Eighty percent of the nation still relies on agriculture, mostly rain-fed pastures or subsistence smallholdings.
|
|
Much of this has now been consolidated into large farms, which are proving more profitable than smallholdings.
|
|
Southern farmland, good for such crops as wheat and maize, attracted destitute peasants who purchased smallholdings, which they tilled themselves.
|
|
Just up the road lies the Lammas community, a pioneering and collective eco-venture where nine smallholdings nestle in the landscape around a central community hub.
|
|
Such crop expansion would be considered as less harmful if, for example, it was applied by smallholdings or led to cultivation of food or feed on "unused land".
|
|
Since then, new pollution standards that ban livestock production near water sources or towns, and which require proper treatment of manure, have led to closure for tens of thousands of smallholdings.
|
|
Romania has reported hundreds of outbreaks of the disease among pigs kept in backyards and smallholdings as well as several large private farms located especially in the south of the country.
|
|
Palm oil cultivation results in excessive deforestation and its use in transport fuel should be phased out, the European Commission concluded in February, although it granted some exemptions production by smallholdings or on unused land.
|
|
Around 10 percent of Malaysia's 5053 million people belong to families who own smallholdings dedicated to harvesting palm oil, and they account for the majority of voters in nearly a quarter of the national assembly's 222 seats.
|
|
Breakfast Time, Cari Hill, New ZealandShortly after purchasing the Giraffe Manor in Nairobi, Kenya, the owners learned that the only remaining Rothschild's giraffes in the country were at risk, as their sole habitat was being subdivided into smallholdings.
|
|
It is a market gardening area with many glass houses. The farms and smallholdings have exploited the rich peat deposits. Beyond the smallholdings and green houses are arable fields. The built environment is dominated by ribbon development of modern bungalows along banked roads between Tarleton, Banks and Becconsall.
|
|
Local government authorities have powers under the Smallholdings and Allotments Act to buy and rent land to people who want to become farmers. Fifty County Councils and Unitary Authorities in England and Wales offer tenancies on smallholdings (called "County Farms") as an entry route into agriculture, but this provision is shrinking. Between 1984 and 2006, the amount of land available as County Farms shrank from to , a reduction of 30%. The number of tenants on these smallholdings shrank by 58% in the same period to about 2,900.
|
|
Penboyr is a hamlet in the county of Carmarthenshire, Wales consisting of a number of houses, smallholdings, farms and a church.
|
|
One of the first smallholdings built at Lindersvold in 1922 In 1821, the Barony of Gavnø was dissolved as a result of the lensafløsningslov of 1919. In 1923, Lindersvold was acquired by John Petersen. He sold off most of the land for smallholdings. His widow sold the main building and tremaining land to the Christmas Stamp Committee.
|
|
South African statutory law does not define a "farm attack" as a specific crime. Rather, the term is used to refer to a number of different crimes committed against persons specifically on commercial farms or smallholdings. According to the South African Police Service National Operational Co-ordinating Committee: > Attacks on farms and smallholdings refer to acts aimed on the persons of > residents, workers and visitors to farms and smallholdings, whether with the > intent to murder, rape, rob or inflict bodily harm. In addition, all actions > aimed at disrupting farming activities as a commercial concern, whether for > motives related to ideology, labour disputes, land issues, revenge, > grievances or intimidation, should be included.
|
|
Fernridge is a small rural settlement located 4 km northwest of Masterton, New Zealand. The area has a mixture of farms, horticultural smallholdings and lifestyle blocks.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, corn, coconut, banana, vegetables, coffee, cacao, fruit trees, and root crops. Some till agricultural smallholdings.
|
|
The Dunton Plotlands were smallholdings which became popular with East Enders moving out of London. Much of the Plotlands area was compulsorily purchased for the Southfields Industrial Estate.
|
|
The list of localities in the district Esslingen consists of about 185 places (Cities, towns, villages, hamlets, smallholdings and dwelling places) as far as they are geographically separate.
|
|
Database of British and Irish Hills Retrieved 2015-03-06 Its nearest settlements other than the most remote smallholdings and woodland cottages of Shere are Farley Green and Ewhurst.
|
|
The Country Park was set up in 1984, having previously been rural land with smallholdings and larger farms. It comprises some and is on land previously threatened by urban development.
|
|
This continued to the 1960s, when the scheme ended. Many of the smallholdings were then purchased by their tenants. The 1960s saw both the railway station and the shoe factory close.
|
|
Zulkifli sought to improve the performance and image of the Forestry Ministry through two programs: one targeting the growth of agriculture through smallholdings in forest areas, and the other promoting environmental education. The first was the simplification of the application procedure for the development of smallholdings under the Community Nursery (Kebun Bibit Rakyat, KBR) scheme, introduced in 2010 and simplified in 2011. The second is the Forest Education program, which involves students visiting selected forest areas and planting trees.
|
|
Sparesly populated, consisting demographically of almost exclusively farmhouses, roadside lines of set back cottages and smallholdings both places have many sources of and one main headwater stream of the Allen draining east.
|
|
In 1912 most of the smallholdings were sold to the tenants. Great Ouseburn was an administrative centre; during 1828 it was the headquarters of the Great Ouseburn Gilbert Union comprising 40 parishes.
|
|
More of the land was sold to the government in 1923 and converted into smallholdings. Peter Hermann Zobel purchased Bækkeskov in 1996. He retired as CEO of the insurance company Codan in 1999.
|
|
A substantial part of the sub-district near the town centre consists of a light industrial area. Towards the interior, traditional Dusun villages scatter the hill slopes, with fruit orchards and rubber smallholdings.
|
|
Kyalami, an international renowned racetrack is in Midrand and is the venue for many of South Africa's premier motor racing events. The South African Lipizzaners riding academy is situated in the smallholdings of Kyalami.
|
|
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rescued the economy by disbanding the people's communes, introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia to mitigate the worst effects of famine.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, taro, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of the population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of the population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of the population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of the population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, taro, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of the population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
The first five are named and form a loose cluster, though some smallholdings and playing fields buffer them: Cramhurst, Wheelerstreet, Crossways, Witley (historic centre) and Culmer. Also in the parish are Sandhills, Brook and most of Wormley.
|
|
Apart from a commercial rice growing project at the side of Lake Malawi, agriculture is family based smallholdings. Larger businesses are limited to Paragon Ceramics (floor and roof tiles, Dedza Pottery ceramics), WICO Sawmill and a rose grower.
|
|
"The Hare and Hounds" inn opened in 1796 at the NE end of the village. Rockwood (at Heavens Gate) was built ca.1815 during the Regency period. By 1818 many of the smallholdings had merged into larger farms.
|
|
The area includes a number of smallholdings originally built by the Land Settlement Association.Bercaw, Louise Oldham; "Bibliography on Land Utilization 1918-36"; p. 1011 The 14th-century parish Church of St Mary is a Grade I listed building.
|
|
He broke up some of the large plantations and distributed land to the small farmers. To try to produce enough products for export to generate revenue, the government "tied" the rural population to their smallholdings and established production quotas.
|
|
Stamhuset Giesegaard was dissolved in 1922 as a result of lansafløsningloven of 1919. Æarge areas of land was also ceded to the state and divided into smallholdings. Frederik Knud Bille Brockenhuus- Schack inherited the remaining part of the estate in 1924.
|
|
Adendorp is a village 8 km south of Graaff-Reinet, in the Sundays River Valley. Named after the former owner of the farm, N J Adendorff, who sub- divided it into smallholdings in about 1858. Municipal status was attained in 1878.
|
|
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. Smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of cash crops and subsistence farming. As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient, but are valued primarily for the rural lifestyle that they provide for the owners, who often do not earn their livelihood from the farm.
|
|
One problem was that farms were broken up into smallholdings, averaging 8.8 hectares in size, often not large enough to be economically viable. A serious drought in 1994 further reduced agricultural output and cost farmers an estimated 790 million litas in production.
|
|
This led to various initiatives, collectively called Homes for Heroes. By 1926 agricultural law had become openly redistributive in favour of ex-servicemen. County Councils had compulsory purchase powers to requisition land they could let as smallholdings. Ex-servicemen were the preferred tenants.
|
|
CVO Skool Pretoria is a private Afrikaans, Christian school. The school is located adjacent to Shere Smallholdings, approx. 10 km to the east of Lynnwood, Pretoria, South Africa. It was founded in 1992 and the school leavers write the IEB Senior Certificate exam.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, corn, bananas, peanuts, mongo, sweet potato, cassava, and ube. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of the population also weave mats and amakan (plaited bamboo), and produce palm oil and coconut products.
|
|
Halke was a man of means. The majority worked in farming but a few worked on the railway. After the Great War A big change came after the First World War when Shropshire County Council bought of the Manor, bringing its smallholdings scheme to Withington.
|
|
The district is linked well by road and rail with significant surrounding destinations, including London. In the west of the Basildon district, the Dunton Plotlands is an area of small plots of land used as weekend cottages or smallholdings inhabited during the mid twentieth century.
|
|
Victorian romantics were so convinced that there must have been a battle involving the Danes (Vikings) here, that old Ordnance Survey maps actually marked a site of a battle at Bashley. To the west of Bashley is a set of farmsteads and smallholdings, Ossemsley.
|
|
On 1 February 2015 the protest group 'RisingUp!' occupied land at Stapleton Allotments and Smallholdings, the planned site for a new motorway bus junction as part of the Bristol Metrobus North Fringe to Hengrove Project (NFHP). Building the junction and associated roads will result in a loss of Green Belt land, loss of long-held allotments (albeit with new laid plots being provided), and loss of smallholdings on some of the best soils in the country. The protesters claim that the junction is unnecessary and that buses could be routed via a suitably modified Junction 1 of the M32 at much less cost and with no loss of valuable growing land.
|
|
It was most intense in areas of Connacht, North and East Leinster and North Munster where large grazing farms and uneconomic smallholdings existed side by side. The campaign resulted in a defeat for the small farmers; besides "a legacy of bitterness and cynicism in Connaught", the main effect of their campaign was to show how Irish nationalism had become a bourgeois movement, including many large graziers. By the Irish War of Independence (1918–1922) about half a million people were occupying uneconomic smallholdings, mostly in the west of Ireland. In addition, veterans of the Irish Volunteers and first Irish Republican Army had been promised land in exchange for their service.
|
|
People in the barangay are mostly farmers who live by planting rice, camote, cassava, banana, and other vegetables. Some till agricultural smallholdings. Some of population also weave mats, and produce palm oil and coconut products. The Alturas Group operates a large rice and feed mill in Lomangog.
|
|
Dog's Mercury, Wood Melick, Broad-leaved Helleborine, and Giant Bellflower are amongst the significant plants present.Edwards, Site 22 The policies of Auchans Castle still (2010) contain several ancient sycamores of over five metres circumference. Aught Woods lie on a slope running down towards the Collennan Smallholdings.
|
|
The second entry recorded that in Smallburgh there are 3 freemen and 1c of land. Always there are 12 smallholdings and 3 freemen. Then and later 3 ploughs, now 4. Two of these are in the valuation of Antingham; the value of the third is 10 shillings.
|
|
The winding route north-west of the village has a line of smallholdings at the top of Coxgrove Hill and along the road of the same name which leads, including on a short stretch of north-south Roman road, towards Henfield, Gloucestershire and Coalpit Heath beyond.
|
|
Garsdale has numerous working farms, most of them amalgamating several of the original smallholdings. Because of the high annual rainfall of up to , crops other than hay and silage are almost impossible, so all farms are stock rearing. Pedigree Swaledale rams occasionally make high prices at Hawes Auction mart.
|
|
A split small holder is a plot of land that is owned by more than one cultivator or tenant farmer. These plots are generally owned by the lower or middle class. As Sally Katary wrote in “Labour on smallholdings in the New Kingdom”, there are roughly 2,245 cultivated plots.
|
|
More smallholdings were being cultivated along the Luvua and upstream from Manono, and fewer downstream from Manono. Part of the change could be attributed to wetter ground in the downstream regions, but the main factor seemed to be economic problems due to deterioration of the mines in Manono.
|
|
In 1915, Aggersvold was sold to a consortium. The intention was to sell the land off in lots but these plans were not realized. Thor Timm purchased Aggersvold in 1916. Some of the land was used for the creation of new smallholdings in the period between 1923 and 1942.
|
|
Various measures were introduced to improve the quality of rural life. The Agricultural Holdings Act, passed in 1906, allowed farmers to farm their holdings without interference from landlords. The Small Holdings and Allotments Acts 1907 and 1908 sought to limit the degree to which fixtures and improvements remained the property of landlords, and to increase the number of small farmers.Regulating a new economy: public policy and economic change in America, 1900–1933 by Morton Keller Another Smallholdings and Allotments Act, passed in 1908, empowered county councils to purchase agricultural land to lease as smallholdings. Between 1908 and 1914 some 200,000 acres were acquired by county councils and some 14,000 holdings were created.
|
|
Most of the land of the Cape Flats is used for residential areas, the majority of which are formal, but with several informal settlements present. Light industrial areas are also found in the area. A part of the land in the south-east is used for cultivation and contains many smallholdings.
|
|
It has no railway stations however one is centred south-west, Oxted which also has the administrative centre of the district. Approximately half of it land is owned by a charity running the Titsey Place estate, with the remainder being a mixture of common and privately owned woodland and smallholdings.
|
|
The town is a centre of cattle ranches and smallholdings producing fruit and vegetables. Tourism is also an important industry. Perito Moreno is the closest town to Cueva de las Manos, 170 km south by road, and Parque Laguna. In the 2010 census the town had a population of 4,617.
|
|
Gislegård on an old photo Baron Frederik Løvenskiold acquired Gislingegård in 1845. He leased it out and sold some of the tenant farms to the tenant farmers. Udstykningsforening For Sjælland og Fyns Stifter purchased Gislingegaard in 1915. Some of the land was used for the establishment of nine new smallholdings.
|
|
Land Settlement (Facilities) Act 1919 was a piece of legislation passed in the United Kingdom following World War I. The act allowed local governments (namely Counties) to provide smallholdings (farmland) to veterans of the war. It eliminated the need for the recipient of the land to have experience or training in farming.
|
|
The new manor comprised 50 tenant farms, 100 smallholdings, a brickyard and four watermills. Carl Adolf von Plessen Peder Benzon's brother, Lars Benzon, bought Benzonsdal from the heirs after Peder Benzon's death in 1735. In 1740, he sold it to a third brother, Jacob Benzon. I 1757, Benzonsdal was acquired Frederik Barfred.
|
|
These accounted for approximately 75% of the estate's land. Aside from these, there were six smallholdings within the parish but outside the land owned by the court. These were Springhill Farm, Court Farm, Strawberry Farm, Circus Farm, Ravenswing Farm, and Frouds Farm. Of these, Church Farm and Forster's Farm remain in operation.
|
|
Gower farms and smallholdings produce soft fruit during the summer. This can be bought at farmers’ markets and can also be picked on the farm.Retrieved 2 November 2009 At Scurlage Farm, Penmaen visitors can pick their own strawberries. At Nicholaston Farm, Penmaen, visitors can pick their own raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries and redcurrants.
|
|
Originally 150 days work was provided in the forests, but "in practice, of course, these smallholdings attracted the cream of our men whom we were glad to employ on fulltime..."Ryle, George, Forest Service, 1969, p. 188 Existing and often derelict agricultural dwellings were adapted and new ones built to a small number of basic designs. The scheme "was never a directly economic proposition, but in the pre-war days when motor traffic was lacking and it was much more important than today to have a solid caucus of skilled woodmen living in the forests, the indirect benefits were inestimable. The holdings were a great success, and filled a genuine need in the countryside..."Ryle, op. cit. The number of smallholdings built slowed down after the Great Depression, was revived by the Special Areas programme of 1934 onwards, but then was virtually ended by the Second World War. The total number of smallholdings was 1,511. After 1945 policy shifted to the building of houses without holdings. This was more economic for the Commission, and numbers of these peaked in 1955, with 2688 cottages built by then.
|
|
Lovat had extensive land holdings in Scotland, and it was in the Highlands that he and other Scottish landowners such as Sir John Stirling-Maxwell conceived of the scheme of land-settlement allied to forestry. As first chairman of the Commission Lovat was able to put into practice his ‘long cherished dream’ of repopulating hill country, thanks to his good contacts in government. The scheme accordingly went ahead and created smallholdings in the new forests, of approximately ten acres, let for £15 a year. Originally 150 days work was provided in the forests, but “in practice, of course, these smallholdings attracted the cream of our men whom we were glad to employ on fulltime...”Ryle, George, Forest Service, 1969, p.
|
|
They settled on their farm, De Bos, in the village (subsequently subdivided by his heirs after his death in 1895). Within fifty years, a dedicated community of people had built houses, established businesses and smallholdings, opened a school and built two churches in the town. Here they lived together in peace, harmony and religious tolerance.
|
|
The peasants remained a powerful political force in Bolivia during all subsequent governments. By 1970, 45% of peasant families had received title to land. Land reform projects continued in the 1970s and 1980s. A 1996 agrarian reform law increased protection for smallholdings and indigenous territories, but also protected absentee landholders who pay taxes from expropriation.
|
|
The conquered Sicilian population lived as dhimmi or converted to Islam. The Arabs initiated land reforms that increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a mere dent in the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems. With about 300,000 inhabitants, Palermo in the 10th century was the most populous city in Italy.
|
|
"South Willingham - Land at the Stenigot Estate". Lincolnshire County Council. Retrieved 18 November 2019 In 1957 the Heneage Estate auctioned off 34 dwellings and smallholdings [over half the village] in South Willingham and further property in surrounding villages."Selling off the Village" The Parish of South Willingham - The Life & History of South Willingham, South Willingham History Group website.
|
|
The property of the priory included the territory around the monastery, which was known as La Poté (derived from the Latin word potestas), or Terre de Romainmôtier. By 1050, this property consisted of twelve villages. The priory also possessed land in Apples and in Bannans in Franche-Comté. They owned rights or smallholdings in 45 other locations.
|
|
637 caused settlers to migrate to southern Dominique, where they set up smallholdings. Meanwhile, French families and others from Guadeloupe settled in the north. In 1727, the first French commander, M. Le Grand, took charge of the island with a basic French government. Dominique formally became a colony of France, and the island was divided into districts or "quarters".
|
|
The elevation of the village is around 700 m. The elevation of the municipality ranges from sea level to over 2000 m. Farmlands dominate the middle altitudes around the village, mainly smallholdings and orange and avocado orchards. Above the village are the vineyards producing the local Traviesa wine which won a Spanish national gold medal in 2004.
|
|
London: Penguin, 2003. p.747 The village is recorded as having 17 households, 6 of which were smallholdings. In 1891 Kelly described the village as "an agricultural parish and picturesque but scattered village" of 2,374 acres. The soil is described as "chiefly gravel and clay", with the main crops grown being hay, wheat, barley, oats and turnips.
|
|
In November 1817, the Eifel was annexed to the state of Prussia and thenceforth belonged to the newly founded Rhine Province with its seat in Düsseldorf. In the 19th century, an average of 140 people lived in Hohenfels. The main livelihood was smallholdings. There were also family businesses in curbstone and millstone making, and in making roadbuilding materials.
|
|
By 1697 the village had a population of 382. In 1750 a serious fire destroyed 93 buildings. Between 1768 and 1780 the trading route between Koblenz and Frankfurt (am Main) was built (now the B8). In 1801 another serious fire destroyed 63 smallholdings together with their harvested crops and left two thirds of the population homeless and destitute.
|
|
He was sometime chairman of the Association of North of England Smallholders and urged the government to provide local authorities with the funds to provide additional smallholdings to keep agricultural labourers on the land and often spoke in favour of smallholders in Parliament.e.g.The Times, 10.3.25, 21.3.25 He was made a Whip of the English Liberal MPs in 1926.
|
|
Boshop Absalon owned a village called Ellinge at the site. He ceded it to Sorø Abbey in exchange for land elsewhere and it was later passed to Roskilde bishopric. Ellinge was at some point transformed into a manor which was the centre of a relatively small fief. In 1370, it comprised two farms and 14 smallholdings.
|
|
It consisted of plots of land on the South Downs which had formerly been used for sheep-farming. These were sold by developers (often but not exclusively to returning soldiers) and most were originally smallholdings, e.g. poultry farms. The junction of Ravenswood Drive and Cowley Drive, showing the proximity of the open countryside of the South Downs.
|
|
He also became baron of the Exchequer. During the 1930s, much of Chawston was incorporated into the Land Settlement Association scheme (LSA). The scheme provided smallholdings of five acres in Chawston to unemployed miners from Kent and North East England. The new tenants of the land were required to sell any produce they grew through the LSA scheme.
|
|
The empty central Anatolian basin and steppe zone in the Syrian provinces were instances where government agencies gave out smallholdings of land to refugees. This was a recurring pattern across the empire, small landholdings the norm. Foreign holdings remained unusual despite Ottoman political weakness – probably due to strong local and notable resistance and labor shortages. Issawi et al.
|
|
Twenty villagers held two smallholdings, with two slaves and eight ploughs. Burbage also had a meadow, measuring a furlong in length and width (about 40,500 square metres). The village also owned woodland half a league by four furlongs (2.2 square kilometres). In 1564 the diocesan returns show a population of 57 families within Burbage and six at Sketchley.
|
|
The nine farms were Ærtebjerggaard, Bybjerggaard, Højagergaard (later Søbækgaard), Kjærsgaard, Toftegaard, Rolighed, Grødemosegaard and Lerbjerggaard. The village later grew with four smallholdings as well as new houses. In 1791, Rolighed, Grødemosegaard and Lerbjerggaard moved out of the village and closer to their fields. Busserupgaard, and Søbæk Mølle (Søbækhuset) became part of Mørdrup's owners' guild in the 1800s.
|
|
Bickenhall is a hamlet and parish in Somerset, England, situated south east of Taunton in the Somerset West and Taunton district. The parish, which includes the hamlet of Batten's Green, has a population of 122. Bickenhall is a widely scattered hamlet lying between the A358 and the village of Staple Fitzpaine. The village consists of farms, houses and smallholdings.
|
|
This quickly replaced tobacco, which had been the island's main export. As the sugar industry developed into its main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates that replaced the smallholdings of the early English settlers. In 1680, over half the arable land was held by 175 large enslavers/planters, each of whom enslaved at least 60 persons.
|
|
The number of specialised smallholdings, such as poultry farms, increased during the century. In 1985 nearly were used for agriculture, a relatively small decrease from the figures for 1877, with around 8,500 farms. Six estates of over still survived, the largest being the Grosvenor Estate of approximately . In 2007, agricultural land had reduced to in 4,545 holdings; it still represented 70% of Cheshire's total area.Cheshire County Council: Cheshire Current Facts & Figures: Economic Information: Agricultural Holdings, Land and Employment, Cheshire, 2004 to 2007 (June 2008) (accessed 27 May 2010) The total workforce employed in farming was 8,744, with nearly half (47%) being part-time and 7% casual. The trend towards smallholdings was maintained with nearly half (47%) of all holdings being of less than , and almost two-thirds (66%) below ; only 7% were or above.
|
|
Similar supply chains exist in other crops like coffee, palm oil, and bananas. In other markets, the importance of small scale agriculture in local economies has also increased food system investment in small holders. Today some companies try to include smallholdings into their value chain, providing seed, feed or fertilizer to improve production. Some say that this model shows benefits for both parties.
|
|
In 1975, there were 4.2 million smallholder farming households in Thailand. In 2013, Thailand had 5.9 million smallholder farming households. The average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from 3.7 hectares to 3.2 hectares over that period. Instead of farms getting larger and less numerous, as has been the case in the Global North, the reverse happened: they got smaller and more numerous.
|
|
The original manor was then split into two smallholdings and five new white houses were built for small- holders. There were also three cottage holdings owned by the council. This made the County Council the largest landowner in the village. In 1911 the sale of the Tayleur estate led to changes in the Walcot Lees to Rodington area of Withington.
|
|
Northern Star, 1 January 1842. In his book A Practical Work on the Management of Small Farms he set forth his plan of resettling surplus factory workers on smallholdings of two, three and four acres. He had no doubts of the yields obtainable under such spade-husbandry. He proposed a stock company in which working men could buy land on the open market.
|
|
Højbygaard Sugar Factory (originally the Lolland Sugar Factory) was built on the estate in 1872-74. The Barony of Sønderkarle was as a result of the lensafløsningsloven of 1919 dissolved in 1925. Part of the land was converted into 44 smallholdings. Poul Abraham Bertouch-Lehn's died in 1928 and his widow Sophie Bertouch-Lehn stayed on the estate until her death in 1937.
|
|
This plantation is one of the reasons given for the company choosing not to be Fair Trade-accredited, as only smallholdings are allowed. In 2011, Hotel Chocolat opened its Boucan Hotel in Saint Lucia. The hotel sits on the Rabot Estate which is perched high up between the Piton mountains. The hotel currently has six lodges and a cocoa-inspired Boucan Restaurant.
|
|
It is thought that they had formed the ancient parish sometime in the 13th century. Another boundary change occurred within Kilby during the First World War. This happened due to Lord Cottesloe of Wigston selling 50 acres of smallholdings to Leicestershire County Council, which were in turn given to ex-servicemen from Kilby who had fought in the First World War.
|
|
He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Maldon constituency in Essex from 1922 until his death in 1942, with a brief interruption from 1923-24 when he narrowly lost the seat to his Labour opponent Valentine Crittall. Ruggles-Brise was greatly interested in agricultural matters, serving on the Smallholdings Committee of Essex County Council and as Chairman of the Parliamentary Agricultural Committee.
|
|
The town's airport and seaport are both several kilometres away on the island's east coast. Pastureland and smallholdings dominate the central plateau area with pine and cloud forest at progressively higher elevations. The coastal areas and lower slopes are arid and mainly left to unimproved scrub and sparse grassland. Volcanism is prominent, with several cinder cones and areas of lava flow to be seen.
|
|
Along the road, there are not important towns at all, except for Pira that offers some traveler's services. This route, extremely steep and narrow, goes between big abysses and gullies. It can be seen small rural districts with chacras (smallholdings) that have been sown with potatoes, wheat, barley and other food products. It can also be seen livestock and a lot of human activity.
|
|
The name Denshaw is of Old Norse derivation, and the oldest part of the village is an ancient hamlet.. Built up around the junction of five major roads, until the 20th century, Denshaw consisted mainly of smallholdings and a few public houses such as the Junction Inn, originally built as a coaching house for travellers. Denshaw is noted for its annual Whit Friday brass band contest.
|
|
Arab musicians in Palermo The new Arab rulers initiated land reforms, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through Qanats. Introducing oranges, lemons, pistachio and sugarcane to Sicily. A description of Palermo was given by Ibn Hawqal, a Baghdad merchant who visited Sicily in 950.
|
|
Along the road, there are not important towns at all, except for Pira that offers some traveler's services. This route, extremely steep and narrow, goes between big abysses and gullies. It can be seen small rural districts with chakras (smallholdings) that have been sown with potatoes, wheat, barley and other food products. It can also be seen livestock and a lot of human activity.
|
|
As a result of the lensafløsningslov of 1919, he sold the estate in 1026 after first selling off land for 21 independent smallholdings. Lois Frances Booth, the wife of Prince Erik, Count of Rosenborg, purchased Bjergbygaard in 1931. The couple was divorced in 1937 and the following year Lois Frances Booth was married to brewer Thorkild Juelsberg. She lived on the estate until her death in 1941.
|
|
"Cat's-creep" staircases are found in hilly areas of Brighton. The cat's-creep leads up to Richmond Road, and emerges through a narrow gap between two terraced houses. Despite this intensive building work, there were many gaps between houses and streets, and smallholdings and plant nurseries were common. Two existed in 1838, including one where grapes were cultivated, and more were planted in the 1850s.
|
|
Runwick is made up of smallholdings immediately across the main road north of the large village on the Hampshire-Surrey border. The '-wick' part of the name meant ″hamlet″ and, from the 13th-century, ″farm″, and is still used in the far east of England to mean ″farm″. The ″run″ part of the name relates to an Anglo Saxon England owner, as in Runfold, which is a similar distance from Farnham.
|
|
There are four farms in the village itself (Home Farm, Croftlands Farm, Broadwell House Farm and Hospital Farm) and several smallholdings. Other farms border the village. Broadwell is in the broad flat valley of the River Leam. The valley is bounded to the north by the Rugby ridge and Lawford Heath, to the south by a low range of upland which forms part of the Northamptonshire/Warwickshire ironstone hills.
|
|
Randfontein's crime is characterised by petty theft, drugs, and prostitution. The huge area covered by the smallholdings is difficult to police and is a haven for drug dealers. Often news reports cover drug busts on the West Rand and in more cases than not the dealers or smugglers are found in rural Randfontein. Violent crime is on the increase with two gruesome murders in October 2014 that rocked the town.
|
|
These were followed by a number of other government officials establishing plantations in the region. The only native to grow coffee on a commercial scale was Jeronis de SoysaThe History of Sri Lanka By Patrick Peebles, p.59 (Greenwood) Great Lives From History: Incredibly Wealthy , Howard Bromberg, pp. 263-5 (Salem Pr Inc), and about a quarter of the total production was from the smallholdings of native farmers.
|
|
Nick Perry is a British playwright and screenwriter. He is a graduate of the University of Hull and the National Film and Television School. His first play Arrivederci Millwall was produced by The Combination at The Albany Empire, Deptford in 1985 and jointly won the Samuel Beckett Award. Smallholdings was first performed at the King's Head Theatre in 1986 and The Vinegar Fly at the Soho Poly in 1988.
|
|
Mary became a faithful supporter of his political ambitions.Marsh, Chamberlain (1994) pp 289-311 Joseph and Austen Chamberlain photographed in The Caledonian The Salisbury ministry was implementing a number of Radical reforms that pleased Chamberlain. Between 1888 and 1889, democratic County Councils were established in Great Britain. By 1891, measures for the provision of smallholdings had been made, and the extension of free, compulsory education to the entire country.
|
|
It is north of Laindon railway station on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. South of the railway station and line is Langdon Hills. Laindon and Langdon Hills are part of the Basildon post town.Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004) To the south-west of Laindon, the Dunton Plotlands was an area of small plots of land used as weekend cottages or smallholdings during the mid 20th century.
|
|
Due to the smallholdings typical in China, by employing a scheme to consolidate farm lands, productivity is increased. The success of the scheme relies on relaxed land use laws. The company is investing in a RMB 1 billion (US$145 million) scheduled to be completed in 2018 to produce an announced 10,000 tonnes of freeze-dried coffee, 2,000 tonnes of liquid coffee concentrate and 3,000 tonnes of baked coffee beans annually.
|
|
Shankill initially comprised large agricultural tracts broken into smallholdings for tenant farmers, and larger, grander estates with fine country houses, many of which still exist today. Large housing estates - of varying size and quality - have been built on many of these estates. Recently, additional tracts of land have been sold to developers who have built higher-density housing than the larger-plot housing estates constructed in the 1970s.
|
|
By 1901 the population had only risen to 506, falling to 407 in 1911 and 427 in 1927. In 1894 a National School was built on what is now School Lane. Post the First World War the relatively stable farming community became a scattering of holiday homes, garages, shacks and smallholdings as commuters settled outside London and found homes in the countryside. In 1918 there were two shopkeepers in the village.
|
|
Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886 In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of the population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions.
|
|
Essen Minster Around 845, Saint Altfrid (around 800–874), the later Bishop of Hildesheim, founded an abbey for women (coenobium Astnide) in the centre of present-day Essen. The first abbess was Altfrid's relative Gerswit (see also: Essen Abbey). In 799, Saint Liudger had already founded Benedictine Werden Abbey on its own grounds a few kilometers south. The region was sparsely populated with only a few smallholdings and an old and probably abandoned castle.
|
|
These multiple tenant farms were most often managed by tacksmen. To replace this system, individual arable smallholdings or crofts were created, with shared access to common grazing. This process was often accompanied by moving the people from the interior straths and glens to the coast, where they were expected to find employment in, for example, the kelp or fishing industries. The properties they had formerly occupied were then converted into large sheep holdings.
|
|
There Wolseley's most important book, Women on the Land (1916) was written. It covers organization of smallholdings and market cooperatives, women's institutes, and gardening as a subject for schools. Her other titles included In a College Garden (1916), which described the work of the College, and Gardens, their Form and Design (1919), which stimulated the emergence of landscape architecture as a discipline a decade later. She moved in 1920 to Culpepers, Ardingly, West Sussex.
|
|
The completion of North Borneo Railway Line helped to transport the resources to a major port on the west coast. By 1915, around of land, in addition to Chinese and North Borneo smallholdings, had been planted with rubber tree. In the same year, North Borneo Governor Aylmer Cavendish Pearson invited Japanese emigrants to participate in the economic activities there. The Japanese government received the request warmly and send researchers to discover potential economic opportunities.
|
|
Ilsfeld remained primarily rural in character until World War II; industry failed to gain a foothold, primarily because of a lack of infrastructure. In 1935 there were 335 agricultural concerns, mainly smallholdings, employing 40-60% of the residents, and 120 small businesses with a total of 220 employees. A planned post bus connection to Lauffen am Neckar, which would have enabled residents to work at the cement works, failed to materialize in 1929.
|
|
Batu Anam is surrounded by rubber and oil palm plantations and the more prominent plantations are Sungei Senarut Estate, Paya Lang Estate and Gomali Estate with a number of smaller estates and smallholdings. There is an old rubber factory known as H&C; Latex still in use. Paya Lang Club had a beautiful 9-hole Golf Course which is now planted with Palm Oil trees after the plantation was sold to local interests.
|
|
Robert Doyley, son of Walter, held Achelei (as Oakley was called). The exact area is not known, since borders with other local villages were not specified. The village was valued at £6, and its land consisted of 5¾ hides; with Oakley's clay soil the total cultivated land would have been around . Seven ploughs, three by the Lord of the Manor and four by nine villagers (consisting of seven smallholdings) tilled the land.
|
|
The peasantry effectively disappeared, and a new class, the "rural gentry", emerged. These middle-class farmers, midway between the large commercial farms and smallholdings, were able to significantly increase their earnings by producing cash crops such as coffee, tobacco, sugar, and grapes, which were not labour-intensive and which fetched high prices at urban markets. Animal husbandry also increased, with increasingly large swathes of land being turned over to sheep and cattle farming.
|
|
Agroforestry practices are highly beneficial in the tropics, especially in subsistence smallholdings in sub- Saharan Africa and have been found to be beneficial in Europe and the United States. Agroforestry shares principles with intercropping but can also involve much more complex multi-strata agroforests containing hundreds of species. Agroforestry can also utilise nitrogen-fixing plants such as legumes to restore soil nitrogen fertility. The nitrogen-fixing plants can be planted either sequentially or simultaneously.
|
|
Peasants were not only granted land but their militias also were given large supplies of arms. The peasants remained a powerful political force in Bolivia during all subsequent governments. However, in 1970 only 45% of peasant families had received title to land, although more land reform projects continued in the 1970s and 1980s. A 1996 Agrarian Reform Law (also ) increased protection for smallholdings and indigenous territories, but also protected absentee landholders who pay taxes from expropriation.
|
|
The manor remained in the Coke family for several generations, and Thomas Coke, created Baron Lovel in 1728, abandoned Minster Lovell Hall in 1747 and partially dismantled it. Charterville is the third and largest of the Chartist estates. were divided into 80 smallholdings with model cottages. 40 oxen and 18 pigs were provided to the winners of the plots, drawn by lot from the shareholders of the National Land Company, along with manure, firewood and seed.
|
|
As first chairman of the Commission he was able to put into practice all over Britain this 'long cherished dream' of repopulating hill country, thanks to his good contacts in government. Money for the scheme was provided first by Philip Snowden, Chancellor in the first Labour government, and then by his successor in Baldwin’s Conservative administration, Winston Churchill. The scheme accordingly went ahead and created smallholdings in the new forests, of approximately ten acres, let for £15 a year.
|
|
Each household has access to approximately of land from which they derive food, fuel and income. One resident utilises permaculture techniques for managing the land, and electricity is generated by solar panels and a micro hydro turbine. The nine smallholdings demonstrate a range of natural building techniques though there have been challenges over compliance with building regulations which led to some of the residents being taken to court by Pembrokeshire County Council. These issues have since been resolved.
|
|
High Beach is in the uplands of Essex, which reach heights of above sea level on the western fringes of Epping Forest. Areas of the surrounding forest are also named High Beach or High Beech. However, individual smallholdings of land are given over to residential, agriculture and mixed uses, particularly beside the straight A-road which bisects it. Ordnance survey website Many of the forest paths are naturally gravel-lined with underlying deposits of Bagshot Sands.
|
|
LAdam Gottlob Moltke In 1751, Tryggevælde was acquired by Adam Gottlob Moltke. He had the previous year established the Countship of Bregentved but Tryggevælde (with Alslevgaard) remained an unentailed estate. The Countship of Bregentved was as a result of the lensafløsningsloven dissolved in 1922 and Count Moltke was in the same time required to pay a special tax to the government. 16 smallholdings was in this connection sold off in lots to raise the necessary money for the tax.
|
|
Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The modern settlement of was founded in the final quarter of the eighteenth century from Segenthin (since 1945 known by its polish name as Żegocino). Segenthin was at that time held by Carl Caspar von Kleist (1734–1808) who received a royal grant for the development of arable land, which he used to establish two farms and eight smallholdings.
|
|
I can go on, but they could not. By the time one has paid all Imperial > and local dues in the way of taxation there is not much left now, and for > that reason I have decided to put the estate up for sale. In November 1926 he sold the castle and estate of to Glamorgan County Council for the sum of £36,500 for use as a County mental hospital. Part of the estate was divided up into smallholdings.
|
|
Much of the area around Llynclys Hill to the west is common land; there are a number of cottages and smallholdings probably built by workers in the area's lead mines and limestone quarries. Llynclys Common, from which there are fine views, is home to eight varieties of orchid and the brown argus butterfly. Llynclys was formerly on the Cambrian Railways line from to . The Cambrian Railways Trust are now re-building sections of the line as a heritage railway.
|
|
The dam was built over the Westdene spruit which is a tributary of the larger Braamfontein Spruit. The dam was then named after his wife Emmarentia Botha. A hundred of these workers were then settled in 14 irrigated smallholdings on 145 morgens of the farm in what are now the suburbs of Emmarentia, Linden and Greenside where they grew fruits and vegetables with rent based on a third of the profits of the sale of the produce.
|
|
Tokai, named after Tokaj, a range of hills in Hungary, was originally an open area with various wine farms and smallholdings. Today, though most of the wine farms are no longer there, there are still a few old Cape Dutch houses like those found in Constantia. The suburb was built in the late 1940s, and was built quickly because of the urgent need for housing for predominantly white, English- speaking South African soldiers returning from World War II.
|
|
C. Emmer & BW Highman, (1999) General History of the Caribbean: Methodology and historiography of the Caribbean, volume 6 pp 637 caused an exodus of them to southern Dominica. They set up smallholdings. Meanwhile, French families and others from Guadeloupe settled in the north. In 1727, the first French commander, M. Le Grand, took charge of the island with a basic French government; Dominica formally became a colony of France, and the island was divided into districts or "quarters".
|
|
Certain liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. Agrarian issues would be solved by regional commissioners on the basis of smallholdings but collective cultivation would be permitted in some circumstances. Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. Violence would be required to destroy opposition to the coup, though it seems Mola did not envision the mass atrocities and repression that would ultimately manifest during the civil war.
|
|
Certain liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. Agrarian issues would be solved by regional commissioners on the basis of smallholdings but collective cultivation would be permitted in some circumstances. Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. Violence would be required to destroy opposition to the coup, though it seems Mola did not envision the mass atrocities and repression that would ultimately manifest during the civil war.
|
|
By the beginning of the 1920s, the Whitehawk area consisted mainly of pig farms, smallholdings and allotments. This would all change between 1920 and 1931 when Brighton Corporation, in common with local government authorities all over the country, began a program of slum clearances. Alongside Manor Farm, Whitehawk was one of the areas used for new homes to house the residents. The homes were designed to have "all modern conveniences" including electricity, gas and running water.
|
|
She had four children with her husband, Lord Bessborough. These were: John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough, Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby, Lady Caroline Lamb and William Ponsonby, 1st Baron de Mauley. On the death of Henrietta, in 1821, the 3rd Earl leased the property to a politician, Abraham Robarts, who made it his permanent home. When Robarts died in 1858, The 5th Earl of Bessborough sold the house and forty-two acres of parkland to the Conservative Land Society for division into smallholdings.
|
|
Since Lammas, the Welsh Government introduced a national low-impact policy, "One Planet Development", which creates a framework for land-based smallholdings and ecovillage projects to be established in Wales.Welsh Government, Technical Advice Note 6, Planning for sustainable rural communities, July 2010, 4.15 - 4.23 One house, built at a cost of £27,000 over several years, was destroyed by fire in January 2018, with a total re-build estimate of £500,000. The house was not insured as construction had not been completed.
|
|
The history of Colegiales is the same as the barrio of Chacarita because it used to be called Chacarita de los Colegiales. This neighborhood had chacras and quintas (smallholdings), where the Jesuits hosted retreats with their students. When this order was expelled in 1767, the lands were expropriated by the Spanish Crown. Beginning with the government of Bernardino Rivadavia in 1826, workers and immigrants from Europe settled in the area that later became the two neighborhoods of Chacarita and Colegiales.
|
|
Davitt foresaw that public funds spent on land purchases would never benefit landless labourers, and believed that the resulting smallholdings would eventually be consolidated into estates. Instead, from 1882, Davitt advocated for compulsory land nationalisation with compensation for current owners, so that all ground rent could be reclaimed by the state and used on public projects to benefit all citizens. According to Marxist historian Peter Linebaugh, Davitt's ideas inspired James Connolly's "Celtic communism". Davitt's brand of Irish republicanism was heavily influenced by Chartism.
|
|
Devon Books Before the Norman invasion in 1066, the parish of Higher Mutley was owned by a man Alwin of Tamerton, and Lower Mutley by another man called Goodwin, but at the time of the Domesday Book (1086) both were owned by Odo, whose feudal overlord was Juhel of Totnes. In the Domesday Book the two parishes were said to be worth five shillings each. Lower Mutley had two farms while Higher Mutley consisted of ten sheep, one farm and two smallholdings.
|
|
The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was Mittelgebirge, which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of partible inheritance. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a peddler.
|
|
Harlington, Harmondsworth and Cranford Cottage Hospital, founded 1884. The manors were reunited by purchase by Sir Roger Aston, an official to the King, 64 years after the Dissolution of the Monasteries and were bought by Sir Thomas Berkeley's widow Elizabeth in 1618. These stayed in the Berkeley family, who granted smallholdings over this period, until selling the house and Cranford Park to Hayes and Harlington Urban District Council in 1932, before being sold again to Middlesex County Council in 1935.
|
|
Then finally they could progress to Overseas Colonies, running smallholdings abroad. The trial City Colony was set up in Whitechapel in 1889 and two years later Booth put down a deposit on land in Hadleigh for his Farm Colony. Starting with of land, later expanding to , the farm was home to 200 colonists by the end of its first year. Existing farm buildings were renovated and new dormitories, a bathhouse, laundry, reading room, hospital and religious meeting house were built.
|
|
Whether such men were really soldier-farmers or lived on rents from smallholdings while concentrating on their military duties is still a matter of debate. The Akritoi were probably mostly light troops, armed with bows and javelins. They were most adept at defensive warfare, often against raiding Turkish light horsemen in the Anatolian mountains, but could also cover the advance of the regular Byzantine army. Their tactics probably consisted of skirmishing and ambushes in order to catch the fast-moving Turkish horse- archers.
|
|
Craig, page 141 He was elected at the 1906 general election as MP for Buckingham (or Northern) division of Buckinghamshire. The seat had been held from 1885 to 1886 and from 1889 to 1891 by his older brother Sir Edmund Hope Verney, who was expelled from the House of Commons in 1891, and at various times between 1832 and 1885 by their father Sir Harry. Frederick's main interest in Parliament was agriculture, and in particular supporting the creation of smallholdings.
|
|
One of the main problems in creating and maintaining military strength was that peasant citizens could not afford to abandon their smallholdings for long periods of service and so the demand for professional soldiers increased. The orator Isocrates was highly critical of Athens for employing mercenaries whom he denounced as the "common enemies of mankind". Athenian citizens, he said, must not be "rejoicing in the atrocities of such violent, lawless brigands". Aristotle accepted that mercenaries were competent but he doubted their courage and loyalty.
|
|
He disagreed with slavery and thought a system of smallholdings more appropriate than the large plantations common in the colonies just to the north. However, land grants were not as large as most colonists would have preferred. Another reason for the founding of the colony was as a buffer state and a "garrison province" which would defend the southern British colonies from Spanish Florida. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border; because of this, the colony's charter prohibited slavery.
|
|
In the ninth section of the book, titled "The Servile State Has Begun," Belloc explores various ways the servile state has started to creep its way back into modern life. Among these he includes minimum wage laws, employers liability laws, the Insurance Act, and compulsory arbitration.. Belloc used his Catholicism and his experience of living alongside the small-scale peasant farmers of the Sussex Weald to advocate his thesis of having a property-owning democracy based on peasant smallholdings that would bring together the different social classes.
|
|
One of the most significant factors in the Ecovillage's low eco-footprint (see below) is its attitude to food production and consumption. Various smallholdings associated with the Ecovillage contribute to a community supported agriculture or 'box' scheme which provides organic produce for the local area, some of it grown using permaculture techniques. This horticulture '"provides more than 70% of the community's fresh food requirements" Findhorn food. EarthShare. and Phoenix Community Stores, based at the Park, is one of the largest retailers of organic produce in northern Scotland.
|
|
In March 1935 the first Land Settlement Association (LSA) estate of 30 smallholdings was established to the east of the town along the Wrestlingworth, Sutton and Hatley Roads with land donated by Sir Malcolm Stewart, Potton's last Lord of the Manor. Its purpose was to resettle unemployed men from coal mining areas in the north of England. Pig and poultry farming plus horticulture were the main activities, augmented by a central farm. Potton provided the model for a further 20 such estates across the country.
|
|
In 1973 a new housing estate was planned covering the whole of the smallholdings area which forced the railway to move down to Crockway Farm, Maiden Newton, Dorset. A three-road shed with a pit was built, locomotives put inside and wagons pushed a few hundred yards over temporary welded track to a couple of sidings. But with the distance down to Crockway, , interest in restarting slowly waned. By 1978 all stock and signs were sold off in auctions arranged with the Narrow Gauge Railway Society.
|
|
In northern and western areas of Scotland, many people live in small crofting townships, such as here on the Isle of Skye.Ruins of the township of Arichonan, forcibly cleared in 1848 as part of the Highland Clearances. Caol Scotnish can be seen in the middle distance with Loch Sween farther out. In Scotland a crofting township is a group of agricultural smallholdings (each with its own few hectares of pasture and arable land (in-bye land)) holding in common a substantial tract of unimproved upland grazing.
|
|
This smaller than average parish has three farms and is bounded to the south by the River Wensum. The rest of its people have smallholdings, live in the distant row of three cottages or live in homes in the Bylaugh Hall grounds. Its shape, due to the river bends immediately south, resembles a molar (tooth). Approximately one sixth of Bylaugh is made up of its northern woodland, Bylaugh Wood, which adjoins Bawdeswell Heath, separated by the road between that village and Dereham, the nearest main town.
|
|
The entire area became known as Geldenhuis Estates Smallholdings. One of these farms was owned by Sir George Herbert Farrar, a randlord who played a prominent role in planning the infamous Jameson Raid, one of the main causes of the Second Anglo-Boer War. His farm, Bedford, was located in the present-day suburb of St Andrews, and parts of the original farm can still be seen in St Andrews' School. The farm itself was named after Sir Farrar's home-town of Bedford in England.
|
|
Potemkin was embarking on the task of populating the empty southern steppes around the Black Sea with settlers, and he immediately tried to attract Jews from both Poland and the Mediterranean to his new settlements, in particular those Jews that were active in viticulture. He resettled these Jews in empty smallholdings left by the Zaporozhians. He also gathered around him a coterie of rabbis with whom he would discuss theology. One in particular, Joshua Zeitlin, a wealthy merchant and scholar, became his close friend.
|
|
However, by the late 1950s, the 2CV was becoming outdated. Rural roads in France were improved and the national system of autoroutes was being developed. Agriculture was becoming more mechanized with fewer smallholdings and family farms for which the 2CV was designed. The Citroën had also proved popular with people living in towns and cities as affordable, economical transport but the 2CV's rural design brief made it less than ideal as a city car and, despite improvements, the late-1950s 2CV had a top speed of just .
|
|
In 1910, he was appointed to the board of the Stepney and Suburban Building Society. In 1913, Evans was elected to the county council as a Municipal Reform Party councillor representing Wandsworth in south London. During the First World War he was a member of the council's Parks, Smallholdings and Allotments Standing Committee which oversaw the use of public spaces for the production of food. In 1919, he was re-elected to the county council as a councillor for Battersea South, holding the seat until 1925.
|
|
The first written references to Snogebæk date from 1555 but it is thought the area has been inhabited since the Middle Ages. Originally it probably consisted of a few dispersed smallholdings providing a living from farming and fishing. The first harbour was built on the coast by the fishermen in 1869 but it soon filled up with sand. In 1889, thanks to the success of Bornholm's Armager development, a new island harbour was completed, connected to the shore by a wooden footbridge some 100 meters long.
|
|
The colony was established in Hadleigh in 1891 by William Booth, a preacher who founded the Salvation Army Christian organisation. He believed every human being should have food and shelter and published a plan to rescue the destitute from the squalor of London. His vision was that the poor would be given board and lodgings in a City Colony in exchange for a day's work. They could then move to a Farm Colony where they would be trained to work the land and run their own smallholdings.
|
|
As the sustainable food and local food movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability. There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in the world, supporting almost two billion people. Small scale agriculture is often in tension with industrial agriculture, which finds efficiencies by increasing outputs, monoculture, consolidating land under big agricultural operations, and economies of scale. Certain labor intensive cash-crops, such as cocoa production in Ghana or Cote d'Ivoire, rely heavily on small holders; globally, as of 2008 90% of cocoa is grown by smallholders.
|
|
Arthur Wilfred Ashby was born on 19 August 1886, the eldest son of Joseph Ashby (1859–1919), a farmer and surveyor, and his wife Hannah (née Ashby; born c. 1861).Thomas, Edgar (2007), "Ashby, Arthur Wilfred (1886–1953)", rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (online edition) The son of an unmarried servant, the elder Ashby spent his life working in agriculture in Tysoe, Warwickshire, eventually farming over 200 acres of land. His colourful life involved active participation in politics; he campaigned for the reform of land-ownership and smallholdings.
|
|
West End is a village and civil parish in Surrey Heath, Surrey, England, approximately southwest of central London. It is midway between the towns of Camberley and Woking, to the west and east respectively. The River Bourne rises from its sources to the immediate west to run through the village. Until the mid 20th century, the West End consisted of a collection of smallholdings surrounded by a substantial area of common land West End Common is comparable in size to Chobham Common to the north and includes training ranges of the British Army.
|
|
Around forty producers tend the gravelly soil found on the left bank of the Dordogne River, on a geomorphic system of alluvial terraces. This terrace system is evidence that the Dordogne River sunk within the valley during the last Ice Age. Smallholdings, ranging from to around in area, only exist in the Vayres commune and the plateau of its neighbouring commune, Arveyres. The limits of this appellation area were defined in 1936, by the gravel, sandy- gravel, clay-gravel and silty-gravel soils found along the path of the Dordogne, because of their potential qualities.
|
|
The theory of permanent revolution further considers that the peasantry as a whole cannot take on the task of carrying through the revolution, because it is dispersed in smallholdings throughout the country and forms a heterogeneous grouping, including the rich peasants who employ rural workers and aspire to landlordism as well as the poor peasants who aspire to own more land. Trotsky argues: "All historical experience [...] shows that the peasantry are absolutely incapable of taking up an independent political role".Trotsky, Leon, Results and Prospects, p 204–5, New Park publications (1962).
|
|
Louis Tumpowski was a Jewish immigrant from the United States of America who arrived in South Africa in 1887 at the age of twenty-five. He made his way to Johannesburg, which was a small but rapidly expanding mining town at that time, with the intention of selling general provisions to the gold mine workers and prospectors. Even as his business prospered he would still personally visit farms and smallholdings in the area to obtain fresh supplies and this was how the 54 year old Tumpowski met Dorethea Kraft.
|
|
Penn, 115. The rights of common enabled local smallholders to practise a simple pastoral system that still operated until quite recently. During the summer they would turn out their livestock onto the forest to graze; this would allow them to use the fields close to their smallholdings (the in-bye land) to produce hay for winter fodder or to grow cereals. In the winter, they would bring their animals indoors and bed them down on litter, traditionally bracken and other vegetation that commoners would cut in the Forest using scythes.
|
|
Critics argue that concentrated land ownership gives the landowner too much power over local communities, reduces opportunities, and impedes economic growth. One study of nineteenth-century Prussia found an inverse correlation between large estates and educational enrollment. In Central America, an economic boom in coffee production led to vastly different results in different countries: Costa Rica and Colombia were dominated by smallholdings and experienced democratization and surging literacy rates, while in El Salvador and Guatemala, rural laborers earned bare subsistence. Studies in 48 developing countries found a correlation between land concentration and deforestation.
|
|
Centurion has come a long way from being a large town south of Pretoria, with smallholdings and large open spaces. Having experienced growth since 1994, like the rest of urban South Africa, many businesses have relocated there, and property development is boosting the ever-expanding city limits. This development has meant there is now little break between the outskirts of Pretoria to the north, and Midrand and Johannesburg to the south. The Gauteng Provincial Government envisages that, according to current growth trends, much of the Gauteng province will be a megalopolis by 2015.
|
|
The Terminal 5 building is on a site on the western side of the airport, between the western ends of the northern and southern runways. The site was previously occupied by the Perry Oaks sewage works and an area of smallholdings called Burrows Hill Close Estate, and is east of the M25 motorway; see also Heathrow (hamlet). Two artificial watercourses, the Longford River and the Duke of Northumberland's River, originally ran through the middle of the site. Most of the terminal is in the ecclesiastical parish of Harmondsworth.
|
|
While they did not find gold, Louw Geldenhuys employed Boer War veterans to build the Emmarentia Dam, and leased smallholdings with fruit trees. In 1993, 13 hectares were donated to the city for public recreation and, eventually with the other sections, became the Johannesburg Botanic Gardens, Marks Parks Sports Club and the Westpark Cemetery. Today, the sprawling cemetery is the resting place of thousands of Johannesburg residents, and has separate Chinese, Muslim, Jewish, Christian and SANDF burial areas. Many ornate gravestones and mausoleums can be found throughout the park.
|
|
Chiltlee Manor lay to the south of Bramshott Manor and was recorded as being held by the king, William the Conqueror, with four tenants and land for two ploughs, worth fifty three shillings (£2.65). These four manors lay on the edge of the royal forest of Woolmer, with the origins of Liphook perhaps built as smallholdings to serve huntsmen. The village grew until the 14th century but was checked by the Black Death. It seems some people escaped from the manors to Liphook to evade taxes of the Lord.
|
|
Feargus Edward O'Connor (18 July 1796 - 30 August 1855) was an Irish Chartist leader and advocate of the Land Plan, which sought to provide smallholdings for the labouring classes. A highly charismatic figure, O'Connor was admired for his energy and oratory, but was criticised for alleged egotism. After the failure of his Land Plan, O'Connor's behaviour became increasingly erratic, culminating in an assault on three MPs and a mental breakdown, from which he did not recover. After his death three years later at the age of 59, 40,000 people witnessed the funeral procession.
|
|
It aimed to buy agricultural estates and subdivide the land into smallholdings which could be let to individuals. The impossibility of all subscribers acquiring one of the plots meant it was considered a lottery, and the company was declared illegal in 1851.Hansard, 30 May 1851 When Chartism again gained momentum O'Connor was elected in 1847 MP for Nottingham, and he organised the Chartist meeting on Kennington Common, London, in 1848. This meeting on 10 April proved a turning point: it was supposed to be followed by a procession.
|
|
The authority would have powers over public transport, town planning, large housing schemes, main drainage, sewage disposal, higher and specialised education, water supply, hospitals, fire protection, large parks and open spaces, wholesale markets and smallholdings. A lower tier of local authorities would be formed based on existing areas: metropolitan boroughs, municipal boroughs, urban districts and rural districts, but each having equal powers and status. They would have enhanced powers, for instance taking over the duties of poor law guardians and becoming the elementary education authority for their area.
|
|
When the BCP came to power, Bulgarian agriculture consisted primarily of 1.1 million peasant smallholdings. The party saw consolidation of these holdings as its most immediate agricultural objective. It dismantled the agricultural bank that had been a primary source of investment for the agriculture and food processing sectors before World War II. The first attempts at voluntary collectivization yielded modest results, partly because open coercion was impossible until a peace treaty was signed with the Allies. The labor-cooperative farm (trudovo-kooperativno zemedelsko stopanstvo—TKZS) received official approval in 1945.
|
|
One possible etymology is that it is "south" (), but there is no obvious centre to the north to which this might refer; another suggestion is that it derives from a word such as sur or sörjig (damp, slushy) and meant a marshy area. In 1540 the village was part of the lands of the Diocese of Linköping and had 3½ dwellings and 6 smallholdings; in 1544 there were 4 freeholders, one of them Gustav Vasa. Painted pew in Gärdslösa Church: the village name is written Syderby on the left.
|
|
The final dissolution of the Tring Park estate came in October 1938 when the estate was broken up and sold piecemeal. It consisted of eleven farms, numerous smallholdings, allotments, cottages and shops in Tring, Aston Clinton, Bucklands, Drayton Beauchamp, Cholesbury, Wigginton, Marsworth and Long Marston as well as the stud farm in Akeman Street. During World War II the house was used by the N M Rothschild & Sons bank, as a repository for the safe-keeping of documents and valuables outside London. The Tring Home Guard also used the park grounds for exercises and training.
|
|
Knatts Valley is a hamlet situated in the West Kingsdown civil parish in the county of Kent, England. It was originally a rural community consisting mainly of several smallholdings: the principal farms being Knatts Farm (sheep), giving its name to the area; and Maplescombe Farm (cattle). One settlement in the valley is Romney Street; the word street meaning hamlet in these parts of Kent. To the east there is a development of housing within a wooded area, mainly of detached housing, and to the west is a similar development — "East Hill".
|
|
One hundred acres of ancient woodland and two smallholdings near Bewdley are sympathetically cultivated. A rebuilt barn, called the "Ruskin Studio", acts as a base for the Wyre Community Land Trust, which engages with a wide range of local projects, promoting rural crafts and skills, hosting events and receiving educational visits. The Guild funded the national Campaign for Drawing and is still associated with it; arts and crafts and rural economy are fostered; scholarships and awards are sometimes granted; and symposia are held to discuss issues of contemporary concern and debate.
|
|
New grants to agriculture also encouraged the voluntary pooling of smallholdings, and in cases where their land was purchased for non-commercial purposes, tenant- farmers could now receive double the previous "disturbance compensation."Labour: A Dictionary Of Achievement, published by the Labour Party, Transport House, Smith Square, London, S.W.1. Printed by C.W.S. Printing Factory, Elgar Road, Reading (October 1968). A Hill Land Improvement Scheme, introduced by the Agriculture Act of 1967, provided 50% grants for a wide range of land improvements, along with a supplementary 10% grant on drainage works benefitting hill land.
|
|
Small numbers of I pigs were exported in the 1960s to Canada and Sweden, to be kept in zoos or to be used for laboratory experiments. Within a decade, the I had spread to animal parks in other countries in Europe; a few were reared on smallholdings. The I entered the United States from Canada in the mid-1980s, and by the end of the decade the "pot-bellied pig" was being marketed as a pet. Not all of these were purebred, and some grew to considerable size; the fad was short-lived.
|
|
There are numerous other small roads and tracks linking the houses and smallholdings which are scattered across the hill. Rising to the west is Chestnuts Enclosure, an area of Forestry Commission woodland, and to the north, Welshbury Hill which has Iron Age workings. The Greyhound Inn was a popular pub beside the busy main road until its closure in 2016 following a robbery and subsequent fire. It was noted for its large concrete and plaster model dinosaur in the pub garden (known as "Horace") Built by local craftsman Bill Taylor whilst refurbishing the pub interior.
|
|
The history until the establishment of the parish in 1917 is that of Byfleet, which saw most of its current developed land, which was formerly fields in the east and densely wooded heath in the west turned into Victorian and Edwardian smallholdings and large houses in the Victorian and Edwardian periods (1831–1911). The railway station, see transport, opened in 1887, primarily to enable commuting.Church of Our Lady, West Byfleet, website Retrieved 31 December 2013 The village's first church was dedicated in 1912, the parish of West Byfleet associated with it was established in 1917.
|
|
The town name is new compared with the great bulk of English towns. Gerrards Cross did not exist in any formal sense until 1859 when it was formed by taking pieces out of the three parishes of Chalfont St Peter, Fulmer, Stoke Poges and Upton cum Chalvey to form a new ecclesiastical parish. It is named after the Gerrard family who in the early 17th century owned a manor here. At that time homes which were not farms were smallholdings clustered in a hamlet in the south of an elongated parish of Chalfont St Peter.
|
|
Tourism has in recent years brought a halt to economic decline in the region and the injection of European Union funding has led to the development of heritage centres and cooperatives providing training in practical crafts. Agriculture, including pigs, poultry, sheep, goats and smallholdings predominate in the valleys. In 1995, Ken Loach's award winning film about the Spanish Civil War, Land and Freedom, was filmed in the Maestrazgo. Life in the area and much of its history is described vividly in Jason Webster's 2009 book Sacred Sierra - A Year on a Spanish Mountain.
|
|
The redistribution of land ended in failure. Originally promising to redistribute 250,000 hectares amongst 15,000 families, the plan managed to redistribute less than 20% of their promised goal. By 1961 only 41,000 hectares had been distributed to 1800 families. The plan ultimately failed to address chronic land shortage, a pressing problem of economic survival in the Algerian countryside given that 6.5-million Algerians at the time still depended on an agricultural sector in which about 22,000 settler-owned farms produced a volume of saleable produce equivalent to that of approximately 600,000 Algerian-owned smallholdings.
|
|
The crofters were poor, but they were used to an independent life style that was both long established and deeply ingrained in their psyche. Nevertheless, Leverhulme planned to entice them into becoming carbon copies of his Lancashire artisans by offering them an attractive alternative to their meagre smallholdings. He didn't actively oppose the crofter's way of life, but neither did he support it as some thought he, as their patron, ought to have done. And when the crofters learned about the money that was being expended on other projects, they began to resent his lack of support for them.
|
|
Thus, by the beginning of 1919, the positions taken up by those involved were fairly well defined. Robert Munro, himself a Highlander, believed passionately in the reinstatement of the crofts and he also felt strongly that the Imperial Parliament at Westminster was unlikely to tolerate any departure from the implementation of land reform, but he saw no reason why Lewis should not have Leverhulme's industrial schemes as well as more crofts. Leverhulme refused to budge, believing that the break-up of his farms would lead to seriously inefficient, probably unsustainable, and ultimately abandoned smallholdings as crofters moved away in search of better incomes.
|
|
The first reference to this area by Europeans dates to 1660, when Jan van Riebeek sent an expedition to explore the Overberg. The farm "Baarscheerders Bosch" number 213 in the Bredasdorp registration district, which included the village and the surrounding farmland and hillside, was surveyed for a Phillip Fourie Senior in 1831; that original farm has since been subdivided considerably into separate farms, smallholdings and plots.Original land grant diagram for farm Baarscheerders Bosch No. 213 Bredasdorp, Surveyor-General Cape Town diagram 571/1831 (TIFF). The current church in Baardskeerdersbos was built in 1921 and is a National Monument.
|
|
Remains of a bungalow in the nature reserve The Dunton Plotlands was an area of small rural plots of land in Dunton Wayletts, southern Essex inhabited from the 1930s to the 1980s. The 'plotlands' consisted of small plots of land sold in the first half of the 20th century to people who built weekend cottages, holiday bungalows or smallholdings there. Many of the people building weekend cottages here would have come out from London. With the outbreak of the Second World War, many weekenders moved out to their plots on a permanent basis, to escape the worst effects of the Blitz.
|
|
Victory Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa, around 8 km northwest of City Hall. Victory Park covers 1.6 km², including several smallholdings and a pair of blocks that include the private Jewish high school in the King David Schools network and the Victory Park Hebrew Congregation building. To the north is Delta Park in Blairgowrie, to the northeast is Craighall Park, to the east is Parkhurst, to the southeast is Greenside, to the southwest is Emmarentia, and to the west is Linden. In the old municipal borders, Victory Park was part of Johannesburg and separated by Linden from Randburg.
|
|
The smallholdings policy had been 'adequate during the early years of State forest development, when only a small nucleus of men was needed to plant and tend each forest. But expanding programmes of afforestation, new methods of fire protection, and above all the greatly increased volume of utilisation work that results as soon as the young woods reach the thinning stage, have made it essential, in most of the larger forests, to concentrate the building of new houses in villages or small community groups.'Edlin, H.L., Britain’s New Forest Villages, article in Unasylva, 1952-3, p. 151; cf Annual Reports, e.g.
|
|
He emphasizes the importance of maintaining humus, keeping water in the soil, and the role of mycorrhiza. It was his first book aimed at the general public, and is his best popularly known work. However his 1931 book The Waste Products of Agriculture, based on 26 years of studying improved crop production in Indian smallholdings, is considered by some as his most important scientific publication. His 1945 book Farming and Gardening for Health or Disease was also intended for a general audience, and was republished in 1947 as The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture.
|
|
The Alden Valley is a small valley on the eastern edge of the West Pennine Moors, west of Helmshore in Rossendale, Lancashire, England. In the 14th century it was part of the Earl of Lincoln's hunting park. By 1840 it was home to about twenty farms, largely involved in cattle rearing, although most inhabitants were also involved with the production of textiles, which quickly developed during the Industrial Revolution into the building of textile mills. These have now been demolished and the valley is dominated by sheep grazing, with three working farms and a number of smallholdings.
|
|
In 1662 a school was established in Thören, In 1667, according to a preserved Amt register it had 4 farmsteads (Vollhöfe), 2 smallholdings (Halbhöfe), 7 farmers (Bauern), 2 cottagers (Kötner) and a tithe barn. In 1900 there were 161 inhabitants in the villageGemeindeverzeichnis 1900 and in 1921 Thören had 174. By 1946 the population had grown to 445 and today there are about 670. In 1966 the schoold was closed; after a time it was converted, together with the teacher's residence, into the Brase Inn, after the neighbouring inn of Voigt (formerly the post office) had been closed previously.
|
|
Carterton, which by the late 20th century was one of the largest towns in Oxfordshire, was founded soon after 1900 as a colony of smallholders, on agricultural land in the northern part of Black Bourton parish. The founder was William Carter of Branksome (Dorset), a speculator who, through his company Homesteads Ltd of London, bought estates in several counties, in order to establish smallholdings and attract people back to the land. In Oxfordshire he acquired from W. C. Arkell, in 1900, the 740-a. Rock farm north of Black Bourton village, part of an estate sold by the duke of Marlborough in 1894.
|
|
Saltwood Castle Ivychurch The layout of the main towns is one of Victorian streets interspersed with apartment blocks, including a few tower blocks with otherwise housing in the district formed of low-rise apartments, semi-detached, terraced or (less often) detached homes with typically smallholdings or small gardens. The number of listed buildings in the district exceeds 200. This includes 18 churches listed in the highest grading in the national listing system (Grade I). Three castles or their bailey towers survive from the medieval period. An examples at Grade I is Davison's Mill, a large windmill set by a green rolling lawn.
|
|
It has now become clear that the distribution of wealth, at least from the early Migration Period, was very uneven. The plains were to a large extent divided up between large farms which were far bigger than smallholdings, and were often grouped in villages. Subsequently, only a small faction of the population can be presumed to have enjoyed full civic rights. It seems now more likely that this society ought to be perceived as a system of tribes, each led by chieftains, in Danish often called godes, whose authority depended on the size and wealth of the tribe.
|
|
Though two centuries apart, this building is said to have been constructed using the original edifice. Vines have existed on the site since the 14th century, and Latour's wine received some early recognition, discussed as early as in the 16th century in Essays by Montaigne. Near the end of the 16th century, the estate's several smallholdings had been accumulated by the de Mullet family into one property. From 1670 began a lineage of connected family ownership not broken until 1963, when the estate was acquired by the de Chavannes family, and passed by marriage to the de Clauzel family in 1677.
|
|
The Henry Samuel Hall on Steeple Road, Mayland, has a fascinating history linked to the American philanthropist Joseph Fels and The Back to the Land Movement. This is still being researched, but it is known the hall was brought to Mayland from a site in Kingsway, London in 1908, arranged by Fel's agricultural smallholdings manager Thomas Smith, to be used as a temporary school for the children of the farmers and agricultural workers. There is also a local paper known as The Maylands Mayl which is a useful source of information for in and around the area.
|
|
697 Because most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated near Budapest, Hungary retained about 51% of its industrial population and 56% of its industry. Horthy appointed Count Pál Teleki as Prime Minister in July 1920. His government issued a numerus clausus law, limiting admission of "political insecure elements" (these were often Jews) to universities and, in order to quiet rural discontent, took initial steps towards fulfilling a promise of major land reform by dividing about 3,850 km2 from the largest estates into smallholdings. Teleki's government resigned, however, after Charles IV unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March 1921.
|
|
To the north was Cors Caron which was a fertile land when drained, and to the west a hilly region with self-sufficient farmers on smallholdings of a few acres. These people all converged on Tregaron for the weekly market and the annual fair, Ffair Garon, where the sale of poultry, pigs, cattle and horses took place. The charter for the yearly fair was granted by Edward I in the 13th century.Jones, Emrys Tregaron: The Sociology of a Market Town in Central Cardiganshire in "Welsh Rural Communities", Ed. Davies E., Rees A. D., University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1960, p.
|
|
Many of the Akritai were members of the separated Armenian church and most of them gave protection to heretics.The Fall of Constantinople 1453, Steven Runciman, page 23 Often, they were active as brigands as well – they were known as chonsarioi, from the Bulgarian for "thieves", in the Balkans, and in the epic of Digenes, the apelatai are brigands. Whether these men were also given military estates like the other thematic soldiers to cultivate or lived on rents from smallholdings while concentrating on their military duties is still a matter of debate. Their officers however were drawn from the local aristocracy.
|
|
The village was typical Anglo Saxon in the 14th century, being made up of local farms and smallholdings. During the reign of Edward III, the king began to raise money from regional traders to fund military ambition on the continent. Many Yorkshire wool merchants played a large part due to their involvement in the establishment of a near monopoly in English wool trade through the exclusion of foreign imports. Edward III made use of the capital made by establishing loan agreements, to which one John de Acomb, a local farmer from the village, made an independent contribution though the venture ultimately failed.
|
|
After the Soviet Occupation of Latvia in June 1940, the country's new rulers were faced with a problem: the agricultural reforms of the inter-war period had expanded individual holdings. The property of "enemies of the people" and refugees, as well as those above 30 hectares, was nationalized in 1940–44, but those who were still landless were then given plots of 15 hectares each. Thus, Latvian agriculture remained essentially dependent on personal smallholdings, making central planning difficult. In 1940–41 the Communist Party repeatedly said that collectivization would not occur forcibly, but rather voluntarily and by example.
|
|
The Camaldoleses kept the castle until 1798. In the 18th century, the estate was sold as national property to Pierre Théollière of Réardière, and it then passed successively to several owners. It comprised then the old castle, consisting of two towers, a barn, farm buildings and stables, surrounded by wood, forests, meadows, rocks and heather, with approximately 718 smallholdings. This inventory of 1791 and studying the plans of the deed makes it possible to distinguish in the buildings at least two parts, of which the oldest is obviously the southern half comprising the two round towers.
|
|
To the north and west is (in Berkshire) part of Swinley Forest lying in the Crown Estate, separated by the Ascot to Guildford Line from its heart. To the south is Erl Wood Manor European research laboratory established in 1967 for Eli Lilly and Company, a USA-based pharmaceutical company. To the south-west corner across the minor train line is a private racecourse and to the east are smallholdings and gardens of detached homes such as Windlesham Hill Farm which is divided into three. A 21st-century care home has been established on part of the former farm.
|
|
In 1894 Midland railway line, Western Australia was linked with Midland Junction by the building of a private line-that of the Midland Railway Company, constructed by an engineer and later the first General Manager of the Company, Edward V. H. Keane. With the railway and an expanding agricultural area, the township grew until with the dieselisation of the railway systems, and the take-over by the State of the Midland Railway in 1964, decline set in. This was also accentuated by the gradual absorption of the original smallholdings into the larger holdings of today's farming demands.
|
|
He both improved and expanded the Næs Ironworks such that it became arguably the countries best-operated blast furnaces, known form both its well-constructed furnaces and for its foundry products. During the war with England from 1807 to 1814 Aall made a special effort to import wheat from Denmark for the people of the parish who supported the Næs Ironworks. In 1820 the iron works had its own savings bank, as well as health and social security systems for its employees. The work also had approximately 70 smallholdings (small farms) that workers stayed on and operated.
|
|
In 1991 the hospital itself closed under 'Care in the Community'. The original 'arts and crafts' Sanatorium, designed by Smith and Brewer, became a listed building and was converted into eight houses, while the rest was knocked down and replaced by another eight houses. Wiston still has seven working farms, six being old Wiston farms and one an old Nayland holding, while the other small farms and smallholdings have been absorbed into the bigger ones, leaving it is still predominantly agricultural. The mechanisation of farming has, however, cut the need for workers dramatically, so that most of the residents of Wiston now work either at home or elsewhere.
|
|
Wenzel Dam, just north of the town on the river, has been developed into a holiday resort. Around 1850, a dam was built in the river next to Dikgatlong, but it was washed away during a flood in 1856. Near the confluence of the Harts and Vaal Rivers at Delportshoop a major irrigation system, the Vaal-Harts Scheme was set up in 1933 as part of the national reconstruction effort after the Depression. Here water drawn from both the Vaal and the Harts rivers provide water to intensively irrigate numerous smallholdings through a system of canals in an otherwise dry area of the country, supporting towns such as Jankempdorp and Hartswater.
|
|
The front of the building was sheltered by a makeshift asbestos canopy and a traditional timber signal box stood just beyond the end of the Up platform. A very basic corrugated iron shelter was provided on the Down platform. No goods facilities were provided as Brize Norton and Bampton station lay within close proximity to the east, although agricultural produce from smallholdings in Carterton were often dispatched by passenger train. The position of the line in relation to the airfield meant that when its facilities were extended southwards, two essential taxiways crossed the railway line necessitating wide level crossing gates to span the entire width.
|
|
It includes ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings and hobby farms, and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land. In modern times the term has been extended so as to include such industrial operations as wind farms and fish farms, both of which can operate on land or sea. Farming originated independently in different parts of the world, as hunter gatherer societies transitioned to food production rather than food capture. It may have started about 12,000 years ago with the domestication of livestock in the Fertile Crescent in western Asia, soon to be followed by the cultivation of crops.
|
|
By 1932 the Farmer's Party had lost its voter base of Farmers to Cumann na nGaedheal, who were able to secure the backing of large farmers, and to Fianna Fáil, who were able to secure the backing of the farmers with smallholdings. In the face of this, the Farmer's Party dissolved, with both their supporters and their members going in three directions: Cumann na nGaedheal, Fianna Fáil, and a final holdout cohort who created the short-lived National Centre Party. Heffernan himself went the Cumann na nGaedheal direction, standing as one of their candidates at the 1932 general election. He was not successful however and ended up losing his seat.
|
|
After the 2000 land redistribution, she requested and received a parliamentary written answer in January 2001 detailing beneficiaries. Including land rented out under the tenant farm scheme since 1990, only a handful of these, which range from very large farms to smallholdings, had been given to genuine farmers. According to her, the majority of state-owned commercial farms leased out under Zimbabwe's land resettlement programme had been given to well-connected individuals, most of whom are absentee landlords with no farming experience. Many of the new owners had been given leases for 98 years at advantageous prices, while others have yet to have their lease rates assessed.
|
|
Walkley was mentioned in several documents in the centuries after the Norman Conquest, in 1554 it was described as having several cottages and smallholdings worked by tenants of the Lord of the Manor of Sheffield. By this time the population of Walkley was around 200. In the 17th century Walkley was connected to the village of Owlerton by the pack horse track which ascended Walkley Lane and continued to Crookes, it became a turnpike road and a heavy gate was placed across the road where tolls were collected."Walkley Through The Ages", Simon Dawson, Gives much of history of Walkley and that Heavygate Road was named after toll bar.
|
|
Prehistoric or Roman activity is indicated by cropmarks to the east of the railway in Napsbury hospital grounds; and again on the north side of the hospital. Documentary evidence suggests the existence of a lost medieval settlement.The Deserted Medieval Villages Of Hertfordshire 2nd Ed 1982- K. Rutherford Davis Early Napsbury is mentioned in the Domesday Book, when it was called Absa and owned by Cedric, a vassall of Archbishop Stigand: it had a house called Tylehouse which was associated with tile and brick workings. It is known that there were people settled there with tofts, smallholdings or farms, since tithes were payable in the 14th century.
|
|
In August 1885, the Salisbury ministry asked for a dissolution of Parliament. At Hull on 5 August, Chamberlain began his election campaign by addressing an enthusiastic crowd in front of large posters declaring him to be "Your coming Prime Minister". Until the campaign's end in October, Chamberlain denounced opponents of the "Radical Programme" and endorsed the cause of rural labourers and offered to make smallholdings available to workers by funds from local authorities, using the slogan "Three Acres and a Cow". Chamberlain's campaign attracted large crowds and enthralled the young Ramsay MacDonald and David Lloyd George, but disconcerted leading Liberals like Goschen who called it the "Unauthorised Programme".
|
|
A map of Glasgow, the "second city of the Empire", in 1878 The agricultural revolution changed the traditional system of agriculture which had existed in Lowland Scotland. Thousands of cottars and tenant farmers migrated from farms and smallholdings to the new industrial centres of Glasgow, Edinburgh and northern England.T. M. Devine, "Social responses to agrarian 'improvement': the Highland and Lowland clearances in Scotland" in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte, eds, Scottish Society, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), , pp. 148–151. Particularly after the end of the boom created by the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1790–1815), Highland landlords needed cash to maintain their position in London society.
|
|
As Lord of the Manor, Greaves commissioned a survey of the manor in 1802, this was carried out by the Sheffield surveyors Fairbanks. The survey revealed 200 people as landowners within the manor and between them they possessed almost 2,400 acres. The largest landowner at the time was Samuel Turner who owned almost 650 acres, most individuals held smallholdings of between one and three acres."Wadsley Church In Victorian Times", Joe Castle, (Booklet) No ISBN Gives details of 1802 survey. From the 16th century up to the 1920s Wadsley’s main industry was cutlery manufacturing; at the end of the 19th century there were over 100 cutler's shops in the village.
|
|
Shankill and Rathmichael were the property of Sir Charles Compton William Domvile (1822–1884). Domvile was known as an uncompromising and ruthless landlord and sought to change the usage of land from the smallholdings that existed at the time of his inheritance of the estate. At this time Shankill was a rural village, but Domvile intended to build grand Georgian-style housing developments, squares and streets to gentrify the area, thereby making it attractive for wealthy Dublin city-based professionals to live in. During Domvile's time, new roads and streets were laid out, as well as water mains which feed a relief tank from Vartry Reservoir, continuing on to Stillorgan reservoir.
|
|
The Chartist Cooperative Land Society was launched by the National Charter Association in 1845 with the aim of resettling industrial workers from the cities on smallholdings, making them independent of factory employers and potentially qualifying them for the vote. Chartists were invited to subscribe regular amounts towards an eventual £2.50 (£2/10s) share in the venture. Soon the money began to flood in, pennies and shillings at a time, and was deposited in an account held by Feargus O'Connor in the London Joint Stock Bank. The land was bought on 14 March 1846, the plots allocated by ballot on 20 April 1846 (Easter Monday) and settled on 1 May 1847.
|
|
It was awarded to Robert, along with several hundred manors across England, in recognition of his support for William during the Norman conquest of England. Two important conditions applied to a forest like Pevensel: the king could keep and hunt deer there, while the commoners - tenant farmers who had smallholdings near the forest - could continue to graze their livestock there and cut wood for fuel and bracken for livestock bedding. 1095 - death of Robert de Mortain. Ashdown is then held by the lords of Pevensey Castle - a succession of high status members of the Norman and Plantagenet aristocracy, including several queens of England - for most of the next 200 years.
|
|
After 1817, Dahl was an independent settlement, with its own mayor, within the district of Breckerfeld, but by order of the government of the Kingdom of Prussia was administratively subordinate to the district (Kreis) of Hagen. In 1823, Felix Gerstein, the local governor, had a residence built in classical style, Haus Dahl. The estate included of land, a mill, and 32 smallholdings and farms on both sides of the River Volme. In the course of increasing industrialisation and the associated economic expansion, in 1844-47 the country road in the Volme valley was expanded, and around 1850 a stone bridge was built across the river to accommodate the increased traffic.
|
|
Lamberton today consists largely of smallholdings Williams, John, editor, Smallholding Memories, Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2000 compulsorily purchased, under an Act of Parliament, from the last Campbell- Renton laird, to provide a living for soldiers returning from The Great War. However, the land was not suited to crops, the holdings were too small for anything other than subsistence living, and today the original holdings are generally merged with others to make larger farms. Some modern house-building activity has taken place over the past decade along the original A1 (now bypassed). There is no town or village, as such, just scattered housing, with views over the North Sea.
|
|
To the east is Wet Moor, a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, which forms part of the extensive grazing marsh grasslands and ditch systems of the Somerset Levels and Moors. Muchelney is much subdivided in terms of fields and has a copse of natural woodland covering between 2 and 5% of its land in the middle of the south, the least inhabited area. A small minority of homes are not in the main centre but instead along the south-eastward leading street and these are locally known as Muchelney Ham. Many of the homes have agricultural farms or smallholdings, and some of the fields are orchards.
|
|
The Malays were largely involved in rural occupations such as rice farming, fishing, tending to rubber or oil palm smallholdings, and so on. They were conspicuously absent from even minor white collar jobs, such as clerical work, and only in the civil service, where they were guaranteed 80% of all government jobs, were they present in the upper portion of the hierarchy. Most members of some professions, such as medicine and law, were non-Malay. Ironically, government policies, such as those set out by Article 153, appeared to hinder Malay involvement in the private sector by giving them preference in only the public sector.
|
|
After fluctuating at around that level in the first half of the 20th century the population has declined further and was only 510 in 2001. This makes Navestock unusual in that despite its proximity to London its population is below its level of two hundred years ago, although there are many travelers living on smallholdings in the area who don't register so the number is undoubtedly a lot higher than officially listed. Historically Navestock was included in the hundred of Ongar. It formed part of the Ongar Rural District Council from 1894 until that authority was absorbed into Epping and Ongar Rural District Council in 1955.
|
|
With an ornate deed of gift dated 2 September 1606, István Bocskai, Prince of Transylvania, provided smallholdings for 700 Hajdú (Heyduck) cavalrymen at the site of Szoboszló, which had been destroyed by the Crimean Tartars. Henceforth the prefix Hajdú was attached to the settlement's previous Slavonic name, though the compound form - Hajdúszoboszló - only became widespread in the 19th century. The town led the customary, toilsome life of the small agricultural, stock-breeding towns of Hajdú County until well into the 20th century. An upswing began on 26 October 1925 with the discovery of the thermal spring in the course of drilling for oil and gas.
|
|
In June 1960 he traveled to Cuba in order to receive political, ideological, and military training. In 1962 he founded (Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) (in Spanish: Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria)), and as the proprietor of the Julcan hacienda (La Libertad Region), he worked with the peasants of the region to effect a land reform, which converted the hacienda to smallholdings. He returned to Cuba with a group of MIR militants that December for further training. During 1963, he undertook a tour of the socialist countries in Asia, China, Vietnam, and Korea, and met the leaders of each of those countries (Mao Tse-tung, Ho Chi Minh, and Kim Il Sung).
|
|
The aim was to create a "Garden City" to be modelled on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard's Garden City Movement. It was their intention to build a self-contained community with smallholdings, public buildings, open spaces, recreation grounds, woodland and a railway station, as well as developing sites for churches, hotels and factories. On Saturday 1 May 1920, ten weeks after the formation of the Society, the foundations of the first two houses were laid and by March 1922 ninety-one houses had been built. Unfortunately due to a lack of funding the scheme never reached full completion, with about 600 houses actually being built.
|
|
Malonne would have been founded around the year 600, or at least it's at this date that it enters history. Its founder, Saint-Berthuin, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop (probably Irish). Legend says an angel visited him in his dreams, and asked him to leave all his goods behind and establish a village between the Meuse and the Landoir. He is warmly welcomed by the landlords: Roga, the squire of Flawinne hands over her domain of Malonne, on which Saint- Berthuin builds his oratory; Odoacre, landlord of Floreffe, Gives him some land; and Pepin of Herstal gives away 5 smallholdings, of which possibly Reumont.
|
|
This south-eastern semi-rural village has a network of single carriageway roads with many farms, and fewer homes than Burrowhill many of which amount to smallholdings. It is separated by a wider green buffer than the other localities and adjoins Horsell Common, which is a wooded and open space separating it from the well-developed and former village and suburb of Woking, Horsell which has a longer and wider parade of shops than Chobham. The southern boundary is the Bourne which rises in Bisley a few kilometres to the west well before it has merged with the larger Mill Bourne flowing from the north of the village and rising in Berkshire.
|
|
The settled parts of the village are elevated relative to all of surrounding parishes and form a mixture of paved streets and wooded roads as well as agricultural smallholdings which are few vis-à-vis other parts of Waverley District. Hindhead has the 2nd and 13th highest hills in Surrey: Gibbet Hill and Hatch Farm Hill, at 272m and 211m above sea level.Database of British and Irish Hills Retrieved 2015-03-06 These rise gradually from the rest of the village towards the north of the Greensand Ridge, upon which the village wholly lies. The soil is near its surface a sort of crumbly sandstone here known as greensand which breaks up forest into acidic heathland in many places.
|
|
One of several areas of art deco houses in Selsdon Road Selsdon was traditional a rural area, with most of the whole area being part of Selsdon Park Estate, once well known as hunting and shooting grounds in the area. In 1923 the estate was broken up and divided into smallholdings, with the aim of giving them to war veterans. These largely proved too small, however further building occurred and the area became a prosperous suburb, remarkable for its many Art Deco houses. After concerns were raised about the rapid development of the village a committee was formed to ensure that an area of would be set aside and saved for a nature reserve and bird sanctuary.
|
|
During this time, debate over tariffs and free trade in grain was fierce. Poor industrial workers relied on cheap bread for sustenance, but farmers wanted their government to create a higher local price to protect them from cheap foreign imports, with Britain's Corn Laws being an example. A grain elevator in Indiana, United StatesAs Britain and other European countries industrialized and urbanized, they became net importers of grain from the various breadbaskets of the world. In many parts of Europe, as serfdom was abolished, great estates were accompanied by many inefficient smallholdings, but in the newly colonized regions massive operations were available to not only great nobles, but also to the average farmer.
|
|
Georgian Britain In 1717 there was an anvil works at the mill in Millend, but this had been replaced by a grist mill by 1759. Lodge Farm was established before 1717 by the Lydney estate. Prior's (Mesne) Lodge was built around the same time. In 1718, Wyntour's manor included (in Aylburton) 16 leasehold farms, ranging in size from 7-64 acres, which were almost entirely based on a number of smallholdings on the high street between Stockwell Lane and Millend, but then lands were sold off by the Wyntours to pay mounting debts left from repurchasing the estate, including the bulk of their tenant land in Aylburton, which was sold to John Lawes.
|
|
The school was built as Manor School around 1959 based on a design by the architects W. Doig and M.R. Francis and, at that time, was a flagship school in Cambridge City. The school was named after Manor Farm which was in the area and was owned by Cambridgeshire County Council, who bought the farm in 1909 from the Benson family of Chesterton hall. The Council split the farm into smallholdings, and the name of one of the smallholders, William Downham, is commemorated in a nearby road called Downham's Lane.Cambridge Street Names, Ronald D. Gray, Derek Stubbings, p.129, 2000, The school was due to have funding for refurbishment, but this was removed by Cambridgeshire County Council in 2009.
|
|
The growth of towns and cities across South Africa prompted changes in rural areas, as farms lost labourers to the mines and demand for food and agricultural produce increased. By the 1870s, "agrarian capitalism" had emerged, with large commercial farms buying up smallholdings and producing commercial goods for sale in the towns. This resulted in tens of thousands of black and white farmers losing their jobs, and being forced to work as wage-labourers on commercial farms or migrate to the cities in search of work. These changes greatly increased South Africa's agricultural output as commercial farms were more efficient and had greater access to farming machinery than small farms, and saw social changes in rural areas.
|
|
The underground mines, engine houses, foundries, new towns, smallholdings, ports, harbours, and ancillary industries together reflect prolific innovation which, in the early 19th century, enabled the region to produce two-thirds of the world's supply of copper. During the late 19th century, arsenic production came into ascendancy with mines in the east of Cornwall and West Devon supplying half the world’s demand. Geevor Tin Mine near St Just, Cornwall The early 19th century also saw a revolution in steam engine technology which was to radically transform hard-rock mining fortunes. The high-pressure expansively operated pumping engines developed by the engineers Richard Trevithick and Arthur Woolf enabled mining at much greater depths than had been possible hitherto.
|
|
Past features of Round Hill include a windmill, which took advantage of the windy conditions on the hilltop until 1913; 19th- century laundries, which sought the same advantage; early 19th-century pleasure gardens, now occupied by the houses of Park Crescent; the landmark Cox's Pill Factory, demolished in the 1980s; glasshouses and smallholdings, some of which survived until after the Second World War despite being surrounded by houses; and the Kemp Town branch line, a passenger and freight railway which cut through the area and had a short-lived station serving Round Hill. The former St Saviour's Church survived until 1983, and a Congregational church elsewhere in the suburb closed but retained its façade after its conversion into housing.
|
|
Those that these missions trained became an educated African elite, who found employment as teachers, in the colonial civil service or in commerce, and whose political aim was African advancement to higher positions in the administration. In contrast, the Yao people in the south, who included many Muslims excluded from Christian education, and Chewa people in the centre, where fewer missions had been founded, were less affected by these political aspirations. In the pre- colonial period, the Tumbuka people, like most of the people of what became Nyasaland relied on subsistence farming to support their families. During the first three decades of colonial rule, commercial agriculture developed both on European-owned states and the smallholdings of African peasants in the southern and central parts of the protectorate.
|
|
In 1977 the Board of Governors of the World Bank approved Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project (BISP) in Kenya. The project area is situated just South of the Equator in the Lower Tana Basin. It lies on the west bank of the Tana River and falls within the administrative area of Tana River County. The project was an ambitious attempt of the government of Kenya, the World Bank and a few other donors to develop a remote area, create employment for thousands of people with a reasonable income and earn foreign exchange. Bura project would develop about 6,700 net irrigated ha over a 5 ½ year period and settle on smallholdings about 5,150 landless poor families selected from all parts of Kenya.
|
|
188 Existing and often derelict agricultural dwellings were adapted and new ones built to a small number of basic designs. The scheme “was never a directly economic proposition, but in the pre-war days when motor traffic was lacking and it was much more important than today to have a solid caucus of skilled woodmen living in the forests, the indirect benefits were inestimable. The holdings were a great success, and filled a genuine need in the countryside...”Ryle, op. cit. The number of smallholdings built slowed down after the Great Depression, was revived by the Special Areas programme of 1934 onwards, but then was virtually ended by the Second World War, after which the policy shifted to the building of houses without holdings.
|
|
He was a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1919 to 1920 and Chief Liberal Whip from November 1924 to 1926. From 1932 to 1936 he served as Secretary of State for Scotland. As Secretary of State for Scotland he was responsible for over thirty Bills affecting Scotland, chiefly: a scheme for the creation of smallholdings, the Herring Industry Act of 1935 (establishing the Herring Industry Board), the Illegal Trawling (Scotland) Act, the Education (Scotland) Bill of 1936, which sought to raise the school leaving age to fifteen from 1939, and the Housing (Scotland) Act of 1935, which laid down a statutory standard of overcrowding and sought to effect widespread slum clearances and the building of low-rent accommodation for low-wage earners.
|
|
Joseph Chamberlain adapted the Three Acres and a Cow slogan for his own Radical Programme: he urged the purchase by local authorities of land to provide garden and field allotments for all labourers who might desire them, to be let at fair rents in plots of up to of arable and three to of pasture. Hardy, D. (2000) Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945, London: E&F; N Spon Collings founded the Allotments Extension Association in 1883 to promote the formation of allotments and smallholdings. he also collaborated closely with the Highland Land Reform Association. The 1882 Allotments Extension Act was put through Parliament by Collings. By 1886 there were 394,517 allotments of under and 272,000 garden allotments (Haywood, 1991).
|
|
The land was later subdivided into smallholdings mainly devoted to alfalfa, horticulture, and brick kilns. It became home to a large Italian immigrant community during the late 19th century, and in 1901 Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini founded the future Cabrini Institute here (one of 67 around the world, and her first in South America). Initially a subdivision of the Villa Santa Rita ward to the west, Villa Mitre was formally established as such on November 6, 1908; it was named in honor of former President Bartolomé Mitre, who died in 1906. The neighborhood remained prone to flooding until work began in 1929 on converting the Maldonado Stream into an underground storm sewer, above which Juan B. Justo Avenue was inaugurated in 1936.
|
|
Some government data of uncertain coverage and reliability indicated that before land reform more than half of agricultural holdings consisted of one hundred hectares or more, but after reform such large holdings amounted to less than 1 percent. The same data showed that smallholdings (seven hectares or less) had increased from about one-eighth before land reform to just over one-half of total holdings after reform, and that 42 percent of holdings were between eight and twenty-five hectares. Other government statistics indicated that holdings of twenty five hectares or less, representing 30 percent of all land under cultivation before 1959, represented 93 percent in 1975. A May 1980 Order in Council mandated additional expropriations and further reduced the size of agricultural holdings.
|
|
Heathrow or Heath Row was a wayside hamlet along a minor country lane called Heathrow Road in the ancient parish of Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, on the outskirts of what is now Greater London. Its buildings and all associated holdings were demolished, along with almost all of the often grouped locality of The Magpies in 1944 for the construction of Heathrow Airport. The name Heathrow described its layout: a lane, on one side smallholdings and farms of fields and orchards which ran for a little over a , on the other, until the 1819 Inclosure for farmland, common land: a mixture of pasture, hunting and foraging land on less fertile heath. Akin to Sipson Green it was a scattered agricultural locality of Harmondsworth.
|
|
Giraffe poking its head through the front door of Giraffe Manor. Shortly after purchasing the Manor, the Leslie-Melvilles learned that the only remaining Rothschild giraffes in Kenya were in danger due to a compulsory purchase by the Kenyan government of an privately owned ranch at Soy, near Eldoret, which was the Rothschilds' sole habitat in Kenya. Inevitably, the government's purchase would result in the land being sub-divided into smallholdings, and the giraffe being slaughtered. Since the Manor was already home to three wild bull giraffes (nicknamed Tom, Dick and Harry), the Leslie-Melvilles agreed to rehome one of the giraffe, an , 450-pound baby they named Daisy, about whom Betty subsequently wrote the book "Raising Daisy Rothschild", later turned into the film, The Last Giraffe.
|
|
With the Elizabethan English conquest, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, and the organised plantations of English and Scottish settlers, the patterns of land ownership in Ireland were altered greatly. The old order of transhumance and open range cattle breeding died out to be replaced by a structure of great landed estates, small tenant farmers with more or less precarious hold on their leases, and a mass of landless labourers. This situation continued up to the end of the 19th century, when the agitation of the Land League began to bring about land reform. In this process of reform, the former tenants and labourers became land owners, with the great estates being broken up into small- and medium-sized farms and smallholdings.
|
|
With the invasion of Southern Italy, the Allies restored the authority of the mafia families, lost during the Fascist period, and used their influence to maintain public order. In the 1950s the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno was set up as a huge public master plan to help industrialize the South, aiming to do this in two ways: through land reforms creating 120,000 new smallholdings, and through the "Growth Pole Strategy" whereby 60% of all government investment would go to the South, thus boosting the Southern economy by attracting new capital, stimulating local firms, and providing employment. However, the objectives were largely missed, and as a result the South became increasingly subsidized and state dependent, incapable of generating private growth itself. Even at present, huge regional disparities persist.
|
|
His right-wing government set quotas effectively limiting admission of Jews to universities, legalized capital punishment, and to quiet rural discontent, took initial steps towards fulfilling a promise of major land reform by dividing about 385,000 hectares from the largest estates into smallholdings. Teleki's government resigned, however, after the former Austrian Emperor, Charles IV, unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March 1921. King Charles' return split parties between conservatives who favored a Habsburg restoration and nationalist right-wing radicals who supported election of a Hungarian king. István Bethlen, a nonaffiliated, right-wing member of the parliament, took advantage of this rift by convincing members of the Christian National Union who opposed Karl's re-enthronement to merge with the Smallholders' Party and form a new Party of Unity with Bethlen as its leader.
|
|
All Saints' Church behind the Woodman pub Other conservation areas in Carshalton are the Wrythe Green Conservation Area and the Park Hill Conservation Area.Conservation area Sutton is centred west of the town centre of Carshalton, its east–west central street can be considered a continuation of Carshalton's own main street, an almost straight A-road route to Orpington via Croydon, beginning in Ewell. Carshalton-on-the-Hill is the residential area on the high chalk upland ground to the south of Carshalton Park from Boundary Road in the east, Crichton Road/Queen Mary's Avenue/Diamond Jubilee Way in the west and the smallholdings of Little Woodcote to the south. In the heart of Carshalton-on-the-Hill is Stanley Park (which is often used as a term to describe the area).
|
|
The Newcastle Programme was a statement of policies passed by the representatives of the English and Welsh Liberal Associations meeting at the annual conference of the National Liberal Federation (NLF) in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1891. The centrepiece of the Newcastle Programme was the primacy of Irish Home Rule, but associated with it were a raft of other reforms, in particular: taxation of land values; abolition of entail; extension of smallholdings; reform of the Lords; shorter parliaments; district and parish councils; registration reform and abolition of plural voting; local veto on drink sales; employers' liability for workers' accidents and disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales and Scotland. In the short run it proved a political liability. Liberals won the 1892 United Kingdom general election but failed to enact the Newcastle Programme.
|
|
Families settled on new holdings in forest areas will be a net addition to the resident rural population'.Acland Report 1918: 28 This remained the philosophy of the Commission for nearly fifty years. In 1946 the incoming Director General wrote of the employment created and the help of the Commission towards a solution of 'one of the baffling social problems of our time... to draw men and their families "back to the land" and to make the attraction permanent', especially through the smallholdings policy.Taylor, W. L., Forests and Forestry in Great Britain, 1946, pp. 102–3 Lord Lovat, the 'Father' of the Forestry Commission, had extensive land holdings in Scotland, and it was in the Highlands that he and other Scottish landowners such as Sir John Stirling-Maxwell conceived of the scheme of land-settlement allied to forestry.
|
|
The large spring fed pond to the south of the house is one of the sources of the river Rhee which is a major tributary of the river Cam. In the early part of the 20th century it was owned by Walter Sale who farmed but in the 1930s was compulsorily purchased by the county council who divided the land into four smallholdings each of about . The Sales remained tenants until 1949 by which time, the house having fallen into dereliction, it was sold to a banker who formed a syndicate of London professionals and artists (including the actor Peter Copley) who renovated it. Hinxworth Place was divided and sold during the 1960s and the larger part of the property is now the home and workplace of the sculptor John W Mills, a number of his works are displayed in the grounds.
|
|
In 1693 the forest assumed its present-day shape when just over half its then was assigned for private enclosure and improvement, while the remainder, about , was set aside as common land. Much of the latter was distributed in a rather fragmentary way around the periphery of the forest close to existing settlements and smallholdings (see map). Many present-day references to Ashdown Forest, including those made by the conservators, treat the forest as synonymous and co-terminous with this residual common land; this can lead to confusion: according to one authority "when people speak of Ashdown Forest, they may mean either a whole district of heaths and woodland that includes many private estates to which there is no public access, or they may be talking of the [common land] where the public are free to roam".Christian (1967), p. 28.
|
|
While most commoners live on or close to the Forest, in villages and hamlets or on smallholdings and isolated properties, some reside much further away. It should be highlighted that the commoners, historically, were not necessarily "common" people; they were simply people whose landholdings had rights of common on the Forest attached to them. In practice they ranged from lowly tenants or landowners running small, subsistence farm-holdings scraping a living off the forest to major local landowners of high social standing. So, for example, in the 19th century the main protagonist on behalf of the commoners in the celebrated legal dispute between the commoners and the Lord of the Manor, the seventh Earl de la Warr, about their rights of common on the Forest was Bernard Hale, a barrister and Deputy Lieutenant of Sussex, while the other commoners backing him included Sir Percy Maryon-Wilson Bart.
|
|
With the closure and demolition of the Upton (formerly Lytchett Brick Co. Ltd) Brickworks to make way for a residential development their narrow gauge network, which had been in use since 1901, was scrapped allowing rails and sleepers, two 4-wheel drive locomotives (one workable), 8 vee skips, 12 tall brick carrying trollies/wagons and accessories to be acquired for the Creekmoor project, with other railway equipment from the brickworks being purchased by the Launceston Steam Railway. In late October 1968 construction commenced with the line running for just over half a mile from land adjacent to the former Creekmoor Halt Station across smallholdings held by Trevor Waterman - the project's initiator - and his brother. They planned to utilise the railway to carry feed for their pigs. The construction of the railway was a makeshift affair with sheds being constructed from scrap material and rolling stock adapted from available stock.
|
|
The new Arab-Berber rulers initiated revolutionary land reforms, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through Qanats, introducing oranges, lemons, pistachio, and sugarcane to Sicily. Ibn Hawqal, a Baghdadi merchant who visited Sicily in 950, commented that a walled suburb called the Kasr (the palace) was the center of Palermo, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman Catholic cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned there were 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. By 1050, Palermo had a population of 350,000, making it one of the largest cities in Europe, behind Moorish-Spain's capital Córdoba and the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, which had populations over 450-500,000.
|
|
With its wealth of tourism establishments and more than 40 wedding venues and conference centres, Muldersdrift is known for its fine accommodation, restaurants, spas and health resorts. It is often referred to as the “wedding capital” of Gauteng. Home to numerous small farms, smallholdings and nurseries, the area has acquired a reputation for being an arts and cultural hub with a number of home craft industries with a number of potters, artists, brewers, and astronomers based in the area. The Wonder Cave near Muldersdrift is one of the show caves of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. It is the third largest cave in South Africa and one of the world’s richest hominid fossil sites. Muldersdrift is also home to Gilroy’s Brewery. Situated in Muldersdrift is Gauteng’s newest casino. The Silverstar Casino and Entertainment Centre contains a variety of restaurants, retail shops, conference facilities, a spa, and a 34-room hotel.
|
|
Where a commonable property is sold off in smaller portions, the commonable rights are apportioned in accordance with the acreage of each portion.Ashdown Forest website: Commoners Today Following the 1885 Act of Parliament that set up the current system of Forest regulation, all commoners are obliged to pay a Forest Rate (based on the acreage of commonable land held) to contribute towards the administration of the Forest by the Board of Conservators, and they are entitled to elect five commoners' representatives to the Board. The subdivision of commonable properties from the end of the 19th century onwards increased significantly the numbers of Forest commoners. However, this increase was accompanied by a sharp decline in commoners' exploitation of their rights of common on the Forest, which became most marked after World War II. Those commoners who operated smallholdings around the Forest found that they were increasingly unable to compete with cheaper agricultural produce from elsewhere.
|
|
Unable to associate himself decisively with either party, Chamberlain sought concerted action with a kindred spirit from the Conservative Party, Lord Randolph Churchill. In November 1886, Churchill announced his own 'Unauthorised Programme' at Dartford, the content of which had much in common with Chamberlain's own recent manifesto, including smallholdings for rural labourers and greater local government. Next month, Churchill resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer over military spending, and when the Conservative mainstream rallied around Salisbury, Churchill's career was effectively ended, along with Chamberlain's hope of creating a powerful cross-party union of Radicals. The appointment of Goschen to the Treasury isolated Chamberlain further and symbolised the good relationship between non-Radical Liberal Unionists and the Conservatives.Marsh, Chamberlain (1994) pp 255-80 After January 1887, a series of Round Table Conferences took place between Chamberlain, Trevelyan, Harcourt, Morley and Lord Herschell, in which the participants sought an agreement about the Liberal Party's Irish policy.
|
|
Johann Christian Jauch junior and his son Carl Jauch (1828–1888), who was Lord of Wellingsbüttel conjointly with his father, enlarged the area of the manor's grounds up to 1876 from 115 to 250 hectares by buying in numerous smallholdings of the impoverished rural population, demolishing all buildings and adding the lands to the manor's pleasure- grounds.Fiege, Geschichte, p. 70 The former proprietors were offered places in the almshouse in the nearby village of Wellingsbüttel, which was erected in 1858, and to which the Jauchs contributed fifty percent of the costs.Fiege, Hartwig, Über die Wellingsbütteler Gutsbesitzerfamilie Jauch in: Jahrbuch des Alstervereins 1984, Hamburg 1984 However, a considerable number of dispossessed people left Wellingsbüttel entirely, in such numbers that the royal chancellery at Copenhagen intervened to ask the Jauchs to keep at least the farmsteads on the land they acquired, when the teacher in Wellingsbüttel village complained that the continuing reduction in the number of paying pupils was costing him his livelihood.
|
|
Until recent years, when it was replaced by machinery, the Chianina ox was used with excellent results both in agriculture and for road transport in its area of origin, the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Livorno, Perugia, Pisa (parts only) and Siena, and in some parts of the more distant provinces of Caserta, Latina and Terni. It was highly adapted to the steep hill terrain and entirely suitable to the farms of the time, to mixed agriculture and to the smallholdings of the mezzadri. A typical casa colonica or rural farmhouse in the area had substantial stabling for oxen on the ground floor, while the habitable part was on the floor above. At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on phenotypic differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the Valdarno, the Calvana (since 1985 considered a separate breed) in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina in the province of Perugia.
|
|
A hundred of these workers were then settled in 14 irrigated smallholdings on 145 morgens of the farm in what are now the suburbs of Emmarentia, Linden and Greenside where they grew fruits and vegetables with rent based on a third of the profits of the sale of the produce. Louw died in 1929 and his wife Emmarentia would begin to sell parts of the farm that became the suburbs Greenside in 1931, and Emmarentia on 28 April 1937, named after her and in 1941, Emmarentia Extension. In 1933, 13 hectares of the farm were donated to the City of Johannesburg for parks and recreation, and after further pieces of land were acquired, became the Jan van Riebeeck Park (1952) and the Johannesburg Botanical Garden (1964), Emmarentia Dam (1939), the Marks Park Sports Club (1951) and West Park Cemetery (1942). In 1938, Emmarentia Geldenhuys died and was buried at the family cemetery in Hill Road.
|
|
The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919 abolished the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and created the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which took on the powers of the Board and the remaining functions of the Food Production Department established during the war. In 1919 prices of farm produce had risen by 25% compared to prices at the end of the war. The Agriculture Act 1920 set out guaranteed prices for wheat and oats based on the 1919 averages, to be reviewed annually. However, in the early 1920s, prices fell drastically, the Act was repealed, guaranteed prices were replaced by lump sum payments and the Agricultural Wages Board abolished, as part of the Government's deflationary policies. By 1922 virtually all of war-time controls had gone. The area under cultivation in Britain fell from 12 million acres (49,000 km²) in 1918 to 9 million acres (36,000 km²) in 1926. Farm prices continued to decline and then fell by 34% in the three years after 1929. During this period, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries remained a small department concerned with pest and disease control, agricultural research and education, improvement of livestock, and provision of allotments and smallholdings.
|
|
In 1917, Ashby completed his first book, Allotments and Smallholdings in Oxfordshire; the fruit of two years' work at the Institute in Oxford, it became a standard work in his field. Shortly afterwards, he worked for the Board of Agriculture until 1919, taking a major role in the establishment of the Agricultural Wages Board. After returning to the Institute once more, he was appointed head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, in 1924; professorship there followed five years later, which meant he became he first chair of agricultural economics in Great Britain. He returned to the Institute in Oxford, this time as its director, in 1946, serving until 1952; in the year of his appointment, he was also made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and the following year became a fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Ashby's work made him a pioneer of agricultural economics and he championed the establishment of the Agricultural Economics Society in 1926; he went on to be its president from 1934 to 1935 and from 1952 to 1953. He was a Member of Council of Agriculture for England (1920–46; chairman, 1939–40) and of Wales (1927–46; chairman 1944–45).
|
|