So Gallinger said getting a sclera tattoo seemed like the next step.
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In fact, people have gone blind after attempting to get a sclera tattoo.
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Catt Gallinger, a 24-year-old model, had sought out a "sclera tattoo" — a relatively new trend in which people get ink injected into their eyeball to turn the sclera, or the white part of the eyeball, into a different color.
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It's done with a special type of needle, which injects permanent ink in the sclera.
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She continued to write that she got a sclera tattoo, which dyes the whites of the eye.
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He adds that he invented the sclera tattoo a decade ago, so if anyone could identify it, it's him.
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No word on why Gallinger wanted the tattoo, but it's safe to say she won't be booking another sclera appointment again.
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She's now speaking out against the dangers of sclera tattoos to spread awareness about the life-changing risks the procedure poses.
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Nabokov didn't refer to Lolita's hips, but her "iliac crests"; Tallent prefers "scapulae" to shoulder blades, "sclera" to the whites of the eyes.
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Yes. A sclera tattoo involves injecting ink into the white membrane of the eyeball, changing its color and causing you to look (intentionally) pretty freaky.
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And they spent a lot of time gazing deeply into Smith's eyes: the sclera, the cornea, the inky film on the inside of the eye called the choroid.
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During the whole thing, my man had to wear "sclera" contact lenses just to keep his eyes open from tiny stones which he claimed almost took out his damn jaw.
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Catt Gallinger, 24, opted to get a "scleral tattoo" earlier this month; it involved having ink injected into one of her sclera, the medical term for the white outer layer of the eyeball.
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The 24-year-old model said she didn't question it because her ex-boyfriend—who injected the purple dye into the sclera (white part) of her left eye—told her it was normal.
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But afterward, when I asked him if he had reached out to any of his guy friends for advice or solace, he stared at me, incredulous, his irises two small blue islands amid a sea of sclera.
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"To treat [glaucoma], surgeons create an escape route for the fluid by carefully cutting the flexible sheets of the sclera,"Professor Sir Peng Khaw, co-author and Director of the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, said .
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With their ability to communicate and read the sclera, the white portion of the eye, wolves connected with our gaze and helped us coordinate hunts and prey on the larger mega-fauna of the Northern hemisphere such as elk, bison and maybe even mammoths.
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There are worse effects, too: 40 percent of the astronauts who lived on the International Space Station suffered some sort of damage to their eyes, including optic disc edema, globe flattening, and folds in the choroid, the blood-filled layer between the retina and the white sclera.
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It has three parts: the iris, which is the colored part of the eye; the choroid layer, which is the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the sclera and the retina; and the ciliary body, which secretes the transparent liquid (aqueous humor) into the eye.
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But it was followed by more serious injuries: Hyphema, when blood pools in the eye and can impair vision if untreated; globe rupture, when blunt trauma injures the cornea and sclera, or white of the eye; and foreign body, when an object becomes lodged in the eye.
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The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. The term "corneosclera" is also used to describe the sclera and cornea together.
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Yellowing of the sclera is a visual symptom of jaundice. In very rare but severe cases of kidney failure and liver failure, the sclera may turn black. In cases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, the sclera may appear to have a blue tint. The blue tint is caused by the showing of the underlying uveal tract (choroid and retinal pigment epithelium).
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Unlike other primates, human beings have eyes with a distinct colour contrast between the white sclera, the coloured iris, and the black pupil. This is due to a lack of pigment in the sclera. Other primates have pigmented sclerae that are brown or dark in colour. There is also a higher contrast between human skin, sclera, and irises.
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11(1): p. 107-110. Curtin promoted the use of donor-sclera grafting for reinforcement.Curtin, B.J., Surgical support of the posterior sclera: Part II. Clinical results. Am J Ophthalmol, 1961. 52: p. 253.
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Typically, there is no uveitis, or thickening of the sclera.
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Eye color outside of the iris may also be symptomatic of disease. Yellowing of the sclera (the "whites of the eyes") is associated with jaundice, and may be symptomatic of liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. A blue coloration of the sclera may also be symptomatic of disease. In general, any sudden changes in the color of the sclera should be addressed by a medical professional.
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On the equator of the eye (region circumferencing the largest diameter orthogonal to the visual axis). Its causes are scleritis & degeneration of sclera in pathological myopia. It occurs more commonly in the regions of sclera which are perforated by vortex veins.
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The sclera is rarely damaged by brief exposure to heat: the eyelids provide exceptional protection, and the fact that the sclera is covered in layers of moist tissue means that these tissues are able to cause much of the offending heat to become dissipated as steam before the sclera itself is damaged. Even relatively low-temperature molten metals when splashed against an open eye have been shown to cause very little damage to the sclera, even while creating detailed casts of the surrounding eyelashes. Prolonged exposure, however—on the order of 30 seconds—at temperatures above will begin to cause scarring, and above will cause extreme changes in the sclera and surrounding tissue. Such long exposures even in industrial settings are virtually nonexistent.
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The eyes of all non-human primates are dark with small, barely visible sclera.
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Immune-mediated eye disease can cause ulcers at the border of the cornea and sclera.
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This blotch disappears when the fish is stressed. Sclera of eye is red in color.
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Conjunctival auto- grafting is a surgical technique that is an effective and safe procedure for pterygium removal. When the pterygium is removed, the tissue that covers the sclera known as the Tenons layer is also removed. Auto-grafting covers the bare sclera with conjunctival tissue that is surgically removed from an area of healthy conjunctiva. That “self-tissue” is then transplanted to the bare sclera and is fixated using sutures or tissue adhesive.
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The conjunctiva is a tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera. It is composed of unkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is basically transparent, and the white colour we see is actually sclera.
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Ciliary Staphyloma As the name implies, it is the bulge of weak sclera lined by ciliary body, which occurs about 2–3 mm away from the limbus. Its common causes are thinning of sclera following perforating injury, scleritis & absolute glaucoma. It is a part of anterior staphyloma.
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They are not edible. The name comes from the Greek sclera meaning hard and derma meaning skin.
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In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest.Hermann D. Schubert. Anatomy of the Orbit In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow.
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Eye, 23(12), 2169-2174. Human sclera is thought to offer the best support, as well as Lyodura, which is biologically compatible with the eyeball and has sufficient tensile strength. Artificial materials, such as nylon or silicone, are not suggested. Sclera from cadaver’s or animal tendons run the risk of being rejected.
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Halegoua-De Marzio, the patient's physical examination showed normal mental status, icteric sclera, mild abdominal distension and lower extremity edema.
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If present, the eyes of Eodiscina are unique among trilobites. They have up to 70 small lenses per eye, not touching but separated from each other by the so- called interlensar sclera. Each lens has an individual cornea, that is limited to the lens surface. The interlensar sclera is not deeper than the lenses.
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The sclera, also known as the white of the eye or, in older literature, as the tunica albuginea oculi, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber.Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990. In humans, and many other animals, the whole sclera is white, contrasting with the coloured iris, but in some other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris, so the white part does not normally show.
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Schematic diagram of the human eye showing sclera and choroid. The suprachoroidal space is located between these two layers. Suprachoroidal drug delivery is an ocular route of drug administration. It involves using a microneedle to provide a minimally invasive method and injecting particles of a medication into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) between the sclera and choroid in the eye.
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Trachypollia sclera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
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Diagnosis is by visual inspection, by noting the typical finding of bright red discoloration confined to the white portion (sclera) of the eye.
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The sclera forms the posterior five-sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disc the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve.
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With anesthesia induced, the surgical team prepares the eye to be operated on and drapes the face around the eye. An eyelid speculum is placed to keep the lids open, and some lubrication is placed on the eye to prevent drying. In children, a metal ring is stitched to the sclera which will provide support of the sclera during the procedure.
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Later procedures focused on modifying the axial length of the eye, by preventing elongation and staphyloma progression by placing grafts over the posterior part of the eye. In 1930, Shevelev proposed the idea of transplantation of fascia lata for sclera reinforcement.Shevelev, M.M., Operation against high myopia and scleralectasia with aid of the transplantation of fascia lata on thinned sclera. Russian Oftalmol J, 1930.
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The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera. However, if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object, the recovery of full former vision is usually rare. If pressure is applied slowly, the eye is actually very elastic. However, most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity.
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The common Solomon Islands skink (C. z. zebrata) has a white sclera with its eyes while the northern Solomon Islands skink (C. z. alfredschmidti) has a black sclera. The iris of the northern Solomon Islands skink is a mix of green and yellow whereas the iris of the common Solomon Islands skink can vary from several different shades of green to orange to a dark black.
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This type of eye is called abathochroal. A second type of eye, called schizochroal, is unique to the Phacopina suborder, and has up to several hundreds of relatively large lenses (0.05-0.5 mm), that do not touch either, but the corneal membrane extends into the sclera outside the lens, and the sclera is deeper than the lens. The most usual type of trilobite eye, called holochroal, has usually thousands of small hexagonal lenses without an interlensar sclera, and a common cornea. Many later Eodiscina however, lost their visual organs altogether, and this may have resulted from living in an environment with very low visibility.
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A vascular plexus is found between the bulbar conjunctiva and the sclera consisting of two layers of vessels, the superficial episcleral vessels and the deep episcleral vessels.
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It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3) that originate from the Edinger–Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves.. The short ciliary nerves then run forward and pierce the sclera at the back of the eye, traveling between the sclera and the choroid to innervate the iris sphincter muscle.
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Yellow discoloration of the skin, especially on the palms and the soles, but not of the sclera or inside the mouth is due to carotenemia—a harmless condition.
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In episcleritis, the episclera and Tenon's capsule are infiltrated with inflammatory cells.Heath, G. "The episclera, sclera and conjunctiva: An overview of relevant ocular anatomy." OT. February 10, 2006.
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Rabicano is found in many breeds, and may account for some "roan" Arabians. A varnish roan Appaloosa, showing white sclera, mottled skin, and darker bony regions such as the cheekbones.
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Scleral lens, with visible outer edge resting on the sclera of a patient with chronic severe dry eye syndrome. Modern scleral lenses are made of a highly oxygen permeable polymer. They are unique in their design in that they fit onto and are supported by the sclera, the white portion of the eye. The cause of this unique positioning is usually relevant to a specific patient, whose cornea may be too sensitive to support the lens directly.
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The cornea is transparent and more curved, and is linked to the larger posterior segment, composed of the vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the sclera. The cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter, and 0.5 mm (500 μm) in thickness near its center. The posterior chamber constitutes the remaining five-sixths; its diameter is typically about 24 mm. The cornea and sclera are connected by an area termed the limbus.
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The anterior ciliary arteries are seven small arteries in each eye-socket that supply the conjunctiva, sclera and the rectus muscles. They are derived from the muscular branches of the ophthalmic artery.
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According to this model, an eye direction detector (EDD) mechanism - a neurocognitive system responsible for the rapid detection of eyes in the environment and their gaze direction – arose as a function of the geometry created by a dark circular iris relative to the white sclera (Baron-Cohen 1994). Specifically, it is contended that the increased ratio of exposed sclera in the eye outline of humans serves to enhance the velocity and acuity of gaze direction perception (Kobayashi and Kohshima 2001).
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They pierce the posterior part of the sclera at some little distance from the optic nerve, and run forward, along either side of the eyeball, between the sclera and choroid, to the ciliary muscle, where they divide into two branches. These form an arterial circle, the circulus arteriosus major, around the circumference of the iris, from which numerous converging branches run, in the substance of the iris, to its pupillary margin, where they form a second (incomplete) arterial circle, the circulus arteriosus minor.
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The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi) pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red.
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The spotted colouration does not always breed true, as two spotted animals may produce a solid-coloured foal. Many spotted animals are not registered because they lack a visible white sclera or striped hooves.
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The cornea separated each lens, and the sclera on each lens terminated on top of each cornea. The eye morphology of trilobites is useful for determining their mode of life, and can function as palaeoenvironmental indicators.
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Complications of surgical procedures are possible suture erosion through the sclera, conjunctiva, or both. Minor intraocular inflammation during and after surgery. Improved distant and near visual acuity, little defects surrounding sphincter muscles, and normal pupillary margins.
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They then enter the middle cranial fossa above foramen lacerum, travel through the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa and then travel with the ophthalmic artery in the optic canal or on the ophthalmic nerve through the superior orbital fissure. From there, they travel with the nasociliary nerve and then the long ciliary nerve. They then pierce the sclera, travel between sclera and choroid to reach the iris dilator muscle. They will also pass through ciliary ganglion and travel in short ciliary nerves to reach the iris dilator muscle.
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A partial thickness flap with its base at the corneoscleral junction is then made in the sclera after careful cauterization of the flap area, and a window opening is created under the flap with a Kelly-punch to remove a portion of the sclera, Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork to enter the anterior chamber. Because of the fluid egress the iris will partially prolapse through the sclerostomy and is usually therefore grasped to perform an excision called iridectomy. This iridectomy will prevent future blockage of the sclerostomy. The scleral flap is then sutured loosely back in place with several sutures.
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Scleral lenses are not to be confused with "sclera" lenses, which are soft lenses and do not contain a fluid reservoir. "Sclera" contacts are used in movies such as the whited-out eyes of the monsters in Evil Dead, or blacked-out eyes in Underworld and Underworld: Evolution, or the Star Trek episode Where No Man Has Gone Before. These lenses tend to be uncomfortable and sometimes impede the actors' vision, but the visual effects produced can be striking. These lenses can be custom- painted, although most companies only sell lenses with a pre-designed look.
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Fig 3 : Graft injection into the host bed in combined PDEK with glued IOL. A: A central Big bubble formed in the donor cornea by pushing air into the cornea B,C: Flaps are made in the white sclera, IOL is inserted into the eye and the arms or haptics of the IOL is pulled out of the eye and attached to the white sclera in a tunnel and then glue is applied. The patient's damaged posterior part of cornea (descemet's membrane with endothelium) peeled manually. D: PDEK graft pushed into the eye under saline and opened.
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Schematic diagram of the human eye showing. Subconjunctival injection is a type of periocular route of injection for ocular drug administration by administration of a medication either under the conjunctiva or underneath the conjunctiva lining the eyelid. Using the subconjunctival injection bypasses the fatty layers of the bulbous conjunctiva and putting medications adjacent to sclera that is permeable to water, this will increase the penetration of the water-soluble drug into the eye.Eye: drug administration - subconjunctival injection This route is indicated for treatment of different lesions, such as in the cornea, sclera, anterior uvea and vitreous.
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The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera (the white of the eye).Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990. It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches to Tenon's capsule.
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In 2009 the Oklahoma Senate passed Senate Bill 844, filed by Oklahoma Senator Cliff Branan and supported by the Oklahoma Academy of Ophthalmology, to make it illegal to tattoo the sclera of the eye."Week in Review the Oklahoma Senate." 31 Oct. 2009 .
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Trabeculectomy has undergone numerous modifications, e.g. filtering trepanotrabeculectomy (TTE) is a modification of the operation after J. Fronimopoulos. A triangular scleral flap is created which is approximately one-half as thick as the sclera. Trepanation is performed with a 2 mm trephine.
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This change in colour has been recorded in the sclera of the eye and the overall body coloration. The darkening is a sign of submission and is beneficial for both males as it minimizes the risk of potential injury during prolonged fights.
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The lens may be covered by a semi-translucent membrane in some case. Tumor may invade locally to involve the iris or anterior retina, or through the cornea or sclera. In advanced cases, tumor may fill the entire globe, similar to retinoblastoma.
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Goats have horizontal, slit-shaped pupils. Because goats' irises are usually pale, their contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer, most horses and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris and sclera.
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Relaxed ear position of a bored or resting horse. Lower lip is loose, also indicating relaxation. The sclera of this horse's eye shows a bit of white, but it is not rolled back in fear or anger. Tense, backward ear position indicating apprehension.
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Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs, which affects the retina, choroid, and sclera. It can be a mild disease or cause blindness. CEA is caused by a simple autosomal recessive gene defect. There is no treatment.
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Using an amniotic graft facilitates epithelialization, and has anti-inflammatory as well as surface rejuvenation properties. Amniotic membrane transplantation can also be fixated to the sclera using sutures, or glue adhesive.Gulani AC. "Corneoplastique", Video Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Volume XXII.
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A peritomy is a procedure carried out during eye surgery, where an incision is made at the limbus in order to reflect the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule of the eye, usually to expose the sclera and/or extraocular muscles for a variety of surgical procedures.
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Rubin, M.L., Surgical procedures available for influencing refractive error., in Refractive Anomalies of the Eye. 1966, US Government Printing Office: Washington. Procedures in early literature aimed at shortening the length of the eyeball by resecting a ring of sclera from the equator of the eye.
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Approaches are based on facial color changes. Delaunay triangulation is used to create the triangular local areas. Some of these triangles which define the interior of the mouth and eyes (sclera and iris) are removed. Use the left triangular areas’ pixels to create feature vectors.
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Alkali burns, on the other hand, such as those resulting from exposure to ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride or other chemicals with a pH above 11.5, will cause cellular tissue in the sclera to saponify and should be considered medical emergencies requiring immediate treatment.
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According to Chinese/Japanese medical face reading, when the white part of the eye, known as the sclera, is visible beneath the iris, it represents physical imbalance in the body and is claimed to be present in alcoholics, drug addicts and people who over-consume sugar or grain. Conversely, when the upper sclera is visible it is said to be an indication of mental imbalance in people such as psychotics, murderers, and anyone rageful. In either condition, it is believed that these people attract accidents and violence. In August 1963, George Ohsawa, an advocate for macrobiotics, predicted that President John F. Kennedy would experience great danger because of his sanpaku condition.
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A sample of the donor's blood is also collected to test for infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and sometimes others. The blood type is also tested, although corneas do not receive any blood supply and type matching is not necessary for transplantation. If the entire eye is enucleated during the original recovery, then the cornea and part of the sclera are removed and placed in a container with preservation medium, and the sclera is cleaned and then preserved in alcohol. The corneas are visually examined and evaluated underneath a slit-lamp, and the number of endothelial cells are counted underneath a specular microscope.
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Degenerative myopia, also known as malignant, pathological, or progressive myopia, is characterized by posterior sclera elongation and thinning (at least 25.5 mm to 26.5 mm) and high refractive errors of at least -5 to -7.5 diopters with an increase per year. There may also be changes in the fundus, including posterior staphyloma, caused by the eye growing posteriorly and losing its spherical shape. Since enlargement of the eye does not progress at a uniform rate, abnormal protrusions of uveal tissue may occur through weak points in the eye. Staphyloma is marked by a thinning of sclera collagen bundles and decreased number of collagen striations.
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Towards the end of the show's run, an episode featured Gambit kidnapping Rogue in an attempt to manipulate her into helping him rescue his adoptive father, Jean-Luc, after he was kidnapped by the Rippers (the Assassins Guild). Gambit, however, soon becomes protective of Rogue once he notices Jean-Luc's amazement of her mutant abilities. They part ways at the end on friendly terms, giving Rogue his favorite card, the Queen of Hearts. In his first appearance, Gambit appeared with normal eyes (black iris and white sclera, as seen in the picture), which were later modified into how they look in the comics (black sclera and red iris).
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The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head-on blunt forces, but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion. Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common, along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light. However, a low-velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object. Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign cyst, causing no other damage or discomfort.
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1212–1216 in Perrin, Würsig and Thewissen (2009) Seals release large amounts of mucus to protect their eyes. The corneal epithelium is keratinized and the sclera is thick enough to withstand the pressures of diving. As in many mammals and birds, pinnipeds possess nictitating membranes.Riedman, p. 49.
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This bill has a hooked tip and a sharp cutting edge. The bird has broad wings and a short, broad, and square tail. The irises of its eyes are white and bordered by bright red sclera. Unlike some New World vultures, the king vulture lacks eyelashes.
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The periscleral lymph space or episcleral space of the eye is the space between the outer surface of the sclera and the inner surface of the capsule of Tenon. It is continuous with the subdural and subarachnoid spaces, and is traversed by fine bands of connective tissue.
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Biliverdin has been found in excess in the blood of humans suffering from hepatic diseases. Jaundice is caused by the accumulation of biliverdin or bilirubin (or both) in the circulatory system and tissues. Jaundiced skin and sclera (whites of the eyes) are characteristic of liver failure.
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Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane The rings, which consist of copper deposits where the cornea meets the sclera, in Descemet's membrane, first appear as a crescent at the top of the cornea. Eventually, a second crescent forms below, at 6 o'clock, and ultimately completely encircles the cornea.
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Contact lenses, other than the cosmetic variety, become almost invisible once inserted in the eye. Most corrective contact lenses come with a light "handling tint" that renders the lens slightly more visible on the eye. Soft contact lenses extend beyond the cornea, their rim sometimes visible against the sclera.
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Fig 3 : Animation showing glued IOL surgery. Note the flaps made on the white portion of the eye (sclera). The IOL is injected inside the eye and one end (haptic) is grasped with the glued IOL forceps Fig 4 : Glued IOL surgery. The IOL is inside the eye.
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Many different materials have been used in the past, including fascia lata, Lyodura (lyophilized human dura), Gore-Tex, Zenoderm (porcine skin dermis),Gerinec, A., & Slezakova, G. (2001). Posterior scleroplasty in children with severe myopia. Bratisl Lek Listy, 102(2), 73-78. animal tendons, and donor's or cadaver’s sclera.
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Collie eye anomaly (CEA) and epilepsy are considered the primary genetic diseases of concern in the breed at this time.Health and Genetics of Border Collies www.americanbordercollie.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018. CEA is a congenital, inherited eye disease involving the retina, choroid, and sclera that sometimes affects border collies.
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Skin mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Striped hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the breed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the iris; although all horses show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individual is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular" registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core characteristics.
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The branches of the ciliary ganglion are the short ciliary nerves. These are delicate filaments, from six to ten in number, which arise from the forepart of the ganglion in two bundles connected with its superior and inferior angles; the lower bundle is the larger. They run forward with the ciliary arteries in a wavy course, one set above and the other below the optic nerve, and are accompanied by the long ciliary nerves from the nasociliary. They pierce the sclera at the back part of the bulb of the eye, pass forward in delicate grooves on the inner surface of the sclera, and are distributed to the ciliary muscle, iris, and cornea.
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Daentl Townsend Siegel syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by blue sclerae, kidney malfunction, thin skin, and hydrocephalus. It was first identified by D.L. Daentl et al. in 1978. Daentl Townsend Siegel syndrome is also known as "Hydrocephalus blue sclera nephropathy" and "Familial nephrosis, hydrocephalus, thin skin, blue sclerae syndrome".
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A scleral lens, also known as a scleral contact lens, is a large contact lens that rests on the sclera and creates a tear-filled vault over the cornea. Scleral lenses are designed to treat a variety of eye conditions, many of which do not respond to other forms of treatment.
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MRI is not used as a diagnosis method by itself. It is more used as a method to gain some extra information about the cyst. Magnetic resonance imaging can establish very well whether the cyst is in contact or attached to the sclera or whether the cyst is a primary tumor.
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Dr. Steven Safran also started the microbull dog technique for the same purpose. Y-Fixation Technique - This technique was started by Dr. Ohta Toshihiko (Japan) et al. wherein a Y shaped incision is made in the sclera that eliminates the need to make a scleral flap. Mckee Yuri/Francis Price et al.
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Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter is a medical sign characterized by spasm of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle with retraction of the upper lid (so that sclera is visible above cornea) seen in Graves-Basedow disease which, together with exophthalmos causes the bulging eyes appearance. It is named for Jean Marie Charles Abadie.
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An encircling band is a thin silicone band sewn around the circumference of the sclera of the eye. A solid silicone grooved tyre element is also used. Buckles are often placed under a band to create a dimple on the eye wall. The scleral buckle is secured around the eyeball under the conjunctiva.
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Schematic diagram of the human eye showing. Sub-Tenon injection is an ocular route of drug administration. It involves administration of a medication to the area between the sclera and the Tenon capsule. Posterior sub-Tenons steroid injections (PSTSI) is used in the treatment of posterior ocular inflammation, such as chronic uveitis.
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The eyes have a dark, almost black iris and red sclera. This species, like other species of Cyclura, is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have larger femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones. Eggs from the genus Cyclura are some of the largest laid by any lizard.
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U. sameiti are nocturnal and arboreal geckos. Their eyes are large, lidless, and have yellow sclera with elliptical pupils, suited for the gecko's nocturnal habits. This species ranges in size from when measured from nose to base of the tail. They spend most of the daylight hours hanging vertically on tree trunks, head down, resting.
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Anterior staphyloma after fungal corneal ulcer. In the anterior segment of the eye, involving the cornea and the nearby sclera. It is an ectasia of pseudocornea ( the scar formed from organised exudates and fibrous tissue covered with epithelium) which results after sloughing of cornea with iris plastered behind, it is known as anterior staphyloma.
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The globe of the eye, or bulbus oculi, is the eyeball apart from its appendages."Globe of eye ", Biology Online, 2009-08-20. Retrieved on 2009-08-20. A hollow structure, the bulbus oculi is composed of a wall enclosing a cavity filled with fluid with three coats: the sclera, choroid, and the retina.
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Sometimes, small nodules are present within the episclera, which move slightly over the sclera with gentle pressure. Discharge is absent with episcleritis, and vision is unaffected. Patients with episcleritis experience far less photophobia than patients with uveitis. Episcleritis does not cause the presence of cells or flare in the anterior chamber of the eye.
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Schematic diagram of the human eye. It shows a horizontal section through the right eye. The eye is made up of three coats, or layers, enclosing various anatomical structures. The outermost layer, known as the fibrous tunic, is composed of the cornea and sclera, which provide shape to the eye and support the deeper structures.
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Varnish roans can also be distinguished from true roans by the presence of leopard complex characteristics, such as the white sclera, finely striped hooves, and mottled skin around the eyes, muzzle, and genitals. A Paso Fino with both roan and sabino patterning. The white at the end of the tail indicates gray, as well.
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Globe rupture is a condition were the integrity of the outer membranes of the eye are disrupted by blunt or penetrating trauma, usually resulting from a full-thickness injury to the cornea or sclera. It may also result from damage caused by chemicals such as strong acids (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.) or industrial chemicals such as lewisite.
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Surgery types are broken into two groups: anchoring procedures and pocket/envelope procedures. At least 8 surgical techniques currently exist. In anchoring procedures, the prolapsed gland must be sutured to the periorbital fascia, the sclera, or the base of the third eyelid. In contrast, pocket procedures involve suturing healthy tissue around the prolapsed to enclose and secure it.
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Her heart rate and respiration rate became slow by days three and four. Later she developed a yellow jaundiced appearance in the sclera and skin that the doctor proposed as paroxysmal hemoglobinuria upon autopsy. On the last days, the paralysis became more frequent, respiration rose and she developed tachycardia. She died on the evening of the tenth day.
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Specifically, the eye is derived from the neuroepithelium, surface ectoderm, and the extracellular mesenchyme which consists of both the neural crest and mesoderm. Neuroepithelium forms the retina, ciliary body, iris, and optic nerves. Surface ectoderm forms the lens, corneal epithelium and eyelid. The extracellular mesenchyme forms the sclera, the corneal endothelium and stroma, blood vessels, muscles, and vitreous.
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The strip of material is passed under the separated muscles, and pushed down deeply towards the posterior pole. Both ends of the material strip are crossed over the medial rectus muscle and sutured to the sclera on the medial side of the superior and inferior recti muscles. The conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule are then closed together.
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Arcus is usually diagnosed through visual inspection by an ophthalmologist or optometrist using a biomicroscope. Arcus senilis can be confused with the limbus sign, which reflects calcium rather than lipid deposits. Anterior embryotoxon is a benign, congenital, elongation of the sclera-cornea transition zone which is present at birth and has a similar appearance to arcus juvenilis.
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Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation. The human eye is relatively rare for having a pale sclera (relative to the iris). This makes it easier for one individual to identify where another individual is looking, and the cooperative eye hypothesis suggests this has evolved as a method of nonverbal communication.
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Lying over the sclera and the interior of the eyelids is a transparent membrane called the conjunctiva. It helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears. It also contributes to immune surveillance and helps to prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye. In many animals, including humans, eyelids wipe the eye and prevent dehydration.
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Their heads and necks are short and stout, their teeth are solid and broad, and they have powerful jaw muscles. Their jowls, which grow larger as the animal ages, are covered in spiky protuberances called tubercles. The Cuban iguana's eyes have a golden iris and red sclera. Cuban iguanas have excellent vision and the ability to detect shapes and movement at long distances.
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The nictitating membrane acts a sweeping wiper across the eye. The eagle iris is a pale yellow color, much lighter than human eyes. Both eagles and humans have a white area called the sclera, but in the case of eagles, it is hidden below the eyelid. Eyelid openings are oval-shaped in humans, while they are round in the case of birds' eyes.
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Clarkson, Euan (2009) Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution 4th Ed, John Wiley & Sons. . The more complex schizochroal eye was found only in one sub-order of trilobite, the Phacopina (Ordovician-Silurian). It has no modern counterpart, but adult males in the insect order Strepsiptera exhibit a similar structure. The eye has up to 700 larger lenses with individual sclera separating each lens.
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Scleral tattooing Scleral tattooing is the practice of tattooing the sclera, or white part of the human eye. The dye is not injected into the tissue, but between two layers of the eye, where it spreads out over a large area. The process is not common. Some procedures have caused loss of vision, severe permanent pain, and loss of the eye.
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The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil."eye, human." Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea.
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Diktyoma is classified into teratoid and nonteratoid types, based on heteroplastic tissue in the former. Each type may be sub- classified as benign or malignant based on histology. Based on histology, the tumor is classified as malignant if it contains poorly differentiated neuroblasts, nuclear pleomorphism, markedly abnormal mitotic activity, sarcomatous components, or invasion into the uvea, cornea, or sclera. Most diktyomas are malignant.
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The finding suggests that the AAV-mediated expression of angiostatic factors can be implemented to treat NV. This approach could be useful as an alternative to frequent injections of recombinant protein into the eye. In addition, PEDF and sFlt-1 may be able to diffuse through sclera tissue, allowing for the potential to be relatively independent of the intraocular site of administration.
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The scleral spur is an annular structure composed of collagen in the human eye, a protrusion of the sclera into the anterior chamber. It is the origin of the longitudinal and circular fibres (which swerve acutely from the spur to run circumferentially as a sphincter near the periphery of the lens) of the ciliary muscle and is attached anteriorly to the trabecular meshwork.
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Globe closure of the limbus and sclera requires 9-0 and 8-0 nylon, respectively. If damage to the globe is irreparable, the ophthalmologist may conduct a primary enucleation, evisceration (ophthalmology), or exenteration in the combat hospital. 14% of globe injuries sustained during Operation Iraqi Freedom have required enucleation. Implantation of an oculoplastic silicone sphere or similar device commonly follows these procedures.
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The air pressure is temporary as the posterior segment will soon re-fill with fluid. Air/gas exchange – In some cases, gas can be used to help hold the retina in place. Gas, or more typically mixed gas and air, is injected through the sclera and into the posterior segment of the globe. This procedure is often referred to as pneumatic retinopexy.
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Scleritis is best detected by examining the sclera in daylight; retracting the lids helps determine the extent of involvement. Other aspects of the eye exam (i.e. visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, etc.) may be normal. Scleritis may be differentiated from episcleritis by using phenylephrine or neosynephrine eye drops, which causes blanching of the blood vessels in episcleritis, but not in scleritis.
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The limbus sign is a ring of dystrophic calcification evident as a "milky precipitate" (i.e. abnormal white color) at the corneal limbus. The corneal limbus is the part of the eye where the cornea (front/center) meets the sclera (white part of the eye). Thought to be caused by increased calcium concentration in the blood, this sign however persists after calcium phosphate concentration returns to normal.
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A staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball. The protrusion is generally black in colour, due to the inner layers of the eye. It occurs due to weakening of outer layer of eye (cornea or sclera) by an inflammatory or degenerative condition. It may be of 5 types, depending on the location on the eyeball (bulbus oculi).
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The most prominent feature of the British Spotted Pony is the leopard-spotted colouring, coming in many variations. Other forms of spotting are not permitted. Other requirements, consistent with leopard genetics, include rosy pink, mottled skin around the eyes, muzzle and inside the ears, and a white sclera (in most other horses the "white" of the eye is dark, matching the iris). The hooves must be striped.
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Episcleritis is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory disease affecting part of the eye called the episclera. The episclera is a thin layer of tissue that lies between the conjunctiva and the connective tissue layer that forms the white of the eye (sclera). Episcleritis is a common condition, and is characterized by the abrupt onset of painless eye redness. There are two types of episcleritis, nodular and simple.
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The corneal limbus is the border of the cornea and the sclera (the white of the eye). The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. The limbus contains radially-oriented fibrovascular ridges known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population. The palisades of Vogt are more common in the superior and inferior quadrants around the eye.
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Though this model was a roughly correct modern model of the eye, it contained errors. Still, it was not advanced upon again until after Vesalius. A ciliary body was then discovered and the sclera, retina, choroid, and cornea were seen to meet at the same point. The two chambers were seen to hold the same fluid, as well as the lens being attached to the choroid.
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Early vitrectomy is especially effective in people with insulin- dependent diabetes, who may be at greater risk of blindness from a hemorrhage into the eye. Vitrectomy is often done under local anesthesia. The doctor makes a tiny incision in the sclera, or white of the eye. Next, a small instrument is placed into the eye to remove the vitreous and insert the saline solution into the eye.
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Pseudostrabismus is the false appearance of strabismus. It generally occurs in infants and toddlers whose bridge of the nose is wide and flat, causing the appearance of esotropia due to less sclera being visible nasally. With age, the bridge of the child's nose narrows and the folds in the corner of the eyes become less prominent. Retinoblastoma may also result in abnormal light reflection from the eye.
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Those ocularists that have achieved and maintained certification by NEBO are designated as Board Certified Ocularists (BCO). An ocularist with this title has also pledged to make custom prosthetics as opposed to stock prosthetics. Traditionally ocularists hand paint the iris and sclera of an artificial eye. In the 1990s some ocularists began to use digital printing to enhance the natural appearance of the artificial eye.
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Crohn's disease can affect many organ systems beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammation of the interior portion of the eye, known as uveitis, can cause blurred vision and eye pain, especially when exposed to light (photophobia). Inflammation may also involve the white part of the eye (sclera) or the overlying connective tissue (episclera), which causes conditions called scleritis and episcleritis, respectively. Uveitis can lead to loss of vision if untreated.
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Slight increases in serum bilirubin can therefore be detected early on by observing yellowing of sclerae. Traditionally referred to as scleral icterus, this term is actually a misnomer because bilirubin deposition technically occurs in the conjunctival membranes overlying the avascular sclera. Thus, the proper term for the yellowing of "white of the eyes" is conjunctival icterus. A much less common sign of jaundice specifically during childhood is yellowish or greenish teeth.
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Dr. Reza Derakhshani at University of Missouri, Kansas City, developed the concept of using the veins in the whites of the eyes for identification. He holds several patents on the technology, including a 2008 patent for the concept of using the blood vessels seen in the whites of the eye as a unique identifier. More recent research has explored using vein patterns in both the iris and the sclera for recognition.
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Tanzanian red- billed hornbills (Tockus ruahae) are small hornbills in the group of the red- billed hornbills. They have curved, bright red bills that end in a small dot of dark orange. Their sclera can vary from light orange to dark yellow and their pupils are usually dark black. Like most species of hornbills, they support medium-sized circles of black skin around their eyes, both in females and males.
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CSK is usually a bilateral progressive condition, however the lesions are not symmetrical nor are they painful. Signs include pigmentation and vascularization of the cornea (extension of blood vessels onto the cornea). It is usually first seen at the lateral (temporal) limbus (the junction between the cornea and sclera), although it eventually can extend from any part of the limbus to cover the entire cornea. Severe cases can cause blindness.
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Cornea transplant Risks - Tests and Procedures - Mayo Clinic Graft failure can occur at any time after the cornea has been transplanted, even years or decades later. The causes can vary, though it is usually due to new injury or illness. Treatment can be either medical or surgical, depending on the individual case. An early, technical cause of failure may be an excessively tight stitch cheesewiring through the sclera.
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The implantation procedure takes several hours, with the person receiving the implant under general anaesthesia. The surgeon removes the vitreous humor and any membranes on the retina where the implant will be placed. The implant is attached to the surface of the retina with a tack. The cables connecting the implant to the processor are run through the pars plana, a region near where the iris and sclera touch.
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The condition of posterior staphyloma in high myopia was first described by Scarpa in the 1800s.Scarpa, A. A. (1818). A Treatise on the Principal Diseases of the Eye. London. Speculation about reinforcement of the eye began in the 19th century, when Rubin noted that sclera reinforcement “is probably the only one of all the surgical techniques [for myopia] which attempts to correct a cause, rather than an effect”.
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Scleral reinforcement surgery is not presently popular in the United States, and there has been a scarcity of published clinical studies. Donor sclera material is also difficult to acquire and store, and artificial materials are still being tested. This procedure is much more popular in other countries, such as the former Soviet Union and Japan. There is also controversy regarding in what developmental stage this procedure should be performed.
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Dalrymple's sign is a widened palpebral (eyelid) opening, or eyelid spasm, seen in thyrotoxicosis (as seen in Graves' disease, exophthalmic Goitre and other hyperthyroid conditions), causing abnormal wideness of the palpebral fissure. As a result of the retraction of the upper eyelid, the white of the sclera is visible at the upper margin of the cornea in direct outward stare.Cline D; Hofstetter HW; Griffin JR. Dictionary of Visual Science. 4th ed.
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A sharp instrument, such as a thorn or needle, is used to pierce the eye either at the edge of the cornea or the sclera, near the limbus. The opaque lens is pushed downwards, allowing light to enter the eye. Once the patients sees shapes or movement, the procedure is stopped. The patient is left without a lens (aphakic), therefore requiring a powerful positive prescription lens to compensate.
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A detailed depiction of eye using a 3D medical illustration There are two eyes, situated on the left and the right of the face. They sit in two bony cavities called the orbits, which are present in the skull. Six extraocular muscles attach directly to the eyes to assist with movement. The front visible part of the eye is made up of the whitish sclera, a coloured iris, and the pupil.
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One of many patterns for which the leopard complex is responsible. The leopard complex is a group of genetically related coat patterns in horses. These patterns range from progressive increases in interspersed white hair similar to graying or roan to distinctive, Dalmatian-like leopard spots on a white coat. Secondary characteristics associated with the leopard complex include a white sclera around the eye, striped hooves and mottled skin.
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The fibrils in the lamellae are directly continuous with those of the sclera, in which they are grouped together in fibre bundles. More collagen fibres run in a temporal- nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. During development of the embryo, the corneal stroma is derived from the neural crest (a source of mesenchyme in the head and neck) which has been shown to contain mesenchymal stem cells.
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Red-footed tortoise profile The head is relatively small with a squared-off profile and flat on top, longer than it is wide. The eye is large with a black iris, and rarely any sclera visible around it. The upper jaw is slightly hooked, and the upper jaw is notched in the front middle. About 15 to 20 'teeth' or fine grooves occur on each side of each jaw.
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Image of a human eye showing the blood vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva Hyperaemia of the superficial bulbar conjunctiva blood vessels The conjunctiva is a tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of unkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.
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Their sclera is dark brown and their pupils are black. Their wings are like all red-billed hornbills, with large and small circles of white feathers surrounded by black feathers on the exterior and white on the upper half of the interior and black on the lower half of the interior. They have long tail feathers that are black on the exterior and a greyish white on the interior.
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Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. The disease is often contracted through association with other diseases of the body, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis or rheumatoid arthritis. There are three types of scleritis: diffuse scleritis (the most common), nodular scleritis, and necrotizing scleritis (the most severe). Scleritis may be the first symptom of onset of connective tissue disease.
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Scleral lens, with visible outer edge resting on the sclera of a patient with severe dry eye syndrome A scleral lens is a large, firm, transparent, oxygen-permeable contact lens that rests on the sclera and creates a tear-filled vault over the cornea. The cause of this unique positioning is usually relevant to a specific patient whose cornea is too sensitive to support the lens directly. Scleral lenses may be used to improve vision and reduce pain and light sensitivity for people suffering from disorders or injuries to the eye, such as severe dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), microphthalmia, keratoconus, corneal ectasia, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Sjögren's syndrome, aniridia, neurotrophic keratitis (anesthetic corneas), complications post-LASIK, high order aberrations of the eye, complications post-corneal transplant and pellucid degeneration. Injuries to the eye such as surgical complications, distorted corneal implants, as well as chemical and burn injuries also may be treated with scleral lenses.
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Princess Komand'r (Blackfire) as seen in her debut episode of the Teen Titans animated series Blackfire appears in the 2003 animated series, voiced by Hynden Walch (the voice actress of Starfire in the same series). In the series, this version is depicted as a young woman, yet is shown to be a few years older than her sister Starfire. In contrast to the other Tamaraneans shown on the series, all of whom have auburn or brown hair and bright green eyes with green sclera, Blackfire is shown to have black hair with purple streaks, and purple eyes with white sclera - likely a reference to her comic counterpart being born deformed by Tamaranean standards. She possesses superhuman strength, durability, reflexes, agility, endurance, FTL flight (a natural Tamaranian ability she lacked in the comics), as well as the ability to generate bright lilac-colored bolts of ultraviolet energy from her hands that are quite powerful and destructive, which are called "blackbolts".
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Jaundice may be noticeable in the sclera of the eyes at levels of about 2 to 3 mg/dl (34 to 51 μmol/l),Merck Manual Jaundice Last full review/revision July 2009 by Steven K. Herrine and in the skin at higher levels. For conversion, 1 mg/dl = 17.1 µmol/l. Jaundice is classified, depending upon whether the bilirubin is free or conjugated to glucuronic acid, into conjugated jaundice or unconjugated jaundice..
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Pain is usually minimal in properly anesthetised eyes, though a pressure sensation and discomfort from the bright operating microscope light is common. The ocular surface is kept moist using sterile saline eye drops or methylcellulose viscoelastic. The discission into the lens of the eye is performed at or near where the cornea and sclera meet (limbus = corneoscleral junction). Advantages of the smaller incision include use of few or no stitches and shortened recovery time.
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It is well adapted to seeing in low light and possesses a highly developed sense of smell. The regions of the brain associated with sight and smell are similarly well-developed. Its eyes are large and well-developed, while its ears are considered medium-length. As in all megabats, the choroid of the eye (vascular region between retina and sclera) has tiny projections known as papillae, which is where its photoreceptor cells are located.
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External examination of eyes consists of inspection of the eyelids, surrounding tissues and palpebral fissure. Palpation of the orbital rim may also be desirable, depending on the presenting signs and symptoms. The conjunctiva and sclera can be inspected by having the individual look up, and shining a light while retracting the upper or lower eyelid. The position of the eyelids are checked for abnormalities such as ptosis which is an asymmetry between eyelid positions.
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The choroid is the middle, vascular coat of the eye which resides between the sclera and the retina. Early in development the choroidal fissure is a groove that extends along the ventral aspect of the optic stalk. In effect, it is a continuation of the invagination that forms the optic cup during early development in amniotes. For a period of time this groove extends to the closing lips of the optic cup.
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Eye banks recover, prepare and deliver donated eyes for cornea transplants and research. The first successful cornea transplant was performed in 1905 and the first eye bank was founded in 1944. Currently, in the United States, eye banks provide tissue for over 80,000 cornea transplants each year to treat conditions such as keratoconus and corneal scarring. In some cases, the white of the eye (sclera) is used to surgically repair recipient eyes.
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The eye was severely slashed on the sclera which resulted in a retinal tear and a detached retina. In the hospital room after the incident, after being told he might lose his eye, Berard reportedly told his friends that he would play hockey again. Despite being optimistic about his future in hockey, he ended up receiving a $6.5 million settlement from his insurance company, what many considered to be a career-ending settlement.
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In humans, FP mRNA and/or protein is highly expressed in the uterine myometrium; throughout the eye (endothelium and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels of the iris, ciliary body and choroid plexus; ciliary muscle (circular muscle, collagenous connective tissues; sclera; and ovarian (follicles and corpus luteum). Studies in mice indicate that FP mRNA and/or protein is expressed in diverse tissues including the kidney (distal tubules), uterus, and ovary (Luteal cells of corpus luteum.
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Endophthalmitis, or a bacterial infection within the eye causing inflammation of the sclera, is one of the most severe complications due to intravitreal injections. Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection per patient has been reported to range from 0.019 to 1.6%. Endophthalmitis can also result in white or yellow discharge inside the eyelid, and a white, cloudy cornea. A layer of white blood cells called hypopyon may develop between the iris and the cornea.
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The differential diagnoses for NSF include diffuse cutaneous or limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, scleromyxedema, lipodermatosclerosis, scleroedema diabeticorum, graft versus host disease, eosinophilic fasciitis; eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome; porphyria cutanea tarda, and other disorders. The nearly universal absence of facial skin involvement in NSF, presence of yellow plaques on the sclera of the eyes, absence of Raynaud’s phenomenon, and other differences in presentation can aid the proper diagnosis. History of exposure to GBCAs would favor NSF as the differential diagnosis.
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Roose is most often described as an oddly average and unassuming-looking man, clean-shaven with pallid skin. He is often described as ageless, with an apathetic demeanor that betrays nothing. His most prominent feature are his strangely pale and cold eyes, so light as to almost blend with the sclera. Roose appears to be unassuming and mild- mannered, although in truth he is remorseless and unforgiving, possessed of the same cruelty and ruthlessness his house is notorious for.
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But breeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondary characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves. The controversy stirred by the ApHC's decision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horses formed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization.
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His attire consisted of a traditional pirate captain's uniform. When under the influence of Soul Edge, his skin gained an unnatural purple tint and his eyes turned yellow with the sclera turning black. He retained this appearance with very minute modifications into Soulcalibur. After returning from the dead as a specter, his skin became even paler than before and his eyes were purely white, although his mustache has grown past his cheeks and reaching his hairline.
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The postganglionic axons of the Superior cervical ganglion innervate the eye and lacrimal gland and cause vasoconstriction of the iris and sclera, pupillary dilation, widening of the palpebral fissure, and the reduced production of tears. These responses are important during Fight-or-flight response of the ANS. Dilation of the pupils allows for an increased clarity in vision, and inhibition of the lacrimal gland stops tear production allowing for unimpaired vision and redirection of energy elsewhere.
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With the eyes in the primary position, the sclera can be seen above the cornea, and further upgaze increases the distance between the eyelids and irises. Causes include upper dorsal midbrain supranuclear lesions such as Parinaud's syndrome, 'top of the basilar syndrome', midbrain infarction, neurodegeneration or tumour, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, and Miller- Fisher syndrome. The cause is thought to be damage to the posterior commissure levator inhibitory fibres which originate in the M-group of neurons.
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Other colored contact lenses merely tint the iris, highlighting its natural colour. A new trend in Japan, South Korea and China is the circle contact lens, which extend the appearance of the iris onto the sclera by having a dark tinted area all around. The result is an appearance of a bigger, wider iris, a look reminiscent of dolls' eyes. One of the drawbacks of cosmetic lenses is not knowing how they will look before physically trying them on.
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Trabeculectomy is a guarded filtering procedure that removes of part of the trabecular meshwork.Surgery Encyclopedia - Trabeculectomy Full thickness procedures include sclerectomy, posterior lip sclerectomy (in which the surgeon completely excises the sclera on the area of the sclerostomy), trephination, thermal sclerostomy (Scheie procedure), iridenclesis, and sclerostomy (including conventional sclerostomy and enzymatic sclerostomy). Non-penetrating filtering surgeries do not penetrate or enter the eye's anterior chamber. There are two types of non-penetrating surgeries: Bleb- forming and viscocanalostomy.
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Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea. The uvea consists of the middle layer of pigmented vascular structures of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis is an ophthalmic emergency and requires a thorough examination by an ophthalmologist or optometrist and urgent treatment to control the inflammation. It is often associated with other ocular problems.
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EyeVerify is part of the Kansas City Crossroads neighborhood alongside several other tech companies. EyeVerify's flagship product is Eyeprint ID, a system that authenticates users by recognizing patterns of blood vessels that are visible in the sclera, the whites of the eyes, as well as other eye-based micro-features. An independent assessment by iBeta determined that Eyeprint ID meets the requirements for inclusion as a built-in subsystem in an Electronic Prescription of Controlled Substance (EPCS) Application.
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Hunayn may have been the originator of this idea. The idea of the central crystalline lens was widely believed from Hunayn's period through the late 1500s.He describes the system behind the eyes that connects it to the brain, starting with the sclera, a thick, hard membrane which protects the inner parts of the nerves from injury. The chorioid, a thin and soft structure filled with veins and arteries, follows next and provides nourishment to the overall structure.
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The incision at the junction of the sclera and cornea and the hole in capsule during capsulorhexis, traditionally made with a handheld blade, needle, and forceps, are dependent on skill and experience of the surgeon. Sophisticated three-dimensional images of the eyes can be used to guide lasers to make these incisions. Nd:YAG laser can also then break up the cataract as in phacoemulsification. as PDF The authors declare a financial interest in a company producing femtosecond laser equipment.
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They pass forward around the optic nerve to the posterior part of the eyeball, pierce the sclera around the entrance of the optic nerve, and supply the choroid (up to the equator of the eye) and ciliary processes. Some branches of the short posterior ciliary arteries also supply the optic disc via an anastomotic ring, the Circle of Zinn-Haller or Circle of Zinn, which is associated with the fibrous extension of the ocular tendons (Annulus of Zinn).
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The anterior ciliary arteries are branches of the ophthalmic artery and run to the front of the eyeball in company with the extraocular muscles. They form a vascular zone beneath the conjunctiva, and then pierce the sclera a short distance from the cornea and end in the circulus arteriosus major. Three of the four rectus muscles; the superior, inferior and medial, are supplied by two ciliary arteries each, while the lateral rectus only receives one branch.
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Aqueous humor is produced in the portion of the eye known as the ciliary body. The ciliary body contains 72 protrusions known as ciliary processes, from which the aqueous is produced. The destruction of these ciliary processes with a diode laser, known as cyclophotocoagulation, can be used to decrease the amount of aqueous humor produced, thereby reducing the intraocular pressure. Cyclophotocoagulation traditionally has been performed using an external laser through the sclera, known as transcleral cyclophotocoagulation.
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He is summoned by two witches, one of whom he kills himself, but Sam manages to exorcise him again with his powers. He differs from other demons in that its eye color is either pale blue and/or possibly gray. His eyes appear to be a hybridized iris pigment of blue and gray, but his sclera is white and his pupil black. Samhain is the only so far known Whitish Eyed Demon and presumably the only one ever.
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The nerve fibers forming the optic nerve exit the eye posteriorly through a hole in the sclera that is occupied by a mesh-like structure called the lamina cribrosa. It is formed by a multilayered network of collagen fibers that insert into the scleral canal wall. The nerve fibers that comprise the optic nerve run through pores formed by these collagen beams. In humans, a central retinal artery is located slightly off-center in nasal direction.
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There are hundreds of thousands of people who suffer greatly from minor to various serious vision injuries or impairments. These types of injuries can also result in severe problems or diseases such as blindness and ocular trauma. Some other types of vision impairment include scratched cornea, scratches on the sclera, diabetes-related eye conditions, dry eyes and corneal graft, macular degeneration in old age and retinal detachment. Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear.
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The diagnosis of episcleritis is based upon the history and physical examination. The history should be explored for the presence of the diseases associated with episcleritis, and the symptoms they cause, such as rash, arthritis, venereal disease, and recent viral infection. Episcleritis may be differentiated from scleritis by using phenylephrine or neosynephrine eye drops, which causes blanching of the blood vessels in episcleritis, but not in scleritis. A blue color to the sclera suggests scleritis, rather than episcleritis.
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This is because methyl methacrylate is proved to be an inert substance like glass, and did not create a rejection response from the eyes. Using methyl methacrylate, the partners pioneered a new type of contact lens. Wesley and Jessen worked to develop the plastic lenses known as the rigid corneal contact lens. The corneal lens fit floated on the cornea, unlike its scleral predecessor, which rested on the sclera or white of the eye and bridged the cornea.
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There may be enough neuromas in the body of the lips to produce enlargement and a "blubbery lip" appearance. Similar nodules may be seen on the sclera and eyelids. Histologically, neuromata contain a characteristic adventitious plaque of tissue composed of hyperplastic, interlacing bands of Schwann cells and myelinated fibers overlay the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Mucosal neuromas are made up of nerve cells, often with thickened perineurium, intertwined with one another in a plexiform pattern.
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Sclerocornea is a congenital anomaly of the eye in which the cornea blends with sclera, having no clear-cut boundary. The extent of the resulting opacity varies from peripheral to total (sclerocornea totalis). The severe form is thought to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, but there may be another, milder form that is expressed in a dominant fashion. In some cases the patients also have abnormalities beyond the eye (systemic), such as limb deformities and craniofacial and genitourinary defects.
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Leopard complex has a different mottling pattern from champagne's freckling pattern Leopard vs. Champagne: The Leopard complex is responsible for the spotted coat of the Appaloosa and other breeds. Even when a spotted hair coat is absent, other traits produced include mottled skin and a white sclera around the eye but generally the eye itself is dark brown. These mottles are alternations between unpigmented pink skin and pigmented skin, which is usually black (thus the mottles are black on a pink background).
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On examination, the signs exhibited may include pallor (pale skin, lining mucosa, conjunctiva and nail beds), but this is not a reliable sign. A blue coloration of the sclera may be noticed in some cases of iron-deficiency anemia. There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency), jaundice (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells – in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in thalassemia major) or leg ulcers (seen in sickle-cell disease).
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Performed by applying external pressure on the sclera, for example with a spring plunger, while observing the retinal vessels through an ophthalmoscope. The pressure is gradually increased until the central retinal vein begins to pulsate, which happens at the point when the applied external pressure nears the VOP and is approximately equal to ICP. The original method was described in 1925 by Baurmann18\. M. Über die Entstehung und Klinische Bedeutung des Netzhautvenenpulses. Ber Zusammenkunft Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 1925; 45: 53-59.
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Diagnosis is typically based on medical imaging, including plain X-rays, and symptoms. Signs on medical imaging include abnormalities in all extremeties and the spine. An OI diagnosis can be confirmed through DNA or collagen testing, but in many cases, the occurrence of bone fractures with little trauma and the presence of other clinical features such as blue sclera are sufficient for a diagnosis. A skin biopsy can be performed to determine the structure and quantity of type I collagen.
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The conjunctiva covers the sclera, or whites of the eyes, as well as the insides of the eyelids and provides nutrients to underlying and surrounding tissue. The conjunctiva is also one of the closest vascularized tissues to the cornea. As such, it provides a major source of immune components in the cornea. Not only does the conjunctiva produce IgA, like the lacrimal glands, but it also contains macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes, and other aspects of the general mucosal immune system.
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Both male and female specimens are known to be territorial and often hostile towards members not a part of their family group. Corucia is a monotypic genus, containing a single species. However, in 1997 it was determined that there are two subspecies of the Solomon Islands skink: the common monkey-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata zebrata) and the northern monkey-tailed skink (Corucia zebrata alfredschmidti). Among other variances, the northern skink is smaller and has darker eyes with a black sclera.
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Retaane depot is delivered via posterior juxtascleral depot (PJD) that delivers the drug onto the sclera near the macula. This delivery method allows for a decreased risk of intraocular infection as well as decreased risk for detachment of the retina. Not only is the delivery method advantageous, but Retaane compared to other angiogenesis inhibitors used for similar indications, only has to be delivered once every six months compared to nine to twelve times a year. This allows for increased patient compliance.
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"eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher in lobe-finned fishes, various reptiles, and birds. The ring has disappeared in many groups, including living amphibians, some reptiles and fish, and all mammals.
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The sclera is highly resistant to injury from brief exposure to toxic chemicals. The reflexive production of tears at the onset of chemical exposure tends to quickly wash away such irritants, preventing further harm. Acids with a pH below 2.5 are the source of greatest acidic burn risk, with sulfuric acid, the kind present in car batteries and therefore commonly available, being among the most dangerous in this regard. However, acid burns, even severe ones, seldom result in loss of the eye.
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Methylene blue was identified by Paul Ehrlich about 1891 as a possible treatment for malaria.Guttmann, P. and Ehrlich. P. (1891) "Über die Wirkung des Methylenblau bei Malaria" (On the effect of methylene blue on malaria), Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 28 : 953-956. It disappeared as an anti- malarial during the Pacific War in the tropics, since American and Allied soldiers disliked its two prominent, but reversible side effects: turning the urine blue or green, and the sclera (the whites of the eyes) blue.
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Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) is not uncommon in newborn babies and presents itself as yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (sclera). Jaundice occurs in roughly 60% to 84% of infants. This condition also causes babies to appear sick, experience difficulty waking up, make high- pitch cries, or not be able to be fed or gain weight. Bilirubin is an orange yellow bile pigment that is produced as a byproduct of hemoglobin as red blood cells break down (hemolysis).
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Epiretinal implants are placed on top of the retinal surface, above the nerve fiber layer, directly stimulating ganglion cells and bypassing all other retinal layers. Array of electrodes is stabilized on the retina using micro tacks which penetrate into the sclera. Typically, external video camera onto eyeglasses acquires images and transmits processed video information to the stimulating electrodes via wireless telemetry. An external transmitter is also required to provide power to the implant via radio-frequency induction coils or infrared lasers.
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Ponies are only registered with the Pony of the Americas club if they have Appaloosa coloring visible from , otherwise known as "loud" Appaloosa coloring. The coloration includes the typical leopard complex characteristics of mottling around the eyes, muzzle and genitalia, as well as visible white sclera of the eyes and striped hooves. Pinto coloration is not allowed, nor is ancestry from a breed noted for pinto coloring, such as the American Paint Horse. The facial profile of the POA is slightly concave.
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Animal reflectors or mirrors are important to the survival of many kinds of animal, and, in some cases, have been mimicked by engineers developing photonic crystals. Examples are the scales of silvery fish, and the tapetum lucidum that causes the eyeshine of dogs and cats using the sclera. All these reflectors work by interference of light in multilayer structures with dimensions less than a wavelength, so can be classed as photonic crystals. Other animal photonic crystals have evolved to reflect narrow spectra, producing animal coloration.
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In 873, when Emperor Yizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Xizong, Emperor Xizong bestowed on several military governors, including Zhang Gongsu, the honorific chancellor title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). It was said that Zhang Gongsu was violent and harsh as a military governor, and as his eyes showed much sclera, the people of the circuit referred to him as the "White-Eyed Chancellor."New Book of Tang, vol. 212. In 875, the ethnically-Tujue officer Li Maoxun considered rebelling against him.
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Bilious fever was a medical diagnosis of fever associated with excessive bile or bilirubin in the blood stream and tissues, causing jaundice (a yellow color in the skin or sclera of the eye). The most common cause was malaria. Viral hepatitis and bacterial infections of the blood stream (sepsis) may have caused a few of the deaths reported as bilious fever.Douglas C. Heiner, Evan L. Ivie and Teresa Lovell Whitehead, "Medical Terms Used by Saints in Nauvoo and Winter Quarters, 1839–48", in Religious Educator, 10, no.
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Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgeries (MIGS) Traditional glaucoma surgery generally involves an external (ab externo) approach through the conjunctiva and sclera; however, MIGS procedures reach their surgical target from an internal (ab interno) route, typically through a self-sealing corneal incision. By performing the procedure from an internal approach, MIGS procedures often reduce discomfort and lead to more rapid recovery periods. While MIGS procedures offer fewer side effects, the procedures tend to result in less intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering than with trabeculectomy or glaucoma tube shunt implantation.
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Collagen is a protein that strengthens and supports many tissues in the body, including cartilage, bone, tendon, skin and the white part of the eye (sclera). The COL1A1 gene produces a component of type I collagen, called the pro-alpha1(I) chain. This chain combines with another pro-alpha1(I) chain and also with a pro-alpha2(I) chain (produced by the COL1A2 gene) to make a molecule of type I procollagen. These triple-stranded, rope-like procollagen molecules must be processed by enzymes outside the cell.
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Derakhshani identified the potential usefulness of the patterns of blood vessels in the sclera — the white part of the eyes — which are unique to each person. The pattern can be imaged and turned into a digital template, and then encoded with mathematical and statistical algorithms. These allow confirmation of the identity of the proper user and the rejection of anyone else. Derakhshani holds several patents on the technology, including a 2008 patent for the concept of using the blood vessels seen in the whites of the eye as a unique identifier.
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The conjunctiva provides lining for the inside of the eyelid as well as a coating for the sclera, the white portion of the eyeball. It typically serves to provide lubrication for the eye through the production of mucus and tears. When infected with AHC, patients will experience painful, red eyes, swelling of the conjunctival tissue, and frequent mucus discharge from the eyes accompanied by excessive tearing and subconjunctival hemorrhaging. This hemorrhaging is caused by the rupture of blood vessels beneath the conjunctiva giving the eyes a bright red appearance.
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Inflammation may also involve the white part of the eye (sclera) or the overlying connective tissue (episclera), causing conditions called scleritis and episcleritis. Episcleritis may occur in ulcerative colitis, though it is more commonly associated with Crohn's disease. Uveitis and iritis are more commonly associated with UC than Crohn's disease. UC may cause several joint manifestations, including a type of rheumatologic disease known as seronegative arthritis, which may affect few large joints (oligoarthritis), the vertebra (ankylosing spondylitis) or several small joints of the hands and feet (peripheral arthritis).
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One main disadvantage of HA is that it needs to be covered with exogenous material, such as sclera, polyethylene terephthalate, or vicryl mesh (which has the disadvantage of creating a rough implant tissue interface that can lead to technical difficulties in implantation and subsequent erosion of overlying tissue with the end stage being extrusion), as direct suturing is not possible for muscle attachment. Scleral covering carries with it the risk of transmission of infection, inflammation, and rejection. A recent study has shown that HA has a more rapid rate of fibrovascularization than Medpor.
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A 4-year-old boy with icteral sclerae due to G6PD deficiency The most common signs of jaundice in adults are a yellowish discoloration of the white area of the eye (sclera) and skin with scleral icterus presence indicating a serum bilirubin of at least 3 mg/dl. Other common signs include dark urine (bilirubinuria) and pale,(acholia) fatty stool (steatorrhea). Because bilirubin is a skin irritant, jaundice is commonly associated with severe itchiness. Eye conjunctiva have a particularly high affinity for bilirubin deposition due to high elastin content.
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It is seen as a yellow-white deposit on the conjunctiva adjacent to the limbus (the junction between the cornea and sclera). (It is to be distinguished clinically from a pterygium, which is a wedge shaped area of fibrosis that may grow onto the cornea.) A pinguecula usually does not cause any symptoms. It is most common in tropical climates and there is a direct correlation with UV exposure. Histologically, there is degeneration of the collagen fibers of the conjunctival stroma with thinning of the overlying epithelium and occasionally calcification.
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The pars plana (also known as orbicularis ciliaris ) (Latin: flat portion) is part of the ciliary body in the uvea (or vascular tunic), the middle layer of the three layers that comprise the eye. It is about 4 mm long, located near the junction of the iris and sclera, and is scalloped in appearance. The pars plana may not have a function in the post-fetal period, making this a good site of entry for ophthalmic surgery of the posterior segment of eyeball; this surgery is known as pars plana vitrectomy.
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Surgeons can remove or peel the membrane through the sclera and improve vision by 2 or more Snellen lines. Usually the vitreous is replaced at the same time with clear (BSS) fluid, in a vitrectomy. Surgery is not usually recommended unless the distortions are severe enough to interfere with daily living, since there are the usual hazards of surgery, infections, and a possibility of retinal detachment. More common complications are high intraocular pressure, bleeding in the eye, and cataracts, which are the most frequent complication of vitrectomy surgery.
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Edwin Theodor Saemisch Edwin Theodor Saemisch (30 September 1833, Luckau - 29 September 1909, Bonn) was a German ophthalmologist born in Luckau. In 1858 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Berlin, afterwards serving as an assistant to Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) in Berlin, and to Alexander Pagenstecher (1828-1879) in Wiesbaden. In 1867 he became an associate professor at the University of Bonn, and in 1873 attained the title of "full professor". Saemisch specialized in eye disorders, particularly diseases of the conjunctiva, sclera and cornea.
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Mutations in COX4I2 have been associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, dyserythropoeitic anemia, and calvarial hyperostosis (EPIDACH). Characteristics of this disease include pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal malabsorption, failure to thrive, and anemia soon after birth. Additional symptoms have included steatorrhea, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, pancreatic atrophy, generalized muscle hypotonia, hyperostosis, yellowish sclera associated with mild indirect hyperbilirubinemia, impaired coagulation functions, elevated LDH, alanine, and bilirubin, and reduced vitamin E levels. A homozygous mutation, E138K, has been found to result in reduced COX4I2 expression (25% in fibroblasts) and an impaired response to hypoxia.
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Inserting a contact lens Contact lenses are typically inserted into the eye by placing them on the pad of the index or middle finger with the concave side upward and then using that finger to place the lens on the eye. Rigid lenses should be placed directly on the cornea. Soft lenses may be placed on the sclera (white of the eye) and then slid into place. Another finger of the same hand, or a finger of the other hand, is used to keep the eye wide open.
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There have been cases where there are various techniques for surgical procedures and can be performed on children and adults. One of the techniques for repair is by using a double armed polypropylene suture, where the suture is left externally on the sclera with a knot buried in the scleral flap. This technique allows posterior fixation of intraocular lens implants in the absence of capsular support. Another technique for surgery is called pupilloplasty, where the patient would be placed under retrobulbar anesthesia with the pupils being dilated with 1% tropicamide.
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Diaton transpalpebral tonometer Intraocular pressure is measured with a tonometer as part of a comprehensive eye examination. Measured values of intraocular pressure are influenced by corneal thickness and rigidity. As a result, some forms of refractive surgery (such as photorefractive keratectomy) can cause traditional intraocular pressure measurements to appear normal when in fact the pressure may be abnormally high. A newer transpalpebral and transscleral tonometry method is not influenced by corneal biomechanics and does not need to be adjusted for corneal irregularities as measurement is done over upper eyelid and sclera.
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Chemical Surface Modification of Parylene C for Enhanced Protein Immobilization and Cell Proliferation. Changhong Zhang; Mark E. Thompson; Frank S. Markland; Steve Swenson, Acta Biomaterialia, 2011, 7(10), 3746-56.Improvement of Metal and Tissue Adhesion on Surface-Modified Parylene C. Paulin N. Wahjudi; Jin H. Oh; Salam O. Salman; Jason A. v; Damien C. Rodger; Yu-Chong Tai; Mark E. Thompson, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part A, 2009, 89A(1), 206-214. These adhesives can be used to anchor devices to retina or seal wounds in the sclera.
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To protect their eyes, the aliens wear opaque sclera contact lenses with small pinholes for vision. The show's opening sequence begins by showing the image of one of these contact lenses being removed from an obviously real eye with a small suction cup, even though the lens is not shown in contact with the eye. The entire lens-removal sequence is shown in the pilot episode. Only two of the alien suits were made, so at no point in the series are more than two of the aliens seen on screen at any one time.
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The more forward the pupil is, the shallower the anterior chamber. In the leftmost photo, the pupil is relatively posterior (set back), indicating an EZ ratio of < 0.5 and an anterior chamber deeper than 2.5 mm. In the middle photo, the pupil is midway between the sclera posteriorly and the cornea anteriorly, indicating an EZ ratio of 0.5, and a medium chamber depth of about 2.5 mm. In the rightmost photo, the pupil is very anterior (forward), indicating an EZ ratio of more than 0.5 and a shallow anterior chamber of less than 2.5 mm.
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For example, one way to infer what another primate might be thinking is to detect which way its head is pointed, so as to reconstruct what it might be looking at. In the case of gorillas and chimpanzees, adult apes have evolved eyes which give away very little information concerning direction of gaze. Their eyes are dark-on-dark: the iris is dark brown or even black and the same applies to the sclera and surrounding skin. Looking at the eyes, therefore, it is not easy to detect direction of gaze.
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Scleral buckle surgery is an established treatment in which the eye surgeon sews one or more silicone bands (or tyres) to the sclera (the white outer coat of the eyeball). The bands push the wall of the eye inward against the retinal hole, closing the break or reducing fluid flow through it and reducing the effect of vitreous traction thereby allowing the retina to re-attach. Cryotherapy (freezing) is applied around retinal breaks prior to placing the buckle. Often subretinal fluid is drained as part of the buckling procedure.
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Ocular telangiectasia in a person with A–T Prominent blood vessels (telangiectasia) over the white (sclera) of the eyes usually occur by the age of 5–8 years, but sometimes appear later or not at all. The absence of telangiectasia does not exclude the diagnosis of A–T. Potentially a cosmetic problem, the ocular telangiectasia do not bleed or itch, though they are sometimes misdiagnosed as chronic conjunctivitis. It is their constant nature, not changing with time, weather or emotion, that marks them as different from other visible blood vessels.
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How to deliver the viral vector into the retina is probably the main obstacle to making gene therapy a practical treatment for color blindness. Because the virus has to be injected directly by using a needle to penetrate the sclera of the eye, the treatment may be highly unpleasant and is a risk for eye infection. Without a way to deliver the virus noninvasively, the treatment is rather risky for the benefit gained. It is not known yet how frequently the gene needs to be injected to maintain trichromacy among congenitally colorblind individuals.
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In the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt dating to 1550 BC, a section is devoted to eye diseases. The pre-Hippocratics largely based their anatomical conceptions of the eye on speculation, rather than empiricism. They recognized the sclera and transparent cornea running flushly as the outer coating of the eye, with an inner layer with pupil, and a fluid at the centre. It was believed, by Alcamaeon (5th century BC) and others, that this fluid was the medium of vision and flowed from the eye to the brain by a tube.
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Following the devastation of a bushfire, echidnas can compensate for the lack of food by reducing their daytime body temperature and activity through use of torpor, for a period of up to three weeks. The echidna's optical system is an uncommon hybrid of both mammalian and reptilian characteristics. The cartilaginous layer beneath the sclera of the eyeball is similar to that of reptiles and avians. The small corneal surface is keratinised and hardened, possibly to protect it from chemicals secreted by prey insects or self-impalement when it rolls itself up, which has been observed.
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He is described as having green paint and exaggerated features covering his face; as being clad in bulky armour that increases his appearance of size; and as having eyes white at the pupil, grey at the iris, and black at the sclera. Such eyes are common to all Chupwalas, and are entirely blind in bright light. Mudra is nearly mute, being able only to communicate his own name and that he "speaks" by Abhinaya, the sign language used in classical Indian dance. His own name is said in the appendix to be the generic term for all signs used in this language.
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The veins in the sclera—the white part of the eyes—can be imaged when a person glances to either side, providing four regions of patterns: one on each side of each eye. Verification employs digital templates from these patterns, and the templates are then encoded with mathematical and statistical algorithms. These allow confirmation of the identity of the proper user and the rejection of anyone else. Advocates of eye vein verification note that one of the technology's strengths is the stability of the pattern of eye blood vessels; the patterns do not change with age, alcohol consumption, allergies, or redness.
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Surgery Encyclopedia - Tube-shunt surgery Trabeculopuncture uses a Q switched Nd:YAG laser to punch small holes in the trabecular meshwork. Goniocurretage is an "ab interno" (from the inside) procedure that used an instrument "to scrape pathologically altered trabecular meshwork off the scleral sulcus". A surgical cyclodialysis is a rarely used procedure that aims to separate the ciliary body from the sclera to form a communication between the suprachoroidal space and the anterior chamber. A cyclogoniotomy is a surgical procedure for producing a cyclodialysis, in which the ciliary body is cut from its attachment at the scleral spur under gonioscopic control.
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The eyeball is a slightly elongated sphere with a diameter of approximately 24 millimetres. To avoid a sunken appearance to the eye socket, an implant approximating this volume can be placed into the space of the removed eye, secured, and covered with Tenon's capsule and conjunctiva (the mucous membrane covering the natural sclera). Implants can be made of many materials with the most common being plastic, hydroxylapatite, metal alloy or glass. Later, once the conjunctiva have healed and post-operative swelling has subsided, an ocular prosthesis can be placed to provide the appearance of a natural eye.
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Manifestations may include enlarged spleen and liver, liver malfunction, skeletal disorders or bone lesions that may be painful, severe neurological complications, swelling of lymph nodes and (occasionally) adjacent joints, distended abdomen, a brownish tint to the skin, anemia, low blood platelet count, and yellow fatty deposits on the white of the eye (sclera). Persons seriously affected may also be more susceptible to infection. Some forms of Gaucher's disease may be treated with enzyme replacement therapy. The disease is caused by a recessive mutation in the GBA gene located on chromosome 1 and affects both males and females.
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Prolonged optical exposure to sunlight, especially intense ultraviolet light, may be linked to cortical cataracts, and high levels of visible light may be linked to macular degeneration. However, significant daily exposure to bright light may be necessary for children to avoid myopia (nearsightedness). Short- term over-exposure can cause snow blindness, which is analogous to sunburn of the cornea, or can cause solar retinopathy, which is long-lasting retinal damage and vision impairment from sungazing. Frequent exposure to the sun can cause yellow non-cancerous bumps on the middle part of the sclera of the eye, called pingueculae.
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This has the potential to be used in large- scale biosensor arrays or chips for inexpensive multiplexed detection. Thompson has also worked with thermally responsive bioadhesives, designed to bind strongly to ocular tissues, such as retina or sclera, at physiological temperature and release completely at 10 °C.Surface Chemical Immobilization of Parylene C with Thermosensitive Block Copolymer Brushes Based on N-isopropylacrylamide and N-tert-butylacrylamide: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cell Adhesion/Detachment. Mark E. Thompson; Changhong Zhang; Thomas P. Vermier; Yu-Hsuan Wu; Wangrong Yang, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2012, 100B(1), 217-229.
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The show would later be remade with the 2019 reboot.It is currently the only animated theatrical film directly based on a PBS Kids TV series, not counting Barney's Great Adventure or the films based on Sesame Street (the programming block did not exist at the time said films were made). The film notably depicts characters with sclera, in contrast to the books and TV series, which portrayed every character except the giant Clifford with black bead eyes. The film received mixed reviews but it was a box office success, grossing $3.3 million against a $70,000 budget.
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Iris' color is a highly complex phenomenon consisting of the combined effects of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue and blood vessels within the iris stroma, which together make up an individual's epigenetic constitution in this context. A person's "eye color" is actually the color of one's iris, the cornea being transparent and the white sclera entirely outside the area of interest. Adult male with amber colored eyes. This color is extremely rare and occurs when there is an unusually stronger presence of the yellow pigment (lipochrome) in the iris and a rather small amount of brown pigment (melanin).
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Opticians, like ophthalmologists and optometrists, also use a slit- lamp/bio-microscope to examine the anterior segment, or frontal structures and posterior segment, of the human eye, which includes the eyelid, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, natural crystalline lens, and cornea. The binocular slit- lamp examination provides stereoscopic magnified view of the eye structures in detail, enabling anatomical diagnoses to be made for a variety of eye conditions. While a patient is seated in the examination chair, he rests his chin and forehead on a support to steady the head. Using the biomicroscope, the optician then proceeds to examine the patient's eye.
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Most conjunctivochalasis is thought to be caused by both a gradual thinning and stretching of the conjunctiva that accompanies age and a loss of adhesion between the conjunctiva and underlying sclera as the result of dissolution of Tenon's capsule. The resulting loose, excess conjunctiva may mechanically irritate the eye and disrupt the tear film and its outflow, leading to dry eye and excess tearing.Liu D. The separation of the conjunctiva can also be caused by sensitivity to chemicals suspended in the air, or to direct contact with chemicals. The reaction (in appearance) is similar to a chemical burn to the skin.
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Healing of these injuries occurs naturally by scarring of dorsal orbital fat to the sclera. If a clinically significant increase in intraocular pressure is detected with orbital compartment syndrome, the ophthalmologist may perform an emergency canthotomy on the lateral canthus. Canalicular injuries, as well as lid lacerations, are also commonly repaired in the military hospital setting. Suturing the laceration after the removal of foreign bodies depends on the location of global fissure: 10-0 nylon with cyanoacrylate glue is commonly used on the cornea, and processed human pericardium may be employed if it is surgically available.
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The prognosis for a replaced eye is determined by the extent of damage to the cornea and sclera, the presence or absence of a pupillary light reflex, and the presence of ruptured rectus muscles. The rectus muscles normally help hold the eye in place and direct eye movement. Rupture of more than two rectus muscles usually requires the eye to be removed, because significant blood vessel and nerve damage also usually occurs. Compared to brachycephalic breeds, dochilocephalic (long-nosed) breeds usually have more trauma to the eye and its surrounding structures, so the prognosis is worse.
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Flap creation with femtosecond laser Flaporhexis as an alternative method to lift a femtosecond laser flap A soft corneal suction ring is applied to the eye, holding the eye in place. This step in the procedure can sometimes cause small blood vessels to burst, resulting in bleeding or subconjunctival hemorrhage into the white (sclera) of the eye, a harmless side effect that resolves within several weeks. Increased suction causes a transient dimming of vision in the treated eye. Once the eye is immobilized, a flap is created by cutting through the corneal epithelium and Bowman's layer.
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Two googly eyes A googly eye attached to a hammer Googly eyes, or jiggly eyes, are small plastic craft supplies used to imitate eyeballs. Googly eyes traditionally are composed of a white plastic or card backing covered by a clear, hard-plastic shell, encapsulating a black plastic disk. The combination of a black circle over a white disk mimics the appearance of the sclera and pupil of the eye to humorous effect. The inner black disk is allowed to move freely within the larger clear plastic shell, which makes the eyes appear to move when the googly eyes are tilted or shaken.
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Though many species were large with sizes approaching or potentially exceeding 10 meters, such as P. currii, P. saturator and P. overtoni, many species were considerably smaller in size. The type species, P. solvayi, was the smallest, barely reaching 5 meters in length. Other than its size and robust nature, another feature that defines Prognathodon is the form of the sclerotic rings, present in all species of the genus. The function of the scleral ossicles is to maintain the shape of the cornea and support the sclera in the region of Brucke's muscle responsible for affecting accommodation in the lacertilian eye.
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Transpalpebral tonometry refers to methods of measuring intraocular pressure through the eyelid. The Diaton non- corneal tonometer calculates pressure by measuring the response of a free- falling rod, as it rebounds against the tarsal plate of the eyelid through the sclera. The patient is positioned so that the tip of the device and lid are overlying sclera.Dr. Shaun Maria Dacosta, Dr. Babu Rajendran, Dr. Janakiraman P. "Comparison of Diaton Tonometry and Non Contact Tonometry in Indian Subjects" AIOC PROCEEDINGS 2008 Dec; 260 Non-corneal and transpalpebral tonometry does not involve contact with the cornea and does not require topical anesthetic during routine use.
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Though there is evidence that ocular implants have been around for thousands of years, modern nonintegrated spherical intraconal implants came into existence around 1976 (not just glass eyes). Nonintegrated implants contain no unique apparatus for attachments to the extraocular muscles and do not allow in-growth of organic tissue into their inorganic substance. Such implants have no direct attachment to the ocular prosthesis. Usually, these implants are covered with a material that permits fixation of the extraocular recti muscles, such as donor sclera or polyester gauze which improves implant motility, but does not allow for direct mechanical coupling between the implant and the artificial eye.
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Movement is transmitted from traditional nonporous spherical implants through the surface tension at the conjunctival–prosthetic interface and movement of the fornices. Quasi-integrated implants have irregularly shaped surfaces that create an indirect coupling mechanism between the implant and prosthesis that imparts greater movement to the prosthesis. Directly integrating the implant to the prosthesis through an externalized coupling mechanism would be expected to improve motility further. Despite the reasoning stating that hydroxyapatite orbital implants without a motility peg would yield a superior artificial eye motility, when similar surgical techniques are used unpegged porous (hydroxyapatite) enucleation implants and donor sclera- covered nonporous (acrylic) spherical enucleation implants yield comparable artificial eye motility.
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Anatomy of the avian eye The main structures of the bird eye are similar to those of other vertebrates. The outer layer of the eye consists of the transparent cornea at the front, and two layers of sclera — a tough white collagen fibre layer which surrounds the rest of the eye and supports and protects the eye as a whole. The eye is divided internally by the lens into two main segments: the anterior segment and the posterior segment. The anterior segment is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humour, and the posterior segment contains the vitreous humour, a clear jelly-like substance.
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The long ciliary nerves, two or three in number, are given off from the nasociliary nerve as it crosses the optic nerve. The nasociliary nerve that the long ciliary nerves branch from is itself a branch of the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). They accompany the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion, pierce the posterior part of the sclera, and running forward between it and the choroid, are distributed to the iris and cornea. The long ciliary nerves provide sensory innervation to the eyeball, including the cornea. In addition, they contain sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion to the dilator pupillae muscle.
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Intraocular pressure may be lowered by allowing drainage of aqueous humor from within the eye to the following routes: (1) filtration through the sclerostomy around the margins of the scleral flap into the filtering bleb that forms underneath the conjunctiva, (2) filtration through outlet channels in the scleral flap to underneath the conjunctiva, (3) filtration through connective tissue of the scleral flap to underneath the conjunctiva. into cut ends of Schlemm's canal, (4) aqueous flow into cut ends of Schlemm's canal into collector channels and episcleral veins and (5) into a cyclodialysis cleft between the ciliary body and the sclera if tissue is dissected posterior to the scleral spur.
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In this surgery, a band was made around the sclera using Supramid, a synthetic suture material, but the technique caused some problems with scleral erosion. Even after the procedure could be performed with silicone bands, there were still problems with ischemia of the anterior segment of the eye, and the procedure was replaced by newer techniques. Arruga was close friends with Jules Gonin, the Swiss ophthalmologist who devised the first retinal detachment repair surgery. Arruga wrote two influential books, Retinal Detachment (1936) and Ocular Surgery (1946); for the latter, his son, ophthalmologist Alfredo Arruga- Forgas, wrote a chapter of the third English edition (1962).
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The eye is made up of the sclera, the iris, and the pupil, a black hole located at the center of the eye with the main function of allowing light to pass to the retina. Due to certain muscle spasms in the eye, the pupil can resemble a tadpole, which consists of a circular body, no arms or legs, and a tail. When the pupil takes on the shape of a tadpole, the condition is called tadpole pupil. Tadpole pupil, also known as episodic segmental iris mydriasis, is an ocular condition where the muscles of the iris begin to spasm causing the elongation, or lengthening, of parts of the iris.
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The stent is implanted through an ab interno approach and inserted into the supraciliary space (between the ciliary body and sclera), effectively creating a controlled cyclodialysis cleft, which is kept open by the device. The first clinical data on the device was presented in 2010 showed sustained IOP lowering and MIGS-like safety profile. This has been substantiated in subsequent studies in the combined setting with cataract surgery and as a stand-alone treatment for patients failing glaucoma topical therapy. Data from a large randomized controlled pivotal study (The COMPASS Clinical Study) has reported positive efficacy after 2 years of follow-up and will be submitted to FDA for approval.
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The XEN Gel Stent is an implantable transcleral microsurgical device that allows the aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber into the subconjunctival space, a pathway utilized by traditional trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage device surgeries. Unlike the latter two procedures, the XEN Gel Stent is performed through an internal approach and avoids directly incising and disrupting the conjunctiva itself. The 6-millimeter stent is placed through the trabecular meshwork, with one end of the stent sitting directly underneath the conjunctiva, past the outer wall of the sclera. The inner tip of the stent sits in the anterior chamber, allowing a direct connection for aqueous to flow into the subconjunctival space.
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The OA then turns medially, giving off 1 to 5 posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) that subsequently branch into the long and short posterior ciliary arteries (LPCA and SPCA respectively) which perforate the sclera posteriorly in the vicinity of the optic nerve and macula to supply the posterior uveal tract. In the past, anatomists made little distinction between the posterior ciliary arteries and the short and long posterior ciliary arteries often using the terms synonymously. However, recent work by Hayreh has shown that there is both an anatomic and clinically useful distinction.Hayreh, SS. "Posterior Ciliary Artery Circulation In Health and Disease" Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2004 Mar;45(3):749-757.
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The presence of an open globe injuries may be determined by clinical examination and CT. However, full globe exploration with 360-degree removal of the conjunctiva (periotomy), separation of the rectus muscles, and subsequent examination of the sclera remains the most effective way to determine whether or not the globe has been injured. During exploratory surgery, foreign debris may be removed with microsurgical tools by inspection under the operating room microscope. Globe lacerations are typically repaired as far posteriorly as possible to prevent any further deficits in visual acuity. Lacerations posterior to the exposed area are not sutured; attempts to seal these injuries often results in the extrusion of intraocular components.
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Müller called his development Hornhautlinsen or 'corneal lenses'. His efforts to develop a new corrective lens were ultimately unsuccessful, since a patient could only tolerate the lens bearing down heavily on the sclera for half an hour, less than those of Fick. Moreover, it had to be inserted underwater to prevent trapping air bubbles, and cocaine administered to anaesthetise the eye, but he did however lay the groundwork for later researchers and his ideas and recommendations on fit, tear flow and rounded edges still form the basis for contact lens fitting today. In 1932, Müller donated three lenses to the German Museum in Munich.
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Cross-cultural studies had shown that there are similarities in the way emotions are expressed across diverse cultures, but studies have even shown that there are similarities between species in how emotions are expressed. Research has shown that chimpanzees are able to communicate many of the same facial expressions as humans through the complex movements of the facial muscles. In fact, the facial cues were so similar that Ekman's Facial Action Coding System could be applied to the chimps in evaluating their expressions. Of course, differences between the species' physical facial properties, such as white sclera and everted lips in chimps, would mean that some expressions could not be compared.
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Russian writer Yakov I. Perelman pointed out in Physics Can Be Fun (1913) that from a scientific point of view, a man made invisible by Griffin's method should have been blind because a human eye works by absorbing incoming light, not letting it through completely. Wells seems to show some awareness of this problem in Chapter 20, where the eyes of an otherwise invisible cat retain visible retinas. Nonetheless, this would be insufficient because the retina would be flooded with light (from all directions) that ordinarily is blocked by the opaque sclera of the eyeball. Also, any image would be badly blurred if the eye had an invisible cornea and lens.
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There were ZC3H11B mRNA expression levels in the brain, placenta, neural retina, retina pigment epithelium, and sclera with a greater decrease in quantity or down-regulated expression levels in myopic eyes than non-myopic eyes. This identification was confirmed in another genome-wide association study along with the identification of additional significant loci for AL of RSPO1 (involved in Wnt signaling or regulation of eyeball size), C3orf26, ZNRF3 (involved in Wnt signaling), and ALPPL2. Thus, this identification of shared association AL genes indicates that AL and refraction may be caused by different optic pathways. Additionally, a genome-wide association study in Chinese populations confirmed that ZC3H11B is a susceptibility gene for the development of high and extreme myopia.
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To enable their prescience, Guild Navigators not only consume large quantities of the spice, but are also continuously immersed in highly concentrated amounts of orange spice gas. This level of extreme and extended exposure causes their bodies to atrophy and mutate over time, their heads and extremities elongating, and causing them to become vaguely aquatic in appearance. The first external sign of melange- induced metabolic change is visible in the eyes, as the drug tints the sclera and iris to a dark shade of blue, called "blue-in-blue" or "the Eyes of Ibad," "a total blue so dark as to be almost black." This is a common side effect in all spice addicts.
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The pixel distance between the limbus (the junction between clear cornea and white sclera) and the front of the cornea. This distance is referred to as Z. 2\. The pixel distance between the limbus and the centre of the pupil. This distance is referred to as E. E:Z ratio is the arithmetic ratio between E and Z. This ratio is linearly correlated with the depth of the anterior chamber with the following equation: Anterior chamber depth (expressed in millimetres) = -3.3 x EZ ratio + 4.2 This estimate has been shown to be accurate with a 95% confidence interval of +/– 0.33 mm error, when compared to measurements of the anterior chamber depth by Scheimpflug photography.
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The most common surgical approach currently used for the treatment of glaucoma is trabeculectomy, in which the sclera is punctured to alleviate intraocular pressure. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) surgery is a similar, but modified, procedure, in which instead of puncturing the scleral bed and trabecular meshwork under a scleral flap, a second deep scleral flap is created, excised, with further procedures of deroofing the Schlemm's canal, upon which, percolation of liquid from the inner eye is achieved and thus alleviating intraocular pressure, without penetrating the eye. NPDS is demonstrated to have significantly fewer side effects than trabeculectomy. However, NPDS is performed manually and requires higher level of skills that may be assisted with instruments.
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In the service of the ruthless Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, De Vries is a Mentat—a human specially trained to perform mental functions rivaling computers, which are forbidden universe-wide. In addition, De Vries has been "twisted" into an amoral sadist by the Tleilaxu. De Vries is so loyal to Harkonnen that he continues to serve the Baron with great enthusiasm even though his Mentat abilities and great intelligence confirm his suspicions that his master plans to eventually kill him. As he says in Dune: De Vries is described in the novel Dune (though not portrayed on screen) as being addicted to the drug melange, which colors both the sclera and irises of users a deep blue.
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These blemishes include: #blindness #lameness #an excessively low nasal bridge (such that a straight brush could apply ointment to both eyes simultaneously) #disproportionate limbs #a crippled foot or hand #cataracts #a white streak that transverses the junction between sclera and iris #certain types of boils #crushed testicles A Kohen who was afflicted with one of these imperfections would be deemed unfit for service. However, should it be a correctable imperfection, he would become re-eligible for service once the defect is corrected. Although unable to serve, he was permitted to eat of the Terumah (holy food). Kohanim with these blemishes would be allowed to perform work in the Temple outside of sacrificial service itself.
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She shares a special bond with the wolves, especially Kiba, showing the ability to heal their wounds or sing them to sleep, and suffering when they are injured. Her eyes are pink with dark red sclera, and she is implied to be blind during a scene in which she almost walks over the edge of a cliff but regains her footing apparently by touch. As a flower, Cheza becomes weak when deprived of water and sunlight, and her blood is poisonous when ingested (which leads to Darcia's downfall after he bites her). At the gates of Paradise, she 'blooms' into an elongated, tree-like form before dissolving into thousands of spherical seeds which begin sprouting more Lunar Flowers.
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The method for treating cataracts in medieval Islam (known in English as couching) was known through translations of earlier publishings on the technique. A small incision was made in the sclera with a lancet and a probe was then inserted and used to depress the lens, pushing it to one side of the eye. After the procedure was complete, the eye was then washed with salt water and then bandaged with cotton wool soaked in oil of roses and egg whites. After the operation, there was concern that the cataract, once it had been pushed to one side, would reascend, which is why patients were instructed to lie on his or her back for several days following the surgery.
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Diagram showing the position of the sclerotic ring within a bird eye A skull of a Uroplatus (leaf-tailed gecko), showing large sclerotic rings The sclerotic ring of Ophthalmosaurus ("eye lizard") was one of the largest in the animal kingdom Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of many animals in several groups of vertebrates, except for extant mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or multiple segments and take their name from the sclera. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved.
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Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker than homozygous horses, but this is not consistent. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics. Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid- colored horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia.
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The superior oblique muscle loops through a pulley-like structure (the trochlea of superior oblique) and inserts into the sclera on the posterotemporal surface of the eyeball. It is the pulley system that gives superior oblique its actions, causing depression of the eyeball despite being inserted on the superior surface. Superior oblique nerve The superior oblique arises immediately above the margin of the optic foramen, superior and medial to the origin of the superior rectus, and, passing forward, ends in a rounded tendon, which plays in a fibrocartilaginous ring or pulley attached to the trochlear fossa of the frontal bone. The contiguous surfaces of the tendon and ring are lined by a delicate mucous sheath, and enclosed in a thin fibrous investment.
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Zero is famous for being a rare example of graphic violence in a first-party Nintendo game – Zero fights Kirby by opening cuts on his sclera and shooting blood out of the cuts at him, as well as summoning small Dark Matters to use as projectiles. When his health is drastically weakened, his iris rips out from the rest of his body, with blood flying everywhere as it does so. The ruined body, complete with a vicious gash to its front from where the eye burst out trails away, and the final phase of the fight begins, which involves Zero ramming Kirby to injure him. Although he is eventually defeated, Zero reappears in Kirby 64 as '02' (pronounced zero two), retaining his ability to spit blood and his motif as a giant eye.
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Additionally, Ulquiorra is unique among the Espadas in that he has a second release, .Bleach manga; chapter 348, page 10 He becomes demonic and black-furred with clawed hands and feet, his sclera turn green, grows a long thin prehensile tail, and gains markings similar to blood flowing freely from his hollow hole. Ulquiorra's second release is said to be secret to everybody, even from Aizen thus making him the strongest Espada.Bleach manga; chapter 347, pages 18-19 In this new form, his reiatsu lances develop flame-like tips, these are dubbed as , and when thrown, explode upon impact; these detonations are immense enough to dwarf even the massive Las Noches, which is apparently bigger and much taller than a large city; this technique is the most destructive out of all the Espadas.
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The CyPass Micro-Stent is the first MIGS device developed for lowering of IOP through the suprachoroidal space (virtual space between the choroid and sclera created by implantation of the device), a part of the uveoscleral outflow pathway for aqueous humor. The uveoscleral pathway is an important pathway for aqueous outflow and drainage which can account for up to 57% of total outflow. Cyclodialysis cleft procedures were initially used to access this pathway with significant IOP lowering, but the cleft was prone to high anatomic variability as well as early postoperative closure due to the lack of a permanent drainage implant with a standardized and uniform conduit. It has a microlumen of 300 microns and is designed to augment outflow to the suprachoroidal space in order to control intraocular pressure; it is indicated for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma.
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EP2 is widely distributed in humans. Its protein is expressed in human small intestine, lung, media of arteries and arterioles of the kidney, thymus, uterus, brain cerebral cortex, brain striatum, brain hippocampus, corneal epithelium, corneal choriocapillaries, Myometriuml cells, eosinophiles, sclera of the eye, articular cartilage, the corpus cavernosum of the penis, and airway smooth muscle cells; its mRNA is expressed in gingival fibroblasts, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, aorta, corpus cavernosum of the penis, articular cartilage, airway smooth muscle, and airway epithelial cells. In rats, the receptor protein and/or mRNA has been found in lung, spleen, intestine, skin, kidney, liver, long bones, and rather extensively throughout the brain and other parts of the central nervous system. EP2 expression in fibroblasts from the lungs of mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and humans with Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is greatly reduced.
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Various studies have explored the reliability with which humans can visually detect gazes from other individuals. Brain imaging has shown that the brain cells which are activated when a test subject can see that they are being stared at are distinct from the cells activated when the starer's eyes are averted away from the subject by just a few degrees . It is theorized that the ability to precisely detect the target of a starer's gaze has conferred an evolutionary advantage by improving threat detection capabilities, as well as facilitating nonverbal communication. Compared to the eyes of other animals, the uniquely visible and well-defined sclera and iris of human eyes provides further evidence of its evolutionary importance for the species, and are thought to have developed as humans became more reliant upon complex communication for survival and reproductive success.
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The lamina cribrosa is thought to help maintain the pressure gradient between the inside of the eye and the surrounding tissue.Optic disc histomorphometry in normal eyes and eyes with secondary angle-closure glaucoma by J.B. Jonas; K.A. Koenigsreuther; G.O.H Naumann in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1992; 230:134-139 Being structurally weaker than the much thicker and denser sclera, the lamina cribrosa is more sensitive to changes in the intraocular pressure and tends to react to increased pressure through posterior displacement. This is thought to be one of the causes of nerve damage in glaucoma, as the displacement of the lamina cribrosa causes the pores to deform and pinch the traversing nerve fibers and blood vessels.Three dimensional analysis of the lamina cribrosa in glaucoma by J Morgan-Davies; N Taylor; A R Hill; P Aspinall; C J O’Brien; A Azuara-Blanco in Br J Ophthalmol.
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Tokyo Ghoul is set in an alternate reality where ghouls, creatures that look like normal people but can only survive by eating human flesh, live amongst the human population in secrecy, hiding their true nature in order to evade pursuit from the authorities. Ghouls have powers including enhanced strength and regenerative abilities - a regular ghoul produces 4–7 times more kinetic energy in their muscles than a normal human; they also have several times the RC cells, a cell that flows like blood and can become solid instantly. A ghoul's skin is resistant to ordinary piercing weapons, and it has at least one special predatory organ called a , which it can manifest and use as a weapon during combat. Another distinctive trait of ghouls is that when they are excited or hungry, the color of their sclera in both eyes turns black and their irises red.
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