You're almost always single-threaded in many areas (HR, finance, operations, IT, etc.) for awhile.
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That jump ahead — even if it's incremental, as in the case of single-threaded performance — is key for AMD.
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Single-threaded performance, according to ARM's Ronco, is up by 255 percent, purely by improving the instructions-per-clock efficiency.
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Single-threaded performance has also shot up with the new Sunnycove cores — but now we're comparing against the nearly-five-years-ago Broadwell.
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And if you tend to run single-threaded tasks, Intel will be able to run those tasks at a higher clock thanks to Turbo Clock 3.0.
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The 22-core model offers the highest turbo speeds at 23GHz for single threaded performance and supports hyper threading, allowing 24 threads at a time to operate on tasks.
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But others, especially those who taxed the graphics processing chip or single-threaded CPU performance, found either the configuration or the speed of updates to be a deal breaker.
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"We are the only company doing proper omnichannel, where you have a single threaded conversation that allows you to converse with customers in any channel you support," he said.
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Much of what we do on a computer (like almost all web browsing) is still single-threaded — which is why a four core computer isn't ever four times as fast as a single core variant.
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It's a great irony that right at the very moment everyone is talking about unlocking parallelization and writing multi-threaded and hyper-efficient code, we suddenly have to figure out how to write efficient single-threaded code again.
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Thus, chip makers can now have, for example, seven little A55 cores and just one big A75 one: for a favorable mix of long battery life, cost efficiency, and a high ceiling of single-threaded performance when it's called for.
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Because even modern JavaScript engines that run on multi-core machines are still essentially single-threaded, the engine can only really do one thing at a time, so the trick is to figure out how to best combine code execution with checking for input events.
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All reactor systems are single- threaded by definition, but can exist in a multithreaded environment.
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Cooperative multitasking is used with await in languages with a single-threaded event-loop in their runtime, like JavaScript or Python.
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Furthermore, memory management units do not scan the store buffer, causing similar problems. This effect is visible even in single threaded processors.
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Additional effort was made to add the "critical thread API", where the operating system would detect a bottleneck and would temporarily allocate the resources of an entire core, instead of 1 (of 8) threads, to the targeted application processes exhibiting single threaded CPU bound behavior. This allowed the T4 to uniquely mitigate single threaded bottlenecks, while not having to compromise in the overall architecture to achieve massive multi-threaded throughput.
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The database is partitioned into disjoint subsets each assigned to a single-threaded execution engine assigned to one core on one node. Each engine has exclusive access to all of the data in its partition. Because it is single-threaded, only one transaction at a time can access the data stored on that partition. No physical locks or latches are included in the system, and once it is started, no transaction stalls waiting for another transaction to complete.
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Swing is a platform-independent, "model–view–controller" GUI framework for Java, which follows a single-threaded programming model. Additionally, this framework provides a layer of abstraction between the code structure and graphic presentation of a Swing-based GUI.
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Its main features are advanced multithreading and clustering support (with sort-first and sort-last rendering, amongst other techniques), although it is perfectly usable in a single-threaded single-system application as well. It is not part of Khronos Group.
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As of October 2006, the manpage for xfs on Debian states that: :FUTURE DIRECTIONS ::Significant further development of xfs is unlikely. One of the original motivations behind xfs was the single-threaded nature of the X server — a user’s X session could seem to "freeze up" while the X server took a moment to rasterize a font. This problem with the X server (which remains single-threaded in all popular implementations to this day) has been mitigated on two fronts: machines have gotten much faster, and client-side font rendering (particularly via the Xft library) has become the norm in contemporary software.
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In chronological order of development: AutoBench 1.1 - single-threaded code for automotive, industrial, and general-purpose applications Networking - single-threaded code associated with moving packets in networking applications. MultiBench - multi- threaded code for testing scalability of multicore processors. CoreMark - measures the performance of central processing units (CPU) used in embedded systems BXBench - system benchmark measuring the web browsing user-experience, from the click/touch on a URL to final page rendered on the screen, and is not limited to measuring only JavaScript execution. AndEBench-Pro - system benchmark providing a standardized, industry-accepted method of evaluating Android platform performance.
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For the 9th generation, the Intel Core i9 branding made its debut on the mainstream desktop, describing CPUs with 8 cores and 16 threads. 9th generation i7s feature 8 single-threaded cores, marking the first time desktop Core i7s have not featured Intel's Hyper-threading technology, although the 9th generation Core i7 mobile CPUs do support hyperthreading and have 6 cores just like 8th gen mobile chips. 9th generation i5 CPUs feature six single-threaded cores, just like their 8th generation predecessors. The ninth generation Core i series includes hardware fixes for Meltdown V3 and L1 Terminal Fault.
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Coffee Lake CPUs are built using the second refinement of Intel's 14 nm process (14 nm++). It features increased transistor gate pitch for a lower current density and higher leakage transistors that allows higher peak power and higher frequency at the expense of die area and idle power. Coffee Lake marks a shift in the number of cores for Intel's mainstream desktop processors, the first such update for the previous ten-year history of Intel Core CPUs. In the 8th generation, mainstream desktop i7 CPUs feature six cores and 12 threads, i5 CPUs feature six single-threaded cores and i3 CPUs feature four single-threaded cores.
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The framework is developed and supported by the Science of High- Performance Computing (SHPC) group of the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin. BLIS yields high performance on many current CPU microarchitectures in both single- threaded and multithreaded modes of execution.Performance.
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The final result was a 9% single- threaded IPC improvement, and 18% multi-threaded IPC improvement over Piledriver. Steamroller, the microarchitecture for CPUs, as well as Graphics Core Next, the microarchitecture for GPUs, are paired together in the APU lines to support features specified in Heterogeneous System Architecture.
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Furthermore, multiprocessor and multithreaded computer systems may be said to exhibit MLP and ILP due to parallelism—but not intra-thread, single process, ILP and MLP. Often, however, we restrict the terms MLP and ILP to refer to extracting such parallelism from what appears to be non-parallel single threaded code.
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C5.0 which Quinlan is commercially selling (single-threaded version is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License) is an improvement on C4.5. The advantages are several orders of magnitude faster, memory efficiency, smaller decision trees, boosting (more accuracy), ability to weight different attributes, and winnowing (reducing noise).
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The Java programming language's Java Collections Framework version 1.5 and later defines and implements the original regular single-threaded Maps, and also new thread-safe Maps implementing the 'interface among other concurrent interfaces. In Java 1.6, the ' interface was added, extending ', and the ' interface was added as a subinterface combination.
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In this design, fibers are used mostly for I/O access which does not need CPU processing. This allows the main program to continue with what it is doing. Fibers yield control to the single-threaded main program, and when the I/O operation is completed fibers continue where they left off.
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WPrime is popular in the overclocking community for testing the performance and stability of computer processors, as Super PI is single-threaded. Its popularity stemmed from being able to utilize 100% of a multi-core processor's computing time enabling its use as a multi-threaded benchmark application in competitions, computing reviews, and marketing campaigns.
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Iperf3 is a rewrite of iperf from scratch to create a smaller, simpler code base. It also includes a library version which enables other programs to use the provided functionality. Another change is that iperf3 is single threaded while iperf2 is multi-threaded. Iperf3 was started in 2009, with the first release in January 2014.
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Intel Dynamic Acceleration (IDA) sometimes called Dynamic Acceleration Technology (DAT) is a technology created by Intel Corp. in certain multi-core Intel microprocessors. It increases the clock rate of a single core for every two cores above its base operating frequency if the other cores are idle. It is designed for single threaded programs to run faster on multi-core Intel microprocessors.
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A single-threaded server expects inetd to wait until it finishes reading all the data. Otherwise inetd lets the server run and spawns new, concurrent processes for new requests. The fifth word is the user name, from the `/etc/passwd` database, that the service program should run as. Finally, the path and the arguments of an external program are given.
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As such, it avoided several intermediary layers that would be required to use the same queries on other database servers. Butler 2.0, released in May 1996, added direct ODBC links as well. Butler suffered from performance problems due to the single-user nature of the Mac OS. In particular, file access was single-threaded and multitasking was coordinated by the applications, not the operating system.
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Each POWER10 core has doubled up on most functional units compared to its predecessor POWER9. The core is eight-way multithreaded (SMT8) and has 48 kB instruction and 32 kB data L1 caches, a 2 MB large L2 cache and a very large translation lookaside buffer (TLB) with 4096 entries. Latency cycles to the different cache stages and TLB has been reduced significantly. Each core has eight execution slices each with one floating-point unit (FPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), branch predictor, load–store unit and SIMD-engine, able to be fed 128-bit (64+64) instructions from the new prefix/fuse instructions of the Power ISA v.3.1. Each execution slice can handle 20 instructions each, backed up by a shared 512 entry instruction table, and fed to 128 entry wide (64 single threaded) load queue and 80 entry (40 single threaded) wide store queue.
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On August 20, 2015, D-Wave released general availability of their D-Wave 2X computer, with 1000 qubits in a Chimera graph architecture (although, due to magnetic offsets and manufacturing variability inherent in the superconductor circuit fabrication, fewer than 1152 qubits are functional and available for use; the exact number of qubits yielded will vary with each specific processor manufactured). This was accompanied by a report comparing speeds with high-end single threaded CPUs. Unlike previous reports, this one explicitly stated that question of quantum speedup was not something they were trying to address, and focused on constant-factor performance gains over classical hardware. For general-purpose problems, a speedup of 15x was reported, but it is worth noting that these classical algorithms benefit efficiently from parallelization—so that the computer would be performing on par with, perhaps, 30 high-end single-threaded cores.
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A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js doesn't allow vertical scaling by increasing the number of CPU cores of the machine it is running on without using an additional module, such as cluster, StrongLoop Process Manager, or pm2. However, developers can increase the default number of threads in the libuv thread pool. The server operating system (OS) is likely to distribute these threads across multiple cores.
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The HDi runtime exposes the APIs defined by the Advanced Content standard. It provides only a single threaded programming model, though certain operations (such as network and persistent storage access) are executed as asynchronous operations. An HD DVD movie, including the interactive functionality, is presented as an Advanced Content application, which is executed and rendered by the HDi runtime. The advanced content application consists of the playlist files (`.
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When the durability of data is not needed, the in- memory nature of Redis allows it to perform well compared to database systems that write every change to disk before considering a transaction committed. Redis operates as a single process and is single-threaded or double-threaded when it rewrites the AOF (append-only file). Thus, a single Redis instance cannot use parallel execution of tasks such as stored procedures.
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On most modern uniprocessors memory operations are not executed in the order specified by the program code. In single threaded programs all operations appear to have been executed in the order specified, with all out-of-order execution hidden to the programmer – however in multi-threaded environments (or when interfacing with other hardware via memory buses) this can lead to problems. To avoid problems, memory barriers can be used in these cases.
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In computing, a unique type guarantees that an object is used in a single- threaded way, with at most a single reference to it. If a value has a unique type, a function applied to it can be optimized to update the value in-place in the object code. Such in-place updates improve the efficiency of functional languages while maintaining referential transparency. Unique types can also be used to integrate functional and imperative programming.
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EKA1 (EPOC Kernel Architecture 1) is the first-generation kernel for Symbian OS. It offers pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection, but no real-time guarantees and a single-threaded device driver model. It has now largely been superseded by EKA2. Much of EKA1 was developed by a single software engineer, Colly Myers, when he was working for Psion Software in the early 1990s. Myers went on to act as CEO for Symbian Ltd.
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Preble, p. 146. The gearing arrangement proved to be very noisy, and the ship's stern was subject to considerable vibration in operation. Smith planned to reduce the noise by the use of spiral gears, but it is unclear whether this modification was ever carried out. The propeller itself was of sheet iron, in diameter and about long, and consisted of a full 360° screw, single threaded and of a single turn in keeping with Smith's revised 1836 patent.
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An HDL is grossly similar to a software programming language, but there are major differences. Most programming languages are inherently procedural (single-threaded), with limited syntactical and semantic support to handle concurrency. HDLs, on the other hand, resemble concurrent programming languages in their ability to model multiple parallel processes (such as flip-flops and adders) that automatically execute independently of one another. Any change to the process's input automatically triggers an update in the simulator's process stack.
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Modern software is often too complex to work well with such a single threaded model. For example, a processor used to control a motor (perhaps one driving a saw blade) may not be able to safely enter halt mode; it may need to continue handling interrupts to ensure physical safety of people and/or machinery. Issuing a HALT instruction using JTAG might be dangerous. ARM processors support an alternative debug mode, called Monitor Mode, to work with such situations.
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This had the central sync contact plus one other (either in-line or off to the 10-o-clock position when viewed from the rear of the camera) and a single, threaded post on the prism used to secure the shoe or a post with one small recess for a connector pin (Shoe 3). Additionally, the OM-2 and OM-2 MD models had a reset position on the shutter speed dial adjacent to the B setting.
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Two types of RPC are implemented on DART: traditional RPC, and ONC RPC. Due to DART’s multi-threaded architecture, traditional RPC has been implemented on DART with several modifications. For example, on a SUN OS, the RPC code generator, RPCGEN, assumes a single-threaded UNIX process that calls into the library directly. However, DART doesn’t have UNIX processes; but instead uses true multi-threading—that is, n threads pick up RPC messages as they come in.
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The z13 is a microprocessor made by IBM for their z13 mainframe computers, announced on January 14, 2015. Manufactured at GlobalFoundries' East Fishkill, New York fabrication plant (formerly IBM's own plant). IBM stated that it is the world's fastest microprocessor and is about 10% faster than its predecessor the zEC12 in general single-threaded computing, but significantly more when doing specialized tasks. The IBM z13 is the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode.
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UNOS from CRDS never supported paged VM and multiprocessor support had not been built in from the start, so the kernel remained mostly single- threaded on the few multiprocessor systems built. A UNOS variant enhanced by H. Berthold AG under the name vBertOS added demanded page loading and paged processes in 1984, but was given up in favor of SunOS because of the missing GUI and the missing networking code in Spring 1985, when Berthold imported the first Sun to Europe.
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The T1 had outstanding throughput with massive numbers of threads supported by the processor, but older applications burdened with single thread bottlenecks occasionally exhibited poor overall performance. Single threaded application weakness was mitigated with the follow-on SPARC T4 processor. The T4 core count was reduced to 8 (from 16 on the T3), the cores were made more complex, the clock rate was nearly doubled - all contributing to faster single thread performance (from between 300% to 500% increase over previous generations.
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CICS was preceded by an earlier, single threaded transaction processing system, IBM MTCS. An 'MTCS-CICS bridge' was later developed to allow these transactions to execute under CICS with no change to the original application programs. CICS was originally developed in the United States at an IBM Development Center in Des Plaines, Illinois, beginning in 1966 to address requirements from the public utility industry. The first CICS product was announced in 1968, named Public Utility Customer Information Control System, or PU-CICS.
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Windows 10 includes DirectX 12, alongside WDDM 2.0. Unveiled March 2014 at GDC, DirectX 12 aims to provide "console-level efficiency" with "closer to the metal" access to hardware resources, and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead. Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low-level programming, which allow developers to use resources more efficiently and reduce single-threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs. DirectX 12 will also feature support for vendor agnostic multi-GPU setups.
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Some aspects of the MPI's future appear solid; others less so. The MPI Forum reconvened in 2007, to clarify some MPI-2 issues and explore developments for a possible MPI-3, which resulted in versions MPI-3.0 (September 2012) and MPI-3.1 (June 2015). Architectures are changing, with greater internal concurrency (multi-core), better fine-grain concurrency control (threading, affinity), and more levels of memory hierarchy. Multithreaded programs can take advantage of these developments more easily than single-threaded applications.
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The Java memory model describes how threads in the Java programming language interact through memory. Together with the description of single-threaded execution of code, the memory model provides the semantics of the Java programming language. The original Java memory model, developed in 1995, was widely perceived as broken, preventing many runtime optimizations and not providing strong enough guarantees for code safety. It was updated through the Java Community Process, as Java Specification Request 133 (JSR-133), which took effect in 2004, for Tiger (Java 5.0).
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Special consideration must be made in scenarios where Flyweight objects are created on multiple threads. If the list of values is finite and known in advance the Flyweights can be instantiated ahead of time and retrieved from a container on multiple threads with no contention. If Flyweights are instantiated on multiple threads there are two options: # Make Flyweight instantiation single threaded thus introducing contention and ensuring one instance per value. # Allow concurrent threads to create multiple Flyweight instances thus eliminating contention and allowing multiple instances per value.
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Later, Mac OS 8.1 finally added the new file system and Mac OS 8.6 updated the nanokernel to handle limited support for preemptive tasks. Its interface is Multiprocessing Services 2.x and later, but there is no process separation and the system still uses cooperative multitasking between processes. Even a process that is Multiprocessing Services-aware still has a part that runs in the Blue Box, a task that also runs all single-threaded programs and the only task that can run 68k code.
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These increases are described empirically by Pollack's Rule, which states that performance increases due to microarchitecture techniques approximate the square root of the complexity (number of transistors or the area) of a processor. For years, processor makers delivered increases in clock rates and instruction-level parallelism, so that single-threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification.See Herb Sutter,The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software, Dr. Dobb's Journal, 30(3), March 2005. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
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Back in 2009 the developer of NXlog was using a modified version of msyslog to suit his needs, but when he met the requirement to implement a high performance, scalable, centralized log management solution, there was no such modern logging solution available. There were some alternatives to msyslog with some nice features (e.g. Rsyslog, syslog-ng, etc), but none of them qualified. Most of these were still single threaded, syslog oriented, without native support for MS Windows, came with an ambiguous configuration syntax, ugly source-code and so on.
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Mac mini models released in late 2014 used dual-core processors, which perform worse in multi-threaded workloads compared to the quad-core processors from the 2012 model. Meanwhile, single-threaded workload performance increased. Comparing the high ends of both releases, the 2012 model used a 4-core, 8-thread Intel Core i7-3720QM, whereas the 2014 model used a 2-core, 4-thread Intel Core i7-4578U. The 2014 model featured Intel Iris graphics (GT3), which greatly outperforms the Intel HD Graphics 4000 (GT2) in the previous models.
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W. Richard Stevens notes that recursive locks are "tricky" to use correctly, and recommends their use for adapting single- threaded code without changing APIs, but "only when no other solution is possible". The Java language's native synchronization mechanism, monitor, uses recursive locks. Syntactically, a lock is a block of code with the 'synchronized' keyword preceding it and any Object reference in parentheses that will be used as the mutex. Inside the synchronized block, the given object can be used as a condition variable by doing a wait(), notify(), or notifyAll() on it.
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Windows 10 includes DirectX 12 alongside WDDM 2.0. Unveiled March 2014 at GDC, DirectX 12 aims to provide "console-level efficiency" with "closer to the metal" access to hardware resources, and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead. Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low-level programming, which can reduce single-threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs. The performance gains achieved by allowing developers direct access to GPU resources is similar to other low-level rendering initiatives such as AMD's Mantle, Apple's Metal API or the OpenGL successor, Vulkan.
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The T4 CPU was released in late 2011. The new T4 CPU will drop from 16 cores (on the T3) back to 8 cores (as used on the T1, T2, and T2+). The new T4 core design (named "S3") feature improved per-thread performance, due to introduction of out-of-order execution, as well as having additional improved performance for single-threaded programs. In 2010, Larry Ellison announced that Oracle will offer Oracle Linux on the UltraSPARC platform, and the port was scheduled to be available in the T4 and T5 timeframe.
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One popular configuration was to run Apache HTTP Server 2.2 as a load balancer using mod_proxy_balancer in conjunction with several Mongrel instances. Each Mongrel instance would run on a separate TCP port, configured via the mongrel_cluster management utility. Until 2010, Twitter was a notable instance of this configuration; they then switched to Unicorn."Unicorn Power", Twitter Engineering Blog, March 30, 2010 Mongrel was capable of serving Ruby on Rails powered sites without requiring any other web servers, though as a single- threaded application this configuration is unsuitable for all but light loads.
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Functions that have just the above property 2 allow for compiler optimization techniques such as common subexpression elimination and loop optimization similar to arithmetic operators. A C++ example is the `length` method, returning the size of a string, which depends on the memory contents where the string points to, therefore lacking the above property 1. Nevertheless, in a single-threaded environment, the following C++ code std::string s = "Hello, world!"; int a[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; int l = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { l += s.
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Though Zen fell short of Intel's Kaby Lake in terms of IPC, and therefore single-threaded throughput, it compensated by offering more cores to applications that can use them. Power consumption and heat were found to be highly competitive with Intel, and the included Wraith coolers were generally competitive with higher-priced aftermarket solutions. Ryzen 1800X's multi-threaded performance, in some cases while using Blender or other open-source software, was around four times the performance of the FX-8370, or nearly double that of the i7 7700K.
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Historically, processor manufacturers consistently delivered increases in clock rates and instruction-level parallelism, so that single- threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification. More recently, in order to manage CPU power dissipation, processor makers favor multi-core chip designs, thus software needs to be written in a multi-threaded or multi-process manner to take full advantage of such hardware. Many multi- threaded development paradigms introduce overhead, and will not see a linear increase in speed when compared to the number of processors. This is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources, due to lock contention.
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The event dispatching thread (EDT) is a background thread used in Java to process events from the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) graphical user interface event queue. It is an example of the generic concept of event-driven programming, that is popular in many other contexts than Java, for example, web browsers, or web servers. The events are primarily update events that cause user interface components to redraw themselves, or input events from input devices such as the mouse or keyboard. The AWT uses a single-threaded painting model in which all screen updates must be performed from a single thread.
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The cache no longer needs to be large enough to hold all or most of the "working set", just the recent cache misses of each thread. Benchmarks demonstrate this approach has worked very well on commercial (integer), multithreaded workloads such as Java application servers, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application servers, email (such as Lotus Domino) servers, and web servers. These benchmarks suggest each core in the UltraSPARC T1 is more powerful than the circa 2001, single-core, single-threaded UltraSPARC III, and at a chip to chip comparison, significantly outperforms other processors on multithreaded integer workloads.
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SPARC T5 is the fifth generation multicore microprocessor of Oracle's SPARC T-Series family. It was first presented at Hot Chips 24 in August 2012, and was officially introduced with the Oracle SPARC T5 servers in March 2013. The processor is designed to offer high multithreaded performance (16 cores per chip, with 8 threads per core), as well as high single threaded performance from the same chip. The processor uses the same SPARC S3 core design as its predecessor, the SPARC T4 processor, but is implemented in a 28 nm process and runs at 3.6 GHz.
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Node.js operates on a single-thread event loop, using non-blocking I/O calls, allowing it to support tens of thousands of concurrent connections without incurring the cost of thread context switching. The design of sharing a single thread among all the requests that use the observer pattern is intended for building highly concurrent applications, where any function performing I/O must use a callback. To accommodate the single-threaded event loop, Node.js uses the libuv library—which, in turn, uses a fixed-sized thread pool that handles some of the non-blocking asynchronous I/O operations.
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Other products, including Hurricane and MagnaRAM, included virtual memory compression, but implemented only run-length encoding, with poor results, giving the technology a negative reputation. In its 8 April 1997 issue, PC Magazine published a comprehensive test of the performance enhancement claims of several software virtual memory compression tools. In its testing PC Magazine found a minimal (5% overall) performance improvement from the use of Hurricane, and none at all from any of the other packages. However the tests were run on Intel Pentium systems which had a single core and were single threaded, and thus compression directly impacted all system activity.
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In 2017, Loongson released latest version of 3A cpu, 3A3000. As one of the domestic CPU of China, Loongson 3A3000 is being commercialized, and in the recently exhibition in Nanjing (2017), based on the Loongson 3A3000 motherboard developers computer quietly debut. Loongson 3A3000 CPU 3A3000 is designed with quad-core 64-bit and clocked at 1.5 GHz, power consumption is only 30 W. 3A3000 single- threaded performance is lower than Intel or AMD products. For comparison, the 3A3000's performance is about one-third of the Intel i5-4460 running at about twice the clock frequency (3.2 GHz/84 W), or a relative performance of roughly 66%.
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The two shafts are rotated at a proportional ratio, which determines the number of teeth on the blank; for example, for a single-threaded hob if the gear ratio is 40:1 the hob rotates 40 times to each turn of the blank, which produces 40 teeth in the blank. If the hob has multiple threads the speed ratio must be multiplied by the number of threads on the hob.. The hob is then fed up into the workpiece until the correct tooth depth is obtained. Finally the hob is fed through the workpiece parallel to the blank's axis of rotation. Often multiple blanks are stacked, then cut in one operation.
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The interface is designed for use by both multithreaded and single-threaded application processes. The term 'process' can be regarded as being equivalent to a process defined by the POSIX standard; however, AIS does not mandate a POSIX process, but rather, any equivalent entity that a system provides to manage executing software. The area server is an abstraction that represents the server that provides services for a specification area (Availability Management Framework, Cluster Membership Service, Checkpoint Service, and so on). Each area has a separate logical area server, although the implementer is free to create a separate physical module for each area server or combine one or more area servers into a single physical module.
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In fact, most single-threaded program > transformations continue to be allowed, since any program that behaves > differently as a result must perform an undefined operation.— end note Note that the C++ draft specification admits the possibility of programs that are valid but use synchronization operations with a memory_order other than memory_order_seq_cst, in which case the result may be a program which is correct but for which no guarantee of sequentially consistency is provided. In other words, in C++, some correct programs are not sequentially consistent. This approach is thought to give C++ programmers the freedom to choose faster program execution at the cost of giving up ease of reasoning about their program.
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One basic way to debug software is to present a single threaded model, where the debugger periodically stops execution of the program and examines its state as exposed by register contents and memory (including peripheral controller registers). When interesting program events approach, a person may want to single step instructions (or lines of source code) to watch how a particular misbehavior happens. So for example a JTAG host might HALT the core, entering Debug Mode, and then read CPU registers using ITR and DCC. After saving processor state, it could write those registers with whatever values it needs, then execute arbitrary algorithms on the CPU, accessing memory and peripherals to help characterize the system state.
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Intuitively, problem A is reducible to problem B if an algorithm for solving problem B efficiently (if it existed) could also be used as a subroutine to solve problem A efficiently. When this is true, solving A cannot be harder than solving B. "Harder" means having a higher estimate of the required computational resources in a given context (e.g., higher time complexity, greater memory requirement, expensive need for extra hardware processor cores for a parallel solution compared to a single-threaded solution, etc.). The existence of a reduction from A to B can be written in the shorthand notation A ≤m B, usually with a subscript on the ≤ to indicate the type of reduction being used (m : mapping reduction, p : polynomial reduction).
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Because fibers multitask cooperatively, thread safety is less of an issue than with preemptively scheduled threads, and synchronization constructs including spinlocks and atomic operations are unnecessary when writing fibered code, as they are implicitly synchronized. However, many libraries yield a fiber implicitly as a method of conducting non-blocking I/O; as such, some caution and documentation reading is advised. A disadvantage is that fibers cannot utilize multiprocessor machines without also using preemptive threads; however, an M:N threading model with no more preemptive threads than CPU cores can be more efficient than either pure fibers or pure preemptive threading. In some server programs fibers are used to soft block themselves to allow their single-threaded parent programs to continue working.
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Without correct synchronization, very strange, confusing and > counterintuitive behaviors are possible. By contrast, a draft C++ specification does not directly require an SC for DRF property, but merely observes that there exists a theorem providing it: > [Note:It can be shown that programs that correctly use mutexes and > memory_order_seq_cst operations to prevent all data races and use no other > synchronization operations behave as if the operations executed by their > constituent threads were simply interleaved, with each value computation of > an object being taken from the last side effect on that object in that > interleaving. This is normally referred to as “sequential consistency”. > However, this applies only to data-race-free programs, and data-race-free > programs cannot observe most program transformations that do not change > single-threaded program semantics.
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Prior to Open Storage, most storage products were based on customized operating systems running on specialist hardware. In many cases, the specialist hardware was based on old generation hardware, because the customized operating systems were behind in support for current processors and system architectures. During the 2000s, the phenomenal growth in processor performance and processor multithreading left these (often single threaded) storage products with a significant internal processing gap versus current industry standard computers. Open Storage is the concept of building storage products on current industry standard hardware using standard operating systems which have a large enough user and support base to be tracking current hardware (processors, threading, memory, controllers, flash, etc.), avoiding the costs of specialist hardware and custom operating systems, and the performance penalty of not being able to use current generation technologies.
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Super PI is single threaded, so its relevance as a measure of performance in the current era of multi-core processors is diminishing quickly. Therefore, wPrime has been developed to support multiple threaded calculations to be run at the same time so one can test stability on multi-core machines. Other multithreaded programs include: Hyper PI, IntelBurnTest, Prime95, Montecarlo superPI, OCCT or y-cruncher. Last but not least, while SuperPi is unable to calculate more than 32 million digits, and Alexander J. Yee & Shigeru Kondo were able to set a record of 10 Trillion 50 Digits of Pi using y-cruncher under a 2 x Intel Xeon X5680 @ 3.33 GHz - (12 physical cores, 24 hyperthreaded) computer on October 16, 2011 Super PI is much slower than these other programs, and utilizes inferior algorithms to them.
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Yet another problem with mutual exclusion approaches is that the assumption of complete atomicity made by some single- threaded code creates sporadic unacceptably long inter-Thread delays in a concurrent environment. In particular, Iterators and bulk operations like putAll() and others can take a length of time proportional to the Map size, delaying other Threads that expect predictably low latency for non-bulk operations. For example, a multi-threaded web server cannot allow some responses to be delayed by long-running iterations of other threads executing other requests that are searching for a particular value. Related to this is the fact that Threads that lock the Map do not actually have any requirement ever to relinquish the lock, and an infinite loop in the owner Thread may propagate permanent blocking to other Threads.
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After this initial trial Archimedes embarked on a return voyage to London, but while in transit the ship's boiler—which lacked either a gauge or a safety valve—exploded, killing the second engineer and scalding several others. The vessel was then laid up for five months for repairs at Wimshurst's shipyard. On resuming service, Smith received an invitation from the Dutch government to bring the vessel to the Netherlands for a demonstration, which he accepted. On the voyage to the Texel however, Archimedes broke her crankshaft and was forced to return to England for further repairs, which on this occasion were effected by the firm of Miller, Ravenhill & Co. It was during this refit that the original full helix, single turn, single threaded propeller was replaced by a double-threaded, half turn propeller with two distinct blades.
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The Duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) includes two computational cores, providing performance per watt almost as good as any previous single core Intel processors. In battery-operated devices such as notebook computers, this translates to getting as much total work done per battery charge as with older computers, although the same total work may be done faster. When parallel computations and multiprocessing are able to utilize both cores, the Intel Core Duo delivers much higher peak speed compared to the single-core chips previously available for mobile devices. However, Core (Yonah) did not make any further improvements to single threaded processing performance over Dothan beyond before-mentioned SSE unit enhancements, and it was still only a 32-bit architecture, which proved to be particularly limiting for its server-oriented Sossaman derivative as x86-64 operating systems and software became increasingly prevalent.
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Consequently, such code is much more difficult to debug than single-threaded code when it breaks. There has been a perceived lack of motivation for writing consumer-level threaded applications because of the relative rarity of consumer-level demand for maximum use of computer hardware. Also, serial tasks like decoding the entropy encoding algorithms used in video codecs are impossible to parallelize because each result generated is used to help create the next result of the entropy decoding algorithm. Given the increasing emphasis on multi-core chip design, stemming from the grave thermal and power consumption problems posed by any further significant increase in processor clock speeds, the extent to which software can be multithreaded to take advantage of these new chips is likely to be the single greatest constraint on computer performance in the future.
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The POWER9 core comes in two variants, a four-way multithreaded one called SMT4 and an eight-way one called SMT8.Big Blue Aims For The Sky With Power9 The SMT4- and SMT8-cores are similar, in that they consist of a number of so-called slices fed by common schedulers. A slice is a rudimentary 64-bit single-threaded processing core with load store unit (LSU), integer unit (ALU) and a vector scalar unit (VSU, doing SIMD and floating point). A super-slice is the combination of two slices. An SMT4-core consists of a 32 KB L1 cache (1 KB = 1024 bytes), a 32 KB L1 data cache, an instruction fetch unit (IFU) and an instruction sequencing unit (ISU) which feeds two super-slices. An SMT8-core has two sets of L1 caches and, IFUs and ISUs to feed four super-slices.
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In 2004, Tandy transferred to Craig Mundie's organization where he was responsible for the user interface team for Windows Media Center which subsequently was shifted under Will Poole's Digital Media Division. After building the initial team and specifications, he recruited Joe Belfiore to replace him and moved back to work for Mundie, this time with the mission of coming up with an application scenario that could demonstrate the value of the concurrency work that Mundie was incubating under a project called BigTop. BigTop's objective was to fulfill Mundie's vision of helping developers with the need to shift development from single threaded single processor based development to asynchronous, distributed processing without the conventional complications of managing threads, locks, and semaphores to manage interaction between the simultaneously running code modules. This eventually became the CCR (Concurrency and Coordination Runtime) and DSS (Decentralized Software Services) that were later included in Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio and CCR & DSS Toolkit).
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Media Molecule further added on Twitter that they would always be involved in LittleBigPlanet to some degree. Later on in July at a Develop conference, the co-founders stated that they were still involved with LittleBigPlanet 2 providing the upcoming PlayStation Move level pack as an example. Healey remarked that "It's a bit like, if you think of LittleBigPlanet as having a child, Sackboy was our child, you get to the stage where they want to leave home, It's kind of like that". Evans elaborated by saying that Media Molecule is no longer a "single-threaded company" and noted developing similar games all the time would become stale. In January 2012, Media Molecule had spent on research and development to develop new innovative games aiming to reduce the reliance on the LittleBigPlanet brand name. In August 2012, they announced Tearaway led by Smith and Rex Crowle, with 15 developers working on it.
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Because motherboard costs increase dramatically as the number of CPU sockets increase, multicore CPUs enable a multiprocessing system to be built at lower cost. AMD's model number scheme has changed somewhat in light of its new multicore lineup. At the time of its introduction, AMD's fastest multicore Opteron was the model 875, with two cores running at 2.2 GHz each. AMD's fastest single-core Opteron at this time was the model 252, with one core running at 2.6 GHz. For multithreaded applications, or many single threaded applications, the model 875 would be much faster than the model 252. Second-generation Opterons are offered in three series: the 1000 Series (single socket only), the 2000 Series (dual socket-capable), and the 8000 Series (quad or octo socket-capable). The 1000 Series uses the AM2 socket. The 2000 Series and 8000 Series use Socket F. AMD announced its third-generation quad-core Opteron chips on September 10, 2007 with hardware vendors announcing servers in the following month.
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