation Spaceports have five-year operator licenses from the FAA, which interacts with the facilities frequently, including an annual safety inspection.
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People could be traveling from country to country by rockets connected by "spaceports" in the future, the chief executive of Virgin Galactic told CNBC on Wednesday.
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Yet the nation has no spaceports within its own borders, instead relying on other countries to give its missions the boost they need to travel to space.
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And toward the end of 2019, Darpa may ask these competitors to launch from federal places like these, or from the commercial spaceports popping up around the country.
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Down on the ground, the FAA has approved 10 spaceports around the country, but none may have the space and developed infrastructure like the one in New Mexico.
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Executives of these spaceports were overwhelmingly positive in their appraisal of the FAA's regulatory work thus far, but some advocated for more funding and personnel at Nield's branch.
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Plus, Howard touts the site's location between two well-established NASA spaceports along the East Coast: Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
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The restricted airspace edge Some spaceports use adjacent restricted, remote airspace as a competitive advantage, such as Mojave Air and Space Port in California and Spaceport America in New Mexico.
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The group, essentially formed to support SpaceX, has eminent-domain authority for "spaceports," and its chair told Business Insider last year that he'd "be willing to explore" using the power if necessary.
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So in early 2013, commissioners created the Cameron County Spaceport Development Corporation — an organization made possible through an economic development law that Texas passed in 2007, called House Bill 2278, which specifically addressed spaceports.
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While companies like United Launch Alliance and SpaceX may get the glory, thanks to the enduring sex appeal of thundering rocket launches, spaceports are quietly driving the industry forward, acting as its critical backbone.
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Rocket Lab has chosen four spaceports in the U.S. as final candidates – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, Wallops in Virginia, the Pacific Spaceport Complex in Alaska and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
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The new legislation is part of the country's effort to establish a legal basis to bring the global space industry to U.K. soil, especially looking to attract the space tourism and satellite industries to new spaceports.
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Similar to how the US government created Sallie Mae to handle student-loan lending, and Fannie Mae to help people buy homes, Cameron County's spaceport corporation was formed to support the creation and operation of spaceports.
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In July, the company announced that it would pick a spot at one of four government-operated spaceports: Cape Canaveral, Florida; Vandenberg Air Force Base in California; Wallops Flight Facility; or the Pacific Spaceport Complex in Alaska.
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Some £10 million has been earmarked to build the spaceports and complementary projects, and the UK is also set to create the world's first fully commercial astronaut training ground, with construction expected to start later this year.
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But for the day in, day out maintenance of constellations where you're sending a GPS satellite up or a constellation satellite up, using commercial spaceports could probably fit that bill very well and at a lower price point.
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From Colorado's shiny new station, located at the Front Range Airport in Adams County, and the 10 other spaceports in the US, private companies hope to launch rockets and spaceplanes that will carry rich astro-tourists and satellites.
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Creator Murray has said that when he plays the game, he often likes to stop and just watch the world, to watch spaceships pass in and out of the game's spaceports, to admire the self-sustaining beauty of the system.
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That modest event — the first commercial launch by a U.S.-New Zealand company known as Rocket Lab — could mark the beginning of a new era in the space business, where countless small rockets pop off from spaceports around the world.
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Star Citizen bills itself as a game with a similar galaxy-spanning outlook as No Man's Sky, but I can't imagine the other hundreds of the corners of the galaxies will be populated with spaceports so vividly realized as the one Roberts showed.
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Another point of contention is that more commercial spaceports have been getting licenses to launch space-bound vehicles throughout the US. One such spaceport that's scared the aviation crowd is a Colorado-based airport and spaceport five miles outside of the Denver International Airport.
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DiBello, who also served on the Reagan Administration's Grace Commission to root out waste in the federal government, spoke about Space Florida's relationship with NASA and Air Force space facilities, the expected growth in launches on Florida's space coast, and the future of private spaceports.
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To get there, he said, the entire launch industry needs to learn to share data — especially if it wants to mirror airplanes&apos fatal accident rate of one in 1 billion while regularly launching 387-foot rockets from inland spaceports and over populated areas.
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The FAA has also given itself the authority to license private and state-operated spaceports that are not run by the federal government, suggesting that the agency believes the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 allows it to oversee space launch facilities in the United States.
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From this spot, certain satellites can be launched more efficiently than from spaceports in the U.S. The dormant military base "makes total sense" to be used "for launching large satellites with big rockets into geosynchronous orbits," or GEO, Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center, told CNBC.
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My take is ... for the DoD and NASA to continue to leverage more of this network of commercial spaceports and then when it's a critical need, a national need or maybe you just need to have satellites waiting to go for a certain event, then that has to be more aligned to having it on a dedicated federal range.
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Britain outlined its plan for "making the UK the most attractive place in Europe" for commercial spaceflights by pledging to: - secure continued growth in the UK space sector to achieve a 10 percent share in the global space economy by 2030 - introduce new powers to license a wide range of commercial spaceflights, which will include space planes, spaceports, satellite operation and vertically launched craft.
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A player may choose to upgrade their colonies to spaceports. Unlike Settlers, there is no increased production to spaceports - however, ships may be deployed at intersections adjacent to spaceports, which may be convenient as the Catanian colonies are considerably distant from the planets in the middle of the board and the trading bases at the edges of the board. Each player begins the game with one spaceport, and may build two additional spaceports over the course of the game.
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Plesetsk Cosmodrome is one of three spaceports in Russia (the other two are Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan Oblast and Yasny in Orenburg Oblast).
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The Office of Commercial Space Transportation takes on activities beyond their core regulatory responsibility for all non- governmental space launches in the United States. For example, in June 2020, the Office of Spaceports, a subordinate section of OCST, developed a set of space launch infrastructure recommendations in a National Spaceport Network Development Plan to provide information for the development of a network of spaceports in the US that would involve commercial, federal funding.
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Proposed and planned sites and sites under construction are not included in the main tabulation, but may appear in condensed lists under the tables. A shorter list of spaceports for human spaceflight and satellite launches is available in the article Spaceport.
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In honor of the science-fiction series Star Trek, the first ship is named after the fictional starship Enterprise. To reenter the atmosphere, SpaceShipTwo folds its wings up and then returns them to their original position for an unpowered descent flight back onto the runway. The craft has a very limited cross-range capability, and until other planned spaceports are built worldwide, it has to land in the area where it started. Further spaceports are planned in Abu Dhabi and elsewhere, with the intention that the spaceline will have a worldwide availability and commodity in the future.
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On 16 July 2018 a new partnership was announced with Virgin Orbit to create the spaceport, with the intention of launching satellites from Newquay within three years. On the same day, the government confirmed that a grant worth £2 million would be available to developing spaceports.
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It is planned to complete the construction and commission the airport in 2029. Its construction is laid down in the Fededral Targeted Program for the Development of Spaceports for 2016–2025. It will accept all types of aircraft. In 2012, Lenaeroproyekt () began work on the design of an airport complex.
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This article constitutes a list of rocket launch sites. Some of these sites are known as spaceports or cosmodromes. A single rocket launch is sufficient for inclusion in the table, as long as the site is properly documented through a reference. Missile locations with no launches are not included in the list.
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In March 1967, development started on the JL-1 submarine-launched ballistic missile to accompany the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) also in development. The launch of Long March 3B Rocket in 1997 Long March 2D lifting off in 2012 Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, one of the first Chinese spaceports. Chinese EVA spacesuit "Feitian".
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Merritt Island and Cape Canaveral Looking east, left-right: LC-41, LC-40, (center) LC-37B, Harrison Island, Vertical Integration Facility, and the ITL Warehouse on CCAFS in 2005 Cape Canaveral and adjacent Merritt Island on Florida's Atlantic coast are home to two American spaceports, one civilian and one military, servicing several active launch sites.
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The Space Industry Act 2018 (c. 2) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom introduced by Chris Grayling as Secretary of State for Transport to create a regulatory framework to enable commercial spaceflight activities (involving both launch to orbit and sub-orbital spaceflight) to be carried out from spaceports in the United Kingdom.
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The Secretary of Transportation is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and regulation of state's transportation system. This infrastructure includes rail lines, state highways, state turnpikes, state seaports, state airports and state spaceports. As of fiscal year 2011, the Secretary of Transportation oversees 3478 full-time employees and is responsible for an annual budget of over $1.9 billion.
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The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude. For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos(28.59°) × 1674.4 km/h = 1470.2 km/h. Latitude is a placement consideration for spaceports.
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S3 was founded in 2012 by Pascal Jaussi, a pilot and engineer, and joined by astronaut Claude Nicollier. The inauguration was held on 13 March 2013 at Payerne Airport. Initial plans called for the company to open its first spaceport by 2015 and begin test launches by 2015 (Airbus) and 2017 (shuttle). More spaceports were planned for Malaysia, Morocco and North America.
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It was founded in 1958, the first of China's four spaceports. More Chinese launches have occurred at Jiuquan than anywhere else. As with all Chinese launch facilities it is remote and generally closed to foreigners. The Satellite Launch Center is a part of Dongfeng space city (), also known as Base 10 () or Dongfeng base (), which also includes PLAAF test flight facilities, a space museum and a martyr's cemetery ().
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Very few stars beyond 25 light-years have been colonized or even explored. Native extraterrestrial creatures are fairly common, but no intelligent alien civilization has yet been encountered. The Universe is governed from Earth by the "Federation of Planets". The Federation has exclusive control of spaceports as well as substantial law enforcement and military power, but refrains from intervening in planetary matters unless there is piracy, violent insurrection, or heinous exploitation of nascent colonies.
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A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary, always at the same point in the sky, to observers on the surface. Equatorial orbits are also advantageous for several reasons. Sites near the Equator, such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, or Alcantara Launch Centre in Brazil, make good locations for spaceports as they have a fastest rotational speed of any latitude, 460 m/s. The added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft to orbit.
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Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A rocket launch for a spaceflight usually starts from a spaceport (cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and launch pads for vertical rocket launches, and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons.
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Producing Curiosity class rovers, launching a satellite to LEO producing ZBLAN optical fiber, and developing space "tugs", they are building what NASA calls the "workhorse of the solar system" propulsion and are utilizing the mission parameters from NASA's Asteroid Redirect Mission by using a gravitational assist maneuver to redirect an asteroid to cislunar orbit mining. ISRU raw materials will be fabricated on- site for the manufacturing of building materials, landing pads, spaceports and spacecraft, and a moon base.
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Thus, international space law is capable of managing newly emerging space mining activities, private space transportation, commercial spaceports and commercial space stations/habitats/settlements. Space mining involving the extraction and removal of natural resources from their natural location is allowable under the Outer Space Treaty. Once removed, those natural resources can be reduced to possession, sold, traded and explored or used for scientific purposes. International space law allows space mining, specifically the extraction of natural resources.
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Zeltron craftsmen are renowned the galaxy over for their erotic sculptures, paintings, and other works of art. Also in high demand on other worlds are Zeltron courtesans, known as criblez, who fulfill any physical desire one may have, without limits. Many crime lords, particularly Hutts, have taken special interest in these Zeltron servants. Because of their popularity, and because they spend their lives pursuing gratification, Zeltrons are quite common in the galaxy, particularly at spaceports, where they can find many prospective mates.
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Wrightsville, the fictional small-town setting in New England of many Ellery Queen novels and short stories, was based on Claremont. Ellery Queen was the pen name of cousins Frederic Dannay (1905–1982) and Manfred B. Lee (1905–1971). Betty Miller, a Claremont native, had married Manfred B. Lee in 1927. According to the Queen Spaceports website, the Claremont Eagle newspaper provided front-page coverage (on July 10, 1959) of a talk Manfred Lee gave, in which he revealed that Wrightsville was indeed based on Claremont.
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As the vast majority of geostationary satellite launches are carried out from spaceports at a significant distance away from Earth's equator, the carrier rocket often only launches the satellite into an orbit with a non-zero inclination approximately equal to the latitude of the launch site. This orbit is commonly known as a "geostationary transfer orbit" or a "geosynchronous transfer orbit". The satellite must then provide thrust to bring forth the needed delta v to reach a geostationary orbit. This is typically done with a fixed onboard apogee kick motor.
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Devaronians were one of the first species in the galaxy to develop interstellar travel, and the males of the species have been common sights in spaceports throughout the galaxy for thousands of years. A distinguishing physical feature of Devaronians are the devil-like horns emerging from the tops of their heads. Devaronian males are driven by an urge to wander, usually taking the first opportunity to move on from one place to another. As such, they are often found traveling the galaxy as tramp freighter captains and scouts.
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ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at ESA's Guiana Space Centre. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes.
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Delta IV Medium launch carrying DSCS III-B6 The commercial spaceflight industry derives the bulk of its revenue from the launching of satellites into the Earth's orbit. Commercial launch providers typically place private and government satellites into low Earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has licensed four commercial spaceports in the United States: Wallops Flight Facility, Kodiak Launch Complex, Spaceport Florida, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and the Vandenberg Air Force Base. Launch sites within Russia and China have added to the global commercial launch capacity.
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Mehmud's profile has been kept in secrecy but it is known that he has work in Pakistan's aerospace weapon development program agency, DESTO. It is unknown whether how long did he stay there and when was he took his retirement from the agency. However, it is known that he has played a "father-like" role in the establishment of the Sonmiani and Tilla spaceports and have been a scientist behind the Pakistan's solid-fuel rocket firing program during the 1960s. Along with other Pakistani scientists, Mehmud's profile and credits have been kept in high level of ambiguity.
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If a colony ship or a trade ship is built, the ship is placed on any intersection adjacent to one of their spaceports. There is no requirement as to which of a player's available transporters are to be used - if the transporter with one ring is in use and a new ship is built, the player may choose whether the newly built ship becomes the player's first ship (by choosing the transporter with no rings) or whether the existing ship retains the first ship designation (by choosing the transporter with two rings). A player is given a total of nine colonies and seven trading posts.
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However, his is not the only case: reality seems to be unstable and some special people keep seeing visions of either how reality is supposed to be, or alternate worlds continually overlapping (all of this due to Kanjar Ro's substitution of Despero, in a bid to seize the power promised to him). Tomorrow Woman starts acting strangely and evaporates or duplicates, bus stations keep changing to airports, train stations, spaceports or Wild West saloons. Tarot goes to Opal City, where her cards show that she will be helped. There, she finds Charity O'Dare, a fellow tarot mystic, and is instructed on the power of the Worldsoul-a bond linking a human to the living spirit of Earth.
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Once proven in flight, the project presents AF-M315E propellant and compatible tanks, valves and thrusters to NASA and the commercial spaceflight industry as "a viable, effective solution for future green propellant-based mission applications". According to NASA, the new propellant will be an enabling technology for commercial spaceports operating across the United States "permitting safer, faster and much less costly launch vehicle and spacecraft fuel loading operations." The combined benefits of low toxicity and easy open-container handling shorten ground processing time from weeks to days, simplifying the launching of satellites. The new AF-M315E fuel is 50% denser than hydrazine, meaning more of it can be stored in containers of the same volume.
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To begin a game, each player begins by placing either a colony or spaceport in a gorilla fashion (similar to the setup in Settlers). Two colonies and a spaceport are placed in such a manner among the Catanian colonies (one spaceport and one colony in a 5-6 player game), with the player choosing the order in which colonies and spaceports are placed. The player is also given a free colony or trade ship, which is placed in any intersection adjacent to the player's spaceport. In a three-player game, there is also the restriction where only two of the three colonizable intersections in a system of planets may be occupied at any given time, the setup phase notwithstanding.
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The Larklight trilogy is set in an alternative Victorian-era universe, where mankind has been exploring the solar system for at least a century. Earth is the same as it was in the late 19th century, but only the United Kingdom and its Empire possess the engines to travel across the solar system. The United States, which the British consider to be rebellious colonies, and France, though not technically at war with Britain on Earth, are in a struggle to sabotage the Britons' expansive interests and develop space technology of their own. London, the centre of the universe, has many spaceports and is the base of many organisations such as the Royal Xenological Society.
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In building a launchpad for modern rockets to be able to launch satellites into geostationary orbit, Kenya intends to involve other partners such as the Ukraine that already produce launch vehicles for sea-platform Sea Launch spaceports. The Kenyan government offered Ukraine the right to develop the spaceport for launch of its own rockets and the facilities for assembly of satellites. The collaboration with Sapienza University of Rome has allowed to produce 1KUNS-PF, the first Kenyan nano- satellite, consisting in a 1U CubeSat developed both by the University of Nairobi (the ex-Royal Technical College) and the S5Lab research team of the Italian University. The satellite was launched on the 11th of May 2018 from the International Space Station.
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After returning to Earth, after spending a total of 15.12 days in space, Yamazaki continued her studies and research University of Tokyo since December 2010. Since 2011, Yamazaki has been involved with promoting STEM activities as well as being a member of the Japanese government Space Policy Committee In July 2018, Yamazaki co-founded the Space Port Japan Association, which is an organization to support efforts to open spaceports in Japan through collaboration with companies, groups and government institutions. She is an adviser to the Young Astronaut Club, and Chairman of the Women in Aerospace program of the Japan Rocket Society. As of July 2019, Yamazaki was a PhD student at the Intelligent Space Systems Lab in the University of Tokyo.
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In addition to its domestic Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi desert, CALT is considering potential launches of Naga-L from spaceports in Sweden (Esrange), Indonesia (Pameungpeuk) and Tanzania. Due to ITAR restrictions imposed by the United States which limit the distribution of US manufactured components with military applications, China can't import US produced satellites to its own territory, which prevents their Long March rockets from competing in the worldwide commercial launch services market. Naga-L would bypass these constraints by exporting the rockets instead of importing the satellites. Using components from the Long March rocket family, notably the YF-75 and YF-100 engines, Naga-L could deliver up to to a circular low-Earth orbit from Lapan and to a 400-km Sun-synchronous orbit from Esrange or Jiuquan.
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The length of daylight (sunrise to sunset) is almost constant throughout the year; it is about 14 minutes longer than nighttime due to atmospheric refraction and the fact that sunrise begins (or sunset ends) as the upper limb, not the center, of the Sun's disk contacts the horizon. Earth bulges slightly at the equator; the "average" diameter of Earth is , but the diameter at the equator is about greater than at the poles. Sites near the equator, such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, are good locations for spaceports as they have a fastest rotational speed of any latitude, /sec. The added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft eastward (in the direction of Earth's rotation) to orbit, while simultaneously avoiding costly maneuvers to flatten inclination during missions such as the Apollo moon landings.
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Since 1993 the development of four-chamber LOX-kerosene LRE RD-0124, 14D23 (the chief designers — V. Koselkov and V. Gorokhov, the lead designers — V. Borodin, A. Plis and V. Gurin) for the third stage of the general designer D. Koslov "Soyuz-2" launch vehicle has been conducted. The main engine destination — delivery into the orbit of different payloads: satellites, cargo and manned space vehicles. RD-0124 engine is developed as substitution for RD-0110. It has the practically identical interfaces, overall dimensions and mass, but it offers the higher specific parameters — the best of the developed LRE of this class. The engine operates according to oxidizer rich stage combustion cycle and has higher (on 33 s) efficiency compared to RD-0110. This will allow to put into orbit larger payloads (~ 950 kg) or to ensure launching of "Sojuz-2" launch vehicle from spaceports located to the north of Baikonur.
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The Patrol had a great deal of political influence in Civilization. In First Lensman, First Lensman Virgil Samms' first Galactic Council was made up entirely of Lensmen, and there was no evidence that the situation had changed in later novels. The Patrol's influence was also present in many other levels of society, to the point where "G-P hours" or "G-P days" were generally considered the standard unit of time, and that they had what amounted to a censorship veto over many prominent news-reporting organizations. Patrol bases dotted the galaxy, ranging from low-grade spaceports to the massive headquarters bases of Prime Base on Earth (or Tellus, as it is called in the novels) and Ultra Prime on Klovia, in the second galaxy, and its possession of the inertialess (or "free") drive made it possible for its forces to deploy anywhere in known space rapidly.
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On one occasion, the Promethians allowed a civil war to be waged for two years within Center's confines, killing over thirty million of its inhabitants; the Promethians' only course of action was to selectively apply a series of force fields to keep the fighting from reaching the spaceports or from breaking out of Center and spilling out onto the planet's surface. Furthermore, the Promethians are well known for selling their technology to any buyer that can afford it, friend or foe, and in similar fashion neither help nor hinder fugitives that manage to reach Center – or any bounty hunters and law enforcement agents that may be pursuing them. It is strongly implied that the Promethians are concerned first and foremost about cosmic-level threats to the entire Megaverse, such as the effort to keep the Old Ones from waking, and that "little things" like world-spanning wars and "morality" are simply too much of a distraction from the importance of their universal mission.
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North Korean institutes are strong in these fields of research, although their engineers require additional training and laboratories need equipment upgrades. Unha-3 space launch vehicle at Sohae Satellite Launching Station Under its "constructing a powerful knowledge economy" slogan, the state has launched a project to concentrate education, scientific research and production into a number of "high-tech development zones". International sanctions remain a significant obstacle to their development. The Miraewon network of electronic libraries was established in 2014 under similar slogans. Significant resources have been allocated to the national space program, which is managed by the National Aerospace Development Administration (formerly managed by the Korean Committee of Space Technology until April 2013) Domestically produced launch vehicles and the Kwangmyŏngsŏng satellite class are launched from two spaceports, the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground and the Sohae Satellite Launching Station. After four failed attempts, North Korea became the tenth spacefaring nation with the launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 in December 2012, which successfully reached orbit but was believed to be crippled and non-operational.
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