But many associate it with disposable quality and complex self-assembly.
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"The mathematical literature on synthetic self-assembly is quite thin," Menon said.
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See more work from MIT's Self-Assembly Lab here, and Steelcase's work here.
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Tell me about your famous 2009 Nature paper that linked self-assembly with entropy.
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Surprisingly, self-assembly might actually be an easier and cheaper way to build electronics.
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One of the phases of this self-assembly is a big, floating worm spiral.
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Self-assembly is what happens when the baseballs spontaneously organize themselves into a recognizable pattern.
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MIT's Self-Assembly Lab teamed up with Google to create this shape-shifting conference room.
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Despite its self-assembly, shoppers say it takes only an hour or so to build.
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Given how quickly Chris put them in, I figured self-assembly would be a breeze.
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IKEA, known for its flat-packed self-assembly furniture, owns 14 hypermarkets in 11 Russian cities.
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The Self-Assembly Lab's programmable materials have straddled the boundary between art, design, and science for years.
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But the researchers wanted to learn more about individual ants, and how they worked during self-assembly.
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I began to study these models to see if they were flexible enough to model synthetic self-assembly.
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Automated self-assembly is a tempting carrot in the world of cutting-edge robotics, and it's obvious why.
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The prototype, developed by MIT's Self-Assembly Lab, is able to piece itself together in less than a minute.
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The Self-Assembly Lab's innovation is different in that it requires no motors or human interaction of any kind.
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He saw himself as a work in progress (self-assembly required), and even his name was subject to revision.
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"There's a legacy of active materials in fashion," Self-Assembly Lab co-director and founder Skylar TIbbits tells The Creators Project.
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Click here to view original GIFMIT's self-assembly lab has created cell phones that build themselves, in a manner of speaking.
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A meta-task in which ants use their bodies to create structures or tools is referred to, quite appropriately, as self-assembly.
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So far, figuring out how to replicate these natural instances of self-assembly with an algorithm and some robots has proven to be challenging.
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That's just one possible application of a new metamaterial called an "active auxetic" in development at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology's Self-Assembly Lab.
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The self-assembly, aided only by an Allen key and diagrams, could be infuriating, but piecing together IKEA's accounts, this paper wrote in 2006, was even more exasperating.
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Privately held IKEA, known for its budget home furnishing and self-assembly furniture in giant out-of-town warehouse stores, has the bulk of its business in Europe.
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As with so much of modern life, the supply chain for a love seat, ottoman, or coffee table is longer and more complicated than an Ikea self-assembly manual.
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Their accomplishment has gained further attention because only this past February the teams also announced a similar discovery about the self-assembly of a virus related to the common cold.
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Swedish audio company Teenage Engineering is expanding their popular Pocket Operator synth line with a new line of self-assembly modular units called the 16, the 3.53, and the 400.
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Researchers at MIT's Self-Assembly Lab have come up with a novel way to both speed up the 3D printing process, and free it from the restrictions imposed by gravity.
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It only takes about one week to design the pattern on the computer, and another week to synthesize the DNA, and the actual self-assembly only takes a few hours.
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Limited speed, scale, and substances are keeping 3D printing from competing with existing industrial manufacturing process like injection molding, casting, and milling according to Self-Assembly Lab director Skylar Tibbits.
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Such microspheres have the neat property of periodic self-assembly, naturally forming into trippy helical crystalline structures that reflect color in ways similar to those of butterfly wings or peacock feathers.
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Some of the most perplexing and awe-inspiring phenomena in nature involve self-assembly, where thousands—sometimes millions—of individual disorganized actors manage to form large, complex structures solely through local interactions.
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Macfadyen laid out step-by step instructions for running a town council in his book "Flatpack Democracy" – a play on the idea that thriving localism could be replicated at scale like self-assembly furniture.
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IKEA's simple but sturdy designs and self-assembly products are now familiar in homes around the globe and the retailer is aiming to generate 50 billion euros ($13 billion) in annual revenues by 2020.
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"You're In Love with Your Hair" was partially made with the 400 — one of Teenage Engineering's self-assembly modular synths — and immediately starts with a ringing, metallic sound that morphs and mutates as the song progresses.
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MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory has come up with a clever way for its small cube-like robots, which can move on their own, to communicate and coordinate with one another for self-assembly.
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After a two-year collaboration, the BMW design department and MIT's Self-Assembly Lab recently announced that it has produced a 3-D-printed inflatable material that can adapt and morph from one state to another.
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People who opt into the regimens of self-assembly gourmet meals pushed by the likes of Blue Apron tend to be the kind of conscious consumers who care about how their fish was caught or their vegetables farmed.
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In an interview with BBC Radio 1 due to be aired later on Monday, West said that he was keen to do a range for the European furniture retailer, known for its affordable, self-assembly furniture and home wares.
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In a poster presented at the Microbiology Society Annual Conference in April, Stockley, Twarock and other researchers describe one of their current areas of focus: using the research on packaging signals and self-assembly to probe a world of synthetic viruses.
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Yet thanks to a new carbon nanotube production technique developed by the University of Wisconsin researchers back in 2014 called floating evaporative self-assembly, they were able to develop ultra-pure carbon nanotubes that could be integrated into a transistor.
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Since the idea for space solar power first cropped up in Isaac Asimov's science fiction in the early 1940s, scientists and engineers have floated dozens of proposals to bring the concept to life, including inflatable solar arrays and robotic self-assembly.
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While sticking to its strategy to keep prices low with large out-of-town stores and self-assembly of products, IKEA is testing new store formats such as smaller downtown stores and pickup-points, as well as rolling out online.
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The company, known for its large warehouse-like out-of-town stores and flat-packed self-assembly furniture, reported a 11.5 percent sales rise to 32.7 billion euros in its previous fiscal year, which runs through the end of August.
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IKEA Group, known for its flat-packed self-assembly furniture and its large out-of-town warehouse stores across around 30 markets, bought TaskRabbit as part of a strategy to boost its service offering to keep up with changing shopper habits and expectations.
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There are currently three emerging fields within DNA nanoscience, the science of creating molecular-sized devices out of DNA: The self-assembly of nanostructures from DNA strands, molecular computation and data storage, and DNA robotics, which is the focus of the study published today in Science.
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Researchers at MIT's Self-Assembly Lab have stepped up their game from an Ikea-like chair that can put itself together: the team built a working cell phone that's self-building, Fast Company reports, using a basic DIY cell phone design create by MIT professor David Mellis as a model.
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As detailed in a paper the Harvard researchers presented at the 2016 Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems conference (and seen in the above video), they managed to create a self-assembling robotic system that is based on a subtractive approach as opposed to the more common additive approaches to autonomous self-assembly robotics.
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MIT Self-Assembly Lab lead Skylar Tibbits told Fast Company he believes scaling the production method used to build this simple cell phone for mass market making is actually easy, and while it wouldn't stem the growing tide of manufacturing automation (it's unlikely anything will), it would reduce the cost of doing so.
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Commonly, the term molecular self- assembly refers to intermolecular self-assembly, while the intramolecular analog is more commonly called folding.
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AFM image of napthalenetetracarboxylic diimide molecules on silver interacting via hydrogen bonding at 77 K. ("Hydrogen bonds" in the top image are exaggerated by artifacts of the imaging technique.) NC-AFM imaging of the molecular self-assembly process of 2-aminoterephthalic acid molecules on calcite(104). Molecular self-assembly is the process by which molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source. There are two types of self-assembly. These are intramolecular self- assembly and intermolecular self-assembly.
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Molecular self-assembly is the construction of systems without guidance or management from an outside source (other than to provide a suitable environment). The molecules are directed to assemble through non- covalent interactions. Self-assembly may be subdivided into intermolecular self-assembly (to form a supramolecular assembly), and intramolecular self- assembly (or folding as demonstrated by foldamers and polypeptides). Molecular self-assembly also allows the construction of larger structures such as micelles, membranes, vesicles, liquid crystals, and is important to crystal engineering.
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AFM imaging of self-assembly of 2-aminoterephthalic acid molecules on (104)-oriented calcite. Self-assembly can be classified as either static or dynamic. In static self-assembly, the ordered state forms as a system approaches equilibrium, reducing its free energy. However, in dynamic self- assembly, patterns of pre-existing components organized by specific local interactions are not commonly described as "self-assembled" by scientists in the associated disciplines.
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The thermodynamics definition of self- assembly was introduced by Nicholas A. Kotov. He describes self-assembly as a process where components of the system acquire non-random spatial distribution with respect to each other and the boundaries of the system. This definition allows one to account for mass and energy fluxes taking place in the self- assembly processes. This process occurs at all size scales, in the form of either static or dynamic self-assembly.
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Schematic (bottom) and electron micrographs (top) of the growth of a honeycomb polystyrene film by breath-figure self-assembly. A water filter membrane prepared by breath-figure self-assembly, viewed at different synthesis steps and magnifications. The membrane material is a mixture of poly(phenylene oxide) and silica nanoparticles. Breath-figure self-assembly is the self- assembly process of formation of honeycomb micro-scaled polymer patterns by the condensation of water droplets.
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Eventually two strategies became popular for the self-assembly of 2D architectures, namely self-assembly following ultra-high-vacuum deposition and annealing and self-assembly at the solid-liquid interface. The design of molecules and conditions leading to the formation of highly-crystalline architectures is considered today a form of 2D crystal engineering at the nanoscopic scale.
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Molecular self-assembly is an important aspect of bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology. Using molecular self-assembly the final (desired) structure is programmed in the shape and functional groups of the molecules. Self-assembly is referred to as a 'bottom-up' manufacturing technique in contrast to a 'top-down' technique such as lithography where the desired final structure is carved from a larger block of matter. In the speculative vision of molecular nanotechnology, microchips of the future might be made by molecular self-assembly.
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Self-assembly based manufacturing refers to a controlled process of using self-assembly and programmable matter to manufacture a product on an industrial scale. In traditional manufacturing and fabrication, there are physical and precision limitations on a workpiece; namely, lower minimal dimension of a workpiece has been a major challenge in modern manufacturing. Engineering self-assembly methods have a significant potentials in overcoming the dimensional limitation of a workpiece. In general, there are three key ingredients in most of self assembly applications: geometry (order), interaction, energy.
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The most common examples of self-assembly at the macroscopic scale can be seen at interfaces between gases and liquids, where molecules can be confined at the nanoscale in the vertical direction and spread over long distances laterally. Examples of self-assembly at gas-liquid interfaces include breath-figures, self-assembled monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films, while crystallization of fullerene whiskers is an example of macroscopic self- assembly in between two liquids. Another remarkable example of macroscopic self-assembly is the formation of thin quasicrystals at an air-liquid interface, which can be built up not only by inorganic, but also by organic molecular units. Self-assembly processes can also be observed in systems of macroscopic building blocks.
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Field combinations possess the greatest potential for future directed self-assembly work.
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Coordination polymers are often prepared by self-assembly, involving crystallization of a metal salt with a ligand. The mechanisms of crystal engineering and molecular self-assembly are relevant. Figure 2. Shows planar geometries with 3 coordination and 6 coordination.
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Echegoyen's research focuses on new materials, complexes of Fullerenes, recognition complexes, and self-assembly.
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The natural ability of nanoparticles to self-assemble can be replicated in systems that do not intrinsically self-assemble. Directed self- assembly (DSA) attempts to mimic the chemical properties of self-assembling systems, while simultaneously controlling the thermodynamic system to maximize self-assembly.
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Here her work considers the self-assembly of nanoparticles and block co-polymers as well as dynamic nanostructures. The organisation of these components can result in functional materials with desirable structures and properties. She has shown that it is possible to make superparamagnetic nanoparticles through the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and amphiphilic polymers. She has also worked on the self-assembly of block co- polymers, including the self-assembly of polythiophene into nanowires.
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The most effective self- assembly director is a combination of external force fields. If the fields and conditions are optimized, self-assembly can be permanent and complete. When a field combination is used with nanoparticles that are tailored to be intrinsically responsive, the most complete assembly is observed. Combinations of fields allow the benefits of self-assembly, such as scalability and simplicity, to be maintained while being able to control orientation and structure formation.
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This leads us to identify one more property of self-assembly, which is generally not observed in materials synthesized by other techniques: reversibility. Self-assembly is a process which is easily influenced by external parameters. This feature can make synthesis rather complex because of the need to control many free parameters. Yet self-assembly has the advantage that a large variety of shapes and functions on many length scales can be obtained.
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At this point, one may argue that any chemical reaction driving atoms and molecules to assemble into larger structures, such as precipitation, could fall into the category of self-assembly. However, there are at least three distinctive features that make self-assembly a distinct concept.
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Thus, self-assembly is emerging as a new strategy in the chemical synthesis of high performance biomaterials.
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Generally, Polymer-Protein hybrids can be synthesized by interfacial self-assembly of protein–polymer conjugates in emulsions.
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Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macromolecular assemblies and biomolecular condensates in living organisms, and so is crucial to the function of cells. It is exhibited in the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the individual strands, and the assembly of proteins to form quaternary structures. Molecular self-assembly of incorrectly folded proteins into insoluble amyloid fibers is responsible for infectious prion-related neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular self-assembly of nanoscale structures plays a role in the growth of the remarkable β-keratin lamellae/setae/spatulae structures used to give geckos the ability to climb walls and adhere to ceilings and rock overhangs.
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A similar hetero-assembly is seen in the ferritins of higher eukaryotes. Bfr from Escherichia coli (EcBfr) which naturally shows structural instability and an incomplete self-assembly behavior by populating two oligomerization states has been used as a model for studies on the self- assembly of minimal protein nano-cages.
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"Dielectrophoretic Self-Assembly of Au Nanorods for Sensing Applications." Iopscience.iop.org. IOP Publishing, 4 Mar. 2016. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.
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He suggests that these structures are material in the wax of the cuticle demonstrating a dynamic molecular Self- assembly.
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For instance, they determine the physical properties of liquids, the solubility of solids, and the organization of molecules in biological membranes. Second, in addition to the strength of the interactions, interactions with varying degrees of specificity can control self-assembly. Self-assembly that is mediated by DNA pairing interactions constitutes the interactions of the highest specificity that have been used to drive self-assembly. At the other extreme, the least specific interactions are possibly those provided by emergent forces that arise from entropy maximization.
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Analogues of Laves phases can be formed by the self-assembly of a colloidal dispersion of two sizes of sphere.
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Common ways of incorporating nanoparticle self-assembly with a flow include Langmuir- Blodgett, dip coating, flow coating and spin coating.
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Self-assembly methods have been shown to be promising methods for tissue engineering. Self-assembly methods have the advantage of allowing tissues to develop their own extracellular matrix, resulting in tissue that better recapitulates biochemical and biomechanical properties of native tissue. Self-assembling engineered articular cartilage was introduced by Jerry Hu and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou in 2006 and applications of the process have resulted in engineered cartilage approaching the strength of native tissue. Self-assembly is a prime technology to get cells grown in a lab to assemble into three-dimensional shapes.
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Alternatively, processes such as molecular self-assembly can be utilized which provide an enhanced level of production speed and feature control.
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This field relies on a variety of research methods, including experimental tools (e.g. imaging, characterization via AFM/optical tweezers etc.), x-ray diffraction based tools, synthesis via self-assembly, characterization of self-assembly (using e.g. MP-SPR, DPI, recombinant DNA methods, etc.), theory (e.g. statistical mechanics, nanomechanics, etc.), as well as computational approaches (bottom-up multi- scale simulation, supercomputing).
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The process by which a supramolecular assembly forms is called molecular self-assembly. Some try to distinguish self-assembly as the process by which individual molecules form the defined aggregate. Self-organization, then, is the process by which those aggregates create higher-order structures. This can become useful when talking about liquid crystals and block copolymers.
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Unscrewable front and rear wheel rims allow comprehensive care, immediate hose repair and a light coat change in trouble-free self-assembly.
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Further examples of supramolecular assemblies demonstrate that a variety of different shapes and sizes can be obtained using molecular self-assembly. Molecular self-assembly allows the construction of challenging molecular topologies. One example is Borromean rings, interlocking rings wherein removal of one ring unlocks each of the other rings. DNA has been used to prepare a molecular analog of Borromean rings.
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Endohedral fullereneMacromolecular cages have three dimensional chambers surrounded by a molecular framework. Macromolecular cage architectures come in various sizes ranging from 1-50 nm and have varying topologies as well as functions. They can be synthesized through covalent bonding or self-assembly through non-covalent interactions. Most macromolecular cages that are formed through self-assembly are sensitive to pH, temperature, and solvent polarity.
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Experiments focusing on the dipeptide Fmoc-diphenylalaine have been conducted that have explored the mechanism in which Fmoc-diphenylalanine self assembles into hydrogels via π-π interlocked β-sheets. Phenylalanine has an aromatic ring, a crucial part of the molecule due to its high electron-density, which favors self-assembly and during self- assembly these rings stack which enables the assembly to occur.
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M. Li, J. S. Fossey and T. D. James, eds., Boron: Sensing, synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly, The Royal Society of Chemistry (Cambridge, 2015).
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Understanding the behavior of nanoparticles at liquid interfaces is essential for integrating them into electronics, optics, sensing, and catalysis devices. Molecular arrangements at liquid/liquid interfaces are uniform. Often, they also provide a defect- correcting platform and thus, liquid/liquid interfaces are ideal for self- assembly. Upon self-assembly, the structural and spatial arrangements can be determined via X-ray diffraction and optical reflectance.
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Self-assembly requires components to remain essentially unchanged throughout the process. Besides the thermodynamic difference between the two, there is also a difference in formation. The first difference is what "encodes the global order of the whole" in self-assembly whereas in self- organization this initial encoding is not necessary. Another slight contrast refers to the minimum number of units needed to make an order.
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The DNA structure at left (schematic shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right. Self-assembly in the classic sense can be defined as the spontaneous and reversible organization of molecular units into ordered structures by non-covalent interactions. The first property of a self- assembled system that this definition suggests is the spontaneity of the self- assembly process: the interactions responsible for the formation of the self- assembled system act on a strictly local level—in other words, the nanostructure builds itself. Although self-assembly typically occurs between weakly-interacting species, this organization may be transferred into strongly-bound covalent systems.
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Self-assembly in microscopic systems usually starts from diffusion, followed by the nucleation of seeds, subsequent growth of the seeds, and ends at Ostwald ripening. The thermodynamic driving free energy can be either enthalpic or entropic or both. In either the enthalpic or entropic case, self-assembly proceeds through the formation and breaking of bonds, possibly with non-traditional forms of mediation. The kinetics of the self-assembly process is usually related to diffusion, for which the absorption/adsorption rate often follows a Langmuir adsorption model which in the diffusion controlled concentration (relatively diluted solution) can be estimated by the Fick's laws of diffusion.
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Stimulus-responsive self-assembly of protein-based fractals by computational design. Nat. Chem. 2019 11(7): 605-614. Pre-print available at bioRxiv doi: 10.1101/274183.
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Brinker, Charles Jeffrey. "Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly: Nanostructures Made Easy."Annuaire-cdf L’annuaire Du Collège De France 112 (2013): 825-31. Unm.edu. 15 July 2013. Web.
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Krommenhoek, Peter John. “Magnetic Field-Directed Self-Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticle Chains in Polymers.” ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global (2013): 3690306. ProQuest. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
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Crystal engineering of coordination compounds, self- assembly of polynuclear and supramolecular structures, transition metal and organometallic chemistries and catalysis in aqueous media, high pressure gas reactions.
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Here, we demonstrate that the selection of kinetic pathways can lead to drastically different self-assembled structures, underlining the significance of kinetic control in self-assembly.
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Computer simulations predict plasmonic metamaterials with a negative index in three dimensions. Potential fabrication methods include multilayer thin film deposition, focused ion beam milling and self-assembly.
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It was shown that a multi-level hierarchical structure produces adhesion enhancement: a synthetic adhesive replicating gecko feet organization was created using nanofabrication techniques and self-assembly.
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Some applications for this instability have been researched, such as the self- assembly of quantum dots. This community uses the name of Stranski–Krastanov growth for ATG.
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Also Hubert Girault is interested in self-assembly of molecular species and nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces and carrying out fundamental research on electrochemistry at soft interfaces.
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Skylar Tibbits is an American designer and computer scientist. He is best known for his work on self-assembly and pioneering the field of 4D Printing, having coined the term in his 2013 TED talk. He currently teaches at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture where he has founded the Self-Assembly Laboratory. Tibbits is also the founder of SJET (a cross-disciplinary design firm in Boston, MA).
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The self-assembly characteristics change in case of alkyl chain derivatives of c-HBC into orthorhombic crystalline cables which act as p-type semiconductors. The contorted peripheral edges of these molecules serve to provide unique intermolecular contacts which make these molecules efficient in charge transport. The tetra-dodecaloxy side chains in c-HBC promotes the self-assembly. These materials are deposited in the form of columnar hexagonal liquid crystals.
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Self-assembly can also be observed in the presence of organic ligands and various metals centers through coordinative bonds or supramolecular interactions. Molecular self- assembly involves the association by many weak, reversible interactions to obtain a final structure that represents a thermodynamic minimum. A class of coordination polymers, known also as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are metal-ligand compounds that extend "infinitely" into one, two or three dimensions.
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The self-assembly technique is used to generate peptide nanofibers and peptide amphiphiles. The method was inspired by the natural folding process of amino acid residues to form proteins with unique three-dimensional structures. The self-assembly process of peptide nanofibers involves various driving forces such as hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces and is influenced by external conditions such as ionic strength and pH.
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Helmut Cölfen discovered and named mesocrystals in 2005 during his studies on biominerals. He suggested that their growth was due to a non-classical, self-assembly based process.
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Self-organization in non-equilibrium systems. New York: John Wiley. such as self-assembly, pattern formation, autopoiesisMaturana, H. R., & Varela, F. (1980). Autopoiesis: the organization of the living.
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Other interests include evolvability, cellular automata, non-random expression, competition between agents, dynamics on networks, small boolean networks, self-assembly and non-coding DNA, according to his website.
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An advantage to constructing nanostructure using molecular self-assembly for biological materials is that they will degrade back into individual molecules that can be broken down by the body.
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Quantum Dots with gradually stepping emission from violet to deep red There are several ways to fabricate quantum dots. Possible methods include colloidal synthesis, self-assembly, and electrical gating.
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She has used self-assembly to encourage the fabrication of large area opals without cracks. These cracks appear during annealing, and can be eliminated using a bi-capillary growth mechanism to encourage growth separately from solvent evaporation. The photonic crystals developed by Dawes can include rare earth ion optical emitters and nanodiamonds that include colour centres. In general, Dawes creates the opals using self-assembly, starting with a suspension of polystyrene or microsphere of silica.
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He is known for his pioneering research in molecular self- assembly. Molecular self-assembly is the assembly of molecules without guidance or management from an outside source. His main field of expertise and research interests are Host Guest Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Liquid Crystals/Organic Gelators, Sugar Sensing/Sugar-Based Combinatorial Chemistry, Boronic-acids, Polysaccharide-Polynucleotide Interactions, Sol-Gel Transcription and Inorganic Combinatorial Chemistry. His most recent research is related to chiral discrimination using AIE.
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Each dot in the left image is a traditional "atomic" crystal shown in the image above. Scale bars: 100 nm (left), 25 μm (center), 50 nm (right). Self-assembly is a process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction. When the constitutive components are molecules, the process is termed molecular self-assembly.
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People regularly use the terms "self- organization" and "self-assembly" interchangeably. As complex system science becomes more popular though, there is a higher need to clearly distinguish the differences between the two mechanisms to understand their significance in physical and biological systems. Both processes explain how collective order develops from "dynamic small-scale interactions". Self-organization is a non- equilibrium process where self-assembly is a spontaneous process that leads toward equilibrium.
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Although covalent conjugation has been the dominant strategy for constructing polymer-protein hybrids, noncovalent chemistry can add another level of complexity and provides the opportunity to create higher-ordered structures. Specifically, self-assembly by non-covalent interactions is progressing rapidly. Supramolecular self-assembly can create nanoparticles, vesicles/micelles, protein cages, etc. Metal-binding interactions, host-guest, and boronic acid- based chemistries are widely studied as non-covalent conjugation methods to create polymer-protein hybrids.
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Flow fields are also useful when dealing with complex matrices that themselves have rheological behavior. Flow can induce anisotropic viseoelastic stresses, which helps to overcome the matrix and cause self-assembly.
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Directed assembly or more specifically directed self-assembly, can produce a high pattern resolution (~10 nm) with high efficiency and compatibility. However, when using DSA in high volume manufacturing, one must have a way to quantify the degree of order of line/space patterns formed by DSA in order to reduce defect.Dixit, Dhairya J. “Optical Metrology for Directed Self-assembly Patterning Using Mueller Matrix Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Based Scatterometry.” ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global (2015): 3718824. ProQuest. Web.
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Nano-particles can self-assemble on solid surfaces after external forces (like magnetic and electric) are applied. Templates made of microstructures, like carbon nanotubes or block polymers, can also be used to assist in self-assembly. They cause directed self-assembly (DSA), in which active sites are embedded to selectively induce nanoparticle deposition. Such templates are objects onto which different particles can be arranged into a structure with a morphology similar to that of the template.
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The understanding of self-assembly of VLPs was once based on viral assembly. This is rational as long as the VLP assembly takes place inside the host cell (in vivo), though the self-assembly event was found in vitro from the very beginning of the study about viral assembly. Study also reveals that in vitro assembly of VLPs competes with aggregation and certain mechanisms exist inside the cell to prevent the formation of aggregates while assembly is ongoing.
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DNA based self-assembly principles have proven useful for organizing nanoscale objects, such as biomolecules, nanomachines, nanoelectronic and photonic component. Assembly of such nano structure requires the creation of an intricate mesh of DNA molecules. Although DNA self-assembly is possible without any outside help using different substrates such as provision of catatonic surface of Aluminium foil, DNA ligase can provide the enzymatic assistance that is required to make DNA lattice structure from DNA over hangs.
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Self-assembled nano-structure is an object that appears as a result of ordering and aggregation of individual nano-scale objects guided by some physical principle. A particularly counter-intuitive example of a physical principle that can drive self-assembly is entropy maximization. Though entropy is conventionally associated with disorder, under suitable conditions entropy can drive nano-scale objects to self-assemble into target structures in a controllable way. Another important class of self-assembly is field-directed assembly.
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Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it may support the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules.
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Template-guided self-assembly is a versatile fabrication process that can arrange various micrometer to nanometer sized particles into lithographically created template with defined patterns. The process contain the following four steps.
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Other possible deposition methods include methods utilizing particle self-assembly by solvent evaporation, doctor blade, chemical vapor deposition and transfer printing. Some of these methods like solvent evaporation are extremely simple but produce low-quality films. Other methods such as the chemical vapor deposition are effective for certain types of particles and substrates but are limited in particle types that can be used and require heavier instrumentation investments. Also hybrid methods such as combining self-assembly to Langmuir- Blodgett have been used.
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The second approach of bioprinting is autonomous self-assembly. This approach relies on the physical process of embryonic organ development as a model to replicate the tissues of interest. When cells are in their early development, they create their own extracellular matrix building block, the proper cell signaling, and independent arrangement and patterning to provide the required biological functions and micro- architecture. Autonomous self-assembly demands specific information about the developmental techniques of the tissues and organs of the embryo.
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Furthermore, several processes have been identified as playing important roles in flagellar evolution, including self-assembly of simple repeating subunits, gene duplication with subsequent divergence, recruitment of elements from other systems ('molecular bricolage') and recombination.
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The self-assembly process that forms objects like the amyloid aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease also starts with nucleation. Energy consuming self-organising systems such as the microtubules in cells also show nucleation and growth.
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Molecular self-assembly is found widely in biological systems and provides the basis of a wide variety of complex biological structures. This includes an emerging class of mechanically superior biomaterials based on microstructural features and designs found in nature. Thus, self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis and nanotechnology. Molecular crystals, liquid crystals, colloids, micelles, emulsions, phase-separated polymers, thin films and self-assembled monolayers all represent examples of the types of highly ordered structures which are obtained using these techniques.
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Molecular self-assembly is found widely in biological systems and provides the basis of a wide variety of complex biological structures. This includes an emerging class of mechanically superior biomaterials based on microstructural features and designs found in nature. Thus, self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis and nanotechnology. Molecular crystals, liquid crystals, colloids, micelles, emulsions, phase- separated polymers, thin films and self-assembled monolayers all represent examples of the types of highly ordered structures which are obtained using these techniques.
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Schematic representation of the synthesis of Janus nanoparticles using the block copolymer self-assembly method This method uses the well-studied methods of producing block copolymers with well-defined geometries and compositions across a large variety of substrates. Synthesis of Janus particles by self-assembly via block copolymers was first described in 2001 by Erhardt et al. They produced a triblock polymer from polymethylacrylate, polystyrene and low-molecular-weight polybutadiene. The polystyrene and polymethylacrylate formed alternating layers in between which polybutadiene sat in nanosized spheres.
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Kinetics The ultimate driving force in self-assembly is energy minimization and the corresponding evolution towards equilibrium, but kinetic effects can also play a very strong role. These kinetic effects, such as trapping in metastable states, slow coarsening kinetics, and pathway- dependent assembly, are often viewed as complications to be overcome in, for example, the formation of block copolymers. Amphiphile self-assembly is an essential bottom-up approach of fabricating advanced functional materials. Self-assembled materials with desired structures are often obtained through thermodynamic control.
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They observed that the micron-sized colloids generated a resistant film at the interface between the two immiscible phases, inhibiting the coalescence of the emulsion drops. These Pickering emulsions are formed from the self-assembly of colloidal particles in two-part liquid systems, such as oil-water systems. The desorption energy, which is directly related to the stability of emulsions depends on the particle size, particles interacting with each other, and particles interacting with oil and water molecules. Self-assembly of solid nanoparticles at oil-water interface.
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Nanoarchitectonics in biology: self-assembly of lipids (a), proteins (b), and (c) SDS-cyclodextrin complexes. SDS is a surfactant with a hydrocarbon tail (yellow) and a SO4 head (blue and red), while cyclodextrin is a saccharide ring (green C and red O atoms). Nanoarchitectonics in chemistry: transmembrane chloride channel formed by self-assembly of fumaramides Nanoarchitectonics is a technology allowing to arrange nano-sized structural units, usually a group of atoms or molecules, in an intended configuration. It employs two major processes: nano-creation and nano-organization.
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Important examples of self-assembly in materials science include the formation of molecular crystals, colloids, lipid bilayers, phase-separated polymers, and self-assembled monolayers. The folding of polypeptide chains into proteins and the folding of nucleic acids into their functional forms are examples of self-assembled biological structures. Recently, the three-dimensional macroporous structure was prepared via self- assembly of diphenylalanine derivative under cryoconditions, the obtained material can find the application in the field of regenerative medicine or drug delivery system. P. Chen et al.
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The Moda is similar to the T70 Spyder but comes with better weather protection in the form of a modular roof system. It's available as a factory built car or in component form for self-assembly.
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K. Wassermann, M. H. Dickman, M. T. Pope, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1445.Pope, M. T.; Müller, A. Polyoxometalate Chemistry: From Topology via Self-Assembly to Applications; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2001.
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The preprophase spindle forms by self-assembly of these microtubules in the cytoplasm surrounding the nuclear envelope. It is reinforced through chromosome (kinetochore)-mediated spindle assembly after the nuclear envelope breaks down at the end of prophase.
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SCCs are discrete systems where selected metals and ligands undergo self- assembly to form finite supramolecular complexes, usually the size and structure of the complex formed can be determined by the angularity of chosen metal-ligand bonds.
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The new horizons have been identified in the synthesis of bioinspired materials through processes that are characteristic of biological systems in nature. This includes the nanoscale self-assembly of the components and the development of hierarchical structures.
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A unique feature of DewA is its capacity to exist as two types of conformers in solution, both able to form rodlet assemblies but at different rates. Despite these differences in structural and self-assembly mechanisms, both EAS and DewA form robust fibrillar monolayers, meaning that there must exist several pathways, protein sequences and tertiary conformations able to self-assemble into amphipathic monolayers. Further characterisation of both EAS and DewA and their rodlet self-assembly mechanisms will open up opportunities for rational design of hydrophobins with novel biotechnological applications.
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Psychologist Liane Gabora has criticised DIT.Gabora, L. (2011). How a generation was misled about natural selection. Psychology Today, Mindbloggling. She argues that use of the term ‘dual inheritance’ to refer to not just traits that are transmitted by way of a self-assembly code (as in genetic evolution) but also traits that are not transmitted by way of a self- assembly code (as in cultural evolution) is misleading, because this second use does not capture the algorithmic structure that makes an inheritance system require a particular kind of mathematical framework.
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While features of self-organization and self-replication are often considered the hallmark of living systems, there are many instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions. Stan Palasek suggested based on a theoretical model that self-assembly of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules can occur spontaneously due to physical factors in hydrothermal vents. Virus self- assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules.
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Mezzenga did postdoctoral research on semiconductive polymer colloids at the University of California and then moved to the Nestlé Research Center in Lausanne as research scientist, working on the self-assembly of surfactants, natural amphiphiles and lyotropic liquid crystals. In 2005 he was hired as Associate Professor in the Physics Department of the University of Fribourg, and he then joined ETH Zurich. on 2009 as Full Professor. His research mainly focuses on the fundamental understanding of self-assembly processes in polymers, lyotropic liquid crystals, biological and food colloidal systems.
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The self-assembly is governed by the normal processes of nucleation and growth. Small assemblies are formed because of their increased lifetime as the attractive interactions between the components lower the Gibbs free energy. As the assembly grows, the Gibbs free energy continues to decrease until the assembly becomes stable enough to last for a long period of time. The necessity of the self-assembly to be an equilibrium process is defined by the organization of the structure which requires non-ideal arrangements to be formed before the lowest energy configuration is found.
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Intermolecular forces govern the particle interaction in self-assembled systems. The forces tend to be intermolecular in type rather than ionic or covalent because ionic or covalent bonds will “lock” the assembly into non-equilibrium structures. The types intermolecular forces seen in self-assembly processes are van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, and weak polar forces, just to name a few. In self-assembly, regular structural arrangements are frequently observed, therefore there must be a balance of attractive and repulsive between molecules otherwise an equilibrium distance will not exist between the particles.
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Generalizations of this type approach involving different types of fields, e.g., using magnetic fields, using capillary interactions for particles trapped at interfaces, elastic interactions for particles suspended in liquid crystals have also been reported. Regardless of the mechanism driving self-assembly, people take self- assembly approaches to materials synthesis to avoid the problem of having to construct materials one building block at a time. Avoiding one-at-a-time approaches is important because the amount of time required to place building blocks into a target structure is prohibitively difficult for structures that have macroscopic size.
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The fundamental difference in equilibrium structure is in the spatial scale of the unit cell (or lattice parameter) in each particular case. Thus, self-assembly is emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis and nanotechnology. Molecular self-assembly has been observed in various biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Molecular crystals, liquid crystals, colloids, micelles, emulsions, phase-separated polymers, thin films and self-assembled monolayers all represent examples of the types of highly ordered structures which are obtained using these techniques.
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His more recent research centers on artificial self-replication, self-assembly, active matter, DNA nanotechnology, topological defects on curved surfaces, and quantifying order far from equilibrium. He is currently a Silver professor of physics at New York University.
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Self- organization appears to have a minimum number of units whereas self-assembly does not. The concepts may have particular application in connection with natural selection. Eventually, these patterns may form one theory of pattern formation in nature.
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Researchers in the field have developed approaches to produce living organs that are constructed with the appropriate biological and mechanical properties. 3D bioprinting is based on three main approaches: Biomimicry, autonomous self-assembly and mini-tissue building blocks.
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Formamide, in its pure state, has been used as an alternative solvent for the electrostatic self- assembly of polymer nanofilms. Formamide is used to prepare primary amines directly from ketones via their N-formyl derivatives, using the Leuckart reaction.
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In 2008 it was proposed that every self-assembly process presents a co-assembly, which makes the former term a misnomer. This thesis is built on the concept of mutual ordering of the self- assembling system and its environment.
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Her more recent research has studied issues of nondeterminism and undecidability in self-assembly,. as well as studies of biodiversity informatics, such as proposing alignment-free methods based on Chaos Game Representation of DNA genomic sequences to identify and classify species.. .
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It is hoped that using a living organism (which is capable of self-assembly and self-repair) as the light harvesting material, will make biological photovoltaics a cost-effective alternative to synthetic light-energy-transduction technologies such as silicon-based photovoltaics.
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For example, lipophilic nanoparticles have the tendency to self-assemble and form crystals as solvents are evaporated. While these aggregations are based on intermolecular forces, external factors such as temperature and pH also play a role in spontaneous self-assembly.
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Carol Klein Hall is an American chemical engineer, the Camille Dreyfus Distinguished University Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at North Carolina State University. Her research involves biomolecule simulation, self-assembly of soft materials, and the design of synthetic peptides.
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The center focuses on non-equilibrium self-assembly, molecular recognition in complex systems, and emergent materials. In addition to his position in POSTECH, he also became an adjunct professor at the Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology in Yonsei University in 2018.
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Interactions between dopamine, serotonin and other serotonin neurochemistry are lightly covered. ;Chapter 12, Self-Assembly This chapter relates to how understanding the genetic code matches models for embryonic development among vertebrates. Ridley discusses 'gap' genes, 'pair-rule' genes, and 'segment-polarity' genes.
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The focus of ACS Nano is synthesis, assembly, characterization, theory, and simulation of nanostructures, nanotechnology, nanofabrication, self assembly, nanoscience methodology, and nanotechnology methodology. The focus also includes nanoscience and nanotechnology research – the scope of which is chemistry, biology, materials science, physics, and engineering.
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Level 1: Block copolymer unimers form amphiphilic triblock cylindrical micelles. Level 2: The cylindrical micelles form supermicelles via self-assembly around PFS cores. Level 3: The supermicelles are arranged in a pre-designed pattern using holography (optical tweezers). Left: microscopy, right: models.
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Without cis geometry, only small oligomers will form. Self-assembly also requires a ligand exchange; weakly bound ions such as BF4\- and PF6\- promote assembly because they leave the complex so it can bind with the nitriles on the rest of the structure.
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Episode 2: Njarnia. Edmund and Lucy wander through the back of their self-assembly wardrobe and find themselves in the magical, but slightly rubbish, world of Njarnia (a parody of IKEA/Narnia). First shown 4 September 2008. Episode 3: The Smutty Aliens.
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The processes by which nanoparticles self-assemble are widespread and important. Understanding why and how self-assembly occurs is key in reproducing and optimizing results. Typically, nanoparticles will self-assemble for one or both of two reasons: molecular interactions and external direction.
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Liverpool was awarded a Royal Society Research Fellowship in 2000. He joined the University of Leeds, working in the Applied Mathematics group. Liverpool works at the University of Bristol in the Centre for Synthetic Biology. He studies the self-assembly of protein building blocks.
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Lastly, mechanical properties of these biopolymers can often be measured using optical tweezers or atomic force microscopy. Dual-polarization interferometry can be used to measure the conformational changes or self-assembly of these materials when stimulated by pH, temperature, ionic strength or other binding partners.
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The nano prefix was given to nanochemistry when scientists observed the odd changes on materials when they were in nanometer-scale size. Several chemical modification on nanometer scaled structures, approves effects of being size dependent. Nanochemistry can be characterized by concepts of size, shape, self-assembly, defects and bio-nano; So the synthesis of any new nano-construct is associated with all these concepts. Nano-construct synthesis is dependent on how the surface, size and shape will lead to self-assembly of the building blocks into the functional structures; they probably have functional defects and might be useful for electronic, photonic, medical or bioanalytical problems.
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Leipzig, N.; Athanasiou, K.A.: Static compression of single chondrocytes catabolically modifies single cell gene expression. Biophysical Journal, 94(6):2412-2422, 2008 This work represents the first measurement of gene levels at the single cell level under varying biomechanical conditions. His group has also demonstrated the fabrication of entire sections of articular cartilage by self-assembly of cells, without the use of any scaffolds.Hu, J.C.; Athanasiou, K.A.: A self-assembling process in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 12(4):969-979, 2006Ofek, G.; Revell, C.M.; Hu, J.C.; Allison, D.D.; Grande-Allen, K.J.; Athanasiou, K.A.: Matrix development in self-assembly of articular cartilage. PLoS ONE, 3(7): e2795.
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So-Jung Park 박소정(朴昭靜) (born 1972) is a Professor of Chemistry at Ewha Womans University. Her research considers the self-assembly of nanoparticles and functional molecules for biomedical and optoelectronic devices. She serves as Associate Editor of ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces and Nanoscale.
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234, p. 84, (1976) Bulk properties of a colloidal crystal depend on composition, particle size, packing arrangement, and degree of regularity. Applications include photonics, materials processing, and the study of self- assembly and phase transitions. A collection of small 2D colloidal crystals with grain boundaries between them.
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94, Proc. Amer. Ceramic Soc. (1984) Molecular self-assembly has been observed in various biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. This includes an emerging class of mechanically superior biomaterials based on microstructure features and designs found in nature.
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It is reported that melamine molecules adsorbed on gold or silver surface tend to arrange into honeycomb or closed-packed structures. Such a self-assembly occurs due to the inter-molecular hydrogen bond interaction. This ordering was further investigated using classical Monte Carlo and DFT methods.
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Signalosomes are large supramolecular protein complexes that undergo clustering (oligomerisation or polymerisation) and/or colloidal phase separation to form biomolecular condensates that increase the local concentration and signalling activity of the individual components. They are an example of molecular self-assembly and self-organisation in cell biology.
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The protein content of a single exosome, given certain assumptions of protein size and configuration, and packing parameters, can be about 20,000 molecules.Maguire, Greg (2016) Exosomes: smart nanospheres for drug delivery naturally produced by stem cells. In: Fabrication and Self Assembly of Nanobiomaterials. Elsevier pp. 179-209.
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In an alternative self assembly model, microtubules undergo acentrosomal nucleation among the condensed chromosomes. Constrained by cellular dimensions, lateral associations with antiparallel microtubules via motor proteins, and end-on attachments to kinetochores, microtubules naturally adopt a spindle-like structure with chromosomes aligned along the cell equator.
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Although this approach is known to give only qualitative information about the thermodynamic behavior of a system, it provides important insights about the mechanisms of various complex phenomena such as phase transition, aggregation, configurational distribution, surface-adsorption, self-assembly, crystallization, as well as steady state diffusion.
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The structure of a foldamer is stabilized by noncovalent interactions between nonadjacent monomers. Foldamers are studied with the main goal of designing large molecules with predictable structures. The study of foldamers is related to the themes of molecular self-assembly, molecular recognition, and host–guest chemistry.
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The third approach of bioprinting is a combination of both the biomimicry and self-assembly approaches, which is called mini tissues. Organs and tissues are built from very small functional components. Mini-tissue approach takes these small pieces and manufacture and arrange them into larger framework.
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As MALS can provide molar mass and size of molecules, it permits study into protein-protein binding, oligomerization and the kinetics of self-assembly, association and dissociation. By comparing the molar mass of a sample to its concentration, one can determine the binding affinity and stoichiometry of interacting molecules.
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Biomimetics has given rise to new technologies inspired by biological solutions at macro and nanoscales. Humans have looked at nature for answers to problems throughout our existence. Nature has solved engineering problems such as self-healing abilities, environmental exposure tolerance and resistance, hydrophobicity, self-assembly, and harnessing solar energy.
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AltiGator is a multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturer founded in 2008 and headquartered in Waterloo, Walloon Brabant, Belgium. It produces complete ready-to-fly radio-controlled miniature UAVs for various professional applications. It also holds a web-shop providing spare parts, self-assembly kits and accessories for drones.
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There are five main methodologies to create coordination cages. In directional bonding, also called edge-directed self- assembly, polyhedra are designed using a stoichiometric ratio of ligand to metal precursor. The symmetry interaction method involves combining naked metal ions with multibranched chelating ligands. This results in highly symmetric cages.
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Swarm Intelligence- based techniques can be used in a number of applications. The U.S. military is investigating swarm techniques for controlling unmanned vehicles. The European Space Agency is thinking about an orbital swarm for self-assembly and interferometry. NASA is investigating the use of swarm technology for planetary mapping.
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He has contributed to our understanding of the dynamics of single actin filaments, actin networks as well as intact living cells. His research interests include: physics of self assembly and function of artificial and biological membranes, viscoelastic microscopy of cells, physics of the actin based cytoskeleton: micro-rheology of macromolecular networks, applications of solid-supported lipid-protein membranes, ultrathin hydrated polymer layers and polymer/membrane composite films and neutron Reflectivity as a new tool to study the self assembly of membrane associated proteins. Along with Reinhard Lipowsky, he has authored "the Structure and Dynamics of Membranes". Recently, along with Rudolf Merkel, he has published "Lehrbuch der Biophysik" – a text book on biophysics aimed at students and researchers.
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Giuseppe Resnati (born 26 August 1955) is an Italian chemist with interests in supramolecular chemistry and fluorine chemistry. He has a particular focus on self-assembly processes driven by halogen bondsHalogen Bonding: Fundamentals and Applications Metrangolo, P. and Resnati, G. Eds.; 2008; Springer; Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. and chalcogen bonds.
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A second common feature of soft matter is the importance of thermal fluctuations. Typical bond energies in soft matter structures are of similar scale as thermal energies. Therefore, the structures are constantly affected by thermal fluctuations, undergoing Brownian motion. Finally, a third distinctive feature of soft matter system is self-assembly.
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To improve the efficiency or take shape in self-assembly based manufacturing, it must utilize one or more than one of these three ingredients. This is an emerging market with few examples to date. However, this field shows a strong potential to revolutionize many industrial markets from nanoelectronics to bio-engineering.
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Niles A. Pierce is an American mathematician, bioengineer, and professor at the California Institute of Technology. He is a leading researcher in the fields of molecular programming and dynamic nucleic acid nanotechnology. His research is focused on kinetically controlled DNA and RNA self-assembly. Pierce is working on applications in bioimaging.
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Polymer composition can be chosen to control the micelle size and compatibility with the drug of choice. The challenges of this application are the difficulty of reproducing or controlling the size of self-assembly nano micelle, preparing predictable size-distribution, and the stability of the micelle with high drug load content.
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Heemstra joined the University of Utah in 2010 and was appointed Associate Professor with tenure in 2016. She moved to Emory University in 2017. She is interested in the use of biomolecular platforms for self- assembly, molecular recognition and in vitro catalysis. Her research considers the detection and sequestration of small molecules.
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Simple cubic lattices are achieved in a similar way by slicing cubic facets into spheres. This allows for the assembly of simple cubic lattices. A bcc crystal is achieved by faceting a sphere octahedrally. The faceting amount, α, is used in the emergent valence self-assembly to determine what crystal structure will form.
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These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or molecular recognition. See also Supramolecular chemistry. Such bottom-up approaches should, broadly speaking, be able to produce devices in parallel and much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases.
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One can think of their formation as a kind of atom-scale self-assembly. A variety of nanostructures (e.g. condensing argon, metal atoms, and virus capsids) assume icosahedral form on size scales where surface forces eclipse those from the bulk. A twinned form of these nanostructures is sometimes found to occur e.g.
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Importantly, although polymers consist of long chains of covalently linked molecules, the individual polymer chains can often still associate and undergo phase transitions and phase separation to form colloids, liquid crystals, solid crystals, or aggregates. For biopolymers, association leads to formation of biomolecular condensates, micelles and other examples of molecular self-assembly.
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Liddell creates photonic crystals for solar cells using colloidal building blocks. She has worked on the Self-assembly of microparticles with hemispherical and dimer shapes. Liddell joined the faculty of Cornell University in 2003. She is a member of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers.
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External fields are the most common directors of self-assembly. Electric and magnetic fields allow induced interactions to align the particles. The fields take advantage of the polarizability of the nanoparticle and its functional groups. When these field-induced interactions overcome random Brownian motion, particles join to form chains and then assemble.
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These building blocks can be externally propelled or self-propelled. Since the 1950s, scientists have built self-assembly systems exhibiting centimeter-sized components ranging from passive mechanical parts to mobile robots. For systems at this scale, the component design can be precisely controlled. For some systems, the components' interaction preferences are programmable.
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Chemistry-A European Journal. 2013,19, 10482–10486. Another approach to form gels as functional nanomaterials, is the bottom up method used in subcomponent self-assembly. This method aims to save resources, shorten the time of synthesis, and offer a wider range of gels by the quick exchange of one of the reaction components.
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There is special interest in understanding the mechanism underlying class I monomers self-assembly that leads to formation of tough, ordered amphipathic rodlet monolayers, due to their intrinsic properties and due to substantial information available from several characterisation studies of the class I hydrophobins EAS and DewA. These mechanisms have been greatly studied by targeted mutagenesis in an effort to identify the key amino acid sequence regions driving rodlet self-assembly. A model for the monomeric form of EAS was proposed by Kwan et al. (2006) from structural data obtained from NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments that indicated the presence of four-stranded, antiparallel β-barrel core structure in EAS that allows monomer linking through backbone H-bonding.
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Self-assembly extends the scope of chemistry aiming at synthesizing products with order and functionality properties, extending chemical bonds to weak interactions and encompassing the self-assembly of nanoscale building blocks at all length scales. In covalent synthesis and polymerization, the scientist links atoms together in any desired conformation, which does not necessarily have to be the energetically most favoured position; self-assembling molecules, on the other hand, adopt a structure at the thermodynamic minimum, finding the best combination of interactions between subunits but not forming covalent bonds between them. In self-assembling structures, the scientist must predict this minimum, not merely place the atoms in the location desired. Another characteristic common to nearly all self-assembled systems is their thermodynamic stability.
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This experiment, featured on New Scientist,Self-assembly could simplify nanotech construction presented a new technique in nano construction; previously, the transformation of flat sheets to 3D structures were performed by random formation, but in this study, the addition of biases into the design of the sheets gave the possibility of predicting the resulting shape.
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She held a postdoctoral appointment at the Scripps Research Institute at La Jolla, California, working on self- assembly of nanostructures on surfaces. Buriak started her independent faculty career at Purdue University in 1997, was promoted to associate professor, with tenure, in 2001. In 2003, she joined the University of Alberta as a full professor.
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In 2014, Ricardo Ruiz of Hitachi Global Storage Technologies writes in an upcoming- conference briefing note that "the most promising solution to the lithographic challenge can be found in directed self-assembly of block copolymer films which has recently evolved as a viable technique to achieve sub-20nm lithography in time for BPM technology".
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Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements of atoms. Nevertheless, there are many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in biology, most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. The challenge for nanotechnology is whether these principles can be used to engineer new constructs in addition to natural ones.
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In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly. Dual polarisation interferometry is one tool suitable for characterisation of self assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is molecular beam epitaxy or MBE.
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His research interests include soft condensed matter and complex fluids including polymers, colloids, and liquid crystals. He has investigated the development of new fabrication techniques for photonic crystals including colloidal self- assembly and multi-beam interference lithography. He was also involved in developing plastic transistors on flexible substrates for various applications, including electronic paper.
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Metallacrowns form via self-assembly, i.e. by dissolving the ligand in a solvent followed by the desired metal salt. The first reported metallacrown was MnII(OAc)2(DMF)6[12-MCMn(III)N(shi)-4]. Metallacrowns can be prepared with a variety of metals in the ring and in a variety of ring sizes.
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All chemosensors are designed to contain a signalling moiety and a recognition moiety. These are integrated directly or connected with a short covalent spacer depending on the mechanism involved in the signalling event. The chemosensor can be based on self- assembly of the sensor and the analyte. An example of such a design are the (indicator) displacement assays IDA.
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In 2005 Park joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research considered molecular self-assembly, including the use of semiconducting and biological polymers. She was awarded an National Science Foundation CAREER Award to investigate structure-property relationships in soft materials. Park moved back to South Korea in 2013, and was appointed a Professor at Ewha Womans University.
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Hydrophobic silica is a form of silicon dioxide (commonly known as silica) that has hydrophobic groups chemically bonded to the surface. The hydrophobic groups are normally alkyl or polydimethylsiloxane chains. Hydrophobic silica can be processed in different ways; such as fumed silica, precipitated silica, and aerosol assisted self assembly, all existing in the form of nanoparticles.
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However, it morphed into the field of structural DNA self-assembly which as of 2020 is extremely sophisticated. Self-assembled structure from a few nanometers tall all the way up to several tens of micrometers in size have been demonstrated in 2018. In 1994, Prof. Seeman's group demonstrated early DNA lattice structures using a small set of DNA components.
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He was born in Chicago in 1957, the second son of the organic chemist Howard Zimmerman.Zeng, F.; Zimmerman, S. C. "Dendrimers in supramolecular chemistry: from molecular recognition to self-assembly," Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1681-1712. He attended public schools in Madison, Wisconsin where he received a B.S. degree in 1979 working for Hans J. Reich.
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VP1 is capable of self-assembly into virus-like particles even in the absence of other viral components. This process requires bound calcium ions and the resulting particles are stabilized by, but do not require, inter-pentamer disulfide bonds. The structure of an individual pentamer of the murine polyomavirus VP1 protein. Each monomer is colored differently.
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Example of organogelator molecules. Gelation mechanism greatly influences the typical organogel properties. Since precursors with multiple functional groups polymerize into networks of covalent C-C bonds (on average 85 kcal/mol), networks formed by self-assembly, which relies on secondary forces (generally less than 10 kcal/mol), are less stable.Ege, S. N. Organic Chemistry Structure and Reactivity, 5th ed.
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Important concepts advanced by supramolecular chemistry include molecular self-assembly, molecular folding, molecular recognition, host–guest chemistry, mechanically- interlocked molecular architectures, and dynamic covalent chemistry. The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes that rely on these forces for structure and function. Biological systems are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.
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Fabrication of materials used in most extreme environments, such as space, high altitude, free-fall scenarios, or deep sea. environments have advantageous conditions for allowing increase in self assembly interaction with less or minimum energy consumption. Applications in these environments often require high precision and have more difficulties; however, it has less constraints in existing construction.
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Professor Giacomin and his group have published on the rheology of polymeric liquids, and especially on their behaviours in large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS) (see Self-assembly of nanoparticles). Specifically, Giacomin has explored the role of polymer orientation in LAOS. Giacomin developed the conversions from standardized polymer durometer hardness to Young's modulus using linear elastic indentation mechanics.
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Molecular self-assembly is one of the few methods for creating biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry to that of the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM), a crucial step toward tissue engineering of complex tissues. Moreover, these hydrogel scaffolds have shown superiority in in vivo toxicology and biocompatibility compared to traditional macroscaffolds and animal-derived materials.
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Chemists have long been interested in mimicking chemical processes in nature. Coordination cages quickly became a hot topic as they can be made by self- assembly, a tool of chemistry in nature. The conceptualization of a closed- surface molecule capable of incorporating a guest was described by Donald Cram in 1985. Early cages were synthesized from bottom-up.
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In 2013 Kalow joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow with Timothy M. Swager. She worked on telechelic P3HT synthesis, as well as miktoarm polymers using ring-opening metathesis polymerisation. Kalow became interested in the use of complex emulsions in enzyme sensing, as well as self-assembly of block copolymers. She joined Northwestern University in 2016.
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Without a basement membrane cells have nowhere to attach and all dependent activities such as cell migration and epithelial formation can no longer occur. The self-assembly and tight network formation by laminin-111 are essential for holding the basement membrane together. Although it is expressed abundantly during the early embryonic stage, laminin-111 is mostly absent in adults.
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The second important aspect of self-assembly is the predominant role of weak interactions (e.g. Van der Waals, capillary, \pi-\pi, hydrogen bonds, or entropic forces) compared to more "traditional" covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds. These weak interactions are important in materials synthesis for two reasons. First, weak interactions take a prominent place in materials, especially in biological systems.
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The self-assembly processes can be easily monitored and analyzed by the components themselves or by external observers. In April 2014, a 3D printed plastic was combined with a "smart material" that self-assembles in water,D’Monte, Leslie (7 May 2014) Indian market sees promise in 3D printers. livemint.com resulting in "4D printing".The emergence of "4D printing". ted.
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The method of self-assembly tries to reproduce not only the properties, but also the processing of bioceramics. In this process, raw materials readily available in nature are used to achieve stringent control of nucleation and growth. This nucleation occurs on a synthetic surface with some success. The technique occurs at low temperature and in an aqueous environment.
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Herz is also interested in self-assembly and nanoscale effects. She works on Biomimetics light harvesting structures made of porphyrin nanorings to explore delocalised excited states. She is the co-director of the Imperial College London Centre for Doctoral Training in Plastic Electronic Materials. She appeared on the BBC Radio 4 show In Our Time in 2015.
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Polymer-protein conjugates can also form a higher ordered supramolecular structure via self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers into micelles and microcapsules, which is one of the most promising strategies to generate drug delivery systems. Such systems have the innate advantage of rapid preparation, a high drug loading capacity, ease of surface decoration, and the potential to be stimuli responsive.
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His research activities include the processing science of materials with emphasis on bio-inspired methods of self-assembly, thermodynamics and phase equilibria, diffusion and structural studies in ionic systems. His most recent work on functionalized graphene produced through thermal reduction of graphene oxide demonstrated many advantages in technologies ranging from nanocomposites to electrochemical devices for chemical sensing, energy harvesting, and energy storage.
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Maksym V. Kovalenko (born 1982) is a full professor of inorganic chemistry and the head of the Functional Inorganic Materials group at ETH Zurich. A part of the research activities of the group are conducted at Empa (Dübendorf). He is working in the fields of solid-state chemistry, quantum dots and other nanomaterials, surface chemistry, self-assembly, optical spectroscopy, optoelectronics and energy storage.
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He also developed the methods by which rare but important events can be simulated on a computer, techniques that culminated in Chandler's development of a statistical physics of trajectory space. This work enabled his studies of systems far from equilibrium, including processes of self-assembly and the glass transition. Chandler died on April 18, 2017 in Berkeley, California, at the age of 72.
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These contorted molecules show the remarkable phenomenon of self- assembly. Based upon the data collected from OFET and OPVs, these molecules show efficient charge transport. The c-HBC, c-OCBC and c-DBTTC act as electron donors and c-PDIs as electron acceptors. The contorted non-planar structure allows these molecules to express sufficient charge transport in self- assembled layers.
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Within the broad field of modern colloid and surface chemistry, his research is mainly concentrated into the following areas: 1\. Self-assembly of bio- inspired surfactants (nucleolipid and ascorbic acid derivatives) and of biomolecules (cyclodextrins) 2\. Core-shell nanostructures with tunable magnetic properties 3\. Inorganic nanophases applied to Cultural Heritage conservation and to nanocoating of materials (building materials, textiles, etc..) 4\.
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Molecular self-assembly is at the heart of crystal engineering, and it typically involves an interaction between complementary hydrogen bonding faces or a metal and a ligand. By analogy with the retrosynthetic approach to organic synthesis, Desiraju coined the term "supramolecular synthon"G. R. Desiraju, Supramolecular Synthons in Crystal Engineering—A New Organic Synthesis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1995, 34, 2311-2327.
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Using those techniques, the studies have shed new light on the thermodynamics of epitaxial growth, the dynamic evolution of the surface morphology of epitaxial films, the self-assembly of quantum dots, the spatiotemporal character of first- and second-order phase transitions at surfaces, etc. He has also developed a novel Low Energy Electron Microscopy instrument, including energy filtering and aberration correction.
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Gustafsson et al. demonstrated free‐standing, bioactive membranes of cm-sized area, but only 250 nm thin, that were formed by self‐assembly of spider silk at the interface of an aqueous solution. The membranes uniquely combine nanoscale thickness, biodegradability, ultrahigh strain and strength, permeability to proteins and promote rapid cell adherence and proliferation. They demonstrated growing a coherent layer of keratinocytes.
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Uchegbu was made a Chair in Drug Delivery at the University of Strathclyde in 2002. Here she worked on polymer self-assembly, identifying materials that could form stable nanosystems. She demonstrated that polymer molecular weight could be used to control the size of vesicles. She joined University College London in 2006 as a Chair in Pharmaceutical Nanoscience at the School of Pharmacy.
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Macroscopic viscous flow fields can direct self-assembly of a random solution of particles into ordered crystals. However, the assembled particles tend to disassemble when the flow is stopped or removed. Shear flows are useful for jammed suspensions or random close packing. As these systems begin in nonequilibrium, flow fields are useful in that they help the system relax towards ordered equilibrium.
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While metals are not typically associated with polymeric structures, the inclusion of metal atoms either throughout the backbone of, or as pendant structures on a polymer can provide unique smart properties, especially in relation to their redox and electronic properties. These desirable properties can range from self-repair of oxidation, to sensing, to smart material self-assembly, as discussed below.
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Katsonis earned her doctoral degree at the Pierre and Marie Curie University. She worked on nanoscale probes of two dimensional molecular self-assemblies with Denis Fishou. She joined the research group of Ben Feringa at the University of Groningen, where she worked on self-assembly of motors and switches. Whilst at Groningen Katsonis developed scanning probe microscopy for the determination of molecular chirality.
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The cylindrical assemblies possess internal helical order and self- organize into columnar liquid crystalline lattices. When inserted into vesicular membranes, the porous cylindrical assemblies mediate transport of protons across the membrane. Self-assembly of dendrons generates arrays of nanowires. Electron donor-acceptor complexes comprise the core of the cylindrical supramolecular assemblies, which further self-organize into two- dimensional columnar liquid crystaline lattices.
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Maťo The Maťo (Matthew) was an 8-bit personal computer produced in the former Czechoslovakia by Štátny majetok Závadka š.p., Závadka nad Hronom, from 1989 to 1992. Their primary goal was to produce a personal computer as cheaply as possible, and therefore it was also sold as a self-assembly kit. It was basically a modified PMD 85, but without backward compatibility.
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Self-assembly of lipids (a), proteins (b), and (c) SDS-cyclodextrin complexes. SDS is a surfactant with a hydrocarbon tail (yellow) and a SO4 head (blue and red), while cyclodextrin is a saccharide ring (green C and red O atoms). Transmission electron microscopy image of an iron oxide nanoparticle. Regularly arranged dots within the dashed border are columns of Fe atoms.
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Paula Jane Booth is an English chemist who holds the Daniell Chair of Chemistry at King's College London and is Head of Department. Booth was awarded a Philip Leverhulme Prize in 2003, a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award in 2008 and an ERC Advanced grant in 2012 for her novel work on investigating the mechanisms of biological self-assembly.
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More information can be found at Roombots webpage.Biorobotics Laboratory Roombots webpage Sambot (2010) Being inspired from social insects, multicellular organism and morphogenetic robots, the aim of the SambotSambot is to develop swarm robotics and conduct research on the swarm intelligence, self-assembly and co-evolution of the body and brain for autonomous morphogeneous. Differing from swarm robot, self-reconfigurable robot and morphgenetic robot, the research focuses on self-assembly swarm modular robots that interact and dock as an autonomous mobile module with others to achieve swarm intelligence and furtherly discuss the autonomous construction in space station and exploratory tools and artificial complex structures. Each Sambot robot can run as an autonomous individual in wheel and besides, using combination of the sensors and docking mechanism, the robot can interact and dock with the environments and other robots.
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As an enzyme-free, isothermal method, it later found application as the basis of an immunoassay method, for in situ hybridization imaging of gene expression, and as the basis for catalytic, isothermal self-assembly of DNA nanostructures. Dirks then worked at D. E. Shaw Research in Manhattan to develop methods for computational protein structure prediction for the design of new drugs, beginning in 2006.
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Metal Rubber is made through a modified molecular- level self-assembly production process using precursors NanoSonic produces in- house. Materials are manufactured in a variety of sizes and geometries. The possible uses of such a product include superior body armor, durable electronic sensors, various aerospace-building materials, and alternate commercial building materials. Several industries have unique needs that are met by metal rubber's characteristics. 1\.
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The Foursquare was a popular mail-order era style along with the California bungalow. When one was ordered, it came in a boxcar with a book of directions and all the parts pre-cut and numbered for self-assembly. These homes are particularly common in neighborhoods near rail-lines built in this era. The largest mail-order house catalog companies were Sears and Aladdin.
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It is noted that in these cases the solvent acts to lower the melting point of the materials thereby enabling the liquid crystalline phases to be accessible. These liquid crystalline phases are closer in architecture to thermotropic liquid crystalline phases than to the conventional lyotropic phases. In contrast to the behaviour of amphiphilic molecules, the lyotropic behaviour of the rod-like molecules does not involve self-assembly.
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Cellulose pulp may also be treated with strong acid to hydrolyze the amorphous fibril regions, thereby producing short rigid cellulose nanocrystals a few 100 nm in length. These nanocelluloses are of high technological interest due to their self-assembly into cholesteric liquid crystals, production of hydrogels or aerogels, use in nanocomposites with superior thermal and mechanical properties, and use as Pickering stabilizers for emulsions.
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Molecular self-assembly is a key concept in supramolecular chemistry. This is because assembly of molecules in such systems is directed through non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-stacking interactions, and/or electrostatic) as well as electromagnetic interactions. Common examples include the formation of colloids, biomolecular condensates, micelles, vesicles, liquid crystal phases, and Langmuir monolayers by surfactant molecules.
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Some derivatives of corannulenes act as blue emitters. The efficient charge transport in contorted aromatic molecules is related with self-assembly and crystal packing. The discotic contorted molecules in crystals tilt relative to the columnar axis because of the interaction of protons with the electronic cloud of neighboring PAHs molecules. This tilt forbids the latitudinal stacking of molecules and allows only the longitudinal stacking Fig 6.
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The organic semiconducting technology is replacing silicon and may one day achieve the goal of having a lab on a chip. The contorted aromatic molecules offer a wide variety of tuning and suitability options. Both electron acceptor (n-type) and electron donor (p-type) contorted molecules can be manufactured. The non-planer structure offers self-assembly characteristics leading to simultaneously optimized miscibility and phase separation.
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Nicholas A. Kotov (born August 29, 1965, Moscow, USSR) is the Joseph B. and Florence V. Cejka Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI, USA. He is known for his pioneering contributions to biomimetic nanostructures. Topics he has been working on in this large interdisciplinary research field include layered biomimetic nanocomposites, self-assembly of nanoparticles, and chiral nanostructures.
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Solvent vapour annealing (SVA) is a widely used technique for controlling the morphology and ordering of block copolymer (BCP) films. By controlling the block ratio (f = NA/N), spheres, cylinders, gyroids and lamellae structures can be readily generated by swelling of the BCP thin film using solvent vapor to facilitate the self-assembly of the polymer blocks. It is a more mild alternative to thermal annealing.
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There are also a class of macromolecular cages that are synthetically formed through covalent bonding as opposed to self-assembly. Through the covalent-bond- forming strategy the cage molecules can be synthesized methodically with customizable functionality and regulated cavity size. Cage-shaped polymers are macromolecular analogues of molecular cages such as cryptand. A cage molecule of this type can be tuned by the degree of polymerization.
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Reactions used in DCvC must generate thermodynamically stable products to overcome the entropic cost of self-assembly. The reactions must form covalent linkages between building blocks. Finally, all possible intermediates must be reversible, and the reaction ideally proceeds under conditions that are tolerant of functional groups elsewhere in the molecule. Reactions that can be used in DCvC are diverse and can be placed into two general categories.
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There is little known about how organic-walled dinocysts are formed except from culture experiments. Cyst formation is suggested to happen through self-assembly processes. Organic-walled dinocyst morphology is shown to be controlled by changes in salinity and temperature in some species, more particularly process length variation. This is known to be the case for Lingulodinium machaerophorum from culture experiments,Hallett, R.I., 1999.
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Armes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2014. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: More recently, he has pioneered polymerisation-induced self-assembly to produce a range of bespoke spherical, worm-like and vesicular nano-objects via RAFT dispersion polymerisation. Armes was awarded the Tilden Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
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The study and formation of 2D architectures (i.e., molecularly thick architectures) has rapidly emerged as a branch of engineering with molecules.J. V. Barth, G. Constantini, K. Kern, Engineering atomic and molecular nanostructures at surfaces, Nature, 2005, 437, 671–679. The formation (often referred as molecular self-assembly depending on its deposition process) of such architectures lies in the use of solid interfaces to create adsorbed monolayers.
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These interlocked molecules have potential uses as molecular sensors, actuators, amplifiers, and molecular switches, and can be controlled chemically, electrically, and optically. Stoddart has pioneered the use of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures to create nanomechanical systems. He has demonstrated that such devices can be fabricated using a combination of the bottom-up approach of molecular self-assembly and a top-down approach of lithography and microfabrication.
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This occurs when the stress applied is sufficient to separate the closely bound water from the protein, splitting the nanocomposite. This results in conformational changes to the protein and an increased probability to form hydrogen bonding between protein chains and subsequent solidification. Multiscale structures, i.e., fibrils or foams are the result of a combination of directional stress fields and the self-assembly properties of the aquamelt.
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Computer desks are typically mass-produced and require some self-assembly. The computer itself is normally separate from the desk, which is designed to hold a typically sized computer, monitor and accessories. Cabling must be routed through the channels and access openings by the user or installer. A small number of computers are built within a desk made specially for them, like the British i-desk.
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Miller also works in biomedical engineering, creating three-dimensional scaffolds through the control of proteins and peptides. She explores the relationship between mesoscopic structure, material properties and cell response. She has studied how proteins self-assemble, including what causes them to unfold and form fibril structures. The morphology (roughness, porosity) and mechanical properties (such as Young's modulus and viscosity) can be controlled through self-assembly.
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Kiick designs polymer nanostructures for targeted therapies and hydrogel matrices for regenerative medicine. She makes use of biomimetic self-assembly, bioconjugation and biosynthesis. In particular, Kiick has worked on polymer- peptide macromolecular structures that can engage cellular targets. These include the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in click chemistry to form hydrogels that degrade selectively in response to molecules present in tissues and extracellular matrix.
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Boron nitride nanomesh is a nanostructured two-dimensional material. It consists of a single BN layer, which forms by self-assembly a highly regular mesh after high-temperature exposure of a clean rhodium or ruthenium surface to borazine under ultra-high vacuum. The nanomesh looks like an assembly of hexagonal pores. The distance between two pore centers is 3.2 nm and the pore diameter is ~2 nm.
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Carbon nanotubes (microstructures), single molecules, or block copolymers are common templates. Nanoparticles are often shown to self-assemble within distances of nanometers and micrometers, but block copolymer templates can be used to form well- defined self-assemblies over macroscopic distances. By incorporating active sites to the surfaces of nanotubes and polymers, the functionalization of these templates can be transformed to favor self-assembly of specified nanoparticles.
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Collagen is synthesized as a soluble precursor, procollagen, which supports collagen self-assembly. Since collagen fibrils have almost 50 binding components in vivo, the definite requirement to generate fibrillogenesis in vivo is still cryptic. With acidic or saline solution, collagen can be extracted from tissues and rearrange into fibril by changing temperature or pH value. Experiments discovered attractive force between collagen monomers which helps the rearrangement.
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Additionally, his paper published in Nature in 2000, which reported the synthesis of homochiral nanoporous crystalline materials using self-assembly and an application for a chiral catalyst, is notable as it was placed among 35 top notable chemical related papers published in Nature from 1950 to 2000. His research has been recognized by a number of awards, including the Izatt- Christensen Award in 2012.
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Mg2+ and other salts must be added into solution and the concentration is well controlled to fold RNA properly. Their expected folding and self-assembly properties are characterized by a wide range of biochemical tools. Native poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used to test the Kd of self-assembled tectoRNAs. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is applied to characterize the thermodynamic stability of nanostructures.
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In 1957 together with Andrey Nikolayevich Belozersky (Андрей Николаевич Белозерский) he conducted comparative analysis of bacterial DNA and RNA, and predicted existence of messenger RNA. He gave the first qualitative description of the structure of high-polymer RNA (1959–61). In 1963 he discovered structural transitions of ribosomes and formulated one of the principles of structure of ribosomes. He discovered artificial ribosomal self-assembly (1963–66).
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The DNA is mixed, then heated and cooled. As the DNA cools, the various staples pull the long strand into the desired shape. Designs are directly observable via several methods, including electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, or fluorescence microscopy when DNA is coupled to fluorescent materials. Bottom-up self-assembly methods are considered promising alternatives that offer cheap, parallel synthesis of nanostructures under relatively mild conditions.
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A perfect sphere is set as α=0. The shape that is faceted to the sphere is defined at α=1. By fluctuating the faceting amount between α=0 and α=1, the lattice can change. Changes include effects on self-assembly, packing structure, amount of coordination of the faceting patch to the sphere, shape of the faceting patch, type of crystal lattice formed, and the strength of the entropic patch.
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Escherichia virus HK97 as seen in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with magnification 300000x. The major capsid protein of HK97, called gp5, cross-links upon maturation to form a chain-mail like structure. While DNA is being packaged into the capsid, the capsid expands by nearly 5 nm and changes from spherical to icosahedral in shape. The HK97 assembly pathway begins with self-assembly of gp5 into pentamers and hexamers.
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At a critical concentration (the gel point), the polymeric network becomes large enough so that on the macroscopic scale, the solution starts to exhibit gel-like physical properties: an extensive continuous solid network, no steady-state flow, and solid-like rheological properties.Raghavan, S.R.; Douglas, J.F. Soft Matter. 2012, 8, 8539. However, organogels that are “low molecular weight gelators” can also be designed to form gels via self- assembly.
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Based on the AC Mk.3 289, the Mk.3 comes with two chassis options. The first utilises refurbished Jaguar suspension whereas the second "Euro" option uses bespoke racing suspension, with double wishbone coilover suspension and cast alloy uprights. The chassis is a steel triangulated backbone type with a GRP semi-monocoque body mounted on top. It's available as a factory built car or in component form for self-assembly.
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S. National Nanotechnology Initiative: What is nanotechnology? to include a wide range of tiny structures, including those created by large and imprecise tools. However, nano manufacturing is not defined in the NNI's recent report, Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology. In contrast, another "priority area," nanofabrication, is defined as "the ability to fabricate, by directed or self-assembly methods, functional structures or devices at the atomic or molecular level" (p. 67).
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George McClelland Whitesides (born August 3, 1939) is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at Harvard University. He is best known for his work in the areas of Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. A prolific author and patent holder who has received many awards, he received the highest Hirsch index rating of all living chemists in 2011.
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Stoddart was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the New Year's Honours December 2006, by Queen Elizabeth II. In 2007, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition for his outstanding and pioneering work in molecular recognition and self-assembly, and the introduction of quick and efficient template-directed synthetic routes to mechanically interlocked molecular compounds, which have changed the way chemists think about molecular switches and machines.
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The Institute for Basic Science (IBS) is operating four basic science research centers at POSTECH in the fields of life sciences (Academy of Immunology and Microbiology - Charles Surh), mathematics (Center for Geometry and Physics - Oh Yong-Geun), chemistry (Center for Self-assembly and Complexity - Kim Kimoon), and physics (Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems - Yeom Han-woong). Academy of Immunology and Microbiology officially closed on Oct 15, 2019.
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This is awarded to Rheologists conducting research in Europe for outstanding, long-term achievements. McLeish also received the Society of Rheology Bingham Medal in 2010. In 2017, McLeish received the Sam Edwards Medal and Prize for "his sustained and outstanding contributions to the fields of molecular rheology, macromolecular biophysics and self-assembly". McLeish's most recent honor is the Lanfranc Medal from the Archbishop of Canterbury which he received in 2018.
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Alex Nugent describes a physical neural network as one or more nonlinear neuron-like nodes used to sum signals and nanoconnections formed from nanoparticles, nanowires, or nanotubes which determine the signal strength input to the nodes. Alignment or self- assembly of the nanoconnections is determined by the history of the applied electric field performing a function analogous to neural synapses. Numerous applicationsU.S. Known Patents for such physical neural networks are possible.
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The self-assembling peptides can be conjugated with polymers that are sensitive to pH and temperature. Through the synthesis of short peptides with various amino acid sequences the Miller group are studying the self-assembly of Beta sheets. She has developed a biocompatible, biodegradable cardiac patch, created from a thick porous scaffold coated with a material that mimics the extracellular matrix. She also studies the degradation mechanism of these materials.
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Professor Stephen Timothy Hyde is an Australian scientist who was appointed Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2005. He is professor and also the ARC Federation Fellow in the Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, at the Australian National University. He holds the Barry Ninham Chair of Natural Sciences. His speciality is in the field of theoretical physics: self-assembly of complex materials and systems.
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An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria. It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins. This structure is built via self-assembly and encloses the whole cell surface. Thus, the S-layer protein can represent up to 15% of the whole protein content of a cell.
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Ratner's more current areas of research include electron transfer, self- assembly, nonlinear optical response in molecules, and theories of quantum dynamics. Ratner is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He was nominated to the National Academy of Sciences in 2002.Biography of Mark A. Ratner by Emma Hitt, National Academy of Sciences, May 5, 2004 In 2004 he was awarded the Irving Langmuir Award.
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Coordination cages are three-dimensional ordered structures in solution that act as hosts in host–guest chemistry. They are self-assembled in solution from organometallic precursors, and often rely solely on noncovalent interactions rather than covalent bonds. Coordinate bonds are useful in such supramolecular self-assembly because of their versatile geometries. However, there is controversy over calling coordinate bonds noncovalent, as they are typically strong bonds and have covalent character.
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Static self-assembly utilizes interactions amongst the nano-particles to achieve a free-energy minimum. In solutions, it is an outcome of random motion of molecules and the affinity of their binding sites for one another. A dynamic system is forced to not reach equilibrium by supplying the system with a continuous, external source of energy to balance attractive and repulsive forces. Magnetic fields, electric fields, ultrasound fields, light fields, etc.
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There are over 30 collagens in nature that are similar in chemical composition but differ in terms of crystal structure. By far, collagen I and II are the most abundant. They initiatively form fibrils in vitro, while fibronectin, fibronectin-binding, collagen-binding integrins and collagen V are essential for collagen I forming and collagen XI for collagen II forming. Therefore, cellular mechanisms play key role in the protein self- assembly process.
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Then, under slightly acidic pH and with relatively high amounts of salts, it is possible to stimulate the self-assembly of the protein subunits, into a shell of identical size to the virus. This yields an empty capsid which has a number of interesting properties. Several successful attempts are reported to incorporate other materials, such as inorganic crystals, inside the capsid. This could lead to possible drug treatments in the future.
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Examples also included microparticles with complex geometries, such as hemispherical, dimer, discs, rods, molecules, as well as multimers. These nanoscale building blocks can in turn be synthesized through conventional chemical routes or by other self-assembly strategies such as directional entropic forces. More recently, inverse design approaches have appeared where it is possible to fix a target self-assembled behavior, and determine an appropriate building block that will realize that behavior.
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Metin Sitti holding a robotic water strider Metin Sitti the director of Physical Intelligence Department of the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart and an adjunct professor of Koc University School of Medicine. He obtained his PhD in Tokyo University. He is interested in micro/nanorobotics, nanomanufacturing, MEMS/NEMS, biomimetic micro/nanosystems, directed self-assembly, bionanotechnology, haptic interfaces, and tele-robotics. He conducted the Micromechanical Flying Insect Project.
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S. National Nanotechnology Initiative: What is nanotechnology? to include a wide range of tiny structures, including those created by large and imprecise tools. However, nanomanufacturing is not defined in the NNI's recent report, Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology. In contrast, another "priority area," nanofabrication, is defined as "the ability to fabricate, by directed or self-assembly methods, functional structures or devices at the atomic or molecular level" (p. 67).
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There is a "scaffold-free" model that uses self-assembling spheroids that subjects to fusion and cell arrangement to resemble evolving tissues. Autonomous self- assembly depends on the cell as the fundamental driver of histogenesis, guiding the building blocks, structural and functional properties of these tissues. It demands a deeper understanding of how embryonic tissues mechanisms develop as well as the microenvironment surrounded to create the bioprinted tissues.
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Single molecule devices are another possibility. These schemes would make heavy use of molecular self-assembly, designing the device components to construct a larger structure or even a complete system on their own. This can be very useful for reconfigurable computing, and may even completely replace present FPGA technology. Molecular electronics is a new technology which is still in its infancy, but also brings hope for truly atomic scale electronic systems in the future.
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Glycoside hydrolase family 79 includes endo-beta-N- glucuronidase and heparanase (CAZY GH_79). Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a key role in the self- assembly, insolubility and barrier properties of basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Hence, cleavage of heparan sulphate (HS) affects the integrity and functional state of tissues and thereby fundamental normal and pathological phenomena involving cell migration and response to changes in the extracellular microenvironment. Heparanase degrades HS at specific intrachain sites.
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Non-metallic tips cannot be fabricated by these methods. In contrast, a sophisticated mechanical method for tip fabrication is based on the hydro-gel method. This method is based on bottom-up strategy to make probe tips by a molecular self- assembly process. First, a cantilever is formed in a mold by curing pre- polymer solution, then it is brought into contact with the mold of the tip which also contains pre-polymer solution.
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In this sense, they are similar to inanimate matter. While viruses sustain no independent metabolism and thus are usually not classified as organisms, they do have their own genes, and they do evolve by mechanisms similar to the evolutionary mechanisms of organisms. Thus, an argument that viruses should be classed as living organisms is their ability to undergo evolution and replicate through self-assembly. However, some scientists argue that viruses neither evolve nor self-reproduce.
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He is particularly well known for his work in materials and surface science. His work in surface chemistry has examined the 'self-assembly' processes of molecules arranging themselves on a surface. This work has become a basis for developments in nanoscience, electronics, pharmaceutical science and medical diagnostics. Some of his research has been visually presented through the collaboration On the Surface of Things: Images of the Extraordinary in Science with MIT science photographer Felice Frankel.
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Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings, catenanes and rotaxanes utilising molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes. He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches.A. Coskun, M. Banaszak, R. D. Astumian, J. F. Stoddart, B. A. Grzybowski, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 19–30 His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
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Microspheres are hollow, micron-sized carriers often formed via self-assembly of polymeric compounds which are most often used to encapsulate the active drug for delivery. Drug release is often achieved by diffusion through pores in the microsphere structure or by degradation of the microsphere shell. Some of the research currently being done uses advanced assembly techniques, such as precision particle fabrication (PPF), to create microspheres capable of sustained control over drug release.
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McCullough's research at Carnegie Mellon University focused on the self-assembly and synthesis of highly conductive organic polymers and oligimers, conjugated polymer sensors, nanoelectronic assembly and fabrication of molecular circuits and transistors, printable metals, new design methods and the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid nanomagnets and high-spin materials, crystal engineering and novel nanocrystalline semiconductor materials. In 1991, the McCullough group reported the first synthesis of regioregular head-to-tail coupled poly (3-alkylthiophenes).
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The Soft Matter Physics group is investigating and manufacturing nanostructured materials made by polymer self-assembly, energy materials for solar cells and batteries, photonic and plasmonic effects arising from structured materials, bio-inspired materials and surfaces . In 2017 the institute had 33 active research projects. Topics of investigation include color-generation in insects, the effect of graphene on human lungs, bio- inspired drug delivery, record-breaking perovskite solar cells, and electric eel-inspired energy devices.
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The Minari cars were designed to be self assembly kits completed by the customer and then registered with the DVLA, however after significant demand from customers a third party assembly company called Chameleon Cars was contracted to build turnkey cars. Donor cars were either supplied by the customer or sourced by Chameleon. Later on turk key cars or unfinished projects could be built by a company called Arden Automotive, the build agent for the Murtaya.
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Solem created a high-level programming language for controlling personal robots. In addition to initiating a laboratory program in artificial intelligence and robotics, Solem did "pioneering" calculations on the motility of microrobots (1994e). He showed unique mechanisms for self-assembly of motile microrobots based on Platonic solids, in particular the dodecahedron, which can assemble into a helix appropriate for propulsion at high-Reynolds number (2002). He described several microrobots for military applications (1996b).
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The direction of Vogel's work is to take microscopic pieces of living tissue and investigate their mechanical properties, with a view to developing new technologies. Her interests include molecular self-assembly, cell adhesion, and the construction of biological minerals, materials, and tissues. Her experimental and computational discoveries of how stretching proteins changes their function, and how cells sense and respond to force, have applications in stem cell differentiation, tissue growth and regeneration, angiogenesis, and cancer.
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Nanoparticles have the ability to assemble chemically through covalent or noncovalent interactions with their capping ligand. The terminal functional group(s) on the particle are known as capping ligands. As these ligands tend to be complex and sophisticated, self-assembly can provide a simpler pathway for nanoparticle organization by synthesizing efficient functional groups. For instance, DNA oligomers have been a key ligand for nanoparticle building blocks to be self-assembling via sequence-based specific organization.
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She earned her PhD in mathematics from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1993 with the dissertation "Synchronizing Representations of Sofic Systems". Her dissertation advisor was Tom Head. In 2007, she won the Rosenberg Tulip Award in DNA Computing for her work in applications of Automata theory and graph theory to DNA nanotechnology. She was elected a AAAS Fellow in 2014 for advancements in understanding information processing in molecular self- assembly.
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A few years later, Alec Bangham showed that bilayers, in the form of lipid vesicles, could also be formed simply by exposing a dried lipid sample to water. This was an important advance, since it demonstrated that lipid bilayers form spontaneously via self assembly and do not require a patterned support structure. In 1977, a totally synthetic bilayer membrane was prepared by Kunitake and Okahata, from a single organic compound, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide.
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Coatings is an important area in construction coatings are extensively use to paint the walls, doors, and windows. Coatings should provide a protective layer bound to the base material to produce a surface of the desired protective or functional properties. The coatings should have self healing capabilities through a process of "self-assembly". Nanotechnology is being applied to paints to obtained the coatings having self healing capabilities and corrosion protection under insulation.
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Using controlled radical polymerization. Maynard has shown it is possible to use the fluorous content of poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate), fluorous methacrylate and ketene acetal 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane co-polymers to determine whether self assembly results into single or multi-chain nanoparticles. The fluorous content controls the degradation of nanoparticles; high fluorous content results in smaller degradation rate constants. Maynard integrates polymeric materials with biologically derived molecules.
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A typical application of GISAS is the characterisation of self-assembly and self-organization on the nanoscale in thin films. Systems studied by GISAS include quantum dot arrays, growth instabilities formed during in-situ growth, self-organized nanostructures in thin films of block copolymers, silica mesophases, and nanoparticles. GISAXS was introduced by Levine and Cohen to study the dewetting of gold deposited on a glass surface. The technique was further developed by NaudonA.
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The idea is that the smart insulin, as a smart drug delivery, can be administered perhaps once a week and will deliver insulin as and only when glucose levels are raised. He is on the advisory board of two Royal Society of Chemistry journals, Organic Chemistry Frontiers and Catalysis Science & Technology,, and the editorial board of the Chemistry Central Journal. He was a co-editor of Boron: Sensing, Synthesis and Supramolecular Self-Assembly.
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He has published several studies on the adaptive significance of plant form and physiology, the interface between physiological and community ecology, the ecology and evolution of forest herbs, carnivorous plants, and epiphytes, fire ecology, evolution atop the tepuis of Venezuela, and self-assembly of patterned peatlands in the Florida Everglades. In 2003 he was made a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.American Association for the Advancement of Science (2003). Annual Report, p. 20.
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Self-assembly is also a method to create patchy particles. This method allows formation of complex structures like chains, sheets, rings, icosahedra, square pyramids, tetrahedra, and twisted staircase structures. By coating the surface of particles with highly anisotropic, highly directional, weakly interacting patches, the arrangement of the attractive patches can organize disordered particles into structures. The coating and the arrangement of the attractive patches is what contributes to the size, shape, and structure of the resulting particle.
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Examples of dissociative exchange include reversible pericyclic reactions, nucleophilic transalkylation, and aminal transamination. Associative exchange involves the substitution reaction with an existing crosslink and the retention of crosslinks throughout exchange. Examples of associative exchange include transesterification, transamination of vinylogous urethanes, and transamination of diketoneamines. Vitrimers possessing nanoscale morphology are being studied, through the use of block copolymer vitrimers in comparison to statistical copolymer analogues, to understand the effects of self-assembly on exchange rates, viscoelastic properties, and reprocessability.
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Adenovirus as seen under an electron microscope Whether or not viruses should be considered as alive is controversial. They are most often considered as just replicators rather than forms of life. They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life" because they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and replicate by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. However, viruses do not metabolize and they require a host cell to make new products.
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The principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular materials are being re-evaluated, with an emphasis on bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methods of biological materials using conventional synthetic materials. The uses have been identified in the synthesis of bioinspired materials through processes that are characteristic of biological systems in nature. This includes the nanoscale self-assembly of the components and the development of hierarchical structures.
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Equilibrium phase transitions (e.g. order/disorder), an equation of state, and the kinetics of colloidal crystallization have all been actively studied, leading to the development of several methods to control the self-assembly of the colloidal particles. Examples include colloidal epitaxy and space-based reduced-gravity techniques, as well as the use of temperature gradients to define a density gradient. This is somewhat counterintuitive as temperature does not play a role in determining the hard-sphere phase diagram.
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A DX array whose assembly encodes an XOR operation has been demonstrated; this allows the DNA array to implement a cellular automaton that generates a fractal known as the Sierpinski gasket. The third image at right shows this type of array.Algorithmic self-assembly: Another system has the function of a binary counter, displaying a representation of increasing binary numbers as it grows. These results show that computation can be incorporated into the assembly of DNA arrays.
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Some alkyl derivatives of adamantane have been used as a working fluid in hydraulic systems. Adamantane- based polymers might find application for coatings of touchscreens, and there are prospects for using adamantane and its homologues in nanotechnology. For example, the soft cage-like structure of adamantane solid allow incorporation of guest molecules, which can be released inside the human body upon breaking the matrix. Adamantane could be used as molecular building blocks for self- assembly of molecular crystals.
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The spontaneous assembly of a single layer of molecules at interfaces is usually referred to as two-dimensional self-assembly. One of the common examples of such assemblies are Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers and multilayers of surfactants. Non-surface active molecules can assemble into ordered structures as well. Early direct proofs showing that non-surface active molecules can assemble into higher-order architectures at solid interfaces came with the development of scanning tunneling microscopy and shortly thereafter.
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BUG is a Croatian monthly computer and information technology magazine, established in 1992.Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu – Hrvatski časopisi u otvorenom pristupu Published by the BUG publishing company, it is currently not one of the most popular computer magazines in the country.Čitanost hrvatskih izdanja It focuses primarily on PC hardware and software technology. The magazine also includes sections for video games, news, columnist writing (John C. Dvorak was a regular contributor), a helpdesk, and self-assembly.
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Secondary structures usually fold into with a variety of loops and turns into a tertiary structure. What differentiates the secondary structure from the tertiary structure is primarily that the latter includes non-covalent interactions. The quaternary structure is the combination of two or more different chains of polypeptide to form what is known as a protein sub-unit. The self-assembly process of the peptide chains is dynamic—reassembly occurs repeatedly in a self-healing manner.
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Such monolayers may feature spatial crystallinity in an investigated time window, and thus the terminology of 2D crystal engineering is well suited.C.A. Palma, M. Bonini, T. Breiner, P. Samori, Supramolecular Crystal Engineering at the Solid– Liquid Interface from First Principles: Toward Unraveling the Thermodynamics of 2D Self- Assembly, Adv. Mat., 2009, 21, 1383–1386J. A. A. W. Elemans, S.B. Lei S. De Feyter, Molecular and Supramolecular Networks on Surfaces: From Two Dimensional Crystal Engineering to Reactivity, Angew. Chem. Int.
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Recently, the use of alternating layers of organic and inorganic compounds has been controlled through electrodeposition-based self-assembly. This is of particular interest because it has been shown that the lamellar structure and periodicity of the alternating organic-inorganic layers can be controlled through solution chemistry. To produce this type of cell with practical efficiencies, larger organic surfactants that absorb more of the visible spectrum must be deposited between the layers of electron-accepting inorganic.
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Rectangular partitions can simplify convolution operations in image processing and can be used to compress bitmap images. Closely related matrix decomposition problems have been applied to radiation therapy planning, and rectangular partitions have also been used to design robot self-assembly sequences. Several polynomial-time algorithms for this problem are known; see and for a review. The problem of partitioning a rectilinear polygon to a smallest number of squares (in contrast to arbitrary rectangles) is NP-hard.
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The likelihood that proteopathy will develop is increased by certain risk factors that promote the self-assembly of a protein. These include destabilizing changes in the primary amino acid sequence of the protein, post-translational modifications (such as hyperphosphorylation), changes in temperature or pH, an increase in production of a protein, or a decrease in its clearance. Advancing age is a strong risk factor, as is traumatic brain injury. In the aging brain, multiple proteopathies can overlap.
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Dually, one can view processes occurring in nature as information processing. Such processes include self-assembly, developmental processes, gene regulation networks, protein–protein interaction networks, biological transport (active transport, passive transport) networks, and gene assembly in unicellular organisms. Efforts to understand biological systems also include engineering of semi-synthetic organisms, and understanding the universe itself from the point of view of information processing. Indeed, the idea was even advanced that information is more fundamental than matter or energy.
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MKLP1, together with the Rho-family GTPase activating protein CYK-4 (also termed MgcRacGAP), forms the centralspindlin complex. Centralspindlin binds to the central spindle as higher-order clusters. The centralspindlin cluster formation is promoted by phosphorylation of MLKP1 by Aurora B, a component of CPC. In short, the self-assembly of central spindle is initiated through the phosphoregulation of multiple central spindle components by the decline of CDK1 activity, either directly or indirectly, at the metaphase-anaphase transition.
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Due to their optical, electronic, and molecular-recognition properties, gold nanoparticles are the subject of substantial research, with many potential or promised applications in a wide variety of areas, including electron microscopy, electronics, nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine. The properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles, and thus their potential applications, depend strongly upon their size and shape. For example, rodlike particles have both transverse and longitudinal absorption peak, and anisotropy of the shape affects their self-assembly.
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DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information. This has led to the creation of two-dimensional periodic lattices (both tile-based and using the DNA origami method) and three-dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra. Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self-assembly have also been demonstrated, and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins.
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Advances in lipid nanotechnology were instrumental in engineering medical nanodevices and novel drug delivery systems, as well as in developing sensing applications. Another system for microRNA delivery under preliminary research is nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly of two different microRNAs deregulated in cancer. One potential application is based on small electromechanical systems, such as nanoelectromechanical systems being investigated for the active release of drugs and sensors for possible cancer treatment with iron nanoparticles or gold shells.
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Nanoparticles are classified as having at least one of three dimensions be in the range of 1-100 nm. The small size of nanoparticles allows them to have unique characteristics which may not be possible on the macro-scale. Self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of smaller subunits to form larger, well-organized patterns. For nanoparticles, this spontaneous assembly is a consequence of interactions between the particles aimed at achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium and reducing the system’s free energy.
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The number of nanoparticles involved in self-assembly can be controlled by manipulating the concentration of the electrolyte, which can be in the aqueous or the organic phase. Higher electrolyte concentrations correspond to decreased spacing between the nanoparticles. Pickering and Ramsden worked with oil/water (O/W) interfaces to portray this idea. Pickering and Ramsden explained the idea of pickering emulsions when experimenting with paraffin-water emulsions with solid particles like iron oxide and silicon dioxide.
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Self-assembly of nanoscale structures from functional nanoparticles has provided a powerful path to developing small and powerful electronic components. Nanoscale objects have always been difficult to manipulate because they cannot be characterized by molecular techniques and they are too small to observe optically. But with advances in science and technology, there are now many instruments for observing nanostructures. Imaging methods span electron, optical and scanning probe microscopy, including combined electron-scanning probe and near-field opticalscanning probe instruments.
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Folding of other ribozymes (hepatitis delta virus, ribonuclease P, hairpin ribozyme) has also been proposed. Several years after these publications, independent crystal structures have shown the accuracy of the architecture of the folds and interactions responsible for self-assembly. His expertise in RNA structure modeling has led him to collaborate with several groups. Thus, with F. Eckstein and T. Tuschl, the first model of the hammer-headed ribozyme was produced on the basis of fluorescence data.
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The rational design of tectoRNA is based on known X-ray and NMR structures. TectoRNAs can be seen as analogous to words, and, by using the natural syntax of RNA structural motifs, all kinds of thermodynamically stable shapes can be rationally designed and synthesized. The sequence specifying for stable, recurrent, and modular structural motifs, e.g. GNRA tetraloop, kissing loops, kink turns, A-minor interaction, etc, can be encoded within tectoRNAs to control their geometry and self-assembly into nanostructures.
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An example for this may be observed in the self-assembly of polyoxometalates. Evidence suggests that such molecules assemble via a dense-phase type mechanism whereby small oxometalate ions first assemble non-covalently in solution, followed by a condensation reaction that covalently binds the assembled units. This process can be aided by the introduction of templating agents to control the formed species. In such a way, highly organized covalent molecules may be formed in a specific manner.
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MAs of macromolecules are held in their defined forms by non- covalent intermolecular interactions (rather than covalent bonds), and can be in either non-repeating structures (e.g., as in the ribosome (image) and cell membrane architectures), or in repeating linear, circular, spiral, or other patterns (e.g., as in actin filaments and the flagellar motor, image). The process by which MAs are formed has been termed molecular self-assembly, a term especially applied in non-biologic contexts.
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Nature offers a large number of ideas for the design of novel materials with superior properties. Self-assembly and self- organization being the main principle of structure formation in nature attract significant interest as promising concepts for the design of intelligent materials. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels mimic swelling/shrinking behavior of plant cells and produce macroscopic actuation is response to small variation of environmental conditions. Mostly, homogenous expansion or contraction in all directions can result a change of conditions.
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The Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids (KCPC) is a research centre of the School of Chemistry established by the Australian Research Council Research Centres Program. While the KCPC is known for polymers and colloids, it comprises several groups that can specialise in different areas like self-assembly, virus mimics, emulsions, and surfactants. The KCPC has attracted various industry support such as Orica, Nuplex Industries, and others. Currently, faculty members involved in KCPC research are: A/Prof.
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VP2 and VP3 assemble inside the capsid in contact with VP1. alt=A rendered capsid image with the symmetry-related VP1 monomers shown in different colors and centered on a strict pentamer, producing a radial symmetry effect. VP1 is capable of self-assembly into virus-like particles even in the absence of other viral components. This process requires bound calcium ions and the resulting particles are stabilized by, but do not require, intra-pentamer disulfide bonds.
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An example of a supramolecular assembly. Self- assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, structurally well-defined arrays, quite reminiscent of one of the 7 crystal systems found in metallurgy and mineralogy (e.g. face-centred cubic, body- centred cubic, etc.).
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Amalie L. Frischknecht is an American theoretical polymer physicist at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2012 for "her outstanding contributions to the theory of ionomers and nanocomposites including the development and application of density functional theory to polymers". Her research focuses on understanding the structure, phase behavior, and self-assembly of polymer systems, such as complex fluids polymer nanocomposites, lipid bilayer assemblies, and ionomers.
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She also studies the role of amyloid beta, a residue generated by the processing of the amyloid precursor protein, and Alzheimer's disease. The Lee group look to establish a model for Ab aggregation, identifying which Ab isoforms are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. She has also studied the mechanisms that allow the formation of the myelin sheath. Using transmission electron microscopy, her group studied the self-assembly of myelin lipids into tubules and subsequent transition into lamellar.
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137–152 Collectible cards, stickers, toy guns, music singles, punching bags and many other items were also produced in this period. Dalek toys released in the 1970s included a new version of Louis Marx's battery-operated Dalek (1974), a "talking Dalek" from Palitoy (1975) and a Dalek board game (1975) and Dalek action figure (1977), both from Denys Fisher. From 1988 to 2002, Dapol released a line of Dalek toys in conjunction with its Doctor Who action figure series.Howe (2003), pp. 469–473, 490–491 In 1984, Sevans Models released a self-assembly model kit for a one-fifth scale Dalek, which Doctor Who historian David Howe has described as "the most accurate model of a Dalek ever to be released".Howe (1996a), p. 159 Comet Miniatures released two Dalek self-assembly model kits in the 1990s.Howe (2003), p. 366 In 1992, Bally released a Doctor Who pinball machine which prominently featured the Daleks both as a primary playfield feature and as a motorised toy in the topper. Bluebird Toys produced a Dalek-themed Doctor Who playset in 1998.Howe (2003), p.
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Surface physics can be roughly defined as the study of physical interactions that occur at interfaces. It overlaps with surface chemistry. Some of the topics investigated in surface physics include friction, surface states, surface diffusion, surface reconstruction, surface phonons and plasmons, epitaxy, the emission and tunneling of electrons, spintronics, and the self-assembly of nanostructures on surfaces. Techniques to investigate processes at surfaces include Surface X-Ray Scattering, Scanning Probe Microscopy, surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
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The goal of this process is to quickly and continuously create nanostructured particles deriving from a colloid precursor containing a solvent and silica particles. Aerosol assisted self assembly is a one step process with a high production rate. The process takes a few seconds in terms of reaction time, and there's no requirement for heating and chemically treating the particles after development. The first part of the process is to create the colloid precursor which consists of the silica nanoparticles and the solvent.
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To increase the selectivity and sensitivity of amperometric biosensors, artificial mediators and permselective coatings are often used in the biosensor fabrication. Artificial mediators are used to shuttle electrons between the enzyme and the electrode to allow operation at low potentials. Gooding et al. demonstrated that shortened SWNTs can be aligned normal to an electrode by self-assembly and act as molecular wires to allow electrical communication between the underlying electrode and redox proteins covalently attached to the ends of the SWNTs.
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The ROSLA Buildings were delivered in self assembly packs and then assembled, often within days, regardless of weather conditions. They were not intended to stand long-term, though some have stood much longer than was intended. Many ROSLA Buildings shared similar exterior attributes such as their design, with the only difference being the separation of rooms within the building. The room separation within the building was decided upon by senior school management, hence many walls are false from being added after construction.
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There are secondary elements around this β-barrel core like the Cys3-Cys4 and Cys7-Cys8 loops. This model is consistent with the amyloid-like structure that class I rodlets form, in which the β-strands are oriented perpendicular to the cross-β scaffold axis of the fibre. Site-directed mutagenesis of EAS has given insights into the specific structural changes responsible for self-assembly of monomers into rodlets and subsequent formation of amphipathic monolayer in hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces. Kwan et al.
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Hatton has published widely on colloidal phenomena and their applications in chemical processing. His research interests include responsive surfactants and gels obtained by colloidal self-assembly, stimuli-responsive materials, chemically reactive fibers and fabrics, metal-organic frameworks for separations and catalysis, and synthesis and functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles and clusters. Much of his work focuses on the development of purification technologies of various kinds. In the 1980s, he studied the effects of metal ions, clays, and minerals on sorption capacities.
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Specific examples of this are ferritin, capsid, and the tobacco mosaic virus, which are formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits into a polyhedral symmetry. Nonbiological polyhedra formed with metal ions and organic linkers are metal based macromolecular cages that have nanocavities with multiple openings or pores that allow small molecules to permeate and pass through. MOPs have been used to encapsulate a number of guests through various host-guest interactions (e.g. electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and steric interactions).
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Dielectrophoretic directed self-assembly utilizes an electric field that controls metal particles, such as gold nanorods, by inducing a dipole in the particles. By varying the polarity and strength of the electric field, the polarized particles are either attracted to positive regions or repelled from negative regions where the electric field has higher strength. This direct manipulation method transports the particles to position and orient them into a nano-structure on a receptor substrate.Pescaglini, A., U. Emanuele, A. O’Riordan, and Daniela Iacopino.
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Steven Armes Using polymerisation techniques such as reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT) and atom-transfer radical-polymerization (ATRP) his laboratory synthesises a wide range of polymers. His research focuses on the synthesis and application of polymers – long-chain molecules formed from many repeating units known as monomers. In particular, Steven's research group has developed new ways to make water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers based on methacrylic monomers. A powerful approach is to use polymerisation-induced self-assembly (PISA).
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Capillary origami of a thin PDMS sheet using a water droplet Unlike normal origami, capillary origami is the phenomenon where folding of an elastic sheet is done by capillary force. This phenomenon can only be seen as characteristic length of an elastic sheet is longer than elasto-capillary length and can be used in the application of self-assembly in micro and nano applications. In some cases, high voltage was used to actuate a folded structure by using electrostatic energies.
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Supramolecular containers do not only have an application in catalysis but also in the opposite, namely, inhibition. A container molecule could encapsulate a guest molecule and thus subsequently renders the guest unreactive. A mechanism of inhibition could either be that the substrate is completely isolated from the reagent or that the container molecule destabilize the transition state of the reaction. Nitschke and coworkers invented a self-assembly M4L6 supramolecular host with a tetrahedral hydrophobic cavity that can encapsulate white phosphorus.
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A proposed but not yet implemented method consists of building QCA devices out of single molecules. The expected advantages of such a method include: highly symmetric QCA cell structure, very high switching speeds, extremely high device density, operation at room temperature, and even the possibility of mass-producing devices by means of self-assembly. A number of technical challenges, including choice of molecules, the design of proper interfacing mechanisms, and clocking technology remain to be solved before this method can be implemented.
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These particular Janus particles form aggregates in organic solvents considering that both sides of these particles are soluble in the organic solvent. It appears that the slight selectivity of the solvent is able to induce self- assembly of the particles into discrete clusters of Janus particles. This type of aggregation does not occur for either standard block copolymers nor for homogeneous particles and thus is a feature specific to Janus particles. In an aqueous solutions, two kinds of biphasic particles can be distinguished.
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It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self- assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography.
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Condensation proceeds via loss of water and the formation of M–O–M linkages. An abbreviated condensation sequence illustrated with vanadates is: :4 \+ 8 H+ → + 4 H2O : \+ 6 H+ → + 2 H2O When such acidifications are conducted in the presence of phosphate or silicate, then one obtains a heteropolymetalate. For example, the phosphotungstate anion consists of a framework of twelve octahedral tungsten oxyanions surrounding a central phosphate group. The assembly of polyoxometalates upon acidification of solutions is an example for covalent self-assembly.
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Nanostructure characterization tools include advanced optical spectro-microscopy (linear, non-linear, tipenhanced and pump-probe) and Auger and x-ray photoemission for surface analysis. 2D self-assembly monodisperse particle colloids has a strong potential in dense magnetic storage media. Each colloid particle has the ability to store information as known as binary number 0 and 1 after applying it to a strong magnetic field. In the meantime, it requires a nanoscale sensor or detector in order to selectively choose the colloid particle.
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Kim Kimoon is a South Korean chemist and professor in the Department of Chemistry at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH). He is the first and current director of the Center for Self-assembly and Complexity at the Institute for Basic Science. Kim has authored or coauthored 300 papers which have been cited more than 30,000 times and he holds a number of patents. His work has been published in Nature, Nature Chemistry, Angewandte Chemie, and JACS, among others.
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Unlike conventional nanostructures built by reversible interactions/bonds, Kim discovered that the irreversible thiol-ene polymerization of rigid, disk-shaped building blocks resulted in robust hollow polymer nanocapsules with a narrow size distribution. He was able to control the size, shape, property and functionality of the nanostructured materials, including spheres, film, toroids, and tubular structures. They have applications in therapeutics, catalysis, separation, and electronics. The research demonstrated an alternate route for construction of nanostructured materials with specific morphology via self-assembly.
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Polyferrocenylsilanes are a group of common organosilicon metallopolymer with backbones consisting of silicon and ferrocene. Variants of polyferroceylsilanes have been found to exhibit smart self-assembly in response to oxidation and subsequent smart self-disassembly upon reduction, as well as variants which can respond to electrochemical stimulation. One such example is a thin film of a polystyrene-polyferrocenylsilane inorganic-organic hybrid copolymer that was found to be able to adsorb and release ferritin with the application of an electrical potential.
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DSA recombines split vias. Two vias which normally would need separate exposures (red and blue) can be patterned together with DSA assistance using a single guiding pattern exposure (black border). The number of masks used for sidewall spacer patterning may be reduced with the use of directed self-assembly (DSA) due to the provision of gridded cuts all at once within a printed area, which can then be selected with a final exposure.Synopsis Presentation at Semicon West 2013 M. C. Smayling et al.
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Crystal structure of a hexa-tert-butyl-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene reported by Müllen and cooworkers in Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 1834-1839. Supramolecular electronics is the experimental field of supramolecular chemistry that bridges the gap between molecular electronics and bulk plastics in the construction of electronic circuitry at the nanoscale 1. In supramolecular electronics, assemblies of pi-conjugated systems on the 5 to 100 nanometer length scale are prepared by molecular self-assembly with the aim to fit these structures between electrodes.
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One-dimensional photonic crystals can be made of layers deposited or stuck together. Two-dimensional ones can be made by photolithography, or by drilling holes in a suitable substrate. Fabrication methods for three-dimensional ones include drilling under different angles, stacking multiple 2-D layers on top of each other, direct laser writing, or, for example, instigating self-assembly of spheres in a matrix and dissolving the spheres. Photonic crystals can, in principle, find uses wherever light must be manipulated.
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The two known methods for doing this are self-assembly and positional assembly. Molecules that have been designed or have evolved to bind together, typically along conformal surfaces, will self-assemble under the right conditions. In the production of atomically precise membranes, molecules can arrange themselves on the surface of a liquid and then be chemically bound to each other. Complex atomically precise self- assembled objects are also possible: striking examples include the robot-like Enterobacteria phage T4 and the bacterial flagellar motor.
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Paul Wilhelm Karl Rothemund is a research professor at the Computation and Neural Systems department at Caltech. He has become known in the fields of DNA nanotechnology and synthetic biology for his pioneering work with DNA origami. He shared both categories of the 2006 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology with Erik Winfree for their work in creating DNA nanotubes, algorithmic molecular self-assembly of DNA tile structures, and their theoretical work on DNA computing. Rothemund is also a 2007 recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship.
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The solution to the problem was to construct new buildings (often referred to as "ROSLA Buildings" or "ROSLA Blocks") for the schools that needed to extend their capacity. This provided the space to cope with the new cohort of ROSLA students. The ROSLA Buildings were delivered to schools in self assembly packs and were not intended to stand long-term, though some have proven to have stood much longer than was initially planned and were still in use in the 2010s.
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Artificial Life, 7(3):225–275, 2001. is a chemical-like system that usually consists of objects, called molecules, that interact according to rules resembling chemical reaction rules. Artificial chemistries are created and studied in order to understand fundamental properties of chemical systems, including prebiotic evolution, as well as for developing chemical computing systems. Artificial chemistry is a field within computer science wherein chemical reactions—often biochemical ones—are computer-simulated, yielding insights on evolution, self-assembly, and other biochemical phenomena.
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Colloidal crystals are receiving increased attention, largely due to their mechanisms of ordering and self-assembly, cooperative motion, structures similar to those observed in condensed matter by both liquids and solids, and structural phase transitions. Phase equilibrium has been considered within the context of their physical similarities, with appropriate scaling, to elastic solids. Observations of the interparticle separation distance has shown a decrease on ordering. This led to a re-evaluation of Langmuir's beliefs about the existence of a long-range attractive component in the interparticle potential.
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To produce nanolattice materials, polymer templates are manufactured by high- resolution 3D printing processes, such as multiphoton lithography, or by self- assembly techniques. Ceramic, metal or composite material nanolattices are formed by post-treatment of the polymer templates with techniques including pyrolysis, atomic layer deposition, electroplating and electroless plating. Pyrolysis, which additionally shrinks the lattices by up to 90%, creates the smallest-size structures, whereby the polymeric template material transforms into carbon, or other ceramics and metals, through thermal decomposition in inert atmosphere or vacuum.
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For instance, the chiral self-assembly of cellulose inspired by the Pollia condensata berry has been exploited to make optically active films. Such films are made from cellulose which is a biodegradable and biobased resource obtained from wood or cotton. The structural colours can potentially be everlasting and have more vibrant colour than the ones obtained from chemical absorption of light. Pollia condensata is not the only fruit showing a structural coloured skin; iridescence is also found in berries of other species such as Margaritaria nobilis.
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This self-assembly motif was applied in the organization of fullerenes. Penta-substituted fullerenes (with methyl or phenyl groups) charged with five electrons form supramolecular dimers with a complementary corannulene tetraanion bowl, 'stitched' by interstitial lithium cations. In a related system 5 lithium ions are sandwiched between two corannulene bowls In one cyclopenta[bc]corannulene a concave - concave aggregate is observed by NMR spectroscopy with 2 C–Li–C bonds connecting the tetraanions. :Cyclopenta[bc]corannulene Metals tend to bind to the convex face of the annulene.
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Ferritin is a hollow sphere that has an outer diameter close to 12 nm and an inner diameter of 7-8 nm. The inner chamber of ferritin uptakes or binds iron in its ferrous state and stores iron in its ferric or trivalent state. There are many examples of highly symmetrical macromolecular cage motifs known as protein cages in biological systems. The term protein cage delineates a diverse range of protein structures that are formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits into hollow macromolecular nanoparticles.
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Molecular recognition and self-assembly may be used with reactive species in order to pre-organize a system for a chemical reaction (to form one or more covalent bonds). It may be considered a special case of supramolecular catalysis. Non-covalent bonds between the reactants and a "template" hold the reactive sites of the reactants close together, facilitating the desired chemistry. This technique is particularly useful for situations where the desired reaction conformation is thermodynamically or kinetically unlikely, such as in the preparation of large macrocycles.
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Self- assembled molecules have an advantage over crown ether and cyclodextrin in that they can capture significant larger molecules or even two molecules at the same time. In the following decades, many research groups, such as Makoto Fujita, Ken Raymond, and Jonathan Nitschke, developed cage-like catalysts also from molecular self-assembly principle. In 2002, Sanders and coworkers published the use of dynamic combinatorial library technique to construct a receptor and in 2003 they employed the technique to develop a catalyst for Diels-Alder reaction.
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The self-assembly of certain types of Janus particles may be controlled by modifying the pH of their solution. Lattuada et al. prepared nanoparticles with one side coated with a pH- responsive polymer (polyacrylic acid, PAA) and the other with either a positively charged polymer (poly dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, PDMAEMA), a negatively charged, pH-insensitive polymer, or a temperature-responsive polymer (poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide, PNIPAm). In changing the pH of their solution, they noticed a change in the clustering of their Janus nanoparticles.
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Research shows silkworm silk does not possess any inherent antibiotic characteristics, bio-mimicking mechanical properties, and can cause fatal respiratory allergic reactions in some people. Recent studies show that recombinantly produced spider silk proteins self-assemble at the liquid-air interface of a standing solution, forming protein permeable, super strong and ultra flexible membranes. The unforced self-assembly creates a nanofibrilar membrane which supports cell growth. A confluent layer of human skin cells form within three days and would be suitable for direct delivery to a patient.
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Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size range with various targeting ligands attached to their surface allowing for their surface-attachment and accumulation in pathological areas for treatment of disease. Drug-loaded polymeric micelle formed from self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous media. Drug-loaded polymeric micelles with various targeting functions.
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The first is known as self-assembly, which involves the formation of polymer by combining all elements of the MIP and allowing the molecular interactions to form the cross-linked polymer with the template molecule bound. The second method of formation of MIPs involves covalently linking the imprint molecule to the monomer. After polymerization, the monomer is cleaved from the template molecule. The selectivity is greatly influenced by the kind and amount of cross-linking agent used in the synthesis of the imprinted polymer.
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Fibrillogenesis is the development of fine fibrils normally present in collagen fibers of connective tissue. It is derived from the Greek fibrillo (meaning fibrils, or pertaining to fibrils) and genesis (to create, the process by which something is created). The assembly of collagen fibrils, fibrillogenesis appears to be a self-assembly process although there is much speculation about the specifics of the mechanism through which the body produces collagen fibrils. In the body, collagen fibrils are composed of several types of collagen as well as macromolecules.
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Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a lipid bilayer. The yellow polar head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments. Lipid bilayers form through the process of molecular self-assembly. The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are isolated from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic "head" regions interact with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer.
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By the advantage of motion and connection, Sambot swarms can aggregate into a symbiotic or whole organism and generate locomotion as the bionic articular robots. In this case, some self-assembling, self-organizing, self- reconfiguring, and self-repairing function and research are available in design and application view. Inside the modular robot whose size is 80(W)X80(L)X102(H) mm, MCU (ARM and AVR), communication (Zigbee), sensors, power, IMU, positioning modules are embedded. More information can be found at "Self-assembly Swarm Modular Robots".
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Young-Tae Chang is a South Korean chemist. He is a professor of chemistry at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Associate Director under Kim Kimoon at the Center for Self-assembly and Complexity at the Institute for Basic Science located on the POSTECH campus. Young-Tae Chang was born in Pusan, South Korea in 1968. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from POSTECH, working on the divergent synthesis of all regioisomers of myo-inositol phosphates, under guide of Prof.
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Some viruses may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity. Opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life or organic structures that interact with living organisms. They are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly, and evolve through natural selection.
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The third distinctive feature of self- assembly is that the building blocks are not only atoms and molecules, but span a wide range of nano- and mesoscopic structures, with different chemical compositions, functionalities, and shapes. Research into possible three- dimensional shapes of self-assembling micrites examines Platonic solids (regular polyhedral). The term ‘micrite’ was created by DARPA to refer to sub- millimeter sized microrobots, whose self-organizing abilities may be compared with those of slime mold. Recent examples of novel building blocks include polyhedra and patchy particles.
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The technique has been used by researchers world-wide to model suspensions and understand a variety of physical systems. Brady and collaborators discovered the micromechanical "swim pressure" that contributes to the unique self-assembly and phase separation in a broad class of active matter. Brady was an associate editor of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics (1990-2004) and the editor of the Journal of Rheology (2005-2012). According to Google Scholar, his publications have received over 19,000 citations and his h-index is 68.
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This discovery led to the development of a new criterion for distinguishing gels from soft glass.Winter, H. H. (2013) Glass transition as the rheological inverse of gelation. Macromolecules 46, 2425-2432 With Alessio Zaccone, they also developed rheological scaling laws for colloidal gels, which take into account the power-law growth kinetics in the colloidal self-assembly. Winter also contributed to the numerical modeling of polymer processing operations and his 1977 paper on viscous dissipation in flowing polymer systems is widely considered a classic in the area.
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Like nacre and the other mineralized tissues, bone has a hierarchical structure that is also formed by the self-assembly of smaller components. The mineral in bone (known as bone mineral) is hydroxyapatite with a lot of carbonate ions, while the organic portion is made mostly of collagen and some other proteins. The hierarchical structural of bone spans across to a three tiered hierarchy of the collagen molecule itself. Different sources report different numbers of hierarchical level in bone, which is a complex biological material.
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Julius Rebek Julius Rebek, Jr. (born April 11, 1944) is a Hungarian-born American chemist and expert on molecular self-assembly. Rebek was born in Beregszasz (Berehove), Ukraine, which at the time was part of Hungary, in 1944 and lived in Austria from 1945 to 1949. In 1949 he and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Topeka, Kansas where he graduated from Highland Park High School. Rebek graduated from the University of Kansas with a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry.
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As a research fellow at Caltech, Rothemund has developed a technique to manipulate and fold strands of DNA known as DNA origami. Eventually, Rothemund hopes that self-assembly techniques could be used to create a "programming language for molecules, just as we have programming languages for computers." His work on large-scale sculptures of his DNA origami was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York from February 24 to May 12, 2008. His grandfather, Paul Rothemund, was a chemist as well.
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Peptide amphiphiles were developed in the 1990s. They were first described by the group of Matthew Tirrell in 1995. These first reported PA molecules were composed of two domains: one of lipophilic character and another of hydrophilic properties, which allowed self-assembly into sphere-like supramolecular structures as a result of the association of the lipophilic domains away from the solvent (hydrophobic effect), which resulted in the core of the nanostructure. The hydrophilic residues become exposed to the water, giving rise to a soluble nanostructure.
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Nanomanufacturing techniques provide a means of manufacturing cellular-scale medical devices (<100μm). They are particularly useful in the context of medical research, where cellular-scale sensors can be produced that provide high-resolution measurements of cellular-scale phenomena. Common techniques in the area are direct-write nanopatterning techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography, electron-beam photolithography and microcontact printing, directed self-assembly methods, and Functional Nanoparticle Delivery (NFP), where nanofountain probes deliver liquid molecular material that is drawn through nanopattern channels by capillary action.
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The initial silica nanoparticles are in an amorphous crystalline phase and the solvent is composed of trimethylsilyl chloride (TMCS) and ethyl alcohol. To synthesize hydrophobic nanostructured silica using this method, the colloid precursor containing the solvent and silica particles is sprayed by an aerosol generator. The droplets are then transported by a carrier gas to a furnace where they are heated. Upon entry into the furnace, the ethyl alcohol evaporates from the colloid precursor, allowing self-assembly to occur between the silica particles and the surface treating agent, TMCS.
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While multicomponent reactions have been studied for centuries, the idea of deliberately analyzing mixtures and reaction networks is more recent. The first mentions of systems chemistry as a field date from 2005. Early adopters focused on prebiotic chemistry combined with supramolecular chemistry, before it was generalized to the study of emergent properties and functions of any complex molecular systems. A 2017 review in the field of systems chemistry described the state of the art as out-of-equilibrium self-assembly, fuelled molecular motion, chemical networks in compartments and oscillating reactions.
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These reactions give a random network, which does not have long-range periodic structure. By its nature this method gives the advantage of tuning the resulting material properties through appropriate selection of anions and cations. At the same time a judicious match of the anion and metal components is needed in order to force the building block and linker metals to engage in a controlled self-assembly process so a gel can be obtained. The key is to avoid rapid precipitation or a permanent solution where with no gelation is taking place.
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BSP has been demonstrated to be extensively post- translationally modified, with carbohydrates and other modifications comprising approximately 50% of the molecular weight of the native protein. These modifications, which include N- and O-linked glycosylation, tyrosine sulfation and serine and threonine phosphorylation, make the protein highly heterogeneous. A 3D model of human bone sialoprotein has been developed using molecular modelling techniques, as shown in the picture above. The model suggests that the protein provides a flexible template for the rapid self- assembly of calcium and phosphate ions, so nucleating the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals.
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ChemSystemsChem is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes articles on all areas of systems chemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe and is a sister publication to other scientific journals published by Wiley-VCH, including Angewandte Chemie and Chemistry—A European Journal. The journal publishes interdisciplinary, original research covering topics such as out-of-equilibrium self-assembly, chemical networks, and chemical ensembles with emergent properties. The Editorial Board is chaired by Ludovic Jullien (Sorbonne Université and École normale supérieure) and Wilhelm Huck (Radboud University).
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Watkins began her postdoctoral research at the University of Florida in 2012, developing new organic materials for applications in photovoltaics. In particular, she worked on oligomers that could be synthesised via self- assembly techniques and studying their optoelectronic and redox properties. She joined University of Mississippi in 2014 as an Assistant Professor, where she is now an Associate Professor. Her research in supramolecular chemistry specialises in designing new synthetic routes for making oligomer semiconductors for applications in optoelectronic devices by studying the relationships between their structural, optical and electronic properties.
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It also occurs spontaneously in some systems with artificial components, such as the stock market and road traffic. This behavior can be studied through the analysis of a chaotic mathematical model, or through analytical techniques such as recurrence plots and Poincaré maps. Chaos theory has applications in a variety of disciplines, including meteorology, anthropology, sociology, physics, environmental science, computer science, engineering, economics, biology, ecology, pandemic crisis management, and philosophy. The theory formed the basis for such fields of study as complex dynamical systems, edge of chaos theory, and self-assembly processes.
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Nanotechnology is the manipulation or self-assembly of individual atoms, molecules, or, molecular clusters into structures to create materials and devices with new or vastly different properties. Nanotechnology can work from the top down (which means reducing the size of the smallest structures to the nanoscale) or bottom up (which involves manipulating individual atoms and molecules into nanostructures) .The definition of nanotechnology is based on the prefix "nano" which is from the Greek word meaning "dwarf". In more technical terms, the word "nano" means 10−9, or one billionth of something.
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He made the first measurements of polymer surface diffusion in the key limit of dilute concentration and he identified the important class of physical problems where diffusion is anomalous yet Brownian. His laboratory became interested in many instances of molecular mobility measured at the single-molecule level, including active matter and transport in living cells. The other principal current area of Granick's research concerns Janus colloidal particles, their self-assembly at rest and driven outside equilibrium. The scientific importance is to understand natural selection in the colloid world.
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The experimental online project The Modular Body (2016) visualises a future where a prototype of the human body has been designed and created using 3D printing and cell culture technologies. The videos featuring the central character ‘Oscar’ – a prototype ‘Modular Man’ made up of various self-assembly modules – are frighteningly realistic. In this project, Kaayk was clear about the fictitious nature of the images from the start while leaving room for viewers’ own interpretations and beliefs. In 2014, Kaayk won the de Volkskrant Visual Arts Prize for his animated films and semidocumentaries.
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Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, structurally well- defined arrays, quite reminiscent of one of the 7 crystal systems found in metallurgy and mineralogy (e.g. face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, etc.). The fundamental difference in equilibrium structure is in the spatial scale of the unit cell (or lattice parameter) in each particular case.
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Retrieved 2 August 2006. in which a process like guided self-assembly of rapidly expanded cells or even nanotechnological assembly of a whole human body can form in a very short time. The third stage is the transfer of memory and personality from the original person to the mature clone. For the process to maintain one branch for personality and memory, as opposed to two, a recording of the individual's mind would be required before the time of death, and would be transferred to an adult clone body after the original has died.
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Andelman uses theories and models from physics to study soft condensed matter and biological physics systems at the molecular scale. In recent years, his interests are devoted to the understanding of electrostatic effects in soft and bio matter: ionic solutions (electrolytes), charge polymers (polyelectrolytes) and charged biomembranes. Another venue of research is dedicated to directed self-assembly of block copolymers, their patterns and applications in nanolithography. Andelman served on the editorial boards of several journals including: European Physical Journal E, Soft Matter, Soft Materials (Taylor & Francis), European Biophysical Journal.
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One factor is that "self-assembly of products may allow people to both feel competent and display evidence of that competence." Also, the idea that they are "saving money by buying products that require some assembly" may make them feel like "smart shoppers." Other possible explanations for the IKEA effect have been suggested, such as "a focus on the product's positive attributes, and the relationship between effort and liking." The IKEA effect is one of several cognitive biases that seem to reflect a causative link between perceived effort and valuation.
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Magnetic field directed self-assembly (MFDSA) allows the manipulation of dispersion and subsequent assembly of magnetic nanoparticles. This is widely used in the development of advanced materials whereby inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are dispersed in polymers, in order to enhance the properties of the materials. The magnetic field technique allows the assembling of particles in 3D by doing the assembly in a dilute suspension where the solvent does not evaporate. It also does not need to use a template, and the approach also improve the magnetic anisotropy along the chain direction.
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For example, a water-insoluble polymer can be grown from one end of a water-soluble polymer in aqueous solution. The growing hydrophobic chain leads to in situ self-assembly, forming copolymer nanoparticles of tuneable size and shape. These nanoparticles have a wide range of potential applications, including as a long-term storage medium for stem cells, viscosity modifiers, novel microcapsules and nanoparticle lubricants. His other research interests include designing novel biocompatible copolymer gels and vesicles and developing microscopic nanocomposite particles, which have applications in paints and antireflective coatings.
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However, insoluble drugs including Fe(salen) also have some inherent drawbacks, such as poor water solubility, loss of magnetic activity in solvents, and potential cytotoxicity when accumulated in tissues and organs. As an alternative synthetic method of magnetic drug delivery, a "non-iron oxide"-based smart delivery platform has been very recently developed by self-assembly of the Fe(salen) drugs into nano-cargoes encapsulated by a smart polymer, exhibiting bio-safe multifunctional magnetic capabilities, including MRI, magnetic field- and pH- responsive heat-releasing hyperthermia effects, and controlled release.
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Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, structurally well-defined arrays, quite reminiscent of one of the 7 crystal systems found in metallurgy and mineralogy (e.g. face-centered cubic, body- centered cubic, etc.). The fundamental difference in equilibrium structure is in the spatial scale of the unit cell (or lattice parameter) in each particular case.
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Pyrophoric phosphorus, which could self-combust upon contact with air, is rendered air- stable within the cavity. Even though the hole in the cavity is large enough for an oxygen molecule to enter, the transition state of the combustion is too large to fit within the small cage cavity. A subcomponent self-assembly tetrahedral capsule developed by Jonathan Nitschke renders pyrophoric white phosphorus air-stable. The structure drawn here shows only one ligand for simplicity sake, but there are six ligands on the edges of the tetrahedral complex.
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Scientific opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life or organic structures that interact with living organisms. They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life", since they resemble organisms in that they possess genes, evolve by natural selection, and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. Although they have genes, they do not have a cellular structure, which is often seen as the basic unit of life. Viruses do not have their own metabolism and require a host cell to make new products.
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They therefore cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell—although bacterial species such as rickettsia and chlamydia are considered living organisms despite the same limitation. Accepted forms of life use cell division to reproduce, whereas viruses spontaneously assemble within cells. They differ from autonomous growth of crystals as they inherit genetic mutations while being subject to natural selection. Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules.
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Hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein (tau inclusions, pTau) can result in the self-assembly of tangles of paired helical filaments and straight filaments, which are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies. All of the six tau isoforms are present in an often hyperphosphorylated state in paired helical filaments in the Alzheimer's disease brain. In other neurodegenerative diseases, the deposition of aggregates enriched in certain tau isoforms has been reported. When misfolded, this otherwise very soluble protein can form extremely insoluble aggregates that contribute to a number of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Mann’s research is concerned with the chemical synthesis, characterization and emergence of complex forms of organized matter. His research activities include: biomineralization, biomimetic materials chemistry, synthesis and self-assembly of nanoscale objects, functional nanomaterials, complexity and emergent behaviour in hybrid nanostructures, and solvent-free liquid proteins. His current work is focused on the design and construction of synthetic protocells. Mann has published over 480 scientific papers with a current h-index of 112 and over 45,000 citations, and is listed in the 2014 Thomson Reuters index of world’s most influential scientific minds.
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Photolysis of a dizaonaphthoquinone that leads to a much more polar environment, which allows aqueous base to dissolve a Bakelite-type polymer. Photocrosslinking photoresist is a type of photoresist, which could crosslink chain by chain when exposed to light, to generate an insoluble network. Photocrosslinking photoresist are usually used for negative photoresist. SU-8 (a single molecule contains 8 epoxy groups) Mechanism of SU-8 for negative photoresist Off-Stoichiometry Thiol-Enes (OSTE) polymers For self-assembled monolayer SAM photoresist, first a SAM is formed on the substrate by self- assembly.
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The unique self-assembly properties of star shaped polymers make them a promising field of research for use in applications such as drug delivery and multiphase processes such as separation of organic/inorganic materials. Generally, star-shaped polymers have higher critical micelle concentrations, and so lower aggregation numbers, than their analogous, similar molecular weight linear chains. The addition of functional groups to the arms of star-shaped polymers as well as selective solvent choice can affect their aggregation properties. Increasing the number of functional groups while retaining the same molecular weight decreases aggregation numbers.
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The other principal area of Tirrell's current work, in addition to peptide amphiphiles, is in the generation of new materials and functional assemblies via polyelectrolyte complexation. Under the right conditions, oppositely charged polyelectrolyte chains can assemble into flexible, fluid complexes. Such fluids (sometimes known as coacervates) have very low interfacial tension with water so they are very useful as encapsulants and also as agents to drive self-assembly in aqueous systems. Tirrell's research group has been exploring these materials and assemblies in a variety of biomedical applications such as micelle formation, encapsulation and hydrogel formation.
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Nanoparticles can self-assemble as a result of their intermolecular forces. As systems look to minimize their free energy, self-assembly is one option for the system to achieve its lowest free energy thermodynamically. Nanoparticles can be programmed to self-assemble by changing the functionality of their side groups, taking advantage of weak and specific intermolecular forces to spontaneously order the particles. These direct interparticle interactions can be typical intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding or Van der Waals forces, but can also be internal characteristics, such as hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity.
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Dissipative systems can also be used as a tool to study economic systems and complex systems. For example, a dissipative system involving self-assembly of nanowires has been used as a model to understand the relationship between entropy generation and the robustness of biological systems. The Hopf decomposition states that dynamical systems can be decomposed into a conservative and a dissipative part; more precisely, it states that every measure space with a non-singular transformation can be decomposed into an invariant conservative set and an invariant dissipative set.
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Additive manufacturing broadens the ability of a designer to optimize the design of a product or part (to save materials for example). Designs tailored for additive manufacturing are sometimes very different from designs tailored for machining or forming manufacturing operations. In addition, due to some size constraints of additive manufacturing machines, sometimes the related bigger designs are split into smaller sections with self-assembly features or fasteners locators. A common characteristic of additive manufacturing methods, such as fused deposition modelling, is the need for temporary support structures for overhanging part features.
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Donald E. Ingber has developed a theory of tensegrity to describe numerous phenomena observed in molecular biology. For instance, the expressed shapes of cells, whether it be their reactions to applied pressure, interactions with substrates, etc., all can be mathematically modeled by representing the cell's cytoskeleton as a tensegrity. Furthermore, geometric patterns found throughout nature (the helix of DNA, the geodesic dome of a volvox, Buckminsterfullerene, and more) may also be understood based on applying the principles of tensegrity to the spontaneous self-assembly of compounds, proteins, and even organs.
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21 September 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2007. Due to its emphasis on attaining immortality, Raëlism deplores suicide; after the Heaven's Gate group engaged in a mass suicide in 1997, the Raëlian Church was among the new religions that issued press releases condemning suicide. As opposed to the scientific definition of reproductive cloning which is simply the creation of a genetically identical living thing, Raëlians seek to both genetically clone individuals, rapidly accelerate growth of the clone to adulthood through a process like guided self-assembly of rapidly expanded cells or even nanotechnology.
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Alongside his work at the university, Otto is also one of the six principal investigators of the Dutch national gravity programme for functional molecular systems (FMS; €26 million, over 10 years, 2013–2023). The ambition of this programme is to gain control over molecular self-assembly. With this technology, nanomotors could be made, for example, or biomaterials to repair damaged bodily tissues. Otto was the lead applicant and chair of the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) Action CM1304 (Emergence and Evolution of Complex Chemical Systems), which united more than 95 European research groups.
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She has investigated how the electron beams of transmission electron microscopes interact with materials. At the University of Nottingham, Besley was appointed to Lecturer in Theoretical and Computational Chemistry in 2011, followed by promotion to Associate Professor in 2014, and to Professor of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry in 2015. Besley is featured in an expert database for Outstanding Female Scientists and Scholars “AcademiaNet: Profiles of Leading Women Scientists”. Besley was awarded a Royal Society Wolfson Fellowship in 2020, during which she will investigate the mechanisms that guide the self-assembly of materials.
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She can change the growth conditions (for example temperature, pressure or choice of solvent) and establish how these variables impact the growth of materials. At IBM Ross monitored self-assembly mechanisms, including the processes by which nanowires form using chemical vapor deposition and the growth of quantum dots. By controlling the growth of nanowires it is possible to form complicated structures, which can be used in transistors, batteries and sensors. To grow the nanowires in an electron microscope Ross uses small catalytic particles, a flat substrate and a gas that contains silicon.
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So far the study into discotic liquid crystals for light emitting diodes are still in its infancy, but there have been some examples produced; a triphenylene and perylene- mesogen combination can be used to make a red LED. The self-assembly properties make them more desirable for manufacturing purposes when producing commercial electronics, than the currently used small molecule crystals in Sony’s new OLED displays. Also they have the added benefit of the self-healing properties that both the small molecule and the polymers lack as conductors, potentially being beneficial for longevity OLED products.
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Non- covalent interactions are critical in maintaining the three-dimensional structure of large molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. In addition, they are also involved in many biological processes in which large molecules bind specifically but transiently to one another (see the properties section of the DNA page). These interactions also heavily influence drug design, crystallinity and design of materials, particularly for self-assembly, and, in general, the synthesis of many organic molecules. Intermolecular forces are non-covalent interactions that occur between different molecules, rather than between different atoms of the same molecule.
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Pierre Wiltzius ( Luxembourg - ) is a physicist, the Executive Dean of the College of Letters and Science and Susan & Bruce Worster Dean of Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Engineering, 1999). His research has varied from photonic crystals and new fabrication techniques such as multi-beam interference lithography and colloidal self-assembly, complex fluids and soft condensed matter, resulting in high citations of 1310, 771 and 537, two of them consistently published by Nature.
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A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics At the first C.E.C. Workshop, in Brussels in November 1991, bioelectronics was defined as 'the use of biological materials and biological architectures for information processing systems and new devices'. Bioelectronics, specifically bio-molecular electronics, were described as 'the research and development of bio-inspired (i.e. self-assembly) inorganic and organic materials and of bio-inspired (i.e. massive parallelism) hardware architectures for the implementation of new information processing systems, sensors and actuators, and for molecular manufacturing down to the atomic scale'.
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The type of silane used can further compound the problem, as in the case of APTES. APTES is the classical molecule used for the immobilization of biomolecules and has historically been the most widely studied molecule in the field by far. Since APTES contains three ethoxy groups per molecule, it can polymerize in the presence of water, leading to lateral polymerization between APTES molecules in horizontal and vertical directions and the formation of oligomers and polymers which can attach to the surface. Self-assembly can be approached using solution-phase reactions or vapor-phase reactions.
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The success of DNA nanotechnology has allowed designers to develop RNA nanotechnology as a growing discipline. RNA nanotechnology combines the simplistic design and manipulation characteristic of DNA, with the additional flexibility in structure and diversity in function similar to that of proteins. RNA’s versatility in structure and function, favorable in vivo attributes, and bottom-up self-assembly is an ideal avenue for developing biomaterial and nanoparticle drug delivery. Several techniques were developed to construct these RNA nanoparticles, including RNA cubic scaffold, templated and non-templated assembly, and RNA origami.
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There exist many different methods to make nanofibers, including drawing, electrospinning, self-assembly, template synthesis, and thermal-induced phase separation. Electrospinning is the most commonly used method to generate nanofibers because of the straightforward setup, the ability to mass-produce continuous nanofibers from various polymers, and the capability to generate ultrathin fibers with controllable diameters, compositions, and orientations. This flexibility allows for controlling the shape and arrangement of the fibers so that different structures (i.e. hollow, flat and ribbon shaped) can be fabricated depending on intended application purposes.
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The way that nature has been able to exploit Brownian motion is through self-assembly. This force pushes and pulls all of the proteins and amino acids around in our bodies and sticks them together in all sorts of combinations. The combinations that do not work separate and continue with their random attachment however, the combinations that do work produce things like ATP synthase. Through this process nature has been able to make a nanomachine that is 95% efficient, which is a feat that man has not been able to accomplish yet.
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They also inspired encapsulation in other research groups that use metal- ligand interactions for self-assembly. A cylindrical capsule of nanometric dimensions is shown above; it selects congruent guests singly or pairwise when the space inside is appropriately filled. Nitrogen-Encapsulating Assembly Richard Dawkins writes about autocatalysis as a potential explanation for abiogenesis in his 2004 book The Ancestor's Tale. He cites experiments performed by Julius Rebek and his colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute in California in which they combined amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester with the autocatalyst amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE).
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They named this method as crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) and is applicable to construct micron-scale supramolecular anisotropic structures in 1D–3D. A conceptually different seeded supramolecular polymerization is showed by Kazunori Sugiyasu in a porphyrin-based monomer bearing amide-appended long alkyl chains. At low temperature, this monomer preferentially forms spherical J-aggregates while fibrous H-aggregates at higher temperature. By adding a sonicated mixture of the J-aggregates (“seeds”) into a concentrated solution of the J-aggregate particles, long fibers can be prepared via living seeded supramolecular polymerization.
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After graduate school, Milliron held a post-doctoral research position at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center and was then a research staff member at the IBM Almaden Research Center. At IBM, Milliron's publication record included studies on phase change nanomaterials and topics relevant to self-assembly of nanostructures. She also notably contributed to innovations in the field surrounding preparation of metal- chalcogen clusters and applications thereof. In 2008, Milliron transitioned to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab where she led a research team as a Staff Scientist in the Inorganic Nanostructures Facility of the Molecular Foundry.
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In this process, specially shaped "nanoblock" integrated circuits (ICs) flow through a liquid solution and are distributed across a flexible film. The surface of the film is shaped micro-embossed receptor holes into which the ICs settle. The shape of the ICs and the corresponding holes are such that the ICs fall into place and self-align, hence the term Fluidic Self Assembly. After the nanoblock ICs have been placed in the substrate web, straps are made using screen printing techniques to create large contact pads of conductive ink with electrical connection to the ICs.
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Basement membrane assembly is a cooperative process in which laminins polymerise through their N-terminal domain (LN or domain VI) and anchor to the cell surface through their G domains. Netrins may also associate with this network through heterotypic LN domain interactions. This leads to cell signalling through integrins and dystroglycan (and possibly other receptors) recruited to the adherent laminin. This LN domain-dependent self-assembly is considered to be crucial for the integrity of basement membranes, as highlighted by genetic forms of muscular dystrophy containing the deletion of the LN module from the alpha 2 laminin chain.
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He also studies the exotic behavior of room-temperature ionic liquids and other complex materials such a nanoparticle self-assembly, polymer electrolyte membranes, and electrode-electrolyte interfaces in energy storage devices. In the earlier part of his career, Professor Voth extensively developed and applied new methods to study quantum and electron transfer dynamics in condensed phase systems-much of this work was based on the Feynman path integral description of quantum mechanics. He is the author or co-author of more 500 peer-reviewed scientific articles and has mentored more than 175 postdoctoral fellows and graduate students.
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This is one of the main obstacles in brackish water membrane desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or nanofiltration. Other forms of scaling, such as calcite scaling, depending on the water source, can also be important considerations in distillation, as well as in heat exchangers, where either the salt solubility or concentration can change rapidly. A new study has suggested that the formation of gypsum starts as tiny crystals of a mineral called bassanite (CaSO4·H2O). This process occurs via a three-stage pathway: # homogeneous nucleation of nanocrystalline bassanite; # self- assembly of bassanite into aggregates, and # transformation of bassanite into gypsum.
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At about the same time, the research team led by Mann (University of Bristol, UK) pioneered a new area using the rod-shaped particles of TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus). The particles were used as templates for the fabrication of a range of metallized nanotube structures using mineralization techniques. TMV particles have also been utilized to generate various structures (nanotubes and nanowires) for use in batteries and data storage devices. Viral capsids have attracted great interest in the field of nanobiology because of their nanoscale size, symmetrical structural organization, load capacity, controllable self- assembly, and ease of modification.
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Major capsid protein VP1 is a viral protein that is the main component of the polyomavirus capsid. VP1 monomers are generally around 350 amino acids long and are capable of self-assembly into an icosahedral structure consisting of 360 VP1 molecules organized into 72 pentamers. VP1 molecules possess a surface binding site that interacts with sialic acids attached to glycans, including some gangliosides, on the surfaces of cells to initiate the process of viral infection. The VP1 protein, along with capsid components VP2 and VP3, is expressed from the "late region" of the circular viral genome.
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This leads to a breakdown in time- temperature superposition, and the appearance of two distinct glass transition temperatures in the mixture. Block copolymer solutions: Lodge's research group has maintained long-standing interest in the self-assembly of block copolymers in solutions. Studying the phase behavior of polystyrene-block-polyisoprene in solvents of varying selectivity, the concept of phase trajectories was introduced to explain the phase sequences observed as a function of concentration in neutral and selective solvents connecting the solution behavior to that seen in block copolymer melts. From this foundation, the thermodynamics and kinetics of polymorphic order-order transitions were investigated.
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Nucleic acid structures can be made to incorporate molecules other than nucleic acids, sometimes called heteroelements, including proteins, metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and fullerenes. This allows the construction of materials and devices with a range of functionalities much greater than is possible with nucleic acids alone. The goal is to use the self-assembly of the nucleic acid structures to template the assembly of the nanoparticles hosted on them, controlling their position and in some cases orientation.Overview: Many of these schemes use a covalent attachment scheme, using oligonucleotides with amide or thiol functional groups as a chemical handle to bind the heteroelements.
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These fruits show iridescent colors in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum which gives the fruit a strong metallic and shiny visual appearance. The structural colours come from the organisation of cellulose chains in the fruit's epicarp, a part of the fruit skin. Each cell of the epicarp is made of a multilayered envelope that behaves like a Bragg reflector. However, the light which is reflected from the skin of these fruits is not polarised unlike the one arising from man-made replicates obtained from the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals into helicoids, which only reflect left-handed circularly polarised light.
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He established that, similarly to many proteins and other biomolecules, nanoparticles can self- organize into chains, sheets, nanowires, twisted ribbons and nanohelices, and spherical supraparticles replicating viral capsids. He also found that the complexity of nanoparticle assemblies approaches that of self-assembled structures of biomolecules. The biomimetic self-assembly behavior of NPs originates from interparticle interactions at the nanoscale, in which chirality also plays a prominent role. The functional parallels between nanoparticles and biomacromolecules were established using pyramidal nanoparticles that inhibit the bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase by fitting in a lock-and-key manner into the groove of the enzyme.
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These peptides are approximately 5 nm in size and have 16 amino acids. The class of Lego peptides has the unique characteristics of having two distinct surfaces being either hydrophobic or hydrophilic, similar to the pegs and holes of Lego blocks. The hydrophobic side promotes self-assembly in water and the hydrophilic sides has a regular arrangement of charged amino acids residues, which in turn brings about a defined pattern of ionic bonds. The arrangement of the residues can be classified according to the order of the charges; Modulus I has a charge pattern of “+-+-+-,” modulus II “++--++--“ and modulus III “+++---+++” and so on.
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It is also envisaged that water-soluble molecules and biological molecules would be able to be delivered to cells in this way. Self-assemblying LEGO peptides can form biologically compatible scaffolds for tissue repair and engineering. this area is of great potential as a large number of diseases cannot be cured by small molecule drugs; a cell-based therapy approach is needed and peptides could potentially play a huge role in this. Cyclic peptide nanotubes formed from self-assembly are able to act as ion channels, which forms pores through the cell membrane and causes cellular osmotic collapse.
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In November 2009, he was recipient of the Reed M. Izatt and James J. Christensen Lectureship. Also in 2009, George Whitesides was awarded the 2009 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry by The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, for his pioneering chemical research in molecular self-assembly and innovative nanofabrication techniques that have resulted in rapid, inexpensive fabrication of ultra small devices. He received the Othmer Gold Medal for outstanding contributions to progress in chemistry and science in 2010. He was awarded the F. A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of the American Chemical Society in 2011.
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Stoddart has an h-index of 130. He has published more than 1000 publications and holds at least ten patents. For the period from January 1997 to 31 August 2007, he was ranked by the Institute for Scientific Information as the third most cited chemist with a total of 14,038 citations from 304 papers at a frequency of 46.2 citations per paper. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) predicted that Fraser Stoddart was a likely laureate of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with George M. Whitesides and Seiji Shinkai for their contributions to molecular self-assembly.
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Nanosensors are nanoscale devices that measure physical quantities and convert these to signals that can be detected and analyzed. There are several ways proposed today to make nanosensors; these include top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly, and molecular self-assembly. There are different types of nanosensors in the market and in development for various applications, most notably in defense, environmental, and healthcare industries. These sensors share the same basic workflow: a selective binding of an analyte, signal generation from the interaction of the nanosensor with the bio-element, and processing of the signal into useful metrics.
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These residues are present in the thioredoxin; which is the solubilizing fusion partner conjugated to the 4RepCT protein during synthesis. However, this does not cause issues since the thioredoxin is removed in order to trigger the self-assembly reaction with thrombin which results in fiber formation. This removal of the Cu(I) laden thioredoxin removes virtually all copper from the silk structure. The researchers also, through a buffer containing EDTA and by utilizing THPTA (which stabilizes the copper ions), rinsed the fibers resulting in further removal of Cu(I) leaving a <0.1 % by weight trace of copper ions.
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The construction of more complex molecular machines is an active area of theoretical and experimental research. A number of molecules, such as molecular propellers, have been designed, although experimental studies of these molecules are inhibited by the lack of methods to construct these molecules. In this context, theoretical modeling can be extremely useful to understand the self-assembly/disassembly processes of rotaxanes, important for the construction of light-powered molecular machines. This molecular-level knowledge may foster the realization of ever more complex, versatile, and effective molecular machines for the areas of nanotechnology, including molecular assemblers.
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By manipulating the regions between blocks to control phase transitions and intermolecular packing, Epps has studied the interfacial interactions of tapered block copolymers. He also pioneered the development of gradient substrates and free surfaces the deposition of block copolymer thin films. Epps showed that self-assembled monolayers of chlorosilane used in combination with flow-coating and solvent vapour gradients can result in nanostructures with precise optical and electronic properties. Epps spent 2013 as a Martin Luther King Jr. Fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked with Timothy M. Swager on the self-assembly of polymers.
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Although McLeish's work is mostly theoretical, he also works closely with those performing experiments and in industry. He has made significant advances in modelling the structure and properties of complex entangled molecules, blends of substances that don't usually mix (multiphasic liquids like oil and water) see reptation and crazing. This allows us to more easily predict complex fluid behaviour and processing in an industrial setting. Since 2000 he has increasingly worked on biological physics: applying soft matter physics to self-assembly of protein fibrils, protein fluctuation dynamics and its role in allosteric signalling, and statistical mechanics approaches to evolution.
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Supermicelle is a hierarchical micelle structure (supramolecular assembly) where individual components are also micelles. Supermicelles are formed via bottom-up chemical approaches, such as self-assembly of long cylindrical micelles into radial cross-, star- or dandelion-like patterns in a specially selected solvent; solid nanoparticles may be added to the solution to act as nucleation centers and form the central core of the supermicelle. The stems of the primary cylindrical micelles are composed of various block copolymers connected by strong covalent bonds; within the supermicelle structure they are loosely held together by hydrogen bonds, electrostatic or solvophobic interactions.
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With a growing DIY-community and an increasing interest in environmentally friendly "green energy", some hobbyists have endeavored to build their own velomobiles from kits, sourced components, or from scratch. When compared to similar sized commercial velomobiles, the DIY velomobiles tend to be less expensive. Probably the most built velomobile kits are the various models of the Alleweder made from prefabricated aluminium sheet metal due to its affordable price. Some velomobile manufacturers offer their models as kits for self-assembly (Räderwerk Milan Mk2 + Milan SL, Beyss Go-One Evo K + Go-One Evo Ks, Alleweder A9/Sunrider Mk2 for instance) at reduced price.
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Kim started his academic career at the Department of Chemistry at POSTECH in 1988, where he is now a Distinguished University Professor (POSTECH Fellow). In 1997, Kim was appointed director of the Center for Smart Supramolecules supported by the Creative Research Initiatives program under the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST). He later founded the Division of Advanced Materials Science in POSTECH, launched in 2008 with support from the World Class University Project. On August 1, 2012, he was named founding director of the Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) under the Institute for Basic Science (IBS).
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Modern synthetic chemistry has reached the point where it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any structure. These methods are used today to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or commercial polymers. This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the next-larger level, seeking methods to assemble these single molecules into supramolecular assemblies consisting of many molecules arranged in a well defined manner. These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or supramolecular chemistry to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation through a bottom-up approach.
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Self-assembly Swarm Modular Robots Motein ;Moteins (2011) It is mathematically proven that physical strings or chains of simple shapes can be folded into any continuous area or volumetric shape. Moteins employ such shape-universal folding strategies, with as few as one (for 2D shapes) or two (for 3D shapes) degrees of freedom and simple actuators with as few as two (for 2D shapes) or three (for 3D shapes) states per unit.Cheung, K. C., Demaine, E. D., Bachrach, J. R., and Griffith, S., "Programmable Assembly With Universally Foldable Strings (Moteins)," IEEE Transactions on Robotics, vol. 27, no.
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Dipole bonding is not as strong as hydrogen bonding, so a polyester's melting point and strength are lower than Kevlar's (Twaron), but polyesters have greater flexibility. Polymers with non-polar units such as polyethylene interact only through weak Van der Waals forces. As a result, they typically have lower melting temperatures than other polymers. When a polymer is dispersed or dissolved in a liquid, such as in commercial products like paints and glues, the chemical properties and molecular interactions influence how the solution flows and can even lead to self-assembly of the polymer into complex structures.
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Nano-organization involves re- arrangement of the structural units in a desired pattern, while nano-creation is synthesis of new materials that do not exist in nature. For example, by peeling atomic sheets off graphite slab, a novel nano-material graphene can be obtained, which has very different properties from graphite. Nanoarchitectonics is not limited to nano-creation and nano-organization, but rather employs those techniques to understand and use the ultimate functions of materials. The important technologies to achieve this goal involve manipulation of single atoms and molecules through physical interactions, chemical reactions, applied fields, or self-assembly.
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In general, amyloid polymerization (aggregation or non-covalent polymerization) is sequence-sensitive, that is mutations in the sequence can induce or prevent self-assembly. For example, humans produce amylin, an amyloidogenic peptide associated with type II diabetes, but in rats and mice prolines are substituted in critical locations and amyloidogenesis does not occur. Studies comparing synthetic to recombinant β amyloid peptide in assays measuring rate of fibrillation, fibril homogeneity, and cellular toxicity showed that recombinant β amyloid peptide has a faster fibrillation rate and greater toxicity than synthetic β amyloid peptide. There are multiple classes of amyloid-forming polypeptide sequences.
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An efficient way to synthesize protein-polymer hybrid nanoparticles is to take advantage of photoinitiated reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly(PISA) by using multi-RAFT modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a macromolecular chain transfer agent. RAFT mediated growth of the PHPMA chains will graft from the BSA-RAFT, and increase the hydrophobicity of the star BSA−PHPMA conjugates. At the critical aggregation concentration, they form nanoparticles due to the hydrophobic interactions. The resulting nanoparticles show excellent encapsulation capability for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, such as cancer drugs and DNA.
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Skylar Tibbits is the director of the Self- Assembly Lab at MIT, and worked with the Stratasys Materials Group to produce a composite polymer composed of highly hydrophilic elements and non-active, rigid elements. The unique properties of these two disparate elements allowed up to 150% swelling of certain parts of the printed chain in water, while the rigid elements set structure and angle constraints for the transformed chain. Tibbits et al. produced a chain that would spell "MIT" when submerged in water, and another chain that would morph into a wireframe cube when subjected to the same conditions.
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In these cases, free-floating "parts" (proteins) in solution self-assemble into three- dimensional objects. Self-assembly APM is experimentally accessible today. In non-biological systems, the positional assembly (that is, the chemical binding) of a single atom to a single molecule was first demonstrated by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999 using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). In this seminal work, a single carbon monoxide molecule on the tip of an STM was moved to a single iron atom sitting on the surface of a crystal and chemically bound by applying electric current.
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In 1995, the idea for DNA-based memory was proposed by Eric Baum who conjectured that a vast of amount data can be stored in a tiny amount of DNA due to its ultra-high density. This expanded the horizon of DNA computing into the realm of memory technology although the in vitro demonstrations were made almost after a decade. The field of DNA computing can be categorized as a sub- field of the broader DNA nanoscience field started by Ned Seeman about a decade before Len Adleman's demonstration. Ned's original idea in the 1980s was to build arbitrary structures using bottom-up DNA self-assembly for applications in crystallography.
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A typical amphiphilic flexible surfactant can form aggregates through a self-assembly process that results of specific interactions between the molecules of the amphiphilic mesogen and those of the non-mesogenic solvent. In aqueous media, the driving force of the aggregation is the "hydrophobic effect". The aggregates formed by amphiphilic molecules are characterised by structures in which the hydrophilic head-groups expose their surface to aqueous solution, shielding the hydrophobic chains from contact with water. For most lyotropic systems aggregation occurs only when the concentration of the amphiphile exceeds a critical concentration (known variously as the critical micelle concentration (CMC) or the critical aggregation concentration (CAC)).
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One paper of note demonstrated the thermoreversible, epitaxial face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic transition in highly ordered, micellar block copolymer solutions and its similarity to transitions observed in atomic systems (e.g. metals and alloys) supporting the general nature of the occurrence of this phase transition in materials. Miktoarm Star Polymers: In 2004, Lodge published the seminal paper on the self-assembly of miktoarm star terpolymers in solution; a paper that has been cited over 600 times. Using ABC miktoarm star polymers the first example of multicomponent block copolymer micelles was shown, driven by the mutual incompatibility of the hydrophilic A and hydrophobic B and C blocks.
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NYU scientists show the benefits of being flexible As a Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard, Alben collaborated with Ernst A. van Nierop and Michael P. Brenner in a paper titled "How Bumps on Whale Flippers Delay Stall: An Aerodynamic Model". The paper gave a mathematical model for this hydrodynamic phenomenon. This result, featured in MIT's Technology ReviewWhale-Inspired Wind Turbines and Nature,Fluid dynamics: Lifting a whale provides a theoretical basis for potential improvements in using bumps for more stable airplanes, more agile submarines, and more efficient turbine blades. In 2007, Alben investigated (with Michael P. Brenner) the self-assembly of a 3D structures from flat, elastic sheets.
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DNA nanotechnology is an area of current research that uses the bottom-up, self-assembly approach for nanotechnological goals. DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties. DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information, to make structures such as complex 2D and 3D lattices (both tile-based as well as using the "DNA origami" method) and three-dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra. These DNA structures have also been used as templates in the assembly of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins.
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He is an inventor of topiramate, a unique sugar sulfamate drug, which has been marketed worldwide for the treatment of epilepsy and migraine, attaining annual sales of more than $2 billion. Topiramate is also a principal component of the antiobesity drug Qsymia. Maryanoff is an internationally renowned expert in drug design and drug discovery, especially in the application of protein structure-based drug design. He made seminal contributions to understanding the stereochemistry and mechanism of the Wittig reaction; adapted the cobalt- catalyzed alkyne trimerization to the synthesis of macrocycles; and devised novel peptides that undergo self-assembly to mimic native collagen structurally and functionally.
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Ed., 2009, 48, 7298–7332 However the dynamic and wide range of monolayer morphologies ranging from amorphous to network structures have made of the term (2D) supramolecular engineering a more accurate term. Specifically, supramolecular engineering refers to "(The) design (of) molecular units in such way that a predictable structure is obtained"J. Simon, P. Bassoul, Design of molecular materials: supramolecular engineering, 2000 WileyVCH or as "the design, synthesis and self-assembly of well defined molecular modules into tailor-made supramolecular architectures".A. Ciesielski, C.A. Palma, M. Bonini, P. Samori, Towards Supramolecular Engineering of Functional Nanomaterials: PreProgramming MultiComponent 2D SelfAssembly at Solid Liquid Interfaces, Adv. Mat.
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The three most-cited papers published by the journal are: # Research Article: Development of a novel autothermal reforming process and its economics for clean hydrogen production, Volume 1, Issue 1-2, Nov-Dec 2006, Pages: 5-12, Chen ZX, Elnashaie SSEH # Research Article: Review: examining the use of different feedstock for the production of biodiesel, Volume 2, Issue 5, Sep- Oct 2007, Pages: 480-486, Behzadi S, Farid MM # Research Article: The forces at work in colloidal self-assembly: a review on fundamental interactions between colloidal particles, Volume 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2008, Pages: 255-268, Li Q, Jonas U, Zhao XS, et al.
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Many non-temporal theories attempt to retain a more classical conception of neuron signaling based on hierarchical structures. This relies on the convergence of signals upon specific neural circuits as well as the dynamic routing of signaling pathways through specialized computational sub-assemblies. These models can be vulnerable to the combinatorial and connectivity problems, which come as a natural consequence of depending solely on one-to-one communication of conventional information via spike rate coding. These models also require the seamless directing and combining of signals, which either assumes a controller (proposed to be the pulvinar nuclei) or a mechanism for the spontaneous self- assembly of neural ensembles.
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The company's TV advertising used a little girl to demonstrate simplicity of assembly, and the ease of units being carried away by customers. As a result of the introduction of QA (Quick Assembly) a range of seven units in four colours, turnover and profit increased immediately, In 1971 the same team developed and launched a range of self-assembly Fitted Bedroom Furniture under the name White Space. In 1972 it was decided to launch a range of integrated kitchen units and appliances made by Bauknecht. By 1973 Hygena had reached a 25% share of the Fitted Kitchen market, and in that financial year contributed over one third of Norcros net profit.
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Replication involves synthesis of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) from "early" genes (with exceptions for positive sense RNA viruses), viral protein synthesis, possible assembly of viral proteins, then viral genome replication mediated by early or regulatory protein expression. This may be followed, for complex viruses with larger genomes, by one or more further rounds of mRNA synthesis: "late" gene expression is, in general, of structural or virion proteins. Assembly – Following the structure-mediated self-assembly of the virus particles, some modification of the proteins often occurs. In viruses such as HIV, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell.
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In one-step solution processing, a lead halide and a methylammonium halide can be dissolved in a solvent and spin coated onto a substrate. Subsequent evaporation and convective self-assembly during spinning results in dense layers of well crystallized perovskite material, due to the strong ionic interactions within the material (The organic component also contributes to a lower crystallization temperature). However, simple spin-coating does not yield homogenous layers, instead requiring the addition of other chemicals such as GBL, DMSO, and toluene drips. Simple solution processing results in the presence of voids, platelets, and other defects in the layer, which would hinder the efficiency of a solar cell.
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Joseph Anthony Zasadzinski (born November 16, 1958), also known as "Joey Z" is an American chemical engineer from the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by his Division of Biological Physics in 2008, for "applying physical principles of self-assembly, directed assembly and bio- mimicry to create well-controlled lipid structures such as unilamellar vesicles and "vesosomes" for biomedical applications such as targeted drug- delivery vehicles and treatments for respiratory diseases, and for developing new microscopies." Zasadzinski currently works in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
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Heteroarm polymers have been shown to aggregate into particularly interesting supramolecular formations such as stars, segmented ribbons, and core-shell-corona micellar assemblies depending on their arms' solubility in solution, which can be affected by changes in temperature, pH, solvent, etc. These self-assembly properties have implications for solubility of the whole star polymers themselves and for other solutes in solution. For Heteroarm polymers, increasing the molecular weight of soluble chains increases the overall solubility of the star. Certain Heteroarm star-block polymers have been shown to stabilize water-organic solvent emulsions, while others have demonstrated the ability to increase the solubility of inorganic salts in organic solutions.
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Pradyut Ghosh (born 1970) is an Indian inorganic chemist and a professor at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. He is known for his studies on chemical sensing of anions, interlocked molecules and self-assembly and is a recipient of the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology and the Bronze Medal of the Chemical Research Society of India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2015, for his contributions to chemical sciences.
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In-situ aggregate formation: Many micro-composites form their aggregate particles by a process of self-assembly. For example, in high impact polystyrene, two immiscible phases of polymer (including brittle polystyrene and rubbery polybutadiene) are mixed together. Special molecules (graft copolymers) include separate portions which are soluble in each phase, and so are only stable at the interface between them, in the manner of a detergent. Since the number of this type of molecule determines the interfacial area, and since spheres naturally form to minimize surface tension, synthetic chemists can control the size of polybutadiene droplets in the molten mix, which harden to form rubbery aggregates in a hard matrix.
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These two properties—weak interactions and thermodynamic stability—can be recalled to rationalise another property often found in self-assembled systems: the sensitivity to perturbations exerted by the external environment. These are small fluctuations that alter thermodynamic variables that might lead to marked changes in the structure and even compromise it, either during or after self-assembly. The weak nature of interactions is responsible for the flexibility of the architecture and allows for rearrangements of the structure in the direction determined by thermodynamics. If fluctuations bring the thermodynamic variables back to the starting condition, the structure is likely to go back to its initial configuration.
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Many potential applications have been suggested in literature, including enzyme immobilization, drug delivery systems, and nanotechnological self- assembly of materials. Though DNA is not the natural choice for building active structures for nanorobotic applications, due to its lack of structural and catalytic versatility, several papers have examined the possibility of molecular walkers on origami and switches for algorithmic computing.DNA 'organises itself' on silicon,BBC News, August 17, 2009 The following paragraphs list some of the reported applications conducted in the laboratories with clinical potential. Researchers at the Harvard University Wyss Institute reported the self-assembling and self-destructing drug delivery vessels using the DNA origami in the lab tests.
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This is because of more difficult fabrication. Three- dimensional photonic crystal fabrication had no inheritable semiconductor industry techniques to draw on. Attempts have been made, however, to adapt some of the same techniques, and quite advanced examples have been demonstrated,Review: S. Johnson (MIT) Lecture 3: Fabrication technologies for 3d photonic crystals, a survey for example in the construction of "woodpile" structures constructed on a planar layer-by-layer basis. Another strand of research has tried to construct three-dimensional photonic structures from self-assembly—essentially letting a mixture of dielectric nano-spheres settle from solution into three-dimensionally periodic structures that have photonic band-gaps.
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Further, both the tubules and the helices were made rigid by creating them from phospholipid like monomers, such that the overall polymer could be manipulated by a magnetic field. In her doctoral thesis, Schürle used her previous findings and experience in CNT characterization, magnetic field-based servoing system, and maneuverable nanostructures to create NanoMag, a magnetic control system enabling the manipulation of microstructures that meets the needs of biological application. NanoMag was designed to allow magnetic control of spheres, cylinders, and helices, all potential drug-carrier structures. To complement this technology, Schürle also designed a method to create helical microswimmers based on a self-assembly mechanism similar to the phospholipid bilayer.
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Micelles refers to a type of supramolecular structure consisting of amphiphilic molecules self-assemblies, usually hollow centered. Researchers successfully conjugated a diblock copolymer site specifically onto GFP, the resulting amphiphilic polymer-protein conjugate is capable of reversible self-assembly into micelles. In addition to retaining the native globular shape of proteins, the polypeptide backbone of denatured proteins can also be utilized to be conjugated with hydrophilic polymer chains to generate higher ordered structure through hydrophobic interactions. For example, nanoconjugates of poly-ethylene glycol(PEG) and denatured bovine serum albumin(BSA) will spontaneously self-assemble into a micellar structure, whose protein core can adsorb high numbers of hydrophobic drugs.
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Although the synthesis method generally is the same, relying on the self-assembly of small molecules in the appropriate conditions, the metallogels differ mainly in the metal ion used, which directly influences their functions, chemical, optic, and electronic properties. Among numerous metal ions that are used, gold ions have been investigated for their wide variety of foreseen applications, as discussed in the applications section. They are further divided into two categories, based on the type of solvent used during the synthesis process. Gold Organometallogelators which are formed by Au(I) in trinuclear gold(I) pyrazolate complexes with long akyl chains, which appears as a red-luminescent organogel.
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The self-assembly mechanism of these PAs is a combination of hydrogen-bonding between beta-sheet forming amino acids and hydrophobic collapse of the tails to yield the formation of cylindrical micelles that present the peptide epitope at extremely high density at the nanofiber surface. By changing pH or adding counterions to screen the charged surfaces of fibers, gels can be formed. It has been shown that injection of peptide amphiphile solutions in vivo leads to in situ gel formation due to the presence of counterions in physiological solutions. This, along with the complete biodegradability of the materials, suggests numerous applications in in vitro and in vivo therapies.
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Rise of Iron was released on September 20, 2016, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One only, and marked the end of "Year Two". It focuses on the Fallen race as they have breached the Wall that surrounds the Cosmodrome and have acquired the SIVA virus, a Golden Age nanotechnology characterized by self-replication and self- assembly. Lord Saladin guides players as they set out to become the new generation of the Iron Lords and wipe out SIVA. New additions include a new PvP game mode, a significant light level increase (385 at launch, 400 with hard raid), a new Patrol zone on Earth (The Plaguelands), a new social space (Iron Temple), and a new raid, "Wrath of the Machine".
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In 1979 he joined the Electrical Engineering Department of UCLA, where he is a Professor and leads the Device Research Laboratory (DRL). He served as Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering at UCLA from 1993 to 1996. His research activities include semiconductor nano devices, and nanotechnology; self-assembly growth of quantum structures and cooperative assembly of quantum dot arrays Si-based Molecular Beam Epitaxy, quantum structures and devices; Nano-epitaxy of hetero-structures; Spintronics materials and devices; Electron spin and coherence properties of SiGe and InAs quantum structures for implementation of spin-based quantum information; microwave devices. He was the inventor of strained layer MOSFET, quantum SRAM cell, and band-aligned superlattices.
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Hydrophobins are characterised by the presence of 8 conserved cysteine residues that form 4 disulphide bonds. They are able to reverse the wettability of surfaces by spontaneous self- assembly of the monomeric proteins into amphipathic monolayers at hydrophobic:hydrophilic surfaces. Despite this common feature, hydrophobins are subdivided into two classes based on differences on their monomeric structure, such as the spacing between the cysteine residues, and based on the different physicochemical properties of the amphipathic monolayers they form. Extensive structural analyses of individual hydrophobins from the two classes have elucidated that the morphological and physical differences between the class I and class II polymer forms are the results of significant structural differences at the monomer-assembly level.
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Algorithmic self-assembly: DX arrays have been made to form hollow nanotubes 4–20 nm in diameter, essentially two-dimensional lattices which curve back upon themselves. These DNA nanotubes are somewhat similar in size and shape to carbon nanotubes, and while they lack the electrical conductance of carbon nanotubes, DNA nanotubes are more easily modified and connected to other structures. One of many schemes for constructing DNA nanotubes uses a lattice of curved DX tiles that curls around itself and closes into a tube.DNA nanotubes: In an alternative method that allows the circumference to be specified in a simple, modular fashion using single-stranded tiles, the rigidity of the tube is an emergent property.
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In 1932, from a small apartment in Breslau, Germany, Kurt Lindenberg started a family business that was the beginning of the Lindy group.Lindy company history He closed the business during the Second World War, but reopened it in 1947 in his new hometown of Mannheim. The business expanded from the petrol lamps and simple electrical appliances that it had sold in the early days, to follow the consumer demand for radios and televisions with the introduction of KUBA radio and TV furniture into the line. In the 1960s the company begin to sell self-assembly radios and amplifiers from the Danish manufacturer Josty, and by 1970 Lindy sold mainly electronic components and equipment.
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One example is the development of amyloids found in bacterial biofilms as engineered nanomaterials that can be programmed genetically to have different properties. Protein folding studies provide a third important avenue of research, but one that has been largely inhibited by our inability to predict protein folding with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy. Given the myriad uses that biological systems have for proteins, though, research into understanding protein folding is of high importance and could prove fruitful for bionanotechnology in the future. Lipid nanotechnology is another major area of research in bionanotechnology, where physico-chemical properties of lipids such as their antifouling and self-assembly is exploited to build nanodevices with applications in medicine and engineering.
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The purpose of this modification is to make synthetic protein cages more biocompatible; this post synthetic modification makes the protein cage less susceptible to an immune response and stabilizes the cage from degradation from proteases. Virus-like protein (VLP) cages have also been synthesized and recombinant DNA technology is used to form non-native virus-like proteins. The first reported case of the formation of non-native VLP constructs into a capsid-like structure utilized a functionalized gold core for nucleation. The self-assembly of the VLP was initiated by the electrostatic interaction of the functionalized gold nanoparticles which is similar to the interaction of a native virus with its nucleic acid component.
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Surfactant–like peptides which undergo self-assembly in water to form nanotubes and nanovesicles have been designed using natural lipids as a guide. This class of peptides has a hydrophilic head (with one or two charged amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acids, or lysine or histidine acids) with a hydrophobic tail (with 4 or more hydrophobic amino acids such as alanine, valine or leucine). The peptide monomers are about 2-3 nm long and consist of seven or eight amino acids; the length of the peptide can be adjusted by adding or removing acids. FIGURE 3: NATURAL AMINO ACIDS USED IN THE DESIGNER SUFACTANT PEPTIDES FIGURE 4: MOLECULAR MODELS OF SOME SURFACTANT PEPTIDES.
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Nanotubes has also been used in the developments of electrochemical biosensing platforms and has proved to have great potential. Dipeptide Nanotubes deposited on graphite electrodes improved electrode sensitivity; thiol-modified nanotubes deposited on gold with a coating of enzymes improved sensitivity and reproducibility for the detection of glucose and ethanol, as well as a shortened detection time, large current density and improved stability. Nanotubes have also been successfully coated with proteins, nanocrystals, and metalloporphyrin through hydrogen bonding and these coated tubes have great potentials in the areas of chemical sensors. Designed peptides with a known structure that would self-assemble into a regular growth template would enable the self-assembly of nanoscale electronic circuits and devices.
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Morphogenetic robotics is related to, but differs from, epigenetic robotics. The main difference between morphogenetic robotics and epigenetic robotics is that the former focuses on self- organization, self-reconfiguration, self-assembly and self-adaptive control of robots using genetic and cellular mechanisms inspired from biological early morphogenesis (activity-independent development), during which the body and controller of the organisms are developed simultaneously, whereas the latter emphasizes the development of robots' cognitive capabilities, such as language, emotion and social skills, through experience during the lifetime (activity-dependent development). Morphogenetic robotics is closely connected to developmental biology and systems biology, whilst epigenetic robotics is related to developmental cognitive neuroscience emerged from cognitive science, developmental psychology and neuroscience.
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Stoddart is one of only a few chemists of the past quarter century to pioneer a new field in organic chemistry. By establishing a new field where the main feature is mechanical bonds he has paved the way for molecular recognition, self-assembly processes for template-directed mechanically interlocked syntheses, molecular switches, and motor-molecules. These advances have formed the basis of the fields of nanoelectronic devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, and molecular machines. One of his major contributions to the development of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as rotaxanes and catenanes has been the establishment of efficient synthetic protocols based on the binding of cyclobis(paraquat-p- phenylene) with electron-rich aromatic guests.
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However, if one were able to use the S. ureae S-layer, all the required enzymes needed to metabolize a specific poison could be bound together, thus dramatically increasing rate of the reactions. Furthermore, much of the research is looking into the self-assembly property of S-layers which, when bound to certain antibodies, has the ability to advance the vaccine development. Studies are also looking its role in certain pathogens, such as B. anthracis, where it is implicated in cellular attachment. Other important areas of this research can be seen in some of the current work being done at the Ames Research Center (NASA), looking at organisms that convert urea to ammonium.
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This phase is caused by the packing behavior of single-tail lipids in a bilayer. Although the protocellular self-assembly process that spontaneously form lipid monolayer vesicles and micelles in nature resemble the kinds of primordial vesicles or protocells that might have existed at the beginning of evolution, they are not as sophisticated as the bilayer membranes of today's living organisms. Rather than being made up of phospholipids, however, early membranes may have formed from monolayers or bilayers of fatty acids, which may have formed more readily in a prebiotic environment. Fatty acids have been synthesized in laboratories under a variety of prebiotic conditions and have been found on meteorites, suggesting their natural synthesis in nature.
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An alternative characterisation instrument for measuring the self- assembly in real time is dual polarisation interferometry where the refractive index, thickness, mass and birefringence of the self assembled layer are quantified at high resolution. Contact angle measurements can be used to determine the surface free-energy which reflects the average composition of the surface of the SAM and can be used to probe the kinetics and thermodynamics of the formation of SAMs. The kinetics of adsorption and temperature induced desorption as well as information on structure can also be obtained in real time by ion scattering techniques such as low energy ion scattering (LEIS) and time of flight direct recoil spectroscopy (TOFDRS).
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Kurzweil feels the increase in the capacity of integrated circuits will probably slow by the year 2020. He feels confident that a new paradigm will debut at that point to carry on the exponential growth predicted by his law of accelerating returns. Kurzweil describes four paradigms of computing that came before integrated circuits: electromechanical, relay, vacuum tube, and transistors. What technology will follow integrated circuits, to serve as the sixth paradigm, is unknown, but Kurzweil believes nanotubes are the most likely alternative among a number of possibilities: > nanotubes and nanotube circuitry, molecular computing, self-assembly in > nanotube circuits, biological systems emulating circuit assembly, computing > with DNA, spintronics (computing with the spin of electrons), computing with > light, and quantum computing.
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Borromean ring structures have been shown to be an effective way to represent the structure of certain atomically precise noble metal clusters which are shielded by a surface layer of thiolate ligands (-SR), such as Au25(SR)18 and Ag25(SR)18. A library of Borromean networks has been synthesized by design by Giuseppe Resnati and coworkers via halogen bond driven self-assembly. In order to access the molecular Borromean ring consisting of three unequal cycles a step-by-step synthesis was proposed by Jay S. Siegel and coworkers. A quantum-mechanical analog of Borromean rings is called a halo state or an Efimov state (the existence of such states was predicted by physicist Vitaly Efimov, in 1970).
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Around the 1980s to 1990s, Woman's Weekly magazine gave away a plastic on-needle knitting row counter of unusual design. It was presented as a self-assembly kit, in a small blue envelope with assembly instructions and a diagram on the back. According to the diagram, the gadget consists of (a) two blue front and back plates, pierced to show the numbers; (b) an inner white soft plastic frame to hold the number discs and to which are attached the two loops to bend back and thread on the needle; (c) the two number discs. So the disks don't spin on an axis; they spin within circular spaces in the inner frame.
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Tirrell realized that the majority of the ways that such molecules were being presented was very haphazard and uncontrolled. His research group began to explore the idea of conjugating peptides to lipids in order to use the self- assembly character of lipids to direct a controlled presentation of peptides. This has led to current work in peptide amphiphile micelles, which are versatile, modular, biofunctional nanoparticles that can be injected into the circulation to target, image and, in some cases, treat pathological conditions. The Tirrell group has active work now in using such particles to diagnose and treat atherosclerosis, and also to stimulate the adaptive immune system to generate desired B-cell and T-cell responses.
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The advent of the field of organoids, started with a shift from culturing and differentiating stem cells in 2D media, to 3D media to allow for the development of the complex 3-dimensional structures of organs. Since 1987, researchers have devised different methods for 3-D culturing, and were able to utilize different types of stem cells to generate organoids resembling a multitude of organs. In 2006, Yaakov Nahmias and David Odde showed the self- assembly of vascular liver organoid maintained for over 50 days in vitro. In 2008, Yoshiki Sasai and his team at RIKEN institute demonstrated that stem cells can be coaxed into balls of neural cells that self-organize into distinctive layers.
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Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) experiments provide structural and dynamic information of large molecular assemblies like polymers, colloids, proteins and fibres. A wide range of fields (medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, archaeological, environmental and conservation sciences and materials) can be covered by this technique. SAXS is a very powerful technique that is used to study the supramolecular organization in biological systems, the structure and function of muscle filaments, corneal transparency, biological membranes, polymer processing, self assembly of mesoscopic metal particles, colloids, inorganic aggregates, liquid crystals and devices. Recording simultaneously SAXS and WAXS (Wide Angle X-ray Scattering) results in a length scale which ranges from a few microns to a few angstroms.
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For self-assembly to take place without intervention of external forces, the process must lead to a lower Gibbs free energy, thus self-assembled structures are thermodynamically more stable than the single, unassembled components. A direct consequence is the general tendency of self- assembled structures to be relatively free of defects. An example is the formation of two-dimensional superlattices composed of an orderly arrangement of micrometre-sized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spheres, starting from a solution containing the microspheres, in which the solvent is allowed to evaporate slowly in suitable conditions. In this case, the driving force is capillary interaction, which originates from the deformation of the surface of a liquid caused by the presence of floating or submerged particles.
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He went to Hereford High School for Boys (now Aylestone Business and Enterprise College), followed by Hereford Sixth Form College. Keetch joined the Liberal Party while still at school, and chaired the Hereford Young Liberals and the West Midlands Region Young Liberals, as well as being the election agent for the Liberals in Hereford in 1983. He was elected to Hereford City Council in 1983 at the age of 21, making him the then-youngest city councillor in the UK, and served two years before resigning to move to London. His first jobs were in banking and financial services, before moving to the water hygiene industry and Franklin Hodge self- assembly water tanks.
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It generally uses Ruthenium complexes, especially [Ru (Bpy)3]2+ (which releases a photon at ~620 nm) regenerating with TPrA (Tripropylamine) in liquid phase or liquid–solid interface. It can be used as monolayer immobilized on an electrode surface (made e.g. of nafion, or special thin films made by Langmuir–Blogett technique or self-assembly technique) or as a coreactant or more commonly as a tag and used in HPLC, Ru tagged antibody based immunoassays, Ru Tagged DNA probes for PCR etc., NADH or H2O2 generation based biosensors, oxalate and organic amine detection and many other applications and can be detected from picomolar sensitivity to dynamic range of more than six orders of magnitude.
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Entropic forces are important and widespread in the physics of colloids, where they are responsible for the depletion force, and the ordering of hard particles, such as the crystallization of hard spheres, the isotropic-nematic transition in liquid crystal phases of hard rods, and the ordering of hard polyhedra. Because of this, entropic forces can be an important driver of self-assembly Entropic forces arise in colloidal systems due to the osmotic pressure that comes from particle crowding. This was first discovered in, and is most intuitive for, colloid-polymer mixtures described by the Asakura–Oosawa model. In this model, polymers are approximated as finite-sized spheres that can penetrate one another, but cannot penetrate the colloidal particles.
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Examples of Silver OrganometallogelatorsSilver metal ions also show properties of self-assembly, since they have high affinity to bind nitrogen, which can act as the driving force to form stable supramolecular structures. However, copper ions have a promiscuous nature that allows them to bind to a variety of ligands, which readily form stable metallogels with tunable properties, widening the scope of their applications. Bipyridines were among the most important ligands, since the formation of those metallogels can lead to research about the coordination of copper ions to DNA base pairs. Oxalic acid dihydrate is another important ligand, that easily forms stable structures when copper salts are added, which can be used as proton conductors.
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Extreme structuralists like Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman, inheriting the viewpoint of D'Arcy Thompson, have proposed that physical laws of structure, not genetics, govern major diversifications such as the Cambrian explosion, followed later by co-opted genetic mechanisms. They argued further that there was a "pre-Mendelian" phase of the evolution of animals, involving physical forces, before genes took over. Darwinian biologists freely admit that physical factors such as surface tension can cause self-assembly, but insist that genes play a crucial role. They note for example that deep homologies between widely separated groups of organisms, such as the signalling pathways and transcription factors of choanoflagellates and metazoans, demonstrate that genes have been involved throughout evolutionary history.
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Unlike other structure prediction tools, NUPACK is capable of handling an arbitrary number of interacting strands rather than being limited to one or two. Dirks also developed an algorithm capable of efficiently handling certain types of pseudoknots, a class of structure that is more computationally intensive to analyze, although NUPACK only implements this ability for single RNA strands. His experimental work pioneered the hybridization chain reaction method, the first demonstration of the self-assembly of nucleic acid structures conditional on a molecular input. The method arose from attempts to use DNA hairpins as "fuel" for DNA machines, but Dirks and Pierce realized that they could instead be used for signal amplification, and when used in conjunction with an aptamer, as a biosensor.
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In a subsequent paper the simultaneous, segregated storage of two different chromophores in the different micelle domains was demonstrated, offering potential for use in chemical delivery in fields such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and foodstuffs. Polymers in Ionic Liquids: Lodge's recent work has focused on the self-assembly of block copolymers in ionic liquids. Ionic liquids are considered by many to be “green” solvents due to their vanishing vapor pressure, fire resistance, as well as their excellent chemical and thermal stability over wide temperature ranges. Besides elucidating the assembly properties of block copolymers in ionic liquids, Lodge has used these materials to produce molecular shuttles, gas separation membranes, and ion gel gate dielectrics for use in polymer thin film transistors.
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Applications: There has additionally been interest in expressing these artificial structures in engineered living bacterial cells, most likely using the transcribed RNA for the assembly, although it is unknown whether these complex structures are able to efficiently fold or assemble in the cell's cytoplasm. If successful, this could enable directed evolution of nucleic acid nanostructures. Scientists at Oxford University reported the self-assembly of four short strands of synthetic DNA into a cage which can enter cells and survive for at least 48 hours. The fluorescently labeled DNA tetrahedra were found to remain intact in the laboratory cultured human kidney cells despite the attack by cellular enzymes after two days. This experiment showed the potential of drug delivery inside the living cells using the DNA ‘cage’.
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He called his ontological position "monism sui generis", since it unites monism and pluralism; it is an emergentism in which the elements assemble themselves by virtue of their properties or functions, or properties-functions. Each structure, although it depends to exist on the elements that compose it, is not reducible to them because it acquires new properties-functions that cannot be explained based on those of the element. The structure also becomes an element for a new structure. Self-assembly begins from the physical level to the point where structures acquire more complex properties-functions and of a different order to give rise to a new biological level, and thus the continuum progresses until reaching the social and then the cultural level.
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Northwestern's Evanston campus is located on Lake Michigan. Aerial shot of Northwestern's Evanston campus Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center.
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Monomers can have various chemical substituents, or functional groups, which can affect the chemical properties of organic compounds, such as solubility and chemical reactivity, as well as the physical properties, such as hardness, density, mechanical or tensile strength, abrasion resistance, heat resistance, transparency, color, etc.. In proteins, these differences give the polymer the ability to adopt a biologically active conformation in preference to others (see self-assembly). Household items made of various kinds of plastic. People have been using natural organic polymers for centuries in the form of waxes and shellac, which is classified as a thermoplastic polymer. A plant polymer named cellulose provided the tensile strength for natural fibers and ropes, and by the early 19th century natural rubber was in widespread use.
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She was artist-in-residence at the Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre at Cranfield University (2007-9) where, with Professor Jeremy J Ramsden, she created works that aimed to increase public understanding of self-assembly and organising processes at the nanoscale, and their potential social impacts and consequences. Freeman is a graduate of the MA in Digital Arts at the Centre for Electronic Arts, Middlesex University, London and Board Member of nonprofit collective MzTEK (which encourages women artists to pick up technical skills). She has been featured on the BBC World Service programme The Science Hour and The Guardians online Tech Weekly podcast. She is currently a PhD student and research technician in the Media and Arts Technology lab at Queen Mary University of London.
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Automated, high-volume fabrication techniques will be necessary for these adhesives to be produced commercially and were being investigated by several research groups. A group led by Metin Sitti from Carnegie Mellon University studied a range of different techniques which include deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), which has been used successfully to fabricate mushroom-shaped polymer fibre arrays, micro-moulding processes, direct self-assembly and photolithography. In 2006, researchers at BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre at Bristol, UK, announced that they had produced samples of "synthetic gecko" – arrays of mushroom-shaped hairs of polyimide – by photolithography, with diameters up to 100μm. These were shown to stick to almost any surface, including those covered in dirt, and a pull- off of 3,000 kg/m^2 was measured.
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The Meijer lab has successfully started the company SupraPolix, offering a supramolecular polymer platform as a key component in several applications, including glue (as superflow elastomers), cosmetics and regenerative medicine of heart valves, for which clinical trials are underway by the Dutch/Swiss company Xeltis. Following up on his discovery Meijer has unraveled the mechanisms behind chemical self-assembly and has proven that supramolecular polymerizations can be classified, based on their mechanism, in a way similar to conventional polymerizations. Current research in the Meijer lab focuses on complex multi-component supramolecular polymer systems and their assembly behaviour Also the potential use of supramolecular polymers is explored as mimics of biological tissue using a modular approach that allows for easy adjustment of their dynamics to external stimuli.
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He moved to UCLA as Associate Professor of Chemistry in 1975, and was promoted to full Professor in 1979 and to Distinguished Professor in 1999. He was Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UCLA from 2000-2004 and has been a member of UCLA's California NanoSystems Institute since 2004 and of its Molecular Biology Institute from 2008. At UCLA he became a leader in the then-emerging fields of "complex fluids" and " soft matter physics". Shortly after moving there he began a 40-year collaboration with Avinoam Ben-Shaul on statistical- thermodynamic models of liquid crystal systems, polymer and polyelectrolyte (in particular, DNA) solutions, and colloidal suspensions, and on the self- assembly theory of micelles, surfactant monolayers, and biological membranes.
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Another group of nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers. The precursors of these techniques preceded the nanotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology and which were results of nanotechnology research. The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials.
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The research conducted by Otto and his research group is focused on various fields, varying from the origin of life (self-replicating systems and the Darwinian evolution thereof), to materials chemistry (self- synthesizing fibres, hydrogels and nanoparticle surfaces). Specific interests include self-replicating molecules, foldamers, catalysis, molecular recognition of biomolecules and self-synthesizing materials (materials of which their self-assembly drives the synthesis of the molecules that assemble). The complex chemical mixtures that are designed, made and researched often display new properties that are relevant to understanding how new traits are able to arise in nature. The final goal of all of this research is the de novo synthesis of new forms of life via the integration of self- replicating systems with metabolism and compartmentalization.
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Decher's work on the self-assembly and buildup of multilayer films by alternating application of anionic and cationic components during the early 1990s is generally credited for the revitalization of the layer-by-layer assembly technique and its current prevalence in nanoscience. His 1997 article on “fuzzy nanoassemblies” published in Science Magazine highlighted the potential of layer-by-layer assembly, and was identified by ISI as 8th most cited among all journal articles in chemistry in the decade 1997–2007. This article has been cited over 8000 times as of March 2019. Over his career, Decher's research has focused on the layer-by-layer assembly method, macromolecules at interfaces, nanocomposite (bio)materials, (bio)functional nanoparticles, functional coatings, thin-film devices and nano-organized multi-materials in general.
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Gautham used DNA Crystallography to study the impact of metal ions on the transition of right-handed B-DNA to left-handed Z-DNA. as well as the self assembly of DNA decameric sequences into a four-way Holliday junction In the area of structural bioinformatics, Gautham developed a novel Ab initio computational method using Mutually Orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) - a technique employed in the area of experimental design - to efficiently sample the conformational space of polypeptides and proteins in order to identify global minimum energy conformations. Later, his laboratory applied the MOLS technique to the problem of molecular docking and produced an open source software package called MOLS. Gautham has written two textbooks in the field of Biophysics and Bioinformatics.
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Glotzer made fundamental contributions to the field of the glass transition, for which the molecular dynamics simulation of Lennard-Jones particles exhibiting dynamical heterogeneity in the form of string-like motion in a 3D-liquid is of particular significance. In addition, her paper together with Michael J. Solomon on anisotropy dimensions of patchy particles has become a classic work, inspiring research directions of groups around the world. Glotzer and collaborators also hold the record for the densest tetrahedron packing and discovered that hard tetrahedrons can self-assemble into a dodecagonal quasicrystal. Glotzer and collaborators coined the term ‘Directional Entropic Forces’ in 2011 to denote the effective interaction that drives anisotropic hard particles to align their facets during self-assembly and/or crystallization.
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If the doping concentration is increased to 10 21 cm−3, the corresponding LSPR frequency would be in the near o mid infrared region. However, semiconductor doping can be difficult to accomplish, because during the self-assembly process the nanoparticle self purifies, and as that process occurs it expels dopant atoms to the surface causing no ionized free carriers to be present and LSPR will not be achieved. The dopant atoms are expelled from the bulk material to the surface because thermodynamic equilibrium is not established and it is more energetically favorable for the dopant atoms to be expelled. The tunability of the LSPR for semiconductor nanocrystals can also affect the intensity of the emission color, fluorescence quantum yield, lifetime of excitation, and photo stability.
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Bates' research in polymer science focuses primarily on the self-assembly of block copolymers into ordered nanoscale morphologies, the dynamics of block copolymers and polymer blends, and the useful bulk physical properties of these materials. One of his most significant contributions in experimental polymer physics is a comprehensive understanding of the thermodynamically-driven microphase separation of diblock copolymers with quantitative comparisons to theories developed by Ludwik Leibler and others. This work has had impact on the design of commercial multiblock copolymers for widespread applications. Bates is also credited with supplying a detailed understanding of the formation of bicontinuous and tricontinuous network phase morphologies in block copolymers, including the conclusive identification of the double gyroid morphology in diblock copolymers and the discovery of the first two orthorhombic network phases in soft materials.
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This disease could be treated by the CDB3 peptide which binds to the p53 core domain and stabilises its fold. A single disease-related mutation can be then diagnosed and treated by the following diagnostic rule: Figure 2: Diagnostics of pathogenic mutations Figure 3: Therapy of pathogenic mutations Such a rule might be implemented by a molecular automaton consisting of two partially dsDNA molecules and one ssDNA molecule, which corresponds to the disease- related mutation and provides a molecular switch for the linear self-assembly of the functional gene (Fig. 2). The gene structure is completed by a cellular ligase present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The transcription and translation machinery of the cell is then in charge of therapy and administers either a wild-type protein or an anti-drug (Fig. 3).
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Nanotechnology is often defined as the study of materials and devices with features on a scale below 100 nanometers. DNA nanotechnology, specifically, is an example of bottom-up molecular self-assembly, in which molecular components spontaneously organize into stable structures; the particular form of these structures is induced by the physical and chemical properties of the components selected by the designers.Background: In DNA nanotechnology, the component materials are strands of nucleic acids such as DNA; these strands are often synthetic and are almost always used outside the context of a living cell. DNA is well-suited to nanoscale construction because the binding between two nucleic acid strands depends on simple base pairing rules which are well understood, and form the specific nanoscale structure of the nucleic acid double helix.
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These tile-based structures had the advantage that they provided the ability to implement DNA computing, which was demonstrated by Winfree and Paul Rothemund in their 2004 paper on the algorithmic self-assembly of a Sierpinski gasket structure, and for which they shared the 2006 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology. Winfree's key insight was that the DX tiles could be used as Wang tiles, meaning that their assembly could perform computation. The synthesis of a three-dimensional lattice was finally published by Seeman in 2009, nearly thirty years after he had set out to achieve it. New abilities continued to be discovered for designed DNA structures throughout the 2000s. The first DNA nanomachine—a motif that changes its structure in response to an input—was demonstrated in 1999 by Seeman.
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The discovery of iodine doped polyacetylene and its electrical properties in 1977 fuelled the research work towards finding better and more efficient conjugated organic polymers. The ‘2000’ Noble Prize in chemistry by Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. Macdiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa in recognition of their contribution towards unravelling the polyacetylene figure electronics set another milestone in the journey of finding conducting polymers. Over the past two decades developments have been made in synthesizing new polymers like polythiophenes, polyphenylenes and polyphenylene sulphides and small organic molecules. The contorted aromatic molecules due to their properties of making ladder polymers, self-assembly and innate charge percolation pathways because of small domains and π stacking other than providing conjugations throughout their structure became another focal point for their use in a variety electronic application.
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3 Mar. 2016. Normal approach such as critical dimension- scanning electron microscopy (CD-SEM) to obtain data for pattern quality inspection takes too much time and is also labor-intensive. On the other hand, the optical scatterometer-based metrology is a non-invasive technique and has very high throughput due to its larger spot size. These results in the collection of more statistical data than by using SEM, and that data processing is also automated with the optical technique making it more feasible than traditional CD-SEM.Van Look, L., Rincon Delgadillo, P., Yu-tsung Lee, Pollentier, I., Gronheid, R., Yi Cao, Guanyang Lin, Nealey, P.F. “High Throughput Grating Qualification of Directed Self-Assembly Patterns using Optical Metrology.” Microelectronic Engineering 123 (2014): 175-179. ScienceDirect. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
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The self-assembly method has advantages in the fact that it forms a more natural binding site, and also offers additional flexibility in the types of monomers that can be polymerized. The covalent method has its advantages in generally offering a high yield of homogeneous binding sites, but first requires the synthesis of a derivatized imprint molecule and may not imitate the "natural" conditions that could be present elsewhere. Over the recent years, interest in the technique of molecular imprinting has increased rapidly, both in the academic community and in the industry. Consequently, significant progress has been made in developing polymerization methods that produce adequate MIP formats with rather good binding properties expecting an enhancement in the performance or in order to suit the desirable final application, such as beads, films or nanoparticles.
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Between 2000 and 2007, Besley had postdoctoral research appointments at the University of Nottingham, the University of Sussex, and the University of Cambridge. In 2007 Besley was awarded a Royal Society Relocation Fellowship at the University of Nottingham and a Visiting Academic Research Fellowship at the Australian National University, Canberra. Soon after returning to Nottingham, Besley was awarded an EPSRC Career Acceleration Fellowship (2008 - 2014), and a European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant (2013 - 2018) to develop mathematical approaches to understanding the fundamental interactions and behaviour of materials at the nanoscale. Her research includes the development of theoretical and computational methods for the prediction of materials properties; computational modelling of the behaviour, properties and manipulation of nanomaterials; investigations into the electrostatic interactions and self-assembly of materials; gas storage and interactions in porous solids.
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This is done by repeatedly randomly perturbing the structure of the proteins around specified design positions, identifying the lowest energy combination of rotamers, and determining whether the new design has a lower binding energy than prior ones.The iterative nature of this process allows IPRO to make additive mutations to a protein sequence that collectively improve the specificity toward desired substrates and/or cofactors. Details on how to download the software, implemented in Python, and experimental testing of predictions are outlined in this paper: Computation-aided design has also been used to engineer complex properties of a highly ordered nano-protein assembly. A protein cage, E. coli bacterioferritin (EcBfr), which naturally shows structural instability and an incomplete self-assembly behavior by populating two oligomerization states, is the model protein in this study.
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The team appeared in five bowl games during Bienen's tenure, including a 1996 trip to the Rose Bowl, its first in nearly fifty years. Under his leadership, Northwestern embarked on a large fundraising campaign resulting in the construction of major new buildings on both the Evanston and Chicago campuses. Additions to the Evanston campus included the Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly; the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center; and the McCormick Tribune Center, home to the Medill School of Journalism; and the Arthur and Gladys Pancoe-Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Life Sciences Pavilion. During Bienen's term The International Center for Advanced Internet Research (ICAIR) was also created at Northwestern in conjunction with IBM and other corporate partners and, on its Chicago campus, Northwestern opened the Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Center.
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David A. Weitz (born October 3, 1951) is a Canadian/American physicist and Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics & Applied Physics and professor of Systems Biology at Harvard University. He is the co-director of the BASF Advanced Research Initiative at Harvard, co-director of the Harvard Kavli Institute for Bionano Science & Technology, and director of the Harvard Materials Research Science & Engineering Center. He is best known for his work in the areas of diffusing-wave spectroscopy, microrheology, microfluidics, rheology, fluid mechanics, interface and colloid science, colloid chemistry, biophysics, complex fluids, soft condensed matter physics, phase transitions, the study of glass and amorphous solids, liquid crystals, self-assembly, surface-enhanced light scattering, and diffusion-limited aggregation. More recently, his laboratory has developed Force spectrum microscopy, which is capable of measuring random intracellular forces.
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Towards the future discipline of Systems chemistry, the development of a multistage chiral catalysts which comprises an integrated supramolecular system that brings together molecular recognition, chirality transfer, catalysis, stereoelectronic control and enantio-selectivity while all these processes can be enabled or disabled via an internal motor function, moves the design and application of molecular motors to a whole new level of sophistication. Aside from molecular motors and switches, Feringa's work has crossed many disciplines and includes the use of chiral electromagnetic radiation to generate enantioselectivity, low molecular weight gelators, imaging porphyrins with STM, drying induced self-assembly, organic synthesis, CD spectroscopy, asymmetric catalysis, exploring the origins of chirality including the possibility of an extraterrestrial source and various aspects of surface science including surface modification, surface energy control and porphyrin allayers.
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Advances in confocal microscopy at the end of the 20th century identified proteins, RNA or carbohydrates localising to many non-membrane bound cellular compartments within the cytoplasm or nucleus which were variously referred to as 'puncta/dots', 'signalosomes', 'granules', 'bodies', 'assemblies', 'paraspeckles', 'purinosomes', 'inclusions', 'aggregates' or 'factories'. During this time period (1995-2008) the concept of phase separation was re-borrowed from colloidal chemistry & polymer physics and proposed to underlie both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartmentalization. Since 2009, further evidence for biomacromolecules undergoing intracellular phase transitions (phase separation) has been observed in many different contexts, both within cells and in reconstituted in vitro experiments. The newly coined term "biomolecular condensate" refers to biological polymers (as opposed to synthetic polymers) that undergo self assembly via clustering to increase the local concentration of the assembling components, and is analogous to the physical definition of condensation.
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Chad Alexander Mirkin (born November 23, 1963) is an American chemist. He is the George B. Rathmann professor of chemistry, professor of medicine, professor of materials science and engineering, professor of biomedical engineering, and professor of chemical and biological engineering, and director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly at Northwestern University. Mirkin is known for his development of nanoparticle-based biodetection schemes, the invention of dip-pen nanolithography (recognized by National Geographic as one of the top 100 scientific discoveries that changed the world), and contributions to supramolecular chemistry, nanoelectronics, and nanooptics. In 2010, he was listed as the most cited chemist in the world over the last decade in terms of total citations, the second highest most cited chemist in terms of impact factor, and the top most cited nanomedicine researcher.
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The nature of viruses was unclear for many years following their discovery as pathogens. They were described as poisons or toxins at first, then as "infectious proteins", but with advances in microbiology it became clear that they also possessed genetic material, a defined structure, and the ability to spontaneously assemble from their constituent parts. This spurred extensive debate as to whether they should be regarded as fundamentally organic or inorganic — as very small biological organisms or very large biochemical molecules — and since the 1950s many scientists have thought of viruses as existing at the border between chemistry and life; a gray area between living and nonliving. Viral replication and self-assembly has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it lends further credence to the hypothesis that life could have started as self- assembling organic molecules.
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The research of Katja Loos is currently focused on enzymatic polymerization, especially the biocatalytic synthesis of saccharides, polyamides and furan based polymers, as well as the synthesis and self- assembly of block copolymers using supramolecular motifs and containing ferroelectric blocks. Katja Loos published over 210 scholarly peer-reviewed publications, various patents and book chapters. Her publications frequently get included in special themed collections of scientific journals like “Women in Polymer Science” from Wiley en “Women at the Forefront of Chemistry” of the American Chemical Society She is the editor of the only currently available textbook in the field of Enzymatic Polymerizations. She is editor of the scientific journal Polymer, associate editor of the scientific journals Journal of Renewable Materials and Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology and member of the editorial advisory board of Advances in Polymer Technology and Polymers.
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Texter served as Chairman of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 1998 and in a variety of line officer and executive committee positions before and since (1991–2002), and returned to serve as Program Chair (2008–2010). He has organized many national and international conferences, including chairing the Gordon Research Conferences Chemistry of Interfaces (Interfacial Structure[3]) in Meriden, New Hampshire, in 1996 and Chemistry of Supramolecules and Assemblies (Functional Materials through Bottom-Up Self-Assembly[4]) in Barga, Tuscany in 2007. He has also organized and served as General Chair for the Particles Conferences Particles 2001[2], Particles 2002, through Particles 2013 in Dayton. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the American Physical Society, the Materials Research Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the Society for Imaging Science and Technology.
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Wilshire was questioned about this by his local newspaper again, in which he said he was "embarrassed, sad and sorry", but he revealed that he had not spent the money allocated to him for decoration on this yet, but would do in the future, and therefore he refused to pay the money back or resign. It later emerged that Wilshire had spent over £1,000 of taxpayers' money on furniture in 2004, which contradicted his previous claims. When challenged on this, he refused to give an interview but sent an email to the local press in which he stated that: "I obtained the cheapest self- assembly replacement available from MFI". However, even this email caused him more problems, as in it he stated that he had bought the flat in 1983 — four years before he had become an MP and four years before when he previously revealed he had bought it.
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In physics, condensation typically refers to a gas-liquid phase transition. In biology the term 'condensation' is used much more broadly and can also refer to liquid-liquid phase separation to form colloidal emulsions or liquid crystals within cells, and liquid-solid phase separation to form gels, sols, or suspensions within cells as well as liquid-to-solid phase transitions such as DNA condensation during prophase of the cell cycle or protein condensation of crystallins in cataracts. With this in mind, the term 'biomolecular condensates' was deliberately introduced to reflect this breadth (see below). Since biomolecular condensation generally involves oligomeric or polymeric interactions between an indefinite number of components, it is generally considered distinct from formation of smaller stoichiometric protein complexes with defined numbers of subunits, such as viral capsids or the proteasome - although both are examples of spontaneous molecular self-assembly or self- organisation.
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Since the properties of gels depend on the type of non- covalent interactions involved, the metal-ligand interaction provide not only thermodynamic stability, but also kinetic liability. The general method for synthesizing gels is to heat the solution, which contains the metal ion being used and investigated, along with the ligand that will form the metallogel around it, as well as any other compounds used to create the appropriate conditions for the reaction to proceed well, until all added solids (depending on the type of gel prepared) are dissolved in the solvent used, and then cooling it down until the gels are self-assembled and properly formed.Martínez-Calvo, M.; Kotova, O.; Möbius, M.; Bell, A.; McCabe, T.; Boland, J.; Gunnlaugsson, T. Healable Luminescent Self-Assembly Supramolecular Metallogels Possessing Lanthanide (Eu/Tb) Dependent Rheological And Morphological Properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 1983-1992.
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Computer and network engineering applications have been broad in scope; a partial list includes research addressing problems in the scheduling and storage allocation functions of computer operating systems, storage architectures, data structures, computer timing problems such as deadlocks and synchronization, Internet congestion, peer-to-peer file sharing networks, stream merging, self-assembly processes of molecular computing, minimalist algorithms in sensor networks, optical burst switching, and dynamic spectrum management in cognitive networks. The list expands greatly when including the myriad applications in industrial engineering and operations research of Coffman's research in scheduling and bin-packing theory in one and two dimensions. As of November 11, 2015, his works have been cited 13,597 times, and he has an h-index of 55. Coffman has been active professionally serving on several editorial boards, dozens of technical program committees, setting research agendas in workshops of the National Research Council, co- founding the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, and the special interest groups on performance evaluation of both ACM and IFIPS.
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Noel knew which path to take, left the business, and four years later, sure enough, he pulled up in his Roller. He built up his own furniture business, popularising the concept of a dining room suite by selling tables with matching chairs, and introducing bunk beds to the family home (things that hadn't been widely done before). This entrepreneurial spirit and constant re-evaluation of what works best led him to a fortune when his empire grew and he set up furniture giant MFI — launching the concept of shed retailing and out-of-town shopping while essentially inventing the concept of flat pack self-assembly furniture (even hiring out roof racks so customers had no excuse not to buy that very day!) Noel was a bold adventurer and pretty fearless. He campaigned his racing yachts over many years during the time he ran MFI and accumulated a large amount of silverware against top national and international competition in RORC races, Fastnet etc.
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Ajayaghosh's researches have been principally in the fields of supramolecular chemistry, chemosensors, low band-gap polymers, fluorescent gels, organic nanostructures and photoresponsive systems and he is reported to have done extensive researches on supramolecular architecture and light-induced sensor systems. He is known to have pioneered the study of molecular self-assembly in India and is credited with the creation of a new category of self-assembled materials that are functionally soft. His work assisted in the design of larger molecular structures using self-assembling molecules and demonstrated ways to control their electricity conductivity through controlling external factors like temperature which have reported use in applications involving light harvesting, sensing, imaging and security. He was the first scientist to design functional Phenylenevinylene-based Organogels from designed building blocks, which has been detailed in his article, First Phenylenevinylene Based Organogels: Self-Assembled Nanostructures via Cooperative Hydrogen Bonding and π-Stacking, published in 2001.
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Peptides are able to perform as excellent building blocks for a wide range of materials as they can be designed to combine with a range of other building blocks such as lipids, sugars, nucleic acids, metallic nanocrystals and so on; this gives the peptides an edge over carbon nanotubes, which are another popular nanomaterial, as the carbon structure is unreactive. They also exhibit properties such as biocompatibility and molecular recognition; the latter is particularly useful as it enables specific selectivity for building ordered nanostructures. Additionally peptides have superb resistance to extreme conditions of high/low temperatures, detergents and denaturants. The ability of peptides to perform self-assembly allows them to be used as fabrication tools, which is currently and will continue to grow as a fundamental part of nanomaterials production. The self-assembling of peptides is facilitated through the molecules’ structural and chemical compatibility with each other, and the structures formed demonstrates physical and chemical stability.
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In September, 2002, Prodromou was named President and Chief Executive OfficerAlien Press Release Prodromou named CEO of Alien Technology of Alien Technology, a firm founded by Prof. John S. "Steve" Smith of the University of California, Berkeley. During his tenure at Alien, the company ramped production of its Fluidic Self Assembly (FSA) process,RFID Gazette Alien Technology Cuts RFID Tag Price secured major ordersEE Times Alien gets big order for RFID tags for RFID tags and readers from the DoD, Gillette and Wal-Mart. The Morgan Hill, California company also raised venture capital financing to establish a production facilityGovernor Hoeven's Press Release Alien Technology's Decision To Commence Production in North Dakota in Fargo, North Dakota, acquire Quatrotec LLC, a provider of integration services for baggage handling and screening systems, and open an RFID Solutions Center in Dayton, OhioSupply Chain Digest Alien Opens Dayton RFID Solutions Center Following withdrawal of Alien's IPO due to market conditions,Information Week Alien IPO Canceled due to Market Conditions Prodromou resigned as CEO of Alien Technology.
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Because it is a small, stable protein whose structure had been determined at high resolution by 1975, it was the first macromolecule of scientific interest to be simulated using molecular dynamics computation, in 1977 by J. Andrew McCammon and Bruce Gelin, in the Karplus group at Harvard. That study confirmed the then-surprising fact found in the NMR work that even well-packed aromatic sidechains in the interior of a stable protein can flip over rather rapidly (microsecond to millisecond time scale). Rate constants were determined by NMR for the hydrogen exchange of individual peptide NH groups along the chain, ranging from too fast to measure on the most exposed surface to many months for the most buried hydrogen-bonded groups in the center of the β sheet, and those values also correlate fairly well with degree of motion seen in the dynamics simulations. BPTI was important in the development of knowledge about the process of protein folding, the self- assembly of a polypeptide chain into a specific arrangement in 3D.
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He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society for "for his many contributions to the light scattering and phase transition properties of simple fluids, liquid crystals, and surfactant solutions". He has received the 1991 Lennard-Jones Prize of the British Royal Society of Chemistry, a 1998 Guggenheim Fellowship, the 2001 Liquids Prize of the American Chemical Society, election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and endowed lectureships at the Curie Institute (Paris), the University of Leeds (England), Case Western Reserve University, Cornell University, Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Texas at Austin. At UCLA he won the 1996 University Distinguished Teaching Award, served as Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (2000-2004), and was awarded the Glenn T. Seaborg Medal in 2017. In 2016, his 70th birthday was honored by an international symposium on "Self Assembly, from Atoms to Life" at the Meso-American Center for Theoretical Physics, and by a "festschrift" issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry B.
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Paolo Samorì (born in Imola, Italy, 1971) is an Italian physical chemist and Distinguished Professor (PRCE) and director of the Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) of the Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) & CNRS where he is also head of the Nanochemistry Laboratory. He obtained a Laurea (master's degree) in Industrial Chemistry at University of Bologna in 1995. In 2000 he received his PhD in Chemistry from the Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin (Prof. Jürgen P. Rabe). He was permanent research scientist at Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche of Bologna from 2001 till 2008, and Visiting Professor at ISIS from 2003 til 2008. He has published over 350 papers on applications of nanochemistry and materials chemistry with a particular focus on graphene and related 2D materials, supramolecular electronics, scanning probe microscopies beyond imaging, hierarchical self- assembly of hybrid functional architectures at surfaces and interfaces, and the fabrication of organic- and graphene-based nanodevices. He is using the supramolecular chemistry approach in order to generate ordered 1D, 2D and 3D architectures at surfaces and interfaces, with the ultimate goal of controlling an improving the properties of electronic devices. He exploited supramolecular scaffolds based on H-bondingG.
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