For example, the Sea Spray scent is in a shibori bottle.
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That's not to say that everyone who lives within scent of sea spray will leave.
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You can't smell the sea spray, but your brain may trick you into thinking you can.
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At the same time, sea spray may also transfer heat from the ocean, thereby speeding up winds.
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His lab, for example, discovered that waves and sea spray can influence the severity of a hurricane.
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The paddles generate waves that crash against the sides of the tank and sea spray that flies through the air.
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As the boat accelerated, churning up sea spray (and, accordingly, dousing everybody) passengers shrieked like exhilarated children on a roller coaster.
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Most of the globe-trotting viruses are swept into the air by sea spray, and lesser numbers arrive in dust storms.
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The natural form can come from forest fires, dust kicked up by sandstorms, sea spray or volcanic eruptions, among other things.
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I would have liked that, walking together like this, the wind off the ocean meeting us with its parcels of sea spray.
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The air temperature topped out at 55 degrees, but the wind, rain and sea spray from the vessel's wake chilled to the bone.
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But he has also made a few significant discoveries, like the fact that waves and sea spray influence the severity of a hurricane.
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In fact, so much coccolith is being released into the sky that it has to be classified as a sea spray aerosol, or SSA.
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Sea spray aerosols waft up into the atmosphere when bubbles burst in the ocean, and they can blanket upwards of 70 percent of the atmosphere.
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Gallace has painted it and a nearby telephone pole with a brilliant, glowing white that seems to have gathered and absorbed clouds and sea spray.
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Scientists used to think that friction rose along with wind speed, but Haus' lab discovered that friction is also affected by ocean waves and sea spray.
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The storm is visible "within giant swirls of sea salt aerosol (blue), which winds loft into the air as part of sea spray," says the post.
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As the sea spray kicks the algae into the air, our throats and eyes burn, so it's hard to imagine the agony of the animals around us.
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I sipped the 22.4-year-old single malt, the youngest sample in the tasting flight of four — a softly peated drink that smelled of sea spray and grain.
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We all noted the broad range of styles that included brawny, fruity examples, and leaner wines that showed more savory, stony flavors — "sea spray," Alex said at one point.
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Passengers are treated to magnificent views of the English Channel—and occasionally to a frisson, when rough seas break on the concrete groynes and envelop oncoming trains in sea spray.
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This was in the early 210s, before the era of the multiplex, and movies would arrive in a cluster, spreading across the Cape's beach towns like sea spray off Nantucket Sound.
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You'll instantly feel the lush, green pastures under your toes, the crisp salty sea spray in your face, and you might just encounter a talking mountain lion who can help you find your inner piece.
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When you go to the ocean on a windy day and feel the sea spray on your face, you've just encountered droplets of a size that might be described as "not airborne" in a public-health briefing.
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Even as the Blackpool Tower spiffs itself up — with a 4D movie featuring diving gulls and sea spray, and costing more than 860,000 pounds — there is nostalgia, too, with its circus and ballroom and its sense of a prettified past.
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Very little chlorine exists naturally in the upper atmosphere as it generally emerges near Earth's surface -- for example from salt (sodium chloride, or NaCl) in sea spray -- in water-soluble forms that are "washed out" of the atmosphere by snow and rain.
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Slouchy black-and-white sailor-stripe pajama pants or knee-length pleated skirts were teamed with double-C-logo roll-neck cashmere sweaters; boxy bouclé skirt suits had a Sixties silhouette and sea spray palette; and almost every look arrived with a kitschy handbag, including white quilted box bags, rope fisherman totes and round evening clutches shaped like life preservers.
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During winter months, the ocean typically experiences stormy, windy conditions that generate more air inundation into the sea and therefore more sea spray. Calmer summer months result in lower overall production of sea spray. During peak primary productivity in the summer, increased organic matter in the surface ocean drives subsequent increases in sea spray. Given that sea spray retains the properties of the water from which it was produced, the composition of sea spray experiences extreme seasonal variation.
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In addition to the local conditions that influence sea spray formation, there are also consistent spatial patterns in sea spray production and composition. Because sea spray is generated when air is mixed into the ocean, formation gradients are established by turbulence of the surface water. Wave action along coastal shorelines is generally where turbulence is greatest, so this is where sea spray production is the highest. Particles generated in turbulent coastal areas can travel horizontally up to 25 km within the planetary boundary layer.
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The organic matter in sea spray consists of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and even microbes themselves, like bacteria and viruses. The amount of organic matter in sea spray depends on microbiological processes, though the total effect of these processes is still unknown. Chlorophyll-a is often used as a proxy for primary production and organic matter content in sea spray, but its reliability for estimating DOC concentrations is controversial. Biomass often enters sea spray through the death and lysis of algal cells, often caused by viral infections.
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The influence of sea spray on the surface heat and moisture exchange peaks during times of greatest difference between air and sea temperatures. When air temperature is low, sea spray sensible heat flux can be nearly as great as the spray latent heat flux at high latitudes. In addition, sea spray enhances the air/sea enthalpy flux during high winds as a result of temperature and humidity redistribution in the marine boundary layer. Sea spray droplets injected into the air thermally equilibrate ~1% of their mass.
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Salt deposition from sea spray is the primary factor influencing distribution of plant communities in coastal ecosystems. Ion concentrations of sea spray deposited on land generally mirror their concentrations in the ocean, except that potassium is often higher in sea spray. Deposition of salts on land generally decreases with distance from the ocean but increases with increasing wind speed. Salt deposition from sea spray is correlated with a decrease in plant height and significant scarring, shoot reduction, stem height decrease, and tissue death on the windward side of shrubs and trees.
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However, the microbial community in sea spray is often distinct from nearby water and sandy beaches, suggesting that some species are more biased towards SSA transportation than others. Sea spray from one beach can contain thousands of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Nearly 10,000 different OTUs have been discovered in sea spray just between San Francisco, CA and Monterey, CA, with only 11% of them found ubiquitously. This suggests that sea spray in every coastal region likely has its own unique assemblage of microbial diversity, with thousands of new OTUs yet to be discovered.
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Sea spray containing marine microorganisms can be swept high into the atmosphere where they become aeroplankton. These airborne microorganisms may travel the globe before falling back to earth. Viruses, bacteria, and plankton are ubiquitous in sea water, and this biodiversity is reflected in the composition of sea spray. Generally speaking, sea spray has slightly lower concentrations of microbes than the water it is produced from.
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During the summer, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can constitute 60-90% of sea spray mass. Even though much more sea spray is produced during the stormy winter season, the composition is nearly all salt because of the low primary production.
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Sea spray generated by breaking surface waves Sea spray refers to aerosol particles that are formed directly from the ocean, mostly by ejection into the atmosphere by bursting bubbles at the air-sea interface. Sea spray contains both organic matter and inorganic salts that form sea salt aerosol (SSA). SSA has the ability to form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and remove anthropogenic aerosol pollutants from the atmosphere. Sea spray is directly (and indirectly, through SSA) responsible for a significant degree of the heat and moisture fluxes between the atmosphere and the ocean, affecting global climate patterns and tropical storm intensity.
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The composition of the sea spray depends primarily on the composition of the water from which it is produced, but broadly speaking is a mixture of salts and organic matter. Several factors determine the production flux of sea spray, especially wind speed, swell height, swell period, humidity, and temperature differential between the atmosphere and the surface water. Production and size distribution rate of SSAs are thus sensitive to the mixing state. A lesser studied area of sea spray generation is the formation of sea spray as a result of rain drop impact on the sea surface .
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Variation in salt deposition also influences competition between plants and establishes gradients of salt tolerance. While the salts within sea spray can severely inhibit plant growth in coastal ecosystems, selecting for salt-tolerant species, sea spray can also bring vital nutrients to these habitats. For example, one study showed that sea spray in Wales, UK delivers roughly 32 kg of potassium per hectare to coastal sand dunes each year. Because dune soils leach nutrients very quickly, sea spray fertilization could be very influential to dune ecosystems, especially for plants that are less competitive in nutrient-limited environments.
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Sea foam is formed under conditions that are similar to the formation of sea spray. One of the main distinctions from sea spray formation is the presence of higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter from macrophytes and phytoplankton. The dissolved organic matter in the surface water, which can be derived from the natural environment or human-made sources, provides stability to the resulting sea foam. Connection between sea foam and sea spray formation.
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Connection between sea foam and sea spray formation. The dark orange line indicates processes common to the formation of both sea spray and sea foam. When wind, whitecaps, and breaking waves mix air into the sea surface, the air regroups to form bubbles, floats to the surface, and bursts at the air-sea interface. When they burst, they release up to a thousand particles of sea spray, which range in size from nanometers to micrometers and can be expelled up to 20 cm from the sea surface.
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Sea spray also influences plant growth and species distribution in coastal ecosystems and increases corrosion of building materials in coastal areas.
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On 10 June 1867, he published "Ashtaroth, a Dramatic Lyric", and on the 19th of the same month, "Sea Spray and Smoke Drift".
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The effects of sea spray transport in the atmospheric boundary layer is not yet completely understood . Sea spray droplets alter the air-sea momentum fluxes by being accelerated and decelerated by the winds . In hurricane-force winds, it is observed that there is some reduction in the air/sea momentum flux . This reduction in momentum flux manifests as saturation of air/sea drag coefficient.
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As distance from shore decreases, sea spray production declines to a level sustained almost exclusively by white caps. The proportion of the ocean surface area that is turbulent enough to produce significant sea spray is called the white cap fraction. The only other production mechanism of sea spray in the open ocean is through direct wind action, where strong winds actually break the surface tension of the water and lift particles into the air. However, particles of seawater generated in this way are often too heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere and usually are deposited back to the sea within a few dozen meters of transport.
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The formation of these CCN like DMS have climate implications as well, due to their influence on cloud formation and interaction with solar radiation. Additionally, the contribution of sea spray DMS to the atmosphere is linked to the global sulfur cycle. Understanding total forcing from natural sources like sea spray can illuminate critical constraints posed by anthropogenic influence and can be coupled with ocean chemistry, biology and physics to predict future ocean and atmospheric variability. The proportion of organic matter in sea spray can impact reflectance, determine the overall cooling effect of SSAs, and slightly alter the capacity for SSAs to form CCN (17).
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World Register of Marine Species C. marina is tolerant of sea spray and brief immersion in seawater.Sterry, Paul (1997). Complete British Wildlife. London : Harper Collins. . p. 338.
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It is commonly found on coastal dunes and can tolerate sea spray, though it will only grow to its full height of 60 cm in more sheltered situations.
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There is a black and white square known as the Chequerboard, close to the Sea Spray Restaurant. This is often used by guests to watch the evening sunset.
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I just do my own designs from the outside. Water. Rock. Rocks which stand strong, and the waves which run and crash upon the rock. The sea spray.
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Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California.
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At high winds the droplet evaporation layer (DEL) influences the surface energy heat exchange of the ocean. The latent heat flux of sea spray generated at the DEL has been cited as an important addition to climate modeling efforts, particularly in simulations assessing air/sea heat balance as related to hurricanes and cyclones formed during high wind events. During the formation of whitecaps, sea spray droplets exhibit the same properties as the ocean surface, but rapidly adapt to surrounding air. Some sea spray droplets immediately reabsorb into the sea while others evaporate entirely and contribute salt particles like dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to the atmosphere where they can be transported via turbulence to cloud layers and serve as CCN.
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James confronts Baines for buying the Sea Spray for himself. Baines declares he wants nothing more to do with him saying 'you can walk your own path to hell James Onedin'.
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It is about as drought tolerant as Acacia saligna but also able to tolerate sea spray. The specific epithet is taken from the large black seed which is enclosed in bright red tissue.
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It occurs on primary dunes, in coastal heath, open forest and alluvial flats. It is used for dune stabilisation on beaches where it will tolerate sea spray and sand blast, providing protection for less hardy plants.
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The composition of aerosols and particles depends on their source. Wind-blown mineral dust tends to be made of mineral oxides and other material blown from the Earth's crust; this particulate is light-absorbing. Sea salt is considered the second-largest contributor in the global aerosol budget, and consists mainly of sodium chloride originated from sea spray; other constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect the composition of sea water, and thus include magnesium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, etc. In addition, sea spray aerosols may contain organic compounds, which influence their chemistry.
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Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018, scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet. This is another example of water facilitating the transport of organic material over great distances, in this case in the form of live microorganisms. Dissolved salt does not evaporate back into the atmosphere like water, but it does form sea salt aerosols in sea spray.
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The storm also knocked down trees, and sea spray damaged some crops. On Long Island, the storm damaged crops and a few houses. Overall damage in the Bahamas was described as "scattered", and not affecting any tourism areas.
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It lives in coastal habitat in the sea spray zone where it lives in rock cracks and under vegetation. The population is likely stable, but the species is threatened by development of the beach areas near its habitat.
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Film droplets make up the majority of the smaller particles created by the initial burst, while jet droplets are generated by a collapse of the bubble cavity and are ejected from the sea surface in the form of a vertical jet. In windy conditions, water droplets are mechanically torn off from crests of breaking waves. Sea spray droplets generated via such a mechanism are called spume droplets and are typically larger in size and have less residence time in air. Impingement of plunging waves on sea surface also generates sea spray in the form of splash droplets .
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Asplenium difforme is a plant in the spleenwort group of ferns. Its habitat is cracks in rocky headlands beside the sea. It is found in eastern Australia and Norfolk Island. Its fronds are thick and waxy to protect it from sea spray.
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Olearia glutinosa, commonly known as the sticky daisy-bush, is a species of plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the states of Victoria and Tasmania in south-eastern Australia. It grows on coastal dunes and is tolerant of sea spray.
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Her team also researches the chemistry on indoor surfaces, including the interactions of indoor gases with components of paints (titanium dioxide), glass, concrete, and drywall. Grassian collaborates with scientists at the Scripps Hydraulics Lab to study particles generated in sea spray. By researching the properties of sea spray aerosol, such as hygroscopicity and chemical reactivity, Grassian looks to develop an understanding of our atmosphere that will help improve current climate models. In 2017 she helped identify that the bubbles that appear on the surface of breaking waves forms particulate matter that depends on molecules secreted by phytoplankton and floor dwelling bacteria for its overall composition.
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The plant grows on coastal strands, including oceanside cliffs, just beyond the high-tide mark. It receives heavy sea spray. It prefers well- drained alkaline substrates such as coral sands. This species is uncommon and may have been displaced in some habitats by the introduced species Leucaena leucocephala.
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Not all mixing is driven by density changes. Other physical forces may also mix stably-stratified layers. Sea spray and whitecaps (foaming whitewater on waves) are examples of water mixed into air, and air into water, respectively. In a fierce storm the air/water boundary may grow indistinct.
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Slack, Alf "Flora" in Slesser, Malcolm (1970) The Island of Skye. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Club. pp 45–58. On the Hebridean islands of the west coast, there are plantago pastures, which grow well in locations exposed to sea spray and include Red Fescue, Sea Plantain and Sea Pink.
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Although the amount and composition of aerosol particles in the marine atmosphere originate both from continental and oceanic sources and can be transported great distances, freshly emitted sea-spray aerosols (SSA) constitute one of the major sources of primary aerosols, especially from moderate and strong winds. The estimated global emission of pure sea-salt aerosols are on the order of 2,000-10,000 Tg per year. The mechanism by which this occurs starts with the generation of air bubbles in breaking waves, which then rise to the atmosphere and burst into hundreds of ultra-fine droplets ranging from 0.1-1.0 μm in diameter. Sea-spray aerosols are mostly composed of inorganic salts, such as sodium and chloride.
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Some studies have identified spray effects as one of the potential reasons for the air/sea drag coefficient saturation. It has been shown through several numerical and theoretical studies that sea spray, if present in significant amounts in the atmospheric boundary layer, leads to saturation of air-sea drag coefficients.
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Some of these peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from the marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018 a team of scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.
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Leonora is a village in Essequibo Islands-West Demerara (Region 3), one of Guyana's 10 regions. Its subdivisions are Pasture, Sea Field, Para Field, Groenveldt and Sea Spray. The neighboring villages are Anna Catherina and Uitvlugt. Leonora encompasses an area of about , once part of the Parish of St. Luke.
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Dracaena braunii is native to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. It is found at the edge of coastal forests and the transition between mangrove and savannah, in shade, laterite to sandy soil, also on rocks, tolerating sea spray from the surf, at altitudes of 0-20 m.
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Operasjon Løvsprett (Operation Leafing) is a Norwegian military comedy from 1962. It mostly takes place at the Lahaugmoen military base. A funny script, familiar situations, and good actors in all of the roles made the film a great success. The film also had a sequel in 1964 called Operasjon Sjøsprøyt (Operation Sea Spray).
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The plant is found on New Zealand’s Chatham, Snares, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands, as well as on Australia’s Macquarie Island. It is common in coastal areas, where it forms extensive mats in bog communities and grows as cushions on peat, rock and sand in the sea spray zone.Flora of Australia Online.
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The visors were used by hunters who were in kayaks. They are said to help keep the sea spray off the face as well as improve hearing. They were often decorated with paints, beads, sea lion whiskers and ivory figurines. Andrew Gronholdt is credited with reviving the art of chagudax carving in the 1980s.
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Cells are broken apart into DOC that is propelled into the atmosphere when surface bubbles pop. When primary productivity peaks during the summer, algal blooms can generate an enormous amount of organic matter that is eventually incorporated into sea spray. In the right conditions, aggregation of the DOC can also form surfactant or sea foam.
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Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97.McComiskey, A.(Editor), Andrews, E., et al.
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The plants there are short in stature and chlorotic, possibly from exposure to sun, sea spray, and high winds. The plants are located in a canyon next to a popular surfing and camping beach which has experienced accidental fires. The other population is in a forest near Hato Tejas in Bayamón. The plant grows on limestone substrates.
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"Soays of America" soaysofamerica.org Retrieved 24 December 2007. On Hirta and Soay, they prefer the plantago pastures, which grow well in locations exposed to sea spray and include red fescue, sea plantain and sea pink. There is also a breed of feral sheep residing on Boreray, which is one of the most endangered British sheep in existence.
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In hot climates, ventilation reduces cooling loads. Sometimes an insulated roof with an internal vapor barrier is preferable to a ventilated attic. In areas with wildfire hazards, sparks can enter attic vents, so houses are safer without vents. Areas with wind-driven rain, fog or sea-spray might also prefer houses with insulated roofs instead of vents.
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Leucophyta brownii is found in coastal environments. It commonly occurs on the exposed faces of cliffs and dunes on the south coast of Australia. It is highly tolerant of prevailing winds, sea spray, drought and frost and grows on predominantly sand or sandstone derived soil. Further, the soil can be highly alkaline (where sand is composed of calcium carbonate).
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In the hold of the Sea Spray a rat jumps out at the bosun causing him to drop his lamp, setting fire to the cargo of whisky. Tom tries to put out the fire but is badly burnt, Baines rescues him and they escape in the lifeboat before the ship explodes. Tragically, Tom dies from his injuries in Baines' arms.
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Other species have adapted to growing in savanna-like grass communities. The soils in which Nepenthes species grow are usually acidic and low in nutrients, being composed of peat, white sand, sandstone, or volcanic soils. Exceptions to these generalities include species that thrive in soils with high heavy metal content (e.g. N. rajah), on sandy beaches in the sea spray zone (e.g.
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Sails and a fishing kit were provided, as well as an awning and screen to protect against sun and sea spray. The Mark 3 measured from bow to stern and across the beam and held enough to supply 10 people with food and water for 14 days. It carried protective suits, inflatable pillows, sleeping bags, and a first-aid kit.Flight, February 13, 1953.
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"Soays of America" soaysofamerica.org Retrieved 24 December 2007. On Hirta and Soay, the sheep prefer the Plantago pastures, which grow well in locations exposed to sea spray and include red fescue (Festuca rubra), sea plantain (Plantago maritima) and sea pink (Armeria maritima). The St Kildans kept up to 2,000 of a different type of sheep on the islands of Hirta and Boreray.
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Sea spray containing marine microorganisms, and all the substances and elements contained in their bodies, can be swept high into the atmosphere. There they become aeroplankton and can travel the globe before falling back to earth. A stream of airborne microorganisms circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes.Living Bacteria Are Riding Earth’s Air Currents Smithsonian Magazine, 11 January 2016.
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Losses to agriculture, forestry, and fisheries across the Yaeyama District reached ¥360 million (US$2.9 million). A total of 6,748 hectares (16,674 acres) of crops sustained damage. In Miyako-jima, crops sustained significant damage from salt; relatively little rain coupled with strong winds allowed sea spray to travel farther inland than normal. Preliminary estimates placed losses at ¥94.52 million (US$761,000).
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The species grows on the dead or dying culms of Juncus roemerianus. The fungus fruits between above the level of the rhizoid, and it is consequently considered a halotolerant species, because it is occasionally exposed to sea spray. Found on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina, K. rara is rare, having been collected only three times at the time of its publication.
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The wide stairs gave access to the first class promenade decks. There was an upper and lower promenade decks as well as a boat deck, totaling 28,255 square feet. A novelty of the Rotterdam was that parts of the promenade decks had glass covers that could be brought up against the sea spray. At the time a unique feature of liners crossing the Atlantic.
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This species has "filled a niche in America", being a better grass to use on turf next to the ocean in places that receive sea spray. "It has the highest salt tolerance of all turfgrasses." It is also more competitive against weeds than similar grasses. Weeds can be controlled by the application of saltwater, in which weeds will die and the grass will survive.
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In January 1963 the surface of the sea froze for weeks in the curved shapes of sea spray as far as a mile offshore. The tide continued to go in and out under its white crust, leaving the pier surrounded by ice.See image of frozen sea around pier in 1963. Rapid thaw then caused stress to the piles, exacerbated by previous storm damage and neglect.
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Upon landfall in Housa Voe they enlisted the assistance of John Henderson, and headed towards the Ve Skerries. Smiling Morn arrived before 5am at the Ve Skerries, which Arora had reached first. Heavy seas and high winds continued and proved to make a very difficult rescue attempt. Five of Ben Doran's crew were seen clinging to the ship's rigging while sea spray hit them.
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She could remain afloat with any two compartments flooded. During Campania's first trips across the Atlantic, hull vibration was noted to be a problem and sea-spray had been a nuisance to passengers in heavy seas. This led to design modifications being made to Lucania, which was still under construction. The modifications to Lucania proved to be successful, so Cunard decided to make similar modifications to Campania.
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What makes his work unique is the fact that you can see the rouble coins on both sides - inside the shell and of course, on the outside. Within the boldly chased shell, the surrounds are rococo scrolls which simulate sea spray. The rounded top cover was set with a further rouble coin of Nicholas II of Russia. It has a scroll handle and acanthus thumbpiece.
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Sea spray heavily damaged fruit trees and rice paddies. Crop damage amounted to $3 billion, mostly to the apple industry, after 345,000 tons of apples fell to the ground and another 43,000 were damaged on the trees. Most farms lost 80% of their crop, potentially taking 10 years to regrow. Persistent cloudiness and rainfall following the storm diminished sunlight by 50%, furthering crop damage.
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As well as on Kerguelen, Colobanthus kerguelensis occurs on the Crozet, Prince Edward, and Heard Islands. It has been recorded from gravel substrates in the supralittoral or sea spray zone, in well-drained peaty and sandy soils with Azorella selago, and in feldmark, up to elevations of 30 m above sea level. It is a pioneer coloniser of recently deglaciated areas.Frenot et al. (1998).
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Lying (undated). (a): no data Take a Bandura (undated). (a): Album: The Alexandrov Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army, C-01235-6 Album: Alexandrov Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army CD, 33C-04649-50 Our Friends (undated). (a): Album: Bomba, Best Lyric Songs, Alexandrov Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army, CD, BoMB 033-204 Hey Girl (undated). (a): Album: Alexandrov Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army, C-01235-6 Rough sea spray (cruiser "VARYAGU") (undated). (a): Album: Russian Folk Songs, 2 x CDs, VICP-41059-60 Album, Japanese 5 x CD set, VICS-60006-10 Album: Les Choeurs de L'Armee Rouge, 2 x CDs, 74321423482 Album: Alexandrov Red Army Chorus, 70th anniversary 1928-98, 2 x CDs, AA980001-2 The Cruiser Aurora (undated) (music: V.Shainskiy; lyrics: M.Matusovskiy)"Cruiser Aurora" could be the same song as "Rough Sea Spray (Cruiser Varyagu)" Soldier's Wife (undated).
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Polypodium scouleri is a species of fern known by the common names leathery polypody, Scouler's polypody, coast polypody and leather-leaf fern. It is native to coastal western North America from British Columbia to Guadalupe Island off Baja California. It is a plant of the coastline, growing in cracks on coastal bluffs, in oceanside forests, beach dunes, and similar habitat. It is often affected by heavy fogs and sea spray.
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It was eventually formed into a company which in 1922 was amalgamated with Melville and Mullens under the name of Robertson and Mullens Ltd. He was married twice and had a large family. The need for encouraging local literature was not then fully appreciated, but Robertson published such books as Kendall's Leaves from Australian Forests, Gordon's Sea Spray and Smoke Drift, and James Brunton Stephens' The Black Gin and other Poems.
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The dark orange line indicates processes common to the formation of both sea spray and sea foam. The physical processes that contribute to sea foam formation are breaking surface waves, bubble entrainment, and whitecap formation. Breaking of surface waves injects air from the atmosphere into the water column, leading to bubble creation. These bubbles get transported around the top few meters of the surface ocean due to their buoyancy.
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It is able to colonising sand dunes despite the prevailing winds and sea spray. The soils on which it grows are nutrient poor and can be highly alkaline (where sand is composed of calcium carbonate). Survival in this environment is possible due to numerous adaptations, including epidermal bladder cells that can sequester the salt from vascular tissue/their interior, and C4 photosynthesis, present in many species of the genus Atriplex.
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An airman using a welding mask. Failing to use proper eye protection when welding may lead to blindness. Eye protection is protective gear for the eyes, and sometimes face, designed to reduce the risk of injury. Examples of risks requiring eye protection can include: impact from particles or debris, light or radiation, wind blast, heat, sea spray or impact from some type of ball or puck used in sports.
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Niue received more significant damage, experiencing a storm surge of up to and sea spray up to inland. Numerous fallen trees and power lines blocked roads and left southern areas of the island without power for roughly six hours. Damage in Niue amounted to US$10,000. After moving through the Tongan islands, the remnants of Waka brought large swells, estimated up to , to the North Island of New Zealand.
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Orthotrichum crassifolium is a species of moss in the family Orthotrichaceae. It is sometimes placed in the genus Muelleriella. It has a wide circumpolar distribution on subantarctic islands through the Southern Ocean, as well as the extreme south of South America and the northern end of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is tolerant of saline conditions and often occupies the supralittoral zone along rocky coastlines affected by sea spray.
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The dominant species are red fescue (Festuca rubra), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), thrift (Armeria maritima), sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima), common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis) and buck's–horn plantain (Plantago coronopus). The nationally scarce early meadowgrass (Poa infirma) and western clover (Trifolium occidentale) also occur. Lichens The headland is exposed to salt–laden winds and sea spray, and a number of lichens grow at the extreme tip.
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She was appointed full Professor and won the Distinguished Achievement Award in 2002. There are several particles in the Earth's atmosphere, mostly consisting of mineral dust and sea spray, and their surfaces have the ability to influence the Earth's climate. She demonstrated that during the daytime, mineral dust aerosols can convert nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid. Aerosols can be generated in volcanoes, wildfires, coal- fired power plants and vehicles.
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Liquid and solid particles in the atmosphere, collectively named aerosols, have diverse effects on the climate. Some primarily scatter sunlight and thereby cool the planet, while others absorb sunlight and warm the atmosphere. Indirect effects include the fact that aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei, stimulating cloud formation. Natural sources of aerosols include sea spray, mineral dust and volcanoes, but humans also contribute as the combustion of fossil fuels releases aerosols into the atmosphere.
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Abronia maritima is a species of sand verbena known by the common name red sand verbena. This is a beach-adapted perennial plant native to the coastlines of southern California, including the Channel Islands, and northern Baja California. It grows along stable sand dunes near, but not in, the ocean surf. This halophyte requires saline water which it receives mostly in the form of sea spray, and cannot tolerate fresh water or prolonged dry conditions.
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A stream of airborne microorganisms circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes.Living Bacteria Are Riding Earth’s Air Currents Smithsonian Magazine, 11 January 2016. Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018, scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.
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Within this category, the range of particles that accumulate in the atmosphere (due to low volatility or condensation growth of nuclei) are from 0.1-1 μm, and are usually removed from the air through wet deposition. Wet deposition can be precipitation, snow or hail. On the other hand, coarse particles, such as old sea-spray and plant- derived particles, are removed from the atmosphere via dry deposition. This process is sometimes also called sedimentation.
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A stream of airborne microorganisms, including prokaryotes, circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes.Living Bacteria Are Riding Earth’s Air Currents Smithsonian Magazine, 11 January 2016. Some peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018, scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.
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This shrub grows in sandy habitat such as pine barrens and dunes. It may be a coastal species, but since it is less tolerant of sea spray than other coastal plants, it is generally found on arid backdunes and not at the water's edge. The plant is associated with green sands colonized with nitrogen fixing blue-green algae, particularly in Alberta. These algae may give nutrients to the shrub, allowing it to grow in nutrient-poor sand soils.
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In return for his investment Baines gives Tom six shares in the Sea Spray; they are now partners. James wants to sail immediately but it's Friday and Baines says to wait until tomorrow, James declares 'Jonah's Luck'. Samuel and Max Van Der Rheede discuss the sale of a warehouse on the East River in New York. Der Rheede wants £11000 for it; Samuel agrees but pays for it by giving him the note he holds against James' debt.
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Austrostipa stipoides, commonly known as prickly spear-grass or coast spear- grass, is a kind of tussock grass native to the coasts of south-eastern Australia and of New Zealand. It forms large clumps up to about 80 cm in height with smooth inrolled leaves 70 cm long and 1 mm wide with sharp tips. It is found on sea cliffs, the edges of beach dunes and salt marshes and tolerates strong winds and sea spray.
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2(FN)), powered by Gem 2 engines and with wheeled undercarriage, folding rotors and tail and deck lock. HAS.2 equipped with British Sea Spray radar, with Mk.2(FN) having French radar and dipping sonar. When it used in the anti-submarine role, it can carry two torpedoes or depth charges. For anti-surface warfare, it is equipped with either four Sea Skua missiles (Royal Navy) or four AS.12 missiles (French Navy).Lake 2000, pp. 112–113.
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A first order rainbow from water (left) and a sugar solution (right). Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow doesn't perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot. Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a reflectors to enhance its visibility by drivers at night.
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This species probably evolved from Lasthenia minor, and it is adapted to the unique conditions on these maritime islands: high winds, saline sea spray, and thin soils that are often disturbed by the activities of the seabirds that roost and nest on these rocks and made acidic and nitrogen-rich from their droppings.Crawford, D., et al. (1985). Allozyme variation within and between Lasthenia minor and its derivative species, L. maritima (Asteraceae). Amer J Bot 72:8 1177-84.
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Bioaerosols are typically introduced into the air via wind turbulence over a surface. Once airborne they typically remain in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), but in some cases reach the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Once in the atmosphere, they can be transported locally or globally: common wind patterns/strengths are responsible for local dispersal, while tropical storms and dust plumes can move bioaerosols between continents. Over ocean surfaces, bioaerosols are generated via sea spray and bubbles.
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This plant occurs on north-facing cliffs above the beaches of the Nā Pali coast on Kauai. It grows low enough to be regularly misted by sea spray. Other plants in the habitat include naio (Myoporum sandwicense), kawelu (Eragrostis variabilis), ohelo kai (Lycium sandwicense), pili (Heteropogon contortus), ahinahina (Artemisia australis), and akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides). By 2004 there were only three populations of this plant at Milolii, Kalalau, and Nualolo with a total global population of thirty plants.
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54 that is to say, the equivalent of Mars. In more modern times, Adam Lindsay Gordon dedicated an energetic Swinburnean evocation of the "false goddess" who leads men astray in his poem "Bellona", published in Australia in 1867.Sea Spray and Smoke Drift, poem 10 She also figures in Edgell Rickword's World War I poem "The Traveller". There the poet describes himself as marching toward the front line in the company of Art, the god Pan, and the works of Walter Pater.
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He says he doesn't blame her but will never forgive James, never. Elizabeth reveals that the Queen has written a personal letter of thanks to James for rescuing the Prince of Bulgaria and that she may reward him. Van Der Rheede 'borrows' a necklace from a prostitute called Bettsie given to her by a gentleman from London. He tells Baines that he has settled the refitting debts of the Sea Spray and implies that the debt can be repaid in some other way.
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Class 43 passes waves breaking over the line at Dawlish During significant high tide levels, trains belonging to the and fleets are restricted from operating along this route due to their vulnerability to the sea spray, unlike the Pacer, Sprinter and Class 43 fleets. A has been tested along the line with no significant problems occurring to the train, however the majority of trains that will replace the Class 43 HST will be the , a longer range version of the Class 800s.
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The 2005 show was held on August 31, and featured the Thunderbirds once again, but the show was threatened by bad weather inland (caused by the remnants of Hurricane Katrina), which kept many of the performers from showing up, including Dale Snodgrass. High winds curtailed the Golden Knights and Black Daggers from jumping and caused sea spray coming off the ocean to ruin any chances of photographers getting decent pictures. The show was still a success, with over 200,000 people attending.
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Up until 1940 the lighthouse could be reached by a trail, but erosion caused the trail to crumble into the sea. A wooden walkway was installed, but when that became treacherous a suspension bridge was built in 1954. This is the only lighthouse in the United States which can only be reached by a suspension bridge. The suspension bridge underwent repairs in 1979 and again in 1991, but the metal components were not able to stand up to the sea spray.
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There are five stages to the waterspout life cycle. Initially, a prominent circular, light-colored disk appears on the surface of the water, surrounded by a larger dark area of indeterminate shape. After the formation of these colored disks on the water, a pattern of light and dark- colored spiral bands develop from the dark spot on the water surface. Then, a dense annulus of sea spray, called a cascade, appears around the dark spot with what appears to be an eye.
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Both helicopters were usually Bell 206 JetRangers; the helicopter usually used by the skyrunner was registration G-BHXU (which crash landed at sea in 1995 due to engine/gearbox failure). A feature was made of the camaraderie between the female presenter and the male recording and flight crews. Shots from the rear as the presenter ran from clue to clue in a jump-suit were satirised on Spitting Image. Cameraman Graham reaching in front of the camera to wipe away rain, sea spray, etc.
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The earliest representation of this idea in culture is probably in the mythological Cretan tale of Daedalus and Icarus. Daedalus, a famous artist of his time, built feathered wings for himself and his son so that they might escape the clutches of King Minos. Daedalus warns his beloved son whom he loved so much to "fly the middle course", between the sea spray and the sun's heat. Icarus did not heed his father; he flew up and up until the sun melted the wax off his wings.
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Naturally occurring sea foam is not inherently toxic; however, it can be exposed to high concentrations of contaminants in the surface microlayer derived from the breakdown of algal blooms, fossil fuel production and transport, and stormwater runoff. These contaminants contribute to the formation of noxious sea foam through adsorption onto bubbles. Bubbles may burst and release toxins into the atmosphere in the form of sea spray or aerosol, or they may persist in foams. Toxins released through aerosols and breaking bubbles can be inhaled by humans.
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Sea air has traditionally been thought to offer health benefits associated with its unique odor, which Victorians attributed to ozone. More recently, it has been determined that the chemical responsible for much of the odor in air along certain seashores is dimethyl sulfide, released by microbes. Salts generally do not dissolve in air, but can be carried by sea spray in the form of particulate matter. In Victorian times the quality of sea air was often degraded by pollution from wood and coal-burning ships.
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A diabatic heating scheme was later added, to allow for multiple isentropic levels with transport between them on longer timescales, although the name "SLIMCAT" has remained despite the multiple levels. The two programs are now maintained as a single code base, which runs in Fortran, and has been parallelised. TOMCAT has been further extended to include a detailed treatment of aerosol. GLOMAP (Global Model of Aerosol Processes) simulates a wide range of aerosol species including black carbon, sulfate, sea spray, soil dust, and secondary organic aerosol.
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Iron-rich dust rising into the atmosphere is a primary source of ocean iron fertilization. For example, wind blown dust from the Sahara desert fertilizes the Atlantic Ocean and the Amazon rainforest. The naturally occurring iron oxide in atmospheric dust reacts with hydrogen chloride from sea spray to produce iron chloride, which degrades methane and other greenhouse gases, brightens clouds and eventually falls with the rain in low concentration across a wide area of the globe. Unlike ship based deployment, no trials have been performed of increasing the natural level of atmospheric iron.
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Solanum galapagense is a wild tomato in the family Solanaceae section Lycopersicum and is one of two tomato species endemic to the Galápagos Islands, 500 miles west of Ecuador. It was at these islands where Charles Darwin noted the structural difference between local finches, iguanas, and barnacles, leading him to identify natural selection as a possible source of the origin of species. He also collected plant specimens extensively.Charles Darwin: Botanist The species occurs mostly on coastal lava within range of sea spray, to within one meter of the high tide mark.
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On Earth, a characteristic temperature for T_s is 300 K and for T_o is 200 K, corresponding to a Carnot efficiency of \epsilon = 1/3. The ratio of the surface exchange coefficients, C_k/C_d, is typically taken to be 1. However, observations suggest that the drag coefficient C_d varies with wind speed and may decrease at high wind speeds within the boundary layer of a mature hurricane. Additionally, C_k may vary at high wind speeds due to the effect of sea spray on evaporation within the boundary layer.
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The aircraft was strength-tested at Columbia University. The United States Army Air Corps ordered four prototypes as the XCOA-1, powered by a 400-hp Liberty V-1650-1 engine mounted inverted for clearance of the three-bladed variable-pitch steel propeller. The engine came with a fire suppression sprinkler system and was encased in a streamlined cowling to protect it from sea spray. Oil from a tank in the fuselage was cooled by passing through a spiral copper tube exposed to the slipstream on top of the cowling.
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To escape, Daedalus built wings for himself and Icarus fashioned with the vulture's feathers held together with beeswax. Daedalus warned his son not to fly too close to the sun (as it would melt his wings) and not too close to the sea (as the sea spray would dampen them and weigh him down). They successfully flew from Crete, but Icarus soon flew too close to the sun. The wax holding the feathers melted and he fell to his death, drowning in the sea (which the Icarian Sea was named after).
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Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor and suspensions of water droplets and ice crystals seen as clouds. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, volcanic ash, and meteoroids. Various industrial pollutants also may be present, such as chlorine (elementary or in compounds), fluorine compounds, elemental mercury, and sulphur compounds such as sulphur dioxide (SO2). The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in reducing the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface.
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Wright has been called "the Palmist of the Hamptons," and read palms and tarot cards throughout the area, including East Hampton's Sea Spray on the Dunes, Montauk's Gurney's Inn, Southampton's The Old Post House, and in Grey Gardens. She read several celebrity palms, including that of Bette Davis, who once said that Wright "read her palm better than anyone from Hollywood to East Hampton". Wright has hosted a television show for East Hampton LTV cable access since 1984. She started as a psychic, reading palms, and talking about her days at Grey Gardens.
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The flying wing design was chosen because it was well suited for the missions intended for the aircraft, and the company had experience with it; it is aerodynamically efficient, allows for very low signatures, is structurally simplistic, and is easy to manufacture. The Sea Ghost would use sea spray optimized stealth materials developed for the F-35. It would have range and endurance, but not the weapons payload capability of a long-range strike platform, such as the A-6 Intruder; making it carry large payloads at long ranges would affect affordability.
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The buff-breasted paradise kingfisher is believed to migrate in flocks at night as large numbers of birds suddenly appear in Queensland rainforests at the start of the breeding season early in the morning. Many birds are believed to perish during the 80 km flight from New Guinea to Australia. The birds have been recorded flying close to the water and drowning in sea spray, colliding with the Booby Island Lighthouse, and arriving at their destination in a state of severe exhaustion. Populations breeding in New Guinea are believed to be resident.
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Sea spray containing marine microorganisms can be swept high into the atmosphere and may travel the globe before falling back to earth. Aeroplankton (or aerial plankton) are tiny lifeforms that float and drift in the air, carried by the current of the wind; they are the atmospheric analogue to oceanic plankton. Most of the living things that make up aeroplankton are very small to microscopic in size, and many can be difficult to identify because of their tiny size. Scientists can collect them for study in traps and sweep nets from aircraft, kites or balloons.
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Most of Yap State was affected by the typhoon, and the eye of Typhoon Lupit passed near the small atoll of Ulithi. The typhoon also passed near Fais, producing estimated gusts of over 185 km/h (115 mph). On both islands, Lupit produced waves of , causing severe beach erosion, and sea spray and flooding contaminated water supplies. In Fais, there was little flooding because it is an elevated island, although several buildings were damaged, mostly to roofs. On Ulithi, areas along the coast were flooded up to 1.5 m (5 ft) deep.
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She was a brown filly sired by Tim Whiffler (GB) out of Musidora by The Premier (GB). Musidora won the VRC Sires Produce Stakes, the VRC Queens Plate and other races. She was the dam of six winners including, Miss Jessie, 1868 (won the VRC Victoria Derby) and Sea Spray, 1870 (won VRC St Leger Stakes and South Australian St Leger Stakes). Briseis belonged to an old Colonial Family, C5, that was not accepted into the General Stud Book, but it is included in the Australian Stud Book.
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Once in the atmosphere, they can be transported locally or globally: common wind patterns/strengths are responsible for local dispersal, while tropical storms and dust plumes can move bioaerosols between continents. Over ocean surfaces, bioaerosols are generated via sea spray and bubbles Bioaerosols can transmit microbial pathogens, endotoxins, and allergens to which humans are sensitive. A well-known case was the meningococcal meningitis outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa, which was linked to dust storms during dry seasons. Other outbreaks linked to dust events including Mycoplasma pneumonia and tuberculosis.
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James is furious and tells him that he is in breach of his indentures and will send him on a coaling run to Swansea until he learns obedience. Tom lies to Baines and sets sail with him on the Sea Spray. Max Van Der Rheede calls on James for the repayment of his £10000 debt, sold to him by Samuel, plus £500 interest. On the way to the launch of the new Fraser ship, the William Fraser, Dunwoody lets slip that he has seen Dawkins dining with Van Der Rheede and that he is the source of the indiscretions.
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They would then be hung on a lath of wood, and the lower sections would be moulded together with an infill of lime mortar to form a flat surface. The interlocking visible surfaces would then resemble either header bond or stretcher bond brickwork. Mathematical tiles had several advantages over brick: they were cheaper, easier to lay than bricks (skilled workmen were not needed), and were more resistant to the weathering effects of wind, rain and sea-spray, making them particularly useful at seaside locations such as Brighton. Various colours of tile were produced: red, to resemble brick most closely; honey; cream; and black.
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The cliffs at La Pointe de la Grande Vigie. The Pointe de la Grande Vigie is the northernmost point of the island of Grande-Terre in Guadeloupe and, as such, is also the northernmost point of Guadeloupe as a whole. Located about northeast of Anse-Bertrand (the commune it is administratively attached to), this rocky peninsula with vertical limestone cliffs reaching up to high is reminiscent of the French coasts of eastern Normandy and Brittany. Exposed to trade winds and sea spray, it has scanty and xerophytic vegetation, and it has been the site of almost no construction.
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In the evening everyone left Ananes and headed south for Crete, with most people in the caïque and four being towed in the whaler. Five of the women and children were placed in a skiff on deck with a tarpaulin over them as the sea spray from a strong southerly wind was washing the deck. The next day all 46 people reached Souda Bay whose jetty was at the time under heavy aerial bombardment. They were making very slow progress in the small caïque so a faster landing craft was sent out to tow them to safety.
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Droplets of sea spray mixed with rain, apparently giving it a saline taste, while particles of sand were lifted from the shore to the upper floors of -tall houses. By the storm's peak, all vessels in the city harbor were damaged to some degree by the storm, while it also inflicted damage to nearly all residences in the city's southern sector. A gunboat was swept from its original position and landed in a faraway field. The steeple of the Presbyterian Meeting House in the city toppled and portions of a wall of the Christ Episcopal Church caved in.
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By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw sea spray over their forward guns that made their operation difficult. It also severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Using her radar, Glasgow was the first to open fire at 13:46 at a range of with Enterprise following a few minutes later. About that time, the destroyers began firing back with guns and torpedoes; the latter all missed and one hit was made on Glasgow at 14:05.
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The cottage on this property (near the water tower) had fallen into decay by the 1930s and was uninhabitable -it was known to the locals as the "rats nest". At the south end of the peninsula were 2 farms the one on the eastern side, roughly on the same land as Macleans College, was run by the Trusdale family. This was the farm originally owned by the Maclean brothers in the 19th century. In the centre of the peninsula, in the vicinity of Sea Spray Drive was a farm run by the Redgrave family and later in the 1950s, the Benton family.
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The native plant communities generally appear as a narrow strand of vegetation, mostly a flattened growth of various shrubs, vines, grass-like plants, scattered trees and herbs. The varied habitats of pāhoehoe (smooth, ropy lava), and aā flats, drifted sand, anchialine pond shores, protected beaches, and sea spray battered bluffs each support different native plant communities. In the reconnaissance survey, fourteen species of coastal strand plants (six trees, seven ground cover or shrub forms and the invasive aquatic water hyacinth). Native plants such as ilima (Sida fallax), naupaka kahakai (Scaevola taccada), and pōhuehue (Ipomoea pes-caprae brasiliensis) were found in the area.
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On 2 November the M4 Motorway was closed between Margam and Pyle due to the weather, and a roof canopy at the Princess of Wales Hospital Bridgend was damaged. The old Severn Bridge on the M48 motorway was closed, with speed restrictions in place on the Second Severn Crossing. The M4 at Briton Ferry – where the motorway crosses the Neath – also saw speed restrictions and the Britannia Bridge to Anglesey and the Cleddau Bridge in Pembrokeshire also saw speed restrictions enacted. Natural Resources Wales warned of localised flooding with sea spray and overtopping of sea defences along the Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion and Newport coasts.
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The glazing produced an iridescent effect which reflected sunlight in a visually pleasing way, and also coped better than bricks with sea-spray and other weathering effects. The houses were originally built with bow windows, but after critics argued that this spoilt the visual effect of the concave curve of the crescent, they were replaced (except at numbers 12 and 14) by canted bay windows with three sides. A parapet, running above numbers 7–10, has the painted legend . When the painter of the lettering, a Mr Leggatt, leant back to check his work, he fell off his ladder and was fatally impaled on the metal railings below.
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Sea spray is largely responsible for corrosion of metallic objects near the coastline, as the salts accelerate the corrosion process in the presence of abundant atmospheric oxygen and moisture. Salts do not dissolve in air directly, but are suspended as fine particulates, or dissolved in microscopic airborne water droplets. The salt spray test is a measure of material endurance or resistance to corrosion, particularly if the material will be used outdoors and must perform in a mechanical load bearing or otherwise critical role. These results are often of great interest to marine industries, whose products may suffer extreme acceleration of corrosion and subsequent failure due to salt water exposure.
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As part of CAICE, her group was the first to identify the major factors controlling chemical composition of sea spray, finding that the characteristics depended on the physical forces and ocean biology of the waves. They demonstrated two types of droplets; "film" drops that were full of microbes and organic materials, and "jet" drops that mainly contained sea salt and other biological species. Prather's research team can explore the impact of carbon dioxide on the global temperature by controlling the amount entering their ocean simulation chamber. The Scripps Ocean Atmosphere Research Simulator (SOARS) will open in 2020 and allow the study of how wind, temperature, sunlight and pollution impact the ocean.
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In 1950, in order to conduct a simulation of a biological warfare attack, the U.S. Navy sprayed large quantities of the bacteria Serratia marcescens – considered harmless at the time – over the city of San Francisco during a project called Operation Sea- Spray. Numerous citizens contracted pneumonia-like illnesses, and at least one person died as a result.Moreno, 2001: pp. 233–234"How the U.S. Government Exposed Thousands of Americans to Lethal Bacteria to Test Biological Warfare", Democracy Now!, July 13, 2005 The family of the man who died sued the government for gross negligence, but a federal judge ruled in favor of the government in 1981.
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Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, stubble burning, power plants, road dust, wet cooling towers in cooling systems and various industrial processes, also generate significant amounts of particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary method for heating homes and supplying energy. Because salt spray over the oceans is the overwhelmingly most common form of particulate in the atmosphere, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total mass of aerosols in our atmosphere.
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Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, stubble burning, power plants, road dust, wet cooling towers in cooling systems and various industrial processes, also generate significant amounts of particulates. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary method for heating homes and supplying energy. Because salt spray over the oceans is the overwhelmingly most common form of particulate in the atmosphere, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total mass of aerosols in our atmosphere.
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Fungi bioaerosols can also serve as ice nuclei, and therefore also impact the radiative budget in remote ocean regions, such as the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition to sea-spray aerosols (see section above), biogenic aerosols produced by phytoplankton are also important source of small (typically 0.2 μm) cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) particles suspended in the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), forecasted an increase in global surface ocean temperatures by +1.3 to +2.8 degrees Celsius over the next century, which will cause spatial and seasonal shifts in North Atlantic phytoplankton blooms. Changes in community dynamics will greatly affect the bioaerosols available for cloud condensation nuclei.
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33 In Callins' seascapes, horizon lines are seldom straight, but instead are looped around the paintings as if showing the curvature of the earth from a great height. James Gleeson noted that the curved horizon perfectly conveys the effect of instability caused by a ship's movements, whilst another critic found Callins does well in capturing the rise and fall of tides and the tang of sea-spray. Australian artist John Firth-Smith, a collector of marine paintings, was influenced in his early works by Charles Callins. Firth-Smith compares the awkward shapes and forms in Callins' paintings to those found in abstract art and Aboriginal art.
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Between 1952 and 1955, the power station achieved the highest thermal efficiency of any station in the UK, with peak output of around 279 megawatts, although an explosion in February 1953 led to a two-hour power blackout across Edinburgh. The explosion, which could be heard a mile away, was caused by sea spray collecting on high-voltage insulators in the main-grid substation. Original detail from pillar on site of Portobello Power Station (2018) The power station closed on 31 March 1977 and demolished in 1980; a new housing estate was built on the site. During demolition, the chimney had to be taken down brick by brick because of its proximity to nearby houses.
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Beets Varieties , from Heirloom Seedsmen, a website of the Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company The "earthy" taste of some beetroot cultivars comes from the presence of geosmin. Researchers have not yet answered whether beets produce geosmin themselves or whether it is produced by symbiotic soil microbes living in the plant. Breeding programs can produce cultivars with low geosmin levels yielding flavours more acceptable to consumers. Beets are one of the most boron- intensive of modern crops, a dependency possibly introduced as an evolutionary response its pre-industrial ancestor's constant exposure to sea spray; on commercial farms, a 60 tonne per hectare (26.8 ton/acre) harvest requires 600 grams of elemental boron per hectare (8.6 ounces/acre) for growth.
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The largest accumulations of naturally occurring sodium nitrate are found in Chile and Peru, where nitrate salts are bound within mineral deposits called caliche ore.Stephen R. Bown, A Most Damnable Invention: Dynamite, Nitrates, and the Making of the Modern World, Macmillan, 2005, , p. 157. Nitrates accumulate on land through marine-fog precipitation and sea-spray oxidation/desiccation followed by gravitational settling of airborne NaNO3, KNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, and I, in the hot-dry desert atmosphere. El Niño/La Niña extreme aridity/torrential rain cycles favor nitrates accumulation through both aridity and water solution/remobilization/transportation onto slopes and into basins; capillary solution movement forms layers of nitrates; pure nitrate forms rare veins.
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In the case of inhalation, aerosolized toxins carried onshore in sea spray can cause respiratory irritation that can escalate, in more extreme cases, to more severe airway constriction, an effect observed at pM concentrations. More significant are the cases of ingestion, whether by direct swallowing of seawater during blooms of K. brevis or digestion of contaminated filter- feeding animals. After feeding upon K. brevis, aquatic invertebrates and shellfish in particular can accumulate brevetoxins, resulting in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). In humans, the characteristic symptoms of NSP include Paresthesia (tingling), reversal of hot-cold temperature sensation, myalgia (muscle pain), vertigo, ataxia (loss of coordination), abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, bradycardia (slow heart rate), dilated pupils and as respiratory distress, as previously mentioned.
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Rainfall map for the hurricane in the southeastern United States On September 2, a fleet of eight aircraft evacuated all white residents from West End, Grand Bahama, to Daytona Beach, Florida. While the storm was near peak intensity on September 3, the Weather Bureau issued hurricane warnings from Miami to Melbourne, Florida, with storm warnings extending northward to Jacksonville. Later that day, storm warnings, were issued from Key West to Cedar Key. About 2,500 people evacuated by train from areas around Lake Okeechobee. By evening on September 3, high tides sent sea spray over coastal seawalls in Palm Beach County as residents boarded up buildings; structures on Clematis Street in West Palm Beach were said to be a "solid front" of plywood.
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A. C. Hardy and P. S. Milne (1938) Studies in the Distribution of Insects by Aerial Currents. Journal of Animal Ecology, 7(2):199-229 Aeroplankton is made up of numerous microbes, including viruses, about 1000 different species of bacteria, around 40,000 varieties of fungi, and hundreds of species of protists, algae, mosses and liverworts that live some part of their life cycle as aeroplankton, often as spores, pollen, and wind-scattered seeds. Additionally, peripatetic microorganisms are swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms, and an even larger amount of airborne marine microorganisms are propelled high into the atmosphere in sea spray. Aeroplankton deposits hundreds of millions of airborne viruses and tens of millions of bacteria every day on every square meter around the planet.
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Greenhill Gardens, Weymouth, commemorating Stainforth's world speed record The weather vane was originally presented to Weymouth College in 1932 (at that point known as Weymouth Grammar School, later renamed Weymouth Secondary School) as a memorial to Stainforth, its former pupil, who had set the world air speed record the previous year. Made of hardwood and covered in a copper sheath, the vane was erected above Weymouth College chapel in 1932, but moved for safety at the start of World War II. It was later presented to the borough council and placed in Greenhill Gardens in May 1952. In 1996, the vane had to be taken down after the effects of years of sea spray and coastal winds had taken their toll, but it has since been restored and is now back in the gardens.
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Until the 1950s, S. marcescens was erroneously believed to be a nonpathogenic "saprophyte", and its reddish coloration was used in school experiments to track infections. During the Cold War, it was used as a simulant in biological warfare testing by the U.S. military, which studied it in field tests as a substitute for the tularemia bacterium, which was being weaponized at the time. On 26 and 27 September 1950, the U.S. Navy conducted a secret experiment named "Operation Sea-Spray" in which balloons filled with S. marcescens were released and burst over urban areas of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. Although the Navy later claimed the bacteria were harmless, beginning on September 29, 11 patients at a local hospital developed very rare, serious urinary tract infections.
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The piece uses vocalized effects to mimic a number of sounds associated with the disaster. The whispering voices at the beginning of the work suggest the hiss of sea-spray or radio static; the tune sung by the soprano soloist suggests the hymn "Nearer, My God, to Thee", which folk legend identifies as the tune played by the band on the deck of the as it went down; the tenor soloist who initially reports on the disaster mimics a cantor from a Catholic requiem mass; humming in the bass part suggests the hum of the ship's engine. Later in the piece, Jaakko Mäntyjärvi uses a tight chord to suggest the shriek of shearing metal. The rhythm of the "anima eorum" section mimics the transmission of an "SOS" signal in Morse Code.
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A series of sandstone rockshelves and rock pools fringe the entire coastline and Port Hacking Estuary Line of the National Park broken on by small sandy beaches and gentle freshwater inlets. Some of the most commonly encountered molluscs in this habitat include black nerites (Nerita atramentosa), turbin snails (Turbo undulata), zebra snails (Austrocochlea porcata) as well as the commercially farmed Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata). One of the most common and distinctive seaweed species that grow among the rock pools and the nearshore rockshelves is Neptunes necklace (Hormosira banksii) a seaweed made of small buoyant fleshy bead-like structures which resemble strongly that of a necklace. Beds of the primitive sea-squirt cunjevoi (Pyura stolonifera) are common along coastal rockshelves which are covered by high tide and near sea spray.
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PM and PM compared with a human hair in a graphic from the Environmental Protection Agency The false-color maps in the map of distribution of aerosol particles on this page show where there are natural aerosols, human pollution, or a mixture of both, monthly. Among the most obvious patterns that the size distribution time series shows is that in the planet's most southerly latitudes, nearly all the aerosols are large, but in the high northern latitudes, smaller aerosols are very abundant. Most of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by the ocean, where the largest source of aerosols is natural sea salt from dried sea spray. Because the land is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, the amount of small aerosols from fires and human activities is greater there than in the Southern Hemisphere.
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By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw sea spray over their forward guns which made their operation difficult. It also severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Using her radar, Glasgow was the first to open fire at 13:46 at a range of with Enterprise following a few minutes later. About that time, the destroyers began firing back with guns and torpedoes; the latter all missed and one hit was made on Glasgow at 14:05. Kapitän zur See (Captain) Hans Erdmenger, commander of the 8th Flotilla, decided to split his forces and ordered the destroyers and , along with T22, T25 and T26, to reverse course to the north at 14:18.
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The Schneider Trophy weathervane is a memorial to the former Weymouth College student, Lieutenant George Stainforth, who set a world record air speed in a Schneider Supermarine S6B seaplane in 1931. The weather vane was originally presented to Weymouth College in 1932 (at that point known as Weymouth Grammar School, later renamed Weymouth Secondary School) as a memorial to Stainforth. Made of hardwood and covered in a copper sheath, the vane was erected above Weymouth College chapel in 1932, but moved for safety at the start of World War II. It was later presented to the borough council and placed in the gardens in May 1952. In 1996, the vane had to be taken down after the effects of years of sea spray and coastal winds had taken their toll, however it was restored in 1999 by a local marine engineer.
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The sessions coincided with a period of domestic contentment for Harrison, during which he married his partner Olivia Arias and become a father for the first time, to son Dhani. In addition, Harrison had enjoyed participating in the Rutles' spoof of the Beatles' history, All You Need Is Cash, a film project that allowed him to debunk the myths that surrounded his former band. Leng views Harrison's remake of "Not Guilty" as typical of the singer's frame of mind on George Harrison, writing: "In complete contrast [to the Beatles' version], the 1979 reproduction is all shimmering cool and acoustic sea spray – here is a man looking back on events rather than being caught up in their heat." Harrison dropped a section of 3/8 time that had been one of the factors in making the 1968 recording difficult.
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On her first run of 1996 Sil Sila contested the Listed Masaka Stakes over one mile at Kempton Park Racecourse on 6 April and sustained her first defeat as she came home seventh of the thirteen runners behind Sea Spray. Two weeks later, in the Fred Darling Stakes (a major trial race for the 1000 Guineas) at Newbury she proved nomatch for Bosra Sham and was beaten eight lengths into third place. She was then stepped up in trip to ten and a half furlongs at York Racecourse on 14 May for the Musidora Stakes, a race which often serves as a trial for the Epsom Oaks. Racing on good to firm ground she started the 12/1 outsider in a five-runner field but stayed on well in the closing stages and finished second to Magnificient Style.
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The primary natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere is sea spray or windblown sulfur rich dust, neither of which is long lived in the atmosphere. In recent times, the large annual input of sulfur from the burning of coal and other fossil fuels has added a substantial amount SO2 which acts as an air pollutant. In the geologic past, igneous intrusions into coal measures have caused large scale burning of these measures, and consequential release of sulfur to the atmosphere. This has led to substantial disruption to the climate system, and is one of the proposed causes of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Dimethylsulfide [(CH3)2S or DMS] is produced by the decomposition of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from dying phytoplankton cells in the ocean's photic zone, and is the major biogenic gas emitted from the sea, where it is responsible for the distinctive “smell of the sea” along coastlines.
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The class was designed to normally carry of fuel oil, but had a maximum capacity of . At full capacity, they could steam at a speed of for an estimated ; this could be extended to with a clean bottom. They had four turbo generators. The Pennsylvania class carried twelve 14-inch/45 caliber guns in triple gun turrets. The guns could not elevate independently and were limited to a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a maximum range of .Wright, "The US Navy's Study of the Loss of the Battleship Arizona," 66, 123, 285. The ships carried 100 shells for each gun. Defense against torpedo boats was provided by twenty-two 5-inch/51 caliber guns mounted in individual casemates in the sides of the hull; these proved vulnerable to sea spray and could not be worked in heavy seas.Friedman, US Battleships, 116, 440. At an elevation of 15°, they had a maximum range of .
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A review by Alex McLevy in The A.V. Club says "throughout the record the group takes its surf-rock stylings in unexpected directions, whether it's the hard-charging riffs of the title track, or the slow-build indie-groove churn of "Owl Doom Pt. 2."" Bob Makin in Institute for Nonprofit News notes that Night Swimming "shed[s] an occasional sense of silliness for a lyrically stark and sonically focused collection that laughs at life's absurdities and cries at its hardships with stinging, ringing riffs, solid slabs of rhythm and mournful, hopeful poetics," adding that the "signature fuzz tones and a poppy undertow remain intact among a cryptically detailed loss of innocence that makes [it their] best record to date." It is described as "highly accessible[,] fresh, enjoyable and full of energy" by the FM radio station WRAT. The Big Takeover writes the song "Upset Words is a "potent sonic sea spray [of] riding choppy guitar waves and propulsive drum rhythm.
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It was estimated at the time that the reactor could be out of operation for a year, that the repairs could cost £14 million, and that electricity tariffs would have to rise by between 1 and 2 per cent. Extensive modelling work was performed in the Nuclear Power Company's (NPC) Whetstone, Leicestershire, fluid flow laboratories to determine where the salt would have been deposited, and the salt was successfully removed by technicians using vacuum cleaners and the plant returned to operation. In February 1997, there was concern that contaminated carbon dioxide gas from the plant had entered three road tankers and then entered the food chain via soft drinks and beers. Carlsberg-Tetley withdrew all its gas cylinders in Scotland as a result of finding contamination in one. In December 1998, an INES 2 incident occurred after severe winds and sea spray disabled all four power lines to the site during the Boxing Day Storm of 1998.
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The longitudinal distance between the inboard and outboard propellers was increased from to reduce the chance of a single torpedo wrecking both propeller shafts on one side and watertight access trunks were added to all spaces below the deep waterline to prevent progressive flooding through open watertight doors and hatches as happened to Prince of Wales. This change and the relocation of some of the ammunition handling rooms from the lower deck to the middle deck seriously delayed the ship's completion. The design requirement that the guns of 'A' turret be capable of firing straight ahead at 0° of elevation was sacrificed to allow her freeboard forward to be increased, and her bow was reshaped to make it less prone to shipping water and throwing sea spray in head seas. The ship's fuel supply was increased from to to prevent the fuel shortage problems suffered by and during their pursuit of the .
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The guernsey is the mainstay of Guernsey's knitting industry which can be dated back to the late 15th century when a royal grant was obtained to import wool from England and re-export knitted goods to Normandy and Spain. Peter Heylin described the manufacture and export of "waste-cotes" during the reign of Charles I. The first use of the name "guernsey" outside of the island is in the 1851 Oxford Dictionary, but the garment was in use in the bailiwick before that.Marr, L.J. (1982), A History of the Bailiwick of Guernsey Philmore & Co. Ltd The guernsey came into being as a garment for fishermen who required a warm, hard wearing, yet comfortable item of clothing that would resist the sea spray. The hard twist given to the tightly packed wool fibres in the spinning process and the tightly knitted stitches, produced a finish that would "turn water" and is capable of repelling rain and spray.
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By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw sea spray over their forward guns which made their operation difficult. It also severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Norman Wilkinson Using her radar, Glasgow was the first to open fire at 13:46 at a range of with Enterprise following a few minutes later. At about that time, the torpedo boats began firing back with guns and torpedoes; the latter all missed but one hit was made on Glasgows forward boiler room at 14:05, killing two sailors manning the port QF 2-pounder naval gun and wounding six others. Kapitän zur See (Captain) Hans Erdmenger, commander of the 8th Flotilla, decided to split his forces and ordered the destroyers , , and the torpedo boats T22, T25 and T26 to reverse course to the north at 14:18. The cruisers pursued them with Enterprise crippling Z27 and Glasgow doing the same to T25 and then T26.
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By this time, the weather had gotten significantly worse and the German ships were steaming for home, hampered by the rough seas that threw sea spray over their forward guns which made their operation difficult. It also severely reduced visibility and hampered the rangefinders and sights for the guns and torpedoes. Using her radar, Glasgow was the first to open fire at 13:46 at a range of with Enterprise following a few minutes later. About that time, the destroyers began firing back with guns and torpedoes; the latter all missed and one hit was made on Glasgow at 14:05. Kapitän zur See (Captain) Hans Erdmenger, commander of the 8th Flotilla, decided to split his forces and ordered the destroyers , , and T22, T25 and T26 to reverse course to the north at 14:18. The cruisers pursued them with Enterprise crippling Z27 and Glasgow engaging T25. At 14:54 the cruiser began to make multiple hits on T25, killing the crews of the aft torpedo tubes, the quadruple 2 cm gun mount and the 3.7 cm guns. They also stopped one turbine and severed the oil pipes supplying after engine room, causing the boat to lose speed.
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In August the Specification was issued to the rest of British industry. Left out of those asked to tender designs, Shorts were later included because the company already had similar designs in hand while possessing ample design staff and production facilities to fulfil production commitments. Shorts were producing several four-engined flying boat designs of the required size and created their S.29 proposal by removing the lower deck and boat hull of the S.25 Sunderland. The new S.29 design was similar to the Sunderland: the wings and controls were the same, construction was identical and it even retained the slight upward bend at the rear of the fuselage, which had originally been intended to keep the Sunderland's tail clear of sea spray. As originally designed, the S.29 was considered to be capable of favourable high-altitude performance. Following a Tender Design Conference in October 1936, the S.29 was low down on the short list of designs considered. Vickers Type 293 submission was first followed by the Boulton Paul P.90, Armstrong Whitworth's AW.42, the Supermarine Type 317 and then the Short S.29. The Supermarine was ordered in prototype (two aircraft) form in January 1937.
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