In many cases, even a small improvement in ACR can cause a dramatic reduction in the bit error rate. Sometimes it may be necessary to switch from un- shielded twisted pair (UTP) cable to shielded twisted pair (STP) in order to increase the ACR.
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100BaseVG also supports full-duplex operation over optical fiber or over two pairs of shielded twisted pair.
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A line code will typically reflect technical requirements of the transmission medium, such as optical fiber or shielded twisted pair. These requirements are unique for each medium, because each one has different behavior related to interference, distortion, capacitance and loss of amplitude.
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LocalTalk is a particular implementation of the physical layer of the AppleTalk networking system from Apple Computer. LocalTalk specifies a system of shielded twisted pair cabling, plugged into self-terminating transceivers, running at a rate of 230.4 kbit/s. CSMA/CA was implemented as a random multiple access method. Farallon's competing PhoneNet transceiver.
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However, high- quality shielded twisted pair cables must be used together with elaborate connector systems for cabling. An alternative is the use of coaxial cables. Studies have shown that it is possible in spite of the simplified transfer medium dominate both emission and immunity in the high frequency range. Future high-speed video connections can be smaller, lighter and cheaper to realize.
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Balanced audio is a method of interconnecting audio equipment using balanced lines. This type of connection is very important in sound recording and production because it allows the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise caused by electromagnetic interference. Balanced connections typically use shielded twisted-pair cable and three- conductor connectors. The connectors are usually three-pin XLR or TRS phone connectors.
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Farallon PhoneNET adapter PhoneNet was an implementation of the AppleTalk networking physical layer created by Farallon Computing (now Netopia). Instead of using expensive shielded twisted pair wiring as in Apple's LocalTalk implementation, PhoneNet uses standard four-conductor telephone (Category 1) patch cords and modular connectors. Like LocalTalk, the theoretical maximum speed for data transfer was 230 kbit/s, and it is generally used in a daisy chain topology.
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Early Ethernet (10BASE-5 and 10BASE-2) used coaxial cable. Shielded twisted pair was used in IBM's Token Ring LAN implementation. In 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair by using category 3 cable—the same cable used for telephone systems. This led to the development of 10BASE-T (and its twisted- pair successors) and structured cabling which is still the basis of most commercial LANs today.
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Multiple channels can easily be carried by packet-switched digital intercom signals. Portable intercoms are connected primarily using common shielded, twisted pair microphone cabling terminated with 3-pin XLR connectors. Building and vehicle intercoms are connected in a similar manner with shielded cabling often containing more than one twisted pair. Digital intercoms use Category 5 cable and relay information back and forth in data packets using the Internet protocol architecture.
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The wire train bus has been designed for international passenger trains with variable composition, consisting of up to 22 vehicles. The medium consists of a duplicated shielded twisted pair cable, which runs in the UIC cables between the vehicles. The connector between the vehicles is the 18-pole UIC connector. Since connectors are exposed and can oxidize, a current pulse is applied at connection establishment to evaporate the oxide layer, called fritting.
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A USB twisted pair, in which the Data+ and Data− conductors are twisted together in a double helix. The wires are enclosed in a further layer of shielding. The D± signals used by low, full, and high speed are carried over a twisted pair (typically unshielded) to reduce noise and crosstalk. SuperSpeed uses separate transmit and receive differential pairs, which additionally require shielding (typically, shielded twisted pair but twinax is also mentioned by the specification).
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Camera Link cables are shielded twisted pair cables. The standard specifies that differential pairs must be individually shielded, and the cable as a whole must have two shields. Some companies save costs by not shielding the two serial interface signal pairs, which carry slower signals than the camera data; these cables have one camera end and one grabber end and may not be reversed, and cannot be used as a second cable in a Medium or Full configuration.
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TERA connector allows splitting the link through different patch cords with one, two, and four pairs. TERA is a shielded twisted pair connector for use with Category 7 twisted-pair data cables, developed by The Siemon Company and standardised in 2003 by the International Electrotechnical Commission with the reference IEC 61076-3-104. The 2006 revision of the standard extended the characterised performance up to 1000 MHz. The connector has a different footprint from the more common 8P8C connector.
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The use of shielded cables in security systems provides some protection from power frequency and radio frequency interference, reducing the number of false alarms being generated. The best practice is to keep data or signal cables physically separated by at least 3 inches (75mm) from 'heavy' power circuits which are in parallel. Analog signal cable used in professional audio applications is usually shielded twisted pair cable terminated in XLR connectors. The twisted pair carries the signal in a balanced audio configuration.
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Each transceiver had two, 3-pin, Mini-DIN ports, and a cable to connect to the Mac's DE-9 serial connector. Later, when the Mac Plus introduced the 8-pin Mini-DIN serial connector, transceivers were updated as well. A variation of LocalTalk called PhoneNet was introduced by Farallon Computing. It used standard unshielded side-by-side telephone wire, with six-position modular connectors (same as the popular RJ11 telephone connectors) connected to a PhoneNet transceiver, instead of the expensive, shielded, twisted-pair cable.
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During the early 1980s most networks used coaxial cable as the primary form of premises cabling in Ethernet implementations. In 1985 SynOptics shipped its first hub for fiber optics and shielded twisted pair. SynOptics' co-founder, Engineer Ronald V. Schmidt, had experimented with a fiber-optic variant of Ethernet called Fibernet II while working at Xerox PARC, where Ethernet had been invented. In January 1987 SynOptics announced intentions to manufacture equipment supporting 10 megabits/sec data transfer rates over unshielded twisted pair, telephone wire.
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This clock frequency, 3.6864 MHz, was chosen (in part) to support the common asynchronous baud rates up to 38.4 kbit/s using the SCC's internal baud-rate generator. When the SCC's internal PLL was used to lock to the clock embedded in the LocalTalk serial data stream (using its FM0 encoding method) a divide-by-16 setting on the PLL yielded the fastest rate available, namely 230.4 kbit/s. Originally released as "AppleTalk Personal Network," LocalTalk used shielded twisted-pair cable with 3-pin Mini-DIN connectors. Cables were daisy-chained from transceiver to transceiver.
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802.3z-1998 CL39 standardized 1000BASE- CX is an initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet connections with maximum distances of 25 meters using balanced shielded twisted pair and either DE-9 or 8P8C connector (with a pinout different from 1000BASE-T). The short segment length is due to very high signal transmission rate. Although it is still used for specific applications where cabling is done by IT professionals, for instance the IBM BladeCenter uses 1000BASE-CX for the Ethernet connections between the blade servers and the switch modules, 1000BASE-T has succeeded it for general copper wiring use.
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An 8P8C modular plug not yet crimped onto a cable An 8P8C modular jack The 8 position 8 contact (8P8C) connector is a modular connector commonly used to terminate twisted pair and multi-conductor flat cable. These connectors are commonly used for Ethernet over twisted pair, registered jacks and other telephone applications, RS-232 serial communication using the TIA/EIA-568 and Yost standards, and other applications involving unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted pair, and multi-conductor flat cable. An 8P8C modular connection consists of a male plug and a female jack, each with eight equally-spaced contacts. On the plug, the contacts are flat metal bars positioned parallel to the connector body.
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Intel X540-T2 10GBASE-T dual port NIC 10GBASE-T, or IEEE 802.3an-2006, is a standard released in 2006 to provide 10 Gbit/s connections over unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to . Category 6a is required to reach the full distance of and category 6 may reach a distance of depending on the quality of installation, determined only after re-testing to 500 MHz. 10GBASE-T cable infrastructure can also be used for 1000BASE-T allowing a gradual upgrade from 1000BASE-T using autonegotiation to select which speed to use. Due to additional line coding overhead, 10GBASE-T has a slightly higher latency in comparison to most other 10GBASE variants, in the range 2 to 4 microseconds compared to 1 to 12 microseconds on 1000BASE-T (depending on packet size).
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The multifunction vehicle bus connects individual nodes within a vehicle or in a closed train set. Unlike the WTB there is no requirement on a single international connector standard for the vehicle bus inside a coach, locomotive or train set – instead there are three predefined media and connector classes. # OGF (Optical glass fibres) uses 240 μm fibers for a line distance of 2000 m, # EMD (Electrical Medium Distance) uses shielded twisted pair with RS 485 transmitters and transformers for galvanical isolation), for a length reaching 200 m and # ESD (Electrical Short Distance) uses a simple backplane wiring without galvanic isolation, for which case the cable may be up to 20 m in length. The plugs and sockets are the same as used by Profibus (with two 9-pin Sub-D sockets per electrical device).
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