140 Sentences With "sentenced to transportation"

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William was found guilty of treason after the 1798 Rebellion and was sentenced to transportation and exile in America.Miller 2003, p. 366.
For his pains he was sentenced to transportation to New South Wales.Eric Hobsbawm and George Rudé 1968 Captain Swing, Toronto: Norton and Co.
Atkinson offered no defence, his only words being "I have nothing to say." He was found guilty and sentenced to transportation for seven years.
After a long-drawn trial, Golam Rasul, Titumir's nephew and second in command was hanged and some 350 others were sentenced to transportation for life.
Ten days later Gerard was beheaded on Tower Hill and Vowell was hanged at Charing Cross. Fox, who had pleaded guilty, was sentenced to transportation to Barbados.
Summerset Fox pleaded guilty and was sentenced to transportation. The view of the Royalists and their sympathisers was that the conspirators had fallen into a trap set by Cromwell.
They commenced firing on 28 December, and the Jacobites surrendered on 30th; 384 prisoners were taken, some of whom were later executed and many others sentenced to transportation to the West Indies.
In 1814 he was once again sentenced to transportation, in a fraud case for food. Pardoned by the Prince Regent, he undertook to go to Morocco, and died in Lisbon in 1815.
Booth's accomplices were tried alongside him and those convicted were sentenced to transportation to Australia. Elizabeth Chidlow (or Chedlow) was sentenced to 14 years, departing in August 1813 on the . Prior to the voyage, she wrote, from the ship, at Deptford, on 8 July 1813, to the Bank of England: and received £5 from them as it was their charitable custom to support women sentenced to transportation for forgery. She arrived at Port Jackson (now Sydney), New South Wales on 9 January 1814.
David Davies, also known as Dai'r Cantwr (David the singer) (c. 1812–1874), was a Welsh poet and lay-preacher. He was convicted and sentenced to transportation to Australia for his actions during the Rebecca Riots.
The labourers, who are now known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, were subsequently arrested for administering "unlawful oaths" and sentenced to transportation but they were pardoned following massive protests by the working classes.Hilliam (p. 10)Cullingford (pp.
Her sentence was also commuted and she was sentenced to transportation to the United States colonies for a term of 14 years.Kable, Paul & Whittaker, June.Damed Rascals? A chronicle of Henry & Susannah Kable 1764 - 1846, pages 32-36.
This more intense phase of persecution, later known in Protestant historiography as "the Killing Time", led to dissenters being summarily executed by the dragoons of James Graham, Laird of Claverhouse, or sentenced to transportation or death by Sir George Mackenzie, the Lord Advocate.
He was sentenced to transportation for life on 1 March 1932 and sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair. After his release in 1946, he joined the Radical Democratic Party founded by Manabendra Nath Roy. Later, he joined the Indian National Congress.
The Treasury also paid for the transportation of prisoners from the Home Counties.Beattie, 1986, p. 504 The "Felons' Act" (as the Transportation Act was called) was printed and distributed in 1718, and in April twenty-seven men and women were sentenced to transportation.
The first doctor was Christopher Russell, who settled in Scotch Block in 1833 and married John Stewart's daughter. They remained there until 1841. Mail delivery on horseback began in 1836, and occurred twice weekly. In 1837, John Stewart participated in the Upper Canada Rebellion and was sentenced to transportation.
Ruby, Cripps, master, made one voyage from Calcutta to Port Jackson in 1811. She was carrying merchandise and three convicts, sentenced to transportation in Bengal. She left her pilot on 28 June and reached Bencoolen on 4 August. She took on water there and sailed again four days later.
He was convicted and sentenced to transportation, later commuted to banishment. Bishop Stock gave evidence in his favour. He returned to France, apparently having "carried off from Dublin another man's wife", serving in Germany and Portugal. He was one of the first to be admitted, on 1 October 1807, to the Legion d'Honneur.
Happy Marriage of the Prince of Wales, and The Royal Manx Railway, or £5 of wit for a penny. He was twice sentenced for robbery, first in 1843 and second in 1851. In 1843, he was sentenced to transportation to Australia, but was pardoned and released in July 1847. He also preached.
The 'single gentleman' and Kit's mother go after them unsuccessfully, and encounter Quilp, who is also hunting for the runaways. Quilp forms a grudge against Kit and has him framed as a thief. Kit is sentenced to transportation. However, Dick Swiveller proves Kit's innocence with the help of his friend the Marchioness.
It legitimised transportation as a direct sentence, thus simplifying the penal process.Beattie, 1986, p. 503 Non-capital convicts (clergyable felons usually destined for branding on the thumb, and petty larceny convicts usually destined for public whipping)Beattie, 2001, p. 428 were directly sentenced to transportation to the American colonies for seven years.
"The Black Velvet Band" (Roud number 2146) is a traditional folk song collected from singers in Ireland, Australia, England, Canada and the United States describing how a young man is tricked and then sentenced to transportation to Australia, a common punishment in the British Empire during the 19th century. Versions were also published on broadsides.
Guide was a convict ship that transported six convicts from Calcutta, India to Fremantle, Western Australia in 1855. It arrived in Fremantle on 9 January 1855. The six convicts were all soldiers who had been convicted by court- martial and sentenced to transportation. In addition to the convicts, there were 16 passengers on board.
General Godwin was a convict ship that transported fifteen convicts from Calcutta, India to Fremantle, Western Australia in 1854. It arrived in Fremantle on 28 March 1854. The fifteen convicts were all soldiers who had been convicted by court-martial and sentenced to transportation. In addition to the convicts, there were thirteen passengers on board.
He was sentenced to transportation for life in the Andamans, but was released in 1921. He was probably the first revolutionary from India who went abroad to obtain military and political training. He obtained training from the Russian emigre in Paris.Sarkar, Sumit, Modern India 1885-1947, Macmillan, Madras, 1983, SBN 033390 425 7, pp.
Lucas was born in Leatherhead, Surrey, England, to parents John Lucas & Mary Bradford in 1764. Lucas was tried at the Old Bailey, London on 7 July 1784 for feloniously stealing clothing with a value of 40 shillings. Lucas was sentenced to transportation for seven years and left England on the Scarborough in May 1787.
William Skirving (left) tableau in the Abbot House, Dunfermline William Skirving (c. 1745–1796) was one of the five Scottish Martyrs for Liberty. Active in the cause of universal franchise and other reforms inspired by the French Revolution, they were convicted of sedition in 1793-94, and sentenced to transportation to New South Wales.
The police searched the rest of the absconders. In Kalarpole encounter Deba Gupta, Manoranjan Sen, Rajat Sen and Swadeshranjan Ray were killed while the other two, Subodh and Phani, were wounded and arrested. During 1930–1932, 22 officials and 220 others were killed by revolutionaries in separate incidents. Debi Prasad Gupta's brother was sentenced to transportation for life.
City of Palaces was a convict ship that transported four convicts from Singapore to Fremantle, Western Australia in 1857. It arrived in Fremantle on 8 August 1857. The four convicts were all soldiers and sailors who had been convicted by court-martial in India, and sentenced to transportation. Other than the four convicts, there were no passengers on board.
She delivered 247 to the authorities in Hobart Town. On her voyage she stopped at Cape Town where she picked up six more prisoners. Two of these may have been former soldiers of the guard on Somersetshire whom a court martial there had sentenced to transportation for their role in an abortive mutiny.Bateson (1959), p.267.
Robert Taylor (1792-1850) was an English man transported to New South Wales, who became an early Australian businessman. Taylor was originally from Wigan, England. In 1819, he was convicted of larceny and sentenced to transportation to New South Wales for seven years. He was released in 1826, and subsequently became a businessman and landowner in Sydney.
Captain Robert Nosworthy sailed Mariner from Cork on 14 January 1827. She left the Cape of Good Hope on 28 March, having picked up some six more prisoners, who had been sentenced to transportation for crimes they had committed there. She arrived at Port Jackson on 23 May. Mariner embarked 161 male prisoners and two died on the voyage.
Ed. Cecil Hadgraft (1830; Jacaranda, 1962), p. 20. Brought before the magistrate who had chaperoned his wife, he was again sentenced to transportation. He was imprisoned at Port Arthur where, early in 1842, he died possibly after slitting his own throat. He was buried on the Isle of the Dead just off the coast of the prison.
Fleeing to Ireland, Vaux was soon in trouble again. In August 1830 he was convicted at Dublin, under the alias James Young, for using forged banknotes. He pleaded guilty and, was sentenced to transportation for seven years. While this offence usually attracted a more severe penalty, Vaux had written to the bank whose notes were forged and obtained their support for leniency.
He lived with his mother and was never sure of his biological father as he was born illegitimate. Burgess in his early teens was seduced by the pick pocketing and robbery trade. He was arrested several times and was sentenced to transportation to New South Wales, Australia in 1847. He preyed on gold miners in Australia and was arrested a number of times.
More than 165,000 convicts were transported to Australian colonies from 1788 to 1868.Convict Records, Ancestry.co.uk Most British or Irish convicts who were sentenced to transportation, however, completed their sentences in British jails and were not transported at all. It is estimated that in the last 50 years more than 50 million people have been sent to Chinese laogai camps.
Jemmie is to tell him that Moll Flanders needs his help or Sir Richard's wife will hear about Moll's sexual relationship with her husband. Jemmie appears in court and is sentenced to transportation to Virginia. Moll's sentence is to hang. As the noose is around her neck, Jemmie rides up and shouts that her sentence has been commuted to transportation.
She went underground after her release on bail. On 17 February 1933 the police encircled their hiding place in gairila village, and that raid Surya Sen was arrested but Kalpana was able to escape from there. She was finally arrested on 19 May 1933. In the second supplementary trial of the Chittagong armoury raid case, Kalpana was sentenced to transportation for life.
Guard was born in London in 1791 or 1792. On 17 March 1813 at age 21, the stonecutter was convicted of stealing a quilt"Jack Guard and his Family" , Te Papa and sentenced to transportation and five years hard labour. At the end of his sentence, he worked as a sealer, and after five or six years had his own boat and crew.
He was tried before Sir William Alexander, C.B., "On an indictment for sending a threatening letter...accus[ing] of an infamous crime" and sentenced to transportation for life. He was 18 years old at the time. The next year he was put aboard the convict ship Midas, which sailed for Sydney Cove.Crown cases reserved for consideration and decided by the judges of England.
After an outstandingly scrupulous hearing at Wicklow (north of Wexford), Dempsey was found not guilty of both murder charges but was sentenced to transportation for life as a rebel. Dempsey sailed for Australia on the transport ship ‘Atlas’, which left Cork in southern Ireland on 6 July 1802 and reached Sydney in October. He was not accompanied by any of his family.
From around 1600 until the American War of Independence, convicts sentenced to "transportation", often for minor crimes, were carried to America; after that, such convicts were taken to New South Wales, in what is now Australia. Some 20% of modern Australians are descended from transported convicts. The convict era has inspired novels, films, and other cultural works, and it has significantly shaped Australia's national character.
This voyage lasted 96 days, setting a new record. Had she not had to stop at Gibraltar for 10 days to fix a leak she might have made an even faster run. Among the convicts were seven Greeks who had been convicted in 1828 in Malta for piracy and had been sentenced to transportation. They were however unwilling, the first Greek immigrants to Australia.
She was sentenced to transportation for 5 yearsNote: The 5 year term was a clerical error in Mary Spencer's favour. It should have been 7 years. and left England on the Prince of Wales aged about 19 at that time (May 1787). She had no occupation recorded. Mary gave birth to a son, who was named Francis (born and baptised on 1 August 1790 on Norfolk Island).
The barn, before its conversion into flats John Warby (1744? - 1851), a convict, explorer and later farmer was convicted at Hertford England on 3 March 1791 and sentenced to transportation for seven years. He reached Sydney in February 1792 in the ship, "Pitt". On 12 September 1796 he married another convict, Sarah Bentley (1780-1869) who had arrived in the Indispensable in April 1796 at Parramatta.
Initially based on the royal prerogative of mercy,Acts of the Privy Council of England Colonial Series, Vol. I, 1613-1680, p.12. (1908) and later under English Law, transportation was an alternative sentence imposed for a felony. It was typically imposed for offences for which death was deemed too severe. By 1670, as new felonies were defined, the option of being sentenced to transportation was allowed.
The investigation into the Jackson assassination revealed the existence of the Abhinav Bharat Society and the role of the Savarkar brothers in leading it. Vinayak Savarkar was found to have dispatched twenty Browning pistols to India, one of which was used in the Jackson assassination. He was charged in the Jackson murder and sentenced to "transportation" for life. Savarkar was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands in 1910.
Parliament ruled that they should both be allowed to return and be given compensation. Lecesne believed in the law. In 1832, Lecesne was living in England at the Fenchurch buildings in Fenchurch Street, London and on 26 June while walking outside his residence Lecesne was the victim of a pickpocket, Thomas Fielder, who had stolen a handkerchief. For this crime, Fielder, aged 15, was sentenced to transportation for life.
Gerard was beheaded and Vowell was hanged (Fox pleaded guilty and was sentenced to transportation). The same year Ellis was again returned to Parliament for Boston, and in 1656 for Grantham. He was a member of the committee appointed to frame statutes for Durham College in March 1656. In June 1658 he was engaged in the prosecution of John Hewett and John Mordaunt, charged with levying war against the Protector.
The Magistrate of the criminal court, Moulvi Nasrullah Khan, completed the trial in less than a month, charging them with "trying to bring about insurrection against the empire". Jung Bahadur, Bheem Rao, Balakishtayya and Vithoba were sentenced to transportation to life. Jung Bahadur is said to have spent his last days in the Hyderabad prison, where he died. His followers Yeshwanta and Jehangir Ali were sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment.
James Martin was born ca. 1760 in Ballymena, County Antrim, Ireland. He had a wife and son in Exeter and had worked in England for seven years when, at Exeter Assizes on 20 March 1786, he was sentenced to transportation for seven years for stealing eleven screw bolts and other goods, valued at 11 shillings, from Powderham Castle. He was held on the Dunkirk hulk for almost a year.
The Government took the type and proofs of the sixth issue and suppressed future publication. O'Doherty and Williams were arrested on 10 July, along with Martin. [The Nation was suppressed and had its type removed on 28 July]. After two failed trials, O'Doherty was convicted of the same crime as Mitchel on 30 October and sentenced to transportation to Van Diemen's Land for ten years, as was Martin.
Lightfoot was a former convict, born in about 1763 and transported to Australia for seven years for stealing clothing. He arrived with the First Fleet in 1788 on .Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Volume 17 by Royal Australian Historical Society In 1794 Thomas Muir, a Scottish constitutional reformer, was sentenced to transportation for sedition. He arrived in the Colony on the Surprise on 25 October 1794.
On 9 December 1797, Cadman was sentenced to transportation for life at the Worcester assizes, after being arrested at Bewdley on the charge of stealing a horse.Australian Dictionary of Biography, online Edition. Cadman, John (1772–1848) Cadman was transported aboard Barwell, which left Portsmouth, 7 November 1797 and reached Sydney, 18 May 1798.Ozships: Australian Shipping on the net In 1809, Cadman became the coxswain of a government boat.
Only three men, John Gerard, Peter Vowell (a schoolmaster) and Summerset Fox were brought to trial before the High Court of Justice. The trial began on 3 June. Fox pleaded guilty (and was sentenced to transportation to Barbados). The other two were convicted on the evidence of ten of their accomplices, one of whom was Gerard's brother Charles, a youth of nineteen, he himself being but twenty-two.
The investigation into the Jackson assassination revealed the existence of the Abhinav Bharat Society and the role of the Savarkar brothers in leading it. Vinayak Savarkar was found to have dispatched twenty Browning pistols to India, one of which was used in the Jackson assassination. He was charged in the Jackson murder and sentenced to "transportation" for life. Savarkar was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands in 1910.
Sidaway had a de facto spouse, by the name of Mary Marshall (d. 1849). Marshall had been sentenced to transportation for life at the Old Bailey on 23 February 1785 and had arrived in the First Fleet in the Lady Penrhyn. Sidaway died on 13 October 1809, described by the Sydney Gazette as a philanthropist and a respected member of society. Mary Marshall was granted administratrix of all of Sidaway's land and effects.
Eyre was born in Coventry, Warwickshire in England. Aged 13 years in 1794, he was apprenticed to his father, a wool-comber and weaver, and became a Coventry freeman in August 1792. On 23 March 1799 he was sentenced to transportation for seven years for housebreaking, and reached Sydney in the transport Canada in December 1801. Granted a conditional pardon on 4 June 1804, Eyre's early drawings are dated from around this time.
His ill- gotten fortune ends up in the state coffers because he died intestate and his estranged relatives decline to claim it. Squeers is sentenced to transportation to Australia, and, upon hearing this, the boys at Dotheboys Hall rebel against the Squeers family and escape with the assistance of John Browdie. Nicholas becomes a partner in the Cheerybles' firm and marries Madeline. Kate and Frank Cheeryble also marry, as do Tim Linkinwater and Miss LaCreevy.
Mathinna, a Tasmanian Indigenous Australian girl Thomas Bock was an English- Australian artist and an early adopter of photography in Australia. Born in England he was sentenced to transportation in 1823. After gaining his freedom he set himself up as one of Australia's first professional artists and became well known for his portraits of colonists. As early as 1843 he began taking daguerreotypes in Hobart and became one of the earliest commercial photographers in Australia.
The gaol was established in 1852 for imperial convicts transported to Albany as skilled labourers. It initially consisted of a cell block for convicted men and quarters for the warden. The gaol was built with rehabilitation as a key principle and served not only to house inmates but as a hiring depot. Convicts who were sentenced to transportation from England from between 1850 and 1868 often served their time in the gaol.
"The Fields of Athenry" is a song written in 1979 by Pete St. John in the style of an Irish folk ballad. Set during the Great Famine of the 1840s, the lyrics feature a fictional man from near Athenry in County Galway, who stole food for his starving family and has been sentenced to transportation to the Australian penal colony at Botany Bay. It has become a widely known, popular anthem for Irish sports supporters.
James Dalton (died 11 May 1730) was "captain" of a street robbery gang in 18th-century London, England. His father, also James Dalton, was Irish and fought as a sergeant in the British Army in Flanders. He was convicted of street robbery on 3 March 1720 and was sentenced to transportation. On being found in London in 1721, reputedly informed upon by the self-appointed Thief- taker General, Jonathan Wild, the elder Dalton was hanged.
Mitchel was duly charged with this crime. In the Commission Court on 22 May, after the Clerk of the Crown queried the foreman of the jury who said the bill against Mitchel was for "Sedition". The foreman replied, to laughter, "For treason, felony or whatever it is - I know not." On Friday, 26 May, Mitchel was found guilty and was the following day sentenced to transportation for 14 years to Van Diemen's Land.
At their trial Bird was acquitted but William was found guilty and, because this was his second offence, sentenced to transportation for 14 years. On 2 February 1837 William was delivered to the prison hulk Leviathan in Portsmouth Harbour where he was held before being transferred to the ship Mangles which sailed for NSW on 18 March 1837. He arrived in Sydney on 9 July 1837. He had several tattoos on his arms and a scar on his face.
Loveless and his co-defendants (his brother James, their brother-in-law Thomas Standfield, their nephew Thomas Standfield, James Hammett and James Brine) were found guilty at Dorchester Assizes in March 1834, and sentenced to transportation for seven years to the Australian colonies. On 25 May 1833 Loveless was taken to Portsmouth and set sail for Van Dieman's Land, arriving on 4 September 1833.Nigel Kelly, Rosemary Rees, Jane Shuter. Britain, 1750-1900 Heinemann, 1998, p.
In 1794 Thomas Muir, a Scottish constitutional reformer, was sentenced to transportation for sedition. Thomas Muir purchased Lightfoot's farm. Muir also had a cottage on what is now Circular Quay. It is likely that the farm was located at the Jeffrey Street end of Kirribilli (not near Admiralty house) and was named "Huntershill" by Thomas Muir, after his father's home in Scotland. Thomas Muir escaped from the colony in 1796 aboard an American brig, the Otter.
He put up a reward for the capture of Hayes and his accomplices, on top of the government was offering of £1,000. Despite living in the vicinity of Cork, Hayes remained at large. He wrote to Pike to offer his surrender himself for trial if the reward was rescinded. He was finally brought before the Cork spring assizes on 13 April 1801, prosecuted by John Philpot Curran, with Hayes being sentenced to transportation to Botany Bay.
He was soon transferred to the King's Own Regiment. In 1799 his regiment went to the Netherlands to fight against Napoleon, under the command of the Duke of York, where Buckley suffered an injury to his hand. Later, in London, Buckley was convicted of knowingly receiving a bolt of stolen cloth; he insisted he was carrying it for a woman and did not know it was stolen. He was sentenced to transportation to New South Wales for 14 years.
Some convicted criminals from the British Isles who were sentenced to transportation to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries used coins to leave messages of remembrance to loved ones left behind in Britain. The coins were defaced, smoothed and inscribed, either by stippling or engraving, with sometimes touching words of loss. These coins were called "convict love tokens" or "leaden hearts". A number of these tokens are in the collection of the National Museum of Australia.
Marker of Sarah Smith Sarah was born in 1755 to William Michie, the man that built the Michie Tavern near Charlottesville, Virginia. Her father, a Jacobite, was sentenced to transportation for his ideology. He and his family, including the very young Sarah, were brought to the American colonies for a mandatory period of seven years. After the allotted time had passed, William bought a tract of land from Major John Henry and built a permanent family home.
Benjamin Singleton (1788–1853) was a free settler, miller, and explorer of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. He was born in England on 7 August 1788 and arrived in the colony on 14 February 1792 in the Pitt, a convict ship. His father, William, had been sentenced to transportation for seven years, and had brought his wife and two sons with him. An older son, James, arrived as a free settler in 1808.
Although it was agreed that Smith had intended to burgle the warehouse, Smith was only found guilty of theft. He was sentenced to transportation to Virginia. He then lodged an appeal to Sir John Eyles Knight, the Lord Mayor, requesting for physical punishment in lieu of transportation. In spite of his physical disabilities and role as a father of two children, the court took no pity on him and he was taken to Virginia on the Susannah.
James White Humphrey (1832–1898) was a convict transported to Western Australia, and later became one of the colony's ex-convict school teachers. Born in the United Kingdom in 1832, Humphrey worked as a clerk until convicted of forgery and sentenced to transportation. Erickson states that he was transported for life, but other records state fifteen years. Humphrey arrived in Western Australia on board the Stag in 1855, and received his ticket of leave two years later.
Just after John Fielding's death in 1780, the crisis of the administration of criminal law renewed itself – primarily due to three different factors: the first was the rise in crime rates, due to the end of a period of war (in this case the American revolution) and the consequent return in the country of many soldiers and sailors, who now were out of a job. The second factor was directly linked to the first, and concerned the issue of transportation; transportation to the American colonies had been established in 1718 and it began the principal sanction imposed on convicted felons. The loss of the American territories resulted in convicts piling up in inadequate jails, as they continued to be sentenced to transportation, without an actual destination. The government was forced to either find an alternative destination for convicts sentenced to transportation, or an alternative sanction. The third factor concerned the events that took place in London in June 1780, known as the Gordon riots, during which the authorities lost control of the streets of the city.
He also visited Copenhagen. Returning to England in 1784, Semple was arrested for obtaining goods by false pretences, and on 2 September 1786 was sentenced to seven years' transportation. Released on condition of leaving England, he went to Paris: he later claimed to have served on General Jean-François Berruyer's staff, and so to have witnessed in the execution of Louis XVI. Back England to avoid arrest, he was again, on 18 February 1795, sentenced to transportation for defrauding tradesmen.
The first wharf on the shore of Sydney Cove probably dated from around 1792. In 1802 it was replaced with a timber framed wharf called "Hospital Wharf", the first public wharf of the colony (later renamed King's Wharf and Queen's Wharf). Late 18th-century Scottish constitutional reformer Thomas Muir was sentenced to transportation to Sydney for sedition, and had a cottage on what is now Circular Quay. Thomas Muir escaped from the colony in 1796 aboard an American brig, the Otter.
In the aftermath of the battle, almost all of the Hunters were captured and were transported to Kingston for trial. Eleven people, including the Hunter leader Nils von Schoultz, were executed; another 60 were sentenced to transportation to Australia. 40 were acquitted, and another 86 were later pardoned and released. Von Schoultz enjoyed the legal counsel of John A. Macdonald, a prominent young Kingston lawyer who would later become the architect of Canada's Confederation in 1867 and Canada's first prime minister.
Courtenay Courtenay had appeared in Canterbury in 1832, standing unsuccessfully in the December 1832 general election and, although suspected of being an imposter, becoming a popular local figure. He had been convicted of perjury in 1833 after giving evidence in defence of some smugglers. Originally sentenced to transportation, he had been transferred to Barming Heath Asylum after a woman from Cornwall, Catherine Tom, identified him as her missing husband and said he had previously been treated for insanity.Rogers 1961: 69-71.
At his death in 1898, he was described as being either 75 years of age or 81 years of age, suggesting an even wider range of possible birth dates. His mother, Isabella, was a convict, sentenced to transportation for theft. His father, William, and his eldest brother, also William, came with her. Receiving a grant from Governor Lachlan Macquarie in the Narellan area, the Tysons set themselves up as small farmers, later moving with their growing family to East Bargo.
He negotiated with the captain, Ebenezer Dorr ("Dawes") and was given the post of first officer until the skins were sold in China. Otter then engaged in the sealskin and fur transport from the American Pacific coast to China. While leaving Sydney, Péron assisted in the escape of Thomas Muir of Huntershill, a Scottish lawyer tried in 1793 in Edinburgh for sedition and sentenced to transportation to New South Wales in 1794. Péron's chronicles describe the escape and the voyage across the Pacific.
Benjamin Singleton (1788–1853) was a free settler, miller, and explorer of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. He was born in England on 7 August 1788 and arrived in the Colony of New South Wales on 14 February 1792 in the Pitt, a convict ship. His father, William, had been sentenced to transportation for seven years, and had brought his wife and two sons with him. An older son, James, arrived as a free settler in 1808.
Penal transportation was not limited to men or even to adults. Men, women, and children were sentenced to transportation, but its implementation varied by sex and age. From 1660 to 1670, highway robbery, burglary, and horse theft were the offences most often punishable with transportation for men. In those years, five of the nine women who were transported after being sentenced to death were guilty of simple larceny, an offence for which benefit of clergy was not available for women until 1692.
At the March assizes in Launceston he was sentenced to death, a sentence which was commuted to seven years' transportation. He was taken to the prison hulk Dunkirk at Plymouth. His age at that time was given as 26.Gillen 1989, 57 Prison hulks at Portsmouth Following the American War of Independence it was no longer possible to transport convicts to colonies in America and prisoners sentenced to transportation were held on the prison hulks while the government decided on a new destination.
More probably Charlotte resulted from a relationship with a gaoler or marine, although unusually for a child born to a transported woman the name of her father was not registered.Cook 1993, 56–7 Another convict who would eventually form part of the escape party was James Cox. He arrived on the Dunkirk aged 24, already the veteran on one escape attempt. He had been sentenced to death at the Old Bailey for theft from a haberdashers, reprieved and sentenced to transportation.
Although the suburb of Amaroo is newly established, the history of the land upon which the suburb is situated stretches back at least one hundred and fifty years. Amongst the historic remnants from Amaroo's colonial past is Crinigan’s stone cottage located in Wanderer Court Amaroo. John and Maria (née Mansfield) Crinigan lived in a stone cottage at this site from about 1842 until 1863. John was a native of Westmeath, Ireland and at 19 years of age was sentenced to transportation for life for “assaulting habitation”.
The elder Mr. Trevor had once borne the name James Armitage (initials: J. A.) and had been a criminal having embezzled money from the bank where he worked and been caught. He was sentenced to transportation. Once on the ship, the Gloria Scott, bound for Australia from Falmouth, Armitage found out from a neighbouring prisoner that there was a conspiracy to take over the ship. The neighbour, Jack Prendergast, had financed the scheme out of the nearly £250,000 in unrecovered money from his crime.
In 1793 after a show trial in Edinburgh for advocating democratic parliamentary reforms and votes for all men, they were sentenced to transportation to Botany Bay Australia for sedition. Two years later in 1796, Muir dramatically escaped from Botany Bay on the French ship the Otter for America. After a voyage across the uncharted Pacific Ocean the Otter reached Nootka Sound,Vancouver Island June 1796. The diaries of the first mate Pierre François Péron describe Muir's escape and voyage across the Pacific as far as Monterrey, California.
Surviving bollard Surviving perimeter ditch A large circular bollard stands by the river with the inscription: "Near this site stood Millbank Prison which was opened in 1816 and closed in 1890. This buttress stood at the head of the river steps from which, until 1867, prisoners sentenced to transportation embarked on their journey to Australia." Part of the perimeter ditch of the prison survives running between Cureton Street and John Islip Street. It is now used as a clothes-drying area for residents of Wilkie House.
John Tennant was an Australian bushranger who was active around the Canberra district in the mid-1820s. Mount Tennent is named after him as it was on the slopes of this steep mountain behind the village of Tharwa where many people believed he used to hide, although this is now thought to be incorrect.B. Moore, Cotter Country, Canberra, 2006, pp. 148-50. Tennant was born in Belfast, Ireland, and was 29 years old when he was sentenced to transportation to Australia for life in 1823.
Sleyne is commemorated within the neo-gothic St Colman's Cathedral of Cobh. The molded capitals, at the top of the internal columns, depict key scenes of the history of the diocese of Cork and Cloyne, two of which relate to Sleyne's imprisonment and exile. These are entitled Bishop John Baptist Sliney imprisoned in Cork and Bishop Sliney sentenced to transportation to Portugal. Because the cathedral was completed 200 years after Sleyne's death, it is improbable that the images bear any resemblance to Sleyne himself.
After the incident, he was able to flee from Chittagong with Ganesh Ghosh and Jiban Ghoshal. After a short encounter with police in Feni railway station, he took shelter to French territory Chandernagore. But, hearing the news of the torture faced by his fellow revolutionaries who were already in jail, he surrendered to the police on 28 June 1930 in Calcutta and faced the trial. In the trial, he was sentenced to transportation for life and sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair.
James Martin (also spelled 'Martyn') was born c. 1760 in Ballymena, County Antrim. He had a wife and son in Exeter and had worked in England for seven years when, at Exeter Assizes on 20 March 1786, he was sentenced to transportation for seven years for stealing eleven screw bolts and other goods from Powderham Castle. He was held on the Dunkirk hulk for almost a year, and was embarked upon Charlotte on 11 March 1787, by which he was transported to New South Wales.
Granville Somerset and Benjamin Hall spoke in Frost's defence, and, in his summing up, Lord Chief Justice Tindal drew attention to the complete certainty needed for a conviction, suggesting his desire for an acquittal. All eight men were found guilty, but the jury added a recommendation for mercy. On 16 January 1840, the judge sentenced Frost, Jones and Williams to be hanged, drawn and quartered; they were the last men in Britain to be sentenced to that punishment. The other five men were sentenced to transportation.
One of the key characters in Charles Dickens's novel Great Expectations is an escaped convict, Abel Magwitch. Pip helps him in the opening pages of the novel, and he later turns out to be Pip's secret benefactor – the source of his "great expectations". Magwitch, who had been apprehended shortly after the young Pip had helped him, was thereafter sentenced to transportation for life to New South Wales in Australia. While so exiled, he earned the fortune that he later would use to help Pip.
Ganesh Dāmodar Sāvarkar (13 June 1879 - 16 March 1945), also called Babarao Savarkar, was an Indian freedom fighter, nationalist, and founder of the Abhinav Bharat Society. Ganesh was the eldest of the Savarkar brothers, Ganesh, Vinayak, and Narayan, they also had a sister Mainabai, who was the penultimate child of their parents, Narayan being the youngest. His parent's death laid the liability of his family at an age of twenty years. He led an armed movement against the British colonial government in India, he was sentenced to transportation for life as a result.
There are two monuments in Hobart, Tasmania's capital city, commemorating the Canadian convict presence in Tasmania, one at Sandy Bay and the other in Prince's Park, Battery Point. The rebels from Lower Canada were French Canadians known as les patriotes. Like their Upper Canada counterparts, they rebelled against the appointed oligarchy that administered the colony and les patriotes, along with their English-speaking neighbours, clamoured for responsible government. As with the Upper Canada rebellions, the armed insurrections in Lower Canada also failed and 58 French Canadians were sentenced to transportation to New South Wales.
According to Sargent, the Guard was the "first full-time military unit raised in Australia". The Guard carried the governor's despatches sent to far-flung garrison outposts across the colony and was particularly busy in the early years due to unrest among newly arrived Irish convicts. Many of these men were Republican revolutionaries, members of the Society of United Irishmen sentenced to transportation following capture after the 21 June 1798 Battle of Vinegar Hill. By 1 March 1802, the unit had dwindled to just the corporal and four privates.
This was discovered, and in 1834 they were convicted of swearing unlawful oaths, and they were sentenced to transportation for seven years. They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs and there was a large and successful campaign led by William Lovett to reduce their sentence. They were issued with a free pardon in March 1836. The organisation was riven by disagreement over the approach to take, given that many strikes had been lost, the Tolpuddle case had discouraged workers from joining unions, and several new unions had collapsed.
The Tipperary by-election of February 1875 took place on 16 February 1875. The by-election, to one of two seats in the House of Commons constituency of Tipperary, arose due to the resignation of the incumbent MP, Charles William White of the Home Rule League. Immediately on news of White's resignation, there was speculation that John Mitchel, the Fenian campaigner, would be a candidate. Mitchel had been convicted of treason in 1848 on the basis of writings which were considered seditious, and sentenced to transportation for 14 years.
Richard Cameron was killed in July 1680 The assassination of Archbishop Sharp by Covenanter radicals in May 1679 led to a revolt that ended at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge in June. Although battlefield casualties were relatively few, over 1,200 prisoners were sentenced to transportation, the chief prosecutor being Lord Advocate Rosehaugh. Claims of undocumented, indiscriminate killing in the aftermath of the battle have also been made. Defeat split the movement split into moderates, and extremists headed by Donald Cargill and Richard Cameron who issued the Sanquhar Declaration in June 1680.
George Barrington being tried at The Old Bailey, 17 September 1790 In 1771 he robbed his schoolmaster at Dublin and ran away from school, becoming a member of a touring theatrical company at Drogheda under the assumed name of Barrington. At the Limerick races he joined the manager of the company in picking pockets. The manager was detected and sentenced to transportation, and Barrington fled to London, where he assumed clerical dress and continued his pickpocketing. At Covent Garden theatre he robbed the Russian Count Orlov of a snuffbox, said to be worth £30,000.
Dell's Hole in nearby Earls Colne is named after Mr Dell who was attacked by the gang as he made his way home after a day at Coggeshall market. During a raid on a farmhouse one of the gang was recognised, and was soon arrested: the captain of the gang promised to care for his family if he refused to identify his partners-in-crime. He was sentenced to transportation for fifteen years. After the trial his mother told him his family were not being helped by the gang so he turned Queen's evidence.
Solomon's trial at the Old Bailey in June 1830 caused a sensation, and was extensively reported in the newspapers and the pamphlets of the day. As there are strong similarities between his trial and Fagin's trial in Oliver Twist (Ch 52) it is highly likely that Dickens used it as the basis for Fagin's trial. Solomon was tried at the Old Bailey on eight charges of receiving stolen goods, found guilty on two, and sentenced to transportation for fourteen years.Proceedings of the Old Bailey – ISAAC SOLOMON, Theft > receiving, 8 July 1830.
Davis was born in Broomielaw, Scotland and was apprenticed for a period at Old Wynd, Glasgow. In 1824, he was sentenced to transportation to Australia for seven years for stealing 2 shillings 6 pence from a church box in Surrey, arriving in New South Wales in August 1825. In 1828 he was tried for robbery at Patrick's Plains and was sentenced to three years imprisonment at Brisbane (the Moreton Bay penal settlement). Six weeks after his arrival in February 1829, he escaped with a companion and they soon joined a group of Aboriginals led by Pamby-Pamby.
In 1729, Gay wrote a sequel, Polly, set in the West Indies: Macheath, sentenced to transportation, has escaped and become a pirate, while Mrs Trapes has set up in white-slaving and shanghais Polly to sell her to the wealthy planter Mr Ducat. Polly escapes dressed as a boy, and after many adventures marries the son of a Carib chief. The political satire, however, was even more pointed in Polly than in The Beggar's Opera, with the result that Prime Minister Robert Walpole leaned on the Lord Chamberlain to have it banned, and it was not performed until fifty years later.O'Shaughnessy, Toni-Lynn.
He was sentenced to transportation for ten years for forging an order for goods, but first he had to spend nine months in solitary confinement, then time in the new Parkhurst gaol for juvenile offenders. Wroth's family supplied him with items that he would need in his new life, including an exercise book that he used as a diary, describing shipboard life in detail. He made a sketch of the ship and its fittings, and described what the convicts wore and ate. He also practised his shorthand, which would serve him well in his future life in the colony.
Meanwhile, Captain Charles Cunningham of , which was there for a refit, persuaded his crew to return to duty and slipped off to Sheerness. This was seen as a signal to others to do likewise, and eventually, most ships slipped their anchors and deserted (some under fire from the mutineers), and the mutiny failed. Parker was quickly convicted of treason and piracy and hanged from the yardarm of Sandwich, the vessel where the mutiny had started. In the reprisals which followed, 29 were hanged, 29 were imprisoned, and nine were flogged, while others were sentenced to transportation to Australia.
While he was being held in jail as an undertrial prisoner, Lal participated in a historic hunger strike by HSRA members. At the conclusion of the trial in the Lahore Conspiracy Case 1929, the judge sentenced Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev to death by hanging. Kishori Lal was sentenced to transportation for life- He served his 18-year sentence in the jails of Lahore, Multan and Montgomery- He spent nearly five years in solitary confinement due to his rebellious nature. While in jail, he came in contact with a number of communist prisoners and started reading Marxist literature.
The Badger escape plot likely originated with convict George Darby, a former a Royal Navy lieutenant who served at the Battle of Navarino under Lord Cochrane. In 1830, he was convicted of stealing from the York House Hotel in Bath and sentenced to transportation for life to Van Diemen's Land. While in confinement at Plymoth, he met master mariner William Philp, due to be transported for life for blowing up a sloop with gunpowder in Penzance harbour. The pair, believing they were to be sent on the same ship, laid a plot to seize it, but were found out.
William Bannon ( – 27 February 1904) was an Irishman who served in the British 65th Regiment of Foot in the New Zealand Wars in the 1840s. In 1849 he was found guilty of desertion and theft and was sentenced to transportation for seven years to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania, Australia). A reward was posted for Bannon's capture after he escaped from a prison in Van Diemen's Land and, following his capture, he was transported to Norfolk Island before returning to Australia. "Murdering Gully Rd" at Table Cape, Tasmania is named after a murder that Bannon was accused of committing in 1858.
The novel tells the story of Maida Gwynham, a young woman lured into committing a forgery by her dishonest lover and wrongly convicted of infanticide. She is sentenced to transportation for life to Van Diemen's Land, where she is assigned to a Hobart family as a domestic servant. The novel describes the sea voyage to Australia and life in Hobart Town and Port Arthur for both convicts and free settlers. The "broad arrow" of the novel's title refers to the arrow that was stamped onto the clothing issued to convicts, indicating that it remained the property of the British government.
By an Act of Parliament of 1843, Millbank's status was downgraded, and it became a holding depot for convicts prior to transportation. Every person sentenced to transportation was sent to Millbank first, where they were held for three months before their final destination was decided. By 1850, around 4,000 people were condemned annually to transportation from the UK. Prisoners awaiting transportation were kept in solitary confinement and restricted to silence for the first half of their sentence. Large-scale transportation ended in 1853 (although the practice continued on a reduced scale until 1867); and Millbank then became an ordinary local prison, and from 1870 a military prison.
In 1684, the remaining Society People posted an Apologetical Declaration on several market crosses, which informed servants of the government that they pursued the lives of its members at the risk of their own. In response to this new element of outright political sedition, the Scottish Privy Council authorised extrajudicial field executions of those caught in arms or those who refused to swear loyalty to the King. This more intense phase of persecution, later known in Protestant historiography as "the Killing Time", led to dissenters being summarily executed by the dragoons of James Graham, Laird of Claverhouse or sentenced to transportation or death by Sir George Mackenzie, the Lord Advocate.
Owing to the delay in his trial, an attempt was made to force Moore's release under the writ of habeas corpus. However, this was unsuccessful. Moore was subsequently sentenced to transportation. According to contemporary accounts, the "lenity" of Lord Cornwallis to Moore "and other rebels, gave considerable offence to the violent loyalists".id=w_ABAAAAMAAJ&pg;=PA93&lpg;=PA93&dq;=humbert+%22for+the+province+of+connaught%22&source;=web&ots;=7R7oCCg9vB&sig;=KF6yhlI3JNbFfCvdO_7OKR8-njo#PPP7,M1 R.R. Madden, The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times, 1846 While being taken to Duncannon Fort in Wexford, en route to New Geneva, he died in the Royal Oak Coaching Inn, Broad Street, Waterford City.
Official attempts to suppress these led to a rising in 1679, defeated by James, Duke of Monmouth, the King's illegitimate son, at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 238. In the early 1680s a more intense phase of persecution began, in what was later to be known in Protestant historiography as "the Killing Time", with dissenters summarily executed by the dragoons of James Graham, Laird of Claverhouse or sentenced to transportation or death by Sir George Mackenzie, the Lord Advocate.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 241.
Vaiben and his brother Emanuel Solomon were arrested at a boarding house in Northallerton on the evening of 16 October 1816, charged with having broken into a farm house and stealing a quantity of clothing, the property of Thomas Prest, some of which they had already sold. They were subsequently committed for trial at the Durham Assizes, which took place on 6 August 1817. They were found guilty of theft, but not of breaking and entering (which was then a capital offence) and sentenced to transportation for seven years. They were taken away to Woolwich, where they were incarcerated in a hulk named Justitia moored in the River Thames.
300px English settlement began in the early 1730s after James Oglethorpe, a Member of Parliament, proposed that the area be colonized with the "worthy poor" of England, to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors' prisons. Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9, 1732.Colonial charters, grants and related documents The misconception of Georgia's having been founded as a debtor or penal colony persists due to the numerous English convicts who were later sentenced to transportation to Georgia. With the motto, "Not for ourselves, but for others," the Trustees selected colonists for Georgia.
In 1883, Tullamore replaced Daingean as the focal point of the county, being on a railway line. As a result, Philipstown was demoted from county town to village and as a result lost most of its political status. With the foundation of the Free State in 1922, the village was renamed Daingean, at the same time as County Offaly replaced the old style of King's County.Title deeds to land still show the name "King's County" in 2019 In the 1850s the jail (then known as Philipstown Gaol) was used to detain people who were convicted and sentenced to transportation to Australia while they waited for a ship to transport them.
His mother remarried a butcher, but both were convicted and sentenced to transportation. By then, the younger Dalton had already begun his criminal career. James Dalton got into the company of thieves as a youngster, picking pockets, breaking shops, and robbing people on the street, in the Smithfield and Old Bailey area. It is reported that he went on two trips to Bristol, to practice his calling there; and he was convicted and transported (but persuaded the crew to mutiny near Cape Finisterre), was pressed into HMS Hampshire, and was a spectator of the siege of Gibraltar in 1727, and thence returned to London, although this account may be somewhat fanciful.
When he awakes the following morning, she has taken all his money and even his clothes, insisting that they are in "Kelly's locker", a pawn shop. When he fails to find his clothes in the pawn shop, he contacts the police. She is found guilty of theft and sentenced to transportation to Botany Bay. While the most famous version of the chorus contains the line "she'll never walk down Lime Street any more", Stan Hugill in his Shanties from the Seven Seas writes that in different versions several streets are named, referring to different historical red light areas of Liverpool, including Paradise Street, Peter Street and Park Lane.
Bodmin Jail, operational for over 150 years but now a semi-ruin, was built in the late 18th century, and was the first British prison to hold prisoners in separate cells (though often up to ten at a time) rather than communally. Over fifty prisoners condemned at the Bodmin Assize Court were hanged at the prison. It was also used for temporarily holding prisoners sentenced to transportation, awaiting transfer to the prison hulks lying in the highest navigable reaches of the River Fowey. Also, during the First World War the prison held some of Britain's priceless national treasures including the Domesday Book, the ring and the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
Relief of "Bishop Sliney sentenced to transportation from Cove to Lisbon". St. Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, Co. Cork. Typical Anglo-Norman families such as Sleyne's, would have possessed resources to support Gaelic culture and language. Sleyne was among the literati clergy who had replaced the native ruling families as patrons of Sráid-éigse (Gaelic or Street poetry) in the second half of the seventeenth, and who believed that "gurb ionann caomhnú na Gaeilge and caomhnú an Chreidimh chaitlicí agus fós gurbh í an gheilge an chosaint ab fhearr ar an bProstastúnachas (the preservation of the Irish language and the preservation of the Catholic Faith is one of the most important defenses against Protestantism)".
The other was Henry Clarke, who had already previously been convicted of the crime and sentenced to transportation, and who gave evidence for the prosecution in this trial. At the time of the burglary, in January 1851, Dinham and her husband were keeping an inn in Abergavenny. The house that was burgled was in Usk, which is about 11 miles from Abergavenny, but the police suspected that the culprits had come from Abergavenny because some of the stolen items were found along the road between the two towns. Continuing their investigations, the police visited the Dinhams' public house and spotted other items that they suspected had been taken from the house in Usk.
Back then, children could be held responsible for their actions from the age of 7 onward (even if they were not considered adults until the age of 14) and could therefore undergo different types of punishments; those who received a death sentence, though, were very likely to obtain a pardon, and be sentenced to transportation instead. In fact, there is no evidence any of the 16 boys and two girls who did receive a death sentence throughout the 18th century has actually been executed. It wasn't until 1847 that a Juvenile Offenders Act was approved, allowing young people under the age of 14 (and eventually 16) to be tried by a special court.
On 22 December 1843 Davies was tried at Carmarthen assizes under the charge of demolishing the turnpike at Spudder's Bridge near Kidwelly. Davies was found guilty and was sentenced to transportation for 20 years; 'Shoni' was given a life sentence for attempted murder after shooting a man in Pontyberem. After sentencing, Davies was held at Carmarthen, and while awaiting transportation he wrote the poem now known as the Threnody of Dai'r Cantwr, described by Professor David Williams as 'not without literary merits'. On 5 February 1844 he was moved to the Millbank Penitentiary and remained there until 12 March when he was transported on the London to Van Diemen's Land, modern-day Tasmania.
Beyond London, St John's Church, Workington was built in 1823 to Hardwick's design and although built of local sandstone it bears some resemblance to the Inigo Jones St Paul's Church in Covent Garden which Hardwick had previously restored. As well as churches, he also designed some civic buildings, including the Shire Hall in Dorchester, Dorset. Built in 1797, this building (also now a Grade I listed building) retains the courtroom where the Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to transportation to Australia for their part in the early trade union movement in 1834. Hardwick was appointed Clerk of Works at Hampton Court by King George III, following which he also work at Kew Palace and its gardens.
In 1817 Bock was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Arts and Commerce for an engraving of a portrait.William Bryden, 'Bock, Thomas (1790–1855)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1966 In April 1823, Bock was found guilty at the Warwick Assizes of administering drugs to a young woman (his mistress, whose baby he wished to abort) and sentenced to transportation to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), arriving in January 1824 aboard the Asia. He was set to work preparing plates for banknotes, and then to official assignments making portraits of recently executed criminals and engraved the plates for 1829, 1830 and 1835 Hobart Town Almanack's published by Dr James Ross.
The story begins in New South Wales, where Laurence has been sentenced to "transportation" for his treasonous actions in Empire of Ivory. With him is Temeraire; Captain Granby and his firebreathing Kazilik Iskierka; Tenzing Tharkay, his half-Nepalese friend; Tom Riley, captain of HMS Allegiance which sailed them hence; and three dragon eggs, sent by Admiral Jane Roland to form the foundation of New South Wales' Aerial Corps. Dropping by Van Diemen's Land to resupply, Allegiance discovered William Bligh, late of , exiled there after being deposed in a military coup, and have since borne him to Sydney. Bligh wishes for Laurence to restore him to the governorship, whereas Colonel John Macarthur, architect of the rebellion, wishes them to stay on the sidelines, awaiting a decision from London.
J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 238. In the early 1680s a more intense phase of persecution began, in what was later to be known in Protestant historiography as "the Killing Time", with dissenters summarily executed by the dragoons of James Graham, Laird of Claverhouse or sentenced to transportation or death by Sir George Mackenzie, the Lord Advocate.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 241. In England, the Exclusion crisis of 1678–81 divided political society into Whigs (given their name after the Scottish Whigamores), who attempted, unsuccessfully, to exclude the openly Catholic Duke of Albany from the succession, and the Tories, who opposed them.
Accessed December 2014.Copenhagen Fields The Model Railway Club, Accessed December 2014. From this site on 21 April 1834 thousands marched in support of The Tolpuddle Martyrs who had been sentenced to transportation to Australia for forming a trade union.Plaque: Tolpuddle Martyrs at Copenhagen Fields 2014 London Remembers. Accessed December 2014. Market Road Gardens, an open space directly above the tunnels, are a present-day surviving remnant of the Fields. The area above the southern tunnel portal was used for a rail line going to the Caledonian Road Coal and Goods Depot (now Bunning Street) which passed along the parapet of the tunnel entrance. This was situated conveniently close to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, located on the ground above the tunnels from 1855 to 1963.
In 1834, James Frampton, a magistrate and local landowner in Tolpuddle, wrote to Home Secretary Lord Melbourne to complain about the union, who recommended Frampton invoke the Unlawful Oaths Act 1797, an obscure law promulgated in response to the Spithead and Nore mutinies which prohibited the swearing of secret oaths. The Friendly Society's members: James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, George's brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas's son John Standfield, were arrested. They were tried together before the judge Sir John Williams in the case R v Lovelass and Others.(1834) 6 Carrington and Payne 596, 172 E.R. 1380; also reported in (1834) 1 Moody and Robinson 349, 174 E.R. 119 All six were found guilty of swearing secret oaths and sentenced to transportation to Australia.
Engraving of Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist The people those children would steal from often found themselves in only slightly better circumstances, and the stolen items would consist of a few yards of linen, a pair of shoes, some handkerchiefs or anything they could get their hands on. During the eighteenth century, about 125 boys and girls whose age was at most fourteen were tried at the Old Bailey for either theft or violent theft, 77 of whom were convicted of grand larceny. Way below came burglary, theft from a specified place and shoplifting, amongst others. Almost half of them were sentenced to transportation (57 out of 125), 18 were condemned to death, while the others faced several different punishments, or, in a few cases, no punishment at all.
Old Bailey Online, Hertzig Brandham, 11 April 1821. In June 1821 Plunkett testified in two cases of pocket-picking, one of which had taken him back to George Yard.Old Bailey Online, 6 June 1821: Robert Lloyd; Henry Copas. In September two women who had accosted a man walking home at 2 a.m. and had taken 27 shillings from him were sentenced to transportation for life.Old Bailey Online, Catherine Sullivan and Catherine Bryan, 12 September 1821. A year later Plunkett and his colleague John Clark went after two women known to them who were accused of stealing a coat and 35 sovereigns from a retired excise-officer in the street, but although the coat was found the court had doubt of their guilt.Old Bailey Online, Hannah Stanton and Esther Cummins, 11 September 1822.
Rufus is found not guilty of the murder but guilty of the robbery of the corpse and sentenced to transportation to the penal colony of Australia. In 1827, Dawes is shipped to Van Diemen's Land on the Malabar, which also carries Captain Vickers, who is to become the new commander of the penal settlement at Macquarie Harbour, his wife Julia and child Sylvia, Julia's maid, one Sarah Purfoy and Lieutenant Maurice Frere, Richard Devine's cousin, son of Sir Richard's sister, who would have inherited the fortune in Richard's place. It turns out that Sarah is on the vessel only to free her lover, John Rex. She organises a mutiny with the help of three other men: Gabbett, James "Jemmy" Vetch or "the Crow" and a man nicknamed "the moocher", while John Rex is in hospital with the fever.
In some countries and historical periods, however, prison labour has been forced upon people who have been victims of prejudice, convicted of political crimes, convicted of "victimless crimes", or people who committed theft or related offences because they lacked any other means of subsistence—categories of people who typically are entitled to compassion according to current ethical ideas. Three British colonies in Australia—New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and Western Australia—are three examples of the state use of convict labour. Australia received thousands of convict labourers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who were given sentences for crimes ranging from those now considered to be minor misdemeanors to such serious offences as murder, rape and incest. A considerable number of Irish convicts were sentenced to transportation for 'treason' while fighting for Irish independence from British rule.
Well-educated but adventurous young British aristocrat, Richard Devine, son of Sir Richard Devine, learns his Mother's secret - his biological father is in fact Lord Bellasis. To protect his mother's reputation, he leaves home to take ship to India, but is arrested after Lord Bellasis is murdered. He is tried for murder and acquitted but found guilty of theft of a pocket-watch which was given him by Lord Bellasis. Under the alias of Rufus Dawes, he is sentenced to transportation for life. Dawes is shipped to Van Diemen's Land on the Malabar, which also carries Captain Vickers, who is to become the new commandant of the penal settlement at Macquarie Harbour, his wife Julia and child Sylvia, Julia's maid, Sarah Purfoy and Lieutenant Maurice Frere, During the voyage, Dawes starts to tutor an illiterate young convict boy, known as ‘Blinker’, in the basics of arithmetic.
An appeal for clemency was rejected by the judge and Darkin was sentenced to death by hanging. The trial lasted less than one day; James Woodforde the clergyman, who was a student at Oxford at the time, attended the Assizes that day and recorded in his diary that over the course of four hours one man (Darkin) was sentenced to death, seven were sentenced to transportation and one was sentenced to be burnt on the hand and then released. (Woodforde was among the many who visited Darkin in his gaol cell.) While in prison awaiting his fate, he was reported to have drunk freely and entertained himself (and others) by reading from The Beggar's Opera, identifying with the character of Macheath. It was noted that he gave much attention to his attire and as the London Chronicle reported, had "his hair dressed in the most fashionable manner every morning".
Samuel Lyons (1791 - 3 August 1851) was a pardoned convict from London who rose to prominence in the Australian colony of New South Wales as a landowner and businessman. A tailor by trade, Lyons was sentenced to transportation for life in 1814 for theft. He reached Sydney in January 1815. He made an attempt to escape in April, but was brought back to Sydney in February 1816. In August 1816 he was taken to Hobart and in April 1817 he again unsuccessfully tried to escape. On 24 July 1819, for robbing government stores at Hobart, he was sentenced to receive 200 lashes and 4 years at Newcastle. Lyons married Mary Murphy on 20 May 1822 according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. He returned to Sydney in 1823 and opened a small store in Pitt Street and received a conditional pardon in March 1825 and an absolute pardon in May 1832.
O'Doherty was born in Dublin on 7 September 1823, although other sources including the Dictionary of Australasian Biography indicate he was born in June 1824. Charles Gavan Duffy, in his My Life in Two Hemispheres, states that O'Doherty was still under age when he was arrested in July 1848; however, Gavan Duffy was writing 50 years later. O'Doherty received a good education and studied medicine, but before he was qualified, joined the Young Ireland party and in June 1848, together with Thomas Antisell and Richard D'Alton Williams, established The Irish Tribune. Only five editions were issued, the first being on 10 June 1848. On 10 July 1848, when the fifth edition was issued, O'Doherty was arrested and charged with treason-felony. At the first and second trials the juries disagreed, but at the third trial he was found guilty and sentenced to transportation for 10 years. O'Doherty arrived in Tasmania in November 1849, was at once released on parole to reside at Oatlands, and his professional services were utilised at St. Mary's Hospital, Hobart. The other Irish prisoners nicknamed him 'St Kevin'.

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